[Congressional Record Volume 165, Number 185 (Tuesday, November 19, 2019)]
[Senate]
[Pages S6676-S6679]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
SA 1246. Mr. RUBIO proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1838, to
amend the Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992, and for other purposes; as
follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Hong Kong
Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019''.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act
is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Statement of policy.
Sec. 4. Amendments to the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992.
Sec. 5. Annual report on violations of United States export control
laws and United Nations sanctions occurring in Hong Kong.
Sec. 6. Protecting United States citizens and others from rendition to
the People's Republic of China.
Sec. 7. Sanctions relating to undermining fundamental freedoms and
autonomy in Hong Kong.
Sec. 8. Sanctions reports.
Sec. 9. Sense of Congress on People's Republic of China state-
controlled media.
Sec. 10. Sense of Congress on commercial exports of crowd control
equipment to Hong Kong.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term
``appropriate congressional committees'' means--
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
(B) the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate;
(C) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of
the Senate;
(D) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs of the Senate;
(E) the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate;
(F) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
Representatives;
(G) the Committee on Armed Services of the House of
Representatives;
(H) the Committee on Financial Services of the House of
Representatives;
(I) the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of
Representatives; and
(J) the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of
Representatives.
(2) Social credit system.--The term ``social credit
system'' means a system proposed by the Government of the
People's Republic of China and scheduled for implementation
by 2020, which would--
(A) use existing financial credit systems, public records,
online activity, and other tools of surveillance to aggregate
data on every Chinese citizen and business; and
(B) use such data to monitor, shape, and rate certain
financial, social, religious, or political behaviors.
(3) United states person.--The term ``United States
person'' means--
(A) a United States citizen;
(B) a lawfully admitted permanent resident of the United
States; or
(C) an entity organized under the laws of--
(i) the United States; or
(ii) any jurisdiction within the United States, including a
foreign branch of such an entity.
SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY.
It is the policy of the United States--
(1) to reaffirm the principles and objectives set forth in
the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law
102-383), namely that--
(A) the United States has ``a strong interest in the
continued vitality, prosperity, and stability of Hong Kong'';
(B) ``[s]upport for democratization is a fundamental
principle of United States foreign policy'' and therefore
``naturally applies to United States policy toward Hong
Kong'';
(C) ``the human rights of the people of Hong Kong are of
great importance to the United States and are directly
relevant to United States interests in Hong Kong [and] serve
as a basis for Hong Kong's continued economic prosperity'';
and
(D) Hong Kong must remain sufficiently autonomous from the
People's Republic of China to ``justify treatment under a
particular law of the United States, or any provision
thereof, different from that accorded the People's Republic
of China'';
(2) to support the high degree of autonomy and fundamental
rights and freedoms of the people of Hong Kong, as enumerated
by--
(A) the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the
Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question
of Hong Kong, done at Beijing December 19, 1984 (referred to
in this Act as the ``Joint Declaration'');
(B) the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, done at New York December 19, 1966; and
(C) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, done at
Paris December 10, 1948;
(3) to support the democratic aspirations of the people of
Hong Kong, including the ``ultimate aim'' of the selection of
the Chief Executive and all members of the Legislative
Council by universal suffrage, as articulated in the Basic
Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the
People's Republic of China (referred to in this Act as the
``Basic Law'');
(4) to urge the Government of the People's Republic of
China to uphold its commitments to Hong Kong, including
allowing the people of Hong Kong to govern Hong Kong with a
high degree of autonomy and without undue interference, and
ensuring that Hong Kong voters freely enjoy the right to
elect the Chief Executive and all members of the Hong Kong
Legislative Council by universal suffrage;
(5) to support the establishment of a genuine democratic
option to freely and fairly nominate and elect the Chief
Executive of Hong Kong, and the establishment by 2020 of open
and direct democratic elections for all members of the Hong
Kong Legislative Council;
(6) to support the robust exercise by residents of Hong
Kong of the rights to free speech, the press, and other
fundamental freedoms, as provided by the Basic Law, the Joint
Declaration, and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights;
(7) to support freedom from arbitrary or unlawful arrest,
detention, or imprisonment for all Hong Kong residents, as
provided by the Basic Law, the Joint Declaration, and the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
(8) to draw international attention to any violations by
the Government of the People's Republic of China of the
fundamental rights of the people of Hong Kong, as provided by
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and
any encroachment upon the autonomy guaranteed to Hong Kong by
the Basic Law and the Joint Declaration;
(9) to protect United States citizens and long-term
permanent residents living in Hong Kong, as well as people
visiting and transiting through Hong Kong;
(10) to maintain the economic and cultural ties that
provide significant benefits to both the United States and
Hong Kong; and
(11) to coordinate with allies, including the United
Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Japan, and the Republic of Korea,
to promote democracy and human rights in Hong Kong.
