[Congressional Record Volume 168, Number 40 (Monday, March 7, 2022)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1001-S1012]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                          LEGISLATIVE SESSION

                                 ______
                                 

                   POSTAL SERVICE REFORM ACT OF 2022

  The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the Senate will 
resume consideration of H.R. 3076, which the clerk will report.
  The legislative clerk read as follows:

       A bill (H.R. 3076) to provide stability to and enhance the 
     services of the United States Postal Service, and for other 
     purposes.

  Pending:

       Schumer (for Peters) amendment No. 4955, to modify the 
     deadline for the initial report on the operations and 
     financial condition of the United States Postal Service.

  The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Hawaii.
  Ms. HIRONO. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. McCONNELL. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the 
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Hirono). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                   Recognition of the Minority Leader

  The Republican leader is recognized.


                                Ukraine

  Mr. McCONNELL. Madam President, the eyes of the American people and 
the entire world are fixed on Eastern Europe. Vladimir Putin is 
continuing his unjustifiable invasion of a sovereign country and his 
unprovoked killing of innocent people.
  Over the weekend, Senators were honored to speak electronically with 
Ukraine's brave leader, President Zelenskyy. His courageous leadership 
has helped rally freedom-loving people the world over to the 
Ukrainians' cause. One of his main pleas was that America and our 
partners continue providing Ukraine with additional military assistance 
and to do so very quickly. Long before the invasion began, I was on 
this floor warning the Biden administration that we could not let 
assistance be trickled out at the speed of bureaucracy. I certainly 
hope that lesson has finally been learned.


                                  Iran

  But even while one foreign policy nightmare plays out in Eastern 
Europe, inexplicably, the Biden administration is reportedly poised to 
announce a giant, gratuitous capitulation to our principal adversary in 
the Middle East as well.
  The nature of the Biden administration's approach to Tehran thus far 
has concerned not just Republicans but Members of both parties.
  Our Democratic colleague, the chairman of the Foreign Relations 
Committee, recently exhorted the administration and our partners to 
``exert more pressure on Iran to counter its nuclear program, its 
missile program, and its dangerous behavior around the Middle East, 
including attacks on American personnel and [American] assets.''
  I would note that Senator Menendez also stressed the importance of 
building bipartisan support for any new deal which the President's team 
wants to cook up with the Iranians. This is the same message I conveyed 
to the President and his top advisers at the beginning of the Biden 
administration. If he wants his policy or his deal to endure beyond his 
Presidency, he must bring Republicans on board.
  Regrettably, President Biden appears to have ignored this good 
advice. Reports indicate a sequel--a sequel--to the bad 2015 nuclear 
deal may be imminent. Yet the administration has laid zero bipartisan 
framework.
  Rumors of this impending deal--because rumors are all that Congress 
has--suggest it would be an enormous step in the wrong direction. It 
appears not to be a longer and stronger deal than the JCPOA, as was 
promised, but a weaker and shorter deal. It appears

[[Page S1002]]

not to safeguard and increase our leverage over Tehran and its 
Revolutionary Guard but instead to breezily, sort of, sign our leverage 
away.
  President Biden appears to want to give Tehran enduring sanctions 
relief now in exchange for limited and short-term curbs on their 
nuclear program. A reminder of how bad President Obama's Iran deal was 
is the fact that these restrictions will begin to expire as soon as 
next year. That will put more pressure on Western negotiators, not on 
Iran.
  This is extortion playing out step by step, and this administration 
seems prepared to sign on to it. Iran gets serious sanctions relief and 
expanded trade with Russia and China, their price is even fewer 
restrictions than the original failed Iran deal, and those restrictions 
begin to expire in just 2 years. This is really wildly reckless. This 
is an administration chasing a deal--any deal--instead of pursuing our 
interests.
  There is some suspicion the administration is desperate for any 
excuse to ease sanctions on Iranian oil exports to help blunt the 
impact of the European crisis on American's pocketbooks. This White 
House seems determined to go hat in hand and beg every bad actor around 
the world to ramp up their own fossil fuel production but still will 
not stop their holy war against our own American energy production here 
at home.
  If press reports of the deal are accurate, the President and the 
Democrats on Capitol Hill surely understand that it will not be 
accepted widely or quietly.
  If the President seeks to remove sanctions on Iran, there will be 
votes. Democrats who now regret their recent vote to protect the Nord 
Stream 2 Pipeline should think twice before voting to help President 
Biden ease sanctions on Iranian entities that engage in terrorism, 
missile proliferation, or human rights abuses.
  Given Chairman Menendez's concerns, I hope and would expect the 
Foreign Relations Committee will hold major hearings. But I know this 
much for certain: The next time Republicans control the Senate, 
vigorous oversight will take place over the diplomatic mess that is 
unfolding in the Middle East: the failure to consolidate the historic 
gains of the Abraham Accords; gigantic unilateral concessions to the 
most active state sponsor of terrorism in the entire world; pointless 
capitulation to Iran-backed Houthi terrorists that has only yielded 
even more violence in Yemen and increased ballistic missile and drone 
attacks against Saudi and Emirati cities.
  It is bad enough that Democrats in Congress have spent months 
actively fighting against sufficient funding for our national defense 
and our Armed Forces, but these dynamics are made even more dangerous 
by a White House that is actively choosing weakness in the Middle East.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                                Ukraine

  Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, 260 years ago, a young nobleman from 
Poland and a military officer helped lead a rebellion against what he 
and many others saw as a Russian puppet King in what was known as the 
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was driven into exile in France, 
where Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin urged him to go to America to 
join in the fight, the Revolutionary War.
  That young Polish nobleman's name was Casimir Pulaski. When he 
arrived in America, he wrote to General George Washington and said to 
him:

       I came here, where freedom is being defended, to serve it, 
     and to live or die by it.

  Pulaski was at Washington's side and is credited with saving George 
Washington's life at the Battle of Brandywine. He is remembered fondly 
as the Father of the American Calvary.
  Pulaski died at age 34 in the fight for freedom and independence in 
America.
  Today is Casimir Pulaski Day, which we know full well in Illinois, 
where it is a State holiday. Today, however, we look at the world and 
realize that freedom is being defended in Ukraine. And today, we seek 
Casimir Pulaski's spirit and fierce commitment to freedom and human 
dignity in a historic young Ukrainian President and in Ukrainian men 
and women who are fighting to save their Nation from another would-be 
Russian czar.
  I have been in Congress for a few years. Over the weekend, I had an 
experience unique to my service in Congress.
  Early on Saturday morning, hundreds of Members of Congress joined a 
video call with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. I have never 
seen anything like it.
  With the Russian military laying siege to his country and a Russian 
bull's-eye on his back, President Zelenskyy spoke to us with remarkable 
dignity and courage. He didn't mince words about what is happening in 
Ukraine--the brutal Russian assaults literally trying to destroy his 
nation. He said we all share the same basic values and dreams: to live 
our lives in peace, watch our kids grow up, and to kiss them. He said 
the Ukrainian people are fighting for these basic freedoms, and they 
are prepared to be friends and share culture with their Russian 
neighbors, if they can.
  But over the last 12 days, his country, Ukraine, has faced full-
fledged war with barbaric attacks on kindergartens, nuclear 
powerplants, apartment buildings, infrastructure, and innocent 
civilians.
  Last Thursday, Russia and Ukraine agreed to create humanitarian 
corridors in Ukraine, to allow civilians in areas under the heaviest 
Russian attacks to evacuate safely. Twice over the weekend, Ukraine was 
forced to close those corridors because Russia was attacking them 
mercilessly. This is Vladimir Putin's war, deliberately targeting women 
and children who have left everything and are trying just to reach 
safety.
  This photo shows the result of one horrific attack by Russian 
soldiers on the people of Ukraine. Many people have seen it. It was on 
the front page of the New York Times this morning. It took place in the 
city of Irpin on Sunday. A Russian mortar struck an evacuation point 
where these civilians were waiting to board a bus to go to safety.
  Irpin's mayor said the attack killed at least eight people, including 
a family. Sadly, you can see the children lying on the street. These 
are among the 364 Ukrainians killed during the last 12 days of Putin's 
barbaric war.
  Mr. Putin, these deaths, like the death of that little girl I showed 
on the floor last week, are your doing. Your reputation as a war 
criminal and a bloody tyrant is now sealed in history.
  More than 1.7 million Ukrainians have fled as refugees to neighboring 
countries, such as Poland and Moldova. The open arms of the Polish 
people and Moldovan people to their Ukrainian brothers and sisters is 
remarkable and a reminder to the rest of us that we do share common 
human bonds.
  Some of you may have seen the moving stories last night on ``60 
Minutes'' of the families with their children, desperately trying to 
reach Poland, other countries nearby so that they can escape the bonds 
of Vladimir Putin.
  This strategy is like nothing we have seen in Europe since World War 
II. But Putin's war on Ukraine is not simply an attack on one young 
democracy; it is an attack on democracy itself.
  I am proud to represent the city of Chicago, prouder still that it is 
the home of so many immigrants who have made a difference in that city 
and in America, Polish immigrants and descendants of Polish immigrants. 
Per capita, there is a larger number in Chicago than anyplace outside 
of Warsaw.
  We are also home to many immigrants who trace their heritage to the 
Baltic States. I happen to be one who does as well.
  We have such a long history of Ukrainian immigrants coming to our 
city that there is a neighborhood in Chicago called Ukrainian Village.
  Last Friday, I went over to the Ukrainian National Museum. It is near 
their Orthodox church. I take great pride in it. One woman there, who 
is a Ukrainian artist, had displayed many of the creations she had made 
on the wall. She said to me: They are for sale, Senator.
  And I said: Well, I am glad to know that.
  And she said: All the proceeds are going to the Ukrainian Army.
  Naturally, I left with one under my arm.

