Congressional Record, Volume 163 Issue 58 (Tuesday, April 4, 2017)

[Congressional Record Volume 163, Number 58 (Tuesday, April 4, 2017)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2257-S2303]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

EXECUTIVE CALENDAR--Continued

Mr. MERKLEY. Let's turn to Planned Parenthood Association of Utah v.
Herbert. In August of 2015, Gary Herbert, Utah's Republican Governor,
ordered the State to strip $272,000 in Federal funding from the Planned
Parenthood Association of Utah in response to a series of highly edited
videos that alleged that Planned Parenthood clinics were selling fetal
tissue, even though Utah's clinics were not in the video then.
By the way, those videos had been found to be completely doctored,
completely inaccurate, completely misleading. But despite the fact that
the videos were not authentic and despite the fact that they didn't
have any bearing in Utah, Governor Herbert stood by his ruling to carve
out and take away funding from Planned Parenthood. So Utah's Planned
Parenthood Association filed for a restraining order against the State,
saying that the State was not acting justly, so they asked the Court to
protect them from unjust action.
In spite of his continued claim that stripping the funding was not to
punish the organization for its stance on abortion but in response to
the videos--the doctored, inauthentic, discredited videos--the Governor
eventually admitted, while responding to Planned Parenthood's motion
for a preliminary injunction, that defense of the videos involved
different affiliates--not the ones in Utah--that there was not even an
accusation that Planned Parenthood in Utah had broken the law--not even
an accusation. The organization didn't participate in programs that
provided fetal tissue for research, so it was completely disconnected
from the operation of Planned Parenthood in that State.
The background of this is that medical institutions have utilized
fetal tissue and there have been charges related to the preparation of
that tissue. We could have a whole debate, and we should bring in the
medical professionals to understand the details. But in this case, it
is irrelevant to have that debate because Planned Parenthood in Utah
wasn't part of the fetal tissue research organization. So we don't have
to argue over whether fees they have charged for repairing the tissue
were fair or unfair because they didn't repair anything. This was all
about something else, which was the Governor's decision to launch an
attack on Planned Parenthood, punish Planned Parenthood for its
constitutionally protected advocacy.
This issue is one which I am sure we will be talking about for years
to come. But in the context of the law, a three-judge panel of the
Tenth Circuit granted a preliminary injunction on Planned Parenthood,
concluding that Utah's Planned Parenthood was operating lawfully and
that the Governor's personal opposition to abortion as a motivation for
blocking Federal funds and targeting the health organization did
violate its constitutional rights.
So when this was decided, neither Planned Parenthood nor the State of
Utah sought to have the Tenth Circuit rehear the case en banc, which
means all the judges that serve on the Tenth Circuit. So you had a
three-judge panel that made a decision. Neither side of the case--they
were like, OK, we are done with this. We are done with this. The
practice wasn't even relevant to the association in Utah, not just
because the videos were from different States, not just because the
videos were doctored and basically illegitimate, but also because they
were about a fetal research program that the organization in Utah
didn't participate in.
So from every possible direction, both sides said: Peace. The judge
has ruled, and we understand why. We accept their ruling. But did Judge
Gorsuch accept the ruling? No. He dissented from the court's denial and
wanted to grant an en banc review, not at the behest of any litigant,
just that Judge Gorsuch didn't like the outcome of the case and wanted
to have a full panel in hopes of getting the decision that would defer
to Governor Herbert, who wasn't seeking any review because he wanted to
strip the organization's funding, even though the organization had done
nothing wrong and didn't participate in the program at all. In other
words, Judge Gorsuch was willing to ignore court practice and custom
and a whole set of facts that showed that the whole decision the
Governor made was on the wrong basis--wrong basis on the facts because
the videos were doctored, wrong basis on the facts because it wasn't
even about the State of Utah, wrong basis on the facts because Planned
Parenthood of Utah didn't participate in this research program--wrong
on every level.
But Judge Gorsuch wanted to ensure that he could show a case backing
Utah's Republican Governor that eliminated funding for Planned
Parenthood. That is judicial activism. That is rewriting the law. That
is not a judge; that is a legislator. A person who wants to rewrite the
law in the frozen trucker case, a person who wants to rewrite the law
in the autistic child case, a person who wants to rewrite the law in
the Planned Parenthood case should run for office and legislate, not
use the courts as your personal strategy for judicial activism; that
is, to rewrite the law, the opposite of what the law says.
In the majority's opinion, Judge Mary Briscoe wrote separately to
highlight the troubling nature of Gorsuch's dissent. She noted first
how ``unusual'' and ``extraordinary''--those are words that she put
in--it would be for the Tenth Circuit, on its own motion, to order an
en banc review when neither

[[Page S2258]]

party to a litigation sought such a review. And then she went on, and
what did she say about Judge Gorsuch's proposal? She said he
``mischaracterized this litigation and the panel decision at several
turns.''
Politics should be in this room, not taking your politics and trying
to change the law through judicial activism on the court by turning the
law upside down and saying it means X when it clearly states Y.
An unidentified judge--we are not sure who--requested that judges be
polled. Again, that would be an unusual situation, apparently, in this
context. Another judge in the majority pointed out that none of the
parties asked for a hearing within the time permitted, and there was no
justification for polling the court on that question at all.
These types of cases give you a sense of how Neil Gorsuch has used
his judicial position to rewrite laws. The law says protect the
trucker. If the trucker is seeking to pursue safety, he says don't
protect the trucker. The law says provide the disabled child with an
appropriate education; Neil Gorsuch says no appropriate education is
required.

The court says that Planned Parenthood's rights were violated because
they were singled out. That is not equality before the law, a very
important principle in American jurisprudence. Neither side contested
the outcome. It was kind of like, yes, OK, the court got it right.
Judge Gorsuch wanted to contest it so he could strip Planned Parenthood
of funding on a basis that the Court found to be unconstitutional. That
is yet another reason that this hearing, this review of the judge be
set aside.
You have these three fundamental reasons. First, for the first time
in our history, the seat has been stolen from one Presidency and
delivered to another in a strategy to pack the Court, causing
tremendous damage to the institution, as well as tremendous damage to
this institution, because it involved not exercising our advice and
consent responsibility.
By the way, one may wonder, why didn't the majority, rather than
stealing the seat, putting it in a time capsule and fast-forwarding it
into the next administration in hopes of packing the Court--why didn't
they just bring Judge Garland up and vote him down? The Senate has
acted to not confirm in roughly a quarter of the nominations that have
come forward to us for the Supreme Court. In those election year cases
that I put up earlier, the Senate acted in all 15 of the cases that
preceded the death of Antonin Scalia, but they didn't confirm in every
case; they turned several of them down. They tabled a couple of them.
They defeated a motion to proceed in another. But the Senate always
acted.
Why didn't the majority honor the responsibility under the law for
the Senate to do advice and consent, when there was plenty of time to
do so, when the entire tradition of the Senate had been to always do
so, when the written responsibility under the Constitution was to do
so? So why not just bring up the judge and defeat him?
The answer is in the quotation that I read earlier from my colleague
from Utah, who anticipated that if only the President would nominate
somebody like Merrick Garland, it would be a great thing, and we would
see a quick confirmation. Merrick Garland was that acceptable. He was
that down the middle. He was without the kinds of issues that raised
concerns. That was Merrick Garland.
So the majority said: We can't have a debate on him because the
Senate will approve him, because he is that qualified. He will get that
bipartisan support.
That is the principle of the filibuster; that is, that you don't
close debate unless 60 Members say you close debate. So if 41 say we
are not ready for whatever reason, you keep debating. That sends a
strong message for Presidents to do what President Obama did. He
consulted with the Democrats; he consulted with the Republicans and
chose somebody who would be acceptable to both sides. That is the way
it is supposed to work. And when a President ignores that and says: I
am going to support somebody from the extremes, I am going to nominate
somebody from the extremes, that is an invitation for the Senate to say
no. The reputation, the legitimacy of the Court matters, so we are not
going to approve this judge.
That is probably what is going to happen this week. The majority here
in the Senate may say they want to close debate, but will they have a
supermajority, a bipartisan majority? No. A few Senators perhaps, but
they will not have those 60 votes.
Obama's judges met the 60-vote standard--both of them that they put
forward before the third vacancy--and nobody filed a motion to close
debate. There wasn't a vote on a motion to close debate. And why was
that? Because everyone knew that they would have 60 votes to close
debate. So, still, even out of the context of having had a cloture
vote, you have the 60-vote standard there guiding the President and
guiding the selection of the nominees.
We should not go back in time to a world in which the copper barons
ruled Montana, not back to a time where the railroads and the oil
companies called all the shots. We need to recognize that we have come
a long way in terms of fulfilling the constitutional vision that our
Founders set out--this vision of equality under the law, this vision of
the pursuit of justice. But with the recent decisions of the 5-to-4
Court, we have gone backward. We have gone backward by allowing
gerrymandering, by allowing voter suppression, by striking down the
Voting Rights Act, and, most importantly, we have gone backward by
allowing this vast infusion of dark money from the very few to drive
election results.

I have been sharing the many reasons this debate should be suspended:
One, because the seat was stolen; two, because there is an enormous
cloud over the legitimacy of the President, and there are
investigations under way, and we need to get to the bottom of it before
a life-tenured position is filled by this President; and, three, a
judge who repeatedly has engaged in rewriting the law to find for the
powerful over the people, even when the law was very clear--even to the
point that the entire Supreme Court overturned him on his effort to say
doing merely more than nothing is acceptable under a law that says you
must provide an appropriate education.
But here is one more thing. Breaking news: A POLITICO report has just
come out which says that Judge Gorsuch committed plagiarism in a book
and in an academic article. Well, that is news I had not heard, so I
will read the article, and we can all learn about it at the same time.
This is a report from POLITICO entitled, ``Gorsuch's writings borrow
from other authors.'' It came out at 11:19, which would put it an hour
ago. Since I am here and since we are talking about Gorsuch, it is
probably appropriate to share this breaking news with you.

Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch copied the structure and
language used by several authors and failed to cite source
material in his book and an academic article, according to
documents provided to POLITICO.
The documents show that several passages from the tenth
chapter of his 2006 book, ``The Future of Assisted Suicide
and Euthanasia,'' read nearly verbatim to a 1984 article in
the Indiana Law Journal. In several other instances in that
book and an academic article published in 2000, Gorsuch
borrowed from the ideas, quotes, and structures of scholarly
and legal works without citing them.
The findings come as Republicans are on the brink of
changing Senate rules to confirm Gorsuch over the vehement
objections of Democrats. The documents could raise questions
about the rigor of Gorsuch's scholarship, which Republicans
have portrayed during the confirmation process as
unimpeachable.
The White House on Tuesday pushed back against any
suggestion of impropriety.

Here is what the White House said:

``This false attack has been strongly refuted by highly-
regarded academic experts, including those who reviewed,
professionally examined, and edited Judge Gorsuch's scholarly
writings, and even the author of the main piece cited in the
false attack,'' said White House spokesman Steven Cheung.
``There is only one explanation for this baseless, last-
second smear of Judge Gorsuch: Those desperate to justify the
unprecedented filibuster of a well-qualified and mainstream
nominee to the Supreme Court.''

That was the comment from the White House. I must do a little bit of
editorializing here. Having a lengthy debate on a judge is not
unprecedented at all. What is unprecedented is, for the first time in
U.S. history, the majority leader filed a petition to close debate on
the first day of debate. That motion under our rules means, in 2 days,
we will have a vote to close debate. That

[[Page S2259]]

is what is unprecedented and never before done in U.S. history. Quite
frankly, when the White House says ``mainstream nominee,'' the analysis
by the Washington Post didn't find him to be a mainstream nominee. You
can call him that, but read his opinions; read his judicial activism;
find how he rewrote the law so that it means the case comes out the
opposite of the way the law is written. See how that happened in the
frozen trucker case. See how that happened in the autistic child case.
See how that happened in his pursuit of the assault on Planned
Parenthood, when everyone agreed there was a fair outcome and no one
was appealing the outcome, except Judge Gorsuch.
If we are going to talk about a filibuster and we want to think about
it in the longer sense, we aren't even allowed to continue talking to
keep this from being considered because the majority leader filed a
petition to close debate, so we have to have a vote on it. But last
year, for 290-plus days, the Republicans completely filibustered
Merrick Garland. If we are talking about the core heart of the meaning
of filibuster--piracy, freebooting piracy to take over the system--that
is what they did last year. They wouldn't allow even a committee
hearing or a vote also for the first time in U.S. history. That is
piracy. That is a violation of our responsibility. So the White House
certainly got some of this completely wrong.
The article goes on--after having cited the White House opinion that
this was an unfair attack--saying:

However, six experts on academic integrity contacted
independently by POLITICO differed in their assessment of
what Gorsuch did, ranging from calling it a clear impropriety
to mere sloppiness.
``Each of the individual incidents constitutes a violation
of academic ethics. I've never seen a college plagiarism code
that this would not be in violation of,'' said Rebecca Moore,
a Syracuse University professor who has written extensively
on the issue.
Elizabeth Berenguer, an associate professor of law at
Campbell Law School, said that under legal or academic
standards Gorsuch's similarities to the Indiana Law Journal
would be investigated ``as a potential violation of our
plagiarism policy. It's similar enough to the original
work.''

She continued:

``I would apply an academic writing standard,'' said
Berenguer, who teaches plagiarism and legal writing. ``Even
if it were a legal opinion, it would be plagiarism under
either.''
The White House provided statements from more than a half-
dozen scholars who have worked with Gorsuch or helped oversee
the dissertation he wrote at Oxford University that was later
turned into his book. They included John Finnis, professor
emeritus at Oxford; John Keown of Georgetown University, one
of the outside supervisors for Gorsuch's dissertation; and
Robert George of Princeton University, the general editor for
Gorsuch's book publisher.
The experts offered by the White House asserted that the
criteria for citing work in dissertations on legal philosophy
is different than for other types of academia or journalism:
While Gorsuch may have borrowed language or facts from others
without attribution, they said, he did not misappropriate
ideas or arguments.
``Judge Gorsuch did not attempt to steal other people's
intellectual property or pass off ideas or arguments taken
from other writers as his own,'' said George. ``In no case
did he seek credit for insights or analysis that had been
purloined. In short, not only is there no fire, there isn't
even smoke.''

The article continues:

The examples at issue make up a small fraction of published
works by Gorsuch, which includes hundreds of legal opinions,
academic articles, news articles and his book. POLITICO did
not conduct a full examination of the federal judge's
writings.
Yet a review of the documents provided to POLITICO shows
Gorsuch parroting other writers' prose and sourcing without
citing them. Instead, Gorsuch often acknowledges the primary
sources cited by those writers.
In the most striking example, Gorsuch, in his book, appears
to duplicate sentences from an Indiana Law Journal article
written by Abigail Lawlis Kuzma without attributing her.
Instead, he uses the same sources that Kuzma used: A 1982
Indiana court ruling that was later sealed, a well-known
pediatrics textbook, ``Rudolph's Pediatrics,'' and a 1983
article in the Bloomington Sunday Herald.
At one point, Gorsuch's prose mimics Kuzma's almost word
for word in describing a child born with Down syndrome.
Kuzma stated that--

Some medical terms here that I won't get right--

``Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula
indicates that the esophageal passage from the mouth to the
stomach ends in a pouch, with an abnormal connection between
the trachea and the esophagus.''

Did everybody follow that?

Gorsuch wrote that ``Esophageal atresia with
tracheoesophageal fistula means that the esophageal passage
from the mouth to the stomach ends in a pouch, with an
abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus.''

That is pretty close to word for word.

Gorsuch also used similar language as Kuzma in describing
``Baby Doe's'' first days.
``Shortly after Baby Doe was born, a hearing was held at
Bloomington Hospital to determine whether the parents had the
right to refuse the surgery on behalf of their child. An
attorney was present at the hearing to represent the parents,
though no one was present to represent Baby Doe's potentially
adverse interests. Six physicians attended, three of whom had
obstetric privileges and three of whom had pediatric
privileges at Bloomington Hospital,'' Gorsuch wrote.

Kuzma, the predecessor from which it is being argued that he has
taken this virtually word for word, wrote:

``Approximately twenty-six hours after Infant Doe was born,
a hearing was held at Bloomington Hospital to determine
whether the parents had the right to choose a course of
treatment for their child that consisted of allowing the
child to die. An attorney was present at the hearing to
represent the child's parents. No attorney was present to
represent Infant Doe's interests. Six physicians attended the
hearing, three of whom had obstetric privileges and three of
whom had pediatric privileges at Bloomington Hospital.''

I believe that last sentence was virtually word for word copied from
what Kuzma wrote.

Kuzma, a one-time aide to former Sen. Dick Lugar (R-Ind.),
did not respond to an inquiry from POLITICO, but released a
statement through Gorsuch's team. Kuzma said she does ``not
see an issue here, even though the language is similar.''
``These passages are factual, not analytical in nature,''
Kuzma, now a deputy attorney general in Indiana, said. ``It
would have been awkward and difficult for Judge Gorsuch to
have used different language.''
But a 1983 Notre Dame Law Review article addressing the
same case did, in fact, use different, plainer language to
describe the issue than Kuzma or Gorsuch did. Author John M.
Maciejczyk wrote that the ``infant needed surgery to correct
a blocked esophagus.''
In several other examples provided to POLITICO, Gorsuch
follows the fact patterns and sourcing without acknowledging
them.

This article goes on for another several pages. I guess we have the
time to share it in its entirety. But let's not lose the fundamental
point at the start of the article; that is, the title, ``Gorsuch's
writings borrow from other authors,'' and an introductory comment here:

To continue and to share the full text here, the article continues,
providing more details. Tomorrow many people will be going through
these because this is information that just came out an hour ago. It
makes you wonder, is the reason that we had a first-ever motion to
close debate on the first day of debate--the first time in U.S. history
this happened--because there is information that people are aware of,
and they want to get this nomination vote concluded before this
information becomes public? Is that why we are violating all the
constitutional norms here? Well, I hadn't thought of that possibility
until this article was put in my hands a few moments ago.

The article continues:

In several other examples provided to POLITICO, Gorsuch
follows the fact patterns in sourcing of other writers
without acknowledging them.
In describing euthanasia activist Derek Humphrey, Gorsuch's
book tracks closely with the 2003 book titled ``A Merciful
End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America,'' by Ian
Dowbiggin.
``In 1989 Humphrey left his second wife, Ann Wickett, soon
after she had undergone surgery for breast cancer. During the
divorce, Wickett alleged that when Humphrey purported to help
her mother commit suicide, the resulting death was not fully
consensual,'' Gorsuch wrote.
Dowbiggin wrote--

In a parallel phrasing that preceded Gorsuch's writing--

``In 1989 he left his second wife, Ann Wickett, shortly
after she had undergone surgery for breast cancer. Their
subsequent divorce was made messier by Wickett's allegations
that her mother had not died willingly when Humphry had
participated in the suicide of her own parent,'' Dowbiggin
wrote.
Gorsuch did not include an attribution to Dowbiggin in the
passage at issue, though he did cite the author at numerous
other points in the book. Dowbiggin listed his sources as
``Deadly Compassion: The Death of Ann

[[Page S2260]]

Humphry and The Truth About Euthanasia,'' by Rita Marker, and
``Last Rites: The Struggle Over the Right to Die,'' by Sue
Woodman. The same titles were cited as sources by Gorsuch.
In the same chapter, Gorsuch appears to rely heavily on a
2002 article by Paul Lombardo of the University of Virginia
about sterilization techniques used in that state in the
early 20th century. Lombardo writes that a woman named Carrie
Buck was sterilized after having a child and her mother was
institutionalized.
``Even worse for her, officials at her mother's asylum
claimed that mother and daughter shared heredity traits in
feeblemindedness and sexual promiscuity,'' Gorsuch wrote.
Wrote Lombardo, ``Officials at Virginia Colony said that
Carrie and her mother shared heredity traits of
`feeblemindedness' and sexual promiscuity.''

There is a bit of an echo there.

Gorsuch did not cite Lombardo despite mimicking his
sentences and presenting them in virtually the same order,
according to an electronic search of Gorsuch's book.
Howard, the Syracuse University professor, said Gorsuch
engaged in a passage known as ``patchwriting''--essentially
patching together words, fact sequences and quotes from
another source, but occasionally changing up the phrases and
tenses.

It is a way to copy someone else's work while making it look like it
is your own.

In addition to ``heavy patchwriting,'' Howard said, Gorsuch
``hides his sources, which gives the appearance of a very
deliberate method. I would certainly call it plagiarism.''
In a 2000 article in the Harvard Journal of Law & Public
Policy titled ``The Right to Assisted Suicide and
Euthanasia,'' Gorsuch's writing aligns closely with a 1985
Duquesne Law Review article about euthanasia in colonial
America. Gorsuch describes laws in colonial Virginia,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, South Carolina, North Carolina
and Pennsylvania in the same order and with similar
quotations as the Duquesne article. But Gorsuch never cites
the article in that passage, instead only repeating the same
sources that it relied on.
Oxford's academic guidance for plagiarism states that
``paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and
changing their order, or by closely following the structure
of their argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due
acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.''
Christopher Sprigman, a New York University law professor
involved in building an online standard for citation in legal
scholarship, said he did not believe examples of Gorsuch's
questionable writing reflected ``mendacious'' acts on the
judge's part. Gorsuch's manner in attributing sources is ``a
choice that you might agree or disagree with,'' Sprigman
said. ``It's a little bit risky, but I wouldn't say it rises
to the level of a bad act. I think some people would say it's
sloppy.''

That is the conclusion of the article--again, information that just
came out about 1 hour 20 minutes ago. So I recommend that folks take a
look at the article. I am sure many people will be analyzing it
tomorrow.
Part of the point of the lengthy debates we often had over the
Supreme Court is to have a chance for all the facts to come out. And
the fact that tonight--well, that is, Tuesday night; it is now
Wednesday morning--Tuesday was the first time ever in our entire 200-
plus years as a Senate that a cloture motion on a Supreme Court nominee
has been filed on the first day of debate. Maybe that motion should be
withdrawn given that there is more information now to analyze as of a
few minutes ago than we had before.
The challenge this institution faces is, how do we restore it to a
functioning legislative body, and how do we repair the deep divide in
America? This question goes far beyond just the issue of the nomination
of Neil Gorsuch; this issue goes to fundamental changes in how this
Senate operates, fundamental changes in how our society receives its
information. While I shared some of that previously, I think it is
probably now, many hours later, worth going back through a little bit
on this set of challenges the Senate faces.

When I was first here as an intern in 1976--41 years ago--the Senate
was here all week long, Monday through Friday. It had a normal
workweek. The Senate families were here, which meant that people had a
more normal family life. During the breaks, they returned to their home
States to share what they had worked on, what they were going to work
on, what the Senate was working on, and generally hold townhalls and
meetings and catch up on everything and then come back here after the
break. That structure of families living here meant that there were
connections not just between Senators but connections between them and
their spouses. There were connections between their children. There
were relationships formed over many evenings in which people
socialized, and they had activities on weekends.
There were a lot of connections that we don't have now, four decades
later, because we fly in and vote on Monday night, and then we vote on
Thursday afternoon and fly out. So we don't have the reenforcement of
our families being here to provide the kind of fabric in which the
legislative discussion occurs, and we don't have the time to get to
know each other. That is a challenge.
Plus, we have to spend a lot more time fundraising than folks in the
Chamber did four decades ago. When you realize that a single
individual, under the deeply mistaken decisions of the Supreme Court,
can now put as much money into a campaign attack against you through a
third party campaign--that they can write a check for more than the
total amount you have raised for your entire campaign, it means that
you are going to have to work very hard year after year to prepare for
the next battle because the opposition doesn't have to prepare for the
next battle. They simply have these massive amounts of funds that they
can deploy at a moment's notice: Let's put $5 million in that race.
Let's put $10 million in that race.
The result is, for example, in the case of the Koch brothers, that
when the Koch brothers used front groups to attack various candidates
across America, the candidates wrestled with whether to respond by
attacking the Koch brothers, and generally, they decided not to because
of the old adage ``Don't pick a fight with someone who buys ink by the
barrel.'' But the modern version of that is ``Don't pick a fight with
someone who has the most deeply funded super pac that exists in the
United States.''
So the Koch brothers carried their fight in 2014 into the Senate race
in Arkansas. They carried their battle into the Senate race in
Louisiana. They carried their battle into the race in North Carolina
and in Colorado and certainly in Iowa and in Alaska and my home State
of Oregon. They were funding front groups to attack me with a third-
party campaign. This is what people fear. The Koch brothers can write a
$5 million check--they and their associates--and counter all the funds
you raised.
In addition to the fact that we are here only 3 days, a portion of
those 3 days from Monday night to Thursday night is given over to
fundraising. So instead of being able to go to dinner with colleagues,
you go to a fundraising dinner. Maybe you slip across the street to do
an hour of phone calls. If you are not raising for your own campaign,
you are raising for your party's Senate group--the Republican Senate
campaign committee or the Democratic Senate campaign committee--or
maybe you are raising money directly for your colleagues themselves,
helping to make calls for an event that is upcoming.
So you have an incredible shrinking of the Senate week, combined with
a huge expansion of the time dedicated to fundraising in order to
prepare for the attack that may well come from deeply funded super
pacs. That is not a good combination in terms of Senators getting to
know each other and getting to respect each other, developing projects
together.
I know that it not only damages the time people should be working
together, but it also delegitimizes what this group of 100 Senators
does. The minority feels almost compelled to fight the battle after
having been attacked so viciously by the other side in third-party
campaigns. To some degree, this probably goes both directions. So we
come here brutalized by the groups who are supporting the other side of
the aisle. You are not particularly in a mood to help them out.
This is why I keep coming back to this: It is easy to simply become a
pure partisan in this world in which deep-funded interests make up all
kinds of attacks and put them on television in an effort to elect
someone who will do their bidding, but if we do that, if we don't keep
coming back together with the philosophy of problem-solving, then
problems will never be solved. We will never have a better healthcare
system. We will never have a better public education system. We won't
have a better transportation system. We won't

[[Page S2261]]

have better deployment of infrastructure in rural America if all we do
is nurture the wounds of elections. But it also means that we need to
change the dynamic that creates those wounds. That is why the Supreme
Court seat matters, because the 5-to-4 Court has been doing a lot of
wound infliction on our system, making it easier to gerrymander, making
it easier for voter suppression, making it easier for dark-money
campaigns to corrupt the election process. So we have to attack it on
all fronts.

That experience of coming here 41 years ago as an intern and seeing
this place operate in a very different way gives me the hope that some
way, we could find our way back from the brink. I don't think we have
been anywhere as deep in the pit of partisanship--to mix metaphors--as
at this moment, with this stolen seat; at this moment, with a cloud
over our President and, therefore, a cloud over his nomination; at this
moment, with a nomination that disrespected the role of a
supermajority, the role being to help encourage Presidents to make
nominations from the mainstream, not from the ideological extreme. Here
we are, deep, deep into the pit.
If we don't solve the dark-money problem which is very related to the
Supreme Court, then we aren't going to come together to solve the other
problems because we won't have people who have been elected through a
``we the people'' vision of America, where each citizen has an equal
voice, Jefferson's mother principle.
So that is the challenge that we face both on the Supreme Court side
of this nomination but also in terms of problem solving.
I think that article that just came out is one that should add to
this conversation--this article that says there is now yet another
issue, an issue that didn't come out in the Judiciary Committee
deliberations.
POLITICO has prepared a side-by-side comparison, which I have on this
multicolored chart so citizens can look that up and contribute to that.
But it is yet another reason we should probably go a different
direction.
Now I am going to turn to Gorsuch's views of expansive Executive
power.
Given the need for strong judicial oversight of this administration,
under the circumstances, this nominee is particularly ill-suited. He
has consistently taken the position that Executive power has very few
limits.
As a member of the Bush administration, Judge Gorsuch, according to
the New York Times, ``was at the center of both litigation and
negotiations with Congress'' regarding ``detainee abuses, military
commissions, warrantless surveillance and its broad claims of executive
power.''
As a lawyer at the Department of Justice, Judge Gorsuch defended
President Bush's enhanced interrogation methods.
In 2005 Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act, which was meant
to ensure greater human rights for detainees held at Guantanamo Bay.
Judge Gorsuch, working as a Department of Justice lawyer at the time,
managed to weaken a provision in the Detainee Treatment Act permitting
a civilian appeals court to review decisions by military tribunals.
The original draft let judges scrutinize whether the tribunal had
applied the correct standards, but the revised language only let them
look to see whether the tribunal had applied standards set by the
Pentagon. That is quite a change.
After the legislation was passed, Gorsuch sent an email to a
colleague in the White House in which he said he needed cheering up. In
the email, he discussed successful efforts to weaken the legislation
stating: ``The administration's victory is not well known, but its
significance shouldn't be understated.''
After the Supreme Court issued a landmark ruling in June 2006 to find
that officials involved in the use of interrogations could be
vulnerable to prosecution for war crimes, Judge Gorsuch helped draft a
legislative proposal to address the issue, though he left before the
eventual bill, the Military Tribunal Commissions Act, was enacted.
It is clear that he played a significant role in the case of Hamdan
v. Rumsfeld, which former Solicitor General Walter Dellinger called
``the most important decision on Presidential power ever.'' The case
was regarding the legal process being accorded to detainees at
Guantanamo Bay. His central role was made clear by a request from the
Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs that he, along with the
Solicitor General and his principal deputy, participate in a background
media call on the day the decision was to be announced.
The Department of Justice records show that Gorsuch had been very
involved in helping support the inclusion of language in the Detainee
Treatment Act and the National Defense Authorization Act and bolstered
the position that only the DC Circuit should be able to review
complaints about the Bush military commissions.
Gorsuch repeatedly asked several DOJ colleagues in November where we
stand on the legislative language and if there is anything we can do to
help.
In February, a Republican Senate Judiciary Committee staffer sent
Gorsuch a drafted amicus brief on behalf of Senators Kyl and Graham for
the administration's jurisdiction stripping arguments, a Congressional
Record excerpt supporting the claim. Fortunately, the Supreme Court
rejected the jurisdiction stripping Hamdan, but it was clear that
Gorsuch was trying his best to enact sweeping Bush claims to unilateral
authority and severe limits on judicial review.
Let me go back to the central premise here. As a member of the Bush
administration, Judge Gorsuch, according to the New York Times, was at
the center of both litigation and negotiations with Congress regarding
detainee abuses, military commissions, warrantless surveillance, and
broad claims of Executive power.
I think all of us should be more than a little disturbed by getting
to the bottom line here, which is that Congress sought to ensure
greater human rights for detainees held at Guantanamo Bay and Judge
Gorsuch was working as a DOJ lawyer to weaken a provision in that
regard and these other pieces that I have referred to.

I will turn now to an analysis of ``The Dissents of Judge Neil
Gorsuch: Far to the Right and Out of the Mainstream.''
This analysis by People For the American Way goes through a number of
cases, setting out the picture, if you will, of just how far out of the
mainstream Neil Gorsuch is. I will just read this by Elliot Mincberg,
written last month:

Many, if not most, decisions by the Supreme Court and the
court of appeals are unanimous. Reviewing the cases where an
appellate judge has chosen to disagree with and dissent from
his or her colleagues, therefore, can be particularly
revealing. And that is precisely the case with Judge Neil
Gorsuch. Judge Gorsuch's dissents from his colleagues on the
Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals are consistently right-wing,
generally seeking to favor big business and other authority
and harm the interests of workers and those who have suffered
abuse by government officials. And this is on a court which,
until recently, consisted primarily of Republican appointees
like Gorsuch. For example:
In Compass Environmental, Inc. v. Occupational Safety &
Health Review Commission, Gorsuch dissented from a decision
to affirm a Department of Labor fine against a company that
failed to properly train a worker, resulting in his death by
electrocution. Gorsuch claimed that there was no evidence to
show that industry standards would have required more
training. But as the court majority and the agency found,
there was ``clear evidence'' to support the ruling.

Let me say that again. Gorsuch said there was no evidence. The court
majority basically found there was ``clear evidence'' to support the
ruling.

In particular, the company's own job hazard analysis found
``fatal danger'' from the high-voltage power lines involved,
and recommended training for employees.

That was the company's own job hazard announcement. The company
itself knew: If you are operating a piece of equipment next to a high-
powered voltage line and that metal equipment touches that line, you
create the possibility of an electrocution.
That training was given to some employees, but the employee who was
killed did not get that training because they didn't give it to him. So
the court majority said: Yes, you should have provided the training
that you knew was necessary for the operation of this equipment in that
setting with a high-voltage power line, but you didn't give it.
Therefore, you are in the wrong. But Judge Gorsuch saw it differently.

As a result of that negligence, the danger truly did become
fatal, and the fine against

[[Page S2262]]

the company was clearly justified. But Gorsuch disagreed with
his own colleagues--including one who, like Gorsuch, was
appointed by President Bush--and argued that the corporation
should pay nothing.

My father was a mechanic. He worked when he was first out of high
school for construction companies on highways in Arizona, and he did a
whole host of roles but mostly repairing the equipment of the shop.
In a few years, he became a journeyman, a mechanic. In the course of
that work on these big machines, you come to be aware that there are a
lot of hazards that need to be addressed. You know some of those
hazards for the operators, some of the hazards for working on the
machines themselves.
Companies know this as well. They know that if they are hiring a new
employee to work in a hazardous setting, they need to train the
employee so the employee doesn't get hurt.
The company didn't provide the training. The employee died. The
company is fined. And Gorsuch says: No, no, no problem here.
Really? Why did the rest of the court majority find otherwise? Why
did the Department of Labor find otherwise? Why did he disagree with
his colleagues in order to protect a powerful corporation that had
failed to provide the training that resulted in the death of a person?
That is what the requirements for training are all about--to protect
individuals from situations where they are at high risk. You eliminate
those risks.
(Mr. TILLIS assumed the Chair.)
The article goes on to address the issue of the frozen trucker who I
discussed earlier.
In TransAm Trucking, Inc. v. Administrative Review Board, Gorsuch
dissented from a decision. Here again, the majority is finding one
thing, and, as you hear about this, you will realize that what the
majority found was very logical, and what Judge Gorsuch found was
standing everything on its head:

Gorsuch dissented from a decision to approve a Labor
Department determination that a large trucking company had
wrongfully fired a truck driver who had refused to drive
under hazardous conditions. The trailer's brakes had frozen
in subzero temperatures, and the driver waited over two hours
for repair help. He reported that he was ``having trouble
breathing because of the cold'' and that he ``couldn't feel
his feet.'' When help still did not arrive, he unhitched the
large trailer because of concerns about driving the entire
load under those conditions and began to drive away in the
cab. The company insisted by radio that he keep waiting in
the frigid conditions or drive with the full load, even
though the trailer's brakes had frozen. Although he returned
when help arrived in around fifteen minutes, he was fired;
the company claimed that the firing was proper because
instead of remaining in the freezing conditions and not
driving (which was his right), he drove off without the
trailer instead of the dangerous way the company demanded.
Gorsuch agreed with the company, claiming that finding for
the driver was improperly using the law ``as a sort of
springboard to combat all perceived evils in the
neighborhood'' and that the objective to promote health and
safety was just ``ephemeral and generic.'' The court majority
agreed with the agency, calling Gorsuch's reasoning
``curious.''

If anyone missed the elements of this case when I spoke about it
previously, as I have several times in the course of the night because
I find it such an outrageous situation, you have a driver who is in an
impossible situation. The brakes had frozen on a truck in subzero
temperatures. Therefore, the braking ability on the trailer is
compromised. So it is dangerous to drive it. Then the auxiliary heater
in the cab had failed. So he is in subzero conditions in the cab, and
as this relates he had conveyed that he had gone numb. He was having
trouble breathing because of the cold. He couldn't feel his feet. So he
did the logical thing to protect his own safety. He drove somewhere
seeking to get some heat but didn't drive the trailer because to do so
would have been to endanger everyone else. The Court said this all fits
with the law. Gorsuch disagreed.

In Planned Parenthood Ass'n of Utah v. Herbert, a three-
judge panel had issued a preliminary injunction against
Utah's governor for unilaterally cutting off Planned
Parenthood (PP) funding.

This is a case that I referred to earlier where you have three basic
things. A Governor chooses to cut off funding, eliminating equality
under the law because of some doctor videos that were released--videos
that were completely discredited later on--but in this kind of
political campaign he chose to discriminate against Planned Parenthood.
The fact is that those videos weren't about Utah. They were about a
program that wasn't even utilized by Planned Parenthood of Utah. So at
every level, there was no basis for this discrimination. So the
majority of the full Tenth Circuit declined to rehear the case after
the preliminary injunction.

Gorsuch, however, wrote a dissent for himself and several
others, and argued for deferring to the governor. An
important issue in the case was the governor's intent in
cutting off funding, which the panel found was retaliation
for promoting access to abortion. On that issue in
particular, Gorsuch argued for deference to the governor in
the name of ``comity.''

In the name of comity? OK. Let's get this right. It is OK to violate
the equality under the law in order to make nice with the powerful
government. That is what Gorsuch argued? Well, the majority certainly
disagreed, noting that nobody party to the suit had asked for a
rehearing. This is where you seek a rehearing by a broader group of the
panel of judges. If the defendant doesn't dispute it, why would you
possibly do a rehearing except to score political points on the
rightwing of the universe? That is what Gorsuch did. It shows his lack
of regard for reproductive rights. It also shows that he wanted comity,
that he wanted to make nice with the Governor rather than defend the
rights of the organization that had been discriminated against. I think
this kind of deference to executive authority is certainly something
that in the context of our current situation is a dangerous tendency.

These are just a few of the dissents written by Gorsuch
where his disagreements with his own colleagues, including
other Republican appointees, show that he is far to the right
and out of the mainstream. Altogether, Judge Gorsuch has
written 35 dissents, which are in the following areas:
workers' rights, abuse of government official authority,
corporations and consumers, criminal law, and other
constitutional issues.

So let's take a look at each of these areas. So again, these are
cases where Gorsuch is disagreeing with the majority on a case.

Judge Gorsuch has written five dissents in cases concerning
workers' rights.

I am reading this analysis. This analysis that has been prepared by
Elliot Mincberg last month, titled ``The Dissents of Judge Gorsuch: Far
to the Right and Out of the Mainstream.'' So Elliot writes:

Judge Gorsuch has written five dissents in cases concerning
workers' rights. In all but one, the majority found in favor
of the worker, but Gorsuch argued for a result that would
have hurt the worker and helped a corporation or other
employer. These include the Compass Environmental and TransAm
Trucking cases discussed above.

Those we already talked about.

The two others are similarly troubling.

These are not my words. I am reading Elliot Mincberg's words.

In Strickland v. United Parcel Service, Inc., the court
majority ruled that a lower court had improperly dismissed a
complaint that UPS had committed sex discrimination against a
fired female employee and had also violated the Family
Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and sent the case to the district
court so that the plaintiff could try to prove her claims at
trial. Although Gorsuch agreed with the FMLA ruling, he
dissented on the discrimination claim and argued that the
dismissal of that claim should be affirmed. The majority was
critical of Gorsuch's argument, noting that he ``fail[ed] to
acknowledge'' substantial evidence that the worker was
treated differently because of her gender. That evidence, the
majority explained, included testimony from ``multiple co-
workers'' that she was treated differently than male
employees, including being required to meet 100 percent of
sales goals and being subjected to ``increased oversight''
such as frequent ``negative'' meetings that ``interfered with
her ability to do her job.''

Certainly, I think, in this day and age, we expect companies not to
engage in discrimination on the basis of gender. Here the court found
``substantial evidence,'' including ``testimony from multiple co-
workers that she was treated differently''--and not in a positive way--
``than her male employees''--subjected to different sales goals,
subjected to different oversight, subjected to different special
meetings that interfered with her job. But Judge Gorsuch disagreed with
the majority and thought that this argument of discrimination should be
rejected.
The article continues:

Finally, in NLRB v. Community Health Services, Inc., Judge
Gorsuch dissented from a ruling last year that upheld a
National

[[Page S2263]]

Labor Relations Board (NLRB) decision that granted over
$100,000 in back pay to hospital workers whose hours were
illegally reduced, without deducting amounts that some earned
elsewhere during the period that the employees' hours were
improperly reduced. The Board concluded that such deductions
were improper because the outside employment was important to
help address additional hardship, encourage production and
employment, and prevent dilatory conduct by employers in
accord with law. But Gorsuch did more than dissent.

Again, I am reading now the words of Elliot Mincberg.

He excoriated the NLRB, a favorite target of many right-
wing Republicans, suggesting that the NLRB's decision could
have stemmed from its alleged ``frustration that it cannot
pursue more tantalizing goals like punishing employers for
unlawful actions.'' Interestingly, one of the judges in the
majority from which Gorsuch dissented was Chief Judge Tim
Tymkovich, also a Bush appointee who was on Trump's list of
21 possible Supreme Court nominees, but who obviously was not
selected.

