[Congressional Record Volume 166, Number 159 (Tuesday, September 15, 2020)]
[Senate]
[Pages S5584-S5588]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
CORONAVIRUS
Mr. President, to date, we have lost nearly 200,000 Americans to the
coronavirus, and we are quickly approaching 7 million cases in the
United States.
This virus has changed life as we know it, and Americans are in need
of help from Congress. However, despite
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the urgent needs of families, businesses, workers, and unemployed
Americans across the country, Senate Republicans have dragged their
feet and offered up only a few weak measures that barely address the
needs of the Nation.
The majority leader knows what needs to be done. The playbook is
right in front of us. We did it back in March with the CARES Act, which
passed 96-0.
To negotiate a real package with real solutions for the American
people, he needs to show up at the negotiating table and give up these
rogue attempts to pass empty, half-hearted measures.
In the meantime, more data is coming in every day, giving us a
clearer picture of just how devastating this pandemic has been to so
many Americans. A new report from the Robert John Wood Foundation found
some troubling outcomes that COVID has had on Chicago residents. Half
of Chicago households reported facing serious financial problems during
the pandemic and troubles caring for children, with 35 percent
reporting that they used up all or most of their savings.
As we know, the pandemic has disproportionately affected our minority
communities, with nearly 70 percent of Black and 63 percent of Latinx
households in Chicago reported having serious financial problems. And I
am sad to say that this study found half of Chicago households report
having lost their jobs, been furloughed, or seen reductions in wages or
work hours since the start of the pandemic.
We all know how important an internet connection is during this
pandemic. According to the report, 40 percent of Chicago households are
either struggling with their internet connection or lack access to
high-speed internet in their home needed to complete schoolwork or
their jobs.
While these statistics reflect the reality of many in Chicago, there
is little doubt that this is also the story in so many cities and
States across the Nation. This is why we need a substantial federal
response. We need to do what is necessary to help struggling families,
businesses, cities, and States get back on their feet.
Last week, Senate Republicans proposed another inadequate, partisan
coronavirus response bill that failed to prioritize the needs of
struggling Americans. The bill failed to provide another round of
economic impact payments for families or hazard pay for essential
workers.
It failed to provide relief to States and local governments so they
can continue to pay teachers, EMTs, and firefighters. And it failed to
provide any housing assistance or nutrition assistance so struggling
families can keep a roof over their heads and food on the table.
It has been 4 months since the House passed the HEROES Act, and week
after week Senate Republicans refuse to make a good faith, bipartisan
effort to pass a relief measure that meets the severity of this crisis.
History will judge us on how we responded to the worst pandemic in a
century and the deepest recession in 75 years. In response to this
crisis, did we help prevent millions from slipping into poverty through
another round of economic impact payments and extending enhanced
unemployment benefits? Did we give schools and teachers the appropriate
resources so they can help our children learn in a safe environment?
What steps did we take to preserve one of our country's greatest
assets: the health and safety of our workforce? Did we throw caution to
the wind by prematurely reopening simply because it's an election year?
Our country needs help, and the proposal that we voted on last week
offered little help to struggling Americans.
Our Nation is suffering right now, and there is a long road to
recovery ahead of us. Unfortunately, Leader McConnell wasted precious
time by pitching a half-baked proposal that prioritized the needs of
corporations over the needs of American families.
Let's pass a bill that matches the gravity of this crisis, and let's
pass it now.
I will close with a brief comment on substance. On March 26 we
shocked America in the Senate. I know it. I went home, and they told me
so. Do you know how we shocked them? By a vote of 96 to 0, we passed
the CARES Act--96 to 0--with not a single dissenting vote in the
Senate--$3 trillion to address our economic problems and the
coronavirus epidemic we were facing. We did it on March 26--yes, in
this calendar year--and we did it knowing that the measures we were
taking had a life expectancy of just a few months because we thought
that would be the end of our challenge. It is not.
The challenges that we faced in passing the CARES Act in March still
are challenges America faces. When it comes to COVID-19, the numbers
are sobering. The infection rate of COVID-19 in the United States is
double the infection rate of the same virus in Canada--Canada. How can
the United States be in a position where twice as many Americans are
getting sick as those living just on the other side of the border?