[[Page S1003]]

  Putin's war on Ukraine and the wave of refugees pouring into Poland 
and other neighboring nations hits home in Chicago. People from all 
backgrounds are donating money and goods--whatever they can--to help.
  Meest-Karpaty is a Chicago-area shipping company with experience in 
Eastern Europe. For 7 days now, the company's shipping facility on the 
Northwest Side of Chicago has been an operations center for an 
incredible volunteer effort to rush critical supplies to Ukraine. 
People and companies are dropping off supplies of first aid equipment, 
non-perishable food, diapers, and basic essentials: warm clothes, 
sleeping bags, tents, flashlights.
  Scores of volunteers assemble the donations into first aid kits and 
baby kits--whatever is needed. They pack the donations in the boxes 
that will be flown and delivered to the Polish border, where more 
volunteers deliver them to Ukrainians who need them. People are doing 
everything they can to support Ukraine's fight for freedom and 
democracy.
  Andriy Herha is a banking executive from Oak Brook, IL, who was born 
in Ukraine's capital city of Kyiv. His dad, in-laws, cousins, friends--
they are still there in Ukraine. In one day last week, he raised 
$40,000, personally, to buy bulletproof vests, helmets, first aid kits, 
and other supplies. When he learned that it would take weeks for the 
supplies to reach those who needed them, he decided to pack them into 
suitcases and board a flight to Poland and deliver them himself. As 
Andriy Herha told a reporter, ``we are trying to do anything possible 
to help them.''
  We in this Senate must also do what we can to help Ukraine in its 
fight for freedom and democracy. Last week, I led more than 40 
Senators--both parties, Democrats and Republicans--in asking President 
Biden to extend temporary protected status to the 75,000 Ukrainians who 
are currently in the United States, including on student and work 
visas. On Thursday, as I knew he would, the President responded 
favorably. He is granting that protection.
  Congress should also act without delay to approve $10 billion this 
week in emergency aid to assist Ukraine and bolster our NATO allies, as 
well as support neighboring nations like Poland and Moldova that are 
providing safe havens to the refugees.
  And after listening to President Zelenskyy on Saturday, I thought to 
myself: How can we possibly be importing Russian oil and gas, giving 
the profits of those transactions to Vladimir Putin to pay for his war 
machine?
  I believe now--and I have cosponsored the legislation that reaches 
this goal--that the United States should ban the purchase of Russian 
oil to further tighten economic pressure on Putin. I joined in the 
legislation introduced by Senators Murkowski and Manchin to do that.
  Secretary of State Antony Blinken was talking with our NATO allies. 
Many of them also seem willing to consider a ban on Russian oil.
  Vladimir Putin is threatening not only the security of Ukraine; he is 
threatening the security of the world. We must not even indirectly fund 
his war machine. While Putin wages war on democracy, the world, 
including the United States, will likely pay more to fill our tanks at 
the gas stations and heat our homes. We have to be ready for that 
reality, but that is the price today of defending freedom and 
democracy. The Ukrainians are paying with their lives. We may end up 
paying some more at the pump.
  Amid all this utterly outrageous and unnecessary suffering and 
destruction, all to assuage Vladimir Putin's warped sense of grievance 
and his twisted nostalgia for the dark days of the Russian Empire, 
President Zelenskyy ended his talk with us on Saturday morning on a 
memorable note. He said we are all one big, undefeatable army for 
freedom and that we should all live in peace and openness and, despite 
the horrors inflicted on his people, we must hold on to our humanity.
  He was a standup comedian at one point. He did a movie, which was a 
spoof on someone as unlikely as himself being elected President. Lo and 
behold, in the next free election, he was elected President of the 
country.
  Many people questioned whether he was up to the job. Boy, his 
detractors are very quiet now. This man has risked his life for his 
country, as so many are in Ukraine. It is time for us to stand behind 
Ukraine solidly--solidly for their leadership.
  I hope this crisis ends soon. Until then, the United States and the 
rest of the civilized world must stand with Ukraine for freedom and 
democracy.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. PORTMAN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. PORTMAN. Madam President, I come to the Senate floor today to 
once again talk about the crisis in Ukraine and what we can do here to 
help.
  Night has fallen in Ukraine and in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and other cities 
and towns. All through Ukraine, the bombing continues, the 
bombardment--artillery shells, missiles. Thousands of innocent 
Ukrainians have already lost their lives. We cannot let this stand. We 
need to work with our allies to stop these atrocities.
  By the way, all over the country, people are standing up and speaking 
out.
  A week ago Sunday, I was in Ohio with a thousand people--mostly 
Ukrainians, Americans of Ukrainian descent, but also people from 
everyplace: Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, and so many other 
countries, and people who have been Americans for generations--who were 
standing together to say: This cannot stand. We had a prayer vigil and 
a demonstration. The prayer vigil was in a huge church, but it was an 
overflow crowd pouring out into the streets.
  Yesterday, I came to Washington to join such a rally. It was in front 
of the White House, and again it included so many Ukrainians, including 
from Ohio, but so many others as well. The rallying cry was: We are all 
Ukrainians today because we all believe in democracy and freedom and 
the right for a country to chart its own course and for people to be 
independent and free. We had rabbis there; we had ministers there; we 
had clergy there from four or five different denominations--again, 
praying for the people of Ukraine.
  We were all standing together, hoping that through joint action, we 
can help during these dark days for the people of Ukraine. We prayed 
for protection for those in harm's way, of course. We prayed for the 
courageous Ukrainian troops, some of whom are civilian soldiers who 
have just joined the armed forces for the first time. Some are seasoned 
professional soldiers, and we prayed for their protection--all of them.
  We asked for God's wisdom and blessing on the duly-elected Government 
of Ukraine--again, duly-elected. We prayed for strength and resolve for 
President Zelenskyy and for his protection. He has been amazing. He has 
been resolute and courageous, and he has shown the Ukrainian people 
that the way forward was just to stand up to these barbarous acts.
  If you care about America, you should care about Ukraine. Every 
freedom-loving country should care because in Ukraine today is where 
the fight for freedom is being waged. It is not just about Ukraine; it 
is also about the rest of the countries in Eastern Europe, of course--
Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, those countries. 
But it is also about the entire world, isn't it? It is about, can an 
authoritarian government step into a free, independent government and 
take over territory and kill its citizens?
  By the way, Ukraine wants nothing but to live in peace. They are not 
looking to attack anybody. They just want to be able to lead a life 
where they can, in peace, pursue their dreams.
  Just today, during the negotiations between the Ukrainian Government 
and the Russian Government, the Russian Federation, the Russians said 
that they would only allow humanitarian corridors to go from these 
cities that they are bombing, where they are killing civilians--they 
would only allow humanitarian corridors to go into Russia or into 
Belarus. Think about that for a minute. Innocent Ukrainian women and 
children who are fleeing the violence savagely and illegally brought on 
by Belarus and by Russia

[[Page S1004]]