You know the NLRB, or the National Labor Relations Board, exists to
protect workers by making sure employers abide by the law, and I find
that Gorsuch's language here that imputes that the Board was operating
not on the facts of the case but out of the frustration that it ``can't
pursue more tantalizing goals like punishing employers,'' really quite
bizarre.
I know that in the pursuit of protecting workers it is often
frustrating to companies that they get subjected to fines for their
conduct by the NLRB or are ordered to pay back pay, but isn't this now
the moment in which you have a President who said he was going to fight
for workers? Wouldn't he want to nominate a judge who actually wanted
to have the National Labor Relations Board be able to successfully
fight for fairness for workers, not someone who treated that as kind of
a frivolous thing: Oh, those workers, what do they need? They are just
constantly bothering our powerful corporations with things like asking
for fair treatment. How inappropriate is that? I mean, that is kind of
the tone of the Gorsuch approach here, and I think it is incredibly
important that we have an agency that says: If you proceed to bring
people in and you don't pay them for the hours they work, you must pay
them. If you are supposed to pay overtime and you didn't, you have to
make it up. Somebody has to hold people accountable to the law for
protection and for fairness to workers.
It is not as if workers in America have been doing very well. Over
the last four decades, workers have been getting the short end of the
stick. The wealth in America has soared and soared and soared, and the
workers, unfortunately, have received very little of that wealth. The
inequality in the Nation has expanded dramatically. One way of framing
this is that virtually all the new income in America has gone to the
richest 10 percent of Americans. So here we have an agency that is just
saying basic fairness: If you are supposed to pay overtime, pay
overtime. If you bring people into the job, pay them for the time they
work. If you are supposed to provide a break time, provide a break
time--basic fairness for workers. But instead of having this basic
fairness for workers, there is this campaign to take away the power of
the agency that provides that.
This came up in the context of the challenge we faced in 2013 when
the minority said: We are not going to allow anybody to be confirmed to
the National Labor Relations Board. They wanted it to be dysfunctional
so they couldn't protect workers. Now we have a President who was
running to help workers but he is nominating a Justice who treats that
like a frivolous goal--protecting workers.
Let me return to the argument here and to the topic of the ``Abuse of
Government Official Authority.''

Judge Gorsuch has written four dissents in civil cases
concerning claims of abuse of government official authority--
three involving law enforcement officials and one involving a
state's governor. In three out of four [of these cases], his
judicial colleagues found that such abuse had occurred or at
least the plaintiffs should have a chance to prove it. In all
three of those cases, Gorsuch dissented and would have
deferred to the government official.

We discussed already the most important of those dissents, which was
Planned Parenthood v. Utah.
Let's go forward to consider Cortez v. McCauley.

The full Tenth Circuit considered whether a couple whose
home was unexpectedly invaded by the police after midnight
could bring claims of abuse to a jury. In the case, a 2-year-
old girl for whom plaintiff Tina Cortez had baby-sat, said
that Tina's partner had molested her, which other later
investigation found to be untrue.
Based on that report alone and with no warrant, four police
officers burst into the Cortez's home after midnight. Among
their other actions, the police woke up the couple and shined
a flashlight into Ms. Cortez's face, grabbed her by the arm,
put her in the backseat of a locked police car, interrogated
her, left her there for about an hour, and searched the home
without a warrant even though the 2-year-old had not accused
her of any misconduct.
The couple was released and was allowed back into their
house after 2 a.m. after it became clear from investigation
elsewhere that the claims against Mr. Cortez were false and
there was no basis to proceed any further.
The majority and Judge Gorsuch were in substantial
agreement on Mr. Cortez's claims of improper police conduct,
but Judge Gorsuch wrote a dissent for himself and several
other judges from the decision of the majority, written by
another Republican appointee and joined by several others,
that Ms. Cortez should be able to present her claim to a jury
and that qualified immunity should not apply.
The majority criticized Judge Gorsuch because his dissent
``comes very close to saying'' that the police conduct was
justified simply because the 2-year-old's claim was repeated
by a nurse and her mother and was then ``acted upon by police
officers,'' reflecting an extraordinary and improper degree
of deference to police officials.
Gorsuch also attempted to minimize the harm to Ms. Cortez,
describing it as simply a ``transient feeling'' of
intimidation. But as the majority explained, Gorsuch
``disregard[ed] the emotional or psychological injury'' that
a jury could well find ``resulting from intimidation, fear
for personal safety,'' and ``loss of liberty and privacy'' as
a result of being ``removed from the residence in the middle
of the night'' and being ``locked'' in a police car and
interrogated ``for over an hour.''

To get a better grip on that case, this is setting up a situation in
which, on very minor information, police proceed without a warrant to
burst into a home after midnight, grab a woman, throw her in the
backseat of a locked police car, interrogate her, leave her there for
an hour, search the home without a warrant, and so forth. Gorsuch
described this as just a ``transient feeling'' of intimidation,
according to this article.
I think that if most of us were ripped out of our homes in the middle
of the night and were thrown into a police car and interrogated, we
would find it to be something more than just a minor transient feeling
of intimidation.
The point was the goal of whether she should be able to present her
claim to a jury. It was not even a finding on the legitimacy of her
case; it was just that she should have her day in court, that she
should be able to make her claim that how she was treated was
inappropriate. Gorsuch minimized the impact on her and wanted to strip
her of that ability to present her case in court.
Shouldn't citizens who have gone through what they believe to be
extraordinary experiences--and I believe being pulled out of your house
in the middle of the night and thrown into a police car and
interrogated is pretty substantial--have the ability to make their
case? Maybe the judge and jury agree with you and maybe they do not.
This is just a case of, do you get a chance to ask for justice? In this
case, Gorsuch said no, and the majority said yes, you should have a
chance.
There are issues here. There are issues of personal safety, issues of
loss of liberty, issues of loss of privacy.
In another case that Judge Gorsuch decided--and I return to reading
the article--Judge Gorsuch also dissented in Webb v. Thompson, in which
``the majority affirmed a lower court decision saying that county
police officials were not entitled to qualified immunity from a
complaint by a man arrested at a simple traffic stop and treated
improperly by county police. This included being held in jail for 5
days when, according to county police, he should have been released in
no more than 48 hours.''
This was, again, a man who was arrested at a simple traffic stop and
was held in jail for 5 days when the policy was that he should have
been released in 2 days.

The lower court had found that there was a disputed issue
of fact as to whether three officers had helped cause the
delay, which all

[[Page S2264]]

agreed was improper, and therefore ruled that the victim was
entitled to present his case to a jury. But Judge Gorsuch
dissented from the majority's decision to uphold that ruling,
claiming that the officers did not have a personal legal
duty to ensure a prompt hearing. The majority easily
explained the flaw in Gorsuch's argument. Whether or not
they had an affirmative duty to act, the majority
explained, the officers were clearly liable if they, in
fact, ``caused the delay.''

Here you have an individual who was held after a minor traffic stop--
held for 5 days in jail. I do not know about any other Member of the
Senate, but if a Member of the Senate were picked up on a traffic stop
and held for 5 days--and while we do not have the full context of the
case here, under the rules, he should have been held no more than 2--it
would be pretty upsetting, and his family would be pretty upset.
Thus, there is the question of whether you get a chance to present
your case. Do you, as a citizen, get a chance to present your case? The
majority said: Yes, there is a reasonable basis here. You get a chance
to present your case.
Gorsuch said: No, we are going to strip the individual of a chance to
present his case.
It is quite a different approach, a continuous finding on behalf of
the powerful, but not always. So I return to reading the article.

In one case, A.M. v. Holmes, Gorsuch dissented in favor of
an individual. The primary claim in that case was against two
middle school officials who had asked an Albuquerque police
officer to remove a 13-year-old boy who had disrupted a
physical education class and rendered a teacher ``unable to
continue to teach the class.'' The student was suspended and
also arrested under a State law prohibiting interference with
the educational process.
When the mother sued, the lower court granted qualified
immunity, a 10th Circuit panel majority affirmed, but Gorsuch
dissented, suggesting that the severity of the officials'
reaction was not justified. The majority also was troubled by
the circumstances, but explained that it is ``not our place
to question or undermine'' the state's decision to
``criminalize interference with the educational process.''

In this case, Judge Gorsuch did dispute a case and did so on behalf
of an individual, giving more substantial support to the mother, who
was suing.
I am reading from this article written by Elliot Mincberg. It is
titled ``The Dissents of Judge Neil Gorsuch: Far to the Right and out
of the Mainstream.''
The article turns to the issue of corporations and consumers.

Eight of Judge Gorsuch's dissents involved corporations,
consumers, or both, including one environmental case. One
dissent involved a case of two corporations pitted against
each other. In all but one of the seven others, Gorsuch
disagreed with his colleagues and wrote a dissent that
favored corporations, harmed consumers or other citizens, or
both. In the seventh, the corporation Gorsuch ruled against
was an adult bookstore. This is the case of Ragab v. Howard.
Ragab v. Howard concerned the increasingly important issue
of forcing individuals to go to arbitration, rather than the
courts, to resolve disputes with corporations. In this case,
an investment banking firm and a capital financing company
tried to compel arbitration of Sami Ragab's lawsuit for
misrepresentation and violation of consumer credit repair
laws in connection with agreements to help him obtain
financing for a new business.
Both the district court and the court of appeals majority,
including a Republican appointee, ruled against the
corporations. Judge Gorsuch dissented, however, arguing that
even though the six different agreements among the parties
contained conflicting language concerning the specifics of
handling arbitration, the fact that all six called for
arbitration of some sort was enough, and that the court
should do a ``workaround'' so that arbitration would take
place.
The majority strongly disagreed. The different provisions,
the majority explained, created such ``irreconcilable''
conflicts that it was clear that there was no ``meeting of
the minds,'' a basic principle of contract law. The majority
pointedly noted that it would be improper for ``courts'' to
effectively write in an arbitration requirement when the
agreements did not ``demonstrate the parties'' intent.

Let's talk for a moment about this issue of binding arbitration. This
is a situation in which consumers are involved in a transaction, and
there is some fine print that says: If we get into a dispute, you must
go to an arbitrator, and the outcome of that--whatever the arbitrator
decides--will be the only outcome you can get.
That sounds pretty good at first. An arbitration sounds like a
judicial process. Nothing about it sounds completely unbalanced. But,
in fact, it is not a judicial process; it is unbalanced. The
corporation hires the arbitrator.
Now, if you and I are in dispute and you are essentially hiring the
referee for that dispute, wouldn't you kind of figure the system was a
bit rigged, especially if there are a whole series of disputes and the
referee--that is, the arbitrator--wants the business of the corporation
and is only going to get that business if they find on behalf of the
corporation? So you are not going to get a fair hearing. You get an
unfair hearing.
The system is rigged because the individual being hired by the other
party will get business only if they keep finding in that party's
favor, so you enter the room knowing that you are going to be found
against, except in a rare circumstance. It is a completely rigged
system. It doesn't compensate at all. It doesn't replace any fair
adjudication, and it allows companies to get away with predatory
practices because there is no avenue through which to pursue fairness.
In this case, the majority said there is no clear arbitration, but
Judge Gorsuch wanted to write a requirement. He wanted to legislate.
We have seen these other cases where he wanted to legislate. He
wanted to change the way the law is written to protect truckers who
operate vehicles so as not to endanger others because he didn't like
that. He wanted to rewrite the law in Utah so that you could ban funds
for Planned Parenthood, even though it was unconstitutional to
discriminate against them, and so on and so forth.
The more I read his opinions, the more I think Neil Gorsuch should
run for office. He wants to change the law in case after case after
case. Run for office. Theoretically, that is what legislators do, not
what judges do. Judges call balls and strikes, not twist the law to
mean the opposite of what it was written to be. And in this case, he is
saying the court should do a ``workaround'' so that arbitration should
take place, and the majority said that is not possible. These are
irreconcilable conflicts between the different provisions of the
different arbitration requirements. There is no meeting of the minds.
It is the principle of contract law, and it would be improper for the
courts to write an arbitration requirement. But that is what Judge
Gorsuch wanted to do. He wanted to write an arbitration rule. He wanted
to legislate. Well, run for office; don't put yourself forward to fill
a stolen seat on the Supreme Court.
I know that members of the Senate Judiciary Committee followed these
cases during the hearings of the Judiciary Committee and looked at them
carefully. The more they saw, the more they saw not a judge but someone
who wanted to legislate, who wanted to rewrite the law to help the
powerful over the ordinary individual, in case after case after case.
Let's turn to another case. I will return to the article. This
article by Elliot Mincberg, titled ``The Dissents of Judge Neil
Gorsuch: Far to the Right and Out of the Mainstream.''
The article continues:

In Gorsuch's sole dissent on environmental issues, New
Mexico Off-Highway Vehicle Alliance v. US Forest Service, he
dissented from a ruling by two other Republican appointees
and argued that the Sierra Club and other environmental
groups should not be allowed to intervene in a lawsuit
contesting Forest Service rules that expanded the number of
trails and roads that were only for hikers and bikers.

So the lay of the land here: You have a really--by two Republican
appointees, and you have Gorsuch arguing the opposite side, saying that
the environmental group should not be allowed to intervene in a lawsuit
contesting Forest Service rules.
So then the article continues:

The Alliance, a nonprofit supported by Kawasaki and other
motorized vehicle companies, wanted to return to old rules
allowing motorized vehicles on more trails. Even though
neither the Forest Service nor the Alliance objected, the
district court ruled against the environmentalists'
participation in the case, and Gorsuch agreed in dissent. As
the majority explained, however, other 10th Circuit decisions
made clear that the environmentalists had strong reasons to
be involved in the case and ``should not have to rely'' on
the government to protect their interests, particularly since
the government did not object to the proposed intervention.
The majority specifically criticized Gorsuch for appearing to
rely on the opinion of just

[[Page S2265]]

three judges in a previous case involving all 13 10th Circuit
judges to try to reach a narrow and unfavorable result in the
case.

So I know that often Neil Gorsuch liked to say: I just apply the
precedents. So what does he do? He takes the opinion of three judges in
a case involving 13 Tenth Circuit judges. Well, you can see a clever
strategy as presented in this article, an effort to reach a narrow and
unfavorable result.
The article continues:

In WWC Holding Co. v. Sopkin, Gorsuch argued that a
wireless service carrier should be able to avoid the Colorado
Public Utility Commission's efforts to enact state-specific
consumer protection standards for wireless phone service
because the company was complying with relevant federal
rules. The majority in the case, including the Republican
appointee, disagreed and ruled that Colorado had the
authority to enact and enforce state-specific rules,
including requiring free calls at libraries, in school
districts, and in other community gathering places, under the
``express statutory authority'' of federal as well as state
law.

So let's review that. Gorsuch wanted the company to avoid the public
utility commission's requirements, and the majority said: Wait, there
is express statutory authority for the State utility commission to be
able to require State-specific things such as free calls at libraries,
in school districts, and in other community gathering places.

This is another case where Gorsuch wanted to be the legislator. Well,
go and get elected and write a law rather than writing law as a judge
when you are supposed to be calling the balls and strikes.
The article continues:

Judge Gorsuch dissented in three other cases in which the
majority had found in favor of individual consumers.

So the majority says the individual is right, and Judge Gorsuch said:
Let me be clear. I want this case to come out on behalf of the
corporation.
The article continues:

Pace v. Swerdlow, where the majority reversed the dismissal
of a negligence case against an expert witness and ruled that
parents should have the opportunity to prove that the
expert's actions prevented them from receiving compensation
related to their daughter's death.

So the argument of the parents was that there was an expert witness,
and the expert witness's actions prevented them from receiving
compensation relating to their daughter's death, and the case should be
dismissed. So the majority reversed the dismissal, but Judge Gorsuch
dissented.
The article continues:

In Salmon v. Astrue, where the majority ruled that a
hearing examiner had improperly disregarded evidence
reporting a claim of physical and mental disability benefits
from the Social Security Administration, but Gorsuch argued
in dissent that the examiner's denial met the legal test of
being supported by ``substantial evidence,'' which he equated
with simply being within the ``bounds of reason.''

The majority said the examiner--just to review that--had improperly
disregarded evidence. Well, certainly, if I were having a family member
in that situation, I would not want a hearing examiner to improperly
disregard evidence related to a claim for mental and physical
disability benefits. But Gorsuch argued on the other side, against the
person on the minority side.

In Blausey v. Trustee, where the majority allowed a
bankrupt couple to appeal an unfavorable bankruptcy court
decision, the majority said the couple should be able to
appeal an unfavorable bankruptcy court decision rejecting the
petition, although it ultimately decided against the couple,
but Gorsuch would not have accepted the appeal in the first
place.

He would not have allowed that bankrupt couple to appeal an
unfavorable bankruptcy court decision. The majority said: We may not
find in her favor, but she deserves her day in court. Judge Gorsuch
said: No day in court for her. We are not letting her even argue her
case.
The article goes on to address another section involving criminal
law:

Most of Judge Gorsuch's dissents have been in criminal
cases, often raising constitutional issues concerning whether
people have been deprived of effective assistance of counsel
under the Sixth Amendment or of rights against unreasonable
search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment. A number of
these were habeas corpus cases, in which the federal courts
undertake limited but important review concerning criminal
cases tried in state courts. Gorsuch has dissented in favor
of criminal defendants on five occasions. But in almost twice
as many, nine, he has dissented against rulings by
colleagues, many of them Republican, that vindicated
important constitutional rights.
Most troubling have been Gorsuch's four dissents in cases
where his colleagues found that Sixth Amendment rights were
violated because individuals, usually low-income people, did
not receive effective assistance of counsel. Perhaps the
clearest example is provided by his two dissents in Williams
v. Jones.
In the three-judge panel decision in Williams, two of
Gorsuch's Republican colleagues, including the very
conservative Michael McConnell, ruled that more effective
relief was required for an individual who, both the majority
and an Oklahoma estate appellate court agreed, was deprived
of effective assistance of counsel. In this case, the state
had offered Williams a plea agreement under which he would
serve 10 years in jail, which Williams wanted to accept but
was stopped by his counsel. The lawyer claimed that Williams
would be committing perjury if he accepted the agreement and
said that he would withdraw from representing Williams unless
the case went to trial; short of money, Williams agreed. The
trial resulted in a guilty verdict and a sentence of life
without the possibility of parole. The Oklahoma court of
appeals agreed that the lawyer's conduct was improper and had
harmed his client, but the only relief they granted was to
reduce the sentence to life with the possibility of parole.
The 10th Circuit accepted a habeas petition limited to the
question of adequacy of the relief provided by the Oklahoma
court.
The panel majority explained that in light of the egregious
conduct by counsel and the obvious consequences, the case
should be sent back to the state court to provide a remedy
``tailored to the injury.''

What is the injury? Egregious conduct by counsel resulting in a
massive penalty.

The panel majority explained that in light of the egregious
conduct by counsel and the obvious consequences, the case
should be sent back to the state to provide a remedy
``tailored to the injury,'' i.e. the loss of a ten-year
sentence as opposed to a life sentence. Gorsuch not only
disagreed, but would also have gone even further. He claimed
that there was no Sixth Amendment violation at all, because
Williams received a fair trial in which his lawyer
represented him well after the plea agreement failed.
The majority was extremely critical of Gorsuch's claim.
``No federal circuit court,'' they explained, had accepted
Gorsuch's view that any pre-trial Sixth Amendment violation
is somehow cured if the later trial is fair. Gorsuch's claim
that the Sixth Amendment is essentially limited to what
happens at trial, the majority stated, has been ``rejected by
the Supreme Court'' and is ``incompatible with a right to
effective assistance of counsel in connection with the entire
plea process.''

Let me comment here that when a person is in court and has very
limited funds--unlike a very affluent person who can have a whole team
of lawyers--you really depend on your lawyer representing you in an
effective manner, not, as relayed here, in an egregious manner that
basically undermined your path.

But Gorsuch did not stop there. He dissented from a
decision by the entire 10th Circuit not to rehear the case,
which included several additional Republican-appointed
judges, this time also claiming that the effect of the
court's ruling was to overturn the later jury verdict that
had found Williams guilty.
One of the Republican-appointed judges on the original
panel made short shrift of Gorsuch's arguments in a
concurring opinion. It was not a federal court that had
originally pointed out the Sixth Amendment violation
requiring relief; it was the Oklahoma appellate court that
found Williams' lawyer's conduct ``highly improper'' and
``deficient,'' and that Williams had ``indeed suffered
prejudice by his trial counsel's action.'' Gorsuch's view,
the concurrence explained, was ``impossible to square'' with
Supreme Court and court of appeals' rulings on effective
assistance of counsel. The Supreme Court denied review of the
case.

So the Supreme Court sided with the majority, essentially saying
Gorsuch got it wrong. This concept of effective assistance of counsel
is fundamental to the notion of a fair trial system. An ordinary person
can't represent themselves; they have to have effective assistance of
counsel if there is to be any possibility of a fair decision.
The article continues, saying:

Other dissents by Gorsuch on findings of Sixth Amendment
violations include:
Wilson v. Workman, in which the majority of the full Tenth
Circuit agreed, in a decision by Judge McConnell and joined
by other Republican appointees, that a death row prisoner
suffered a Sixth Amendment violation because his lawyer
failed to present important evidence of Wilson's poor mental
health and other problems that could have mitigated against
the death penalty. Gorsuch dissented and claimed that the
court should defer to the state appellate court that had
rejected the claims. But as the majority pointedly explained,
deference was inappropriate because the state court had not
considered available ``material, non-record evidence'' and
thus had not truly ``adjudicated that claim on the merits.''

[[Page S2266]]

So here is another case of the lack of effective assistance of
counsel, and all that counsel's representations were defective--
``failed to present important evidence of Wilson's poor mental health
and other issues that could have mitigated against the death penalty.''
Gorsuch said it doesn't matter. A majority said of course it matters.
``The state court had not considered available `material, non-record
evidence' and thus had not truly `adjudicated that claim on the
merits.' ''
Let's turn to the case of Hooks v. Workman. Again, I am reading from
this article:

Hooks v. Workman, in which another Republican-appointed
judge wrote a panel opinion finding that a death row
prisoner's lawyer had failed to present important mitigation
evidence, including concerning Hooks' brain damage, mental
retardation, and a history of abuse against him. Gorsuch
argued this time that even if that evidence had been
presented, the jury would have sentenced Hooks to death. As
the majority explained, however, the lawyer's work was
demonstrably ``deficient'' and ``prejudicial,'' and there was
clearly a ``reasonable probability'' that at least one juror
would have refused to impose the death penalty if the Sixth
Amendment violation had not occurred.

So here the majority--this is not Democratic or Republicans; it is an
Republican-appointed judge--found that a death row lawyer failed to
present important mitigation evidence regarding brain damage and mental
retardation and a history of abuse--all mitigating circumstances. The
failure to present that meant the jury sentenced him to death where
they might not have otherwise. The majority made it very clear that
``the lawyer's work was demonstrably `deficient' and `prejudicial,'''
but Gorsuch dissented.
The concept of effective assistance of counsel as presented in these
cases seems to be one that Neil Gorsuch really doesn't grasp or, if he
understands the concept intellectually, doesn't want to, if you will,
honor the requirements of the Sixth Amendment.
Turning to motions to suppress.

Judge Gorsuch's record is mixed concerning dissents
relating to motions to suppress evidence because of alleged
constitutional violations by police. In U.S. v. Carloss,
Gorsuch argued in dissent that it was improper for police
officers to knock on a homeowner's doors as part of
an investigation into illegal possession of a machine gun,
without a warrant or exigent circumstances, when the
homeowner had conspicuously posted ``No Trespassing''
signs on his door and around the property. Gorsuch listed
this opinion as one of his ten most significant opinions
in his response to the Senate Judiciary Committee
questionnaire.
In three other cases not involving trespassing at home,
however, Gorsuch dissented from decisions that suppressed
evidence because of improper conduct by law enforcement. In
US v. Benard, he dissented from a decision to suppress
statements made by Benard after he had been arrested without
receiving Miranda warnings. Gorsuch argued that the error was
harmless, but the majority explained that they ``cannot
conclude'' that was correct ``beyond a reasonable doubt,'' as
the law requires.
In US v. Nicholson, Gorsuch dissented from a ruling that
police officers had improperly stopped and then searched a
car for an alleged traffic violation, when there was no
violation at all because the driver's left turn was not
illegal. Gorsuch claimed it was a reasonable mistake, but the
majority explained that according to existing Circuit
precedent, ``failure to understand the law by the very person
charged with enforcing it is not objectively reasonable.''

To translate that, the police officer shouldn't stop somebody for
making a legal left turn when the left turn is legal.

And in US v. Dutton, Gorsuch dissented from a decision by
two other Republican appointees that a search warrant for a
storage unit contained a ``fatal flaw'' because the
application lacked ``any evidence'' that the unit belonged to
Dutton. Gorsuch called it a good faith error, but the
majority clearly disagreed.

So in these cases where he is dissenting, essentially the majority is
saying: You have to hold our public safety officers to a standard
required by law. And Gorsuch is saying: Well, it was good faith. It
wasn't an error. They didn't mean to do it. He is choosing to basically
say that the individuals will not be able to assert the error made on
the public safety side. It gives them a great big leash area, a big,
sizeable zone, and compresses the zone in which the individual is
acting. That is the pattern we see in this.

Other criminal issues.
In addition to Carloss, two of Gorsuch's other dissents
favorable to criminal defendants concerned prosecutions for
federal firearms violations. In US v. Ford, he argued in
dissent that prosecutors should have disclosed evidence
suggesting that the defendant was entrapped into purchasing a
machine gun, although the majority considered that evidence
not material to the defense. In US v. Games-Perez, Gorsuch
dissented from a decision not to rehear a case concerning a
federal law prohibiting possession of a gun by a felon.
Two other Gorsuch criminal law dissents that favor
defendants concerned unique issues. In US v. Nichols, he
argued in dissent that the full 10th Circuit should rehear a
case in which a sex offender was convicted of violating
requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act that he notify authorities when he travels
to another area. Nichols had been convicted prior to the date
of the Act, and Gorsuch argued that Congress had improperly
delegated to the attorney general wide authority to determine
to what extent the law applied to such offenders.

So apparently in that case the majority was pointing out that Nichols
had been convicted prior to the date of the act, and Gorsuch was
arguing that Congress had improperly delegated to the Attorney General
wide authority to determine to what extent the law applied.

Gorsuch also dissented in US v. Spaulding and disagreed
with a majority ruling that a lower court did not have
jurisdiction to set aside a criminal judgment that contains a
term of imprisonment.
In several other cases, however, Gorsuch dissented on the
merits from decisions by his colleagues that disfavored
prosecutors.
In US v. Rosales-Garcia, he dissented from a ruling that
the trial court judge had improperly enhanced the sentence of
an individual convicted of re-entering the country illegally
because of a prior conviction that resulted in a severe
sentence. The majority stated that ``we cannot agree'' with
Gorsuch's claim that the US Sentencing Guidelines could be
equally plausibly read to support the government's position.
As the majority explained, the sentence on the prior
conviction had been later enhanced because of the
individual's re-entry, not because of the original
misconduct, and thus should not qualify under the guidelines
as a reason to further increase the sentence imposed.
Gorsuch also dissented in US v. Raymond, in which one of
his Republican colleagues wrote an opinion affirming a lower
court decision to dismiss an indictment that violated a
previous plea agreement that prosecutors not bring additional
charges against Raymond arising out of conduct known to the
US Attorney before a specified date. Gorsuch argued that the
district judge had committed an error, but the majority
explained that ``we cannot disturb the district court's
factual finding'' that the US Attorney did have such
knowledge, based on specific testimony.

I am reading from a lengthy article prepared or at least issued under
the organization People for the American Way and titled ``The Dissents
of Judge Neil Gorsuch: Far to the Right and Out of the Mainstream'' by
Elliot Mincberg.
The article then turns to other constitutional issues. So I will
continue reading it. This article continues:

In addition to the criminal law and other cases discussed
above, Judge Gorsuch has written dissents from his
colleagues' opinions in three other cases related to
constitutional law issues: two relating to the Establishment
Clause and one relating to the Constitution's Guarantee
Clause. In all three, Gorsuch's dissent was significantly to
the right of even other Republican judges on the court or
raised other troubling concerns.
In Green v. Haskell County Board of Comm., a three-judge
panel of all Republican appointees had concluded that an
Oklahoma county's decision to approve the construction of and
maintain a Ten Commandments monument on its courthouse lawn
violated the Establishment Clause. Judge Gorsuch wrote an
opinion for himself and several other judges that dissented
from a decision by the full court of appeals, including
several other Republican appointees, not to rehear the case.
He argued that the panel's decision was inconsistent with the
Supreme Court's ruling in Van Orden v. Perry that upheld the
Ten Commandments monument in Texas, and suggested that the
court should not even use the establishment ``endorsement''
test to decide the case. As the panel decision explained,
however, the endorsement test remained the law in the Tenth
Circuit (and elsewhere), the monument clearly had the
``primary effect of endorsing religion,'' and the Van Orden
decision did not apply because the case involving a monument
that has stood on public property for 40 years without
challenge, while the monument in Green was recently erected
and challenged. The Supreme Court denied review of the case.
Another panel of three Republican-appointed judges simply
ruled against the Utah Highway Patrol Association's
construction and maintenance of a series of 12-foot crosses
on public lands near roads to memorialize deceased officers,
explaining the crosses had the ``impermissible effect'' of
appearing to endorse the Christian religion. Judge Gorsuch
wrote an opinion for himself and other judges that dissented
from the decision of the full court of appeals, including
Republican appointed judges, not to not rehear the

[[Page S2267]]

case. Gorsuch again asserted that the ``endorsement'' test
should not be applied, and relied on a three-judge plurality
in another Supreme Court case, Salazar v. Buono, that allowed
a cross to remain on public property. As the panel explained,
however, the endorsement test clearly remained the law of the
Circuit, and the Buono case did not apply because it
concerned a cross that had been on government property since
the 1930s. The Supreme Court again denied review of the
case--

Which means they upheld the majority and did not uphold the position
that Gorsuch was taking--

Justice Thomas alone wrote a vigorous dissent, making some
of the same arguments as did Judge Gorsuch.
Finally, Judge Gorsuch and several others dissented from
the decision of the full 10th Circuit not to rehear a panel
decision in Kerr v. Hickenlooper. The panel had upheld a
district court decision to allow a claim by a number of State
legislators and others that the Colorado taxpayer bill of
rights, under which all tax increases must be approved in
advance by voters before legislative action, violated the
Constitution's Guarantee Clause. Under that clause, all
States are guaranteed a republican form of government where a
State legislature presumably makes such decisions. The panel
did not reach the merits of the claim, but agreed that there
was standing to go forward and the case should not be
dismissed as raising only a ``political question.''
Gorsuch argued that the issue was an unreviewable political
question because there were no ``judicially manageable
standards'' to decide it. The panel disagreed, pointing out
that no such standards existed in advance of the Supreme
Court's decisions on the Second Amendment. In addition,
Gorsuch ignored the fact, as one scholar has pointed out,
that the Supreme Court itself has ruled on the merits of the
Guarantee Clause claims as recently as 1992. Even more
importantly, Gorsuch's dissent suggested a particularly
troubling view on the subject of possible constitutional
challenges to partisan redistricting.

Continuing the analysis here as presented in this particular article:

In particular, in trying to support the argument to his
dissent, Gorsuch asserted that the Supreme Court had ``put to
bed'' in Vieth v. Jubilerer the question of whether the
partisan gerrymandering could be challenged constitutionally
because of the lack of manageable standards of review. As the
Campaign Legal Center has pointed out, however, that
statement is flatly wrong. Although some justices argued that
the issue cannot be reviewed, in his controlling opinion in
Vieth, Justice Kennedy recognized the corrosive effects of
partisan redistricting, and held the door open for
appropriate and judicially manageable standards in the
future. In fact, a recent decision from Wisconsin that
articulated such standards in striking down partisan
gerrymandering could well be reviewed soon by the Supreme
Court. Gorsuch's suggestion that he already agrees with the
justices in Vieth who claimed the issue should not be are he
viewed at all is extremely disturbing.

The article then has a short conclusion that reads as follows:

This review of Judge Gorsuch's dissents yields very
troubling conclusions. Consistently, he has argued in favor
of corporations and government authority and against workers,
consumers, environmentalists, and poor people, even when a
majority of his colleagues, including other Republican
appointees, disagree. In those rare instances when he does
not so argue, he has frequently sided with gun and
property owners. His views are clearly to the right of the
Supreme Court majority--even when Justice Scalia was on
the Court--on issues like the Sixth Amendment, partisan
gerrymandering, the non-delegation doctrine, and the
Establishment Clause. Measured against his own colleagues
on the Tenth Circuit including Republican appointees, he
is far to the right and out of the mainstream, and should
not be elevated to the Supreme Court.

So that is the article titled ``The Dissents of Judge Neil Gorsuch:
Far to the Right and Out of the Mainstream.''
Let's turn to an analysis of the ways that Neil Gorsuch threatens
women's rights. This is titled ``Extreme Far Right Judge'' from the
Center for American Progress. ``5 Ways the Nomination of Neil Gorsuch
Threatens Women's Rights.'' It is from March 23, 2017.

The principle of equality is a cornerstone of American
democracy. From our nation's earliest history to the present
day, there has been a robust discussion about how to realize
the promise of equality and the everyday experiences of
people across the country. But equality in the United States
has come with an invisible asterisk: Its principles have not
been uniformly enjoyed across different segments of society.
Given this reality, people who face discrimination have
always depended on the courts to protect their access to
equal justice.

The article continues:

For women, the ongoing quest for equality has been a
deliberate--yet uneven--journey. The U.S. Supreme Court has
been pivotal in determining the pace and scope of this
progress. It is therefore critical that the next Supreme
Court justice has an unflinching commitment to an equality
that respects all women's dignity and autonomy, enables them
to participate fully in society, and empowers them to make
decisions about their lives that make sense for them.
President Donald Trump's nominee to the Supreme Court,
however, has a judicial record that suggests that he would
attack--not advance--women's equality if he is elevated to
the Supreme Court. A close look at Judge Neil Gorsuch's
record reveals that his appointment would likely threaten
women's rights in the following five ways.

The first area of the article addresses his putting employers'
preferences ahead of women's rights. And then it continues:

Gorsuch favors protecting the religious preferences of
employers at their employees' expense. If confirmed, he would
further erode women's ability to make sound personal health
decisions. In Hobby Lobby v. Sebelius, Gorsuch and his
colleagues on the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled
that a closely held, for-profit corporation could refuse on
religious grounds to comply with the Affordable Care Act, or
ACA, requirement that health insurance cover contraception.
Judge Gorsuch wrote a separate concurrence to the court's
ruling, explaining the ACA mandate forced the corporations to
violate their religious beliefs. A divided U.S. Supreme Court
upheld the 10th Circuit's decision.
While conservative judges frame the case as a dispute about
religious freedom, Hobby Lobby was also a case about women's
equality and the rights of employees. The ability to control
fertility is one of the most personal decisions a person can
make; for women, it goes to the heart of whether they have an
equal right to participate in the workforce and start a
family. Yet, Gorsuch deems these interests secondary to a
corporation's religious preferences.

The second area the article addresses is refusing to support
protections from pregnancy discrimination.

Because many women will take time off from work at some
point in their careers for the birth of a child, the
Pregnancy Discrimination Act was enacted in 1978 to make
clear that discrimination based on pregnancy or child birth
constitutes sex discrimination. Yet, too many women continue
to confront discriminatory, outdated attitudes about their
ability and commitment to work simply because they are or
might become pregnant.
Two of Gorsuch's former students at the University of
Colorado Law School allege that, during a discussion about
maternity leave in Gorsuch's legal ethics class, he stated
that employers should ask female applicants whether they
intend to start a family. He reportedly argued that women
often manipulate maternity leave policies to take time off at
the company's expense before leaving the company.
When asked about this at his Senate confirmation hearing,
Gorsuch first denied making the comments, claiming he had
merely asked students a question from a teacher's text to
illustrate the prevalence of sex discrimination. But when
asked about his specific views on pregnancy discrimination
laws, Gorsuch raised more questions than answers. He declined
to say whether questioning a female and not male applicants
about their intent to start a family would violate the law.
Gorsuch's unwillingness to clearly affirm protections against
pregnancy discrimination is cause for concern. Women's
ability to participate fully and equally in the workforce
depends on fair treatment without regard to family
responsibilities.

I am reading from the article, ``5 Ways the Nomination of Neil
Gorsuch Threatens Women's Rights,'' March 23, 2017. The article now
addresses the issue of undoing Roe v. Wade.

Throughout the Presidential campaign, Trump promised to
nominate a Supreme Court justice who would ``automatically
overturn Roe v. Wade. Judge Gorsuch admitted he spoke with
President Donald Trump about abortion in his pre-nomination
interview but claimed their conversation was limited to the
issue's political impact.
Gorsuch has declined to discuss his views on Rowe at his
hearing, beyond acknowledging that it is ``precedent.'' But
his writings make his position clear. Gorsuch has argued
against the legal principles on which Roe is founded, both
indirectly in his opinions and more directly in his book
criticizing assisted suicide. He is critical of the right to
privacy and the substantive due process rationale used by the
Supreme Court in support of this right. Without this right to
privacy, there is no Constitutional right to make decisions
about sex, reproduction, or even marriage without State
interference. Moreover, preserving and protecting a women's
constitutionally protected legal right to access abortion is
critical to their individual dignity and autonomy.

That is another section in the article, ``5 Ways the Nomination of
Neil Gorsuch Threatens Women's Rights.'' The next section is
``Eliminating women's access to health care.'' This will be the fourth
of the five sections.

Conservatives have relentlessly attacked women's access to
quality, affordable health

[[Page S2268]]

care, threatening their agency, health, and well-being. Among
the most vitriolic and inflammatory efforts: the push to
defund Planned Parenthood. Anti-abortion activists have
targeted Planned Parenthood because it provides abortion
services, even though those services are provided with
nonfederal funds and make up only a small percentage of the
services the organization provides. An estimated 2.5 million
people visit one of the 650 Planned Parenthood facilities
across the country each year. Eliminating funding for those
health centers would devastate entire communities and
dramatically reduce women's access to health care.
During Gorsuch's time on the 10th Circuit, the court upheld
an injunction to stop Utah Gov. Gary Herbert . . . from
defunding Planned Parenthood in response to misinformation to
doctored videos that falsely accused the organization of
selling fetal tissue. Gorsuch, however, took the unusual step
of pushing for a rehearing by the full court, even though the
Governor did not ask for a rehearing. When his colleagues
declined to rehear the case, Gorsuch dissented and attempted
to legitimize the governor's unsupported claims.

The fifth section in this article titled ``5 Ways the Nomination of
Neil Gorsuch Threatens Women's Rights'' is the section on ``Denying
women access to justice.''

No one can vindicate their rights if they cannot even make
it to court. Yet, in several cases, Gorsuch has shown a
conspicuous penchant for barring women from litigating
discrimination claims.
In Strickland v. UPS, Carole Strickland alleged that she
was discriminated against when she was held to higher
performance standards than her male coworkers, even as she
exceeded them in sales. The majority ruled that her case
could move forward, but Gorsuch filed a dissent arguing that
her evidence of discrimination, which included testimony from
multiple co-workers, was insufficient.
In another case, Weeks v. Kansas, former counsel Rebecca
Weeks alleged she was fired in retaliation for advocating for
colleagues who experienced workplace discrimination. Upon
review, Gorsuch openly ignored relevant U.S. Supreme Court
precedent because Weeks failed to cite it and denied her the
right to proceed with her claim. If Gorsuch is confirmed,
women may face new barriers to challenging discrimination in
court.
Judge Gorsuch could become a reliable vote against the
critical rights essential to women's equality and women's
progress--such as the ability to access reproductive health
care, including abortion, and challenge different forms of
sex discrimination in the workplace. Women deserve a Supreme
Court justice who will not turn back the clock on their
rights. The Senate should stand up for women and reject
President Trump's Supreme Court nominee.

The author, Jocelyn Frye, is a senior fellow at American Progress,
and coauthor Michele Jawando is vice president for legal progress at
American Progress.
Let's turn now to an article on money and politics. This article by
Arn Pearson appeared in the Huffington Post. It is titled ``Gorsuch
Would Move the Supreme Court in the Wrong Direction on Money in
Politics.''
The article starts out:

Who the Senate confirms to fill the current vacancy at the
U.S. Supreme Court will determine the nature of our elections
for decades to come.
The Court is closely divided on the issue of whether to
further open the floodgates for unlimited and undisclosed
political spending or allow limits designed to prevent
corruption and keep powerful special interests from drowning
out the voices of voters. The next justice will tip the
scales one way or the other.
While the court may be split on what to do about the
influence of big money in politics, the American people are
not.
Nine out of ten voters (93 percent) want ``a Supreme Court
justice who is open to limiting the influence of big money in
politics,'' according to recent polling. That includes 91
percent of Trump supporters, most of whom apparently believed
his populist rhetoric decrying the influence of big donors.
Unfortunately, that's not Neil Gorsuch.
Gorsuch hasn't handled many campaign finance reform cases,
but everything in his background and record strongly
indicates that he would favor fewer restrictions on political
spending by corporations and the wealthy, not more.
The son of two lawyers, Gorsuch has spent his life moving
in elite legal and corporate circles, and has been a strong
ideological conservative since his early days. He attended
Columbia University and Oxford, and earned his law degree at
Harvard. From 1995 to 2005, Gorsuch worked at a boutique D.C.
corporate law firm representing corporate clients--including
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce--in anti-trust, class action,
and securities lawsuits, before briefly joining the
Department of Justice under George W. Bush and being
nominated to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
The Chamber of Commerce spends more money to influence the
federal government than any other organization, and was one
of the top political spenders in 2016, making it among the
biggest beneficiaries of the Supreme Court's 2010 ruling in
Citizens United that allowed corporations to spend unlimited
amounts on independent expenditures and electioneering.
Gorsuch hasn't exactly left the corporate world behind
since becoming a judge, and has become a millionaire in his
own right.
A recent story by the New York Times documents Gorsuch's
close relationship with secretive billionaire Phillip
Anschutz, who has amassed $12.6 billion in wealth through a
sprawling business empire. Gorsuch represented Anschutz while
in corporate law practice, and Anschutz played a key role in
getting Gorsuch nominated to the federal appeals court.

