[Congressional Record Volume 167, Number 69 (Wednesday, April 21, 2021)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2099-S2102]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]



                                SEMI Act

  Ms. MURKOWSKI. Mr. President, I came to the floor today to talk about 
something that has been top of my mind for a period of time, and I 
wanted to bring it to Members' attention today because of some recent 
articles of late as it relates to national security and global 
competitiveness, particularly as they relate to domestic resource 
development.
  In recent months, since the beginning of this administration, I have 
spoken out in concern at the direction that I have seen the new 
administration take with regard to energy security and how that relates 
to Alaska. I have spoken out at length about my opposition to several 
of these Executive orders that were very early on relating to leasing 
and permitting moratoria in my State. In fact, there were eight 
specific orders that were directed to one State and to one State only. 
That is a pretty hard hit for Alaska.
  In other areas, I don't believe that additional Federal lands and 
waters in Alaska should be placed off-limits. We

[[Page S2100]]

already as a State hold more public lands than any other State, and by 
considerable degree. I don't believe our public land order removal 
process should be paused.
  This was an announcement that just came out of the Department of the 
Interior last week. They say they are pausing it, but effectively, it 
could be delayed or abandoned not just for these next 2 years going 
forward but permanently. What this effectively does is it creates 
almost de facto wilderness, if you will, because you have placed land 
in a limbo, in a purgatory for decades. Nobody can do anything with it 
as these PLOs, these public land orders remain in place.
  I note--no great secret around here--like most Alaskans, I strongly 
support our resource development industry and the men and the women who 
work within it. They are my friends. They are my neighbors. I fish with 
them. I recognize the importance and the value of what they do. I have 
worked hard here in the Senate and for a long time to ensure that the 
industry's continued centrality is allowed to prosper, not only because 
of them, the people I know, but because of what it means for our 
country, for our economy, our State's budget, our prosperity, and also 
for our environment.
  After years of lagging behind, the United States has come to a better 
place on energy in recent years. We have seen domestic production 
rising. We have seen our emissions falling. We have created jobs. We 
have generated revenues. We have changed the world geopolitically even 
as we have lessened our impact on the climate. But these kinds of gains 
can't be taken for granted. They can't be actively ignored. They 
certainly should not be discarded.
  We have to acknowledge that this energy renewal has not been even 
across the country. It has taken place largely on State and private 
lands. We have very limited private land in Alaska. And instate 
activity--we have been proudly producing for a while. But we also have, 
again, much land that is federally held, and we have only seen help 
arrive with any kind of activity and production on Federal land in the 
past few years. I would suggest that we cannot afford that forward 
progress to be reversed, but unfortunately that is the way it feels 
right now. The threat is that this administration is going to take an 
approach that is going to take us backwards.

  So the question, I think, is a fair one for us to ask, to discuss 
here. It is an important question. What happens if we just decide we 
are going to turn our backs on this, our American energy? What happens 
if we really do move in this direction of just keeping it in the 
ground? What happens if we really do close our eyes to our domestic 
energy sources, these assets, if we close our eyes to the contributions 
that they provide?
  I will suggest to you that there are a few warning signs that we have 
up on the horizon. Oil prices are back up above $60 a barrel. This 
actually helps my State; I will be honest there. We will accept that 
for budgetary purposes. But we all talk about what happens typically 
around Memorial Day. We have driving season coming on. We are still in 
the midst of a pandemic. But if the United States artificially 
restricts its supplies and demand rebounds rapidly, where does this put 
us?
  I mentioned that there have been some articles of late that just 
really kind of struck me. It is interesting because I thought they were 
pretty significant, but it seems they are relatively unnoticed here in 
Washington.
  According to Bloomberg, Russia has now supplanted Saudi Arabia to 
become the third largest supplier of crude oil in the United States. 
Canada is our No. 1. But there has been a series of circumstances. As 
our domestic production is falling, the Saudis have also reduced 
theirs, and it has been Venezuela. Venezuela is subject to sanctions. 
Their production has pretty much gone offline to the United States.
  Part of what we are seeing, though, is the refusal on the Federal 
Government's side to approve cross-border pipeline infrastructure. 
Canada, again, is our largest--we import more from Canada than anywhere 
else, and they have greater capacity to help us out here so that we 
don't have to take it from Russia. But, instead, we haven't been able 
to take more from Canada to fill in that gap because of pipeline 
capacity. So what happens is, we are sending more of our money to 
Russia at a time when we are not on very good terms with Russia. Need 
we say elections? Need we say SolarWinds? Need we say what we are 
seeing from Putin?
  This is what is happening: We are sending more of our dollars to 
Russia, and they are sending us more of the resources that we could 
produce here at home or perhaps at least import them from some 
friendlier nations.
  U.S. crude oil production fell from an average high of 12.2 million 
barrels per day in 2019 to an average of 11.3 million in 2020. 
According to the Energy Information Administration, this loss in 
domestic production will return the United States to being a net 
petroleum importer in 2021 and 2022. By all accounts, a sizable chunk 
of this will come from Russia.
  What is going to happen is, we are going to move from this position 
where we have been in these past few years where we have had some real 
energy security here because we have been producing, and we have been 
producing to the point that we have been able to even supply to our 
friends and allies. But now, with policies that are taking us in a 
different direction and still knowing that we need the resource, we are 
turning to Russia.
  This is what really galls me so much: In 2020, the United States 
imported 538,000 barrels of oil per day from Russia. In Alaska--we 
recognize Alaska is a great producing State. Despite our immense 
potential and desire to bring it to market, in 2020, we were producing 
an average of 448,000 barrels per day.
  It just begs the question: Is this what we really want? Is this what 
we really want, for Russia to account for more of America's energy 
supply than Alaska? We both have similar environments, both big, but 
oil production goes on in areas that are tough to produce in. I will 
hold Alaska's environmental record over that of Russia any day--in 
fact, over most countries and even most States any day.
  One article put it this way. They said: ``America's increasing 
reliance on Russian oil is at odds with U.S. energy diplomacy.''
  Let's kind of put it in context. The position that we have taken with 
Nord Stream 2--basically what we have said is that we are asking those 
in Europe who need Russia's gas--we are saying we need to be tough on 
this. We need to break Russia's hold here. For all the years--it has 
been 7 years since Russia annexed Crimea and demonstrated to the world 
that they are not afraid to flex their muscles when it comes to energy 
exports in order to achieve their geopolitical goals.
  So we have been saying on Nord Stream 2: Europe, you guys, don't go 
there. Yet we have to look at ourselves here because we are telling 
Europe ``Limit your reliance on Russia for gas,'' but over here, we are 
happy to step up our imports from Russia on oil.
  The President has just recently imposed tougher sanctions on Russia, 
as he absolutely should, but I think we need to be eyes wide open here, 
folks, in terms of what it means when we need that resource.
  I do recognize that much of this discussion on Russia and how Russia 
has supplemented Venezuelan crude--I recognize that most of the oil 
that is being imported is heavy and that this is a situation with our 
gulf coast refineries that are specifically geared for that. I do 
recognize that they have fewer options right now, but I do think this 
is a conversation that we need to be talking about. We just can't sit 
back and say: Well, this is just the way it is.

