[Congressional Record Volume 166, Number 122 (Thursday, July 2, 2020)]
[Senate]
[Pages S4172-S4173]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]



                                Protests

  Mr. KAINE. Mr. President, I rise to briefly discuss a matter that is 
contained within the NDAA bill that is currently pending before the 
Senate, a matter for which I sponsored as an amendment, in the 
Committee on Armed Services' markup on the bill, that received the 
unanimous voice vote of my colleagues, and I just wanted to stress its 
importance.
  A few weeks back, on a Monday in May, peaceful protesters assembled 
in Lafayette Square to protest against police violence. They were 
peaceful, and they were in full compliance with a curfew ordinance that 
was in place. It was before the curfew. Federal law enforcement 
officials fired tear gas at them to disperse them, which I found very, 
very troubling, as, I know, many people did. What concerned me even 
more was the President's indicating that he might use Active-Duty 
military against the protesters. That was happening during the same 
week that we were submitting amendments to the National Defense 
Authorization Act.
  So I wrote up a very simple amendment that read: No funds under this 
Act shall be used for any military program or personnel to infringe 
upon people's rights to peacefully assemble or petition government for 
a redress of grievances. It was a very simple amendment.
  There is an act, the Insurrection Act, that sets forth specific 
circumstances under which the military can be used to do law 
enforcement activities for domestic purposes, but I wanted to have the 
strong statement that the military should not be used to infringe upon 
people's rights to peacefully assemble and petition the government. I 
was proud, when I presented that to my committee colleagues within a 
week after this event, that they agreed and, by a unanimous voice vote, 
included it in the base bill.
  I want to just stress why I think this is so very, very important, 
and I appreciate my colleagues' support to this point. Peaceful 
protests are protected in the First Amendment, and I think the Framers 
of the Bill of Rights, when they protected something, they sort of 
encouraged it. I think the Framers of the Constitution got some things 
wrong, but they also got some things right.
  One of the things I have always been interested in is that, while 
elections are important--and elections and campaigns are in the 
Constitution as being every 2 years for the House, every 6 years for 
the Senate, and Presidential elections--the Framers knew elections 
wouldn't be enough to protect this great democracy. If they had thought 
elections would have been enough, they wouldn't have said that people 
need to be able to peacefully assemble and that people need to be able 
to petition the government for a redress of grievances. If elections 
had been enough, they would have said: Well, if you are mad, just wait 
2 years, and then you can vote out somebody bad and bring in somebody 
good.
  The Framers had been through the experiences of things like the 
Boston Tea Party and other events. They knew that to have a more 
perfect Union and really preserve the democracy, they needed to have 
elections, but they also needed to give people the room and the space 
to be able to peacefully assemble and say: Hey, I don't like this. Can 
we make these changes?
  It is a value that is so important, like the freedom of religion and 
the freedom of the press, and were put in the First Amendment for a 
reason.
  Those in the military, just as Senators, take vows to support and 
defend the Constitution of the United States. Yet, in particular today, 
2020, we have a significant issue that I see cropping up sometimes, 
which is, thank goodness, that we as civilians appreciate the 
military--that the ``thank you for your service'' attitude, I think, is 
widely shared. There is often a gulf between the military and civilians 
because, in the time of an all-volunteer military, only 1 percent of 
people serve in the military. That means, for those of us who haven't 
served, often, we might have a general appreciation, but we don't 
really have an understanding, and there can start to be a gap, or a 
gulf, between civilians and the military.
  Former Secretary of Defense Mattis has commented about this a lot, 
about this gap that can grow. I am not challenging that an all-
volunteer military is a good thing, but there can be a gap of 
misunderstanding. We would never want to widen that gap, and we should 
always do things to narrow that gap. There would be nothing that would 
widen the gap more than if people were to perceive that the military 
were now being arrayed against them, against the civilian population. 
It would not only endanger important First Amendment rights, but it 
would also potentially lead to a wider canyon between the civilian and 
the military, and we should not do that.
  There can be uses of military assets in protest situations. A sort of 
standard way of thinking about it, for example, would be to use Guard 
troops. The Guard is often called up to protect protesters, and then 
local law enforcement is used to police bad actors. One would use a 
group like the Guard to protect protesters, to keep them safe, and to 
make sure they are not doing things to or are being harmed by others, 
but the law enforcement activity should be carried out by police and 
not by the military.
  This is something we promote in the Committee on Foreign Relations 
all the time. I see my colleague from Wyoming who is here, who is on 
the Committee on Foreign Relations with me and does such a good job 
there. We are often encouraging foreign nations: Don't use your 
military to do police work. Have a professional police department. Use 
your military to defend the country. The professionalizing of police is 
an important thing, because that is not what a military should do.
  That was the reason I introduced the amendment. It was not solely to 
protect First Amendment rights, which are really important, but it was 
also to not allow a gulf that exists between civilians and the military 
to get even worse if civilians feel like the military is arrayed 
against them.
  The last thing I will say--and then I will conclude--is that I lived 
in a military dictatorship when I was young. I took a year off in the 
middle of law school to go to Honduras and work with Jesuit 
missionaries in 1980 to 1981. It was a military dictatorship, and 
people could not vote for anything. It was a shock to me, my seeing a 
society where people could vote and, maybe, sometimes even choose not 
to vote, and then my going to a society where people couldn't vote. 
People prayed for the day that they might be able to finally vote for 
their leaders, but they couldn't because the military was running the 
country at the time.
  There I saw the reaction that the people had toward the military, and

[[Page S4173]]

the reaction that they had toward the military and to that form of 
government was not ``thank you for your service.'' It was ``you scare 
me to death.'' There was military on every corner with automatic 
weapons. There were roundups, and they would do an organized draft. 
Sometimes they would just surround a movie theater, and as young men 
would come out, they would commandeer them to go into the military.
  I experienced something so different from what I experience here, 
which was a society in which your first reaction when you see somebody 
in uniform--in the military--is fear. You are afraid of him. We would 
never want that to be the prevailing attitude here. We would want our 
attitude here to be ``thanks for your service.''
  I believe my amendment, now incorporated in the NDAA, will preserve 
the important roles that the military plays, preserve the important 
principles of peaceful assembly, petitioning government, First 
Amendment, but we will also make sure that we as a society don't find, 
by pitting the military against civilians, that we will be led to a 
situation where we will not be able to fully appreciate the sacrifices 
they make and the work they do for us.
  I am excited that the bill on the floor now contains this provision 
and hope my colleagues will promptly and quickly pass the NDAA.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Scott of Florida). The Senator from 
Wyoming.