I am reading from an article entitled, ``Gorsuch Would Move the
Supreme Court in the Wrong Direction on Money in Politics.''

Gorsuch has been a frequently featured guest at the mogul's
annual dove-hunting retreat for the rich and powerful on his
Eagle Nest Ranch. At the 2010 retreat, Gorsuch spoke about
the importance of judicial nominations, ``especially when we
live in a system where judges have the last word'' on the
Constitution and are ``empowered to strike down
legislation.'' Gorsuch implored his elite audience ``to be
vigilant to all threats to our prosperity.''
Not surprisingly, Gorsuch's rulings as a federal appeals
court judge have consistently favored large corporations over
consumers and workers, and indicate a willingness to overturn
key Court precedents that have supported efforts to reign in
corporate power since the New Deal.
The big question is whether Gorsuch would use his seat on
the Supreme Court to further weaken anti-corruption measures
when it comes to political spending.
People for the American Way joined 120 other democracy
reform and advocacy organizations and 110 House members this
week--

This would have been March 17--

in calling on the Senate Judiciary Committee and Senate
leadership to closely scrutinize Gorsuch's views on the
influence of big money in politics.
``Will Judge Gorsuch's legal philosophy lead him to strike
down even more protections against the use of corporate or
personal wealth to influence elections, such as candidate and
party contribution limits, or will he permit sensible limits
on political money in order to ensure the voices and will of
all Americans are fully represented within the political
process?'' the groups asked.
In Citizens United v. FEC, the 5-4 majority decreed that
independent expenditures by corporations ``do not give rise
to corruption or the appearance of corruption'' and that
``[t]he appearance of influence or access, furthermore, will
not cause the electorate to lose faith in our democracy.'' In
reaching that conclusion, the Court assumed that those
expenditures would not be coordinated with candidates, and
that they would be disclosed.
Almost everyone in America thinks big money in politics is
a problem (94 percent) and that it ``empowers wealthy special
interests over everyday Americans'' (93 percent), according
to a recent poll.
Taken to its logical and legal conclusion, the reasoning in
Citizens United--that corporations have the same right as
people, that money is speech, and that laws can't distinguish
between speakers--puts the little that remains of our
nation's post-Watergate scandal reforms at grave risk. So
far, the Court has rebuffed challenges to the federal ban on
direct corporate contributions to candidates and to most
contribution limits, but Gorsuch's confirmation could change
that.
In one of his only campaign finance cases, Riddle v.
Hickenlooper, Gorsuch wrote a concurring opinion that
suggests he would apply the highest level of scrutiny to
contribution limits that distinguish between types of
contributors. To date, the Supreme Court has applied a lower
level of scrutiny to contribution limits, including that
reasonable limits only impose a marginal restriction on First
Amendment rights.
Gorsuch's opinion signals that he might be willing to
strike down a ban on corporate campaign contributions on
Equal Protection grounds.
Relatedly, Gorsuch joined the majority in the controversial
Hobby Lobby Stores v. Sebelius case, which relied heavily on
Citizens United to extend religious liberty protections to
corporations. Indeed, Gorsuch would like to have taken things
even further to hold that any individual owners of the
corporation could challenge laws that allegedly impinge on
their beliefs.
When viewed together, those two cases support the troubling
conclusion that a Justice Gorsuch would be more likely to
expand on Citizens United's anti-reform rationale than to
walk it back.
Outside spending has more than doubled since Citizens
United and our elections are awash in cash--most of it from
the super rich, and much of it secret.
According to a new study by Demos, the Supreme Court's
string of decisions deregulating campaign spending over the
past decade was responsible for $1.3 billion in spending on
the presidential race and 77 percent of the money flowing
into competitive races in 2016.
Campaign spending isn't charity. Most big donors have a
stake in government decisions and want something in return.
The result? Increasingly, concentrated economic power is
translating into concentrated political power, and the rest
of us are left on the sidelines.

[[Page S2269]]

By all appearances, Gorsuch's confirmation to the Supreme
Court would move the country further in that troubling
direction by granting corporations new rights and crippling
government's ability to protect Americans from the exercise
of increased corporate power. Yet three out of four voters
want Congress to reject any Supreme Court nominee ``who will
help the wealthy and privileged wield too much power over our
elections.''
It's not hard to connect the dots. Confirming Gorsuch would
take the country down a path very few of us want, with
damaging results for the health of our democracy.

So that is the completion of the article entitled ``Gorsuch Would
Move the Supreme Court in the Wrong Direction on Money in Politics'' by
Arn Pearson from March 17, 2017, in the Huffington Post.
This issue of money in politics is a huge one for the future of our
country. If we do not succeed in reversing the decisions that have
unleashed a flow of largely secret money concentrated in the hands of
the megawealthy into campaigns, then there is no way that you end up
with a House or Senate that reflects the will of the people.
The President seemed to campaign saying that he cared about workers,
about ordinary people, but he has nominated an individual who gives
every indication of fully supporting the ability of money to be
concentrated in campaigns by the most wealthiest individuals in our
country and in fact corrupting the outcome.
I mentioned earlier that you can see this corrupting power by looking
at the disappearance of the interests of my colleagues across the aisle
in the environment. It used to be that Republicans were often
expressing a lot of interest in the sustainable management of the
environment.
It was President Nixon who created the Environmental Protection
Agency and the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, and many colleagues
expressed a lot of interest in taking on one of the most diabolical
sources of pollution, carbon dioxide. But that interest has completely
disappeared since the fossil fuel industry put ``bazillions'' of
dollars into the Republican Senate campaigns--completely disappeared.
Isn't that exactly the type of corruption that the Supreme Court said
they didn't expect to see?
Let me tell you that we have seen this pollutant, carbon dioxide,
surge in the atmosphere. Going back 20 to 30 years ago, there was an
increase per year in the parts per million in the atmosphere of about
one per year. So you might go from 350 to 351 parts per million in 1
year, and 351 to 352 the next. Now what we see is that the rate of
pollution has increased, and we are seeing close to an increase of 2
parts per million. This is not at one location. This is dispersed
carbon dioxide pollution across the world. This pollutant is directly
the product of burning fossil fuels, coal, and gas and oil.
So we have been extracting and burning these fuels for 150 years, and
they have greatly magnified the amount of work that can be done by a
human. When we used to evaluate how much work you can do, we talked
about horsepower--1 horsepower, 2 horsepower.
I was working in a village once where I was asked to help a man whose
nephew plowed a field in a remote hilltop, and we had a 2 horsepower
plow. We actually had a horse and mule pulling that plow. The man told
me that that combination was very good because the horse responded to
commands better and got the mule to behave, and the mule was better at
pulling the plow. So that was the combination. That was 2 horsepower.
But when you burn fossil fuels, you create a tremendous amount of
energy. We don't talk about our cars with 1 or 2 horsepower; we talk
about 100 horsepower or 200 horsepower.
Burning fossil fuels has enabled us to transform the face of this
planet in a few generations. Sometimes that has been an extremely
positive development--better housing, better transportation systems.
But there is an enormous dark side to the burning of fossil fuels, and
that dark side is the product, the pollutant, carbon dioxide. As it is
accumulating in the atmosphere, it is providing the blanket that is
causing the Earth to warm, and that warming is a very destructive force
on our farming, on our fishing, and on our forests. We used to talk
about computer models and what might happen in the future. Now we
simply pick up a newspaper and every day there is a news story of some
impact of global warming.
In my home State of Oregon, we have a fire season that is two months
longer than it was 40 years ago, with more acreage of forests burning
and more heat doing more damage. We have the spread of insects like
pine beetles, which would have been killed by colder winters but are
not killed by the warmer winters. We have a snowpack in the Cascades
that, while it can go up and down year to year, in general has been
declining, meaning less water for streams. So we have warmer, smaller
trout streams, and we have less water for irrigation, and we have over
on the coast a challenge with our oysters that reflects another
consequence of the growing pollution of carbon dioxide. That carbon
dioxide is absorbed into the ocean. A significant amount of it is
absorbed into the ocean and converted into carbonic acid. This acid
then, having changed the chemistry of water, makes it much more
difficult for sea life to form shells.
At about the time that I was running for office--running for the U.S.
Senate in 2007, 2008--there was a problem encountered by the Whiskey
Creek Oyster Hatchery in that its baby oysters were not thriving, often
dying, and they wondered why.
They turned to researchers at Oregon State University. They thought
maybe that this was a virus, but it was not. They thought maybe this
was a bacteria, and it was not a bacteria. Finally, they found
something that had been staring them in the face, which was that the
water was too acidic. The water they were pulling through a big pipe
out of the ocean was too acidic because of the carbonic acid. The
result was that the baby oysters had difficulty in forming their
shells. It is not just the baby oysters, as coral reefs are being
profoundly impacted across the world.
There is a researcher from Oregon State University, Professor
Dickson, who has made studying coral reefs his life's work. He did a
briefing here in DC. It was probably 7 or so years ago--6 or 7 years
ago. He showed some slides of the coral reefs that he had been
studying--what they used to look like and what they looked like today.
He said: These reefs are my babies, and my babies are dying. They are
dying because the temperature of the water is warmer and more acidic.
You may wonder how this affects the corals. First, as with the oyster
shells, they have more difficulty in forming their bodies. Coral is an
animal, and it lives in a symbiotic relationship with algae. When the
changes occur in the water, the algae can multiply at a rate that is
not supportable by the coral, and the coral ejects them. This is
referred to as bleaching. If circumstances do not change quickly, the
coral will die because it has ejected its symbiotic partner on which it
depends in order to live. There are reports that, over the past few
years, 80 percent of the Great Barrier Reef, off of Australia, has
died.
So here we have this massive problem that is facing the planet--
carbon pollution. It is having a huge impact on our farming for
irrigation water. Certainly, in our fishing, it is affecting things
like coral reefs and oysters and in our forests, with there being more
intense forest fires. Yet we here are doing so little to face this and
address this.
Why are we doing so little?
We are doing so little because the coal and oil billionaires have
proceeded to invest so much money in third-party Senate campaigns to
elect one side of the aisle and defeat the other side. They become the
controlling power behind what happens here on the floor of the Senate.
Those interests, most prominently represented by the Koch brothers,
do not want us to take on this issue of global warming and carbon
pollution because to take it on means to transform our energy economy
from extracting and burning fossil fuels, which they own vast amounts
of, to clean and renewable energy, which does not create carbon
dioxide--solar energy and wind energy. This group of companies--the
Koch brothers and friends--is doing everything it can to make sure that
this body sustains the subsidies we give to it and not help the success
of the clean and renewable energy that might replace the fossil fuels.
Look at it this way: Imagine that you have a set of doctors and they
have

[[Page S2270]]

an enormous disease affecting a city, but the donors behind the doctors
have a big stake and do not want them--the doctors--to address the
illness. That is corruption, and that is what we have right here, right
now.
We have a Senate that is corrupted by Citizens United and dark money
that flows through the campaigns and causes Senators who were concerned
about the environment to decide that, if they want to stay in office,
they had better not talk about it and they had sure better not do
anything about it. In addition, this fossil fuel cartel wants to make
sure it has a corps that continues this corruption. That is why they
put so much pressure on Senators not to consider Merrick Garland when
he was nominated last year, in 2016.
For the first time in the history of our country, when there was a
vacancy during a campaign year--an election year--the Senate failed to
do its responsibility under the advice and consent clause of the
Constitution. There were 15 times when we had previously had a vacancy
during an election year, and 15 times the Senate had responded, but not
last year, not on turn No. 16. Why was that? It is because the oil and
coal cartel did not want Senators to consider a Justice who might,
actually, end this corrupt system of the funding of campaigns.
You can see that their influence comes on multiple levels in terms of
direct pressure on policies for those who sit in the Senate but also in
terms of determining who sits in the Senate to begin with. In this
article, Gorsuch would move the Supreme Court in the wrong direction on
money and politics. This is not just one issue among dozens of others.
This is a key issue as to whether or not we have a ``we the
people'' government, which we are in the process of losing. We are
fighting this nomination because we are fighting to keep this vision--
our constitutional vision.

Our Founders were well aware that the powerful want to have a
government that serves the powerful. They saw it throughout Europe.
They said: We are going to do it differently in the United States of
America. We are not going to have a government by and for the powerful.
We are going to have a government by and for the people.
This is where Jefferson was concerned about whether we could sustain
such a government--one that would make decisions that reflected the
will of the people. He noted that we must, in order to have that
happen, have individuals--each citizen--have an equal voice. But
Citizens United and the philosophy for the powerful of Neil Gorsuch is
the opposite of Jefferson's mother principle. It is the opposite of
``we the people.'' That is why, when we come to a vote on closing
debate on this nominee, at least 41 of us are going to stand up and
say: absolutely not. We are going to stand for the integrity of the
United States. We are going to stand for the integrity of our
Constitution. We are going to stand for the integrity of the Senate,
and we, certainly, are going to stand for the integrity of the Supreme
Court. That vote should be 100 to zero to oppose closing debate, but at
least 41 of us care about this Constitution, and we will be doing all
we can to try to save our Nation.
I am going to share an article by Paul Gordon: ``Real People, Real
Lives: The Harm Caused By Judge Gorsuch.'' This article was written in
February of 2017.

When Donald Trump was running for president, he outsourced
his future selection of potential Supreme Court nominees to
two right wing organizations, the Federalist Society and the
Heritage Foundation. They provided him a list of 21 people
who were acceptable to them, Trump (the candidate) promised
to select a nominee from the list they gave him, and they and
their right wing colleagues agreed to support him. Neil
Gorsuch was nominated as the product of this political
arrangement.
So it is no surprise that Judge Gorsuch has a history of
regularly finding ways to put corporations and the powerful
first. In that way, he is much like his idol and role model
Antonin Scalia and the other far right conservatives on the
Supreme Court. And while this unbalanced approach to cases
might make for interesting reading, the courtroom is not an
academic paper. Each case involves real people with real
problems. While a judicial decision might be just another day
at work for some judges, it is often one of the most
important and impactful days in the lives of the people
involved. Below are some of the cases Judge Gorsuch has been
involved with and the people who have been affected by them--
people who have been victimized outside the courtroom and, to
the extent Gorsuch's view prevails, are victimized again.

(Mr. JOHNSON assumed the Chair.)
The article continues by turning to the case of Pinkerton v. Colorado
Department of Transportation, 2009.

How many men serving as Federal judges on circuit courts
have experienced increasingly blatant sexual harassment from
a supervisor over a period of weeks and months? Probably not
many. Perhaps that played a role when Judge Neil Gorsuch
joined Paul Kelly's opinion upholding the dismissal of a
fired woman's case alleging outrageous sexual harassment
and retaliation.
Betty Pinkerton experienced two months of escalating sexual
harassment from David Martinez, her supervisor, at her job
with the Colorado Department of Transportation. The
harassment began in December 2002 when Martinez asked her,
``What does a divorced 52 year [old] lady do when she gets
sexual urges?'' As she unfortunately had to do several times
over the next two months, Pinkerton told him he was being
inappropriate in asking such personal questions.
The harassment continued through January and February.
Every time she made it clear that his comments were not
welcome, but the harassment continued.
So on February 19, 2003, she reported the harassment to the
office of the civil rights administrator and formally filed a
written complaint on February 24. About three weeks later,
Martinez was removed as Pinkerton's supervisor, and on March
21 he was formally found to have engaged in sexually
inappropriate conduct with her.
But six days later, Pinkerton was fired.
She sued the Department of Transportation, claiming it was
liable for the hostile work environment Martinez had imposed
on her. But in Pinkerton v. Colorado Department of
Transportation, Judges Gorsuch and Kelly uphold the ruling of
a magistrate judge that she had waited too long (two months)
to report the harassment and the claim could not go to trial.

But as the dissenting Judge, David Ebel, pointed out, there could
have been justifiable reasons for the delay. Perhaps she felt the
harassment wasn't sufficient enough to file a complaint until it
elevated to a certain point, or maybe she thought she could get her
supervisor to stop without the involvement of the civil rights office
and without possibly damaging her relationships with others in the
office.

In addition, although this was not mentioned in the
dissent, perhaps the judges in the majority had insufficient
personal familiarity with repeated sexual harassment to know
the many reasons a woman might not promptly file a complaint.
But instead of letting a jury decide the question of fact as
to whether she waited ``too long,'' Gorsuch and Kelly took it
upon themselves to be the jurors and decided this factual
issue on their own.
Pinkerton also claimed that the Department of
Transportation had fired her as retaliation for reporting the
sexual harassment, while her employer cited poor performance
as the cause, each side having supporting evidence. Here too,
Judge Gorsuch took the issue away from a jury. He joined
Judge Kelly's majority opinion in a detailed analysis of all
the evidence (like a jury would have done at trial), decided
that no reasonable jury would find the Department of
Transportation fired her for any reason but poor performance,
and therefore dismissed her retaliation claim.
That's the jury's job, not theirs. As Judge Ebel noted in
his dissent, each side presented evidence supporting their
position, and the case should have gone to trial so the jury
could do what it is supposed to do: Determine the motive for
the firing. Judge Ebel listed several factors that a jury
might consider to determine that the employer's rationale of
job performance was simply a pretext for her firing. For
instance:
The State Department of Transportation director testified
that the most serious error leading to Pinkerton's firing was
an allegedly mishandled call from an employee's daughter that
had happened about four years earlier.
The director tried to get Pinkerton another job with the
state Department of Transportation only months before she was
fired.
As Judge Ebel noted, ``It is a jury's function to determine
whether an employer acted with a retaliatory motive.'' But
Judge Gorsuch chose to join his colleague as the jury so that
Pinkerton would not have the issue decided by a jury of her
peers.

I am reading from an article called ``Real People, Real Lives: The
Harm Caused By Judge Gorsuch,'' by Paul Gordon, March 2017.
The article now turns to the case of Caplinger v. Medtronic in 2015.
The headline of this section is ``Medical Device Maker Pushes Misuse of
Product: Protecting a Corporation From Its Victims.''
It starts out saying:

Illness can be frightening. We turn our health and our
lives over to medical personnel and there are many devices of
healing. While the physician is highly trained in

[[Page S2271]]

medicine, the device manufacturers are highly trained in
selling their products to the physicians. Patricia Caplinger
learned this the hard way.
Suffering from a degenerative disc condition, Patricia
Caplinger and her doctor discussed her options. Medtronic had
developed the ``Infuse Bone Graft device,'' which stimulated
bone growth. The FDA had only approved its use for surgeries
entering the body from the front, but a Medtronic
representative recommended an ``off-label'' usage: Enter from
behind to use the Infuse device. Not knowing that Medtronic
had evidence that such posterior approaches could actually
cause serious complications, both Caplinger and her doctor
chose to follow Medtronic's advice. The company's
representative was even present for the operation.
The consequences of the company's recommendation were
terrible for Caplinger, because posterior use of the device
resulted in too much bone growth. Two or three months after
the procedure, her symptoms returned and worsened. She
developed foot drop as a result, which in turn led to a knee
ligament tear requiring surgery. The rapid overgrowth of new
bone in her spine led to additional surgery, but the
overgrowth continued nonetheless, requiring yet another
surgery.
Because of the harm she suffered, Caplinger filed a
complaint against Medtronic in court. In her lawsuit,
Caplinger presented evidence of the lengths to which
Medtronic went to facilitate off-label use of its Infuse
product. These included bribing doctors, paying kickbacks for
promoting such uses, and funding misleading scientific
studies that provided a false impression of the safety of
these off-label uses.
Nevertheless, writing for a split panel in Caplinger v.
Medtronic, Gorsuch agreed with the lower court that every
charge of Caplinger's state-law lawsuit was preempted by
federal law. The dissenting judge agreed in part, but
concluded that Caplinger's negligence and failure-to-warn
claims were not necessarily preempted. He wrote: ``My
disagreement with the majority opinion does not turn on the
substance of federal preemption law. Instead, our
disagreement turns on our respective characterization of
Caplinger's pleadings and understanding of the proper burden
at this stage of the litigation.''
All three judges seemed to agree that Caplinger's briefs
were not written very clearly to address all the facets of
the preemption issue. One judge was willing to interpret them
to give her another chance to make her case, but Gorsuch
chose to characterize Caplinger's pleadings in such a way as
to ensure her case would be dismissed.
The executives at Medtronic were very likely very relieved.

This article, ``Real People, Real Lives: The Harm Caused by Judge
Gorsuch'' now turns to address ``Gorsuch and Children with Autism:
Removing the Chance to Learn Lifetime Skills.''

When Congress passed the Individuals With Disabilities
Education Act, it was a major step forward in making sure
children with disabilities had a free and appropriate public
education. But Luke P., a child with autism living in
Colorado, was denied this right by Judge Gorsuch, negatively
affecting not just him but other kids throughout the Tenth
Circuit.
Luke was two years old when he was diagnosed with autism,
and when he entered school, he had an education plan specific
to his needs, as required by IDEA. Between kindergarten and
third grade, he made significant progress in skills relating
to communication, self-care (including use of the toilet),
independence, motor skills, social interactions, and academic
functioning.
But there was an enormous problem for Luke. He was
generally unable to transfer his skills into environments
other than school. So when he was home or otherwise out of
school, he continued to have significant problems.
Fortunately, his parents learned about a residential
private school specializing in educating children with
autism. If he could gain admittance, Luke would live at the
school for 44 weeks of the year, and he would be supervised
24 hours a day. It was a great opportunity to not only
advance in the skills learned in school, but to generalize
them so they weren't place-dependent. His parents enrolled
him there with updated education goals and a new plan to
achieve them. They then applied to the school district to
reimburse them (since IDEA promises a free education). But
the district refused. They were willing to accept Luke's
updated plan, but they insisted those goals could be met at
the public school he'd been attending.
His parents refused to send him back to a school that had
achieved some success but had also failed Luke in many
important ways and continued to seek reimbursement. A hearing
officer, an administrative law judge, and a federal district
court judge all agreed that Luke's inability to generalize
his skills demonstrated that the school district had failed
to provide him with the free appropriate public education
required by law. Only the residential program could do that,
meaning the district needed to reimburse Luke's family.
Then Judge Gorsuch stepped in, taking away Luke's
opportunities and risking his entire future.
Writing for a Tenth Circuit panel in Thompson R2-J School
District v. Luke P., Gorsuch ruled in favor of the school
district. They had met their obligation to Luke because all
they had to do was provide an educational benefit that was
more than de minimis. That is quite a low bar, one that could
easily prevent Luke and other children from acquiring the
critical lifetime skills they will need throughout their
school years and for the rest of their lives.
Fortunately, there is hope: This term, the Supreme Court is
considering a different case challenging the ``de minimis''
standard. A decision in Endrew F. v. Douglas County School
District is expected by the end of June. Luke's family and
families across the nation will be looking to the Supreme
Court to protect their children.
What this article doesn't note is that the Supreme Court just handed
down a decision 8 to 0 overturning the position Judge Gorsuch had in
this case. They ruled that the IDEA Act was intended to ``provide an
educational benefit that was more than de minimis.'' Merely more than
nothing, I believe, was Gorsuch's standard. Merely more than nothing--
if you have done that, you have met the test. The Supreme Court said:
No, the whole point of the act was to provide an appropriate education.
It wasn't one or two Justices rejecting Gorsuch's writing, his
interpretation of the law--basically, his decision to ignore the law,
which is what he did in his decision. They ruled 8 to 0. They basically
kicked that decision clear out of the field of common sense or a
rational interpretation of what the IDEA Act says. So that was a
powerful addition to that story.
Let me return to the article. This section is called ``No Leave
Extension for Leukemia Patient: Gorsuch's Cramped View of What Makes an
Accommodation Reasonable.'' This is the case of Hwang v. Kansas State
University, in 2013.

Grace Hwang, a longtime assistant professor at Kansas State
University, received frightening news in June of 2009: Her
doctors diagnosed her as having leukemia. Without aggressive
chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant, she would die. She
had to spend six months in medical facilities, during which
time she was on a paid leave of absence. But she made sure
her work got done: She prepared the instructors who were
stepping in for her, including by sharing her teaching
materials, lesson plans, and syllabi. Even while she was
hospitalized, she consulted with the substitutes through
phone calls and e-mails.
In January, after her six-month ordeal, Professor Hwang was
looking forward to returning to work. But there was a severe
outbreak of swine flu on campus, and her physicians warned
her that, due to her compromised immune system, she should
stay away from campus. So she informed university officials
that she would need some additional leave--hopefully, a short
time, but potentially as long as the entire semester,
depending on the flu situation and her immune system.
But the university refused to grant her additional leave.
Their reason? Because they have a policy that caps a leave of
absence at six months, which she had used up. Professor Hwang
sued them for violating the Rehabilitation Act, which
requires employers to provide a reasonable accommodation for
someone's disability. She was unsuccessful before the
district court.
The Rehabilitation Act calls for accommodation requests to
be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Every situation is
unique, depending on any number of factors. That is why
Congress chose not to set a point at which a leave of absence
was no longer a reasonable accommodation.
But when Professor Hwang appealed to the Tenth Circuit,
Judge Gorsuch ruled against her in an opinion very much
focused on the length of time from its very opening (Hwang v.
Kansas Sate University (2013)). He set Professor Hwang up to
lose in the very first paragraph. He could have opened the
opinion in a neutral manner by asking whether extending her
leave would create an undue burden for the university.
Instead, he chose to frame the legal issue from the
university's perspective, casting the employer as the victim:
Must an employer allow employees more than six months' sick
leave or face liability under the Rehabilitation Act?
Unsurprisingly, the answer is almost always no.
Judge Gorsuch concluded that the professor simply could not
perform the duties of her job without being present on
campus, and an accommodation past six months was not
reasonable under the Rehabilitation Act.
The Rehabilitation Act seeks to prevent employers from
callously denying reasonable accommodations that permit
otherwise disqualified disabled persons to work--not to turn
employers into safety net providers for those who cannot
work.
Since Professor Hwang performed work while hospitalized to
ensure her classes were taught effectively in her absence, it
is hard to imagine that she could not do any work from home.
She was simply seeking a hopefully-short extension of her
leave so she could do her work in person without risking her
life. It is also difficult to see how her efforts to retain a
job she'd excelled at for

[[Page S2272]]

more than a decade was just an effort to turn her employer
into [as Judge Gorsuch termed it] ``a safety net provider.''
When Professor Hwang was first diagnosed, she probably had
no idea that her treatment would cost her her job.

These are stories from the article, ``Real People, Real Lives: The
Harm Caused By Judge Gorsuch.''
The next section is titled ``Excessive Force: Immunity For Police
Officer Who Kills Young Man Over Marijuana Plants.''

Wilson v. City of Lafayette (2013).
Wendy and Jack Wilson learned about Gorsuch's approach to
the law the hard way when they sought to hold police officer
John Harris accountable for needlessly killing their son
Ryan. Their son had been standing near an area known for
growing marijuana, and he admitted the plants were his. Then
he ran. Officer Harris chased him until Ryan reached a fence,
where he stopped. Officer Harris saw Ryan start to reach into
his pocket and warned him not to, in case it held a weapon.
As Ryan turned to run again, Officer Harris shot him in the
back of the head or neck with a Taser, killing him.
But in Wilson v. City of Lafayette (2013), Judge Gorsuch
concluded that Harris hadn't used unconstitutionally
excessive force, so the parents' case shouldn't even go to
trial. Another judge observed in her dissent that Gorsuch's
opinion
. . . fails to give sufficient weight to the fact that the
Taser used by Officer Harris on August 4, 2006, had a
targeting function, that Officer Harris fired at Ryan Wilson
from only ten to fifteen feet away, and the training manual
specifically warned officers against aiming it at the head or
throat unless necessary.
Given all this, the Wilsons certainly had a legal argument
of excessive force they should have been able to present at a
trial. But Gorsuch shut that possibility down. After losing
their son, they lost the opportunity to hold anyone
accountable for his completely unnecessary killing.
So much for ``And Justice For All.''

The next story in this article, ``Real People, Real Lives'' is
``Worker Dies Due to Inadequate Training, but Gorsuch Tries to Rule for
the Company,'' the case of Compass Environmental, otherwise known as
the case of the electrocuted miner.

Chris Carder also died needlessly, but in this case it was
from a workplace accident in which he was electrocuted.
Carder worked as a trench hand at a mine site, which involved
using rubber and metal hose with a metal nozzle to dispense
grease. Since there was a live power line crossing over the
construction site, the safety training everyone received
warned trench hands and others to keep at least twenty feet
from the powerline. However, Carder started on the job a week
after everyone else and, in a decision that had tragic
consequences, this safety measure was not included in
Carder's individual training. An accident ensued when the
nozzle was too close to the power line, and Carder was
fatally electrocuted.
Looking into the accident, the Department of Labor's
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)
concluded that Carder could have avoided electrocution had he
been adequately trained by his employer (Compass
Environmental) about the highly dangerous situation he
faced--training that the other on-site employees had
received. OSHRC [Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission] issued a serious citation against Compass for
inadequate training, and it imposed a financial penalty
against the company. This was upheld by a Tenth Circuit
panel, but with Judge Gorsuch in dissent.
While the majority in Compass Environmental v. OSHRC (2011)
criticized Gorsuch's case analysis, perhaps most striking was
Gorsuch's decision to open his dissent with an ideological
criticism of federal agencies in general:
Administrative agencies enjoy remarkable powers in our
legal order. Their interpretations of ambiguous statutes
control even when most everyone thinks Congress really meant
something else. Their regulations bind as long as they can
make the modest boast that they haven't behaved arbitrarily
or capriciously. Their factual findings rule the day unless
someone can show they have not just erred but clearly erred.
Gorsuch wrote that this was such a case, where the agency
had erred in finding Compass had violated the law. But the
superfluous ideological introduction cast a shadow on his
entire approach to the case and whether he analyzed it as a
disinterested judge or as an anti-government conservative
seeking to use his position on the federal bench to make a
political point. Either way, if it had been up to Gorsuch,
the company responsible for Carder's death would not have
been held accountable.

Well, it wasn't up to Gorsuch, because the majority of the panel
said: Yes, of course if you put a worker in a highly dangerous
situation, you have the responsibility to train them about that
situation. Somehow, Gorsuch managed to find the opposite conclusion: If
you put a worker in a highly dangerous place and don't train them, that
is OK, even if they die as a result.
I am reading stories from the article, ``Real People, Real Lives: The
Harm Caused By Judge Gorsuch.'' The next section is, ``Die or Be Fired:
The Case of the Frozen Trucker.'' I have relayed the facts of this
several times since I began speaking a few hours ago, so I will try to
do an abbreviated version of this.

TransAm Trucking v. Administrative Review Board (2016).
While Chris Carder died on the job, Alphonse Maddin was
fired for not dying on the job. He was a truck driver hauling
cargo in subzero weather, and the brakes on his trailer
froze. He stopped, called the company to report the problem,
then waited for a repair person. Unfortunately, the heater in
the cab of the truck was broken, wasn't working, so after a
couple of hours, his body became numb, his speech was
slurred, and he couldn't feel his feet at all. He called the
company two more times and reported his increasingly perilous
state; he was even having trouble breathing.
Maddin unhitched the trailer from the truck. With the
repair person still not there, he called the company to let
them know he was leaving to get help, but he was told not to
leave the trailer behind. He was given two choices: Drag the
trailer despite its frozen brakes (either impossible or
wildly dangerous), or keep waiting for the repair person in
the cold and put his own life at risk.
Rather than die in the cold, Maddin drove off in the truck
for help, leaving the trailer behind and returning with
assistance in about 15 minutes. A week later, the company
fired him for abandoning his cargo. The Labor Department
found that the company had violated whistleblower
protection regulations, since Maddin had reported a
problem, not obeyed an order relating to that problem that
could have killed him, and was fired for it.
Not surprisingly, . . . a panel of Tenth Circuit judges
upheld the Labor Department's actions. But Judge Gorsuch
dissented. The Surface Transportation Assistance Act protects
a worker from refusing to operate an unsafe vehicle.

I am now interjecting--which is what he did because he refused to
drive with that trailer attached with the frozen brakes, which could
have endangered many people on the road.
Now I will return to the article.

. . . a panel of Tenth Circuit judges upheld the Labor
Department's actions. But Judge Gorsuch dissented. The
Surface Transportation Assistance Act protects a worker from
refusing to operate an unsafe vehicle, but Gorsuch reasoned
that the driver wasn't ``refusing to operate'' anything at
all; instead, he was choosing to operate the vehicle in a way
that he'd been instructed not to. And that, wrote Gorsuch,
isn't covered by the law.

And that is how a person who wants to be a legislator turns the law
on its head, to reverse the outcome clearly laid out in the law to
begin with.
Back to the article.

So according to Gorsuch, a law passed to protect workers
from being forced to drive unsafe vehicles doesn't cover
workers who drive away to avoid the particularly unsafe
situation of death. The law empowers companies to make
workers choose between their jobs and their lives, according
to Gorsuch. Fortunately, Maddin survived his ordeal and
Gorsuch's analysis did not carry the day.

The next section of this article, ``Real People, Real Lives: The Harm
Caused By Judge Gorsuch''--the title is ``Defer to the Governor, Facts
Notwithstanding: Gorsuch Turns a Blind Eye to an Unlawful Effort to
Defund Planned Parenthood.''
This is also a case that I have read a fair amount about in the
course of the last few hours, so I will just summarize it.
The Governor of Utah said: Well, there is this video out, and it is
about a program in which Planned Parenthood sells tissue for research.
I don't like what they are doing, so I am going to refuse to provide
State funds to Planned Parenthood.
Planned Parenthood basically pointed this out: Well, first, the video
didn't have anything to do with Utah. Second of all, Planned Parenthood
in Utah is not involved in this tissue research program, so it had
nothing to do with us in that regard. And refusing to provide State
funds to us is unequal treatment under the law and unconstitutional.
The case was tried, and the judges found for Planned Parenthood for
all the reasons I just mentioned. Neither the Governor of Utah nor
Planned Parenthood saw any reason to appeal this. Planned Parenthood
had won, and the Governor recognized that there were seriously strong
arguments that had been made. But Gorsuch did something very unusual:
He asked the Tenth Circuit to reconsider the decision of the three-
court panel en banc, which means with all the judges of the Tenth

[[Page S2273]]

Circuit. He essentially retried the entire case with a larger group.
Gorsuch accused the majority of not showing ``the sort of comity this
court normally seeks to show the States and their elected
representatives.''
Let's treat the Governor nicely. The job of the court is not to treat
the Governor nicely; the job is to determine whether someone's rights
have been violated or whether someone has suffered damage that needs to
be compensated.
One of the fellow judges in the majority criticized Gorsuch's
mischaracterization of the record, and he noted that Gorsuch
``mischaracterizes this litigation and the panel opinion at several
turns.''
The article continues:

It would be hard to estimate how many women would have
become ill or died if Judge Gorsuch had been in the majority.

The next section of this article, ``Real People, Real Lives: The Harm
Caused By Judge Gorsuch'' is titled ``No Understanding of Another's
Perspective: The Department Of Motor Vehicles and the Rehabilitation
Act.'' This is the case of Barber v. Colorado.

Julianna Barber and her mother, Marcia Barber, learned just
how out of touch Judge Gorsuch could be . . . and the pain
that he would impose on people with disabilities and their
families. Fifteen year-old Julianna wanted to practice her
driving. Colorado law restricted her to driving with a parent
or guardian with a driver's license. Since her mother Marcia
was blind and therefore didn't have a license, she asked the
DMV for a reasonable accommodation: Let Julianna drive with
her grandfather. After consulting with the State attorney
general, the DMV refused, but suggested that Marcia could
give Julianna's grandfather some form of guardianship. She
refused to even discuss signing away her parental rights, and
the family sued under the Rehabilitation Act.

The Barbers lost in the Tenth Circuit with a panel consisting of
judges nominated by Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush
in Barber v. Colorado. The majority acknowledged that the State had
discriminated against Marcia Barber but ruled against her because she
refused to negotiate with the DMV over reasonable accommodation.

But Judge Gorsuch wrote a concurrence going even further:
Citing Colorado Revised Statute Section 15-14-102(4). Gorsuch
pointed out that the guardian for purposes of driving does
not have to be someone with full guardianship authority. He
also cited Colorado Revised Statute 15-14-105's provision
that a parent can delegate ``any power,'' however small,
``regarding care, custody or property'' of a child to someone
else. Therefore, all Marcia Barber had to do was find a sheet
of paper and write that Julianna's grandfather had the right
to supervise her driving. She wouldn't need to file the paper
in court or go through any other formal process. According to
Gorsuch, this option is available to anyone, does not
discriminate against anyone based on disability.
The DMV wasn't even required to make a reasonable
accommodation for the family. At no point in the opinion is
there any suggestion that Marcia Barber understood that the
DMV was talking about anything but surrendering some of her
parental rights, so it was not surprising that she wouldn't
consider discussing it further. No reasonable judge can
expect a regular person to be sufficiently familiar with the
details of Colorado statutes to know everything about
guardianship that he cites. How would she know this?
Gorsuch's inability to comprehend the worldview of another
person is perfectly captured in the footnote to his
concurrence.

The article says it is worth quoting in full. Here is that footnote:

Plaintiffs argue that, in a February 23, 2005 letter, the
State misrepresented its Colorado law by asking Ms. Barber to
sign a document giving full, not limited, guardianship
authority to another person. The letter, however, simply
stated that, for the ``youngest of drivers just learning to
drive,'' State law required ``that they be under the direct
and immediate supervision of someone with full parental
authority.'' By definition, a limited guardian has full
parental authority, albeit for prescribed purposes, sometimes
even very modest purposes (such as the supervision of a minor
while driving). The State thus did not misrepresent to
plaintiffs the availability or nature of its limited
guardianship statutes.
Perhaps 95 to 99 percent of the Nation's population, like
Marcia Barber, would not know that someone with full parental
authority could include someone whose only authority is
permission to supervise her daughter's driving. A good judge
recognizes that different people can reasonably interpret the
same thing differently based on their different education,
upbringings, and life experiences.

I think if somebody told me that they wanted me to grant full
parental authority to someone else, I certainly would say: Hold on.
That is not happening.
What Neil Gorsuch points out is that full parental authority can
apply to a very small set of activities, but the phrase ``full parental
authority'' implies a broad range. How would an ordinary citizen
possibly know the point Neil Gorsuch is making? And therefore I think
virtually everybody would respond the way she did. Full parental
authority--I am going to pass that away? No, of course not. Why don't
they call it limited or special cause parental authority? Then maybe an
ordinary person might have some idea. But that was not the case.
The next section in ``Real People, Real Lives: The Harm Caused By
Judge Gorsuch'' is titled ``Sex Discrimination: Never Mind the
Evidence.''

Many of the appeals before the 10th Circuit involve
plaintiffs whose cases were dismissed before trial or jury
verdict because (the trial judge ruled) they had not
presented enough evidence to possibly support their legal
claim. That is what happened to Carole Strickland, a UPS
driver who was promoted to key account executive. She
presented evidence that she had been the subject of sex
discrimination at the new job and quit under pressure.
Her coworkers testified that supervisors treated her
differently than her male colleagues. Even though Strickland
met between 93 and 104 percent of her sales quotas and was
outperforming at least some of her coworkers on every
measure, only she was required to attend individual meetings
with the supervisors. Only she had to make written sales
commitments, even though no one was at 100 percent of every
sales quota. One of the men in her office had lower
performances than Strickland in almost every sales measure,
but he was not required to attend meetings to discuss
performance, was not denied assistance, and was not counseled
for failing to reach 100 percent in every sales measure.
At the same time, UPS pointed out that there was one other
woman in Strickland's office, and she did not report being
treated differently. In addition, there had been one man
among the staff whose treatment approached that given to
Strickland. The district court ruled that she didn't have a
case and dismissed it.
The Tenth Circuit panel of judges who heard her appeal in
Strickland v. UPS (2009) disagreed. While her employer's
evidence might have undercut Strickland's case, she had
nevertheless presented enough evidence for a jury to consider
her arguments, consider UPS's arguments, and conclude that
she had indeed been subject to unlawful sex discrimination.

That is what the 10th Circuit said.

Judge Gorsuch dissented, deciding for himself that
Strickland's supervisors were not motivated by sex
discrimination. Therefore, Gorsuch concluded, since no
reasonable jury could agree with Strickland about the cause
of her treatment, her case should be dismissed before she
could make her case to a jury.
Everyone deserves their day in court. Except for some
people.

In case after case that I have been talking about in the course of
the last few hours, we see that the judge said: No, we are going to
stop that person from ever getting their day in court. Generally, the
article attacked the conduct of a powerful corporation.
The next section of ``Real People, Real Lives'' is regarding ``The
Most Vulnerable: Children With Disabilities.'' This case is ``A.F. v.
Espanola Public Schools (2015).''

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, IDEA,
ensures that students with disabilities are provided ``free
appropriate public education.'' Under the law, such children
have individualized education programs designed to provide
educational benefits. Congress included a requirement that if
a parent believes their child's needs are not being
addressed, . . . they must first exhaust the administrative
remedies IDEA makes available before they can go to court.
Congress has also passed other laws relevant to children with
disabilities, some of which have remedies that IDEA lacks.
They also require all IDEA administrative remedies to be
exhausted first before going to court.

A.F., a child with dyslexia, had her case heard on appeal by Judge
Gorsuch who read IDEA to limit parents' options to most effectively
address their children's educational needs. A.F.'s mother Christine
felt the school hadn't adequately assessed her daughter and created an
IEP [an Individual Education Plan] for her as IDEA requires. She filed
a complaint and reached an agreement in which the school recognized
that A.F. had a disability. Believing she had met the requirement to
exhaust IDEA's administrative remedies, she then went to court to
obtain remedies available under statutes like the Rehabilitation Act
and the Americans with Disabilities Act.