When you look at the overall numbers, you have to shake your head. We
have 4\1/2\ percent of the world's population living in the United
States--4\1/2\ percent--and over 20 percent of the COVID-19 deaths in
the world--4\1/2\ percent and 20 percent. What is going on here?
In this Nation, this great Nation, with all of its wealth and all of
its resources and all of its talent and all of its great hospitals and
doctors and pharmaceutical companies, we have a rate of COVID-19 deaths
that is just indefensible.
So I would say to my colleagues: When Senator McConnell came to the
floor and said ``Here is our package; take it or leave it,'' that is
not how this can possibly end. That is not the way the debate ended on
March 26. It ended when Senator McConnell and his House Republican
counterpart, Congressman McCarthy, met with Speaker Pelosi, Leader
Schumer, and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin in a room and worked it out.
That is what it takes.
We need to return to that now and get it done before we leave for any
reason--election or whatever it may be. There is no excuse. There are
too many unemployed people desperate to get by. There are too many
businesses desperate to survive. There are too many tests that we
cannot take in America because we haven't invested in the resources.
There are too many school districts telling me: Senator, reopening
safely for these kids and teachers is going to take some money. Can you
help?
There is an election coming up November 3, where election
authorities--because people want to vote in the safety of their homes--
will receive a dramatic increase in paper ballots cast, and they need a
helping hand in processing them in an orderly, honest way.
The demands are out there. State and local governments are in
trouble. Small towns in Southern Illinois--I speak to their mayors, and
I hear the same things that I hear from the mayor of Chicago: We have
had a downturn in revenues; we are going to have to lay off policemen
and firefighters and healthcare workers if you don't give us a helping
hand.
We cannot walk away from this. Senator McConnell can't take the
position of ``my way or the highway.'' We have to work on a bipartisan
basis to negotiate an answer to this, and I hope we do soon.
I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Massachusetts.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to be able to
address the Senate for 10 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. President, we are fast approaching nearly 200,000
deaths from the coronavirus. But the moral and physical injury done to
our country during the pandemic will never be contained in just one
number. As that number continues to climb, so too do the frustration
and the pain and the outrage of the American people.
We know that Donald Trump recognized the threat of the coronavirus
and deliberately downplayed it for his own political gain. He is in
large part responsible for these deaths.
We now have 31 million workers who have either received or applied
for unemployment benefits. Since March 15, Massachusetts alone has seen
more than 2 million claims to our unemployment programs. In
Massachusetts, we have the highest unemployment rate in the United
States.
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Families across the country are facing devastating choices. Cities
and towns are struggling to keep programs running and employees at
work. We know the Republicans recognize these threats, and they are
choosing to ignore them. They are, in part, responsible for the
suffering.
After 4 months of callous calculations, when they chose to respond,
the Republicans put out on the floor a coronavirus package that was
insulting to Americans who have been awaiting relief. The extent of the
misery facing our families is unimaginable. Yet Republicans and Leader
McConnell responded by designing a bill so intentionally weak and
insufficient that it was destined to fail.
It is all just a game to the Republican Party, but for Americans,
this economic and public health crisis is a matter of life and death.
We need a robust, comprehensive response right now that matches the
scale of this crisis, and we have an opportunity to deliver some real
justice to working Americans and their families.
First, we need to give Americans a monthly cash payment of $2,000 so
that they have the funding to able to pay their bills. A single check
is not sufficient for households. Families need more than just one
payment.
Providing recurring monthly payments is the most direct and efficient
mechanism for delivering economic relief to those most vulnerable, for
lower income families, immigrant families, and our gig and service
workers.
I see these families suffering today. They are the same kinds of
working families I grew up with in Malden. I know that $2,000 each
month would mean the world to them--so that they can sleep at night;
they can pay the rent; they can pay the electricity bill; they can buy
the medications they need.
A monthly payment is the kind of big policy that provides relief on
the scale that is needed. Our government needs to tell our families: We
are here for you. We will not let you down during this crisis.
Second, we need at least $4 billion for my E-rate Program to connect
every student to the internet at home. The pandemic has shown a bright
light on the homework gap being experienced by the 16 million students
in this country who do not have internet access at home and are unable
to complete their homework. This is unconscionable and a threat to our
country's future.
