[Congressional Record Volume 167, Number 92 (Wednesday, May 26, 2021)]
[Senate]
[Pages S3537-S3538]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

  SA 2083. Ms. CORTEZ MASTO (for herself, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Manchin, Ms. 
Hassan, Mr. Grassley, Ms. Ernst, and Mrs. Capito) submitted an 
amendment intended to be proposed to amendment SA 1502 proposed by Mr. 
Schumer to the bill S. 1260, to establish a new Directorate for 
Technology and Innovation in the National Science Foundation, to 
establish a regional technology hub program, to require a strategy and 
report on economic security, science, research, innovation, 
manufacturing, and job creation, to establish a critical supply chain 
resiliency program, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on 
the table; as follows:

       Strike section 2214 and insert the following:

     SEC. 2214. CRITICAL MINERALS MINING AND RECYCLING RESEARCH.

       (a) Critical Minerals Mining and Recycling Research and 
     Development at the Foundation.--
       (1) In general.--In order to support supply chain 
     resiliency, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the 
     Director, shall issue awards, on a competitive basis, to 
     institutions of higher education, National Laboratories, or 
     nonprofit organizations (or consortia of such institutions, 
     Laboratories, or organizations, including consortia that 
     collaborate with private industry) to support basic research 
     that will accelerate innovation to advance critical minerals 
     mining, recycling, and reclamation strategies and 
     technologies for the purpose of making better use of domestic 
     resources and eliminating national reliance on minerals and 
     mineral materials that are subject to supply disruptions.
       (2) Use of funds.--Activities funded by an award under this 
     section may include--
       (A) advancing mining research and development activities to 
     develop new mapping and mining technologies and techniques, 
     including advanced critical mineral extraction and 
     production, to improve existing or to develop new supply 
     chains of critical minerals, and to yield more efficient, 
     economical, and environmentally benign mining practices;
       (B) advancing critical mineral processing research 
     activities to improve separation, alloying, manufacturing, or 
     recycling techniques and technologies that can decrease the 
     energy intensity, waste, potential environmental impact, and 
     costs of those activities;
       (C) advancing research and development of critical minerals 
     mining and recycling technologies that take into account the 
     potential end-uses and disposal of critical minerals, in 
     order to improve end-to-end integration of mining and 
     technological applications;
       (D) conducting long-term earth observation of reclaimed 
     mine sites, including the study of the evolution of microbial 
     diversity at such sites;
       (E) examining the application of artificial intelligence 
     for geological exploration of critical minerals, including 
     what size and diversity of data sets would be required;
       (F) examining the application of machine learning for 
     detection and sorting of critical minerals, including what 
     size and diversity of data sets would be required;
       (G) conducting detailed isotope studies of critical 
     minerals and the development of more refined geologic models; 
     or
       (H) providing training and research opportunities to 
     undergraduate and graduate students to prepare the next 
     generation of mining engineers and researchers.
       (b) Critical Minerals Interagency Subcommittee.--
       (1) In general.--In order to support supply chain 
     resiliency, the Critical Minerals Subcommittee of the 
     National Science and Technology Council (referred to in this 
     subsection as the ``Subcommittee'') shall coordinate Federal 
     science and technology efforts to ensure secure and reliable 
     supplies of critical minerals to the United States.
       (2) Purposes.--The purposes of the Subcommittee shall be--
       (A) to advise and assist the Committee on Homeland and 
     National Security and the National Science and Technology 
     Council on

[[Page S3538]]