SEC. 4. AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES-HONG KONG POLICY ACT
OF 1992.
(a) Report.--Title II of the United States-Hong Kong Policy
Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 5721 et seq.) is amended--
(1) in section 201(b), by striking ``such date'' each place
such term appears and inserting ``the date of the enactment
of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019'';
and
(2) adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 205. SECRETARY OF STATE REPORT REGARDING THE AUTONOMY
OF HONG KONG.
``(a) Certification.--
``(1) In general.--Except as provided in subsection (b),
the Secretary of State, on at least an annual basis, and in
conjunction with the report required under section 301, shall
issue a certification to Congress that--
``(A) indicates whether Hong Kong continues to warrant
treatment under United States law in the same manner as
United
[[Page S6677]]
States laws were applied to Hong Kong before July 1, 1997;
``(B) addresses--
``(i) commercial agreements;
``(ii) law enforcement cooperation, including extradition
requests;
``(iii) sanctions enforcement;
``(iv) export controls, and any other agreements and forms
of exchange involving dual use, critical, or other sensitive
technologies;
``(v) any formal treaties or agreements between the United
States and Hong Kong;
``(vi) other areas of bilateral cooperation that the
Secretary determines to be relevant; and
``(vii) decision-making within the Government of Hong Kong,
including executive, legislative, and judicial structures,
including--
``(I) freedom of assembly;
``(II) freedom of speech;
``(III) freedom of expression; and
``(IV) freedom of the press, including the Internet and
social media;
``(viii) universal suffrage, including the ultimate aim of
the selection of the Chief Executive and all members of the
Legislative Council by universal suffrage;
``(ix) judicial independence;
``(x) police and security functions;
``(xi) education;
``(xii) laws or regulations regarding treason, secession,
sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government
of the People's Republic of China, or theft of state secrets;
``(xiii) laws or regulations regarding foreign political
organizations or bodies;
``(xiv) laws or regulations regarding political
organizations; and
``(xv) other rights enumerated in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, done at Paris December 10, 1948, and the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, done at
New York December 19, 1966; and
``(C) includes--
``(i) an assessment of the degree of any erosions to Hong
Kong's autonomy in each category listed in subparagraph (B)
resulting from actions by the Government of the People's
Republic of China that are inconsistent with its commitments
under the Basic Law or the Joint Declaration;
``(ii) an evaluation of the specific impacts to any areas
of cooperation between the United States and Hong Kong
resulting from erosions of autonomy in Hong Kong or failures
of the Government of Hong Kong to fulfill obligations to the
United States under international agreements within the
categories listed in subparagraph (B); and
``(iii) a list of any specific actions taken by the United
States Government in response to any erosion of autonomy or
failures to fulfill obligations to the United States under
international agreements identified in this certification and
the report required under section 301.
``(2) Factor for consideration.--In making each
certification under paragraph (1), the Secretary of State
should consider the terms, obligations, and expectations
expressed in the Joint Declaration with respect to Hong Kong.
``(3) Additional certifications.--The certification under
section (1) shall be issued annually, but the Secretary may
issue additional certifications at any time if the Secretary
determines it is warranted by circumstances in Hong Kong.
``(b) Waiver Authority.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary of State may waive the
application of subsection (a) if--
``(A) the Secretary determines that such a waiver is in the
national security interests of the United States; and
``(B) on or before the date on which the waiver takes
effect, the Secretary notifies the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs
of the House of Representatives of the intent to waive such
subsection;
``(2) Partial waiver.--Except for the list of actions
described in subsection (a)(1)(C)(iii), the Secretary of
State may waive relevant parts of the application of
subsection (a) if the President issues an Executive order
under section 202 that suspends the application of any
particular United States law to Hong Kong.''.
(b) Visa Applicants.--Title II of the United States-Hong
Kong Policy Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 5721 et seq.), as amended
by subsection (a), is further amended by adding at the end
the following:
``SEC. 206. TREATMENT OF HONG KONG APPLICANTS FOR VISAS TO
STUDY OR WORK IN THE UNITED STATES.