are told: You can leave, but you will be forced to go to the land of 
your enemies. You are forced to go only to Belarus or Russia, the 
countries that are killing you and your family.
  That doesn't sound like peace talks to me.
  There have been numerous recorded war crimes in this assault on 
Ukraine. One is the way they are dealing with these civilians, 
obviously. President Putin and his generals and his officials must be 
held accountable. The Russian Federation's deliberate targeting of 
civilians is the most obvious example, but there are so many--the 
bombing of a nuclear powerplant.
  It is now documented that yesterday--yesterday and into this 
morning--Russians shelled Ukrainian citizens who were fleeing the siege 
of Mariupol while they were transiting through a negotiated 
humanitarian withdrawal corridor--a corridor that was established for 
them to escape. They were shelled by Russian combat forces--civilians--
because Russians did not keep their word to allow for a humanitarian 
escape corridor in the besieged southern port city of Mariupol. 
Hundreds of thousands of people remain trapped without food and water, 
under regular bombardments.
  Again, this is a tragedy on a scale difficult to comprehend. That is 
why it is so important to show our support with actions, not just 
words.
  A number of my colleagues and I spoke to President Zelenskyy this 
weekend. It was emotional, and it was inspiring. He pleaded for our 
assistance to help his people, and he told us he needs defensive 
weaponry, like fighter planes and drones, desperately.
  After the call, I led a bipartisan letter to President Biden with my 
colleague from New Hampshire, Senator Jeanne Shaheen. We repeated what 
we had called for over the last several days, which is to help Ukraine 
be able to get what they need, which is more air power.
  Our Eastern European allies, including Poland, Bulgaria, and 
Slovakia, have older, Soviet-era aircraft, such as the MiG-29 and the 
Su-25, that they are willing to provide to Ukraine, but they would like 
to have an agreement with the United States that they can backfill over 
time by purchasing advanced fighters, such as F-16s.
  By the way, the Poles, as an example, already have F-16s, but they 
already have these older MiGs that they are willing to provide.
  This seems like a win-win for everybody--for Ukraine certainly but 
also for Poland to improve their defensive posture in the wake of what 
is going on in Ukraine.
  The Soviet aircraft are compatible with the Ukrainian Air Force. 
Their pilots have the requisite training to operate them.
  Again, we have been told they are willing to donate these aircraft 
when they are provided these assurances and a roadmap, that they will 
be allowed to purchase more advanced aircraft over time.
  Let's make this happen. Let's not say we have to go through a long, 
bureaucratic process. Let's be creative here. They need these planes 
now. They needed them yesterday. This will help to stop some of the 
atrocities we talked about. Think of that column, miles and miles of 
armored vehicles and tanks heading towards Kyiv to kill more civilians. 
Some airpower would be very helpful right now.
  And there are other capabilities such as communications gear, drones 
that can provide intelligence and surveillance and ammunition, all of 
it should be moving quickly into Ukraine. And I applaud the 
administration for what they have done, but we have got to do more.
  We have all seen these horrible images on our television sets, 
families torn apart, the ravages of a needless war, the deliberate 
intentional targeting of civilians by rockets, even cluster munitions.
  By providing lethal and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, the U.S. 
sends a strong message: We stand for freedom, and we stand with 
freedom-loving countries.
  I commend the administration for some of the steps they have taken, 
as I say, but we have got to do more.
  I appreciate that we have sanctioned Russian banks, Russian elites, 
placed limits on high-tech commerce, Russia's ability to do business in 
dollars. That is all good. The Treasury Department has imposed 
sanctions on economic measures to target the core infrastructure of 
Russia and more than 50 percent of the total banking system of Russia, 
which will have devastating economic effects over time.
  But let's put all the banks into that system. Let's do everything we 
can to tighten the noose on the Putin economy.
  Some have asked me: Why does what is happening in Ukraine matter? I 
was home this weekend, and a lot of positive response, but people were 
also saying: Ukraine is a long way away, why does it matter so much?
  I would say that this is where, in our generation, in our time, the 
cause of freedom is being defended. This is where, in our generation, 
in our time, we must protect those who wish to chart their own course, 
protect their sovereign independent country. And this is where we are 
being tested--not just the United States, but our allies and all 
freedom-loving people around the world.
  When the people of Ukraine chose to get rid of a corrupt Russian-
backed government 8 years ago--for a second time, by the way--they 
chose freedom over tyranny. They chose democracy over authoritarianism. 
They chose to ensure that the people of Ukraine would have the ability 
to be free and independent. That is what we freedom-loving countries of 
the world proclaim every day.
  Now is the time not to shirk our responsibilities, but to step 
forward and help any way we can shoulder to shoulder with the people of 
Ukraine.
  They are defending their homeland fiercely. They have already denied 
President Putin his early goals. He has severely underestimated the 
power of freedom and the power of the Ukrainian people; there is no 
question about that. But in Congress, we can and should do more. And 
the international community must do more to hold Russia accountable.
  I say to the Russian commanders in the field and to the officials in 
Moscow: There is another choice. Stop this atrocity. Refuse the orders 
to kill innocent neighbors. Stop this atrocity that has already taken 
the lives of thousands of innocent civilians--men, women, and 
children--who want nothing other than to live in peace.
  I say to those commanders and these officials: The world is watching. 
The war crimes are being recorded. You have a choice.
  Here in Congress, we can do more to tighten the sanctions. We can do 
more to provide more military assistance to Ukraine. There is 
bipartisan agreement on so much of this, including the need to cut off 
the funding that is going to the Putin economy and his war machine. One 
example of this, but one important one, is not to buy Russian oil and 
send blood money to Russia. Why would we be importing Russian oil, 
sending Russia $40, $50 million a day? That makes no sense.
  Let's use our natural resources here in North America. We have the 
resources here. We should not be dependent on the Russian oil. We 
should not be sending them this blood money.
  By the way, there is bipartisan agreement on this. Last week, I 
joined legislation with Republicans and Democrats alike, equal number, 
with Senator Murkowski and Senator Manchin, to do just that.
  We need to stop all Russian banks from their access to the 
international banking system--not some; all. I commend the 
administration's sanctioning of Russian oligarchs and wealthy citizens, 
but we need to do more. We need to move from freezing assets to seizing 
assets. We can do that. Other countries have done it. By the way, 
Germany has done it. France has done it. We should be out front as 
Americans and not just freezing but seizing. By the way, those assets 
that we seize should go to the people of Ukraine to help with the 
humanitarian effort that is underway.
  Right now, our friends in Ukraine need our help. Right now. 
Immediately. Yesterday. They can't wait. We have an emergency 
supplemental bill we are working on here in Congress. Let's get it 
done. Let's do it outside of the omnibus or the CR or anything else. We 
know what needs to be done. Let's not wait. Let's not dither. The 
shells are flying tonight, raining upon the cities of Ukraine and its 
people.

[[Page S1005]]

  We cannot let this call to action go unanswered. We cannot let the 
Ukrainian people continue to be at the mercy of a tyrannical dictator. 
We cannot sit by and watch as innocent civilians are being killed. In 
the West, in America, we must stand up--all of us--for freedom. The 
world is watching. Our allies are watching. Our adversaries are 
watching.
  We must show the world that America does stand for freedom, and we 
stand with Ukraine.
  God bless Ukraine. Or as the Ukrainian people say: Glory to Ukraine, 
glory to the heroes. Slava Ukraini, heroyam slava.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Hickenlooper). The Senator from Alabama.
  Mr. TUBERVILLE. Mr. President, before I start my speech today on 
another topic, I want to take just a moment to discuss what is on all 
of our hearts across the country and across the world, that we should 
be praying for the Ukrainian people. We have got a mess in Ukraine.
  A lot of us have been to Ukraine over the last few months. We have 
made friends. I went over and met with the President a few months ago 
and a lot of his staff--and what good people. But they told us then 
that they needed help. And for some reason, this administration decided 
to drag its feet and tried to talk its way out of it.
  Sometimes, when you try to talk your way out of it instead of putting 
facts in front of you, you have problems. Well, we have had real 
problems. President Putin, who is a murderous tyrant, thought this was 
going to be easy. He didn't realize that the people of Ukraine were 
going to stand up and fight for their country. And they have done just 
that. They have lost many lives, Ukrainian soldiers, men and women, and 
also many, many citizens, but it has made NATO stronger. Putin never 
thought that would happen.
  So as I said earlier, I think that we all should remember every day 
and every night our prayers will go out to the Ukrainians, and, 
hopefully, in the near future, we can all come to some kind of 
consensus of what works best and that President Putin will come to his 
senses and call this off.


                               Inflation

  Mr. President, the other thing I want to talk about real quickly is 
rising prices, inflation. I was back in my home State of Alabama this 
week, and prices are at historic highs and getting higher every day. 
But we were told by this administration that inflation was transitory. 
We heard that all last year. The definition of transitory: not for 
long. Well, they were very wrong on that.
  They also said inflation was due to COVID. Well, COVID is not gone, 
but it has died down, and inflation is getting higher.
  We were told by this administration that it was due to corporate 
greed. Well, we have had the same corporations for years and years. 
Inflation has been low, but now still going higher and higher.
  And the last reason that this administration said inflation is going 
up is because of war, and there is probably something to that. 
Obviously, we have got an energy crisis in this country, and everything 
runs off of energy.
  But one thing this administration didn't tell us was they didn't 
blame it on the trillions of dollars that we basically have taken and 
thrown out of helicopters all over this country. We have got more money 
now, 36 percent more money in circulation than we had 2 years ago in 
this country, and we have less goods. And that is when you have 
inflationary prices that creep up.
  But we have got to get control of our energy crisis. If we don't do 
that, then the economy is not going to have a chance. That is the 
bottom line. That is the basics of the economy. Our farmers are getting 
killed with planting as we speak. They are in the fields paying more 
and more every day for their fuel. Small businesses are struggling with 
rates that are climbing at double and triple the rates in terms of 
being shipped their goods, and they are having to pay the price for 
that. And then the price goes up, and the American consumer pays that 
much more.
  So we have got a problem, and we better get control of that in the 
very near future, or our economy is going to continue to go down and 
continue to get in debt.
  So we have got those two problems, one at home and one on the road. 
It is a road game in Ukraine; and, hopefully, we can help out the 
Ukrainian people, give them what they need to continue to fight. But as 
we watch television each day, they continue to lose ground each day. 
But they are going to fight for what they believe in, and that is their 
freedom.


                          Daylight Saving Time

  Mr. President, my topic today, though, is--I think it is something 
that we need to listen to from people across this country. It is not 
war. It is not inflation. It has something to do with basic life here 
in this country. To be their voice, I am advocating on the people's 
behalf of this country.
  So let me read you a little bit about something that comes from my 
people in Alabama. A constituent from Talladega County writes:

       Daylight savings time year-round means the elderly, like 
     myself, will be able to be more active in early evenings.

  Another from Mobile writes:

       Please try and do whatever is necessary to have daylight 
     savings time permanent in the State of Alabama and our 
     country. Everyone I know and everyone that I talk to, they 
     want more daylight in the evening.

  And this is from a mental health professional:

       I am writing to let you know of the negative effects of my 
     population of having the time change the way it does in 
     November towards an earlier sundown, less daylight hours. It 
     increases depression and decreases productivity in about half 
     of my psychiatric patients.