We cannot allow this homework gap to become a larger learning gap,
which ultimately is going to become an opportunity gap for these young
people. Research shows that the homework gap affects students in both
rural and urban areas and disproportionately affects lower income
students and students of color. Trump and the Republicans are blocking
this investment in education, but we can't let them. We will not leave
these students behind.
Third, we need to extend unemployment insurance, the weekly $600
benefit, through January of 2021. This is not just a line in the
budget; it is a lifeline for workers who cannot go to work through no
fault of their own. This crisis will be solved only by investing in
workers. We cannot simply cut them off when we know harder days lie
ahead for those workers in our country
Fourth, we must continue a national evictions moratorium and provide
$100 billion in emergency rental assistance. No one should have to
suffer the indignity of being escorted out of their home by the police.
A country that allows evictions during a pandemic--because of a
pandemic--has failed its people.
The same goes for electricity and energy shutoffs. We need a national
moratorium that keeps the lights on, ensures drinking water, ensures
that wastewater services aren't disconnected or interrupted during the
emergency period due to nonpayment. We cannot cast families into the
dark as they are struggling to stay afloat.
It is wrong to allow a pandemic that has not been created by these
families to result in catastrophic conditions that will look like the
Great Depression in terms of their impact on families in the same way
that it impacted my family during the Great Depression. We owe these
people more. They have worked hard. They have worked constantly
throughout their lives. Now, through no fault of their own, the
pandemic has hit them, and they are unemployed.
Finally, we need $1 trillion in funding for State and local
governments so that our teachers, nurses, postal workers, and other
dedicated public servants are not laid off--the essential workers who
drive the buses, pick up the garbage, fight the deadliest of fires,
educate our young people. Despite providing the services we rely upon
every day--including every single one of us in this Chamber--our
municipalities are aren't getting any money because Republicans refuse
to provide it. State and local governments have been pushed to the
brink to support their residents and are in desperate need of relief.
To my Republican colleagues I say that this funding isn't blue or
red; it is green. And all of our mayors and Governors and city
councilors--whether Republican or Democrat--need that money right now.
I have been traveling around my home State of Massachusetts talking
to families. They tell me the same thing: They want a livable future
for their children. That means they need the government to do its job
effectively in managing this COVID-19 pandemic. Instead of making
excuses, they need a government that works on solutions, even if the
problems are unprecedented, and they want that government to recognize
the rights and dignity of everyone.
Our families want something so basic and so simple, they almost
shouldn't have to say it: They want their children to dream about the
future instead of fearing about the future.
They need political leadership from us right now--not political
games, not the political calculation of just 20 Members of the Senate
Republican caucus.
To my colleagues I say that the gravity of this crisis requires us to
respond right now. We know we have a President in the White House who
is irresponsible. The President knew. It turns out he knew the virus
was deadly. He knew it as well as we knew it, but he lied to us. He
told us it would magically disappear. He said it was no worse than the
flu while on tape we hear him say that it is lethal. On February 10, he
said: You know, a lot of people think it goes away in April with the
heat, when the heat comes in. That is what the President said in
February about the coronavirus.
He also tells us that climate change is a myth. He tells us that our
planet is not in grave danger. He makes fun of the science of climate
change the way he makes fun of wearing a mask.
Now the ``Denier in Chief'' says when it gets cooler it will go away,
that the fires in the west coast will just go away. His answer to
coronavirus is that when it gets warmer, it will go away. When he deals
with the science of climate change, he says: When it gets cooler, the
fires will go away.
The west coast of the United States is on fire, and 10 percent of
Oregon is under evacuation order. A warning--that is half a million
people. We have dozens of wildfires burning right now in California,
including the largest in the history of that State. It has blotted out
the sun for hundreds and hundreds of miles. The Southwest is shrouded
in a horrifying, constant twilight.
We can keep looking at these things in isolation, as if somehow or
other they are not connected. Each fiery conflagration, each hurricane,
each devastating flood, each ungodly windstorm that wipes out a whole
year of crops--we can say they have nothing to do with each other or we
can look at the truth and listen to the science and say enough is
enough.