``(a) Visa Eligibility for Certain Hong Kong Students.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, applications for
visas to enter, study, or work in the United States, which
are submitted by otherwise qualified applicants who resided
in Hong Kong in 2014 and later, may not be denied primarily
on the basis of the applicant's subjection to politically-
motivated arrest, detention, or other adverse government
action.
``(b) Implementation.--The Secretary of State shall take
such steps as may be necessary to ensure that consular
officers are aware of the policy described in subsection (a)
and receive appropriate training and support to ensure that
the policy is carried out so that affected individuals do not
face discrimination or unnecessary delay in the processing of
their visa applications, including--
``(1) providing specialized training for all consular
officers posted to the United States Embassy in Beijing or to
any United States consulate in the People's Republic of
China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or the
Macau Special Administrative Region;
``(2) instructing the United States Consulate in Hong Kong
to maintain an active list of individuals who are known to
have been formally charged, detained, or convicted by the
Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or by
the Government of the People's Republic of China, or
intermediaries of such governments, based on politically-
motivated considerations related to their exercise of rights
enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, done
at Paris December 10, 1948, or the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, done at New York December 19,
1966, to facilitate the cross-checking of visa applications
for Hong Kong residents; and
``(3) updating any relevant United States Government
websites with information on the policy described in
subsection (a).
``(c) Cooperation With Like-minded Countries.--The
Secretary of State shall contact appropriate representatives
of other democratic countries, particularly those who receive
a large number of applicants for student and employment visas
from Hong Kong--
``(1) to inform them of the United States policy regarding
arrests for participation in nonviolent protests in Hong
Kong; and
``(2) to encourage them to take similar steps to ensure the
rights of nonviolent protesters are protected from
discrimination due to the actions of the Government of Hong
Kong and of the Government of the People's Republic of
China.''.
SEC. 5. ANNUAL REPORT ON VIOLATIONS OF UNITED STATES EXPORT
CONTROL LAWS AND UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS
OCCURRING IN HONG KONG.
(a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter until the
date that is 7 years after the date of the enactment of this
Act, the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the
Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of State, shall
submit a report to the committees specified in subsection (b)
that includes--
(1) an assessment of the nature and extent of violations of
United States export control and sanctions laws occurring in
Hong Kong;
(2) to the extent possible, the identification of--
(A) any items that were reexported from Hong Kong in
violation of the laws referred to in paragraph (1);
(B) the countries and persons to which the items referred
to in subparagraph (A) were reexported; and
(C) how such items were used;
(3) an assessment of whether sensitive dual-use items
subject to the export control laws of the United States are
being--
(A) transshipped through Hong Kong; and
(B) used to develop--
(i) the Sharp Eyes, Skynet, Integrated Joint Operations
Platform, or other systems of mass surveillance and
predictive policing; or
(ii) the ``social credit system'' of the People's Republic
of China;
(4) an assessment of the efforts by the Government of the
People's Republic of China to use the status of Hong Kong as
a separate customs territory to import items into the
People's Republic of China from Hong Kong in violation of the
export control laws of the United States, whether as part of
the Greater Bay Area plan, through the assignment by Beijing
of Hong Kong as a national technology and innovation center,
or through other programs that may exploit Hong Kong as a
conduit for controlled sensitive technology;
(5) an assessment of whether the Government of Hong Kong
has adequately enforced sanctions imposed by the United
Nations;
(6) a description of the types of goods and services
transshipped or reexported through Hong Kong in violation of
such sanctions to--
(A) North Korea or Iran; or
(B) other countries, regimes, or persons subject to such
sanctions for engaging in activities--
(i) relating to international terrorism, international
narcotics trafficking, or the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction; or
(ii) that otherwise present a threat to the national
security, foreign policy, or economy of the United States;
and
(7) an assessment of whether shortcomings in the
enforcement of export controls or sanctions by the Government
of Hong Kong necessitates the assignment of additional
Department of the Treasury, Department of Commerce, or
Department of State personnel to the United States Consulate
in Hong Kong.