  In other words, he is having problems when the sun goes down, 
basically because people can't get outside. These messages make 
important points, and I couldn't agree more. That is why I cosponsored 
Senator Rubio's bill, the Sunshine Protection Act, which would make 
daylight saving time permanent. That would mean an extra hour of 
sunlight during the dark and cold winter months.
  And ahead of this weekend, when we start daylight saving time this 
coming Sunday, I want to take a moment to discuss the many reasons why 
we should do away with the outdated practice of springing forward and 
falling back.
  Daylight saving time should be a thing of the past, because it 
literally is. Introduced as a temporary measure during World War I, 
daylight saving time was originally called ``wartime,'' and it was a 
way to help conserve fuel and better utilize resources.
  Following the end of World War I, the 1918 Standard Time Act was 
enacted that discontinued daylight saving time nationally, but 
individual States continued to spring forward and fall back.
  Then, during World War II, there was a renewed Federal push for full-
time daylight saving time, which then was repealed in 1945. Finally, in 
1966, Congress passed legislation to set a national standard time.
  All this to say, changes to our clocks might have made sense when it 
first began, but it certainly doesn't now.
  In fact, as recently has 2005, Congress moved the start of the date 
of daylight saving time 1 month earlier in the spring and 1 month later 
in the fall. This change was implemented in 2007, giving us the ratio 
of daylight saving time that we have now--8 months to 4 months.
  The ways we consume energy have dramatically changed since the 
beginning of World War I. What started as an energy saver now just does 
not make sense for these modern times. To turn the clocks back each 
year is a nuisance and not smart policy.
  You know, kids get out of school and the Sun is starting to set. 
Families in their kitchen are cooking dinner, and it seems more like a 
bedtime dinner. Weekends have less sunlight hours, limiting the amount 
of time folks of all ages can spend enjoying the outdoors.
  Additionally, reduced levels of sunlight are known to disrupt the 
body's internal clock, which regulates sleep and alertness. It is no 
wonder that cases of SAD, S-A-D, or seasonal affective disorder, are 
much more common in the winter months than they are in the spring.
  And for our farmers, longer days mean more time to work in the fields 
under sunlight, which translates to a more profitable bottom line.
  From an economic perspective, the time change costs the U.S. economy 
an

[[Page S1006]]

estimated $430 million annually when accounting for lost productivity 
in the change of sleep.
  That is why Alabama, along with 17 other States, have passed 
legislation or resolutions to flip the switch on this outdated 
practice, permanently increasing our daylight hours.
  However, for the will of the States to be enacted, the Federal 
Government--this body, this building--has to get involved. The 1966 law 
must be changed, and the Sunshine Protection Act does just that.
  The Sunshine Protection Act makes sense from a health and economic 
perspective, and it is just common sense. It is time we passed the 
Sunshine Protection Act. Let's give Americans something to celebrate: 
longer days and more sunshine.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                   Recognition of the Majority Leader

  The majority leader is recognized.


                        Tribute to Ben Ray Lujan

  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, well, let me start off with some great 
news. When we vote later today, all of us will be able to say these 
four wonderful words: Senator Lujan, welcome back.
  He is not on the floor right now, but, Ben Ray, it was great to see 
you back here in this Capitol last week. It was great to see you today. 
We have missed you. We are thrilled to have you back on the job. We 
admire your strength and your courage and your fortitude--your quiet 
strength.


                                Ukraine

  Mr. President, now, over the weekend, Members from both the House and 
Senate met virtually with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, and 
we reemphasized Congress's strong and unwavering commitment to 
providing robust and ample assistance to his country in this time of 
war.
  I told the Ukrainian President he was an inspiration to Americans, 
and I assured him that his pleas for help will not go unanswered.
  In particular, President Zelenskyy made a desperate plea for getting 
Eastern European countries to provide Russian-made planes to Ukraine. I 
strongly support the President's request, and yesterday I called on the 
administration to explore all feasible options to getting these fighter 
aircraft to Ukraine. These planes are very much needed, Ukrainian 
forces are familiar with them, and they will very much help in 
countering the Russians, especially as Putin massacres--massacres--
civilians in Ukraine.
  Democrats and Republicans broadly agree that this is a necessary step 
against Russia's illegal invasion, and today I reiterate my call for 
the administration to explore how to ensure the Ukrainians have the 
capabilities they need.
  I also spoke with the administration yesterday and was told they are 
looking closely at imposing a ban on Russian oil.
  Meanwhile, there are other steps Congress can take in the coming days 
to support the Ukrainian people. Above all, we must finalize a more 
than $12 billion emergency aid package to be included in the upcoming 
omnibus spending bill. This emergency aid will provide both 
humanitarian and military assistance for Ukraine--funding for refugees, 
medical supplies, emergency food supplies, as well as funding to 
support weapon transfers into Ukraine and help our eastern flank NATO 
allies.
  The clearest signal Congress can send to Vladimir Putin this week is 
passing a bipartisan aid package, leaving no doubt that the democratic 
nations of the world stand with Ukraine and against Putin's deeply 
immoral and bloody war.
  And again--let me say it again. The quickest--the quickest--way to 
secure an emergency aid package for Ukraine is through the omnibus, and 
I believe both sides are close--very close--to arriving at an 
agreement.


                              Coronavirus

  Now, on COVID aid, at the same time, there is another important 
matter that Congress must address in the spending bill: additional 
COVID relief aid, which the administration has wisely urged Congress to 
approve.
  The Federal Government has completely exhausted all the public health 
funding approved last year as part of the American Rescue Plan. That 
means that to prepare for future variants, more Federal funding is 
needed now.
  Across the country, thank God, we have seen signs that the United 
States is turning the corner on COVID. Schools are open. Mask 
guidelines are being reversed. Vaccinations have surpassed 216 million 
Americans. And last Friday, we learned that more than 7 million jobs 
have now been created since President Biden took office. This is all 
great news. Cases are falling, unemployment is falling, and the country 
is on the right track. But experience has taught us that new variants 
can come back with a vengeance if--if--we aren't ready.
  The administration has been clear: If we want schools to stay open, 
if we want to preserve as much of normal life as possible when another 
variant arises--and the odds are quite high that one will--Congress 
must pass additional COVID funding now, not later. We have to have it 
ready. We have to have the therapeutics ready. We have to have the 
testing ready. We have to have the vaccines ready. We can't wait 2, 3 
months after the variant hits to debate this issue and then allocate 
the money and then production starts. That would be terrible for the 
country. It will be too little too late. It is far better to prepare 
now than play catch-up later. We should have learned our lesson a long 
time ago, but now we are, hopefully.
  I have been strongly urging my colleagues to get a deal done on 
COVID. Failure to act is not an acceptable outcome.


                               H.R. 3076

  Mr. President, another issue this week is postal reform. This week, 
the Senate is going to put the finishing touches on a bipartisan 
accomplishment weeks, months, and, in fact, years in the making: 
comprehensive postal reform legislation.
  Six days a week, the U.S. Postal Service processes an average of 167 
million pieces of first-class mail. It employs nearly half a million 
people. It has been a fixture of our country since the very beginning, 
since Benjamin Franklin. But over the last decade, the post office has 
been in serious need of reform. Everyone knows the frustration of 
waiting weeks for a package to come in the mail. So this week, the 
Senate is finally passing legislation that will deliver for the post 
office the long-overdue reforms it has been waiting for.
  The fact that this bill has extraordinary bipartisan support is 
indicative of its importance, and I am glad that both sides have 
negotiated in good faith thus far. I want to particularly thank 
Chairman Peters and Ranking Member Portman for making sure this 
legislation has kept moving over the past few weeks.
  For generations, the post office has delivered for America, and now 
Congress is delivering for the post office. By passing postal reform 
legislation, we can ensure that Americans will continue to benefit from 
a speedy, dependable, and well-run post office, just as we have for our 
entire history.


                                 Costs

  Mr. President, now on costs, a few weeks ago, a Member of the 
Republican leadership released a platform that proposed raising taxes 
on tens of millions of Americans, focused on fanning the flames of 
division, and zeroed in on proposals that failed to address the biggest 
problems of our time.
  Today, a new analysis found that a plan like that from the junior 
Senator of Florida could raise taxes on many American families by more 
than $1,000 in 2022 alone. Democrats don't think that we should be 
raising taxes on working Americans as we recover from COVID. In fact, 
we are working to make sure Americans have more money, not less, in 
their pockets.
  So, today, I sent my colleagues a letter outlining how Democrats will 
keep a laser focus over the next few months on cutting costs, building 
upon historic job growth, and finding bipartisan ways to help everyday 
Americans make ends meet. Democrats are the party offering ideas for 
how to combat inflation that is being felt around the world because of 
COVID. Democrats are taking aim at capping insulin prices to $35

[[Page S1007]]

a month, while making prescription drugs much, much cheaper.
  Democrats are working to repair supply chain bottlenecks that are 
hurting businesses, including in our seaports. And Democrats are 
zeroing in on policies to combat price hikes at the grocery store, 
including meat prices, which the President noted last week.
  This week, our caucus will hold our annual DPCC retreat, where we 
will go over our proposals in greater detail. I want to compliment 
Senator Stabenow for putting this retreat together, and I encourage all 
of my colleagues to review my letter so we can all continue our work of 
lowering costs for the American people.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Texas.