We can lie to ourselves and say, as Trump does, that one day these
things will just ``magically disappear,'' depending upon whether the
heat or cooling will solve the problem. But we all know better. We know
that unless we act now, the fires will happen annually and burn hotter
and larger each summer, each fall in our country. We know that the
hurricanes will get worse and more frequent. Two made landfall at once
this year. We know that they will disrupt and destroy the economies of
the gulf and the eastern seaboard.
How many times can we ask our people to rebuild? We know that
midwestern floods will grow each year, drowning out a whole way of life
and making refugees of our farmers. We know that the windstorms like
those this year will continue to destroy
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crops. Iowa lost 43 percent of its corn and soybeans this year.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator has used his 10 minutes.
Mr. MARKEY. No, it will not magically disappear. We need a Green New
Deal. We need a solution that matches the magnitude of the problem.
I yield back to the Presiding Officer. I appreciate his indulgence.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Texas.
Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that I be allowed
to complete my remarks before the lunch recess.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, let me say that I join my friend from
Massachusetts in a desire to see us take up and pass another COVID-19
relief bill. I would say that so far, the House of Representatives has
taken a completely unrealistic approach, including many non-COVID-19
relief provisions in the bill, including tax cuts for millionaires and
billionaires. They literally include, in the COVID-19 bill they call
the Heroes Act, a tax cut by removing the cap on deductibility on State
and local taxes on your Federal income tax.
When we did that in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we felt it was
improper to force States like the Presiding Officer's and mine to
subsidize the irresponsible spending practices in major cities like New
York and San Francisco.
If our Democratic friends are indeed serious about wanting to get a
deal, we are open, certainly, to negotiating a deal, just as we did the
first four bills that we passed, especially by unanimous vote.
It seems the closer we get to the election, which is now 49 days out,
that the old partisan dysfunction begins to creep back in and you hear
speeches like the Senator from Massachusetts just gave, advocating
things like the Green New Deal as a solution to all the world's
problems. It is just completely pie in the sky and a pipedream that is
obviously not going anywhere.
That doesn't stop our friends across the aisle blaming this side of
the aisle or the President for everything that happens in the world,
including hurricanes and forest fires, which are largely as a result of
failing to undertake proper forest management that we know can prevent
fires. They blame it on climate change. It is an easy argument claiming
science is on their side.
We need to be good stewards about our environment, no doubt about it.
I have no doubt the climate is changing and humans contribute to that,
but there are smarter and better ways for us to approach it other than
eliminating jobs and burdening people on fixed incomes with higher
electricity and energy costs and just embracing an ideological
solution, which is no solution at all and will create more problems
than it solves.
I would just say, finally, on this point, that we know that the
guidance from the Centers for Disease Control has evolved over time. I
went back and checked. My friend in Massachusetts says the President
did this; he did that; he said this; he didn't do this. I remember
going back and looking at the Centers for Disease Control guidance
before April. They said masks were ineffective; they didn't do
anything. They came back after some additional investigation and
research and said: Well, they can help. That is why we are all wearing
masks, especially when we can't socially distance.
Looking at this pandemic now in September as opposed to the way it
looked in March, we have learned a lot, thank goodness. Our medical
professionals have saved a lot of lives. We learned how to mitigate the
risks. We learned how to live with the virus at the same time we are
investing heavily in therapies and a vaccine, which can't come soon
enough.
Senate Republicans have made attempt after attempt to deliver another
round of coronavirus relief to the American people. In July, we
proposed the HEALS Act, which was a starting point for negotiations. We
realized this wasn't the end-all and be-all any more than the
Democrats' Heroes Act, this $3 trillion hodgepodge of an ideological
wish list that we knew wasn't going to pass, but we knew we needed to
start somewhere.
Speaker Pelosi didn't help when she quickly disparaged our starting
proposal as ``pathetic.'' And, of course, Senator Schumer, the minority
leader in the Senate, called it ``unworkable.'' I guess they thought
they finished their job, and they dismissed it outright and did nothing
to negotiate in good faith toward a resolution. They simply have no
interest in amending the bill or trying to find a common ground. They
just stiff-armed it.