(b) Committees Specified.--The committees specified in this
subsection are--
(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;
(2) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of
the Senate;
(3) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
of the Senate;
(4) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
Representatives; and
(5) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of
Representatives
(c) Form of Report.--The report required under subsection
(a) shall be submitted in
[[Page S6678]]
unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
SEC. 6. PROTECTING UNITED STATES CITIZENS AND OTHERS FROM
RENDITION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
(a) Policy Statements.--It is the policy of the United
States--
(1) to safeguard United States citizens from extradition,
rendition, or abduction to the People's Republic of China
from Hong Kong for trial, detention, or any other purpose;
(2) to safeguard United States businesses in Hong Kong from
economic coercion and intellectual property theft;
(3) pursuant to section 103(7) of the United States-Hong
Kong Policy Act of 1992 (22 U.S.C. 5713(7)), to encourage
United States businesses ``to continue to operate in Hong
Kong, in accordance with applicable United States and Hong
Kong law''; and
(4) pursuant to section 201(b) of such Act (22 U.S.C.
5721(b)), to evaluate, not less frequently than annually and
as circumstances, dictate whether the Government of Hong Kong
is ``legally competent to carry out its obligations'' under
treaties and international agreements established between the
United States and Hong Kong.
(b) Response to Threat of Rendition.--Not later than 30
days after the President determines that legislation proposed
or enacted by the Government of Hong Kong would put United
States citizens at risk of extradition or rendition to the
People's Republic of China or to other countries that lack
protections for the rights of defendants, the President shall
submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees
that--
(1) contains a strategy for protecting United States
citizens and businesses in Hong Kong;
(2) assesses the potential risks of the legislation to
United States citizens residing in, traveling to, or
transiting through Hong Kong; and
(3) determines whether--
(A) additional resources are needed for American Citizen
Services at the United States Consulate in Hong Kong; and
(B) the Government of Hong Kong is ``legally competent'' to
administer the United States-Hong Kong Agreement for the
Surrender of Fugitive Offenders, done at Hong Kong December
20, 1996, or other relevant law enforcement agreements
between the United States and Hong Kong.
SEC. 7. SANCTIONS RELATING TO UNDERMINING FUNDAMENTAL
FREEDOMS AND AUTONOMY IN HONG KONG.
(a) Identification of Persons Responsible for Undermining
Fundamental Freedoms and Autonomy in Hong Kong.--
(1) In general.--The President shall submit a report to the
appropriate congressional committees, in accordance with
paragraph (2), that identifies each foreign person that the
President determines is responsible for--
(A) the extrajudicial rendition, arbitrary detention, or
torture of any person in Hong Kong; or
(B) other gross violations of internationally recognized
human rights in Hong Kong.
(2) Timing of reports.--The President shall submit to the
appropriate congressional committees--
(A) the report required under paragraph (1)--
(i) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment
of this Act; and
(ii) not less frequently than annually thereafter in
conjunction with the publication of the report required under
section 301 of the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992
(22 U.S.C. 5731); and
(B) an update to the report not later than 15 days after
any new action is taken under subsection (b) based on the
discovery of new information described in paragraph (1).
(3) Consideration of certain information.--In preparing the
report required under paragraph (1), the President shall
consider--
(A) information provided jointly by the chairperson and
ranking member of each of the appropriate congressional
committees; and
(B) information obtained by other countries or reputable
nongovernmental organizations that monitor violations of
human rights abuses.
(4) Form.--The report required under paragraph (1) shall be
submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified
annex.
(b) Imposition of Sanctions.--The President shall impose
the sanctions described in subsection (c) with respect to
each foreign person identified in the report required under
subsection (a)(1).
(c) Sanctions Described.--The sanctions described in this
subsection are the following:
(1) Asset blocking.--The President shall exercise all of
the powers granted to the President under the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the
extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in
property and interests in property of a foreign person
identified in the report required under subsection (a)(1) if
such property and interests in property are in the United
States, come within the United States, or come within the
possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Ineligibility for visas, admission, or parole.--
(A) Visas, admission, or parole.--An alien described in
subsection (a)(1) is--
(i) inadmissible to the United States;
(ii) ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to
enter the United States; and
(iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into
the United States or to receive any other benefit under the
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.).
(B) Current visas revoked.--
(i) In general.--An alien described in subsection (a)(1) is
subject to revocation of any visa or other entry
documentation regardless of when the visa or other entry
documentation is or was issued.
(ii) Immediate effect.--A revocation under clause (i)
shall--
(I) take effect immediately; and
(II) automatically cancel any other valid visa or entry
documentation that is in the alien's possession.
(3) Penalties.--The penalties provided for in subsections
(b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency
Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) shall apply to a foreign
person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to
violate, or causes a violation of paragraph (1) to the same
extent that such penalties apply to a person that commits an
unlawful act described in subsection (a) of such section 206.