But in A.F. v. Espanola Public Schools . . . Judge Gorsuch
shut her down. Writing for a

[[Page S2274]]

divided panel, he ruled that she hadn't exhausted her
administrative remedies because she had reached a settlement
with the school district on her IDEA case. To pursue relief
available only through statutes other than IDEA, he
concluded, a parent must refuse to resolve the IDEA claim.
Judge Mary Beck Briscoe pointed out the bind Judge Gorsuch
was imposing on parents with children with disabilities,
against Congressional intent.

Judge Briscoe wrote:

[Judge Gorsuch's] interpretation is inconsistent with the
very purpose of IDEA. It forces a claimant to choose between
mediating a resolution to her IDEA claim . . . and thereby
obtaining some or all of the relief sought under IDEA . . .
,or forgoing any relief at all and waiting (while the child
ages and potentially continues to receive something other
than the requisite ``free appropriate public education'') in
hopes of later filing suit and obtaining relief under both
IDEA and other statutes.

So his position just places the parent in an impossible situation and
obviously a good share of the panel disagreed. Of course there are
parallels there on that IDEA case to the autism case that we looked at
earlier. Certainly, in both cases, the judge was not sympathetic to the
role of the family seeking an appropriate education for their child. In
the autism case, the Supreme Court just recently overturned Judge
Gorsuch and the principle he asserted, which is basically all that was
required of the school district was ``merely more than de minimus,''
merely more than nothing. That is inconsistent with the whole purpose
of the IDEA, which is to provide a free appropriate public education.
So here again, we see much the same attitude being displayed, an
attitude of rewriting the law to be something that it clearly is not.
``The Sixth Amendment: Undermining the Right to Counsel. Williams v.
Jones.'' I am reading another section from ``Real People, Real Lives:
The Harm Caused By Judge Gorsuch.''

Perhaps no government power is more awesome--and more
dangerously susceptible to abuse--than the right to imprison
someone, completely taking away their freedom. Because our
liberties require robust protection, the Bill of Rights
establishes certain requirements that the government must
meet before it is allowed to exercise its authority to lock
any of us away. Since the criminal law can be used mistakenly
or even inappropriately against anyone, these procedural
requirements are guarantors of our freedom.
The Founders recognized that unjustified imprisonment would
be less likely if each criminal defendant had someone
advocating for them who knew the law inside and out. Hence,
the Sixth Amendment guarantees that the criminally accused
``shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of
Counsel for his defence.'' As a constitutional provision that
is part of the Bill of Rights, this indicates that, as a
nation, we believe that no one should be stripped of their
freedom just because they are not experts in the law.
But Judge Gorsuch appeared to disagree, as he showed in
2009 case of Williams v. Jones. In this case, Michael
Williams was being prosecuted for first-degree murder. The
prosecution offered him a deal which he would plead guilty to
a lesser crime (second-degree murder) and he would serve ten
years in prison. Williams wanted to accept. However, his
attorney said that if Williams accepted the deal, he
(Williams) would be committing perjury and the lawyer
would withdraw from the case.
Faced with this terrible legal advice and threat from his
attorney, Williams reluctantly rejected the plea deal and
went to trial. He was found guilty of first-degree murder and
sentenced to life in prison without parole.
At the Tenth Circuit, the panel majority addressed the
appropriate remedy for the unconstitutional ineffective
assistance of counsel. While the remedy was not an easy issue
to address, the majority had no difficulty whatsoever in
identifying the constitutional violation. Indeed, a state
court in Oklahoma had already found that there was a Sixth
Amendment violation in this case.
Judge Gorsuch dissented both from the panel decision and
from the whole court's decision not to reconsider the case en
banc. He found no constitutional violation in the first
place, because he claimed that the right to effective
assistance of counsel only covers the trial, not any pretrial
plea bargaining. Since the trial itself appeared to be fair,
Gorsuch concluded, Williams didn't have a case. He wrote that
``due process requires a fair trial, not a good bargain.''

A little commentary here: What Judge Gorsuch was doing was saying
that the Sixth Amendment right to legal assistance is only in the case
of the trial, not in the legal work done before the trial starts. That
is what is being referred to by the panel majority as an ``extremely
cramped view of the right to counsel.''
So the article continues:

The panel majority harshly criticized this extremely
cramped view of the right to counsel, noting that it had been
rejected by the Supreme Court and was ``incompatible with
[the Supreme Court's precedents involving] a right to
effective assistance of counsel in connection with the entire
plea process.'' When the circuit without comment declined to
reconsider the case en banc, one judge wrote . . . a
concurring opinion solely to correct the errors in Gorsuch's
dissent. They cited the Supreme Court's prior holdings and
statements that would have made no sense if the Sixth
Amendment's right to counsel didn't apply at the pretrial
plea-bargaining stage.
The Sixth Amendment protects both the guilty and the
innocent. Judge Gorsuch's narrow interpretation is
particularly frightening in the age of Trump.

That concludes that section. But it certainly is disturbing that Neil
Gorsuch made a decision that completely disregarded the Supreme Court
precedents and made no sense because when you have a lawyer, that
lawyer is assisting you through the legal process. Part of that is the
negotiation that occurs before you are actually in court. It is all
part of the process of your case being considered. To try to put up a
wall and say the Sixth Amendment does not apply to any of the legal
work done, including negotiations over a potential plea, makes no
sense.
So you have Judge Gorsuch writing his own law, ignoring the Supreme
Court precedents, and being reprimanded, in essence, by the panel
majority.
Returning to the article, ``Real People, Real Lives,'' the conclusion
of the article reads as follows:

These are far from being the only people who have been or
could have been greatly harmed by the way Judge Gorsuch
approaches cases. When Gorsuch's view carry the day right
now, the damage he does is limited to States covered by the
Tenth Circuit; he has also been limited by the Supreme Court
precedent he may disagree with. Were he to be elevated to the
High Court, however, he would be in a position to overrule
precedents that have gotten in his way over the past 10
years, and the damage he would impose would be nationwide and
unreviewable.
Judge Gorsuch may be affable and have many friends, but
that is not at all relevant to whether he should be confirmed
to the Supreme Court. Few if any of the parties Gorsuch has
unfairly ruled against would feel better knowing that he is
reputed to be a great guy outside the courtroom.

So, that is the article ``Real People, Real Lives: The Harm Caused By
Judge Gorsuch.''
The next article is from the New York Times by Emily Bazelon and Eric
Posner from April 1, 2017. No, this was not an April Fools' article.
This is a serious article: ``The Government Gorsuch Wants to Undo.'' It
starts out as follows:

At recent Senate hearings to fill the Supreme Court's open
seat, Judge Neil Gorsuch came across as a thoroughly bland
and nonthreatening nominee. The idea was to give as little
ammunition as possible to opponents when his nomination comes
up this week for a vote, one that Senate Democrats may try to
upend with a filibuster.
But the reality is that Judge Gorsuch embraces a judicial
philosophy that would do nothing less than undermine the
structure of modern government--including the rules that keep
our water clean, regulate the financial markets and protect
workers and consumers. In strongly opposing the
administrative state, Judge Gorsuch is in the company of
incendiary figures like the White House advisor Steve Bannon,
who has called for its ``deconstruction.'' The Republican-
dominated House, too, has passed a bill designed to
severely curtail the power of federal agencies.
Businesses have always complained that government
regulations increase their costs, and no doubt some
regulations are ill-conceived. But a small group of
conservative intellectuals have gone much further to argue
that the rules that safeguard our welfare and the orderly
functioning of the market have been fashioned in a way that
is not constitutionally legitimate. This once-fringe cause of
the right asserts, as Judge Gorsuch put it in a speech last
year, that the administrative state ``poses a grave threat to
our values of personal liberty.''
The 80 years of law that are at stake began with the New
Deal. President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that the Great
Depression was caused in part by the ruinous competition
among companies. In 1933, Congress passed the National
Industrial Recovery Act, which allowed the president to
approve ``fair competition'' standards for different trades
and industries. The next year, Roosevelt approved a code for
the poultry industry, which, among other things, set a
minimum wage and maximum hours for workers, and hygiene
requirements for slaughterhouses. Such basic workplace
protections and constraints on the free market are now taken
for granted.
But in 1935, after a New York City slaughterhouse operator
was convicted of violating the poultry code, the Supreme
Court called into question the whole approach of the New

[[Page S2275]]

Deal, by holding that the N.I.R.A. was an ``unconstitutional
delegation by Congress of a legislative power.'' Only
Congress can create rules like the poultry code, the justices
said. Because Congress did not define ``fair competition,''
leaving the rulemaking to the president, the N.I.R.A.
violated the Constitution's separation of powers.
The court's ruling in the Shechter Poultry Corp. v. the
United States, along with another case decided the same year,
are the only instances in which the Supreme Court has ever
struck down a federal statute based on this rationale, known
as the ``nondelegation doctrine.'' Shechter Poultry's stand
against executive-branch rulemaking proved to be a legal dead
end, and for good reason. As the court has recognized over
and over, before and since 1935, Congress is a cumbersome
body that moves slowly in the best of times, while the
economy is an incredibly dynamic system. For the sake of
business as well as labor, the updating of regulations can't
wait for Congress to give highly specific and detailed
directions.
The New Deal filled the gap by giving policy-making
authority to agencies, including the Securities and Exchange
Commission, which protects investors, and the National Labor
Relations Board, which oversees bargaining between unions and
employers. Later came other agencies, including the
Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (which regulates workplace safety) and
the Department of Homeland Security. Still other agencies
regulate the broadcast spectrum, keep the national parks
open, help farmers and assist Americans who are overseas.
Administrative agencies coordinated the response to Sept. 11,
kept the Ebola outbreak in check and were instrumental in the
last financial crisis. They regulate the safety of food,
drugs, airplanes, and nuclear power plants. The
administrative state isn't optional in our complex society.
It's indispensable.

I am reading from the article ``The Government Gorsuch Wants to
Undo'' by Emily Bazelon and Eric Posner. It continues:

But if the regulatory power of this arm of government is
necessary, it also poses a risk that federal agencies, with
their large bureaucracies and potential ties to lobbyists,
could abuse their power. Congress sought to address that
concern in 1946, by passing the Administrative Procedure Act,
which ensured a role in the judiciary in overseeing rule-
making by agencies.
The system worked well enough for decades, but questions
arose when Ronald Reagan came to power promising to
deregulate. His EPA sought to weaken a rule, issued by the
Carter administration, which called for regulating
``stationary sources'' of air pollution--a broad wording that
is open to interpretation. When President Reagan's EPA
narrowed the definition of what counted as a ``stationary
source'' to allow plants to emit more pollutants, an
environmental group challenged the agency. The Supreme Court
held in 1984 in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
that the EPA and any agency could determine the meaning of an
ambiguous term in the law. The rule came to be known as the
Chevron deference: When Congress uses ambiguous language in a
statute, courts must defer to an agency's reasonable
interpretation of what the words mean.
Chevron was not used as a left-leaning decision. The
Supreme Court decided in favor of the Reagan administration,
after all, voting 6 to 0 (three justices did not take part),
and spanning the ideological spectrum. After the conservative
icon Justice Antonin Scalia reached the Supreme Court, he
declared himself a Chevron fan. ``In the long run Chevron
will endure,'' Justice Scalia wrote in a 1989 article,
``because it more accurately reflects the reality of
government, and thus more adequately serves its needs.''
That was then. But the Reagan administration's effort to
cut back on regulation ran out of steam. It turned out that
the public often likes regulation--because it keeps the air
and water clean, the workplace safe, and the financial system
in working order. Deregulation of the financial system led to
the savings and loan crisis in the 1980s and the financial
crisis a decade ago, costing taxpayers billions.
Businesses, however, have continued to complain that the
federal government regulates too much. In the past 20 years,
conservative legal scholars have bolstered the red-tape
critique with a constitutional one. They argued that only
Congress--not agencies--can create rules. This is Shechter
Poultry all over again.
And Judge Gorsuch has fortunately joined in. Last year, in
a concurring opinion in an immigration case called Gutierrez-
Brizuela v. Lynch, he attacked Chevron deference, writing
that the rule ``certainly seems to have added prodigious new
powers to an already titanic administrative State.''
Remarkably, Judge Gorsuch argued that Chevron--one of the
most frequently cited cases in the legal canon--is
illegitimate in part because it is out of step with (you
guessed it) Shechter Poultry. Never mind that the Supreme
Court has not since relied on its 1935 attempt to scuttle the
New Deal. Nonetheless, Judge Gorsuch wrote that in light of
Shechter Poultry, ``you might ask how is it that Chevron--a
rule that invests agencies with pretty unfettered power to
regulate a lot more than chicken--can evade the chopping
block.''
At his confirmation hearings, Judge Gorsuch hinted that he
might overturn Chevron without saying so directly, noting
that the administrative state existed long before 1984. The
implication is that little would change referring to the
E.P.A.'s or Department of Labor's reading of a statute.
Judges would interpret the law. Who would object to that?

But here's the thing: Judge Gorsuch is skeptical that Congress can
use broadly written laws to delegate authorities to agencies in the
first place. That can mean only that at least portions of such
statutes--the source of so many regulations that safeguard Americans'
welfare--must be sent back to Congress, to redo or not.

On the current Supreme Court, only Justice Clarence Thomas
seeks to strip power from the administrative state by
undercutting Chevron and even reviving the obsolete and
discredited nondelegation doctrine, as he explains in
opinions approvingly cited by Judge Gorsuch. But President
Trump may well appoint additional justices, and the other
conservatives on the court have expressed some uneasiness
with Chevron, though as yet they are not on board for
overturning it. What would happen if agencies could not make
rules for the financial industry and for consumer,
environmental and workplace protection? Decades of experience
in the United States and around the world teach that the
administrative state is a necessary part of the modern market
economy. With Judge Gorsuch on the Supreme Court, we will be
one step closer to testing that premise.

That is the conclusion of the New York Times article ``The Government
Gorsuch Wants to Undo'' by Emily Bazelon and Eric Posner, dated April
1.
The next article I will share with you is an editorial from November
7, and I believe the other is from December 24 of 2016. This is by the
editorial board of the New York Times, and it reads as follows:

People don't usually remember it this way, but on December
13, 2000, Vice President Al Gore gave one of the most
important speeches in American history. Mr. Gore had
contested initial results of the Florida vote count and
prevailed in Florida State courts, but the Supreme Court had
voted 5-to-4 the day before to end the recount and
effectively hand the presidency to George W. Bush.
``Now the U.S. Supreme Court has spoken,'' Mr. Gore said.
``Let there be no doubt, while I strongly disagree with the
court's decision, I accept it.'' The frenzied battle over a
few hundred votes had spawned intense anger across the
country--but it had been resolved ``as it must be resolved,
through the honored institutions of our democracy.''
Mr. Gore's concession that night still stands as the most
powerful reaffirmation in modern times of the Supreme Court's
unique and fragile role in the American system of government.
Millions of people were furious in the justices' decision in
Bush v. Gore--many believed it was the result not of legal
reasoning but of rank partisanship--and yet virtually
everyone followed Mr. Gore's selfless lead, accepted the
court as the final arbiter of the dispute, and moved on.
There were no riots in the streets, no attempted coups, no
``Second Amendment solutions.'' There was, instead, a
peaceful transfer of power: the hallmark of a civil society
operating under the rule of law.
Sixteen years later, the Supreme Court sits crippled,
unable to resolve the most pressing legal questions before
the country. Two events--the sudden death of Justice Antonin
Scalia in February and the unprecedented refusal of Senate
Republicans to even consider President Obama's pick to fill
the vacant seat--have converged to throw the court's future
as a functioning institution into doubt.
This scenario would have seemed unimaginable a year ago.
But Tuesday's vote--for president and for control of the
Senate--will determine whether the court remains short-handed
for months or, as Republicans are now threatening if they
hold the Senate, for years.
Last month, Senator Richard Burr, of North Carolina, told
supporters that if Hillary Clinton wins, ``I am going to do
everything I can to make sure four years from now, we still
got an opening on the Supreme Court.'' Senator Ted Cruz of
Texas suggested he was happy with the current situation, and
said, ``There is certainly long historical precedent for a
Supreme Court with fewer justices.'' Even Senator John
McCain, who once joined with Democrats in an effort to
depoliticize the judicial nomination process, recently told a
radio show, ``I promise you that we will be united against
any Supreme Court nominee that Hillary Clinton, if she were
President, would put up.''
Step back for a moment and consider the radical absurdity
of this position. Senate Republicans first justified their
refusal to hold hearings or a vote on Mr. Obama's nominee
before the presidential election because ``the people's
voice'' needed to be heard. That was always a transparent
lie. Now, apparently believing their candidate, Donald Trump,
will lose, they are acting as though the Supreme Court is the
property of the Republican Party.
This mind-set isn't just a matter of a few senators going
rogue. Leading conservative groups are embracing the
argument, happy to destroy a principle of American politics--

[[Page S2276]]

to privilege partisanship over the Constitution itself. Ilya
Shapiro, a senior fellow at the influential Cato Institute,
wrote two weeks ago that ``it would be completely decent,
honorable, and in keeping with the Senate's constitutional
duty to vote against essentially every judicial nominee'' a
President Clinton would name. Last Thursday, the Vice
President of Heritage Action for America, a top conservative
think tank, said Senators McCain, Burr and Cruz were taking
``exactly the right position,'' and that an effective, long-
term blockade of the court will require ``an immense amount
of willpower'' from Senate Republicans.
A small number of Republican senators have expressed
discomfort with this idea, but when was the last time public
interest won out in today's Republican Party?
The indefinite blockade not only hobbles the justices'
ability to resolve current cases, it takes open aim at the
court's legitimacy as the sole unelected branch of
government. Because the court ``has no influence over either
the sword or the purse,'' as Alexander Hamilton wrote in the
Federalist Papers, its legitimacy and authority depend
entirely on the shared public acceptance of its verdicts.
Today's Republicans are essentially saying the court is
nothing but another political body, and that justices should
be treated as ideological sock puppets of the president who
nominated them. Yes, the justices come with political beliefs
and backgrounds, but that makes it all the more important to
demand that they work harder than the rest of us to struggle
and preserve their independence. This is why, for instance,
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was wrong to comment on Mr.
Trump's candidacy--words for which she later apologized.
Until this year, no one disputed that the president should
have wide latitude in picking justices. In 1993, Senate
Republicans voted overwhelmingly in favor of Justice
Ginsburg, President Bill Clinton's first nominee. And even
though they voted in large numbers against Mr. Obama's first
two nominees, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, they did not
try to block those nominations from going forward. Senate
Democrats voted unanimously to confirm Ronald Reagan's choice
of Justice Scalia in 1986 and allowed full votes on Robert
Bork and Clarence Thomas, both of whom they strongly opposed.
In 2016, Republicans have blown this delicate balance to
pieces, all to keep a conservative majority. Of course, the
court has had a majority of Republican-appointed justices for
nearly half a century, through the normal processes of advice
and consent. But now, Republicans want to maintain that
majority, even if that means tossing out all political norms.
This majority, they hope, would promote a world view where
fewer people have rights, where women do not have
reproductive choices, where lawmakers can make it harder for
minorities to vote, where religious people are free to
disregard laws protecting people they don't like. Such a
court could use a severe interpretation of the Constitution
to ensure that American politics can be flooded with
unlimited money, that reasonable gun restrictions are struck
down, that corporate interests prevail over those of
consumers, and that basic environmental regulations are
turned back.
Make no mistake: That is the court Americans would get
under a President Trump. Still, Senate Democrats would have
an obligation to consider and vote on his nominees, just as
Republicans would have that obligation to Mrs. Clinton's
choices. No doubt, there would be Democratic voices demanding
that their Senators mimic the Republicans' shameful example.
But the Constitution asks more of us than that. In the next
Congress, regardless of who wins on Tuesday, the very
survival of the court as an independent body will be at
stake.

I certainly agree that the very survival of the Court as an
independent body is at stake right now. That is why I am here on the
floor at 4:20 in the morning. It is because so much is at stake in
terms of the legitimacy of the Court.
This is probably a good moment to return to the central premise of
where we are. Where we are is that for the first time in U.S. history,
a seat has been stolen from one President and delivered to another in a
Court-packing scheme. If that were to succeed, it would set a precedent
that would haunt the Court for decades to come, and it will haunt this
body, the Senate, because if a theft succeeds, then it changes the
analysis of every future Supreme Court vacancy.
If there is a vacancy and it is an opportunity for the Democrats to
steal a seat back and deliver it to a future President who might be a
Democrat, will they do so, and would they be right in doing so--to
rebalance the Court after a seat has been stolen? We should never have
to ask these questions--questions such as, if you can steal a seat and
get away with it, when a seat becomes vacant a year before a President
leaves office, can you do it 2 years before the President leaves
office? Can you do it for 3 years? Can you keep a seat vacant for 4
years, as suggested by the article I just read and the comments of some
of my colleagues in that they would be determined to reject any nominee
put forward by Hillary Clinton? These questions are being asked because
of this crime against our Constitution--the crime of stealing a Supreme
Court seat in an effort to pack the Court.
The second big issue we are facing is the investigations underway of
the Trump campaign and its possible coordination with the Russians to
change the outcome of the election.
We know a lot about what the Russians did. We know they created false
news stories. We know they had a team estimated to be 1,000 individuals
in a building, doing social media to amplify the impression that
Americans were writing negative comments about Hillary Clinton. We know
they had a system of bots--a botnet, if you will--to use computers to
respond and add commentary on comments people were making on social
media so that it looks like there are far more people--far more
disgruntled individuals--who were criticizing the Democratic nominee.
We know that their strategy involved trying to influence the outcome in
terms of groups like Facebook, identifying something as ``trending''
and then putting it up as ``trending news'' so that the false news, now
being driven by the thousand social media folks in some building and
the botnet, is amplified to the degree that it is now scrolling on your
Facebook, looking like very legitimate news. We know the Russians broke
into computers to obtain information and worked to release it in a
fashion that was designed to damage the Presidential nominee from the
Democratic Party.

That is a pretty comprehensive strategy of fake news and fake social
media comments and botnet-generated comments and breaking into
computers to secure information and release it in a fashion to damage
the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton. We will learn more about all
of those things, but that is a pretty good list of serious attacks on
the United States of America, attacks on the integrity of our electoral
system.
What we do not know--and why there are investigations underway--is
how much the Trump campaign communicated with and conspired with that
Russian operation. Each day, drip by drip, we hear more about some
contact. This morning, it was the media and the Seychelles that we did
not know about previously. Every day, it seems like there is one little
additional piece, and we do not know where it will all lead to, if
anywhere. Maybe it leads nowhere, but we must pursue it because if
anyone conspired with the Russians to undermine the integrity of our
elections and change the outcome of the elections, that is traitorous
conduct, and it must be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
Right now, we do not know a lot about how much communication and how
much potential collaboration or conspiracy there was, so we have
investigations to get to the bottom of it. The FBI has an investigation
into it, as well as the House Intelligence Committee and the Senate
Intelligence Committee, and we should not be considering this
nomination while those investigations are underway.
Of course, a third significant reason that we should not be pursuing
this is that the President failed to recognize the role of the
supermajority requirement--the 60-vote requirement--that anyone who
serves on the Supreme Court should be able to get bipartisan support
from 60 Members. Therefore, nominating somebody from the far right, the
extreme right, and all of the opinions we have talked about over the
last many hours are related to crushing the rights of individuals and
helping the most powerful. Certainly an individual who is at that far
point in the spectrum is not from the mainstream of judicial thinking.
It is another reason this should be set aside.
Then we have that information that came out at about 11 p.m., earlier
this evening, Tuesday time. Now we are 5\1/2\ hours later, but the
information was about the number of cases in which Neil Gorsuch had
lifted passages from others virtually word for word without giving them
credit. That is known as plagiarism. Hopefully, that issue will get a
fair amount of attention and be examined closely.
The next article I am going to read is in the Sunday Review, December
24,

[[Page S2277]]

2016, entitled ``The Stolen Supreme Court Seat.''

Soon after his inauguration next month, President-elect
Donald Trump will nominate someone to the Supreme Court,
which has been hamstrung by a vacancy since the death of
Justice Antonin Scalia in February. There will be public
debates about the nominee's credentials, past record,
judicial philosophy and temperament. There will be Senate
hearings and a vote.
No matter how it plays out, Americans must remember one
thing above all: The person who gets confirmed will sit in a
stolen seat.
It was stolen from Barack Obama, a twice-elected President
who fulfilled his constitutional duty more than nine months
ago by nominating Merrick Garland, a highly qualified and
widely respected federal appellate judge.
It was stolen by top Senate Republicans, who broke with
longstanding tradition and refused to consider any nominee
Mr. Obama might send them because they wanted to preserve the
court's conservative majority. The main perpetrators of the
theft were Mitch McConnell, the majority leader, and Charles
Grassley, chairman of the Judiciary Committee. But virtually
all Republican Senators were accomplices; only two supported
holding hearings.
The Republican Party line--that it was an election year, so
the American people should have a ``voice'' in the selection
of the next justice--was a patent lie. The people spoke when
they re-elected Mr. Obama in 2012, entrusting him to choose
new members for the court. And the Senate has had no problem
considering and usually confirming election-year nominees in
the past.
Of course, Supreme Court appointments have always been
political, and the court's ideological center has shifted
back and forth over time. But the Senate has given nominees
full consideration and a vote even when the party in power
has opposed a president's choice. That is, until this year,
when Republicans claimed that though the Constitution calls
for the Senate's ``advice and consent,'' Senators aren't
obligated to do anything. This is a bad-faith reading of that
clause, even if there is no clear way to force a vote. It
certainly obliterates a well-established political norm that
makes a functioning judicial branch possible. As Paul Krugman
wrote in his column on Monday, institutions are not magically
self-sustaining, and they ``don't protect against tyranny
when powerful people start defying political norms.''
This particular norm is of paramount importance because the
court's institutional legitimacy depends on its perceived
separation from the elected branches--a fragile concept in
the best of times. By tying the latest appointment directly
to the outcome of the election, Mr. McConnell and allies took
a torch to that idea--an outrageous gambit that, to nearly
everyone's shock, has paid off. But while Republicans may be
celebrating now, the damage they have inflicted on the
confirmation process, and on the court as an institution, may
be irreversible.
The slope is both slippery and steep. If Republicans can
justify an election-year blockade, what's to stop Democrats
in the future from doing the same? For that matter, why
should the party controlling the Senate ever allow a
President of the opposing party to choose a justice? Indeed,
in the weeks before the election, Senate Republicans were
threatening, with the encouragement of leading conservative
thinkers, never to confirm anyone to fill the vacancy if
Hillary Clinton won.
Can anything be done to repair the harm? One step--as
obvious as it is unlikely--would be for Mr. Trump to
renominate Mr. Garland. Conservatives will scoff, but they
know he is as qualified for the job as anyone in the country.
When Mr. Garland was floated as a possible choice for the
Supreme Court in 2010, Orrin Hatch, the senior Republican
Senator from Utah, called him a ``consensus nominee'' and
said there was ``no question'' that he would be confirmed
with bipartisan support. That's partly why Mr. Obama
nominated him this time, and also why Mr. McConnell denied
him a hearing--he knew he couldn't prevent a Senate vote once
Americans saw an eminently qualified and reasonable jurist
testify on live TV.
At the very least, Mr. Trump could follow President Obama's
example and pick a centrist--someone who commands wide
respect and operates within the bounds of mainstream legal
thought. That would be an appropriate gesture from a man who
lost the popular vote by more than 2.8 million votes and will
enter office with the lowest approval ratings in recent
history.
The shameful, infuriating actions of the Senate Republicans
won't be ignored in the history books. In a desperate effort
to keep a conservative majority in the court, they rejected
their own professed values of preserving American
institutions. There's little hope they will come to their
senses now, but they and Mr. Trump have the power and the
obligation to fix the mess they have created.

That is the article ``The Stolen Supreme Court Seat,'' an editorial
from the Sunday Review of the New York Times.
I do hope that there is a path in which this damage can be avoided
because it is enormously significant to confirm a Justice when the seat
has been stolen. It is enormously damaging to confirm a Justice when
the President's team is under investigation for possible collusion with
the Russians. It is enormously a big deal to confirm someone way out of
the mainstream of judicial thought in America.
So should this progress, should we find that there are 41 individuals
who will stand up for our institutions and block this nomination under
the filibuster tradition, the 60-vote tradition--60 votes required to
proceed--we will have the question of whether we are going to change
the rule or change the nominee. And always in the past, when the Senate
rejected in any fashion, including closing debate on a motion to
proceed, a nominee by tabling them--rejected a nominee by voting them
down--the answer was to change the nominee, to protect the integrity of
the Court.
I think the advice in the December 24 editorial, ``Stolen Supreme
Court Seat,'' which calls on the President to nominate a centrist, is
terrific advice because it may give a chance for healing to take place.
But there will be no healing if the seat is filled by Neil Gorsuch--a
seat that belonged to President Obama under the Constitution of the
United States of America, a seat that was stolen for the first time in
U.S. history. That dynamic will haunt us for a very, very long time.
This editorial is from January 31 from Time Magazine, entitled,
``Sorry, Neil Gorsuch, the Supreme Court Vacancy was Already Filled,''
and written by Geoffrey Stone:

If Antonin Scalia died today, and Donald Trump thereafter
nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch as his successor, I might
support Judge Gorsuch's confirmation. Although Judge Gorsuch
has not yet established himself as a jurist of any
distinction, he is generally regarded as a capable judge
with good character. Moreover, although he is a very
conservative jurist, he will be replacing a justice with a
similar ideological disposition. In such circumstances,
just as I supported the confirmation of Judge John Roberts
to succeed Chief Justice William Rehnquist, so too would I
be inclined to support the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to
succeed Antonin Scalia, even though I strongly disagree
with Gorsuch's very conservative ideology.
But Antonin Scalia did not die today. He died almost a year
ago, and President Barack Obama nominated Judge Merrick
Garland to succeed him. Chief Judge Garland is a jurist of
impeccable credentials and personal character who is widely
celebrated for his moderate approach to the law. President
Obama nominated Garland not only because of his distinguished
reputation as a jurist, but also because as a relatively
moderate judge, he should have been more than acceptable even
to the most conservative Senate Republicans. In typical Obama
fashion, Garland's nomination was an effort to compromise in
order to win the support of Senate Republicans.
Chief Judge Garland should have been confirmed easily.
Indeed, every Supreme Court nominee in living memory with
anything approaching Chief Judge Garland's impeccable
credentials and record of moderation has been easily
confirmed by the Senate, without regard to whether the Senate
was controlled by the President's party or by the opposing
party. This was true, for example, of such Republican
nominees to the Court as Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis
Powell, William Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day
O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter. Even the
extremely conservative Antonin Scalia was confirmed by a vote
of 98-0.
But not Merrick Garland. In a completely unprecedented
abuse of power, Senate Republicans, under the ``leadership''
of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, refused to
confirm, or even to consider, Judge Garland's nomination.
This unconscionable maneuver was nothing less than a
dishonorable and dishonest effort to steal this seat on the
Supreme Court for the right wing.
Senator McConnell had the audacity to maintain that the
``people'' should decide who should fill this particular
vacancy. By employing his duplicitous strategy, he managed to
shift this appointment from a President who had won the
popular vote by a margin of five million votes in 2012 to one
who lost the popular vote by a margin of three million votes
in 2016. This crass and unprincipled manipulation of our
democracy should not be allowed to succeed.
Anyone who cares about the proper and legitimate
functioning of our American democracy must oppose Judge
Gorsuch's nomination, not because he is necessarily
unqualified, but because of the undermining of our American
democracy by Senate Republicans. Anyone who cares about the
rule of law must oppose this nomination. If we fail to take
this stand, the Senate Republicans will have succeeded in
placing a justice onto our highest Court who has no business
being there. They will have undermined the credibility of the
Supreme Court as an institution, an institution that is
critical to the functioning of our Constitution.
Judge Gorsuch's nomination should be withdrawn, and the
President should nominate in his place a genuinely moderate
justice who is acceptable to Democrats and Republicans alike.
Only then can we move on

[[Page S2278]]

with a sense of institutional integrity. Short of that, every
decision of the Court decided by a margin of five-to-four
with Neil Gorsuch in the majority will justifiably be
castigated as fundamentally illegitimate.

That was in Time Magazine, by Geoffrey Stone, and op-ed opinion
editorial entitled, ``Sorry, Neil Gorsuch, the Supreme Court Vacancy
Was Already Filled.''
This commentary is from Rolling Stone, entitled, ``Grand Theft
Judiciary: How Republicans Stole the Supreme Court.'' It is subtitled:
``Pray that Ruth Bader Ginsburg and her fellow liberal justices stay
healthy and don't retire,'' by David Cohen, written in November of
2016.

The Republicans just pulled off one of the greatest heists
in American political history--they stole a Supreme Court
justice.
Since 1789, there have been 112 justices on the Supreme
Court. Having the opportunity to appoint a new justice is one
of the prize opportunities for a president. With the right
young justice, a president can influence American law and
society for decades to come. For instance, Anthony Kennedy,
the current ``swing justice'' on the Court, was appointed by
President Reagan. Since he sits in the ideological middle of
this current court, Kennedy's views on the law often
determine how American justice work. And for that, we owe
thanks to a president who was last elected 32 years ago and
has been dead since 2004. That's the power of a Supreme Court
appointment.
These opportunities are often completely unpredictable.
Justices are appointed for life, so they leave their position
only when they retire or die. Sure, a president can make an
educated guess about particular justices' life expectancies
or end-of-career plans, but knowing exactly when a justice is
going to leave the Court is out of the president's control.
When Justice Scalia died suddenly in February, President
Obama was gifted the opportunity to fill his third seat on
the Court. He had previously replaced David Souter with Sonia
Sotomayor and John Paul Stevens with Elena Kagan. Neither of
those appointments shifted the Court's ideological balance,
as in each case Obama replaced, broadly speaking, a judicial
liberal with another liberal. Replacing Scalia, on the other
hand, was going to be a monumental shift in the Court. Scalia
was one of the most conservative justices in the history of
the Supreme Court. An Obama replacement would give the Court
its fifth liberal and shift it to the left in historically
significant ways. President Obama and Democrats were
salivating at the opportunity.
The Republicans, though, were having none of it. Through
unflinching and unified obstructionism combined with
Tuesday's election of Donald Trump, they succeeded in
stealing a seat right out from under President Obama's nose.
It was a staggering case of grand theft judiciary.
This all started almost immediately with Scalia's death,
with the Republicans claiming a new theory that a president
should not be able to appoint a justice during an election
year; rather, the people should be allowed to speak and
decide on the direction of the Court, they said. Never mind
that justices have been confirmed regularly throughout
history in election years, and that presidents have
constitutional authority to appoint judges to the federal
judiciary in all four years of their terms, not just their
first three, and that the Court would have to (and continues
to) function with only eight justices. The Republicans
understood the stakes of shifting the Court's ideology, so
they put up a united obstructionist front and never wavered
in saying they would not confirm an Obama appointee this
year.
President Obama, as he often does, thought he could break
through the Republican wall by trying to appease them.
Instead of nominating a young liberal firebrand or a judicial
first, he nominated a well-respected but moderate, not-young
white male: Merrick Garland. Obama thought Garland, who had
been praised throughout his career by politicians on both
sides of the aisle, would be unobjectionable and would break
the logjam.
The president couldn't have been more wrong. Without any
interest group to cheerlead his cause, Garland was quickly
forgotten and faded into the distant background of American
politics. As a result, there was no movement whatsoever, and
Garland's nomination has lingered with no action longer than
for any nominee in history.
During the campaign, Democrats occasionally brought up this
issue, trying to paint Republican senators as obstructionist
and against good government. But the issue never stuck in
Senate races, and Hillary Clinton never really led the charge
over the Supreme Court either. As a result, according to an
ABC exit poll, of the 21 percent of Americans who said the
Supreme Court was the most important factor in their vote, 57
percent of them voted for Trump and only 40 percent voted for
Clinton.
Now that Trump is president-elect, he's going to have the
opportunity to fill Justice Scalia's seat; even though it
means the Supreme Court will remain short-handed for months
longer, there's no chance in hell Republicans will do
anything to move Garland's nomination between now and
inauguration day. They want their stolen prize, and they'll
wait for it.
Trump has given a list of 21 possible justices he would
nominate, all of whom have varying pedigrees as
conservatives. If he follows through and nominates someone
from that list, the Democrats could respond with a similar
blockade. Though the Republicans still control the Senate,
and thus would be able to move the nominee through the
judiciary committee to a floor vote, Democrats could try to
filibuster. A filibuster requires 60 votes to break, so the
52 Republicans in the Senate would not be able to stop it.
There are two problems with this plan, though. First,
Democrats have been less unified in the past when it comes to
opposition than the Republicans have been, and the Democrats
would need to make sure no more than seven Senators broke
ranks. With several Dems up for reelection in 2018 in very
conservative states, that's something that may be more
difficult than it should be.
Second, the Republicans may opt to get rid of the
filibuster altogether. This option, commonly referred to as
the ``nuclear option,'' would eliminate the filibuster as a
tool for Supreme Court nominees. Because of Republican
opposition during the Obama years, the Democrats eliminated
the filibuster for lower court justices when they controlled
the Senate. However, they kept it for Supreme Court
nominations because they understood just how controversial
and serious such a move would be.

The author continues:

I have no expectation that the Republicans would do the
same. They have been laser focused on wrestling this
nomination away from President Obama and are not going to let
the Democrats ruin their fun. The Senate rules allow the
filibuster to be eliminated with a majority vote, and the
Republicans will probably do so very soon after Trump
nominates his justice and the Democrats announce their
filibuster.
What will this mean for the Supreme Court? Filling this
seat will put a younger conservative in Justice Scalia's
seat. It will dash liberals' hope of a new progressive
Supreme Court and likely continue its recent history as one
of, if not the most, conservative Courts in American history.
However, the Court will still have Justice Kennedy as the
swing justice.

Obviously, this was written before the nomination of Neil Gorsuch. It
notes that if Republicans go nuclear, there is almost nothing the
Democrats can do to stop it. That is certainly true. We don't have a
mechanism that can prevent this body from reinterpreting the
application of its rules.
It happens in a very simple fashion. A Member asks for a ruling of
the Chair on whether the super majority provision to close debate
applies to closing debate on Senate nominees. The Chair consults with
the Parliamentarian and probably says: Yes, it does clearly apply. Then
the majority leader challenges the ruling of the Chair. If 51 folks
vote to overturn the ruling of the Chair, that is it. The precedent is
then set. The supermajority does not apply to Supreme Court nominees,
to closing debate on Supreme Court nominees. It is that simple. It is
not a change in the rules. The Senate rules require a supermajority to
change the rules. It has just not always been helpful. It has meant
that the Senate has not adjusted to the changing culture of the Senate
to keep it functional. A lot of the time, State legislatures are far
more functional than the U.S. Senate because when they have problems
develop as the culture changes or people develop new tactics for
obstruction, they adjust the way they operate in order to make sure
they can keep making decisions.
It is not unusual in my home State in Oregon for us--that is, the
body in the house or the senate in Oregon--to consider 8 or 10 bills in
a day. With a bill raised, everybody who wants to speak to it for 5
minutes or less gets to speak to it. Then there is a vote, it is
decided, and we go on to another. There is more conversation sharing of
viewpoints on the floor of the Oregon House in the course of a single
day than there is a sharing of views and debate on the floor of the
Senate in an entire year. We have, basically, completely lost anything
resembling a conversation about any issue before the Nation here on the
floor of the Senate. That is a tragic situation. It could be changed if
we changed the way that we operate.
(Mrs. ERNST assumed the Chair.)
The L.A. Times editorial board wrote an essay titled: ``It's not Neil
Gorsuch's fault, but we can't support his ascension to a stolen Supreme
Court seat.''
As we can see from this series of articles, no one will ever forget
that, for the first time in U.S. history, the majority is stealing a
seat from one President and delivering it to another in an audacious
effort to pack the Court. No one should ever forget that, and we should
come to our senses and end this

[[Page S2279]]

before the theft is completed by confirming the nominee to this seat.
This article in the L.A. Times, by the editorial board, says:

A decade ago, The Times urged the Senate to confirm John
Roberts to the U.S. Supreme Court even though he was a
conservative judge nominated by a conservative president and
was likely to pull the court to the right for decades to
come. We backed him, despite our disagreements with his
judicial philosophy, because we believe that presidents--
Democrats and Republicans alike--are entitled to significant
deference when they nominate justices to the high court, so
long as the nominees are well qualified and scandal-free,
respect precedent and fall within the broad mainstream of
judicial thinking.
Under normal circumstances, that same reasoning would lead
us to support the nomination of Judge Neil Gorsuch. Like
Roberts, he is conservative but competent, with more than a
decade of experience on the appellate bench and a ``well-
qualified'' rating from the American Bar Assn.
But these are not normal times.
Not after the outrageous obstruction of Judge Merrick
Garland's nomination for 10 full months by Senate
Republicans. That debacle began in March 2016, when President
Obama nominated Garland, a moderate and well-respected
appeals court judge, to fill the seat on the court that had
become vacant with the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.
Instead of doing what the Constitution requires and offering
their advice and, if merited, their consent, Senate
Republicans refused even to engage in the process. They
denied Garland a confirmation hearing and in many cases
wouldn't even meet with him--on the hastily fabricated
pretext that a president in his final year of office
shouldn't be allowed to name a new justice because . . .
well, it was never really clear what the supposed principle
was behind this self-serving position.
They stonewalled the nomination until Obama was safely out
of office and a Republican had won the election. And now,
with Gorsuch subbed in for Garland, their cynical and
dishonorable strategy is about to deliver its rewards.
Some people think it's hyperbolic to suggest that a seat
was ``stolen.'' But how else to describe it? Republicans took
the opportunity to fill the vacancy away from Barack Obama
without justification and delivered it up instead to
Donald Trump. Gorsuch could now tilt the balance on the
increasingly polarized Supreme Court for the next 30 or
more years, influencing rulings on free speech, gay and
transgender rights, campaign finance, abortion and gun
laws, among other subjects. He may not be outside the
mainstream of judicial thinking, but he is a textualist,
an originalist and a likely ally of the court's
conservative justices.
The Republicans' underhanded ploy to subvert the Garland
nomination has put the Democrats in an untenable position.
They can now do what would ordinarily be the right thing do--
by going high after the Republicans went low. They could
grumble a little bit but then decline to filibuster, or they
could even vote in favor of Gorsuch--effectively capitulating
in the quixotic hope that an act of good faith would
encourage the Republicans to behave more honorably in the
future.
Alternately, they can go down kicking and screaming. We say
``go down'' because no matter how hard they kick or how loud
they scream, they seem unlikely to win this battle. The
reality is that without filibustering, they don't have the
votes to defeat Gorsuch. And if they do mount a filibuster,
Senate Republicans can vote to do away with the filibuster
for Supreme Court nominees entirely. Under either scenario,
Gorsuch gets his job.
To be clear, Democrats and Republicans share the blame for
the long roll down the slippery slope of polarization and
dysfunction of the judicial selection process. (Some
Democrats have even suggested in the past that presidents
shouldn't fill Supreme Court seats in election years.) As
that selection process has become increasingly politicized,
the court itself has become more ideologically driven as
well. Although there are differences between Roberts and
Justice Samuel Alito, for example, on some important 1st
Amendment issues, it's also true that in recent years,
justices appointed by Democratic presidents have tended to
vote for ``liberal'' outcomes and justices appointed by
Republicans for ``conservative'' outcomes. That polarization
is a bad trend.
The judicial system works best when justices are neither
rigidly ideological nor biased along partisan lines. To get
there, we need a less highly politicalized selection process,
along with a measure of cooperation, compromise and civility
in Congress.
For the moment, though, it is imperative to remind the
world of what the GOP did. By all means, let's hear a cri de
coeur from Democrats, even if it is in vain. The Republican
misuse of power took partisan obstructionism to an
extraordinary new level and must not be ignored now as if it
never happened. President Obama's nominee was robbed of his
right to a hearing, and the Senate Democrats are under no
obligation to be complicit in the theft.