This August, when we attempted to narrow the scope of the negotiation
to the most urgent matters--things like continuing Federal unemployment
benefits, which expired at the end of July--this time our Democratic
colleagues rejected what they called a ``piecemeal'' approach. Never
mind the fact that the House returned to Washington to pass a bill only
to help the Postal Service, which was actually bipartisan. Apparently,
that kind of piecemeal is acceptable as long as it is a Democratic-
sponsored and authored bill.
That brings us to September. Last week, we gave it another shot. The
majority leader brought the bill to the floor to address some of the
most pressing challenges facing the American people: funding schools,
vaccine research, more testing, unemployment benefits, helping small
businesses, again, through the extension of the Paycheck Protection
Program--all of which should be and I believe, in truth, are bipartisan
goals.
Unfortunately, our Democratic colleagues couldn't resist that old
temptation of partisan dysfunction this close to the election. They
pulled out the same playbook they used all summer. Once again, they
refused to engage in any meaningful negotiations. They resorted to
name-calling and blocked the bill from even being debated. You can't
pass a bill unless you are willing to start considering it, but they
weren't willing to even do that.
Here we are battling a pandemic, which has claimed more than 190,000
Americans, and Democrats blocked every attempt to pass a piece of
legislation since March. Rather than trying to negotiate or amend these
bills or reach a bipartisan compromise, they seem to be content with
airing their grievances at press conferences.
I agree with one thing the Senator from Massachusetts said: There are
people who are hurting and need help. We should not take some perverse
delight in exacerbating that pain or noting that pain and being
unwilling to do anything to relieve it.
This may be a political game for some of our colleagues. It may be a
way to try to score points against the President or try to gain
advantage in the runup to the election on November 3, but I assure you,
it is not an honest attempt to try to solve a problem; it is not a
genuine attempt to try to provide relief to the American people who are
hurting; and it is not moving us any closer to defeating this virus
once and for all.
In the bills we passed so far--again, on a bipartisan basis, largely
unanimously--we provided unprecedented support for American families,
including direct payments, bolstered unemployment benefits, and
provided the ability to defer student loan payments. We sent help to
farmers, ranchers, and producers. We helped our schools prepare for the
new school year and gave small businesses and their employees the
resources to stay afloat. We have provided stability for families and
communities across Texas and across the Nation
More help is needed, especially to bolster our response to the virus
itself. We know we are in a global race to develop a vaccine and
treatment. Our brightest scientific minds are working 24/7 to deliver
those lifesaving drugs to the world as quickly as we can, safely and
effectively, but they need more money to succeed.
At the same time, our communities are trying to test as many people
as they can, whether it is people attending college football games or
surveillance testing in communities or at colleges or grade schools.
Our constituents don't care about our partisan disagreements. They just
want us to do everything we can to help them and to help us defeat this
virus.
During the month of August, I was able to travel around the State and
to listen to feedback from my constituents on how the funding we
provided so far has aided in the fight against COVID-19. Congress has
provided more than $234 billion to support our
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healthcare response. That includes $10 billion for research and
development of a vaccine through Operation Warp Speed, $16 billion for
personal protective equipment, $26 billion for testing, and, of course,
the $173 billion Provider Relief Fund to help our hospitals.
More than 23,000 hospitals and healthcare providers in my State alone
have received more than $5.1 billion in Federal funding, allowing them
to procure critical resources like masks and gloves and to cover
mounting costs due to the deferral of elective procedures.
In August, I had a chance to personally thank some of the healthcare
workers in Abilene, Waco, Wichita Falls, Amarillo, Lubbock, and Corpus
Christi. I also had lunch and visited with the children of healthcare
workers in the Rio Grande Valley who, even at such a young age, are
amazed by the heroic work of their parents.
As our war against this virus carries on, we need to ensure that our
frontline workers and healthcare providers have the resources they need
to sustain this fight.
I also visited with the Family Health Center in Waco, which is 1 of
73 federally qualified health centers in Texas operating more than 500
sites. This is really a critical part of our healthcare safety net in
my State and across the Nation.
I have always been a strong supporter of our community health centers
and cofounded the Senate Community Health Centers Caucus several years
ago. As I said, these facilities make quality healthcare a reality for
so many Texans, whether they have Medicare, Medicaid, private
insurance, or no insurance. Texans can go to these health centers and
receive the care they need when they need it.