                                Ukraine

  Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, Russia's brutal and unprovoked attack on 
Ukraine intensified over this last weekend, bringing even more death 
and destruction to the Ukrainian people and more uncertainty to the 
rest of the world. It appears that Russia is now targeting noncombatant 
evacuation routes--the latest blatant war crime and a clear escalation 
following targeted attacks on civilians.
  Russian forces fired on civilians as they fled for their lives, 
killing a mother, her two children, and a family friend. Over the last 
couple of weeks, hundreds of Ukrainians have been killed, and countless 
others have been wounded. More than 1\1/2\ million people have fled the 
country, making it the fastest growing refugee crisis in Europe since 
World War II.
  Through the immense suffering Russia has inflicted, the bravery and 
resolve of the Ukrainian people has shown bright. The world has been 
awestruck at the courage of teachers, architects, grandmothers, 
Ukrainians from all walks of life who have taken up arms in defense of 
their democracy.
  We have all been moved by the leadership of President Zelenskyy, who 
is fighting alongside of his fellow Ukrainians while pleading with the 
rest of the world to take action. We have admired the strength of those 
who were forced to say goodbye to loved ones, abandon their homes, and 
search for safety beyond Ukraine's borders.
  People around the world have rallied around Ukraine, offering support 
in ways big and small. Families across Europe are welcoming refugees 
into their homes. People around the world have organized fundraisers 
and donation drives to get food, blankets, first-aid kits, and other 
critical supplies into the hands of the Ukrainians.
  People all over the free world have cheered on and generously 
supported Ukraine at this critical moment, but now it is time for 
Congress to act. Since Ukraine is not a member of the North Atlantic 
Treaty Organization, we have no legal obligation to support its fight 
against Russia, but we do have a moral obligation to help them defend 
themselves.
  Russia has waged an unmistakable war on a sovereign democracy. It has 
targeted civilian areas and brought immeasurable destruction to 
Ukraine, and it continues to threaten further death and destruction 
outside and beyond Ukraine, even rattling its nuclear saber at the 
heart of Europe.
  Yes, we have a moral duty to support the Ukrainian people as they 
defend their sovereignty in their beloved country. So far, the United 
States has provided military, humanitarian, and economic assistance for 
Ukraine. These resources have been critical in the fight so far.
  The United States and our allies have also imposed harsh sanctions on 
Russia's economy, sending its currency into a downward spiral. This 
has, no doubt, made life harder for the Russian people, with whom we 
have no quarrel, but we should continue to use every tool at our 
disposal to impose costs on Vladimir Putin for his aggression in the 
hope that his own people will eventually rise up and say ``enough.''
  Many businesses have suspended operations in Russia, inflicting even 
more economic pain on the Kremlin. I am encouraged by the global 
response so far, but we need to do more.
  This is a seminal moment in American history and in human history, 
reminiscent of events most Americans today only know about from their 
history books and wars fought by our parents and grandparents. After 
this extended holiday from history, the United States must now take 
every possible step to stop this war by all available means.
  This week, I expect the Senate to vote on an emergency funding bill 
to send even more resources to the fight in Ukraine. The White House 
has requested $10 billion in military and humanitarian assistance, and 
there is strong bipartisan understanding that we need to move that 
quickly, as we just heard from the majority leader. The traditionally 
slow pace of legislation won't cut it.
  This is a reminder of the importance of not only preserving but 
growing our military strength. Authoritarian leaders like Putin, Kim 
Jong Un, President Xi, and Iran's Supreme Leader are watching this test 
of the free world's resolve.
  Our Democratic colleagues have consistently fought to shift funds 
from our national defense to domestic programs. When the case of 
inflation is accounted for, President Biden's first budget proposed an 
actual decrease in defense spending. We need to turn that around, 
especially in light of recent developments.
  The war in Ukraine has proven that a well-funded and well-prepared 
military isn't a luxury; it is a necessity. Germany's dramatic reversal 
on defense spending illustrates how clear this point has now become. 
Our colleagues on the Appropriations Committee are still working 
through the details of an omnibus appropriations bill, and I hope they 
are able to reach an agreement before the funding deadline this Friday.

  While short-term bills are better than government shutdowns, they 
only hamper our ability to plan for the future. Our military leadership 
needs a predictable budget in order to prepare for the many threats we 
are experiencing now and those that are on the horizon. That was true 
before Russia invaded Ukraine, and it is absolutely critical now.
  In a recent Washington Post op-ed, former Defense Secretary and CIA 
Director Robert Gates wrote about the need for ``a new American 
strategy'' to safeguard security interests. That includes predictable 
funding, strong alliances, new technologies, and reforms within the 
Pentagon. Bureaucracy and redtape come with a lot of overhead, and 
those dollars would better be spent on advanced technologies and 
equipment. As former Secretary Gates said, ``Our executive and 
legislative branches must understand the new world we live in, set 
aside business as usual and embrace dramatic change to ensure that we 
and our democratic allies prevail in that contest.''
  Investments and reforms in our national defense will be critical to 
America's security for years to come, but there are immediate steps we 
should take to increase the cost of this unprovoked war by Russia.
  The United States and our allies have imposed crippling sanctions on 
Russian banks and oligarchs, but the country's lucrative oil and gas 
industry remains virtually untouched. Russia continues to export energy 
to the rest of the world. In fact, many parts of Europe are completely 
dependent on Russian energy exports, and Putin is happy to use the 
revenue that he generates from those sales to sustain the attack on 
Ukrainian civilians.
  The embarrassing truth is that the United States is one of Russia's 
customers. We cannot continue to supply Russia with the blood money 
they get from their exports to the United States. That is why there is 
strong bipartisan support for a ban on Russian oil imports.
  I am proud to be a cosponsor of legislation that was introduced by 
our friend from Kansas, Senator Marshall, to ban the purchase of 
Russian oil in the United States.
  We have the great fortune of living in a resource-rich country, and 
there is no reason why we should rely on anyone else--let alone a 
power-hungry dictator--for our basic energy needs.
  Putin's aggression has lit a fire under the United States and our 
allies, and we need to take concrete steps to end our reliance on 
foreign oil and continue our pursuit of energy independence, at the 
same time making sure that our friends and allies around the world have 
access to more than just one choice when it comes to their energy 
needs. Again, we need to take that noose out of the hand of Vladimir

[[Page S1008]]

Putin when it comes to dissuading these countries that are dependent on 
Russia. We need to give them more choices and the freedom to make those 
choices.
  Strangely, there are media reports today the administration is 
considering easing sanctions on Venezuelan oil to compensate for what 
nations import from Russia. But I have to ask, why on Earth would we 
trade one oil-rich dictator for another?
  Instead, here is a novel concept perhaps the administration would 
consider: Why don't we boost our own production from here in the United 
States and sell it across the globe?
  It is truly shocking that this administration is so against and so 
opposed to American oil and gas that they would rather make it easier 
to buy oil from the Maduro regime than from here at home in America. It 
is simply unfathomable and inexcusable. Energy security is something we 
have taken for granted here in the United States--so has Germany and so 
has Europe. But now they are learning that there are bitter lessons to 
be learned from that dependency on imports from a country like the 
Russian Federation. We simply cannot ignore the fact that energy 
security is national security, and we can't ignore the grave risks that 
accompany our reliance on foreign oil for our most basic needs or those 
of our allies.
  Over the last couple of weeks, people around the world have rallied 
in support of the people of Ukraine. In ways big and small, the global 
community has sent an unmistakable message that Russia's attack on the 
sovereignty of Ukraine will not be tolerated. It is time for Congress 
to step up to the plate and provide even more support to our friends in 
that country.
  As I said, we may not have a legal obligation, but we do have a moral 
obligation to supply Ukrainian forces and civilians with the resources 
they need in order to resist Russian aggression. That is the task 
before us this week, and I hope we can take strong bipartisan action 
that sends an unmistakable message to the world.
  I hope we will also consider other more harsh actions against Russia. 
For example, I support our colleagues on the Finance Committee to strip 
Russia of its permanent normal trading relations status. This will 
place Russia in the same pariah category as North Korea and Cuba.
  The Wall Street Journal made the point this last week that nothing 
can be the same after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. There are few 
seminal points in our life where we remember that everything changed 
thereafter, whether it is September 11, 2001, the assassination of a 
President, and now, after this post-Cold War holiday from history, the 
invasion of another democracy in Europe.
  This is a watershed moment, and the United States must take every 
possible step to stop this war before the cost grows even higher and 
spreads to other countries outside of Ukraine.
  I yield the floor.
  I would suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                                  Iowa

  Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, on Saturday, deadly tornadoes swept 
through Iowa, destroying homes, parks, and leaving over 10,000 people 
without power.
  The communities most affected are Winterset, IA, and Chariton, IA, 
but other communities as well. Tragically, seven people--five adults 
and two children--died, and many people have been affected because of 
this severe weather. This is the deadliest tornado in our State in 15 
years. The one 15 years ago came close to my hometown of New Hartford, 
IA, and the adjoining community of Parkersburg, IA, and 13 people lost 
their lives that time.
  So, with today's incident, as families, businesses, and communities 
continue to assess the damage and clean up from these storms, I want 
Iowans to know that I have talked to the Department of Homeland 
Security's Secretary Mayorkas about these tornadoes. He has been 
assuring that wherever the Federal Government has authority to help, 
they will step in and do that. I have also reached out to FEMA, the 
State of Iowa, and affected communities. I will do everything I can at 
the Federal level to assist.
  Unfortunately, Iowa is no stranger to tornadoes and natural 
disasters. Once again, I am encouraged by the stories I hear from 
neighbors of strangers helping each other and their communities. Of 
course, we all know that that is the Iowa way: neighbor helping 
neighbor. These storms take time to recover, and I know that we will 
continue to reach out and help our fellow Iowans in need.
  My thoughts and the thoughts of all Iowans and their prayers go out 
to those who lost loved ones and to those whose properties were 
affected by these tornadoes. I also pray for those who were hurt and 
for some who were hospitalized in that they will have speedy 
recoveries.
  Iowans are strong and resilient people. We will recover, and we will 
rebuild. As Iowa's Senator, I will be there to help in any way needed.