  Congress and the administration need to be taking the steps necessary 
to ensure that we in this country have a strong, stable supply of 
domestic energy to meet our current demand, our future demand, and, to 
the greatest extent possible, the demand from our allies.
  Russia is positioning itself to capitalize on all of that. They 
produce from wherever they want, and they are going to sell to wherever 
they can.
  The least that we can do here at home is to support our own 
responsible production from States like Alaska, so that we have our 
supply--our own supply--and can provide a diversified commercial 
alternative.
  Moving from oil and gas briefly here, Alaska is also ready to help in 
another increasingly crucial area and that is

[[Page S2101]]

with mineral development. Our history of tectonic events has created a 
geological environment that fosters deposits of a wide variety of 
minerals that are critical to both our current and our future 
economies.
  Back in 2018, the Department of the Interior designated 35 
``critical'' minerals based on their importance to our economy and 
security, as well as their susceptibility to supply and disruption. 
These minerals are essential for everything. They help us with our 
advanced missile systems, solar panels, batteries for electric 
vehicles, your cell phones--everything. Our military is certainly aware 
of this. They recognize the vulnerable position that we are in. Our 
manufacturers recognize the vulnerability. These are products that we 
use on a daily basis.
  Right now, the United States is import-reliant on 31 of the 35 
minerals designated as ``critical.'' We have relatively no domestic 
production. We rely completely on imports to meet our demand for 14 of 
these. And, of course, most of where we are importing these materials 
are from China. That is not OK. That shouldn't be acceptable to us. I 
think we all should agree on the need to rebuild our domestic mineral 
supply chains. There has been good, positive conversation about what we 
can do.
  I feel this is one of those areas that is a growing vulnerability. It 
used to be that we would talk about our vulnerability on the Middle 
East for our oil, and then policies changed and we reduced our reliance 
on that. That is why I am anxious. I am concerned about what I am 
seeing translate going forward. But I think we need to be, again, with 
eyes wide open when it comes to our mineral dependence and our reliance 
on these important materials for what we need to be a strong nation.
  I think this is a pressing and long-term security threat that we face 
in this country. We have seen it play out in light of the COVID 
pandemic. We have seen the vulnerability of international supply 
chains. I thought it was great. It was so important that the 
administration really focused in on this. The new administration is 
focusing on this in a good way, and I appreciate that.
  When President Biden released the first part of his infrastructure 
proposal, focusing on international domestic supply chains, he has one 
section there about electric vehicles. In the White House fact sheet, 
it says the plan ``will enable automakers to spur domestic supply 
chains from raw materials to parts, retool factories to compete 
globally, and support American workers to make batteries and EVs.''
  This is the type of policy that we should all want to get behind, 
broadened out to every industry, not just to a select few. But the 
question here, though, is whether the administration is willing to 
accept what is going to be necessary in order to achieve this goal to 
have these secure supply chains, especially when it comes to expanding 
our domestic supply of raw materials. It is going to require approval 
of mining projects, and that has been a challenge for us. That has been 
a challenge for us.
  This is where I go to another article that came up a few weeks back. 
This is from Reuters. It appears to me that rather than looking within 
our own borders, the administration is looking beyond. In this article 
from Reuters, it states that the United States looks to Canada for 
minerals to build electric vehicles. It provides:

       The U.S. Government is working to help American miners and 
     battery makers expand into Canada, part of a strategy to 
     boost regional production of minerals used to make electric 
     vehicles and counter Chinese competitors.

