[Congressional Record Volume 166, Number 195 (Tuesday, November 17, 2020)]
[Senate]
[Pages S7029-S7030]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]



                             Climate Change

  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, it is timely that I should be giving 
my ``Time to Wake Up'' speech with the distinguished Senator from 
Louisiana presiding because I am going to be talking about sea level 
rise, and seeing him in the chair reminds me of a recent report on what 
sea level rise is doing to the great State of Louisiana, ``the 
sportsman's paradise,'' in which a scientist from Tulane University--a 
Tulane University geologist--was asked about the report about what the 
State had to look forward to from sea level rise, and he said: ``What 
it says is we're screwed.'' NOLA, the news website in New Orleans, in 
Louisiana, ran that headline. So I know the Senator is sympathetic to 
it.
  But today, all eyes are on Georgia, which for the first time in 
generations voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate, and the two 
Senate races are headed for runoff elections, which will decide the 
balance of power in this body.
  Georgians of every race and background turned out to reject the 
politics of fear and division that came from the White House for the 
last 4 years and to reject the disdain for facts and science that has 
cost Americans so much in battles like COVID and climate change.
  Perhaps buried in the election outcome in Georgia was Georgia's 
knowing the threat of climate change. For people along Georgia's coast, 
climate change is no Chinese hoax; it is a clear and present danger.
  In the spring of 2014, I took a climate trip along the coast of the 
Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. I met with scientists and students, 
outdoorsmen, faith leaders, and State and local officials, who cherish 
their coastal communities, as Louisianans do and as Rhode Islanders do. 
They saw the seas rising and acidifying due to carbon pollution. 
Georgians told me how deeply they care about their coast. That caring 
has powered them through some tough battles. They fought hard against 
fossil fuel development off Georgia's shores, and they won.
  It is not hard to understand why Georgians fight for their coasts 
against fossil fuel pollution. Near Savannah, I visited Fort Pulaski 
and Tybee Island. NOAA has a tide gauge at Fort Pulaski. It has been 
measuring sea level since 1935. The tide gauge takes straightforward 
measurements--clear, irrefutable facts. That tide gauge showed sea 
levels up over 8 inches since it was installed. For low-lying areas, 
those 8 inches of sea level rise are a problem already, but it is going 
to get worse.
  Climate change worsens coastal flooding in two ways. First, it raises 
the level of the sea as glaciers and ice sheets melt into the sea and 
as warmer oceans expand. Second, climate change powers up stronger and 
more frequent hurricanes, which send those higher seas as higher storm 
surges farther inland. So it is important to look at how far and how 
often sea level rise and storm surges will flood coastal areas.
  This is the map of Georgia's coastal area around Savannah. Here is 
Savannah. Here is the coastline. Here is the ocean. Here is Tybee 
Island. This dot here is Fort Pulaski, where the tide gauge is. That is 
what it looks like now, but ``now'' is not going to stay because here 
is what Georgia has coming at it.
  Based on NOAA information, this is the risk of flooding along the 
Georgia coast. It takes NOAA's intermediate prediction of sea level 
rise--``intermediate'' meaning it is not the most extreme scenario; it 
is the midrange prediction--and it shows the risk in any year of a 4-
foot-deep flood.
  So here we are in 2020, and the risk is negligible. It is about 3 
percent, meaning in present circumstances, you get a 4-foot flood 
through that area every 33 years. But by 2040, the risk is over 40 
percent, which means that a 4-foot flood in that area is now not 
happening every 33 years, it is happening virtually every other year. 
By 2060, you hit 100 percent. You are getting a 4-foot flood in coastal 
Georgia every year. Of course this tops out at one flood per year based 
on the percentages, but if you look at this trajectory, clearly we are 
headed for multiple 4-foot floods per year in the outyears.
  When I was on Tybee Island, I met city councilman Paul Wolff, who 
showed me the city of Tybee's new stormwater tide gate, which they just 
installed to protect the island from sea level rise. He explained that 
the road out to Tybee Island, which is here, running along that edge, 
flooded already 45 times per year with just 1 foot of sea level rise.
  The city had already put in place a short-term plan for 14 to 20 
inches of sea level rise by 2060. They were already thinking what the 
community would need to do as seas rise and acting on the best science 
back at that time. But now consider this: Consider sea level rise and 
storm surges combining to produce a 4-foot flood every year, at least 
once a year.
  Here is what that map looks like when you put 4 feet of water there. 
This is the Savannah area, and here is Tybee Island. This is all land 
in gray, and now all of this is underwater. Tybee Island has turned 
into just a tiny little atoll, basically, out in the ocean. The road 
that I was talking about is now not just occasionally washed over with 
water; for 5 miles, that road is underwater.
  Now, 4 feet of flooding happening every year is obviously bad, but 
remember, that wasn't the worst-case scenario; that was the 
intermediate NOAA scenario.
  Here is an extreme case--10 feet of sea level rise. That was Tybee 
Island. There is nothing left. Do you want an island now? Your island 
is Savannah--Savannah Island, surrounded by water.
  Well before the physical disaster of sea level rise and storm surge 
and flooding happens, something else comes first: an economic disaster, 
because we are not the only people looking at these projections of 4 
feet and 10 feet of flooding. So do insurance companies. So do banks 
selling mortgages
  In these populated areas that are now land, how do you insure against 
a 4-foot flood that will happen every year? You can't buy a flood 
insurance policy for an event that happens every year. How do you get a 
30-year mortgage for a property that will have flooded at least 30 
times by the end of the mortgage? That economic punch--when you