I do believe it is our responsibility to cry out from our hearts that
this is wrong. Stealing a Supreme Court seat is wrong. Having this
deliberation while the President is under a cloud for his team's
potential collaboration with Russians is wrong. And while this article
described Gorsuch as a bit more mainstream, as people have become
familiar with his opinions--opinions that were widely criticized by
other Republican jurists, and, in one case, overturned by the Supreme
Court on an 8-to-0 vote--they have come to the recognition that he is
way far out on the fringe, not in judicial mainstream.
So how do we fix this? We fix it by each Senator asking what they
would do if the tables were turned and the Democrats had stolen a seat.
The Republicans would cry out: It was wrong. They would ask Democrats
to join them in rejecting that theft. I invite my colleagues to go
through that exercise. How would you respond if a seat had been stolen
from a Republican President and delivered to a Democratic President?
How would you respond if that Democratic President was being
investigated for potential collaboration with the Russians to sway the
outcome of our elections? How would you respond if the nominee was not
from the mainstream, but from the far edge? I am quite confident about
how each person would respond because that situation would be
outrageous.
We must be able to step into each other's shoes and say: If we are
going to preserve this institution, we have to be willing to recognize
when it has gone off course, and it has gone dramatically off course
this last year.
This article is by Dawn Johnsen and is titled: ``Trump's Nominee
Shouldn't Get a Hearing Until Merrick Garland is Seated.''
There really is--as several of these articles have mentioned--a path
to righting this wrong, and that is to go back in time, to recognize
that Merrick Garland was not considered by the Senate, and that we need
to tell the President that we are not entertaining any person other
than Merrick Garland to be in the seat. We will debate whether he
should be in the seat. We will vote on whether he should be in the
seat, and thereby rectify this theft--this stolen seat theft that will
otherwise haunt this body and haunt the Supreme Court for the rest of
our lives and maybe well through our children's lives. But we haven't
committed the crime yet. This theft has not been completed. So we
should all be pondering how to prevent that from happening.
The article starts out:

As President Donald Trump's nominee for the vacant Supreme
Court seat receives public scrutiny in the coming days, it's
incumbent for us to remember one thing: This seat was not
Trump's to fill.
In fact, the U.S. Senate should refuse to confirm anyone
President Trump nominates to the Supreme Court--until Trump
renominates and the Senate confirms Judge Merrick Garland.

It then refers to a Senate filibuster as the only correct approach.

To recap: The Senate failed to fulfill its constitutional
responsibility with this unprecedented refusal even to
consider President Obama's nomination of Garland. Obama made
the nomination with about a year left in his presidency, but
from day one the Republican Senate leadership insisted it
would permanently block it.
No one ever questioned Garland's qualifications--an
impossibility for this brilliant, dedicated public servant.
The obstruction constituted an insulting challenge to Obama's
legitimacy, accompanied by calls for the people to decide via
the election of the next President. The Republicans
effectively have attempted to steal this Supreme Court seat.
If this effort succeeds--as has appeared likely ever since
Trump's surprise election--it will create a fundamental
imbalance in the third branch of our federal government, the
independence and integrity of which is vital to our
constitutional system. An essential role of the federal
judiciary is to check unlawful actions of the political
branches--Congress and the president. When political actors
conspire to distort the makeup of the court, as they did in
denying President Obama his basic constitutional role, we the
people must demand that the balance be restored.
The confirmation of Garland to the court would provide
perfect justice. This may not be quite so far-fetched as it
might seem initially. President Trump is likely to have the
opportunity to make more than one Supreme Court appointment.
As Trump is not nominating Garland this time, the Senate
should keep the current vacancy open until a second seat
becomes vacant. It should then confirm Garland, followed by
the consideration of the Trump choice. The only appropriate
alternative--given the constitutional stakes--would maintain
an eight-person or fewer court for four years.
I don't suggest this lightly: I experienced firsthand--

Again, I am reading this article. So the ``I'' is the author. The
author is Dawn Johnsen.

[[Page S2280]]

I don't suggest this lightly: I experienced firsthand the
personal toll of the Senate refusing to vote on my nomination
to head the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel
in 2009 and 2010. One Republican senator sought to reassure
me it wasn't personal; it was politics, how the game was
played: ``You do it to us; we do it to you.'' My husband, two
sons, and I spent more than a year in confirmation limbo, in
a rented house far from home, awaiting the Senate vote
repeatedly predicted for the next week, next month--but that
never came.
Of course, the politicization of a presidential appointment
is wrong. Each of the president's nominations ordinarily
should be assessed on its individual merits. Notwithstanding
Trump's awful first 10 days in office, the Senate should
continue to offer the president's executive branch nominees
this same fair standard of treatment. In particular, Trump's
nominee to head the Office of Legal Counsel--the office to
which President Obama nominated me and the same office I
headed for part of the Clinton administration--should be
confirmed expeditiously, as long as the nominee is personally
qualified. This president is in desperate need of good legal
advice.
But this Supreme Court vacancy is different. It exists only
as the result of the wrongful denial of the legitimacy of
Obama's presidency. It is the breakdown of the very function
of our democracy and a slap in the face to constitutional
norms. It is an attempted theft that, if permitted, would
bring longstanding consequences. Its end was to prevent the
court from having a majority of justices appointed by
Democratic presidents for the first time since 1969. That's
almost half a century with a court majority appointed by
Republican presidents, a striking imbalance that does not
reflect the presidential vote: Since 1961, Democratic and
Republican presidents have served equal numbers of years.
The flimsy and transparently specious argument Republicans
offered was: ``Let the people decide.'' Of course, the people
decided when they elected President Obama to a second four-
year term. And 3 million more Americans decided they
preferred Obama have a Democratic successor rather than Trump
make this appointment. Those who value an independent
judiciary, and a Senate committed to democracy, can fix this
constitutional problem by insisting on Merrick Garland's
appointment to the seat he already should be occupying. The
pick after that can belong to President Trump.

I think that accurately sums it up. There is an idea embedded in
there of saying: How about this? How about this, fellow Senators--that
we suspend the consideration of Neil Gorsuch at this point in time
until there is another Supreme Court seat that opens up, and at that
time, Merrick Garland gets at least considered for the first seat, the
seat that he was rightly nominated for. President Trump has his person
rightly considered for the second seat. That would be a way to heal the
mess that has been created through the theft of the Supreme Court seat:
We have stolen it, but we will not act on it, and so eventually we will
enable the same nominee to be considered for that seat. That is an
interesting idea, a face-saving idea, an idea that gives President
Trump the opportunity to make the nomination that corresponds to a seat
that comes open during his administration, and President Obama's
nominee to be considered for the seat that came open under President
Obama's control of the Presidency--his time in office.

The LA Times January 31 editorial said--the title kind of sums it up:
``When the GOP stole Merrick Garland's Supreme Court seat, they set the
stage for a miserable battle.'' That is pretty much the situation we
are in. The previous article I read laid out an idea of a way around it
at this point, in which we leave the Scalia seat empty until there is a
second seat, and then Merrick Garland gets considered for the first
seat, and if the President wants his nominee to be considered for the
second seat, he would have to make that nomination, and then the
President gets his nominee considered for the seat that came up under
his administration, so suddenly there is no longer a stolen seat, and
we are on the path to a future in which the Supreme Court's integrity
is not completely decimated.
This article starts out as follows:

The outrageous obstruction of Merrick Garland's nomination
to the Supreme Court--the 10-month-long stonewall by Senate
Republicans that not only stymied the high court's ability to
do its job but effectively stole the nomination of a new
justice from President Obama--is now delivering its rewards
to the cynical politicians who carried it out.
Having denied Garland even a committee hearing from the
time of his nomination in March until Obama was safely out of
office, the GOP-controlled Senate is now smugly offering that
opening to President Trump to fill. The new president, who
has repeatedly promised to select a new justice in the mold
of the late conservative Justice Antonin Scalia, has said he
will announce his nominee Tuesday evening.

This was written just before the President announced Neil Gorsuch as
his nominee. The article continues:

It's hard to express how head-shakingly unfair this is.
Trump will now have an opportunity to affect the balance of
the increasingly polarized court for the next 30 or 40
years--influencing rulings on abortion, the rights of gay and
transgender people, free speech, corporate and union spending
on elections, labor issues, the separation of church and
state, the ubiquity of guns, criminal justice reform and
endless other hot button subjects.
But Trump never should have been handed this opportunity.
The seat was Obama's to fill subject to Senate ``advice and
consent,'' and he fulfilled his constitutional responsibility
in good faith, only to be kneecapped by a body that would
neither advise nor consent but merely gummed up the machinery
in a transparent effort to preserve the court's conservative
majority. The GOP's feeble justification for its behavior--
that an appointment made by a duly elected president was
somehow illegitimate because he had only 10 months remaining
in office--was believed by no one.
The Senate's misbehavior affected more than just the court.
It also constituted a new low in the tit-for-tat cycle of
dysfunction in Congress, in which each side obstructs its
opponents wherever possible even if that produces a stalemate
that brings the operation of government to a halt. Working
cooperatively across the aisle to solve the nation's problems
has gone out of fashion.
The Democrats have been put in a terrible bind. Do they
take the Republican bait, declare the seat stolen and launch
a filibuster? Or do they roll over, brand themselves patsies
and allow Trump to appoint a Scalia clone? What message do
the Democrats send if they allow themselves to accept this
theft supinely without exacting any punishment? How should
they fight if the nominee is truly outside the mainstream?
And what if he or she is a conservative who is well-respected
and competent--what strategy makes sense then? It's an awful
predicament and it's hard to see how it ends well.
Frankly, the Democrats are not in a terribly strong
position. They don't have a majority in the Senate, and
though they can filibuster for a while, most Senate
Republicans would sooner do away with the filibuster for
Supreme Court justices than allow the seat to sit empty
indefinitely. That's the so-called nuclear option.
At the end the day--

Says this article--

Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell will probably win
this round, thus ensuring the long roll down the slippery
slope of polarization and dysfunction continues at an ever-
accelerating speed. He should be, but presumably is not,
ashamed of that contribution to history. His obstructionism
exacerbated the weakening of governmental institutions and
continued the erosion of bipartisan cooperation and civility.
Yet if democracy is to work and the nation is to prosper, the
political system must allow for compromise and rationality
even among determined opponents.
For now, another Justice Scalia or someone even more
extreme will probably be enstooled, potentially endangering
the rights of women and non-whites, threatening backward
movement on same-sex marriage and abortion, offering more
protection for powerful businesses and less for the
environment. Even in these difficult days, this disgraceful
move by Senate Republicans to manipulate a U.S. Supreme Court
seat for partisan purposes stands out as sad and egregious.

Well, that was the LA Times article from January 31: ``When the GOP
stole Merrick Garland's Supreme Court seat, they set the stage for a
miserable battle.''
In the course of conversing about the dilemma we face, I have noted
that there are three big problems. The first is that the seat has been
stolen from one President and delivered to another in an effort to pack
the court.
The second is that the nominee from President Trump is way outside
the judicial mainstream. I have gone through many of the cases.
The third is that there is a big cloud hanging over this
administration. The Trump administration's connections to Russia during
the campaign and throughout the transition are numerous, and we keep
learning about pieces of the puzzle every day.
Contact between the campaign and Russians or dialogue in itself is
not necessarily wrong. But it is wrong if that dialogue was about how
to coordinate, to basically tilt the playing field in favor of Donald
Trump and against Hillary Clinton.
The Russian activity was designed to change the outcome of the
election. So, that in itself is a problem we have to pay a lot of
attention to. We have to understand every piece of how the Russians
operated. We have to convert

[[Page S2281]]

that knowledge into a strategy that prevents it from happening again.
We certainly have to work with our allies to make sure that we help
all of the democratic Republics of the world resist such meddling by
the Russians. So far, we have a pattern of a lot of contacts. That
pattern of Trump associates misleading the public about meetings and
relationships with Russian officials does raise red flags. If meetings
were innocent, why not be forthcoming? That is why we have to have a
strong set of investigations to get to the bottom of this.
We have to understand and recognize that what Russia did in their
strategy was equivalent to an act of war on the United States. They
were attacking our core institution, the bedrock of our democratic
Republic, our election system. That is unacceptable.
If anybody conspired with the Russians, that is treasonous conduct,
and we have to get to the bottom of it. We certainly should get to the
bottom of it before this Supreme Court seat conversation continues. The
subsequent handling of the investigation by the House Intelligence
Committee and the actions taken by the chair of that committee,
Representative Nunes, underscore how serious the situation is. We
definitely have to get to the bottom of what happened.
That fact only emphasizes how seriously the Senate needs to consider
slowing down, setting aside, pressing the pause button on the debate
regarding the nomination of Judge Neil Gorsuch. Until the FBI and
Congress complete the investigation of these contacts, the ongoing
coverup confirming President Trump's lifetime appointment to the Court
is premature.
On top of possible collusion, it is also worth remembering why it is
so troubling that President Trump has gushed about Putin's leadership
while turning some of our longest and most strategic relationships on
their heads. Putin operates a repressive regime, one that cracks down
on freedom of expression and whose opposition leaders frequently perish
in mysterious and suspicious ways. Someone carrying an item up to their
apartment magically falls and dies or is shot down near the Kremlin or
a whole host of different ways.

The actions of Putin are not the actions of a friend of America. The
actions of Putin are not actions that reflect the values shared by the
American people. They are not values honored in our tradition. They are
not values embedded in our Constitution.
The Putin strongman model is very contrary to our system of
government. There are no checks and balances. Those who rise up in the
streets are likely to be cut down in the streets. Those who cry out for
justice are likely to be silenced. Those who march to improve things
may well find themselves behind bars. That is Putin. That is Russia.
We should not have a significant improvement in our relationship with
Russia unless there is a vast improvement in the fundamental values of
a free and fair society within Russia.
There is an enormous amount of evidence that the Trump campaign was
familiar with and in conversation with Russia. If we pursue the
investigations aggressively, we will find whether there was collusion.
Paul Manafort, a Republican strategist and longtime Washington
operator, joined Trump's campaign team last spring. He was elevated to
be campaign manager after Corey Lewandowski was fired in June. But with
just 3 months to go until the Presidential election, Manafort resigned
amid questions over his campaign role and his extensive history of
lobbying overseas, particularly in Ukraine, where he represented a pro-
Russian interest.
Manafort also worked as an adviser on the Ukrainian Presidential
campaign of Viktor Yanukovych and his Party of Regions during the same
time span--from December 2004 until February 2010, the Ukrainian
Presidential election--even as the U.S. Government opposed Yanukovych
because of his ties to Russian leader Vladimir Putin.
Manafort was hired to advise Yanukovych months after massive street
demonstrations, known as the Orange Revolution, overturned Yanukovych's
victory in the 2004 Presidential race. According to a 2008 U.S. Justice
Department annual report, Manafort's company received about $64,000
from Yanukovych's Party of Regions over a 6-month period for consulting
services. That was in 2008.
In 2010, under Manafort's tutelage, the opposition put the Orange
Revolution on trial, campaigning against its leader's management of a
weak economy.
Returns from the Presidential election gave Yanukovych a narrow win
over Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, the leader of the 2004
demonstrations. Yanukovych owed his comeback in the Presidential
campaign to a drastic makeover of his political persona, and this
makeover is credited to Paul Manafort.
From 2007 to 2008, Manafort was involved in investment projects with
Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and Ukrainian oligarch Dmitry Firtash.
The Associated Press reported that Manafort negotiated a $10 million
annual contract with Deripaska to promote Russian interests in
politics, business, and media coverage in Europe and the United States.
We are talking about 2005.
In 1980, Manafort, along with Roger Stone, were founding partners of
the Washington, DC-based lobbying firm Black, Manafort, Stone and
Kelly.
Roger Stone--what do we know about him? He is a former Trump adviser,
a self-described master of political dark arts, and has been labeled as
the dirty trickster of delegate fights. He has worked with the
campaigns of Richard Nixon and George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan.
Stone repeatedly claimed throughout the final months of the 2016
campaign that he had back-channel communications with WikiLeaks founder
Julian Assange, and he knew of the forthcoming document dumps, which
disseminated materials that were hacked by Russia from Democratic
computers.
He admitted in March 2017 that during August of 2016, he had been in
contact with Guccifer 2.0, who was believed to be tied to Russian
intelligence and was claimed to be behind the hack of the DNC.
August 10, Stone tells a local Republican Party group in Florida: I
have actually communicated with Julian Assange.
August 12, Stone says on a podcast that he believes Assange has
emails deleted by Clinton aides Huma Abedin and Cheryl Mills. He adds
that he knows he has them, and they should be expected to drop in the
next 3 months. ``In fact, I know [Assange] has them,'' Stone said,
``and I believe he will expose the American people to this information
within the next 90 days.''
August 14, Stone engages in direct messages with the DNC hacker,
Guccifer 2.0, according to direct messages reported by the Washington
Times and the Smoking Gun. Stone tells the hacker he was delighted that
Twitter had reinstated his account.
A day later, Stone says that he has communicated with Assange, and
forthcoming material will be related to the Clinton Foundation.
A day after that, Stone tells radio host Alex Jones that he has back-
channel communication with Assange, who has political dynamite on the
Clintons.
August 18, Stone says in an interview on C-SPAN that he has been in
touch with Julian Assange through an intermediary, someone who is a
mutual friend. WikiLeaks would later tweet in response: ``We are happy
to hear true information from everyone. But so far, we have not heard
from Mr. Stone.''
On August 21, Stone tweets that it will soon be Podesta's time in the
barrel. Stone later says his tweet was about Podesta's business
dealings. On the same day, Stone denies that Guccifer 2.0 is connected
to the Russians.
August 26, in an interview with Breitbart radio, Stone says: I'm
almost confident Mr. Assange has virtually every one of the emails that
the Clinton henchwomen, Huma Abedin and Cheryl Mills, thought that they
had deleted, and I expect that he's going to drop them at strategic
times in the runup to this race.

On the 29th, Stone says on local Florida radio of Assange and the
Clinton Foundation: ``Perhaps he has the smoking gun that will make
this handcuff time.''
September 16, Stone says on Boston Herald radio that he expects
Assange and WikiLeaks to ``drop a payload of new documents on a weekly
basis fairly soon. And that of course will answer the question of
exactly what was

[[Page S2282]]

erased on that email server.'' Assange has been in touch with them
through an email intermediary.
October 1, Stone tweets: Hillary Clinton is done.
You go back to the comments he was making, where he seemed to know
what was going to happen before it happened, and we saw it happen. It
clearly suggests, from this public record, the appearance there--it is
hard to imagine with these conversations that there wasn't some form of
collaboration about what was going on. That is why we need to get to
the bottom of it. Was there collaboration? Those kinds of comments are
deeply, deeply disturbing.
We have Carter Page, who worked for 7 years as an investment banker
at Merrill Lynch. His biography said--took him to London, New York, and
Moscow for 3 years in the mid-2000s before Trump last year listed him
as a foreign policy adviser in response to a question from the
Washington Post.
Page has regularly espoused views at odds with much of the foreign
policy community in Washington in particular, questioning the U.S.
approach toward Russia and calling for warmer relations between the two
countries. He has expressed views in support of Vladimir Putin and
harshly criticized U.S. policy. He is frequently quoted on Russian
television as a famous American economist.
In September of 2016, U.S. intelligence officials investigated
alleged contacts between Page and Russian officials subject to U.S.
sanctions. Page rejected the accusations and said he would take a leave
of absence from the Trump campaign.
In January of 2017, Page's name appeared repeatedly in the leaked
Donald Trump-Russia dossier containing contract intelligence from the
former British intelligence operative Christopher Steele in the employ
of a private American firm.
In January of 2017, Page is under investigation by the FBI, CIA, NSA,
and ODNI. Page contends that he has done nothing wrong.
In February 2017, Page said that he had not met with Russian
officials in 2016, but 2 days later, he appeared to contradict himself
and stated he did not deny news reports that he met with Russian
Ambassador Sergey Kislyak during the Republican National Convention in
Cleveland, OH.
This month, Page was called on by the Senate Intelligence Committee
investigating the links between the Trump campaign and Russian
dealings.
Michael Flynn attended a gala in Moscow in honor of Russia Today, now
known as RT, a Russian Government-owned English language media outlet
on which he made semiregular media appearances as an analyst after he
retired from U.S. Government service.
Flynn was paid $45,000 by Russia Today for the 2015 talk and provided
an all-expense-paid 2-day trip paid by Russia. National Security
Adviser Michael T. Flynn was forced to resign once it was revealed that
on December 29, 2016, the day Obama announced sanctions against Russia,
Flynn discussed the sanctions with the Russian Ambassador to the United
States. Flynn had earlier acknowledged speaking to the Ambassador but
not discussing the sanctions.
The New York Times, on March 2, reported that Kislyak had met with
Michael Flynn and Jared Kushner in December 2016 to establish a line of
communication with the Trump administration.
This is just a series of contacts. What we need to know is: Did these
contacts involve communications for coordinating campaign tactics? Did
Russia release information on Hillary at a time suggested by the Trump
campaign? Was there any form of coordination? That is why we need this
robust investigation now.
We have the investigation in the House Intelligence Committee. That
investigation has sputtered and has all the appearance of going
nowhere, and it has been compromised by the comments of the House
chair.
There is another investigation on the Senate side, with Senator Burr
as the chair and Senator Warner as the ranking member, and they are
working pretty well together. We hope that continues. I know that they
believe that we have a responsibility to get to the bottom of this
issue, and I know there are many Members on both sides of the aisle who
put a high priority on getting to the bottom of this issue.
I applaud the work the Senate committee is doing, but we all know
that the Intelligence Committee is a hard place to get information out
of. For example, when the torture report was completed, it was
extraordinarily difficult to get that into the public's hands. This
should not be the only strategy.
Certainly, we have another strategy with the FBI, and we had the
briefing on the Hill. The FBI Director, a week ago Monday, came to
speak to the House, and he shared a fair amount in terms of confirming
that the investigations are underway, and it is important that the FBI
use its talents and assets and connections to find out what really went
on in order to get to the bottom of this.
I would like to also see us have a special prosecutor who pursues
this, who puts together a team and specifically drills in to get to the
bottom of this. I would like to see a bipartisan commission--a
Watergate-style commission--so that some of this could be done in the
public realm and not hidden behind the veil of classifications. Of
course, I would like to see a robust investigation by the press--by the
fourth estate. If all of those things happen or if some do not happen
but the others are done well, we will get to the bottom of this--and
the sooner the better.
I am going to continue by sharing some comments that the Senate
Democratic leader made in a floor speech on February 16. These are
excerpts of Senator Schumer's floor speech:

The recent reports about General Flynn detailing constant
high-level contact between members of the Trump
administration and the Russian Government raise serious
doubts about this administration's competence in the realm of
foreign policy and national security and even graver doubts
about the sanctity of our democratic process.
We do not know all the facts, and in the coming days and
weeks, more information may well surface about these
disturbing revelations, but we already know that something is
rotten in the state of Denmark.
All of us can agree that right now what are required are
the facts. We have to evaluate the scope of Russia's
interference in our election and assess if agents of their
government have penetrated to the highest levels of our
government. Throughout the process, we have to avoid jumping
to conclusions or engaging in wild speculation. We must seek
the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Once
we have the facts at our disposal, Democrats and Republicans
alike can debate what to do next.
Senate Democrats are faithfully committed to keeping this
issue above partisan politics. The gravity of this issue
demands nothing less . . . I am very hopeful the other side
wants to get at all the facts, just as our side wants to get
at all the facts.
This is an issue on which patriotism must prevail over
politics because before we are Democrats or Republicans, we
are Americans, with respect for the rule of law.

Those are excerpts of Senator Schumer's floor speech on February 16,
and I certainly, passionately, agree with him.
This investigation of what went on in the election is one in which
patriotism must prevail over politics because, above all, we are
Americans with respect for the rule of law.
I will add that, as leaders in America, here in this Senate Chamber,
we have a huge responsibility to get to the bottom of this, to urge
forward the investigation by the Senate Intelligence Committee to make
sure the results, as appropriately compiled and vetted to protect
confidential sources, are shared with the American public so that the
American public can know what transpired and so that we, then, act on
that information. If that information shows that there have been
treacherous acts of collaboration with the Russians to undermine the
integrity of our elections, we must pursue it to the full extent of the
law.
This next excerpt is from Senator Schumer's speech, on March 6, which
called for a special prosecutor:

So my Republican colleagues should understand that what
they know in their hearts is the right thing to do. Do a
strong, impartial investigation and get to the bottom of
this. That is where the American people want them to go. The
American people disagree with President Trump and want a
thorough and impartial investigation--even 43 percent of the
Republicans. They are right.
A special prosecutor is the best way to ensure that an
investigation proceeds impartially for several reasons.

In a conversation with POLITICO, our Democratic leader said on March
21:

[[Page S2283]]

You can bet if the shoe were on the other foot and a
Democratic President was under investigation by the FBI the
Republicans would be howling at the Moon about filling a
Supreme Court seat in such circumstances.
It is unseemly to be moving forward so fast on confirming a
Supreme Court Justice with a lifetime appointment while this
big, gray cloud of an FBI investigation hangs over the
Presidency.

The Washington Post notes it is unseemly to confirm Gorsuch amidst an
FBI probe of the Trump campaign.
I would like to point out that it is the height of irony that
Republicans held the Supreme Court seat open for nearly a calendar year
while President Obama was in office but are now rushing to fill the
seat for a President whose campaign is under investigation by the FBI.
It is unseemly and wrong to be moving so fast on a lifetime appointment
in such circumstances.
On March 21, a report on the Hill by Jordain Carney said:

Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer is urging
Republicans to delay a vote on Neil Gorsuch, President
Trump's Supreme Court nominee, because of an ongoing
investigation into potential ties between Trump officials and
Russia.
``It is unseemly to be moving forward so fast on confirming
a Supreme Court Justice with a lifetime appointment while
this big, gray cloud of an FBI investigation hangs over the
Presidency,'' the Senate's top Democrat said, echoing
language used the day before by Republican House Intelligence
Committee Chairman Devin Nunes.
Schumer's request, which is unlikely to gain traction with
Republicans, comes as Gorsuch is into his second day before
the Judiciary Committee . . . but the New York Democrat
argued that it was ``the height of irony'' that the
Republicans blocked then-President Obama from filling the
Supreme Court seat left vacant by Antonin Scalia's death . .
. but are now rushing to confirm Gorsuch.

Just before I started speaking yesterday evening, the majority leader
came to the floor, gave a short speech, and said he was filing a
petition to close debate. That is the first time in U.S. history that a
petition to close debate has been filed on the first day of a Senate
debate. Generally, the Senate will, if people have more to say, go for
many days--go for weeks--without somebody's filing a petition to close
and shut off debate.
Why are we rushing into the completion of this nomination in this
extraordinarily inappropriate, condensed, accelerated fashion when
there is so much to consider?
This is not a nomination in normal times. This is a nomination for a
seat that has been stolen from one President and delivered to another.
It is the first time it has happened in U.S. history. This is a
nomination during a moment in which the President making the nomination
has a team that is under investigation for potentially conspiring with
the Russians to change the outcome of the Presidential election. That
is the big cloud that must be dispelled and resolved and should be
resolved before this conversation on the floor continues.
This is a nominee who comes from the far right of the spectrum, with
case after case after case--the frozen trucker case, the autistic child
case. There is case after case in which he finds a way to turn the law
to do the opposite of what the law was written to do.
As I have read through those cases over the course of the nearly,
roughly more than 11 hours, you will see the pattern of decision after
decision being made for the powerful and the privileged, of his writing
a dissent from the majority that says this decision by a labor board
was very reasonable and in compliance with the law because it exactly
fits the law. Yet Neil Gorsuch wrote a dissent because he wanted to
find a way to find for the powerful organization.
Here we have these three big factors. This is a time when there
should never be a petition to close debate because people have a lot to
say, and there are 100 Members of this body. When they expend their
energies and they are through with their conversations, then ask the
question: Are people ready to close debate? At that moment: Are there
60 votes for this nominee?
This effort to ram this through not only does not fit the tradition
of the Senate or fit the circumstances, but it raises a question: Is
there an effort to put this through before information comes to the
surface that might change the outcome?
At 11 o'clock last night, we got this posting--or, I guess, it was
posted at 11 p.m. and we got it at about midnight here on the floor--of
the article by POLITICO. It laid out a side-by-side comparison of
language that Gorsuch had used that was, essentially, lifted from other
people's writings without attribution. Several experts have said that
this meets the standards of plagiarism because the language was lifted
without attribution, and that is what plagiarism is. Others said maybe
not. Maybe it does not quite meet that standard.
Is this one of the reasons that we are trying to shove this
nomination through in such an extraordinary way when it is under such a
cloud to begin with? Is there more information like this that needs to
come out?
This is a guarantee that Senators would vote against closing debate
if there is the possibility that this is trying to be done fast--to
have a vote--before significant information is put into the public
realm.
(Mr. GARDNER assumed the Chair.)
The New York Times had an article on March 29, 2017: ``Senate
Intelligence Committee Leaders Vow Thorough Russian Investigation'':

Senators leading the investigation into Russia interference
in the November election pledged on Wednesday to conduct an
aggressive inquiry, including an examination of any ties to
President Trump, as they sought to distance themselves from
the flagging efforts in the House.
In a conspicuous show of bipartisanship during a fractious
time at the Capitol, the top Republican and Democrat on the
Senate Intelligence Committee vowed to forge ahead by
interviewing key players connected to Mr. Trump and pressing
intelligence agencies to provide all relevant information.
But their display of collegiality seemed intended primarily
as a contrast to the explosive and often bewildering
statements in recent days from the Republican chairman of the
House Intelligence Committee, Representative Devin Nunes of
California, whose perceived closeness with the Trump White
House has raised doubts about his ability to conduct an
impartial investigation.
The chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Richard
M. Burr, a Republican from North Carolina and a supporter of
Mr. Trump during the campaign, suggested on Wednesday that he
would not retreat from a process that could damage the
reputation of a Republican President. ``This investigation's
scope will go wherever the intelligence leads,'' Mr. Burr
said during a rare joint news conference.
Asked later whether he had encountered any direct links
between Mr. Trump and Russia's interference, Mr. Burr was
stern. ``We know that our challenge,'' he said, ``is to
answer that question for the American people.''
The Senate investigation amounts to a credibility test for
Republicans under the Trump administration--a chance to prove
their willingness to ask uncomfortable questions of a
Republican President, even if the answers might weaken his or
the party's standing.
Democrats are skeptical. But they are also mindful that the
Senate most likely remains their best hope on Capitol Hill
for gathering information, making them disinclined to abandon
the Senate Intelligence Committee's investigation. The F.B.I.
is also investigating.
On Wednesday, Mr. Burr and his Democratic counterpart on
the committee, Senator Mark Warner of Virginia, offered some
evidence of what they had reviewed so far, saying they had
begun to schedule the first of at least 20 interviews.
Mr. Warner drew attention to reports of perhaps 1,000
internet trolls in Russia generating fake news stories and
targeting them in swing States like Wisconsin, Michigan, and
Pennsylvania. ``Russia's goal, Vladimir Putin's goal,'' said
Mark Warner, ``is a weaker United States.''
Mr. Burr noted that the Russians were now ``actively
involved'' in the French elections. On Thursday, the
committee will hold a public hearing on Russian influence on
campaigns broadly.
The two also left little doubt that they viewed the House's
unruly process as an afterthought, one that should not
reflect on their own efforts.

``Let me set the ground rules real quick,'' Mr. Burr said, ``before
taking questions. We will answer anything about the Senate Intelligence
Committee's investigations. We will not take questions on the House
Intelligence Committee.''

Mr. Burr could not suppress a smirk. Mr. Warner laughed
outright.
But the drama in the House has already complicated the
Senate's task, according to Senate committee members, leading
the public to question congressional inquiries across the
board.
``I worry that the chaos on the House side has affected the
public's view on whether Congress can credibly investigate
this matter,'' said Senator Susan Collins, a Republican from
Maine and a committee member. ``I believe the answer to that
is still yes, and the Senate is the place.''

[[Page S2284]]

Lamenting the ``debacle'' in the House, Senator Kamala
Harris, Democrat of California and another committee member,
said she believed ``the public is now shifting to us.''
The Congressional investigations are not related, but their
focuses overlap, leaving the Senate panel to defend itself in
the face of Mr. Nunes's assorted claims. While a vast
majority of Republicans in the House have stood by Mr. Nunes
amid calls for him to recuse himself, his furtive
maneuvering--including bypassing the committee to brief the
White House about relevant intelligence--has placed House
committee members in a difficult spot.
And at least one Republican lawmaker, Representative
Charlie Dent of Pennsylvania, suggested on Wednesday that the
Senate should take the lead on Congress's investigation into
ties between the President's orbit and Russia.
The Senate majority leader has long resisted calls for a
special prosecutor or select committee, saying the Senate can
do the job through regular protocol.
On the House side, a string of perplexing decisions by Mr.
Nunes has threatened to unravel the panel's investigation
altogether. Last week, he abruptly announced that he had
obtained information indicating that people associated with
the Trump transition may have ``incidentally'' been caught up
in legal surveillance of foreign operatives. He also bypassed
the committee's top Democrat, Representative Adam B. Schiff
of California, to brief Mr. Trump.
The President seized on the information, misleadingly, as
evidence for his thoroughly debunked claim that President
Barack Obama had wiretapped Trump Tower--an allegation
dismissed not only by senior law enforcement officials like
the F.B.I. Director James Comey, but also by the heads of the
House and Senate investigations, including Mr. Nunes.
Another obstacle to bipartisanship came on Monday, with the
revelation that Mr. Nunes had viewed what he characterized as
``dozens'' of reports containing classified information on
the grounds of the White House.
Democrats fumed, their suspicions fueled by speculation
that the source of Mr. Nunes's information was a Trump
administration official and that Mr. Nunes may have even
coordinated with the White House. While Mr. Nunes defended
him by saying he needed to be at the White House to view the
sensitive documents in question, one can peruse sensitive
information at the Capitol and at other spots around
Washington.

The story of the House investigation melting down continues, and it
really emphasizes how important the Senate investigation is. I have
been very impressed by Senator Burr and Senator Warner working together
to pursue that investigation. I feel that more needs to be done. Yes,
the FBI needs to investigate, and the Senate Intelligence Committee,
and the press, but we should also have a special prosecutor. We should
also have a bipartisan commission. But if each part of this puzzle
pursues their work aggressively and in good faith, we may get to the
bottom of what went on. It is so important to hold people accountable,
and if traitorous crimes have been committed, they need to be pursued
to the full extent of the law.
The article goes on:

Democrats have also chafed at Mr. Nunes's shuffling of the
hearing schedule. Earlier this month, with Mr. Schiff by his
side, he announced plans for three former officials to
testify, a group that would include Sally Q. Yates, who
briefly served as acting Attorney General and alerted the
administration that Michael Flynn, Mr. Trump's former
National Security Adviser, appeared to have lied about his
contact with Russian officials.
Last week, Mr. Nunes scrapped that public hearing, arguing
that the committee first needed more time to question
intelligence leaders. But on Tuesday he said this hearing had
been postponed as well--as the Washington Post reported that
White House officials had tried to stymie Ms. Yates's
testimony. Democrats have accused Mr. Nunes of trying to
stall not only the investigation but also the committee as a
whole.
Mr. Warner said on Wednesday he would ``like to see Ms.
Yates at some point'' before his committee.
At the same time, the Senate investigation has not been
blemish-free.

Well, this can be summed up by saying that each of them are saying
that they are partners and they are working on this together. And I
urge them to continue that work aggressively.

``I'll do something I've never done: I'll admit I voted for
him,'' Mr. Burr said of Mr. Trump. ``But I've got a job in
the United States Senate.''

And we have a job to address. We are here at this critical moment,
wrestling with what to do with this stolen Supreme Court seat, knowing
that if we confirm a nominee to this seat and confirm and complete the
theft, it will damage the Court through the rest of our lifetimes. It
will set a precedent that will cause more turmoil, more politicization.
It will call into question every 5-to-4 decision of the Court. That is
our responsibility, to figure our way out of this.
One of the articles I read earlier suggested a path out of this. It
said to keep this seat empty. Set this aside until there is a second
seat, and then the nominee, Merrick Garland, who should have been
considered for the first seat, would be considered, and the second
nominee would be whoever President Trump wants to put forward, and
maybe that is the same nominee we have now. Maybe it is Neil Gorsuch;
maybe it is somebody else. But the point is you eliminate the stolen
seat syndrome.
Maybe there are other pathways out of this, but proceeding to the
completion of this week, in confirming Neil Gorsuch, that is where this
week ends. It is truly deeply damaging to the Supreme Court for the
balance of our lives. Let us not be partners to such a destruction of a
key branch of our government.
The damage won't just be to the Supreme Court. It is also to this
body. Because once this body conspired in the theft, the wounds here
are deep and will continue to cause tremendous acrimony as we go
forward, and it will lead to future acts in the Senate--perhaps
balancing out the first theft with a second theft--and so on and so
forth, in which nobody wins.
So let us come to our senses and not have this week end in the manner
in which it has been predicted that it will.
NPR wrote, or it has a piece done by Philip Ewing: ``4 Unanswered
Questions About the FBI's Russia Investigation,'' March 20.

FBI Director James Comey lit the fuse Monday on a political
time bomb and no one--including him--knows how long it will
take to burn or what kind of damage it may cause when it goes
off.
Comey confirmed to Members of Congress that his
investigators are looking into possible collusion between the
campaign that elected President Trump and the Russian
government. In fact, he said, the FBI has been doing so since
last July.
The signs had been there, from press reports to the
announcement by Attorney General Jeff Sessions that Sessions
would recuse himself from any such probe. Now, Comey's
disclosure to the House Intelligence Committee removes all
doubt that the FBI believes there is sufficient evidence to
look into the connection between Trump's one-time political
aides and the Kremlin.
The case that Russia interfered in the presidential
campaign has been made. The U.S. intelligence community laid
out an unclassified version in December, and then President
Barack Obama responded by expelling a group of Russian spies
and sanctioning some of its key officials.
But details about the role Trump's team might have played
in the making of that mischief still are murky, and Monday's
hearing did not include much explosive new information. In
fact, the panel's chairman, California Representative Devin
Nunes, who served on Trump's transition team, and his fellow
Republicans, spent as much of their time as they could
drawing the focus away from the Russian collusion narrative.
The real outrage, Republicans argue, is the leaking of
classified information to the Washington Post and other
newspapers, especially the identity of former lieutenant
general Mike Flynn as having been swept up in U.S. Government
surveillance of Russian ambassador Sergei Kislyak.

I am sure I will be corrected on that later, with the correct
pronunciation.