                              Free Speech

  Now, Mr. President, another matter that I have spoken of on the floor 
of the U.S. Senate recently and, to some extent, a few times last year 
is the issue of freedom of speech in our colleges. In recent years, I 
have tried to highlight some of the most ridiculous impositions on 
freedom of speech in college, but so many of these cases get swept 
under the rug.
  It can be hard to get an idea of whether typical students feel free 
to speak their minds in the university environment. So last spring, the 
Iowa legislature passed a bill strengthening free speech across our 
State's education system. In part, this bill was meant to find out how 
big a problem the restraint of free expression is at our State's public 
universities. Last month, that led to the results of a survey of 17,000 
students in Iowa's public universities. The results raised serious 
concerns.
  Now, get this: Fewer than half of the employees thought that their 
universities allowed them to say what they believed. A third of the 
students thought that their institutions ``hinder[ed] free speech.'' A 
quarter of the students didn't even think that their campuses provided 
an ``environment for [the] free and open expression of ideas.''
  A university that can't meet that basic bar is missing the whole 
purpose of a college or university. You have heard me say my definition 
of a ``university'' is one wherein controversy ought to run rampant. 
Thankfully, the bill that passed the Iowa legislature takes action to 
solve the issue that I just described.
  This semester, students across the State have begun taking a course 
to instill in them the value of free speech. The goal is to ensure that 
students and faculty understand the value of the First Amendment: 
freedom of speech. The course emphasizes respect for another's speech 
and its impact both in and out of the classroom.
  I am hopeful that this will start to steer us in the right direction 
in not only my State of Iowa; I hope it has some impact across the 
country, because letting students speak their minds is central to the 
idea of a liberal arts education. Yet the default has increasingly 
become to censor at the drop of a hat, only allowing free speech if 
administrators find blowback.
  Just look to a case last month here in Washington, DC, at George 
Washington University. A student put up posters criticizing having the 
Olympics in China, given the repressive regime there. We know about 
that repressive regime because we talk about it quite often as the 
Chinese Communists deny freedom of religion and other freedoms to the 
Uighur minority. These posters at George Washington University were 
well done and well within the mainstream discussion. They speak to the 
concerns that I have myself about what goes on in China.
  The university immediately responded by tearing them down and saying 
the posters were racist. They only reversed themselves when it came out 
that the artist himself--I had better say himself or herself--was 
Chinese and that the concerns were far from unique. I find it hard to 
believe the university's namesake would approve of this approach.

[[Page S1009]]

  Examples like this are why we need Iowa's new free speech course. 
Hopefully, this example set in my State by our own State legislators is 
followed elsewhere. Students and administrators alike have forgotten 
why the First Amendment matters. I am glad to see States like Iowa are 
starting to remind everybody.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mrs. BLACKBURN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the 
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Duckworth). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                                Ukraine

  Mrs. BLACKBURN. Madam President, like most of my colleagues, I spent 
the weekend monitoring the war in Ukraine. I took the opportunity to 
join the video conference with President Zelenskyy. I don't know how 
anyone could have hung up from that call confused about Vladimir 
Putin's intentions with Ukraine. Indeed, I think we saw that Vladimir 
Putin has ill intent for anyone who opposes him.
  What is happening in Ukraine is not a ``special military operation,'' 
as Putin likes to say; it is an all-out war. Putin has caused a massive 
humanitarian and human rights crisis, and even though the world is 
collapsing around him, he has given no indication of pulling back.
  The sanctions imposed by the free world have had a devastating impact 
on Russia's economy. The ruble just crashed to a record low. The United 
States just instituted a ban on Russian flights over our airspace. 
Sports organizations, entertainers, and private corporations are all 
avoiding Russia like the plague.
  If Putin's goal was to transform Russia into another ``hermit 
kingdom,'' he is well on his way to making that dream a reality. The 
very idea seems insane, but remember, Vladimir Putin may be a madman, 
but he is a madman who is very intentional in what he is doing. He is 
reading the terrain, and he sees that the world's foremost superpower 
is too busy worrying about optics to do the one thing that would send 
Russia's economy back to the stone age.
  Putin sent his army to invade Ukraine on February 24. The Ukrainian 
people have endured 11 days of savagery, and we still have not imposed 
meaningful sanctions on the Russian energy sector. But now, the entire 
world knows that Putin is using energy as a weapon.
  Russia is now the U.S.'s third largest supplier of crude oil. The 
European Union gets about 40 percent of its gas imports and more than a 
quarter of its oil from Russia. We are feeling the pain every time we 
put gas in our cars, but looking at oil prices is still a bright spot 
in Putin's day.
  Russia is really a great big oil depot with an army, and he knows 
that much of the world is depending on Russian oil. He is financing his 
war with every single tank of U.S. gas at a time. Every time you pull 
up to fill up your tank, this is what is happening. As long as Joe 
Biden refuses to tear us free from our entanglement with Russian 
energy, he is complicit with every single barrel of oil that he buys.
  Energy is the most powerful economic weapon that Putin has at his 
disposal. It is his currency. The only way to neutralize it is to cut 
off the revenue stream. We must sanction the Russian energy sector, and 
we must do it now. We must end the purchasing of Russian oil. It is 
important to our partners in Ukraine and to our own Nation's security.
  Last year, Joe Biden made the unilateral decision to destroy energy 
independence in the United States when he canceled the Keystone 
Pipeline and banned new oil and gas leases on Federal land--that is 
right.
  Colleagues, in January 2021, we were energy independent. We were a 
net exporter of energy. But Joe Biden changed all that. He decided that 
by Executive order--not by a vote of the House or the Senate but by 
Executive order--he was going to end energy independence. So where does 
that put us? It has placed us right into the hands of a warmonger who 
is hellbent on recreating the U.S.S.R. And his weapon, No. 1 weapon, is 
energy. He does indeed think he has got you over the barrel.
  Our energy sector needs certainty, not a series of actions based on 
the President's political whims, and we should give them that certainty 
by allowing us to move to energy independence.
  I implore the President to see reason and to end this dangerously 
foolish entanglement with Moscow and Russian oil.
  On that note, I think it should be made clear to everybody that the 
answer is not to go to Venezuela and negotiate to buy Venezuelan oil 
from another madman, and the answer is not to have the Russians working 
as an intermediary on a new Iran nuclear deal, which, by the way, the 
people of this country do not want to be entangled with Iran.
  By the way, we hear they are negotiating to buy Iranian oil. This is 
about the dumbest damn thing I have ever heard of. It is amazing. You 
are going to go do business with Venezuela and with Iran and have the 
Russians involved in the middle of that? This is astounding.
  This weekend, as I talked to Tennesseans, they could not believe that 
this administration would be stooping to such.
  Sanction Russian energy. Restart the Keystone Pipeline. Open up 
capped wells. Stop flaring natural gas. Put it into the supply chain. 
Make certain that you are drilling domestically, exploring 
domestically. Do it before it is too late.
  Our mission as Americans has not changed. We have a duty to preserve 
and protect freedom. The sheer availability of live footage and 
photographs flowing out of Ukraine has highlighted the importance of 
that mission to protect and preserve security.
  This isn't the first time that Putin has invaded sovereign territory, 
but it is the first time that his crimes have been live-streamed for 
the entire world to see.
  And as far as the free world is concerned, most of us have correctly 
identified the villain, but there are more than a few people out there 
who need persuading, and it is our job to help keep the information 
flowing.
  Early on in the war, Putin launched cyber attacks to destabilize 
Ukraine and prevent communications with the outside world. Through my 
work on the Armed Services Committee, I have supported funding for 
domestic programs that would help protect State and local governments 
here in the United States from these types of attacks.
  In the fiscal year 2022 NDAA, we created the Civilian Cyber Security 
Reserve Program to make sure that our Federal Government can keep up 
with cyber threats like the ones from Moscow being launched at the 
Ukrainians, but when it comes to defending freedom, shoring up our own 
defenses is not enough. We have to look outward and prevent the kinds 
of vulnerabilities Putin is trying to create.
  Last week, I introduced the Internet Freedom and Operations Act with 
my colleague Senator Menendez. This legislation builds off of the work 
we did together on the Open Technology Fund Authorization Act. It would 
authorize more than $100 million to support programs and circumvention 
technologies that keep the internet up and running in conflict zones 
and under other repressive media environments. We have successfully 
used this technology to put control over information back in the hands 
of the people, right where it belongs.
  Dictators like Putin suppress dissent for a reason. The truth is that 
free speech scares them to death. They don't want it. They want cancel 
culture--only one point of view, and it is theirs.
  From where I am sitting, it is clear that Putin is right to be 
fearful of the resistance in Ukraine and around the world and 
especially in his own country, as his citizens are taking to the 
streets--thousands protesting, thousands being arrested--so that they 
can push forward with freedom in their countries.
  I would encourage my colleagues to support the freedom fighters in 
Ukraine and elsewhere, support them by signing on to the INFO Act. 
Again, I thank Senator Menendez for his work on that.
  We have talked a lot lately about sanctions and Stingers and 
ammunition, but I would argue that what has

[[Page S1010]]

rattled Putin the most is how powerless he is to stop people from 
speaking. As I mentioned earlier, his war crimes are being broadcast in 
real time to anybody who has a screen and an internet connection.
  Russian citizens are protesting in the streets against the Russian 
Government. His struggling military is the subject of intense ridicule 
on every digital platform. It is a propagandist's worst nightmare and 
the source of immense hope for the Ukrainian people. And--God bless 
them--they are in the fight.
  We have a duty to help keep that hope alive, and I would encourage my 
colleagues who haven't yet realized this to join together this week to 
stand up for the people in Ukraine, to stand up for energy independence 
in this country, and to stand up for free speech.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Ohio.