     United States policies, procedures, and plans as it relates 
     to critical minerals, including--
       (i) Federal research, development, and deployment efforts 
     to optimize methods for extractions, concentration, 
     separation, and purification of conventional, secondary, and 
     unconventional sources of critical minerals, including 
     research that prioritizes end-to-end integration of mining 
     and recycling techniques and the end-use target for critical 
     minerals;
       (ii) efficient use and reuse of critical minerals, 
     including recycling technologies for critical minerals and 
     the reclamation of critical minerals from components such as 
     spent batteries;
       (iii) addressing the technology transitions between 
     research or lab-scale mining and recycling and 
     commercialization of these technologies;
       (iv) the critical minerals workforce of the United States; 
     and
       (v) United States private industry investments in 
     innovation and technology transfer from federally funded 
     science and technology;
       (B) to identify emerging opportunities, stimulate 
     international cooperation, and foster the development of 
     secure and reliable supply chains of critical minerals, 
     including activities related to the reuse of critical 
     minerals via recycling;
       (C) to ensure the transparency of information and data 
     related to critical minerals; and
       (D) to provide recommendations on coordination and 
     collaboration among the research, development, and deployment 
     programs and activities of Federal agencies to promote a 
     secure and reliable supply of critical minerals necessary to 
     maintain national security, economic well-being, and 
     industrial production.
       (3) Responsibilities.--In carrying out paragraphs (1) and 
     (2), the Subcommittee may, taking into account the findings 
     and recommendations of relevant advisory committees--
       (A) provide recommendations on how Federal agencies may 
     improve the topographic, geologic, and geophysical mapping of 
     the United States and improve the discoverability, 
     accessibility, and usability of the resulting and existing 
     data, to the extent permitted by law and subject to 
     appropriate limitation for purposes of privacy and security;
       (B) assess the progress toward developing critical minerals 
     recycling and reprocessing technologies;
       (C) assess the end-to-end lifecycle of critical minerals, 
     including for mining, usage, recycling, and end-use material 
     and technology requirements;
       (D) examine options for accessing and developing critical 
     minerals through investment and trade with allies and 
     partners of the United States and provide recommendations;
       (E) evaluate and provide recommendations to incentivize the 
     development and use of advances in science and technology in 
     the private industry;
       (F) assess the need for and make recommendations to address 
     the challenges the United States critical minerals supply 
     chain workforce faces, including--
       (i) aging and retiring personnel and faculty;
       (ii) public perceptions about the nature of mining and 
     mineral processing; and
       (iii) foreign competition for United States talent;
       (G) develop, and update as necessary, a strategic plan to 
     guide Federal programs and activities to enhance--
       (i) scientific and technical capabilities across critical 
     mineral supply chains, including a roadmap that identifies 
     key research and development needs and coordinates ongoing 
     activities for source diversification, more efficient use, 
     recycling, and substitution for critical minerals; and
       (ii) cross-cutting mining science, data science techniques, 
     materials science, manufacturing science and engineering, 
     computational modeling, and environmental health and safety 
     research and development; and
       (H) report to the appropriate committees of Congress on 
     activities and findings under this subsection.
       (4) Mandatory responsibilities.--In carrying out paragraphs 
     (1) and (2), the Subcommittee shall, taking into account the 
     findings and recommendations of the relevant advisory 
     committees, identify and evaluate Federal policies and 
     regulations that restrict the mining of critical minerals.
       (c) Grant Program for Processing of Critical Minerals and 
     Development of Critical Minerals and Metals.--
       (1) Establishment.--The Secretary of Energy, in 
     consultation with the Director, the Secretary of the 
     Interior, and the Secretary of Commerce, shall establish a 
     grant program to finance pilot projects for--
       (A) the processing or recycling of critical minerals in the 
     United States; or
       (B) the development of critical minerals and metals in the 
     United States
       (2) Limitation on grant awards.--A grant awarded under 
     paragraph (1) may not exceed $10,000,000.
       (3) Economic viability.--In awarding grants under paragraph 
     (1), the Secretary of Energy shall give priority to projects 
     that the Secretary of Energy determines are likely to be 
     economically viable over the long term.
       (4) Secondary recovery.--In awarding grants under paragraph 
     (1), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to award not less 
     than 30 percent of the total amount of grants awarded during 
     the fiscal year for projects relating to secondary recovery 
     of critical minerals and metals.
       (5) Domestic priority.--In awarding grants for the 
     development of critical minerals and metals under paragraph 
     (1)(B), the Secretary of Energy shall prioritize pilot 
     projects that will process the critical minerals and metals 
     domestically.
       (6) Prohibition on processing by foreign entity of 
     concern.--In awarding grants under paragraph (1), the 
     Secretary of Energy shall ensure that pilot projects do not 
     export for processing any critical minerals and metals to a 
     foreign entity of concern (as defined in section 2307(a)).
       (7) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized 
     to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy $100,000,000 
     for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2024 to carry out the 
     grant program established under paragraph (1).
       (d) Definitions.--In this section:
       (1) Critical mineral.--The term ``critical mineral'' has 
     the meaning given the term in section 7002(a) of the Energy 
     Act of 2020 (30 U.S.C. 1606(a)).
       (2) Critical minerals and metals.--The term ``critical 
     minerals and metals'' includes any host mineral of a critical 
     mineral.
       (3) End-to-end.--The term ``end-to-end'', with respect to 
     the integration of mining or life cycle of minerals, means 
     the integrated approach of, or the lifecycle determined by, 
     examining the research and developmental process from the 
     mining of the raw minerals to its processing into useful 
     materials, its integration into components and devices, the 
     utilization of such devices in the end-use application to 
     satisfy certain performance metrics, and the recycling or 
     disposal of such devices.
       (4) Recycling.--The term ``recycling'' means the process of 
     collecting and processing spent materials and devices and 
     turning them into raw materials or components that can be 
     reused either partially or completely.
       (5) Secondary recovery.--The term ``secondary recovery'' 
     means the recovery of critical minerals and metals from 
     discarded end-use products or from waste products produced 
     during the metal refining and manufacturing process, 
     including from mine waste piles, acid mine drainage sludge, 
     or byproducts produced through legacy mining and metallurgy 
     activities.
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