Flynn resigned after a brief stint as Trump's National
Security Adviser and has since retroactively registered as a
foreign agent for his work representing Turkish interests.
Democrats revealed on Friday that Flynn had also taken more
than $50,000 in payments from Russian government entities.
Democrats, led by ranking member Adam Schiff, also of
California, used their time on Monday to put Trump and the
Russians together as closely as possible, including in an
extended opening statement by Schiff that laid out his theory
of the case.
Much of Schiff's statement, however, relied on information
that is already publicly available, which has been called
into question. Monday's session did not include major new
details about the alleged ways that the Trump camp may
have worked with the Russian intelligence services.
But it did raise new questions about the imbroglio--some of
which lawmakers may answer at a second session now scheduled
for March 28, and some of which might not be cleared up until
the FBI announces the results of its investigation.

The first question:

1. How much evidence is still to be discovered? And how
reliable is what's now public?
Schiff crafted a narrative about the Russians' first
exploration of the presidential candidates to a critical
period from July to August of 2016. If Moscow began by trying
simply to learn more about the potential next U.S. president,
it shifted to trying to hurt the likely Democratic nominee,
Hillary

[[Page S2285]]

Clinton, and then helping her opponent--or so the argument
goes.
Schiff relied on information that has appeared in press
reports and some that appears in a controversial dossier
passed from a former British intelligence officer to Comey by
Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz. NPR and other news organizations
have refrained from reporting such details because of the
unknown providence of the dossier--but does Schiff's use of
it in the public hearing indicate that at least some of the
information has been verified?
The Democrats' case also rests on conversations between
Trump advisers and people connected to the Russian military
intelligence service, the GRU, or other top Russians. But how
much more detail exists about what was said in those
meetings? How much effort are congressional or FBI
investigators making to interview Trump's campaign advisers?

So the first question in the NPR report is, How much evidence is
still to be discovered and how reliable is what is now public?
The second question in this report:

2. Might Trump aides have colluded with Russia without
knowing it?
One new thread that emerged from Monday's hearing came as
part of an exchange between Comey and Illinois Democrat Mike
Quigley, who asked whether it's possible for Americans to
help a foreign power and not know about it.
Yes, Comey answered cautiously--an American might give
information to someone he legitimately believes is a Chinese
researcher and isn't aware is actually a Chinese intelligence
officer. Or an America might fall in love with someone and
not realize he or she is in a relationship with a foreign
agent: ``Romance could be a feature,'' he said.
That could explain denials by people at the center of the
Trump-Russia imbroglio, including former Trump campaign
manager Paul Manafort, who resigned after reports about his
connections to pro-Kremlin government factions in Ukraine.
The New York Times referred to Manafort in a story in
February about U.S. intelligence officers documenting many
alleged connections between the Trump camp and Russians.
Manafort called the report ``absurd'' and told the
newspaper: ``It's not like these people wear badges that say,
`I'm a Russian intelligence officer.' ''
Manafort's comment caused head-scratching at the time it
appeared, but Comey and Quigley's exchange on Monday created
the prospect for a story about Russia not necessarily using
Trump campaign aides as agents, but dupes.

The third question in this NPR article:

3. What did Trump know--and when did he know it?
If Comey's investigation results in no charges or no new
information about ties between Trump's camp and Russia, the
White House would get rid of an albatross that has been
around its neck for months. But if the FBI charges former
Trump campaign officials or reveals links between the Trump
camp that haven't already been aired publicly, that could
escalate quickly and land the president or his top campaign
aides in hot water.
Trump never retreats and never apologizes and so far has
mounted a brash defense. He flits between sometimes
acknowledging the Russian mischief during the presidential
race and sometimes dismissing it as a fiction created by
Democrats to excuse their loss. That strategy has continued
to be workable, and Republican aides on Capitol Hill have
shown continued willingness to carry water for the White
House in responding to press reports or handling inquiries
like those on Monday.
But charges against Trump aides, or new revelations about
collusion between the campaign and Russian agents, would
change all that--and fast. Democrats may never forgive Comey
for revealing just before Election Day that the FBI had
resumed inquiries into Hillary Clinton's private email
server, which Clinton and Democrats say threw a close
election to Trump. Now the president, the White House and
their Republican allies on Capitol Hill are under a similar
Sword of Damocles.

The fourth question:

How will Russia respond to the investigations and their
outcome?
Comey, National Security Agency Director Michael Rogers and
other top U.S. intelligence officials have taken care not to
say whether they believe Russia succeeded in influencing the
outcome of the 2016 election--only that they're confident
Moscow conducted an influence campaign.
Will Russian President Vladimir Putin turn out to have
invested wisely or to have been the dog that caught the car?
If Putin wanted the U.S. to relax the Obama-era sanctions
imposed after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, that ship may
have sailed--the scrutiny of Trump's connections to Moscow
may have now made even the appearance of any deal impossible.
And American military deployments in Eastern Europe,
including of armored units along NATO's frontier with Russia
and ships with aircraft in the Black Sea, have continued.
None of this means, however, that Putin is finished
meddling in American politics, Comey warned. He told members
of Congress on Monday that the Russians, for their own
purposes, likely are satisfied with their work--having sowed
confusion and undercut faith in the U.S. democratic process--
and may try it again.
``We have to assume they're coming back,'' he said.

We have to assume they are also working to undermine the elections in
other democratic countries, and we need to be working with our allies
and fellow democracies to fully understand and thwart this Russian
strategy of undermining the foundation for our democratic Republic's
elections.
The NPR article raised very good questions--questions to which we
don't have answers. But just the breadth of the questions shows how
significant this situation is.
I understand the Sun is coming up behind the Supreme Court. I was
struck just how beautiful the weather was yesterday, while the weather
inside this building was so dark and gloomy. Mother Nature gave us a
beautiful, beautiful day. The partisan politics gave us a very, very
ugly setting here in the Senate Chamber as we started debating over a
nominee nominated to fill a seat which did not open up under President
Trump's watch and which he has no right to propose a nominee. This is a
seat stolen from the Obama administration, delivered to President
Trump.
Wouldn't it have been something if President Trump said: I talked a
lot about bringing this country together, and that starts by honoring
our institutions. So I am going to heal this rift. I am going to end
this theft by nominating Merrick Garland. Sixteen times--the President
could have said--16 times in the history of our country, there has been
an open seat during an election year on the Supreme Court. And we
already know the past; that is, 15 times the Senate considered the
nominee and either confirmed or rejected them but always considered
them--except with Merrick Garland.
We are going to heal that damage, the President could have said, and
so first we will put forward Merrick Garland. Then when a seat opens
legitimately on my watch, I will put forward a nominee I would choose
according to the principles I laid out in my campaign. But I am not
going to damage the Supreme Court for generations to come by
participating in this strategy of packing the Court.
If the President had given that speech, that would have been an
impressive moment--a moment of bringing this country together, of
saying that he is the President not of the Republican Party but of the
United States of America, which has these beautiful key branches of
government, coequal branches--the executive branch, the legislative
branch, the judicial branch--bringing all three of those together in
that conversation and saying: What the legislative branch did sets the
stage to damage the Supreme Court, and as President, I won't
participate in it. I will solve it. I will bring people together. I am
the great negotiator. I know how to make a deal. Right now, the only
deal is a bad deal that damages all three branches, a deal that was
crafted within a few minutes following the death of Antonin Scalia, on
the same day the majority leader came to the floor and said: We are
going to do something never done before in American history. We are
going to steal a seat.
Of course, those are not the words he used. His words were: We are
not going to have any Senate action on this nominee, the nominee the
President will put forward for this seat.
If only at that moment the Senate had been the cooling saucer. That
is the idea that Washington reputedly put forward, considered to be
apocryphal, but it is a nice image that sums up the difference between
the House and the Senate--the Senate elected for 6 years, seats
rotating every 2 years. And when there are wild ideas crafted in the
passion of the moment, the Senate comes along and says: We will bring a
little more experience and thoughtfulness. We will bring a little more
deliberation, and we will craft something that will strengthen America,
strengthen our institutions, not destroy them.
But we didn't have that reaction on that day when Antonin Scalia
died. Instead, we had not the cooling saucer, but we had the immediate
rush to a principle that will do so much damage. And I say
``principle'' only in the context of an asserted argument; that is,

[[Page S2286]]

an argument that, well, it is an election year, so we really shouldn't
consider someone. It should go to the next President. There was no
principle behind it and no history behind it. As I pointed out, 15
seats were open during the election year in the history of our country,
and the Senate acted on every one until the 16th, when Antonin Scalia
died, and within just a couple hours, the majority leader announced
that we will do what we never did, and that is, fail to honor the
advice and consent responsibility of the U.S. Senate.
Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, will the Senator from Oregon yield for a
question without yielding the floor?
Mr. MERKLEY. I will do so.
Mr. DURBIN. As I recall, there was a moment in 1988, in the last year
of President Reagan's Presidency, when there was a vacancy on the
Supreme Court. This Republican President was in his last year--his so-
called lameduck year, as many Republicans have now characterized it. At
that time, the Senate was in the control of the Democratic Party. Of
course, the Senate Judiciary Committee, I believe, was chaired by Joe
Biden at that time in 1988.
President Reagan sent the name ``Anthony Kennedy'' to the Senate to
fill a vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court and the Democratic Senate held
a hearing and a vote and sent Anthony Kennedy to serve on the U.S.
Supreme Court, where he continues to serve. So those who argue on the
other side that everybody is doing it, that ``you would do the same
thing, if you could'' and that sort of thing, I believe that is belied
by the history--the recent history--when the Democrats were in the
majority in this Chamber.
So the Senator from Oregon is saying that this is not the only time
in history this has occurred, and Senator McConnell ignored this and
decided not to even have a hearing or vote on Merrick Garland--
something that has never been done in the history of the Senate, which
brings us to this moment. Is that the point the Senator is making?
Mr. MERKLEY. My colleague from Illinois is absolutely right. In the
middle of the night somewhere, a few hours ago, I pointed out that this
evidence of different style of action didn't just depend on the history
books because you can look a few hundred yards here from the Senate out
at the Supreme Court, where Justice Kennedy sits and had gone through
the process, just as the Senator had described.
Mr. DURBIN. I would ask the Senator from Oregon, as well, through the
Chair, in this situation where Senator McConnell, as the Republican
Senate leader, has exercised his so-called nuclear option to stop
Merrick Garland, President Obama's choice, from filling the vacancy on
the Supreme Court, does the Senator from Oregon believe, as I do, that
this is part of a concerted effort by the Republicans to take control
of the Federal judiciary, the fact that we left the end of the last
year with 30 Federal judicial nominees on the Senate calendar, nominees
who had received a bipartisan vote in the Senate Judiciary Committee?
They were left unresolved, unvoted on, when the Senate went out of
session. Does the Senator from Oregon see as I do, a pattern of conduct
on the Republican part when it comes to filling the courts?

Mr. MERKLEY. As my colleague has pointed out through his question,
the challenge we have with the appropriate treatment of our advice and
consent responsibility isn't simply a problem with the Supreme Court
nominee, but with strategies to prevent the consideration of judges
from our former President--both at the district court and at the
circuit court levels--leading to the circumstances you describe.
Mr. DURBIN. Is the Senator from Oregon aware of the fact that
President Trump, during his campaign, released the list of 21 names of
potential nominees for the Supreme Court, and then thanked the
Federalist Society and the Heritage Foundation for preparing that list?
The Federalist Society--a Republican advocacy group here in Washington,
DC--now brags that every member of the Supreme Court appointed by a
Republican President has either been a member of or cleared by the
Federalist Society before they took the bench.
Mr. MERKLEY. I am aware of that, and it disturbs me that the
responsibility of the President to find the right person to place on
the Court was farmed out, essentially, to these two groups the Senator
mentioned.
While often people will say: Did the President ask the nominee a
particular question about how they might rule on XYZ, I am sure that it
is quite likely that these groups did ask all sorts of questions in
developing their list of 21 potential Justices.
Mr. DURBIN. I wonder if the Senator from Oregon will yield for
another question through the Chair.
I ask, when it comes to the Federalist Society--of course, like so
many of these dark money organizations, they refuse to fully disclose
their donors. They say it is to protect their identity from harassment.
It is also protecting the American people from the truth.
Three that we do know have been actively involved would be the Koch
brothers--a well-known group supporting Republican candidates--the
Richard Mellon Scaife family foundation, as well as the Mercer family,
now merging with millions and millions of dollars supporting these
Republican causes.
I ask the Senator: Is it a leap of faith for me to think that they
would not be working so hard to put someone on the Court, unless they
felt that person was going to rule along the lines that they believed?
Mr. MERKLEY. I think that would not be a leap of judgment or
analysis. Clearly, the groups like the Koch brothers believe that their
interests are deeply connected to the decisions made in this body. And
they have invested vast resources into the campaigns, so it is not just
that they said: Well, let's go down and talk to people in the Senate
about our particular interests as coal and oil billionaires. No, they
decided to change the makeup of who sits in this body. In 2014, the
investment involved going into Louisiana and Arkansas and North
Carolina and Iowa and Colorado and Alaska and several other States,
including my State, the State of Oregon. And they won most of those
States that they invested in.
Then they sent a message in January 2015 by saying: In the next
election, we are prepared to spend the better part of a billion
dollars. That was heard very loudly in this Chamber, and the first bill
up was a Koch brothers' bill. You see their influence in all kinds of
ways, indeed.
I believe the reason we are here today in this conversation is in
large part because those who invested in creating the majority that we
now have in this Chamber wanted to make sure that there was a Supreme
Court that would sustain the Citizens United ruling that allows this
dark money of which the Senator speaks.
Mr. DURBIN. I ask the Senator from Oregon through the Chair again:
During the course of the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, Senator
Sheldon Whitehouse raised this question about dark money with Neil
Gorsuch, the nominee for the Supreme Court, and asked if he was aware
of the fact that millions were currently being spent on ad campaigns
and mail campaigns across the United States to promote his nomination--
and whether Neil Gorsuch felt that the source of this money should be
disclosed. As far as we could bring the judge on this subject, he said:
Well, someone should ask about where the money is coming from. That, I
guess, is a pretty bold statement because many Republicans don't
believe that it is fair to even ask where the money is coming from.
There was a time when even the Senate majority leader used to say: I
am not going to complain about the amount of money. I just want to make
sure it is all disclosed. Well, he is completely vacating that
position. He doesn't want disclosure. He doesn't want the American
people to know where the money is coming from.
I don't know if the Senator from Oregon noticed the television
advertising here in Washington, where there is a lot on an issue like
this before us. But the television screens--at least for those morning
talk shows--were inundated with advertising in favor of Neil Gorsuch
from groups like the 45 Committee, Judicial Justice Committee. They
make up these names right and left.
I ask the Senator: When it comes to decisions like Citizens United,
does

[[Page S2287]]

that give us clear evidence of why the Republicans are fighting so hard
to make sure they put the right person on the Supreme Court?
Mr. MERKLEY. I say to my colleague from Illinois that the entire
situation we are in revolves around the issue of dark money and having
a person on the Court who will sustain that flow. That Citizens United
decision was a 5-to-4 decision. Four Justices laid out the case that
these unlimited funds--and often secret funds--are corrupting our
American political system. And if one wants an example of that
corruption, simply look at the vast change--within a short period of
years--of the position of our colleagues on the right side of the aisle
in regard to the environment.

We had many colleagues who were very concerned about carbon pollution
coming from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels. They wanted to
make sure that we had a sustainable planet to pass on to our children--
our children's children. It was following a Republican tradition of
being involved in things like the Environmental Protection Agency
creation with President Nixon and the Clean Water Act and Clear Air
Act.
In a short period of time, like a shallow pool beneath a hot sun, it
just evaporated. That concern for the environment just disappeared and
dissipated. The result is that today, we have virtually no support to
take on this major environmental threat in a bipartisan fashion, and
that corresponds to this flow of dark money from the oil and coal
billionaires into the campaigns for the Senate in the United States of
America.
So it is a deeply disturbing situation in which absolutely a lot of
the explanation as to why we have a stolen Supreme Court seat and why
we have this nominee and why he is being rushed through in a way that
no Supreme Court seat had been rushed through ever before.
Yesterday--Tuesday--just shortly before I started speaking last
night, the majority leader came to the floor and said that he was
filing a petition to close debate. That is the first time in U.S.
history that has been done on the first day of the debate. That is the
type of, I guess, completely focused effort to complete the theft that
began last year.
Mr. DURBIN. I ask the Senator from Oregon if he will further yield.
Neil Gorsuch, the judge from the Tenth Circuit who has been nominated
for the Supreme Court, has had some noteworthy opinions. One was the
Hobby Lobby case. It is an interesting parallel between Hobby Lobby and
Citizens United. In Citizens United, the Supreme Court said: We believe
that money is speech. And we believe that the protections of the First
Amendment extend to corporations who should be treated like persons
when it comes to their right of free speech.
In the Hobby Lobby case, Neil Gorsuch, who is headed for the Supreme
Court, reached a parallel decision, giving good credibility to the
argument that the Republicans know why they are pushing for this man to
go to the Court because this was a case where the Hobby Lobby company,
which has stores across the United States owned by the Green family--
the Green family had their own special personal religious beliefs when
it came to family planning and birth control. So they refused to
provide for their 13,000 employees across the United States any health
insurance plan that provided for methods of birth control, which they
found personally offensive. They said that this was a corporate
position they were taking--a company position.
So it was Neil Gorsuch, with others on the Tenth Circuit Court, who
decided to expand the definition of personhood--again to include
closely held corporations like Hobby Lobby. The net result was that the
owners--the Green family--were able to say: We are going to stand up
for our religious beliefs when it comes to family planning. And to say
to 13,000 employees that those employees' personal beliefs--the
religious beliefs of each employee--really made no difference from the
viewpoint of Judge Gorsuch. Once the owners of the company had decided
what was good, principled religious conduct, they could impose that on
their employees.
So there is a parallel here where Citizens United said a corporation
is a person. Judge Gorsuch and Hobby Lobby said that a closely held
corporation is a person. And in the Citizens United case, he said this
person--corporation person--has the right of free speech. In the case
of Hobby Lobby, Judge Gorsuch said this corporation has the right of
freedom of religion to exert their sincerely held religious beliefs.
So I say to the Senator from Oregon: It is clear to me that they
tested Judge Gorsuch in the Tenth Circuit, and he came out ahead when
it came to the basic principle that corporations should somehow be
treated as persons when it comes to rights under the Constitution. That
to me is hard to imagine.
I just can't fathom how they could stretch the meaning of person to
include corporations when it doesn't say so expressly in any of the
statutes that were referenced here. I haven't seen a lot of
corporations pleading guilty and being sent to prison. It doesn't
happen much.
So my question to the Senator from Oregon is, when it comes to the
clearance of Neil Gorsuch for the Supreme Court seat--this open seat on
the Supreme Court--whether they found the Hobby Lobby decision
something that said to them: This man would believe in Citizens United
had he been on the Court at the same time.
Mr. MERKLEY. I say to my colleague from Illinois that we will
probably never know the full vetting that took place and the
conversations that took place, but your observation that Hobby Lobby
involves a parallel with Citizens United is absolutely right. In
Citizens United, the Court said: The corporation gets these political
rights; that is, the ability to spend money in campaigns, unlimited
funds. And in Hobby Lobby, the corporation gets religious rights, if
you will--the right to overrule, not just express them through the
benefits they provide to their employees, but to trump the religious
choices of their employees. It is kind of a super religious power, if
you will, choosing the corporation over the people. In both cases,
there is this element of choosing the corporation, promoting it,
exalting it, over the rights of individuals.
Jefferson made a comment in a letter where he talked about the
philosophy of the mother principle. The mother principle said that the
only way our government will proceed to fulfill the will of the people
is if each citizen has an equal voice--not vote, but voice. ``Vote''
was a big piece of that, but he chose the word ``voice,'' as did
President Lincoln on another occasion. The point he was making is that
you have to have a place where everyone can weigh in, more or less, in
equal fashion.
The opposite of that is Citizens United, where an individual who is a
multibillionaire can weigh in massively by buying up the air waves, the
radio waves, the television waves, the web advertising, the social
media, scrolling and so forth--all of these tools that didn't exist at
the time they were formed. So there is this ability for the wealthiest
to do a citizen sound equivalent of a stadium sound system that drowns
out the voice of the people, just as you have this situation in Hobby
Lobby where the religious preference of the corporate entity can trump
the religious preferences of the employees.
Mr. DURBIN. If the Senator from Oregon will yield further, when I
started trying to find out the source of the money for these television
ads that support Neil Gorsuch for the Supreme Court, I went to
something--the 45 Committee, I mentioned to you. I had never heard of
it before. I looked it up. There was a committee that sounds just like
this. It is hard to keep track of them. The largest donor by far in
terms of money was Sheldon Adelson, a man out of Las Vegas who has
become rather celebrated, if not notorious, for putting millions of
dollars into those political efforts on behalf of candidates from the
right--some say from the extreme right.
I would also ask the Senator from Oregon if, during the course of his
review of Judge Gorsuch's record, he came across the TransAm Trucking
case, which was really explored at length in the Senate Judiciary
Committee. Many of us felt this was such a clear definition of the
values of Neil Gorsuch, who tends to rule on the side of big business
and corporate elites over and over again.

[[Page S2288]]

The case involved a truck driver who was driving near Chicago on
Interstate 88 in January a few years ago during a bitterly cold period
of time. He had trouble with his trailer. He pulled it off to the side
of the road and realized the brakes on the trailer were frozen. So he
got on his cell phone and he called his dispatcher, and his dispatcher
said: Whatever you do, stay with that truck and trailer. The repairman
is on the way.
So he waited a while. No one showed up. He fell asleep. By the time
he woke up to a phone call from a member of his family, his legs were
numb and he was having trouble breathing. It turned out there was no
heater in the cab of the truck. So there he was, facing hypothermia and
freezing in his truck. Again, the dispatcher told him: Stay there.
Don't leave the truck.
He decided that the idea of dragging this trailer down the interstate
was dangerous and the idea of staying in this truck could threaten his
own life, so he made what I consider to be a reasonable decision: He
unhitched the trailer, took the truck to the gas station, filled it
with gas, warmed up, and came back to the trailer. For that conduct, he
was fired by TransAm Trucking. Because he was fired, he was blackballed
from ever driving another truck.
This man, whom I happened to meet in my office a few weeks ago,
Alphonse Maddin, then did not know which way to turn. He couldn't make
a living. He was a hard-working fellow out of Detroit.
Somebody said: You can go to the Department of Labor, and you can
file a complaint for unfair dismissal.
I see the Senator has a photograph of Mr. Maddin there.
He told me he went to the Department of Labor. They handed him the
form. With a ballpoint pen, he filled it in as to what happened to him,
protesting this dismissal and firing. He said he was shocked a few
months later to get a letter in the mail that said: You win. You are
right. They shouldn't have fired you.
Well, he thought that was a pretty good thing and that he would get
some backpay out of it. But then the appeals started, and it went in
the Federal court system. By the time it got to the Tenth Circuit,
where Judge Neil Gorsuch sat, seven different court judges and
administrative judges had considered the case of Alphonse Maddin as to
whether it was fair to fire him under these circumstances. Only one
judge out of the seven said it was the right thing to do--Neil Gorsuch,
the man who aspires to be on the Supreme Court.
One of my colleagues--and I think it was Senator Franken--said to
Judge Gorsuch: What would you have done if you were sitting in that
truck? What would you have done if you faced freezing to death or
dragging a disabled trailer out on a busy interstate, endangering the
lives of others?
Judge Gorsuch replied: I never really thought about it.
He never really thought about it. To me, that really gets to the
heart of what we are talking about here. He thought about it enough to
rule against that truck driver who faced that terrible choice in his
life, but he did not think for a moment what a reasonable, ordinary man
would do under the circumstances. He reduced the situation to the
absurd and decided to rule for the trucking company, for the
corporation.
When you consider that this Roberts Supreme Court has ruled on the
corporate side, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce side, 69 percent of the
time, it is pretty clear why they have this fond feeling for Neil
Gorsuch as the next Supreme Court Justice.
Does the Senator from Oregon see the linkage here between what the
Republicans are looking for in a Supreme Court nominee and what they
would find in this TransAm Trucking decision?
Mr. MERKLEY. My colleague from Illinois brings up the frozen trucker
case, as it has often been referred to, and how it demonstrates an
effort to really twist the law away from its original purpose in order
to find for the powerful over the individual.
In this particular case, when he wrote his viewpoint, Neil Gorsuch
revealed a whole lot because here was a law specifically crafted to
protect truckers from being fired if they operated for personal safety
or the safety of the public.

Clearly, for him to have driven that trailer down the road, a fully
loaded trailer without brakes because the brakes were frozen, would
have been incredibly dangerous to all kinds of people. To stay in that
cab freezing to death was dangerous to him. You can interpret the
concept of operating a truck, and the law said refusing to operate a
truck. Well, does refusing to operate a truck mean that you refuse to
operate it in exactly the manner that you were told to? Does it mean
driving the cab without the trailer or the cab with the trailer?
Gorsuch zeroed in on the fact that, well, he did not refuse to
operate because he drove the cab. He was operating. Well, no, he was
not operating in any common person's understanding. He left the trailer
there. He wasn't driving it down the road. But he searched for that
slight little way that he could say: Well, that does not quite fit, and
therefore I can find for the corporation.
It just fits case after case after case in which the nominee who is
before us now stretched the law, twisted the law, tortured the law, in
order to try to find a victory for the powerful over a person.
Mr. DURBIN. I thank the Senator from Oregon for yielding for
questions.
Mr. MERKLEY. I thank my colleague from Illinois for coming down to
help focus on some of those cases. I appreciate the great knowledge he
brings to Senate issues and the deliberations in the Judiciary
Committee. I am not a member of the Judiciary Committee, so, as I
listened to my colleagues commenting on the questions that were being
raised and how they were being answered, I saw in the course of those
hearings a trajectory in which many colleagues found, as they looked
into the heart of these decisions, that there was an absence of heart
reflected in the decisions.
The ability to understand the full context of which something
happened is so important. When I was a freshman in college, I had a
course, a freshman seminar, and that seminar was taught by an esteemed
professor of the law school. She would have us read the circumstances
of a case, and then say: How would you have ruled on this case? We
would write up our little memos, our short little memos, not really
based on law because we didn't know the law but on common sense or
whatever life experience would have brought to bear.
Then the next week, we would read the Justice's opinions, their
decisions on what they had found to be the case--did they sustain the
argument for the defense or otherwise, and what arguments did they
bring to bear?
I was always struck that William O. Douglas seemed to have the best
grip on being able to place himself into the mindset and the situation
of folks who were bringing grievances forward to be addressed. I think
a lot of that came from his life experience and the life experience in
which he had basically lived in the wilderness part of the time. He had
hung out with hobos, and he had ridden the rods underneath the railroad
cars to get from one place to another. He had experiences that were not
just inside the bubble--the billionaire bubble, the elite bubble, the
gated community.
The opposite of that is the situation when I was in New York back in
2008 and I was speaking to someone about campaigning for the Senate.
The individual said: I don't understand why you are so concerned about
healthcare. Everybody has healthcare--everybody. Well, in his world, in
his bubble, everybody had healthcare and everybody was wealthy, but
that is not the entirety of the world.
So it is so important to have people on the Court who can get inside
the experience that others have and that diverse experience. You don't
see that reflected in decisions that have been written by Neil Gorsuch.
I thank my colleague from Illinois.
The Guardian wrote an article titled ``The Guardian view of Trump's
Russia links: a lot to go at.'' I will share this particular article,
but before I do so, let us remember that we are here at this moment
with three substantial issues.
One issue is the fact that for the first time in U.S. history, a
Supreme Court seat has been stolen from one President and delivered to
another--the first

[[Page S2289]]

and only time. Sixteen times we have had a vacancy in a Presidential
year, and 15 times the Senate has acted to consider the nominee, in
some cases rejecting them, in some cases--in most cases confirming
them, but always acting until last year.
The second big issue is this Russia investigation, the investigation
of the links between the Trump campaign and the Russians, this big
cloud hanging over the legitimacy of the Presidency. It needs to be
resolved. That certainly affects whether it is legitimate to be
considering at this moment the President's nominee before that cloud is
dissipated or resolved because this individual, whoever is confirmed
for this seat, will quite likely serve for many decades. When it is a
younger nominee, as it is with Neil Gorsuch, that could be five
decades. It could be an extensive length of time with decisions that
stretch far into the future.
Rather than rush through this in a few days, we should be setting
this aside until these issues are resolved to make sure that we have
established the legitimacy of the President's role in office and gotten
rid of this cloud hanging over him.
The third, of course, is the nominee himself. I so much appreciate my
colleague from Illinois proceeding to, through his questions, raise a
number of the points about Neil Gorsuch's record. There is the case of
the frozen trucker. We did not talk about the case of the autistic
child, but that is very similar, where the law--and it is similar in
this sense--the law was quite clearly written to promote a particular
resolution of a challenge, and that is that every child, despite their
disability, would have the opportunity to have an appropriate
education. Neil Gorsuch managed to reduce that down to mere improvement
over de minimus; that is, basically a tiny little bit of improvement
over doing nothing. That was the Neil Gorsuch standard.
That standard went to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court just
recently issued its decision, and it was not a confirmation that it is
OK to have just a mere improvement over doing nothing, it was a
wholesale rejection, because the law is very clear, and Neil Gorsuch
tormented it and twisted it and tortured it to produce a position that
you can do nothing and meet the standard of the law that says you have
to do quite a bit.
So it was 8 to 0. It was not six out of eight or seven out of eight,
but eight out of eight. Every Justice, no matter where they were in the
ideological spectrum, said: That is an absurd finding and overthrew the
Neil Gorsuch decision.
(Mr. BARRASSO assumed the Chair.)
So we have these three substantial, major issues to consider, and
that is why this conversation should be set aside until we resolve the
Russia investigation.
I will read ``The Guardian view of Trump's Russia links.'' It says:

Why days before the presidential election did the FBI
announce it was reopening an investigation into Hillary
Clinton--when it was silent about its probe into Mr. Trump's
Russia ties?
When the president's own staff turn up in Washington to
publicly rebut his accusations that he had been wiretapped by
his predecessor, it's not good news for the White House. Yet
the longer the director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, James Comey, and Mike Rogers of the National
Security Agency appeared in front of a committee of Congress,
the worse it got. Since last July, Mr. Comey said, the
president's campaign has been investigated for colluding with
Russia to influence the 2016 election. Donald Trump's
election machine is coating his White House with sewage.
Yet Donald Trump, with the insouciance of a Bourbon
monarch, shows no sign of taking any notice of the facts.
Nor, it seems, will he retract false claims, nor will he be
held accountable for his dissembling. Mr. Trump is prepared
to carry on in disgrace. He spent the minutes after his own
intelligence officers called him out for peddling falsehoods
by trying to create a bizarre counter narrative with the
@POTUS twitter account that stretched his credibility so far
it snapped.

Well, this article continues to go into how just an amazingly absurd
situation this is at this moment.
I was really struck that what seemed to have transpired just a few
days ago was that the White House, some key advisers in the White
House, some very top advisers, called up the chair of the House
Intelligence Committee and said: Hey, come over here to the White
House. We want to brief you on some information that shows that maybe
there was some intelligence picked up on Trump in the course of other
intelligence activities.
So the chair goes over to the White House, gets briefed, comes back
to the House, holds a press conference, and says that he has this
information from a whistleblower, and he has to go back over to the
White House to brief the President.
The whole thing was phony. The information came from the White House.
The whole thing was set up to look as though there was some magnificent
new information that somehow confirmed some theme or line the President
was advocating. I mean, this was Keystone Cops. That is the place we
have come to in this administration. So those are certainly the
concerns that I have.
I think it is important to continue focusing on the Gorsuch
nomination. Let us recognize the setting in which this is happening.
Certainly we have a nominee who seems to want a 19th century judicial
philosophy for the 21st century. The preamble to our Constitution
states: ``We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union, establish Justice.'' That is a vision that reminds us
that we are a nation of laws, where individuals like the frozen trucker
can go to the authorities and get a fair, square deal, a deal that
reflects the fact he was unfairly fired, but he didn't get that from
Neil Gorsuch. The type of system where an autistic child who, under the
law, is supposed to be receiving an appropriate education receives that
education, but he didn't get that fair square justice from Neil
Gorsuch.
We are a nation of laws, but we are also a nation of justice, and it
sets us apart from so many other countries--that concept that average
citizens, ordinary people have a way to pursue justice.
During his confirmation hearing last month, Judge Gorsuch put on a
great show, kind of a friendly, everyday-man show, but when it came to
making decisions, the ordinary person lost out on these decisions time
after time after time.
We have a far right, extremist judge outside of the mainstream who,
in case after case, has twisted the laws to deny average Americans the
justice they deserve. He is so far out of the mainstream that he would
be the most conservative Justice on the Supreme Court--further to the
right than Justice Antonin Scalia or Justice Clarence Thomas, according
to an independent analysis by the Washington Post. The Post came to
this conclusion by examining the Tenth Circuit's opinions that have
been delivered since Gorsuch joined the Court in 2006. The Post
concludes:

The magnitude of the gap between Gorsuch and Thomas is
roughly the same as the gap between Justice Sotomayor and
Justice Kennedy during the same time period. In fact, our
results suggest that Gorsuch and Justice Scalia would be as
far apart as Justices Breyer and Chief Justice Roberts.

We can see this extremism by examining some of Judge Gorsuch's
significant cases.
Earlier, my colleague from Illinois came in and spoke about the
frozen trucker case. Alphonse Maddin was a truckdriver who was
transporting cargo through Illinois when the brakes on his trailer
froze because of subzero temperatures, and he did the responsible
thing. He got off the road. He pulled over. He refused to drive under
hazardous conditions, and he called for help.
After reporting the problem to the company, he waited 3 hours in
freezing temperatures for a repair truck to arrive. He couldn't even
wait in the cab of his truck to keep warm because the auxiliary power
unit was not working. After those 3 hours, his torso went numb, and he
began having difficulty breathing. He couldn't feel his feet. So he
unhitched the truck--that is the trailer, the loaded trailer, and left
it there. He drove the cab, seeking to find a place he could get warm,
and then he returned to the truck when the repairman was arriving.

The law is specifically written to say that you can't fire a
truckdriver for refusing to operate a truck in a fashion that will
cause dangers to others. And that is what he did; he refused to keep
driving with those frozen brakes in order to avoid causing danger to
others.

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Neil Gorsuch looked for a way to twist that, to say: Well, he didn't
refuse to operate the truck. He drove the cab, and that is kind of like
operating the truck.
Well, I would tell Neil: It is not. Operating a cab unhitched from a
trailer is not the same as operating a truck with the trailer. The
purpose of the driver is to deliver the goods.
So, quite frankly, he did exactly what he should have done for his
personal safety and the safety of others. He was fired for it, which is
what the law is written to stop. Everyone else got this, but not Neil
Gorsuch.
Neil Gorsuch looked for a strategy that he could possibly find to
favor a company over an individual, and that is really of great
concern.
In his dissent--Neil Gorsuch was not in the majority. He wasn't
making the decision. He wasn't writing the majority opinion. He had a
dissent.
He strained the reading of the statute. He went out of his way to
minimize the words ``health and safety'' in the law. He stated that
finding for the driver was improperly using the law ``as a sort of
springboard to combat all perceived evils lurking in the neighborhood''
and that the objective to promote health and safety was ``ephemeral and
generic.''
Well, clearly the finding that a trucker who was fired because he
refused to operate the truck--the cab and the trailer--in unsafe
conditions because the brakes were frozen, when the law says you can't
fire a trucker for refusing to operate a truck in unsafe conditions--
that is about not providing a very specific danger to the community.
How do you get from that to say that finding for the driver was a
framework ``to combat all perceived evils lurking in the
neighborhood''? As if somehow deciding the case on the pure merits and
the pure law, finding a case on behalf of an individual was somehow
opening a Pandora's box of bad decisions that would affect other
situations where maybe corporations that made a mistake would have to
pay a fine. That would be unacceptable.
I don't know what he meant by ``a sort of springboard to combat all
perceived evils,'' but I know it is totally disconnected from the pure
facts of the frozen trucker case and the law that guided it, and that
is why the court found in the trucker's favor.
In short, in reaching his conclusion, Judge Gorsuch took an extremely
narrow view of the statute, remarking that it only forbids them from
firing employees who refuse to operate a vehicle out of safety. That is
exactly, of course, why he did it.
I think that all along that case, you saw common sense, a clear view
of the facts, and a clear view of the law on everyone's behalf, except
for one individual, and that individual was Neil Gorsuch, who is before
us.
Let's turn to the case of the autistic child. Luke P, a young child
with autism, began receiving special education services at his public
school in kindergarten in 2000. He had an education plan specific to
his needs, as required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act, the IDEA.
The problem was that he wasn't making progress in generalizing
skills, applying skills he learned at school to other environments.
Despite his appropriate social interactions at school, he often had
severe behavioral problems at home and public places, including
violence. The public school's inability to meaningfully improve Luke's
ability to generalize basic life skills put enormous stress on the
family and exposed the limitations of what the school was able to
provide.
His parents found a program designed for children with this form of
autism, a place that specialized in that, a place that knew how to
approach it. They worked at getting him admitted, and they succeeded.
It was a great opportunity for Luke to not only learn important life
skills but to be able to apply them outside the classroom. Luke got in,
and he began to flourish, getting the attention and specialized
instruction that his condition merited.
So Luke's parents, knowing that the IDEA requires that children with
disabilities are entitled to a free education, applied to the school
district for reimbursement of the new school's tuition, but the school
district said they wouldn't fund that because they could meet the goals
of Luke's updated education plan. But the problem was, they couldn't.
That experience had already occurred, and the district had fallen
short.
At the due process hearing, the State level hearing, Luke's parents
prevailed. They laid out their case. The hearing compared the situation
to the law and the requirements in the law, and Luke's parents won.
It went up to the Federal district court. Again, looking at the case,
looking at the law, the parents prevailed. At each level, a hearing
officer judge determined that Luke wasn't getting the help he needed at
the public school. They concluded that, by failing to help him
generalize his skills, they failed to provide him with the free
appropriate education he was entitled to under the law.
Each looked at the facts and said: Only the specialized residential
school could provide the education he needed, and the school district
must reimburse the family.
Well, the school district appealed all the way up to the Tenth
Circuit--Judge Gorsuch's Tenth Circuit. And what happened on the Tenth
Circuit? Well, writing the opinion for the majority, Judge Gorsuch
stated that ``the educational benefit mandated by IDEA must merely be
more than de minimis.'' A way to translate that, ``merely more than de
minimis'' means a tiny bit more than nothing. That is the standard.
That is the Gorsuch standard. In effect, Judge Gorsuch argued that you
meet the law designed to insist that disabled children get an
appropriate education with a little bit more than nothing.
Well, this was then appealed up to the Supreme Court, and what
happened here just days ago? On March 22, Judge Gorsuch's ruling was
overturned by the eight members of the Supreme Court. It wasn't a 5-to-
3 or 6-to-2 or 7-to-1 decision; it was 8 to 0.
They felt that the standard Gorsuch put forward was totally
incompatible with the way the law was written. That is a very telling
situation to have eight Justices, through a large spectrum, see that
the world is quite different from the world of Neil Gorsuch, where the
law gets twisted to find for the powerful over the individual.
Judge Gorsuch's ruling was overturned through a unanimous vote in the
case of Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District during the final
days of Judge Gorsuch's confirmation hearings, March 22. In that case,
another autistic child, who also has attention deficit disorder, had
been removed from public school since the fifth grade. Like Luke, he
went on to make great progress in a private school. His parents said
the education plan that the public school created was not helping, and
they sued the school district to compel them to pay for the private
tuition. It was basically a mirror example of Luke's case.
In speaking for the Court, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Judge
Gorsuch's de minimis standard was too low and that the Federal law
demands more, that it requires an educational program that is
reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in
light of the child's circumstances.
Chief Justice John Roberts went on to say in his majority opinion
that it cannot be right that the IDEA generally contemplates grade
level advancement for children with disabilities who are fully
integrated into the regular classroom but is satisfied with merely more
than de minimis progress.
No. The IDEA contemplates grade level advancement, and it cannot be
squared with the standard that Neil Gorsuch put forward in his saying
``merely more than de minimis.''
Speaking in front of the Court, the Solicitor General specifically
noted that Judge Gorsuch's interpretation of the IDEA's requirement is
not consistent with IDEA's text or structure with this Court's analysis
or with Congress's stated purposes. Basically, that is the outline of
the autistic child's case.
Let's turn to the Utah en banc request, the Planned Parenthood
Association of Utah v. Herbert.
In August of 2015, Gary Herbert, Utah's Republican Governor, ordered
the State to strip $272,000 in Federal funding from the Planned
Parenthood Association of Utah in response to a series of hidden camera
videos that were released by the Center for Medical Progress. They were
attacking Planned

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Parenthood's program for providing fetal research tissue to research
institutions. These videos were found to have been doctored and the
footage was inaccurate. The entire premise was debunked.
Despite the fact that the videos had no merit, Governor Herbert stood
by his order to cut Planned Parenthood's funding. Utah's Planned
Parenthood Association decided to fight back by filing for and
temporarily receiving a restraining order against the State.
In spite of his continued claim--that is, the Governor's claim--that
stripping funding was not to punish the organization for its stance on
abortion but was in response to the videos, Governor Herbert eventually
admitted, while responding to Planned Parenthood's motion for a
preliminary injunction, that the events in the videos involved other
Planned Parenthood affiliates in other States, not Planned Parenthood
in Utah. There was not even an accusation that Planned Parenthood in
Utah had strayed beyond the law.
The organization in Utah does not participate in that research
program that was attacked in that video. There was no connection--not
geographically to Utah and not through the substance issue of a tissue
research program. None of the Federal funds that go through the State's
health department to Planned Parenthood fund abortions, which is an
important point.
Let me reemphasize that the accusations made by the videos about
Planned Parenthood and its affiliates were false.
What the Governor's response has made clear is that he was, in fact,
punishing Planned Parenthood of Utah for its constitutionally protected
advocacy and its services that include abortion. That is a very, very
small part of what it does.
A three-judge panel on the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals granted a
preliminary injunction to Planned Parenthood, concluding that Utah's
Planned Parenthood was operating lawfully and that the Governor's
personal opposition to abortion could likely be demonstrated as a
motivation for blocking Federal funds. Therefore, the Governor was
targeting a health organization, in violation of its constitutional
rights.
We have these basic concepts, like equality under the law. You cannot
just choose and pick, basically, whom you like and dislike.
Here is what happened. In spite of that Tenth Circuit's finding of
those three judges, who all found on the side of Planned Parenthood,
Judge Gorsuch dissented from the court's denial and requested that it
be considered en banc--that is, by the entire Tenth Circuit set of
judges. This is very unusual because the Governor who lost the case was
not asking for it to be reconsidered, and Planned Parenthood was not
asking for it to be reconsidered. It was a done deal. The arguments
that the Governor had brought basically fell apart upon examination--
each and every argument. Planned Parenthood of Utah was not in the
videos. The videos themselves were edited to create a false story. They
did not even participate in the same research program and so forth--I
mean, every piece of it. Yet Judge Gorsuch said: No, we should have the
entire group of judges reconsider this--a judge pushing this forward
when the defendant did not even push it forward. He was willing to
ignore court practice and custom, to mischaracterize facts in law to
ensure that Utah's Republican Governor could eliminate funding for
Planned Parenthood.