                               H.R. 3076

  Mr. PORTMAN. Madam President, I am here on the floor today to talk 
about Postal Service reform. We have another vote this afternoon.
  And this is incredibly important to the people I represent and whom 
all of us represent. It is important because the Postal Service is 
something people depend on for so much. This legislation we are talking 
about has been in the works for years. It is a bill to try to save the 
post office from insolvency. And if we don't act on this, I believe in 
the next few years we will be back here with a big bailout for the 
Postal Service because they are having a tough time financially.
  The combination of this legislation that we will pass and some 
internal reforms that the post office is making should be enough to get 
the post office back on track.
  The Postal Service has a Postmaster General right now who is 
absolutely committed to that--making the post office more effective, 
more efficient--but he needs a little breathing room, as he says, and 
that is what we are doing here in Congress. It doesn't cost the 
taxpayer anything. By the way, if we don't do this, in a few years, it 
would cost the taxpayers a lot in terms of a bailout, and I am afraid 
it would happen.
  The post office, again, is so important. It is definitely worth 
saving. Our country is pretty divided right now--let's be honest--but 
one enduring reality about our country is that we have a post office 
that ties us all together, and everybody depends on that post office.
  By the way, it has been that way for a long time. In 1775, 3 months 
after the battles of Lexington and Concord--so this is 1775, before the 
Revolution was finalized in 1776. During that time, the delegates to 
the Second Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin as the 
Postmaster General. And why was this so important? Franklin was one of 
the Founding Fathers, and this was considered to be a really crucial 
post because the new Postal Service offered a way for the colonists to 
talk to each other, to communicate, for Revolutionary leaders to be 
able to strategize with each other outside of the official British 
channels.

  So the post office has that rich history, and it continues to bind us 
today. In Ohio, it ensures that veterans get their medications that 
they get through the mail. And believe me, that is important to them, 
to get it on time.
  It allows for absentee voters. In Ohio we have no-fault absentee. We 
have had it for years. It works well, but it requires the post office 
to do its job and obviously to not just deliver the absentee forms but 
to get the ballots in on time.
  It is also crucial for people to get their rent checks in or to be 
sure that they get their utility bill on time. It is for people's 
financial statements from their banks. But, also, the post office still 
delivers birthday cards, thank-you notes, and personal letters that 
strengthen the bonds of family and friendship. So our Postal Service 
binds us together at a time when we are increasingly polarized.
  Let's talk about what this particular legislation does. How does it 
save the post office? First, very simply, the bill makes sure the post 
office is going to be on a strong footing for the future by relieving 
the Postal Service of an obligation that virtually nobody else has--
nobody in the Federal Government--which is to prefund retiree health 
benefits.
  Now, if you are in a private company and you are listening to this, I 
am almost sure you don't prefund your retirement healthcare benefits. 
People don't do that. In the Federal Government, we don't do that. We 
don't do it here in Congress. Yet the post office has that obligation.
  This would allow the post office, by getting out from under that 
obligation, to reconcile its books more accurately and to focus on 
immediate obligations. They should focus on those immediate obligations 
but not the prefunding.
  Second, this bill requires postal employees who retire in the future 
to enroll in Medicare Part B and Part D. So hospitalization, Part A, 
people are already signed up for that--everybody is. But for Part B and 
Part D--doctors' visits, prescription drugs--about 25 percent of the 
people who work for the post office are not signed up for that. And by 
putting that 25 percent into there, it helps to save a lot of money for 
the post office and the taxpayers. Taxpayers will save about $1.5 
billion based on this legislation, and a lot of it is because of that 
change. The employee health benefit plan that they would otherwise be 
in is a more generous plan, and that is how you get those savings.
  Third, the bill requires the post office to maintain its current 
standard of 6-day delivery. That is important to a lot of my 
constituents, particularly in the rural areas--they like getting their 
mail--and to do it through an integrated delivery system of mail and 
packages together. That, of course, makes sense. You don't want 
separate systems going out for packages and for mail. That is what they 
do now, so this is really just restating the status quo, and that is 
very important. For some of the private-sector companies that provide 
delivery services, they want to know that this is just the status quo; 
we are not talking about any changes.
  Both sides of the aisle have talked to me about this 6-day delivery. 
I know that wherever people have a rural area in their State, this is 
particularly important. It ensures that people are going to receive 
their medications, their checks, their correspondence on a timely and 
predictable basis.
  So this bill shores up the post office, and it does it in a way that 
actually saves money. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office 
estimates, as I said, this legislation will save taxpayers $1.5 
billion, so it doesn't cost taxpayers anything. It is not the 
appropriation of more money, but over 10 years it saves that money.
  CBO, the Congressional Budget Office, which is the nonpartisan body 
up here that looks at the economic impact of legislation, has told us 
recently that this bill will not affect the solvency of the Medicare 
Hospital Insurance Trust Fund. That is the trust fund we talk about a 
lot here that we are concerned that it is going to become insolvent in 
only a short number of years and that that is going to cause problems 
for Medicare. That trust fund is not touched by this legislation.
  CBO has also made it clear that the bill will not increase Part B or 
Part D premiums--again, Part B, doctors' visits; Part D, prescription 
drugs. That is very important because a lot of people have concerns 
about that. And one reason it doesn't affect it, by the way, is there 
is only a small number of postal employees--only 25 percent of them--
who would become part of that, so it is a drop in the bucket compared 
to the number of people on Medicare. There are probably 60-some million 
people--that would be 61, 62 million people in Medicare, and this is 
between 14,000 and maybe 80,000 people who would be added to Part B and 
Part D. So it does not affect the premiums. By the way, these people 
have been paying into Medicare for their whole career, so it is 
appropriate that they go into Part B and Part D.
  This is a good bill, and I think that is why it passed the House with 
such a strong vote. It passed with a bipartisan vote in the House of 
342 to 92. That rarely happens, particularly in the House of 
Representatives. So that is an indication of what kind of legislation 
this is.
  It is popular because it is about saving the post office, and it is 
popular because it does so without asking the taxpayers to step up and 
do more. In

[[Page S1011]]

fact, it saves some money. And it is popular because we have worked 
together on this. We have each side made concessions. Is it the perfect 
bill that I would have written? No. The same as my colleague from 
Michigan, who has just arrived on the Democratic side. He would have 
written it differently in a number of respects. I know that because he 
had to make concessions; we had to make concessions. But we ended up 
with legislation that does the job, and that is what is important: to 
put the post office in a position to succeed in its critical mission to 
provide essential services to small businesses, to our veterans, to our 
seniors, to our rural constituents.
  Let's pass this bill, and let's ensure the post office is healthy for 
all those folks we represent back home.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Michigan.
  Mr. PETERS. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that I may speak 
5 minutes prior to the commencement of the vote.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. PETERS. Madam President, in just a few moments, this body will 
take an important vote to continue moving forward on the bipartisan 
Postal Service Reform Act. These vital reforms will help set the Postal 
Service on a more stable financial footing so that this trusted public 
service can continue delivering to every single community in the United 
States.
  Millions--millions--of Americans are counting on the Postal Service 
to deliver essential mail, including medications, important financial 
documents, and other critical supplies. We have all seen firsthand how 
veterans and seniors, small businesses, rural residents, and others who 
rely on the Postal Service face serious hardships when the Postal 
Service is focused on cutting costs by making changes to delivery 
service.
  This bill will help address the most significant financial burdens on 
the Postal Service by reversing an unnecessary requirement to prefund 
every cent of healthcare benefits that every postal employee will 
eventually use in retirement no matter how far off that retirement may 
be. By eliminating this aggressive prefunding requirement--I may add, 
something that no other business in America is forced to do--along with 
integrating postal retirees' healthcare into Medicare, like so many 
other private employers, this bipartisan, commonsense legislation will 
save the Postal Service more than $49 billion over the next 10 years.
  The bill also requires the Postal Service to deliver 6 days a week 
and improves transparency and accountability for Americans by requiring 
the Postal Service to publicly post weekly performance data on its 
website.
  This legislation has been 15 years in the making, and tonight, we 
will get one step closer to making it a reality.
  I am grateful to my colleagues who have shown strong, bipartisan 
support for this legislation, including my colead, Ranking Member 
Portman from Ohio, and the 28 cosponsors from both sides of the aisle 
who have worked with us to make this a reality. Our cosponsors have 
played an important role in helping to build additional support for 
this critical bill.
  Certainly, there is still more work to do to ensure even greater 
long-term success for the Postal Service and its customers, but 
tonight--tonight--the Senate will take a substantial step to continue 
advancing this incredibly important bill.
  I urge my colleagues to join me in taking this meaningful action to 
protect the future of the Postal Service and the essential services 
that it provides to our communities all across our country.
  I yield the floor.