The particular Family Health Center I visited in Waco was founded
more than 50 years ago to address a shortage of doctors and primary
care access for low-income patients and has since grown to 15 clinics
across McLennan County, which provide not only primary and preventive
care but dental and behavioral healthcare too.
As Family Health Center CEO, Dr. Jackson Griggs, said community-
oriented primary care is difficult in any era, and it has been uniquely
challenging during COVID-19. Unexpected operating costs and lost
revenue created serious financial hardship, but because of the $3
million in the CARES Act and other Federal funding they got, they have
continued to provide quality healthcare during this time of critical
need. Because of Federal funding, they have been able to test every
person who comes in with symptoms. They received the equipment, the
kits, the mobile computer systems, tents, and the air-conditioning
units that allows staff to test patients outdoors, even during a hot
Texas summer.
During our visit, Dr. Griggs told me they conducted more than 7,400
tests, with over 1,500 patients testing positive. Of those, 53 percent
were uninsured. Without legislation passed by Congress, who knows what
these patients would have been able to afford or even get access to a
COVID-19 test. This funding has also provided more than 187,000 pieces
of PPE to the Family Health Center's doctors, nurses, dentists, social
workers, and staff who are trying to stay safe and healthy while they
continue to care for their patients.
On top of that, the funds have provided the information technology
infrastructure to get telehealth services started in record time and
nearly 11,000 hours of paid leave for healthcare workers and other
staff members who become ill or need to quarantine because of the
virus.
The legislation we passed has also helped community health centers,
hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and healthcare facilities throughout
the State continue to serve their communities.
As we keep working to deliver the assistance for the American people,
we need to continue to support our healthcare response. This means
ensuring that the providers continue to have the resources needed to
operate throughout this crisis. It means more resources for testing and
contact tracing to stop the spread. It means an even greater investment
in the race to discover a vaccine and treatment so we can finally bring
this crisis to an end. It means continuing to provide healthcare
coverage for those who are laid off or furloughed or lost employer
coverage.
I recently introduced a bill with my friend Senator McSally from
Arizona to provide some degree of certainty for folks who found
themselves without a job or health coverage through no fault of their
own. It is called the Continuous Health Coverage for Workers Act, which
would provide premium assistance for COBRA coverage during the rest of
the year. As the coronavirus has wreaked havoc on our job market, it
has filled countless Texans' lives with uncertainty. By passing this
legislation as part of the next relief bill, we can ensure that those
who previously maintained their health coverage through their employer
can continue to do so through the end of the year.
Let me just say in conclusion that COVID-19 is not a partisan issue.
It hasn't been up until this point. Unfortunately, the wheels came off,
at least for the time being. We need to put those wheels back on the
car. We are all on the same team fighting a common enemy. I hope we can
rediscover the sense of bipartisanship and common purpose that helped
us pass four bills up through and including March.
During August, I was able to spend time speaking with countless of my
constituents about the bills we had passed and discussing what more was
needed. In addition to hearing from the healthcare workers and
providers who had been on the frontlines, I also joined students and
teachers for socially distanced conversations about the challenges that
had been brought on by the start of the new school year. I held a video
call with restaurant owners about the ongoing impact of the pandemic on
their businesses. On telephone townhalls, I heard from constituents
about their struggles to make ends meet after they lost their jobs and
then lost the extra $600 a week in Federal unemployment benefits, which
lapsed because our colleagues wouldn't allow us to take up and
consider, at some level, a continuation of those enhanced benefits.
As our Democratic colleagues have continued to play games, these are
the folks who have been hurt, and I am sure there are similar
situations in each of their States. For these Texans whom I have
described, COVID-19 isn't about political points or sound bites--it is
about their health, their families' safety, and their livelihoods.
While it seems like some have yielded to the temptation of using this
pandemic for political gain, I am committed to continuing to work with
all of our colleagues who are willing to ensure that we don't lose any
of the ground we have gained in the war against COVID-19. We are
literally up against the clock, and enough time has been wasted on
name-calling, finger-pointing, and political posturing. It is time for
the games to end so that we can finally provide our constituents,
including our frontline heroes, with the resources they need in order
to sustain and win this fight.
I yield the floor.
____________________