He made a reference to kind of the deference to elected opinion.
That, in itself, is very strange. Isn't your job to find out whether
the circumstances fit the law and, if someone has been shortchanged, to
rule for him and not to defer to someone because he has the title of
``Governor'' before his name?
In the majority's opinion, Judge Mary Briscoe wrote separately to
highlight the troubling nature of Judge Gorsuch's dissent. She noted
first how unusual and extraordinary it would be for the Tenth Circuit
to have one of its own make a motion for an en banc review when neither
party to the litigation sought such a review. Second, Judge Briscoe
emphasized that Judge Gorsuch repeatedly mischaracterized this
litigation and the panel at several turns.
Another judge in the majority pointed out that none of the parties
asked for a rehearing within the time permitted and that there was no
justification for polling the court on that question at all.
Apparently, an unidentified judge had requested that the judges be
polled.
So we have here--as we have in the case of the autistic child, as we
have in the case of the frozen trucker--another case of twisting the
law to try to come out with an outcome that is not merited by the facts
of the case or the plain language of the law. That really is a
significant concern.
Judge Gorsuch has been a lifelong ideological warrior. The quote from
Henry Kissinger that he used in both his high school and Columbia
yearbooks might have been intended as joke, but it warrants some
consideration in light of his record:

The illegal we do immediately. The unconstitutional takes a
little longer.

In light of these cases, where in case after case he stretched the
law, tortured the law, twisted the law to find for the powerful--the
Constitution has a vision of equality before the law. Our Constitution
has this vision of justice for all so that when a judge does not pursue
equality before the law, does not pursue justice for all, then that
really is kind of a venture into the unconstitutional. That is exactly
what happened in the case of the autistic child, where the Court said:
Your decision was unconstitutional. Your decision to say that a little
bit more than nothing meets the standard of the IDEA is wrong. That is
unconstitutional. That is wrong for the law.
Indeed, it almost makes the hair on your neck stand to realize that
he was writing that the unconstitutional takes a little longer.
His world view really began to take shape at Columbia when he
cofounded the Federalist, which was the school newspaper, and a
magazine called the Morningside Review. In writing for the
publications, Judge Gorsuch defended social inequality, saying it
allows men of different abilities and talents to distinguish
themselves, as they wish, without devaluing their innate human worth as
members of society and arguing that a responsible system requires a
governing class that is comprised of men of exceptional political
ability and spirit of concern who craft laws and run the government.
When I read this, it made me think of Plato's ``Republic.'' In
Plato's ``Republic,'' he lays out a vision of the guardians, kind of
this superior group of men who find just the right solutions. It sure
sounds like that--a responsible system that requires a governing class
that is comprised of men of exceptional political ability, spirit, and
concern, who craft the laws and run the government--in other words, a
government by the elite. Through his decisions, we see that it is not
just by the elite and by the powerful, it is for the elite and for the
powerful. That is a long way from equality under the law, and that is a
long ways from justice for all. And he characterized efforts to fight
racism as ``more demand for the overthrow of American society than the
forum for the peaceable and rational discussion of these people and
events.''

We have a substantial amount of racism still embedded in our Nation,
and we see it come out in unexpected ways. The first I was really aware
of the racism that we have in our society was when I was a 19-year-old
and I was an intern for Senator Hatfield here. I was assigned to open
all of the letters each morning because I was the last of the three
summer interns to arrive, and that job went to the last person. I
started opening these letters, and the job was to sort them, to get
them into different piles according to topic for the different
corresponding legislative correspondents who would then write replies.
But as I read the letters, I would read one letter and there would be
an attack on Seventh Day Adventists. In another there would be an
attack on African Americans. In another, there was an attack on
immigrants, and so on and so forth. There were attacks on Mormons.
There were attacks on every possible group.
It made me think about how Oregon was at one time a territory that
excluded African Americans, and at a later date it came to have the
largest Ku Klux Klan in the Nation--Oregon. You wouldn't imagine that.
I saw no signs of this racism growing up in the suburbs of Portland or
down in

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Roseburg, but these letters that people were writing were full of
racism.
We can't simply pretend that it doesn't exist. Over the course of
this last year, we have seen this time and again. We have seen groups
that kind of are still deeply wedded to racism and discrimination, and
they have kind of come out and made themselves more publicly available.
They have kind of shared their thoughts more readily, and they have
engaged in more racist acts against others.
So we have more people who have been attacked in parking lots because
of their race, or we have more situations where graffiti has been
scrolled on the side of buildings. We have mosques that have been
burned. We have synagogues that have been defiled. We have individuals
who look to be Middle Eastern being attacked because they are looking
like they are Middle Eastern.
So, clearly, as to racism, we are not discussing this challenge in
America, pondering how we come to a full respect for each and every
individual in our country. That cannot be characterized as a demand for
the overthrow of American society, unless your concept of American
society is one that is a White supremacist viewpoint, and then respect
for everyone else perhaps is an overthrow of society.
Now, I am not saying that Neil Gorsuch was coming from that
particular viewpoint, but he certainly shows in his quote that he has
great difficulty considering a conversation about racism to be a
legitimate and important conversation for making America a better
place, embracing the strengths of all of our citizens who come from
diverse backgrounds. It can't be that this is ``more demand for the
overthrow of American society than a forum for rational discussion of
these people and events.'' It is a discussion that we need to have.
Judge Gorsuch is absolutely coming into the Court with a view of
expansive rights for corporations.
For a long time in our Nation's history, our biggest businesses and
corporations certainly ruled the roost, and we had the barons who came
from Big Oil and Big Railroad and Big Copper, and their wealth and
their station in life ensured that they really had a lot of power over
the people around them. Over time, we gave and developed standards so
that people couldn't be exploited to the extent that they were
exploited under these barons. We had developed labor and safety
standards, and we had developed minimum wages and 40-hour workweeks and
overtime--really quite an amazing transformation of the workplace. We
made great strides in the course of the 20th century. We recognized
that American workers are entitled to be treated with respect in a safe
working environment.
But there are other cases other than the frozen trucker case where
Judge Gorsuch has put the interest of the company or the corporation
above the safety of the American worker. One of those is the case of
the electrocuted construction worker, the mining construction worker.
Encompass Environmental. The Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission fined employer Encompass Environmental because the company
failed to properly train Chris Carter, a worker who was electrocuted.
He did not recover. He died.
Chris joined the construction project a week after it had begun.
Because he was not trained in that specific work, he brought a piece of
equipment in contact with an overhead line. This was specifically
something the company had trained others to avoid, but he wasn't
trained in it, and the result is he died.
The Tenth Circuit on which Neil Gorsuch serves upheld the fine
against the company for the failure to train, saying that it was
``undisputed that Encompass did not give this employee any instruction
on the fatal danger posed by the high voltage lines located in the
vicinity of the work area.''

The company's own job hazard announcements found a fatal danger from
the high-voltage power lines involved and recommended training for
employees that would instruct them to keep at least 20 feet away from
those power lines. A lot of the employees got that training, but Chris
Carter didn't, and he died.
While all of the Tenth Circuit upheld the fine against the company,
Judge Gorsuch dissented. He said that, as to the Occupational Safety
and Health Review Commission, which fined the employer, that fine was
yet another example of an administrative agency wielding remarkable
powers and penalizing a company where no evidence existed. If it had
been up to Neil Gorsuch, Encompass Environmental would not have had to
pay this fine. It would never have been accountable for the negligence
that ended in this tragic, unnecessary death.
It is striking to me that despite the fact that the company itself
knew about this hazard, and the company itself trained other employees
to avoid the hazard but failed to provide the training in this case,
Neil Gorsuch really somehow believes that there was no error made by
the company; that, somehow, it is unfair if you are penalizing the
company.
The ultimate example of Gorsuch's efforts to expand the rights of
corporations came in the Hobby Lobby case, which held that corporations
are persons exercising religion under the purposes of the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act. Therefore, according to the ruling, closely
held, for-profit secular corporations could deny their female employees
the legal right to contraceptive coverage as part of their employer-
sponsored health insurance plans.
The Tenth Circuit upheld this position, but that wasn't enough. In a
separate opinion he couched this expansion of corporate rights in a
blanket of religious freedom writing:

All of us face the problem of complicity. All of us must
answer for ourselves whether and to what degree we are
willing to be involved in the wrongdoing of others. For some,
religion provides an essential source of guidance both about
what constitutes wrongful conduct and the degree to which
those who assist others to commit wrongful conduct themselves
bear moral culpability.

What that case really amounted to was saying that religious
preferences of the employer--a corporation--trumped the religious
choices of the employees--the individuals. That is the scary thing
about Hobby Lobby--giving corporations expansive control while you
diminish the realm of private rights.
The Hobby Lobby decision has already been invoked--not only
supporting curtailing employees' access to reproductive healthcare but
also to justify noncompliance with child labor laws, anti-kidnapping
laws, and anti-discrimination laws.
As a lawyer, Neil Gorsuch wrote a brief in Dura Pharmaceuticals v.
Broudo, urging the Court to ignore the statutory legislative history of
the Securities and Exchange Act and advocating that the Court limit the
availability of those who confronted the corporation to band together
to seek redress.
In a 2005 article, Gorsuch launched into an attack on plaintiffs'
lawyers for such cases. The lawyers were just looking for a free ride
to vast riches, he concluded. They involved frivolous claims, taking an
enormous toll on the economy and on virtually every corporation in
America at one time or another, costing businesses billions of dollars
in settlements.
So Neil Gorsuch has taken positions making it more difficult for
class action lawsuits to proceed.
Well, what is a class action lawsuit and why is it so important in
our system to have class action lawsuits? Imagine that you are in a
situation where, for example, maybe a telecommunications company gets
involved in slamming charges onto your bill that you never asked for,
and maybe that costs you $10 a month for some service put on your long-
distance bill or on your cable bill or on your worldwide net band bill,
and you proceed to notice this, but they put this on without you
authorizing it. Yet it is $10. You can't possibly afford to go to court
to take on this predatory conduct of charging you for something you
never ordered, but when you realize there are often tens of thousands
of other people who have also been the victims of this illegal
predatory action, then a class action lawsuit gives you the ability to
band with those other folks to take on that predatory conduct by the
corporation, and that helps to dissuade a corporation from being
involved in predatory conduct to begin with.
This can be involved in all sorts of things. It could be
misrepresenting a product that is being sold, a physical

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product, or not warning about its having a danger that any rational
person should have warned you about, or misrepresenting stocks in some
type of a scheme where thousands of people are sold something, but what
they buy is not what they were promised, and so forth.
So class action is a powerful tool for justice, but you see in case
after case after case, complete disdain by Neil Gorsuch for class
action lawsuits. He sees them as a burden on the corporate enterprise
of America.
Well, I believe that it is important to stop illegal predatory
conduct, and in cases where you can't possibly afford to go as an
individual, class action is an important strategy.
In one case, Shook v. The Board of County Commissioners, he prevented
a group of inmates with mental illnesses who were not receiving proper
care from joining together to request that the jail meet its
constitutional obligation to provide medical care. Shook may not have
involved a corporation, but the same legal reasoning Judge Gorsuch
applied in that case can be used to limit class action lawsuits brought
against companies and against corporations. There were a number of
other cases in that category, and there are cases that essentially
highlight issues of discrimination and sexual harassment and Judge
Gorsuch's views on that.
In Pinkerton v. Colorado Department of Transportation, Judge Gorsuch
joined an opinion discounting Pinkerton's evidence of discrimination
and concluding that her performance, not discrimination, resulted in
her termination.
Betty Pinkerton was an administrative assistant. She alleged that her
supervisor had made inappropriate, sexually explicit remarks to her
over a period of several months and that she was fired when she
reported the harassment. Pinkerton specifically alleged that her
supervisor asked her whether she had sexual urges and asked about the
size of things that a boss should not ask about, and he actually
commented on a whole series of things which I don't think I will read
into the Record but which were totally inappropriate in a workplace
setting.
After her supervisor asked to go to her house for lunch, Pinkerton
called the internal civil rights administrator and complained and then
made a formal written complaint 7 days later. An investigation that
followed led to the supervisor's removal, but shortly after the
supervisor was fired, Pinkerton was also fired. She sued, claiming that
the department of transportation was liable for the hostile work
environment imposed by the supervisor and that she had been fired
because she had raised this issue and this conduct.
There was a divided panel that affirmed a summary judgment in favor
of the Colorado Department of Transportation, which held that Pinkerton
had waited too long--2 months--to report the harassment, and Judge
Gorsuch found with the majority.
Judge Paul Kelly's majority opinion concluded it was Pinkerton's
performance, not discrimination, that resulted in her termination, but
the dissenting opinion said that it should be a jury who decides at
what point Pinkerton's failure to report the harassment becomes
unreasonable, that the termination just days after the investigation
was completed raised a genuine issue of fact about her claim of
retaliatory discharge, especially considering that the State department
of transportation testified that the most serious error leading to
Pinkerton's firing was an allegedly mishandled call from an employee's
daughter that happened 4 years earlier, and the director tried to get
Pinkerton another job with the State department of transportation only
months before she was fired. But Judge Gorsuch joined the majority and
did not give Betty Pinkerton the chance to confront her employers in a
court of law in front of a jury. In other words, she wanted her day in
court to make the case.
The minority in that case said: Yes, she should get her opportunity
to make her case. There is enough evidence, and it should be presented.
She can make her case and the department can make their case--not to
preempt the opportunity for her to have her day in court. But that is
where Judge Gorsuch ended up.
Then there is Strickland v. United Parcel Service, UPS. In this case,
Judge Gorsuch concurred in part, while also dissenting in part from an
opinion holding that Strickland provided ample evidence that she was
regularly outperforming her male colleagues, and yet she was treated
less favorably than they were.
Carole Strickland was a female driver for UPS who alleged sex
discrimination and quit under pressure. Two judges on the Tenth Circuit
panel overturned a lower court decision granting UPS judgment as a
matter of law. In doing so, they emphasized that Strickland provided
ample evidence that she was regularly outperforming her male
colleagues, and yet she was treated less favorably, including direct
testimony of several of her coworkers that she was treated poorly or
worse than others.
Strickland's coworkers testified that supervisors treated her
differently from her male colleagues. She met 93 percent to 104 percent
of her sales quotas, was outperforming some of her coworkers on every
measure, and yet she was singled out to attend individual meetings--the
only one who had to make written sales commitments even though no one
was at the 100-percent quota level.
One of the men in her office had lower performance than Strickland in
almost every sales measure but was not required to attend these
meetings to discuss work performance and was not counseled on failing
to reach 100 percent.
Judge Gorsuch, unlike his two colleagues, dissented from the
decision. He would have decided the case could not have gone to a jury,
arguing that a reasonable juror could have found that Strickland was a
victim of sex discrimination. He himself decided the essence of the
case rather than giving her an opportunity to have her day in court, in
spite of the substantial evidence she brought forward. He would have
denied an employee the opportunity to hold a corporation accountable
for their mistreatment.
We see the theme in these cases, one after the other. When fellow
judges found that a person had a reasonable right to make their case,
he dissented and worked to block a chance for an individual to have
their case heard.
There is a list of cases we have been going through, but I want to go
back and recap why we are here in the Senate hearing this nomination
and deciding whether to confirm this individual, Neil Gorsuch. This
story is one that really begins with the death of Antonin Scalia.
Antonin Scalia died in February of last year. Within hours, the
majority leader had decided to pursue a strategy of asking the Senate--
really, demanding the Senate--ensuring that the Senate not fulfill its
constitutional advice and consent responsibility. If only at that
moment my colleague the majority leader had thought: This is a big
deal. Asking the Senate to not exercise its advice and consent
responsibility--that is a big deal. Maybe I should wait a day and think
about this.
But no, there was a rush to the floor to lay this out, and that
became the path this body has been on ever since.
A month later, in March, the President did his job under the
Constitution: He nominated Merrick Garland, and it was forwarded over
here to the Senate. The normal thing would be for the Senate to start
hearings, but the Republican majority leadership said: No. No hearings
in the Judiciary Committee.
Why not? It is our responsibility to provide advise and consent on
nominations, and there is no nomination more important than the
nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States of America. It
isn't someone who just serves for a couple of years in the
administration or maybe for a full 4 years of the administration; it is
somebody who serves for life. And it is not someone like a district
judge or a circuit judge who can write an opinion but then have it
overturned at a higher level; the Supreme Court is the higher level. It
is the highest level. The buck stops with the Supreme Court.
Given the lifetime appointment and enormous power to set precedent
for what the meaning of our Constitution is makes the Supreme Court
nomination fantastically important. So it is shocking that we failed to
do our job as a Senate--to hold hearings, to hold a vote, and to send
the issue to the floor and hold a debate on Merrick Garland.
Some Members said: This is in keeping with tradition for an election
year.

[[Page S2294]]

Well, no, it is not in keeping with tradition. We have had 16
nominations during an election year. A few of them came after the
election. Yet there was still a nomination, and the Senate still acted.
On others, the vacancy occurred before the election, and the President
chose not to fill or not to produce a nominee until after an election,
and still the Senate said there is time to act. In nine other cases,
the vacancy came before the election, the nomination came before the
election, and in eight of those nine, the Senate acted. In 15 cases out
of 15 cases before Antonin Scalia died, the Senate acted--confirming
most, rejecting a few, but they acted. They exercised advice and
consent. Then last year the Senate failed for the first time--the first
time in U.S. history--to act.
We can think of this as a kind of lengthy, lengthy filibuster of a
Supreme Court nominee. Some of my colleagues have said: It doesn't seem
right that a minority--41 Senators--can stop us from getting to a final
vote. But it is right. It is a tradition that a 60-vote standard to
approve a nominee to the Supreme Court is essential to make sure that a
nominee has bipartisan support, that they are from the judicial
mainstream, that they have judicial temperament, and that they fit this
very important role, this task which they are going to be assigned to
do and which they might do for many, many decades to come. That is why
we have a 60-vote standard.
What happened last year was a complete refusal to act and 290-plus
days of failure to act--plenty of time to act to fulfill our
responsibility. It would be different and we would be having a
different discussion today if the Senate had considered the nominee and
rejected the nominee.
So why didn't the majority leader simply say: We don't like this
nominee, so we are going to probably have a debate and we are probably
going to vote the nominee down. The reason why is everyone loved
Merrick Garland. He was right down the middle. He had great quotes of
support from both sides of the aisle. He didn't have a history like the
history I am describing with Neil Gorsuch, which raised eyebrows time
and time again, or where he was kind of legislating from the bench. He
didn't do that the way Neil Gorsuch has done.
So that is the big issue, that we have a strategy of stealing a
Supreme Court seat in order to pack the Court. It has never been done
before, and we are in the middle of it now. And if this week goes as
the majority leader said he was going to make sure that it went, then
the theft is going to be completed by Friday.

So I have been here through the night talking about this, to say how
important this is that we not do this--that to proceed to fill this
stolen seat will damage the Court for decades to come and will damage
the Senate for decades to come. If you can steal one seat and get away
with it, the temptation next time is to steal another seat--either to
double down on the strategy or rebalance the first crime against the
Constitution. And each and every time, it will deepen the divisions,
and it will diminish the legitimacy of the Court. In the 5-to-4
decisions that we see in the future from the Supreme Court, we are
looking to say every single time that it is Justice Merrick Garland's
stolen seat--President Obama's stolen seat. Every time that person is
in the positive side--the winning side of a 5-to-4 decision--the Court
would decide it differently if the seat weren't stolen, if the Court
weren't packed. That decision doesn't really have legitimacy because it
was the result of court-packing. That is not the way we want to be
viewing the Supreme Court.
We want to have a Court of wise, thoughtful individuals with great
depth and knowledge of the law, combined with a terrific diversity of
life experience. They can put themselves into the position and identify
with the challenges faced in an authentic manner. That is important.
That strengthens the Court. But it weakens the Court to have a Court
packed as a crass, political tactic and to do it through a stolen seat.
So that is why it matters--that it hurts the integrity of this body
and it hurts the integrity of the Court. It involves the participation
of the President because the President provided a nomination, and that
hurts the integrity of the executive branch. In other words, it is a
lose-lose-lose proposition. There is still time to take this train off
the tracks and not result in this very unfortunate potential outcome.
The second reason we are at this point is that this nomination is
just being rushed through as quickly as possible--brought to the floor
immediately after the committee vote. Then, for the first time in U.S.
history, not only was it brought to the floor the day after the
committee vote, but it was brought to the floor and then immediately a
petition was filed to close debate. For the first time in U.S. history,
on the first day of debate on a Supreme Court nominee, that a petition
was filed to close debate. That petition, under our rules, forces a
vote on whether to close debate on Thursday, long before the Senate has
had a full chance for everyone to make all of their points and
thoughts.
Mr. President, a point of Parliamentary inquiry----
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator will please state his inquiry.
Mr. MERKLEY. What is the agreed-upon schedule to resume the normal
activities of the floor?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senate has a previous order to stand
adjourned when the Senator is finished speaking until 9:30 a.m.
Mr. MERKLEY. I appreciate that clarification. I am going to make this
comment now, in case I might forget later. I want to give special
thanks to the team of individuals who make this body work in order to
provide for the opportunity for extended debate, sometimes here under
extraordinary circumstances. Because I have been here through the night
speaking, one of those extraordinary circumstances was this night that
has just passed. The stenographers, the Parliamentarians, the pages,
our doorkeepers, our caucus staff, the bill clerks, and others who
staff the desks in the offices in the Democratic and Republican
cloakrooms--I am excited to see the set of smiles on the pages' faces.
I don't know if the same pages were here all night or not. Well, they
will hopefully really get a lot out of this opportunity to serve here.
But thank you to all the staff members who have labored during the wee
hours of the night and into this morning.
I was summing up the issues that we labor under and noting a
significant one is the stolen Supreme Court seat and the damage that
completing that theft will do to our institutions. I have been going
through a number of cases that are related to the far-right, anti-we-
the-people vision of Neil Gorsuch, from the frozen trucker case, to the
autistic child case, to the worker suffering sexual discrimination or
gender discrimination at work--all of these cases that have come
forward.
We have the third issue, of course, being that cloud that is hanging
over the Presidency because of the investigations underway at this
moment into the role the Trump campaign may have played in
communicating with or collaborating with the Russians in their
extensive strategy to interfere with our Presidential election. So
there are a lot of concerns.
This should be the last case where we are cutting short the debate by
filing a petition to close debate on the opening day, but there it is--
another first, another degradation of the institution.
Dahlia Lithwick wrote in November:

We are already hearing from Republicans and Democrats in
leadership positions that it is incumbent upon Americans to
normalize and legitimize the new Trump presidency. We are
told to give him a chance, to reach across the aisle, and
that we must all work hard, in President Obama's formulation,
to make sure that Trump succeeds. But before you decide to
take Obama's advice, I would implore you to stand firm and
even angry on this one point at least: The current Supreme
Court vacancy is not Trump's to fill. This was President
Obama's vacancy and President Obama's nomination. Please
don't tacitly give up on it because it was stolen by
unprecedented obstruction and contempt. Instead, do to them
what they have done to us. Sometimes, when they go low, we
need to go lower, to protect the thing of great value.

I don't love the way that is phrased, that is for sure. Because in my
mind, the point here is to guard our institutions and make them work
better. That is the high road. That is not going lower; that is going
higher. We must strengthen and defend these institutions that are being
torn asunder by this strategy of stealing a Senate seat.
That is an article from the Slate.

[[Page S2295]]

The Miami Herald says: ``Supreme Court Nominations Will Never Be the
Same.''

The story of the Supreme Court in 2016 can be summarized in
a statistic: It's been 311 days since Justice Antonin Scalia
died on February 13, and his seat remains unfilled. That is
not the longest Supreme Court vacancy in the modern era, but
it's about to enter second place--and it will become the
longest if Donald Trump's nominee isn't confirmed about the
end of March.
This striking fact will be front and center when the
history of the court in 2016 is written, but what really
matters isn't the length of the vacancy. It's the election in
the middle of it. The Republican Senate changed the rules of
confirmation drastically by refusing even to consider Judge
Merrick Garland's nomination. And against the odds, it paid
off for them.

It is interesting because we talk about the nuclear option of
changing the rules, but in a very de facto matter, the nuclear option
went off the day the majority leader came to the floor and said that we
are going to conduct ourselves in a totally different way than the
Senate's ever conducted itself. Unlike every other time in U.S.
history, when there was a vacancy during election year and the Senate
acted, we are not going to act. We are going to essentially engage in
stonewalling the President's nominee--no hearing, no discussion. That
was a nuclear option. So, certainly, I think that is a point well made
by this article.

The history of the confirmation process is central to the
history of the court. There have been some important
landmarks in the last century. Louis Brandeis was the first
justice to have a confirmation hearing. Felix Frankfurter was
the first justice who had to testify at his confirmation.
More recently, the confirmation process for Robert Bork in
1987 had epochal consequences. For the first time, judicial
philosophy was a focus.

That was 1987.

No one disputed Bork's intelligence or qualifications.
Instead liberals, including law professors like my colleague
Laurence Tribe, criticized Bork's conservatism, as opposition
to fundamental rights.

Well, there is a whole host of commentary from all across America.
Let's turn to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ``The Senate's shame:
Merrick Garland deserved a hearing for Supreme Court.''

Judge Merrick Garland is returning to his work on the Court
of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, his nomination for the
Supreme Court killed without a vote by a Republican Senate
majority more concerned with partisan politics than with
doing its job.
The behavior of those who disposed of his nomination stands
in sharp contrast to his own record and reputation as a
nonideological judge.
Judge Garland is a moderate jurist with a reputation for
careful reasoning. Mere days before President Barack Obama
announced Merrick Garland's nomination, Senator Orrin Hatch,
a Republican from Utah, told a conservative news site that if
the President wanted to pick a moderate, he ``could easily
name Merrick Garland, who is a fine man.''
But Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell had already
announced, in February, that his caucus would block any Obama
nominee. ``This vacancy,'' he said, ``should not be filled by
this lame-duck President.'' So the Senate refused even to
hold hearings.

Let's be clear. We have had 16 vacancies in the course of an election
year during our 200-plus years of history, and never before did a
majority refuse to exercise their advice and consent responsibility
under the Constitution, arguing that it is a lameduck President. That
is not embedded in the Constitution. It is not embedded in the Senate
rules. It is not embedded in history. It is not embedded in any logic.
When you elect a President, you elect him for 4 years.
Obama was elected, not by a small margin, not by an electoral victory
combined with a citizen majority loss. No, he won the citizen vote
massively, as well as winning the electoral college. He won it twice.
You can't look for a better endorsement for the role of a President and
an affirmation in the face of the determined effort to ensure he did
not get a second term.
So that lameduck argument is lame. The argument that the President
was a lameduck so, therefore, his Supreme Court nominee should not get
a hearing is disingenuous and irresponsible. Mr. Obama had a year left
in his term, and Presidents have their full constitutional authority
until noon on inauguration day. They must perform all of their duties
until then.
Granted, a President must nominate justices the Senate can reasonably
be asked to confirm. You can't ask a Senate dominated by the other
party to confirm someone whose judicial philosophy could appeal only to
someone who shares the President's politics. He must, when facing such
a Senate, choose someone in the middle. Mr. Obama did that. He did his
job. He picked the very judge Senator Hatch said would be a moderate
choice.
The Senate did not do its job. Its refusal to confirm Judge Garland
was not based on any flaw in the nominee's character, any deficit in
his abilities, or even any disagreement with his jurisprudence. It was
pure partisan politics. Senate Republicans wanted to let a Republican
President fill the vacancy, and they are going to get their way. But
this refusal of the Senate to do its duty cost a good man a fair
hearing, and, more importantly, it cost the Nation a potentially fine
justice, one more faithful to the law than one of the political parties
or particular judicial ideology.
As a result of this abdication of responsibility, it will be harder
to get Justices like that in the future. Indeed, the Senate has
established a terrible precedent that makes it less likely that any
President will be get a Senate controlled by the other party to confirm
his or her Supreme Court nominees, however wise and well-qualified.
This was a study of Washington politics at its worst--political and
constitutional malpractice--and it will have a lasting consequence.
Well, there is still time to change course and not have this legacy,
as characterized by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, of ``political and
constitutional malpractice with lasting consequences''. So one question
we have not talked about too much in this debate through the night is
how voters view this GOP maneuvering to push through Trump's
ultraconservative Supreme Court nominee. This is a national survey of
likely voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research. It notes the
following:

In the wake of President Donald Trump's nomination of Neil
Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court, a new national poll shows
that voters believe that the nomination has real consequences
for the direction of the country. Voters strongly oppose
efforts by the Republicans to change the rules in order to
push through Trump's ultraconservative nominee.

Americans see this as a fight that matters to them. When presented
with potential consequences and rulings that could result from
Gorsuch's confirmation, including overturning Roe v. Wade and leaving
the flow of special interest money in politics unchecked, large
majorities of voters say they are more likely to oppose the nominee.
Key findings from the poll conducted January 27 through 31 on behalf
of NARAL Pro Choice America Foundation, Every Voice, and End Citizens
United, include:

Voters overwhelmingly believe that Trump's nomination will
have a real impact on the country's future. Fully 72 percent
of voters think the nomination will have a big difference in
the direction of the country. Voters across the political
spectrum agree on the importance of this nomination, with 76
percent of Democrats saying it will make a big difference,
along with 75 percent of Republicans and 64 percent of
Independents.

So, in short, basically roughly three out of four Americans recognize
that it is a very big deal because out of this discussion could come a
confirmed nominee, a ninth vote on the Supreme Court, and that 5-to-4
votes of the Supreme Court steer the country in very different
directions, depending on how that 5-to-4 voting occurs.
If you are adding to the Supreme Court spectrum of conservatives who
have this view of Merrick Garland and antipathy toward the ability of
citizens to pursue justice through class action lawsuits, and an effort
to always kind of torture the law in order to find for corporations
over the individuals, and a love of arbitration agreements, and even
inventing them as we heard last night--inventing an arbitration
agreement where none exists--in order to prevent an issue from going
forward in the courts--all of that is a real handicap for Americans in
the future. So Americans understand this is a big deal.

Americans strongly object to any GOP attempts to use
political tactics to strong-arm Trump's nominee through the
confirmation process. After hearing balanced messaging, seven
in 10 (69 percent) oppose Republicans changing the rules to
prevent a filibuster and allow the Senate to confirm a
nominee with just a simple majority instead of the required
60 votes, with 54 percent strongly opposing this proposal. In
fact, even 4-out-of-10 Trump voters (39 percent) oppose
Republicans trying to change the filibuster rules.

[[Page S2296]]

Highlighting potential actions and rulings that could
result from confirming Trump's Supreme Court nominee makes
voters much more likely to oppose him. Large majorities of
voters say they are more likely to oppose Trump's nominee
when they hear a diverse set of issues that could be impacted
by a nominee like Gorsuch. Actions that create strong
opposition include:
Upholding the Citizens United decision to allow
corporations, unions, and wealthy donors to spend more money
on elections.
Overturning the Roe v. Wade decision that made abortion
legal.
Eliminating or weakening environmental regulations that
protect air, water, and land from pollution.
Refusing to uphold or eliminating rights and protections
for LGBT individuals.
Failing to protect voting rights and making it more
difficult for Americans, particularly the poor and people of
color, to vote.
Weakening the ability of labor unions to organize workers
to negotiate for better wages and working conditions.
Voters strongly support legal abortion and oppose a Trump
nominee they believe could put that right at risk. Seven out
of 10 voters (69 percent) support a woman's right to choose,
and they recognize that Trump's Supreme Court nominee
jeopardizes the Roe v. Wade decision that made abortion
legal. More than half of voters (52 percent) think it is very
or somewhat likely that Roe v. Wade will be overturned if
Trump's nominee is confirmed. This possibility raises strong
opposition for voters, with 61 percent who say they are more
likely to oppose a nominee who wants to overturn Roe v. Wade.
Voters have strong negative reactions to a Supreme Court
nominee who will continue to allow corporations and special
interests to use money to gain influence and drown out the
voice of individuals in politics. Opposition to a nominee who
wants no spending limits for corporations and wealthy
individuals in elections is broad and deep. Overall, 78
percent are more likely to oppose a nominee (56 percent much
more likely to oppose), including 92 percent of Democrats, 84
percent of Independents, and 59 percent of Republicans. Three
quarters of voters express a desire for their Senators to
oppose a Supreme Court nominee who was ruled in favor of
allowing campaign contributors to spend more money in
politics.
Voters recognize this Supreme Court nomination is crucial
to the direction of the country and they strongly oppose any
efforts by Republicans to skirt the rules to push through
Trump's ultraconservative nominee.

So the date of that Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research poll was
February 1. I think it really highlights that voters understand that
what we are doing now--this process of considering the potential
confirmation of a nominee--has huge consequences for this country and
has a huge impact on a whole variety of issues--environmental issues,
labor issues, discrimination issues, consumer issues, commerce issues,
a whole host of a range of things that the Supreme Court regularly
considers. So there is a lot of concern at this point.
Here is another issue, and that is the potential impact on LGBT
rights. This is an article by Rebecca Buckwalter-Poza entitled: ``Judge
Gorsuch Threatens the Dignity of LGBT People.''

Judges with Supreme Court aspirations tend to guard their
views, avoiding stances and statements that could impede a
nomination or a confirmation. Judge Neil Gorsuch has done
just that, leading observers to look to his influences rather
than his issuances. Among them is Justice Anthony Kennedy,
for whom he clerked. While Judge Gorsuch and Justice Kennedy
may share a bond, they part ways on several issues. One
lesser known but critically important point of potential
disagreement surrounds a somewhat nebulous legal principle
critical to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, or LGBT,
rights: the dignity of free persons.
For decades, the Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that
individuals' due process right to liberty also protects their
dignity--and shields them from indignity. The concept of
dignity encompasses an individual's innate value as people
and their right to live free of interference; their right to
make important personal decisions; and their entitlement to
social recognition or protection from discrimination. This
notion of human dignity is at the heart of the Court's three
landmark LGBT rights cases: Lawrence v. Texas, United States
v. Windsor, and Obergefell v. Hodges.
Judge Gorsuch's writing--both on the bench and in his book
against ``assisted suicide,'' based on his Oxford
dissertation--suggests he is, at a minimum, skeptical of the
principle from which the right to dignity derives:
substantive due process. To be clear, substantive due
process, which protects individuals from having their
fundamental rights violated without justification, has
been part of Supreme Court jurisprudence for more than 100
years.
In one case, Judge Gorsuch made a point of incorporating
criticisms of substantive due process. He noted that ``some''
believe if such a concept existed, it would reside elsewhere
in the Constitution. ``Others,'' he offered, question whether
substantive due process ``should find a home anywhere in the
Constitution.'' This critical aside, while mild, is unusual.
Judge Gorsuch hews to precedent on substantive due process
only grudgingly, after conceding that ``the Supreme Court
clearly tells us'' that substantive due process does have a
home in the Constitution.
In his book, Judge Gorsuch went so far as to criticize the
Supreme Court for adhering to substantive due process
precedent in ``case after case.'' He also proposed an
alternative relevance for dignity, based in equal protection,
that could restrict rather than protect individual rights.
The recognition of innate human dignity is the foundation for
equality, Judge Gorsuch claimed, and equality makes
``assisted suicide''--termed ``death with dignity'' in those
states that permit it--unacceptable because all people
created equal enjoy an inalienable right to life. This view
is troubling, not only in signaling an intent to
misappropriate the concept of dignity to restrict individual
choice, but also because of the implications for reproductive
access, rights, and justice.

This article continues:

Senators must press Judge Gorsuch to commit to upholding
Supreme Court precedent based on the recognition of dignity--
or admit he would not respect this long-established, critical
principle.

This goes on in a somewhat scholarly fashion.
(Mr. BOOZMAN assumed the Chair.)
I want to return to the core premise and review the fact that never
before have we had a stolen seat in the United States of America.
It is so important to drive this point home, that there is absolutely
no foundation for what happened last year in American history. You have
those 16 seats where a vacancy occurred in an election year. I am going
to go through them so that it becomes absolutely clear what we are
talking about here.
There were three seats where the vacancy occurred after the general
election. So the general election was in early November. One seat opens
in December in an election year, one in November, another in December--
three seats that opened up after the election and for which the
nomination was put forward.
There wasn't a lot of time. In these cases, the President was still
transitioning in March, rather than in January, so there was a little
more time than you might anticipate. We shortened that with a later
constitutional amendment.
Here, the President put forward a nominee within 3 days. Grant put
forward a nomination within about a week and just a single day for
Hayes to put forward a nomination.
So here you are after the election. The passions of the campaign are
starting to settle down. You know who the next President is going to
be. There is not a lot of time, but there is enough time for the Senate
to act, and it did in all three cases.
In all three of these cases where the seat became empty after the
election, even then, the Senate found there was time enough to act. In
all three of these cases, that action was a confirmation of the
nominee--three out of three. So that is one set.
John Jay was nominated by President Adams. Ward Hunt was nominated by
President Grant. Williams Woods was nominated by President Hayes, but
in one of those interesting little twists, in this case, the nominee
actually declined it after he had been confirmed. I don't know that we
have seen that very often in the history of Supreme Court Justices.
Then there is that set of cases in an election year where the vacancy
occurred before the election but the President, for a variety of
reasons, didn't nominate until after the election. So you are kind of
back in the same situation--a short amount of time. We have four cases
that are in that category.
We had the first case in 1828--a vacancy before the election, a
nomination afterward. The Senate acts. The Senate didn't always confirm
the nomination, but they always acted. In this case, they rejected the
nomination by tabling it.
Then we had President Buchanan, who nominated Jeremiah Black. In May,
the seat became vacant, and the nomination didn't occur until February.
The President would have transferred in March. The Senate again acted.
The Senators of this body acted, and they rejected it. They rejected it
by rejecting the motion to proceed.
Salmon Chase, under Lincoln--the vacancy occurred just a month before
the election in October. The President put forward the nomination a
month after the election in December, and the Senate confirmed him.