[[Page S7030]]

can't get insurance and when you can't get a mortgage on the property, 
that punch lands long before the floods come.
  Take Chatham County and Glynn County. According to a report by 
Climate Central, over $2 billion in property value would be lost in 
those two counties with 3 feet of sea level rise. Up the flooding to 8 
feet, and it is over $7 billion in property value destroyed--people's 
homes, people's businesses. When a buyer can't get insurance and when a 
buyer can't get a mortgage, sellers face plummeting property values. 
The market unbalances rapidly because all of a sudden, you don't have 
many eligible buyers. The only buyers you have are people who can 
afford the property without having to borrow and who can afford to take 
the hit of an annual flood without insurance. That is not a big crowd. 
So the bottom falls out of the coastal property market.
  That collapse in the coastal property market is what financial 
experts call a systemic risk. ``Systemic risk'' is the mildest and 
blandest term for a catastrophe that I know. It means that the whole 
economy is threatened by the economic collapse of coastal property 
values.
  It is not just me saying it. In 2016, the top economists for U.S. 
mortgage giant Freddie Mac projected that climate-driven flooding along 
U.S. coasts will cause a property value collapse, leading to economy-
wide losses ``greater . . . than those experienced in the housing 
crisis and the Great Recession.''
  For those of us who remember 2008 and the pain and the difficulty and 
the harm and the fear that was caused by that mortgage meltdown--
greater than that, is what Freddie Mac says. That is not an 
environmental group, by the way; that is Freddie Mac.
  It has already begun. Lenders are already requiring bigger and bigger 
downpayments in coastal areas, sometimes as much as 40 percent of a 
home's value before they will insure the remainder. Flood insurance 
premiums continue to rise, and coverage limits leave many seaside 
property owners exposed to huge losses.
  The people who own this flooded property are going to want to know 
why Congress paid more attention to fossil fuel polluters than we paid 
to coastal property owners; why we would only listen to the people 
causing this problem and not listen to the innocent property owners who 
are going to suffer billions and, if you multiply it out, trillions of 
dollars in losses.
  When I was in Georgia in 2014, a local clammer named Charlie Phillips 
took me out over the marshes on his airboat. It was a boat he built 
himself. He is a member of the South Atlantic Fishery Management 
Council, which runs the regional fishery, so Charlie knows his stuff. 
He has been an outdoorsman his whole life, and he needs fresh, clean 
water for his Georgia clams. Charlie told me that changes in the 
climate are hurting the ecosystem that supports his and his employees' 
livelihoods. Six years ago, Charlie was worried about a perilous 
future, one that looks even more perilous now and one to which we have 
not responded for 6 long years.
  Well, one hopeful change is that we have a President-elect now--a 
President-elect who understands what is happening to our climate and 
who understands what is happening to our coastal communities. He is 
from Delaware. He gets it. The question is, How will Congress respond? 
Will Republicans allow a strong, comprehensive climate bill? So far, 
there is no sign of that, not in this building.
  At some point, we will--mark my words--we will finally cast off the 
grim and malign grip of the fossil fuel polluters and their massive 
political influence machines. At some point, we will finally listen to 
the people now on dry land whose homes and businesses are going to be 
predictably flooded out because we did nothing. I will tell you that it 
had better be soon because time is not on our side. As these coasts 
flood--not just the Georgia coast but the New Jersey coast, the Rhode 
Island coast--as these coasts flood, coastal property owners will 
demand answers, and the Georgia voters who live near the Georgia coast 
are entitled to an explanation of why nothing is being done.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. McSally). The Senator from Oklahoma.