  It goes on further to talk about the different ways that the 
Department of Commerce is discussing with many how we can boost 
Canadian production of EV materials. It goes on further to say:

       But Washington is increasingly viewing Canada as a kind of 
     ``51st State'' for mineral supply purposes.

  I am a big fan of Canada. They are our neighbor, but if we are going 
to be adding Canada as a 51st State to help us with our minerals and 
access to minerals, let's not forget the 49th State, because Alaska has 
good, strong resources. Where we seem to have problems is in gaining 
access, whether it is in the permitting process or just the ability to 
move forward with some of our mineral potential.
  Again, I am not suggesting that we shouldn't be looking to our 
friends to build these alliances, particularly with our neighbors 
directly to the north and to the south. This is good. I am not 
suggesting: Let's not be talking to Canada.
  That is an important part of how we really work to build these secure 
supply chains. All I am suggesting is that we here in America need to 
also look to the strength of our resource assets.
  There are some--again, the issue of mining in this country sometimes 
can be a controversial one. I am going to suggest to folks that if we 
really want to do more to build out not only our national security but 
if we want to build out our clean, diverse energy infrastructure, 
moving toward the President's vision of greater renewable 
opportunities, which I want to do, let's acknowledge that we are going 
to need these minerals. We don't really have a choice here.

  The World Bank recently released a report looking at ``The Mineral 
Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition.'' They found that ``large 
relative increases in demand of up to nearly 500 percent are estimated 
for certain minerals, especially those concentrated in energy storage 
technologies, such as lithium, graphite, and cobalt.'' The report also 
found that ``even with large increases in recycling--including 
scenarios where 100 percent end of life recycling is achieved--there is 
still likely to be strong demand for primary minerals.''
  We know we are going to need it. People like Elon Musk last year 
said: ``Please mine more nickel.'' He promised: ``Tesla will give you a 
giant contract for a long period of time if you mine nickel efficiently 
and in an environmentally sensitive way.''
  I am with you on that.
  Look at the analysis from Goldman Sachs, which found that increasing 
demand for electric car batteries is causing automakers to brace for a 
surge in prices in lithium, cobalt, and nickel.
  In order for us to get there from here, in order to achieve a 
transition to renewable and cleaner technologies, we have to 
acknowledge that there is going to be a mineral footprint. It will be 
impossible to establish a robust domestic supply chain for EVs and 
batteries if we continue to import the raw materials from other 
nations, including some that continue to dramatically outcompete us in 
these areas every year.
  I think we need a rational, clear-headed, eyes-wide-open approach to 
energy and mineral development. We don't want to go backward on energy, 
and we can't be caught flatfooted on minerals. We have the resources. 
We have the highest labor standards in the world and the highest 
environmental standards in the world. Our energy workers and our miners 
will hold themselves to those standards. Instead of importing more from 
places like Russia and China, we need to free ourselves from them to 
the extent that we can establish ourselves as this global alternative.
  I have kind of taken that--actually, it is not something new. In the 
beginning of the 116th Congress, I prepared a white paper. We called it 
``The American and Global''--well, what we called it was a pretty cool 
title. It is a great little publication that should have gotten more 
notice, but like a good wine, it comes with time: ``'With Powers So 
Disposed,' America and the Global Strategic Energy Competition.''
  I outline in this a strategic energy initiative designed to sharpen 
and direct our tools of energy related to economic statecraft and to 
enhance the geopolitical position of the country.
  From that or as a jump-off from that, I am introducing my Strategic 
Energy and Minerals Initiative Act, which we call the SEMI Act. This 
legislation will enable U.S. companies to better compete in global 
markets, and it promotes the responsible domestic production of our 
oil, gas, and minerals. I think these are initiatives that are good for 
us to be looking critically at, again, as we move forward with this 
administration's priorities on not only how we can build 
infrastructure--build it better, build it cleaner, build it with a 
renewable future--but we have to recognize that when we build things, 
we need base elements.
  Know that Alaska is ready, willing, and able to play a role on all of 
these fronts. We have tremendous stores of

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resources, but equal to those tremendous stores of resources is the 
responsibility that I believe Alaskans feel to be good stewards as we 
access those resources to allow for a level of sustainability, whether 
it is with our fisheries or whether it is with the subsistence, the 
livelihoods of those who rely on the food and animals on the land. We 
believe that we can contribute to our national security and our global 
competitiveness, while at the same time working to protect the 
environment, but what we need is a chance to be able to do that.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Booker). The Senator from Iowa.