                             Cloture Motion

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Pursuant to rule XXII, the Chair lays before 
the Senate the pending cloture motion, which the clerk will state.
  The legislative clerk read as follows:

                             Cloture Motion

       We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with the 
     provisions of rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, 
     do hereby move to bring to a close debate on the motion to 
     proceed to Calendar No. 273, H.R. 3076, a bill to provide 
     stability to and enhance the services of the United States 
     Postal Service, and for other purposes.
         Charles E. Schumer, Gary C. Peters, Mazie K. Hirono, Tina 
           Smith, Margaret Wood Hassan, Jeff Merkley, Ron Wyden, 
           Patty Murray, Debbie Stabenow, Jack Reed, Mark Kelly, 
           Cory A. Booker, Robert Menendez, Jon Tester, Jon 
           Ossoff, Sheldon Whitehouse, Martin Heinrich.

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. By unanimous consent, the mandatory quorum 
call has been waived.
  The question is, Is it the sense of the Senate that debate on H.R. 
3076, a bill to provide stability to and enhance the services of the 
United States Postal Service, and for other purposes, shall be brought 
to a close?
  The yeas and nays are mandatory under the rule.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk called the roll.
   Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from California (Mr. 
Padilla) is necessarily absent.
   Mr. THUNE. The following Senators are necessarily absent: the 
Senator from Arkansas (Mr. Cotton), the Senator from Oklahoma (Mr. 
Inhofe), the Senator from Louisiana (Mr. Kennedy), the Senator from 
Oklahoma (Mr. Lankford), the Senator from Kentucky (Mr. Paul), the 
Senator from South Carolina (Mr. Scott), the Senator from Alaska (Mr. 
Sullivan), and the Senator from Pennsylvania (Mr. Toomey).
  The yeas and nays resulted--yeas 74, nays 17, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 69 Leg.]

                                YEAS--74

     Baldwin
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Blunt
     Booker
     Boozman
     Brown
     Burr
     Cantwell
     Capito
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Cassidy
     Collins
     Coons
     Cortez Masto
     Cramer
     Daines
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Ernst
     Feinstein
     Fischer
     Gillibrand
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hassan
     Hawley
     Heinrich
     Hickenlooper
     Hirono
     Hoeven
     Hyde-Smith
     Kaine
     Kelly
     King
     Klobuchar
     Leahy
     Lujan
     Manchin
     Markey
     Marshall
     McConnell
     Menendez
     Merkley
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Murphy
     Murray
     Ossoff
     Peters
     Portman
     Reed
     Rosen
     Rounds
     Sanders
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Shaheen
     Sinema
     Smith
     Stabenow
     Tester
     Thune
     Tillis
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warnock
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wicker
     Wyden
     Young

                                NAYS--17

     Barrasso
     Blackburn
     Braun
     Cornyn
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Hagerty
     Johnson
     Lee
     Lummis
     Risch
     Romney
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Scott (FL)
     Shelby
     Tuberville

                             NOT VOTING--9

     Cotton
     Inhofe
     Kennedy
     Lankford
     Padilla
     Paul
     Scott (SC)
     Sullivan
     Toomey
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Kelly). On this vote, the yeas are 74, the 
nays are 17.
  Three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn having voted in 
the affirmative, the motion is agreed to.
  The Senator from Ohio.


                        Remembering Paul Farmer

  Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, last month, the world lost one of its great 
champions for public health, Dr. Paul Farmer.
  Few people did as much to save lives around the world as Paul. He was 
a giant. He changed how the world thinks about international aid and 
about public health. Millions of people, from Haiti to Peru, to Russia, 
to Rwanda, are living longer, healthier, more fulfilling lives because 
of Paul Farmer and because of the movement he launched.
  Paul moved to Haiti immediately after graduating from college. He had 
a special relationship with that country for the rest of his life. It 
is where he met his wife Didi Bertrand--a school principal and 
preacher's daughter in Cange. Even during Harvard Medical School, Paul 
would fly back and forth to Haiti, setting up his own clinic and an 
expanding network of community health facilities.
  In 1987, he and my friend Jim Yong Kim and their two colleagues, 
Ophelia Dahl and Todd McCormack, founded Partners in Health. They 
founded Partners in Health on Paul's radical idea, and it is a radical 
idea in so many ways; that all human beings, regardless of who they are 
and where they live, deserve equal dignity and equal healthcare.
  In 2003, the very good writer Tracy Kidder wrote a book about Paul 
and his

[[Page S1012]]

life: ``Mountains Beyond Mountains.'' After Paul's death, Tracy wrote a 
tribute to him and titled it ``He Wanted to Make the Whole World His 
Patient,'' and he really did.
  I met Paul on a trip to Haiti with my friend Joanne Carter, the 
executive director of RESULTS, which is a grassroots organization 
dedicated to ending the cause of poverty around the world. It was in 
April 2003. Partners in Health was working in Haiti, and the hospital 
and clinic Paul started in Cange had grown to a broad network around 
the country. Paul and his colleagues were working with community health 
workers to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis and to scale up AIDS 
treatment in the most impoverished place, by far, in the Western 
Hemisphere at a time when there was almost no antiviral treatment 
available in poor countries.
  People claim that treating patients and getting antivirals out in 
countries like Haiti was just impossible. Paul proved them wrong. 
Partners in Health invited several hundred U.S. policymakers, 
journalists, and Members of Congress, over time, to Haiti to see 
firsthand how they were expanding access to lifesaving treatment. At 
the time, there was still a popular sentiment, even among health 
workers, that we couldn't do this; that it was impossible to get these 
antiviral treatments out on any kind of large scale in low-income 
countries. It was a transformational moment. Paul opened the world's 
eyes to what was possible.
  We could and had to treat patients everywhere. The barrier wasn't 
that it couldn't be done; it was that no one had made it a priority. No 
one in rich countries like ours or in even middle-income countries 
wanted to or really had tried to make this a priority.
  I remember we met a young man in a wheelchair in a hospital unit. I 
was with Paul. He was caring for this young man. He had tuberculosis of 
the spine. It is called Pott's disease. It is when tuberculosis 
bacteria migrates into the spinal column and causes paralysis. He was 
getting treatment that no one would have thought possible before Paul. 
We met HIV/AIDS patients and saw how antiviral treatments were 
transforming their lives. People called it the Lazarus effect. In a 
relatively short amount of time, this treatment revived them and 
brought them back from the brink.
  Late at night, we sat around together, at Paul's little house in 
Cange, and talked about what would come next and what we needed to do 
to rouse the world to action. It was an exciting time. A global fund 
had just been created. Paul's ideas were gaining traction. Paul Farmer 
brought such a moral clarity to all of these conversations. Whether it 
was talking to policymakers or to public health experts or to community 
leaders or to his patients--his impoverished patients often--he began 
every discussion with the same fundamental principle: Everyone has the 
right to quality healthcare.

  Rather than have a technical conversation, he would look at all of 
these health experts and leaders when they would say, ``Unfortunately, 
there are just not enough resources to treat everyone, so we have to 
make choices,'' and Paul would say, ``When we make these choices, we 
are always talking about somebody else's children.'' He didn't say it 
in an accusatory way; he wasn't judgmental; and he didn't look down on 
anybody. It was simply how he thought about it and how he wanted 
everyone to think about it.
  The other thing that always struck me and that was so astonishing 
about Paul is that he cared so much about each individual person. He 
had uncommon and maybe even unparalleled empathy. He had an absolute 
commitment to his patients' care. He was a big thinker in change 
policy, but he was a practitioner up close who took care of fellow 
human beings. He had an absolute commitment to his patients' care 
literally right up until the moment of his death. He was talking about 
patients he was treating in Rwanda, and he was giving advice right up 
until the day he died.
  Tracy Kidder reported that Paul had been up late the night before, 
seeing patients. Mr. Kidder said, in his experience with Paul, that 
being up late and seeing patients was the equivalent of a night on the 
town.
  Over the past few weeks since we lost Paul, a remembrance of that 
empathy has poured out from people around the world--from former 
students and colleagues, patients, world leaders, public health 
luminaries. Everyone has a story about Paul Farmer's dedication to 
humankind and to his patients individually. They agree that Paul really 
did change the world. His legacy will certainly inspire many of us in 
this body. More importantly, it will inspire people around the world.
  When I think of Paul Farmer, I think of one of my favorite passages 
in the Gospel, Matthew 25. We are all familiar with it--Christians, 
certainly--but nonbelievers, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims, I 
think know this passage from Jesus.
  Jesus said: When I was hungry, you fed me. When I was thirsty, you 
gave me drink. When I was in prison, you visited me. What you did to 
the least of these you did to me.
  I thought, you know, that doesn't quite sound right, ``What you did 
to the least of these,'' because I cannot believe that Muhammad or 
Buddha or Jesus or Maimonides or Moses would think that Mark Kelly is 
worth more or less than another human being. All of us in God's eyes 
are equal.
  So I came across a friend of ours who lives down the street--a 
pastor--and she gave to me a Bible called the ``Justice and Poverty 
Bible.''
  It say this in Matthew 25: When I was hungry, you fed me. When I was 
thirsty, you gave me drink. When I was in prison, you visited me. What 
you did to those who seemed less important you did for me--not what you 
did for the least of these but what you did for those who seemed less 
important.
  That was how Paul Farmer lived his life. He understood that no human 
being was worth less than anyone else; that everyone is deserving of 
compassionate healthcare; and that everyone is deserving, as Rumi said, 
of generosity and helping others: Be like a river in compassion and 
grace. Be like the Sun. That is the way Paul looked at the world.
  Our thoughts are with his family and his patients around the world. 
Let's recommit ourselves to following the example of Dr. Paul Farmer.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority leader.

                          ____________________