(d) Implementation.--The President may exercise all
authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702
and 1704) to carry out this section.
(e) Waiver.--The President may waive the application of
sanctions under this section with respect to a person
identified in the report required under subsection (a)(1) if
the President determines and certifies to the appropriate
congressional committees that such a waiver is in the
national interest of the United States.
(f) Exceptions.--
(1) Exception for intelligence activities.--Sanctions under
this section shall not apply to any activity subject to the
reporting requirements under title V of the National Security
Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.) or any authorized
intelligence activities of the United States.
(2) Exception to comply with international obligations and
for law enforcement activities.--Sanctions under subsection
(c)(2) shall not apply with respect to an alien if admitting
or paroling the alien into the United States is necessary--
(A) to permit the United States to comply with the
Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations,
signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force
November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United
States, or other applicable international obligations; or
(B) to carry out or assist law enforcement activity in the
United States.
(3) Exception relating to importation of goods.--
(A) In general.--The authorities and requirements to impose
sanctions authorized under this section shall not include the
authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the
importation of goods.
(B) Good defined.--In this paragraph, the term ``good''
means any article, natural or manmade substance, material,
supply, or manufactured product, including inspection and
test equipment, and excluding technical data.
(g) Termination of Sanctions.--The President may terminate
the application of sanctions under this section with respect
to a person if the President determines and reports to the
appropriate congressional committees not less than 15 days
before the termination takes effect that--
(1) information exists that the person did not engage in
the activity for which sanctions were imposed;
(2) the person has been prosecuted appropriately for the
activity for which sanctions were imposed;
(3) the person has credibly demonstrated a significant
change in behavior, has paid an appropriate consequence for
the activity for which sanctions were imposed, and has
credibly committed to not engage in an activity described in
subsection (a)(1) in the future; or
(4) the termination of the sanctions is in the national
security interests of the United States.
(h) Sunset.--This section, and any sanctions imposed under
this section, shall terminate on the date that is 5 years
after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(i) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Admission; admitted; alien.--The terms ``admission'',
``admitted'', and ``alien'' have the meanings given those
terms in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(8 U.S.C. 1101).
(2) Foreign person.--The term ``foreign person'' means a
person that is not a United States person.
SEC. 8. SANCTIONS REPORTS.
(a) In General.--In accordance with section 7, the
President shall submit, to the appropriate congressional
committees, a report that includes--
(1) a list of each foreign person with respect to which the
President imposed sanctions during the year preceding the
submission of the report;
(2) a description of the type of sanctions imposed with
respect to each such person;
(3) the number of foreign persons with respect to which the
President terminated sanctions under section 7 during that
year;
(4) the dates on which such sanctions were imposed or
terminated, as applicable;
(5) the reasons for imposing or terminating such sanctions;
and
(6) a description of the efforts of the President to
encourage the governments of other
[[Page S6679]]
countries to impose sanctions that are similar to the
sanctions authorized under section 7.
(b) Nonapplicability of Confidentiality Requirement With
Respect to Visa Records.--The President shall publish the
report required under subsection (a) without regard to the
requirements of section 222(f) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1202(f)) with respect to
confidentiality of records pertaining to the issuance or
refusal of visas or permits to enter the United States.
SEC. 9. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
STATE-CONTROLLED MEDIA.
It is the sense of Congress that--
(1) the United States condemns the deliberate targeting and
harassment of democracy activists, diplomatic personnel of
the United States and other nations, and their families by
media organizations controlled by the Government of the
People's Republic of China, including Wen Wei Po and Ta Kung
Po;
(2) the Secretary of State should clearly inform the
Government of the People's Republic of China that the use of
media outlets to spread disinformation or to intimidate and
threaten its perceived enemies in Hong Kong or in other
countries is unacceptable; and
(3) the Secretary of State should take any activities
described in paragraph (1) or (2) into consideration when
granting visas for travel and work in the United States to
journalists from the People's Republic of China who are
affiliated with any such media organizations.
SEC. 10. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON COMMERCIAL EXPORTS OF CROWD
CONTROL EQUIPMENT TO HONG KONG.
It is sense of Congress that the Department of Commerce, in
conjunction with other relevant Federal departments and
agencies, should consider appropriate adjustments to the
current United States export controls with respect to Hong
Kong to prevent the supply of crowd control and surveillance
equipment that could be used inappropriately in Hong Kong.
______