[[Page S2297]]

With Eisenhower and William Brennan, there was a vacancy a month
before the election and a nomination that basically came 2 months after
the election--getting very close to the transition date, yet he was
confirmed.
So those are seven of the nominations, of which five were confirmed
and two were rejected--tabled and the motion to proceed was rejected.
Then we have the remaining nine. These nine are closer--well, one of
them is the seat that became open when Antonin Scalia died, but the
historic additional eight seats--those seats are a little closer to the
situation we have with Antonin Scalia dying and the President
nominating Merrick Garland, because the vacancy came before the
election in these eight cases, and the nomination came before the
election.
In fact, here we have the first case, under President Jefferson. He
nominated William Johnson. But the vacancy occurred in January. The
nomination occurred in March. It was pretty close to the situation we
faced last year, yet the Senate acted, and they confirmed the nominee.
President Tyler nominated Edward King. The vacancy occurred in April,
the nomination in June, and the Senate acted. They rejected the
nomination by tabling it.
Edward Bradford was nominated by President Fillmore in July of 1852.
The following month, the nomination was put forward before the
election, and again the Senate acted, but they tabled it.
So they didn't confirm in every case, but they acted in every single
case.
Melville Fuller was nominated by President Cleveland. There was a
vacancy in March. The nomination was in May. He was confirmed.
Under President Harrison, there was George Shiras. The vacancy
occurred in January. Quite a few months passed. It was almost 6 months
before the nomination was put forward in July by the President. The
nomination was confirmed.
Justice Brandeis was put forward by President Wilson. In this case,
two vacancies occurred in an election year, both before the election--
one in January, one in June. The candidate was put forward quite
quickly--within the month of January and a month later in the case of
John Clarke--and both were confirmed.
There was Benjamin Cardozo under President Hoover in 1932. The
vacancy was in January. The nomination was in February. He was
confirmed.
So those are 8 additional, and we have now a total of 14.
Then we have Merrick Garland. Obama put forward Merrick Garland. The
vacancy was in February. The nomination was in March. No action. It is
the only time there was no action in U.S. history.
That is why we have all of these editorials from across the country
noting that this is a stolen seat, that it has never happened before,
and that it sets a terrible precedent. That is the problem we are
looking at.
Why is it a terrible precedent? Because once the Senate starts
stealing a seat from one President and handing it to another in an
effort to pack the Court, there is no end to the mischief that follows.
If you can steal a seat in which there was plenty of time to consider
in the final year of a Presidency, you can do it for 2 years. We saw
this in terms of many comments that were made by Republican legislators
before the November election. When they thought the Democratic nominee
was going to win, they were saying: We are going to make sure that for
4 years, it stays an eight-member Court, that no matter that the people
will have spoken through an election, no matter that a nominee has been
put forward who is credible, we are simply not going to consider it for
4 years.
This is a court-packing scheme through the theft of this Supreme
Court seat. You can just think about if the Court is packed, then when
the parties are reversed--and it always does go back and forth sooner
or later--then does the other party say: We have to balance back out
the Court, restore its integrity by stealing a seat back, stealing it 2
years into a Presidency.
It is terrible not only in terms of its impact on the Senate here
because it now makes this incredibly partisan pitched battle out of
what was supposed to be an advice and consent responsibility to deter a
President from nominating people of unfit character--I use the phrase
``of unfit character.'' That is a phrase Hamilton used. In the
Federalist Papers, he lays out what this advice and consent
responsibility was supposed to be all about. They needed to have a
strategy for how they put key appointments into the executive branch to
basically staff the Cabinet agencies.
They thought at first: Maybe the check will be that we will have the
appointments made by the Senate.
So the executive branch will be headed by the President, but the
appointments will be made by, as they referred to it, the assembly.
Then they said: Well, there is a big problem with that because one
Senator will get their best friend in one post in exchange for some
other Senator's best friend in some other post. The public won't know
why it happened. There will be no accountability. So that is not a
great idea.
So they said: A better idea is to have accountability and have the
President make the appointments. But there is a problem. What if the
President goes off-track and starts appointing people of unfit
character? Well, we need a way to put a check on that.
So they came up with this idea of the Senate's advice and consent,
meaning that the Senate could block a nominee if the person was of
unfit character. They anticipated this power to be used rarely because
of the very nature and the very existence of the power of the Senate to
block someone of unfit character would deter a President from
appointing someone of unfit character.

What did they mean by unfit character? Well, it could mean a host of
things--that a President might be appointing somebody who had some
conflict of interest or who was unacceptable, or maybe the President
was appointing someone who had absolutely no knowledge of the issues or
maybe appointing somebody who had an alcohol problem and wasn't capable
of responsibly executing the task, the responsibilities of the office.
There were a host of possibilities, but they thought it would be rarely
used; that it wouldn't be applied as a tool to conduct warfare on the
executive branch; that it wouldn't be used as a tool to be conducted as
warfare on the judiciary; and it wouldn't be used as a tool to pack the
Court and delegitimize the Court. Yet we have been seeing all of that
from the past in recent years. So that really is something that we
should be deeply concerned about.
(Mr. FLAKE assumed the Chair.)
We saw, back in 2013, the growing use of the supermajority as a
weapon of mass legislative destruction or government destruction in
trying to prevent the President from having a team with which he could
act. The National Labor Relations Board was blocked from having its
positions filled, and the Labor Secretary was unable to get a floor
vote, and the list just went on and on and on--tons of district court
judges and circuit court judges, to the point that we had to find a way
to curb that destructive strategy, and that meant that we had to go to
a simple majority. But we left in place the supermajority for the
Supreme Court because it has powers no other institution has. It is the
decider.
One can have a district court make a decision that gets bumped to a
circuit court, and a circuit court makes a decision, and it goes to the
Supreme Court. They are ultimately the decider and they hold the
positions for as long as they want. So they can hold it for decades. It
is not an appointment to the executive branch that might be there for 2
to 4 years. That is why it is so incredibly important that we get this
right and why people who are observing what is going on are so
concerned about the damage that is being done.
This article is from the New York Times: ``Neil Gorsuch, the Nominee
for a Stolen Seat.''

It's been almost a year since Senate Republicans took an
empty Supreme Court seat hostage, discarding the
constitutional duty that both parties have honored throughout
American history and hobbling an entire branch of government
for partisan gain.
President Trump had a great opportunity to repair some of
that damage by nominating a moderate candidate for the
vacancy, which was created when Justice Antonin Scalia died
in February. Instead, he chose Neil Gorsuch, a very
conservative judge from the federal Court of Appeals for the
10th Circuit whose jurisprudence and

[[Page S2298]]

writing style are often compared to those of Justice Scalia.
If Judge Gorsuch is confirmed, the court will once again
have a majority of justices appointed by Republican
presidents, as it has for nearly half a century. For
starters, that spells big trouble for public-sector unions,
environmental regulations and women's access to
contraception. If Trump gets the chance to name another
justice, the consequences could be much more dire. In normal
times, Judge Gorsuch--a widely respected and, at 49,
relatively young judge with a reliably conservative voting
record--would be an obvious choice for a Republican
President.
These are not normal times.
The seat Judge Gorsuch hopes to sit in should have been
filled, months ago, by Merrick Garland, the chief judge of
the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit,
whom President Barack Obama nominated to the high court last
month. Judge Garland, a former federal prosecutor and 20-year
veteran of the nation's most important federal appeals court,
is both more moderate and more qualified than Judge Gorsuch.
That meant nothing to Senate Republicans, who abused their
power as the majority party and, within hours of Justice
Scalia's death, shut down the confirmation process for the
remainder of Mr. Obama's presidency. There would be no
negotiations to release this hostage; the sole object was to
hold on to the court's conservative majority. The
outrageousness of the ploy was matched only by the
unlikelihood that it would succeed--until, to virtually
everyone's shock, it did.
The destructive lesson Senate Republicans taught is that
obstruction pays off. Yet they seem to have short memories.
After Senate Democrats refused to attend votes on two of Mr.
Trump's cabinet picks on Tuesday, Senator Pat Toomey of
Pennsylvania said, ``We did not inflict this kind of
obstructionism on President Obama.'' Even absent such
dishonesty, any Democratic impulse to mimic the Republican
blockade by filibustering Judge Gorsuch would be
understandable. But Senate Democrats should be wary of
stooping to the Republicans' level, especially because any
such effort is likely to prove futile, since Republicans have
the votes to simply eliminate the use of the filibuster. . .
.

You know, I think about the fact that it has been bandied about with
such lack of gravity that the Senate majority may change the 60-vote
requirement for the Supreme Court. It is an immediate tactical victory
to do so, but it may turn out to be a tactical mistake in the bit
longer term. President Trump may have a single opportunity to put in
place a Supreme Court Justice, and the next President, who might be a
Democrat, might have many chances to nominate a Supreme Court Justice.
So lowering the standard from the 60 votes designed to have a judge
down the middle could lead to very different consequences depending on
when various judges retire, who they are, and where they are in the
spectrum--something that none of us can predict. So it is certainly a
strategy that has simply just been asserted as this: Well, we will just
do it.

Not only does it have high tactical risk, but it just is another blow
of the ax, felling the trees in the forest of the integrity of the
Court and the integrity of the Senate. It sets the stage for all these
battles that are going to come over future nominees. The pure
partisanship, short-term gains, grudges to be remedied rather than the
advice and consent vision that was in our Constitution--the vision that
Hamilton laid out which might have to be used rarely because it would
deter Presidents from making nominations of people of unfit character.
I am disturbed about where we are headed. There are many policy
issues that seem important at the time as they come to this floor, and
they are important. They are issues related to the ability of workers
to get fair wages for the value they bring to the development of the
products they make. There are certainly key issues about our
transportation infrastructure and key challenges on healthcare. But a
single Supreme Court seat can change policy on a huge spectrum of
issues with the Supreme Court as the final arbiter.
If we have a pivot point in which dark money--unlimited amounts of
funds--are injected into the national campaigns forever more, well, we
are never going to heal and get back to the point of the Senate being a
great deliberative body, because that dark money will own this body and
control this body, much as it does now after the entry of the Koch
brothers into the national campaign contests.
That is the impact of a single Supreme Court decision. It has huge
impact on who serves here and what decisions they make. It has huge
impact on whether we are a ``we the people'' government or a government
by and for the most powerful.
It might be interesting at this point to go back in time to sections
of a speech by Senator Robert Byrd. Senator Byrd was still in the
Senate when I came here in 2008. He was one of four Senators that were
in the Senate when I was an intern in 1976.
He says in his speech, delivered December 15, 1998, in the Old Senate
Chamber:

Clio being my favorite muse, let me begin this evening with
a look backward over the well-traveled road of history.
History always turns our faces backward, and this is as it
should be, so that we might be better informed and prepared
to exercise wisdom in dealing with future events.
``To be ignorant of what happened before you were born,''
said Cicero, ``is to remain always a child.''

So, for a little while, as we meet together in this hallowed place,
let us turn our faces backward.

Look about you. We meet tonight in the Senate Chamber. Not
the Chamber in which we transact our business daily now, but
the Old Senate Chamber where our predecessors wrote the laws
before the Civil War. Here, in this room, Daniel Webster--he
moved about the Chamber from time to time--Daniel Webster
orated, Henry Clay forged compromises, John C. Calhoun stood
on principle. Here, Henry Foote of Mississippi pulled a
pistol on Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. Senator Benton
ripped open his coat, and said, ``Let the assassin fire!''
And, ``Stand out of the way.'' Here the eccentric Virginia
Senator John Randolph brought his hunting dogs into the
Chamber, and the dashing Texas Senator Sam Houston sat over
here to my right; he sat at his desk whittling wooden hearts
for ladies in the gallery. Seated at his desk in the back
row, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner was beaten
violently over the head with a cane wielded by Representative
Preston Brooks of South Carolina, who objected to Sumner's
strongly abolitionist speeches and the vituperation that
Sumner had heaped upon Brooks' uncle, Senator Butler of South
Carolina.
The Senate first met here in 1810, but, because our British
cousins chose to set fire to the Capitol during the War of
1812, Congress was forced to move into the Patent Office
Building in downtown Washington, and later into a building
known as the Brick Capitol, located on the present site of
the Supreme Court Building. Hence, it was December 1819
before Senators were able to return to this restored and
elegant Chamber. They met here for 40 years, and it was
during that exhilarating period that the Senate experienced
its ``Golden Age.''
Here, in this room, the Senate tried to deal with the
emotional and destructive issue of slavery by passing the
Missouri Compromise of 1820. That act drew a line across the
United States and asserted that the peculiar institution of
slavery should remain to the south of the line and not spread
to the north. The Missouri Compromise also set the precedent
that for every slave state admitted to the Union, a free
state should be admitted as well, and vice versa. What this
meant in practical political terms was that the North and the
South would be exactly equal in voting strength in this
Chamber, and that any settlement of the explosive issue of
slavery would have to originate here in the Senate. As a
result, the Nation's most talented and ambitious legislators
began to leave the House of Representatives to take seats
here in the Senate Chamber. Here, they fought to hold the
Union together through the omnibus compromise of 1850, only
to overturn these efforts by passing the fateful Kansas-
Nebraska Act of 1854.
The Senators moved out of this room in 1859, on the eve of
the Civil War. When they marched in procession from this
Chamber to the current Chamber, they marked the last time
that leaders of the North and South would march together. The
next year, the South seceded, and Senators who had walked
shoulder to shoulder here parted to become military officers
and political leaders of the Union and of the Confederacy.
This old Chamber that they left behind is not just a
smaller version of the current Chamber. Here, the center
aisle divides the two parties, but there are an equal number
of desks on either side--you will count 32 on one side and 32
on the other, not because the two parties were evenly
divided, but because there was not room to move desks back
and forth, depending on the size of the majority, as we do
today. That meant that some members of the majority party had
to sit with members of the minority. It did not matter to
them. The two desks in the front row in the center aisle were
not reserved for the majority and minority leaders as they
are now, because there were no party leaders at that time. No
Senator spoke for his party; every Senator spoke for himself.
There were recognized leaders among the Senators, but only
unofficially. Everyone knew, for example, that Henry Clay led
the Whigs, but he would never claim that honor. Clay
generally sat in the last row at the far end of the Chamber
so he could talk to Senators as they came in to vote.
The Senate left this Chamber because it outgrew the space.
When they first met here in 1810, there were 32 Senators. So
many states were added over the next four decades

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that when they left in 1859, there were 64 Senators. Yet,
while the Senate increased in size, it was essentially the
same institution that the Founders had created in the
Constitution. Today, another century and four decades later,
and having grown to 100 Senators, it is still essentially the
same institution. The actors have changed; the issues have
changed; but the Senate, which emerged from the Great
Compromise of July 16, 1787, remains the great forum of the
states. This is so, largely, because as a Nation, we were
fortunate to have wise, cautious people draft and implement
our Constitution. They were pragmatists rather than
idealists. James Madison particularly had a shrewd view of
human nature. He did not believe in man's perfectibility. He
assumed that those who achieved power would always try to
amass more power, and that political factions would always
compete out of self-interest. In ``The Federalist Papers,''
Madison reasoned that ``in framing a government which is to
be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in
this: You must first enable the government to control the
government; and, in the next place, oblige it to control
itself.'' Madison and other Framers of the Constitution
divided power so that no one person, no single branch of
government could gain complete power. As Madison explained
it: ``Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.''
However, ambition has not always counteracted ambition, as
we saw in the enactment by Congress of the line-item veto in
1996. Just as the Roman Senate ceded its power over the purse
to the Roman dictators, Sulla and Caesar, and to the later
emperors, thus surrendering its power to check tyranny, so
did the American Congress, the Senate included. By passing
the Line-Item Veto Act the Congress surrendered its control
over the purse--control which had been vested by the Founding
Fathers here in this legislative branch.
This brings me to the first point I would like to leave you
with this evening. It is this: The legislative branch must be
eternally vigilant over the powers and authorities vested in
it by the Constitution--eternally vigilant. This is vitally
important to the security of our constitutional system of
checks and balances and separation of power. George
Washington in his Farewell Address of September 17, 1796,
emphasized the importance of such vigilance: It is important
likewise that the habits of thinking in a free country should
inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration to
confine themselves within their respective constitutional
spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one
department, to encroach upon one another. The spirit of
encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the
departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of
government, a real despotism. . . . The necessity of
reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by
dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and
constituting each the guardian of the public weal against
invasions of the others, has been evinced by experiments
ancient and modern. . . . To preserve them must be as
necessary as to institute them.
Each Member of this body must be ever mindful of the
fundamental duty to uphold the institutional prerogatives of
the Senate if we are to preserve the vital balance which
Washington so eloquently endorsed.

Senator Byrd continues:

During my 46 years in Congress, and particularly in more
recent years, I have seen an inclination--I think I have--on
the part of many legislators of both parties to regard a
chief executive in a role more elevated than the Framers of
the Constitution intended. We as legislators have a
responsibility to work with the chief executive, but it is
intended to be a two-way street. The Framers did not envision
the office of President as having the attributes of royalty.
We must recognize the heavy burden that any President bears,
and wherever and whenever we can, we must cooperate with the
chief executive in the interest of all of the people. But let
us keep in mind Madison's admonition: ``Ambition must be made
to counteract ambition.''
As Majority Leader in the Senate during the Carter years, I
worked hard to help President Carter enact his programs, but
I publicly stated that I was not ``the President's man''; I
was a Senate man. For example, in July 1977, I opposed
President Carter's plan to sell the AWACS (Airborne Warning
and Control System) to Iran. Iran was then a military ally of
the United States, but I was troubled over the potential
security risks involved with the possibility of compromising
highly sophisticated technology in this volatile region. I
was concerned that the sale ran contrary to our national
interests in maintaining a stable military balance and
limited arms proliferation in the Middle East. Both Houses of
Congress had to vote disapproval resolutions to stop the
sale. I enlisted the support of then Republican Minority
Leader Howard Baker. Senator Baker was someone who could rise
above political party when he believed that the national
interests required it, just as he did in the Panama Canal
debates. The Carter administration chose to withdraw the sale
of AWACS temporarily. Shortly afterwards, the Iranian
revolution occurred and the Shah was replaced. Had that sale
gone through as planned, those sophisticated aircraft would
have fallen into the hands of an unfriendly government. As so
often has happened in our history, individual courage and
character again chartered our course.

I want to return to Senator Byrd's point about Republican Minority
Leader Howard Baker. It says: ``Senator Baker was someone who could
rise above political party when he believed the national interests
required it, just as he did during the Panama Canal debates.'' The
debate over those treaties was intense because they were a valuable
asset controlled by the United States. Many thought of them as a
possession of the United States, and we were turning them over to
Panama after a long period of negotiations. But to be able to rise
above partisanship to pursue a national interest--that is what we need
now as we face the potential of this devastating change in Senate
conduct over the selection of a Supreme Court nominee.
I hope we can find a way to rise above partisanship or political
party and pursue the national interests because I have seen so little
of the desire to strengthen our institutions. I am not optimistic, but
I do think it is worth noting that it is possible. We could take this
train off the tracks--because of the shadow hanging over the
Presidency, because of the far-right views of Neil Gorsuch, because it
is a stolen seat and we haven't remedied that situation with a plan.
Senator Robert Byrd continued:

This brings me to my second point. On the great issues, the
Senate has always been blessed with Senators who were able
to rise above party, and consider first and foremost the
national interest. There are very worthy examples in
Senate history.
When I came to the Senate in 1959, artists were at work
painting five porthole portraits in the Senate reception
room. The Senate had appointed a special Committee chaired by
Senator John F. Kennedy to select the five most significant
Senators in Senate history. This was no easy task, because
there were many potential candidates.
In setting the criteria, the Committee looked to Senators
who had stood firm for principle, who had not blown with the
winds, and who made personal sacrifices for the national
good. They were not saints, nor were they perfect men.
Daniel Webster's personal financial dealings left an
eternal blot upon his record; yet, he deserved to have his
portrait in the Senate reception room, not simply as a great
orator, but as a man who sacrificed his own political
standing by endorsing the compromise of 1850, which was
deeply unpopular in his home State of Massachusetts, but
which he realized was the best chance to hold the Union
together.
In my almost 46 years in Congress, I have seen other
courageous Senators.
I have already referred to the courage demonstrated by
former Senator Howard Baker during the Panama Canal debates.
Without Senator Baker's support, the Panama Canal Treaties
would never have been approved by the Senate. We needed two-
thirds; we were swimming uphill. The odds were against us.
The killing of American servicemen in Panama would have gone
on, but Senator Howard Baker threw his shoulder behind the
wheel and helped to construct what he and I referred to as
leadership amendments, amendments which protected U.S.
interests in that region, and we both worked shoulder to
shoulder against great odds, as indicated by the polls.
We did so because we believed, after careful study, that
the treaties were in the best interests of the United States.
There were people in my own State of West Virginia who still
don't believe that. But I was convinced of it.
Howard Baker knew what my old majority leader, Mike
Mansfield, and all students of the Senate's institutional
role know.
Political polarization--too much emphasis on which side of
the aisle one sits, is not now, and has never been, a good
thing for the Senate. I am talking about politics when it
becomes gamesmanship or when it becomes mean-spirited or when
it becomes overly manipulative, simply to gain advantage.
I am not talking about honestly held views or differing
political positions. Those things enrich our system.
Americans have always loved a good debate. And that is what I
believe and wish for now: More substantive and stimulating
debate and less pure politics and imagery.
But I well understand history and its ebb and flow, and I
well know that we live in an age of imagery. It is simply my
wish that, sometime soon, the rising tide of imagery and
partisanship will begin to ebb rather than to flow quite so
freely.
Washington, in his farewell address, warned us against the
``baneful effects of the spirit of party'' when he said:
``. . . in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not
to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain
there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary
purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the
effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate
and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a
uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest
instead of warming, it should consume.''
So, I believe that the American people are more than tired
of partisan warfare. I believe

[[Page S2300]]

they wish for less of it from the Congress, especially in the
Senate, where more statesmanship and a longer view are still
expected.
Declining participation in elections, and repeated public
surveys which indicate weariness, distrust, and alienation
within our system ought to serve as a harbinger to be ignored
at our peril.
It must be a matter of concern to all of us that all too
few Americans look to officeholders for inspiration in these
troubled and turbulent times.
How can we attract the talent needed to serve in public
office in future years if elected officials continue to be
held in such low esteem?

Continuing to read Senator Byrd's speech in the Old Senate Chamber:

I would very much like to see a rekindling of basic faith
in our leaders, and a renewal in politics and of public
service. But the existence of inspiring leadership by public
officials is fundamental to a shoring up of that faith.
In fact, I think the American people are in desperate need
of some old-fashioned heroes. Now, it seems, today's heroes,
if we want to loosely use the term, are merely celebrities--
rock stars who spout deplorable messages, or sports figures
who mass fortunes advertising baggy clothes at exorbitant
prices.
I'm not talking about Sammy Sosa. I'm not talking about
Mark McGuire. They were my heroes, too, as was Babe Ruth in
1927. Not much to look up to here, I say. Not much to build
dreams on.
Look hard at the content of our popular culture. There is
really nothing much to inspire and look up to. And
regrettably there also is not much to counter the empty
commercialism which is so prevalent today. It has become the
norm.

Senator Byrd continued:

So where are we in all of this? What is our role? What part
can we as Senators--authority figures, statesmen representing
the people--play while we simultaneously endeavor to carry
out our 200-year-old mandate, bequeathed to us by some of the
most brilliant men of their age, or of any age before or
since?
Well, we can show up for our roll call votes, carry out our
committee assignments, issue the obligatory press releases,
dutifully follow up on constituent requests, and answer our
mail.
All of these are necessary and to a greater or lesser
degree important.
But a reemphasis by the Senate on our strict institutional
role is certainly something which I would like to see. It is
a sobering and heavy responsibility all by itself, and its
very weightiness tends to cool the over-heated passions of
political demagoguery. After all, that role is, in a
constitutional sense, the reason we are here. The Framers
expected a zealous defense of our powers to keep the tyrants
at bay. But there is still another role--an intangible
something--that we who are privileged to sit in this body,
and indeed leaders in the private sector, as well as those
who write and reflect upon the news, are called upon to play.
I call it the duty beyond our duties.
The duty I am talking about is the duty to endeavor to
inspire others and to demonstrate, through personal example,
that public service of all types ought to be an honorable
calling. Contrary to what many believe, it is absolutely the
wrong place for the slick and the insincere.
Serving the public in a leadership role demands honesty,
hard work, sacrifice, and dedication from those who dare to
ask the people for such an awesome trust. Those who ask to
shoulder that mantle also shoulder a much larger personal
obligation than many of us may regularly contemplate.
Mr. Leader, we all have a clear responsibility to serve as
role models to inspire our people, and particularly our young
people, to be and to do their best.
On that score, we politicians, as a group, generally miss
the mark.
Perhaps it's because power, whether it be the power of
political office, or the power to run giant corporations, or
the power to report and analyze events, is a very heady
thing. It can lead to arrogance, self aggrandizement,
disregard for playing by the rules, and contempt for the
people who send us here. It can lead us to forget that we are
servants, not masters.

Senator Byrd continued:

In the real world, exemplary personal conduct can sometimes
achieve much more than any political agenda. Comity,
courtesy, charitable treatment of even our political
opposites, combined with a concerted effort to not just
occupy our offices, but to bring honor to them, will do more
to inspire our people and restore their faith in us, their
leaders, than millions of dollars of 30-second spots or
glitzy puff-pieces concocted by spin-meisters.
These are troubling times for our nation and our people on
both the national and international fronts.
For our country to weather the rough seas ahead, we must
use our most tempered judgment and seek out our best and most
noble instincts.
Our example here can be a healing element--a balm to salve
the trauma of distrust and disillusionment too long endured
by good people. Let each of us follow his or her own
conscience when it comes to issues, but as we do so, may we
be ever mindful that our people watching us, and the people
who sent us here can take us back home again.
Let us be aware of the sublimely uplifting which the
example of simple dignity, decency, decorum, and dedication
to duty can play in the life of a nation.

Senator Byrd had yet more words to share.

Let us also remember that even after two hundred years, the
Senate is still the anchor of the Republic, the morning and
evening star in the American constitutional constellation.
It has had its giants and its little men, its Websters and
its Bilbos, its Calhouns and its McCarthys. It has been the
stage of high drama, of comedy and tragedy, and its players
have been the great and the near great, those who think they
are great, and those who probably never will be great.
It has weathered the storms of adversity, withstood the
barbs of cynics and the attacks of critics, and provided
stability and strength to the nation during periods of civil
strife and uncertainty, panics and depressions.
In war and in peace, it has been the sure refuge and
protector of the rights of the state and of a political
minority because great and courageous Senators have always
been there to stay the course and keep the faith.
And it can do so again as long as we are ever blessed in
this august body with those who hear the clear tones of the
bell of duty, the Senate will continue to stand--the great
forum of the constitutional American liberty!

That is a lot of good advice. As we sit here in these troubled times
and ponder how we are going to rise above the passions and politics of
the moment to restore the functionality of the Senate, that is the
challenge we have. I believe Byrd--with his experience, with his
articulate language--is calling to us from the past to say that we can
do it. We can do better. We can rise above the situation in which we
have put ourselves, the situation in which one team, for the first time
in U.S. history, has stolen a Supreme Court seat to pack the Court.

To now be in this position of considering a Senate nomination at the
exact moment that the person making the nomination and his team are
under investigation for potentially traitorous conduct against the
United States--but we don't have the answers yet.
(Mr. PAUL assumed the Chair.)
Here we are with a nominated judge who is way outside the mainstream,
and we therefore have a challenge. It is exactly what the filibuster
was designed for--to keep judges who are outside the judicial
mainstream from being nominated. So that is a lot for us to wrestle
with in the next few days.
The New Yorker did an analysis of where Neil Gorsuch lies. The
subtitle says: ``Every sign suggests that he would be at least as
conservative a judicial activist as Samuel Alito.'' This is a different
source, but that is the same basic point, showing an analysis that
places Neil Gorsuch to the right side of the right peak in terms of
ideology.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the diminutive liberal colossus of the
Supreme Court, has built a distinguished record as a Justice,
but her legacy as a nominee is more dubious. In her
confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee,
in 1993, she refused to answer most questions about how, if
confirmed, she would rule. In an oft-quoted phrase, she vowed
to give ``no hints, no forecasts, no previews.'' Nominees
have invoked this stonewall ever since.
Last week, Neil Gorsuch, Donald Trump's choice to fill the
seat of the late Antonin Scalia, proved an especially ardent
follower of what has come to be known as the Ginsburg rule.
Asked repeatedly by members of the committee about his views
of such cases as Roe v. Wade and Citizens United, Gorsuch not
only refused to answer, but went on to say that his feelings,
if he had any, were of no consequence: ``It's not a matter of
agreeing or disagreeing. It's a matter of it being the law,
and my job is to apply and enforce the law.'' Gorsuch
portrayed himself as a kind of judicial automaton, obligated
to pay mindless obeisance to the Court's prior rulings.
This interpretation of the role of Supreme Court Justices
is, to put it charitably, incorrect--they can and do overturn
their earlier holdings. And Trump didn't nominate Gorsuch
simply because he knows how to follow precedent. He nominated
Gorsuch because his career resembles a lab experiment
synthesizing every trend in modern conservative thought.
A ruggedly handsome Coloradan--this President cares a great
deal about appearances--Gorsuch has an appealing manner and
an impressive resume. He did well in good schools, held
prestigious clerkships, worked at a fine law firm, took a
senior post in the Department of Justice, and for the past
decade has served in the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. From
his boyhood days as a Republican Senate page to his decades
of volunteer work for GOP candidates, Gorsuch has been

[[Page S2301]]

a strong party loyalist. (Like many Republican pols, he
refers to the ``Democrat,'' rather than the Democratic,
Party.)
His background also includes a dose of pro-corporate,
deregulatory libertarianism, as reflected in his close
relationship with the billionaire Philip Anschutz, a client
turned mentor. A sampling of authoritarianism can be seen in
Gorsuch's service in George W. Bush's Justice Department,
where he helped craft a proposal for the treatment of
detainees at Guantanamo. (The Supreme Court later ruled it
unconstitutional.) There's social conservatism, too, evident
in his one book, a critique of death-with-dignity laws and
physician-assisted suicide. ``All human beings are
intrinsically valuable,'' he wrote, ``and the intentional
taking of human life by private persons is always wrong.''
It's easy to read the book as a coded attack on abortion
rights.
To the extent that Gorsuch said anything of substance at
his hearing, he put himself across as a mainstream figure. He
said he participated in some 2,700 cases on the appeals
court, and had voted with the majority in 99 percent of the
them. This proves only that most cases are routine. (Even the
Supreme Court issues unanimous rulings more than half the
time.) The hard cases are the ones that matter, and it's
reasonable to project how Gorsuch would vote in them. He
would oppose abortion rights. (Trump promised to appoint a
``pro-life'' Justice.)
His predilection for employers over employees is such that
it yielded a circuit-court opinion of almost Gothic cruelty.
When subzero temperatures caused a truck driver's trailer
brakes to freeze, he pulled over to the side of the road.
After waiting three hours for help to arrive, he began to
lose feeling in his extremities, so he unhitched the cab
from the trailer and drove to safety. His employer fired
him for abandoning company property. The majority in the
case called the dismissal wrong, but Gorsuch said the
driver was in the wrong.
As a Justice, Gorsuch would embrace a deregulation of
campaign finance symbolized by the Citizens United decision.
(He argued in an opinion that judges should evaluate limits
on political contributions using the same tough standards
that they apply to racial discrimination.)
His most famous Tenth Circuit decision had him taking a
side in the culture wars. In Hobby Lobby Stores v. Sebelius,
he ruled that a multibillion-dollar corporation could
withhold federally guaranteed rights to birth control from
thousands of female employees because of religious beliefs of
the corporation's owners. (His position was upheld, 5-4, by
the Supreme Court.)
In an embarrassing coincidence, on the second day of
Gorsuch's testimony, the Court unanimously rejected one of
his holdings in the Tenth Circuit, ruling that it denied
adequate educational opportunities to students with
disabilities.
Every sign suggests that Gorsuch would be at least as
conservative a judicial activist as Samuel Alito.
It's also clear what Neil Gorsuch is not: Merrick Garland.
Gorsuch's nomination is inextricable from its shameful
political context. When Scalia died, more than 11 months
remained in Barack Obama's Presidency, but Senate Republicans
refused to give his nominee even a hearing. This departure
from norms is all the more outrageous because a tactic was
used to block a moderate; the Republicans denied Obama his
constitutional right in order to trade a Justice who might
have been less liberal than Stephen Breyer for one who might
be as radical as Clarence Thomas.
Such a turnabout seems especially disturbing given that the
FBI and other agencies are now investigating the very
legitimacy of the Trump Presidency. Indeed, Chuck Schumer,
the Democratic leader in the Senate, has called for a delay
in the Gorsuch vote until there is some clarity about the
Trump camp's ties to Russia. Last week, he also promised to
lead a filibuster against Gorsuch's confirmation, but
Republicans, in response, vowed to change the Senate rules to
allow them to confirm the nominee by a simple majority.
The Supreme Court is, as political scientists like to say,
a counter-majoritarian institution: The President and members
of the Congress must answer to voters; the Justices, who
serve for life, answer only to the commands of the
Constitution. But, in doing so, it's their duty to speak for
those who lack political power. The Trump era has already
meant trouble for these people--the poor, the sick, the
dissenters, immigrants--and Gorsuch, for all his intellectual
distinction, has shown scant regard for their concerns.
There's little reason to believe that he would as a Justice
either.

The L.A. Times wrote the story titled ``Another judicial dirty trick
from Senate Republicans.''

One of 2016's most spectacular examples of government
dysfunction was the U.S. Senate's outrageous refusal to
consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick
Garland to replace the late Antonin Scalia on the Supreme
Court. That dereliction of duty by the Republican majority
not only denied the sitting President his constitutional
prerogative to fill vacancies in the court (so that the
appointment would go instead to a hoped-for Republican
successor.) It also prevented the court from resolving a
handful of cases because of a 4-4 split and probably
discouraged the justices from accepting other cases because
of the possibility of a similar deadlock.
Less well known is the fact that the Senate also failed to
hold 4 votes on 24 Obama nominees for lifetime federal
judgeships who had been cleared by the Senate Judiciary
Committee. They are among 59 aspiring judicial appointees
whose nominations will expire when the 144th Congress fades
into history this month.
Of the 24 nominees left stranded, three had been selected
to federal appeals courts, two for U.S. Court of
International Trade, and 19 for federal district courts. Some
of the nominees have been waiting for Senate action for
months, including U.S. district judge Lucy Haeran Koh, who
was nominated to the San Francisco Bay's U.S. 9th Circuit
Court of Appeals by Obama in February and recommended by the
committee in September.
Sen. Patrick Leahy of Vermont, the ranking Democrat on the
Judiciary Committee, accused Senate Republicans of setting a
record for inaction on judicial nominations. Whereas the
Democratic-controlled Senate confirmed 68 of George W. Bush's
judicial nominees in the last two years of his presidency,
only 22 nominees had been confirmed in the comparable period,
Democrats note.
Republicans countered by citing other statistics, such as
the fact that Obama has had more judicial nominees confirmed
overall than Bush did in his two terms--329 to Bush's 326.

It is also true that the Democratic-controlled Senate ended its
business in 2008 without having confirmed 26 Bush judicial nominees.
Both parties have a history of refusing to act on highly qualified
judicial nominees proposed by a president of the other party. Yet
Leahy's indictment is on point.
As with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell's stonewalling the
Garland nomination, the failure to act on the lower court nominations
is extreme and inexcusable.

As we noted above, it represents a partisan attempt to
prevent Obama from exercising his right, as the Constitution
puts it, to appoint judges by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate. Sabotaging the exercise of that authority is
offensive, not only because it undermines the Constitution
but because it perpetuates a partisan grudge match over the
Federal courts.

It would be utterly understandable if Senate Democrats now retaliated
by making it difficult for President-Elect Donald Trump to win
confirmation for his judicial nominees, especially those slotted for
seats that Obama had every right to fill. Democrats will be especially
reluctant to support a Trump nominee to the Supreme Court who likely
would move the court to the right after the Republicans cheated Obama
out of his opportunity to shape the Court in a more liberal direction
by appointing Garland.

We recognize that the selection of Federal judges is an
inherently political process, one of which both Presidents
and Members of the Senate consider not only a nominee's
technical qualifications and legal philosophy but also his or
her ideology and party label. Even so, both parties need to
eventually find a way back to a state of affairs in which a
president, regardless of party, will receive prompt Senate
consideration of his judicial nominees and an affirmative
vote if they are well-qualified and not extreme in their
philosophy (as we fear some Trump nominees might be). That
should be the process, regardless of which party controls the
Senate.
That is important because denying qualified judicial
nominees a vote harms the federal judiciary--by denying it
needed personnel and by telling lawyers who might aspire to
the bench that their nominations could languish for months
and ultimately perish not because of any failing on their
part but because of partisan gamesmanship. And it isn't
lawyers and judges who suffer. As White House Counsel W. Neil
Eggleston told the Washington Post: ``There is a real impact
on real people. There are people and companies who are not
having their cases heard because there are no judges
around.''
Trump can make a significant gesture toward restoring a
measure of normality to the confirmation process. He should
resubmit the names of the nominees who received bipartisan
support in the Judiciary Committee but were left stranded
because of the delaying tactics of his fellow Republicans.

This article is by Paul Gordon, titled ``Gorsuch and the Senate GOP's
Alternative Universe.'' As I am reading these articles, let's not
forget the basics. The basics are that 16 seats have become open on the
Court in the history of the United States of America. Each and every
time, up until last year, the Senate acted on the nominee put forward
by the President. This is 9 of the 16. These are the nine that most
resemble the situation we had with Merrick Garland, where the vacancy
occurred before the election and the nomination occurred before the
election.
For example, with Merrick Garland, the vacancy was in February and
the nomination was in March. It is not so different from the first name
on the

[[Page S2302]]

list, William Johnson, under Jefferson, when the vacancy was in January
and the nomination was in March.
In each and every one of these cases--the cases that occurred where
the vacancy was after the election and the nomination, obviously, was
after the election as well--there were vacancies before the election
but then the President waited to nominate until after the election, and
those cases that are more like Merrick Garland, where both the vacancy
and nomination occurred beforehand. In virtually every case--well,
actually, in every case, in all 15 cases preceding the death of Antonin
Scalia, the Senate acted.
Of those 15, they confirmed 11 and they defeated 4. That brought us
to last year. As you can see on this chart, there is no action for the
first time in U.S. history. It wasn't just an alternative way of doing
things. It was a strategy to pack the Court, to try to send the
nomination into the future in the hopes that there would be a
conservative President who would nominate a conservative member of the
Court.
I think most folks who are participating in this Court-packing scheme
didn't really think it would work because it wouldn't have worked if
Democrats won the Presidency or gained control of the Senate. They were
considered at least to have a 50-50 shot at each. It was a surprise to
everyone that suddenly we were where we are, but there was no decision
even at that late date after the election that we could have had time
to vet and vote on the nominee.
There is a whole set of these nominations that occurred after the
election. It would have been totally possible after the November
election to go ahead and still at that point consider Merrick Garland.
We wouldn't be in this deep, difficult hole right now had we done so,
but we didn't. It was a deliberate strategy to pack the Court, which is
now on the verge of succeeding if we go through with the vote this week
and if the rules are changed.
If the rules aren't changed, then we will do what has been done over
the decades. If your candidate doesn't have the votes, they get
withdrawn. You change the candidate. You don't change the rules. The
rule of 60 votes to close debate is designed to ensure that there is
some bipartisan support for the nominees being put forward.
That is an important issue in terms of integrity of the Court. We
have to resolve this stolen seat. One way we can do that is to say:
Hey, we are going to put this on hold. We are going to put it on hold
until the investigation is done with the President, and we are going to
put it on hold until we have a second open seat. At that point, the
President could propose Merrick Garland for one of the seats--the first
seat where he should have been duly considered to begin with--and a
judge for the second seat that is more to his liking, off of his list,
if you will.
That would get us out of this quagmire. That would protect the
credibility of the Senate, and it would protect the legitimacy of the
Court.
This article, ``Gorsuch and the Senate GOP's Alternate Universe'' is
by Paul Gordon.

In their efforts to get the ultra-conservative Neil Gorsuch
onto the Supreme Court, Senate Republicans have moved beyond
creating ``alternative facts.'' They've created an entire
alternative universe.
If Gorsuch has earned so little bipartisan support that he
cannot get the support of 60 Senators (as all six successful
nominees of the past three presidents were able to do), Mitch
McConnell is threatening to change the Senate rules to allow
Supreme Court nominees to be confirmed by party-line majority
votes. He and his colleagues portray Judge Gorsuch as
mainstream, the absence of consultation as bipartisanship,
and themselves as victims of unprecedented and unprincipled
partisan obstruction from the Democrats. Republicans don't
want to trigger the ``nuclear option,'' they claim through
crocodile tears, but will have no choice but to do so if
those mean Democrats insist on a 60-vote threshold.
Listening to them, you'd think they were the injured party.
You'd never know that:
Republicans refused to even hold a hearing for Merrick
Garland, President Obama's nominee for this very vacancy. To
justify this unprecedented move, they claimed that it had
been decades since any president was permitted to immediately
fill a vacancy that arose in a presidential election year.
They were careful not to mention the reason for that: It's
rare for justices to die in office, and Justice Scalia was
the only justice since 1950 to pass away during an election
year. The refusal to even consider Judge Garland for the
Supreme Court was unprecedented, a pure power play that drew
wide condemnation.
Republicans insisted on a 60-vote threshold for three of
President Obama's D.C. Circuit nominees, regardless of who
they were, and even announced their demand before any
nominations were made. They made it clear that they would
block President Obama from filling any of the three vacancies
on the 11-member court. (It was this extreme, unprecedented,
unprincipled, and anti-democratic putsch that forced the
Democrats to drop the 60-vote requirement for lower court
nominees.)
Republicans defended the 60-vote margin during the Obama
years as a safety mechanism to encourage presidents to
consult with Senators of the opposing party and select
judicial nominees with bipartisan support.
Conservatives claim that Democrats should support Gorsuch
because his nomination was a culmination of the most
transparent Supreme Court selection process in history, since
Trump listed his potential nominations before the election.
In fact, this may have been the least transparent selection
process in history, designed to lead to an extremist nominee
rather than one who could garner bipartisan support.
Trump outsourced his Supreme Court selection to two of the
most influential and well-funded right-wing ideological
organizations in the country: The Federalist Society and the
Heritage Foundation. Their selection process is the one that
matters, and it was anything but transparent. What
conversations did they have with Gorsuch that led them to
include him on their list? When Sen. Blumenthal asked Gorsuch
if he'd had any conversations about Rowe v. Wade or abortion
in general with the Heritage Foundation, Gorsuch only said
that no such conversations had occurred after the election
(long after he'd been included on the list).
We have seen transparent and bipartisan selection processes
before, and they looked nothing like what we have seen with
the current nomination. For instance, President Clinton
consulted closely with Orrin Hatch, then the ranking
Republican on the Judiciary Committee, before making his two
Supreme Court nominations. And that consultation was genuine:
Based on Sen. Hatch's advice, Clinton passed over his
original first choice, acting transparently and in a manner
to encourage bipartisanship.
Republicans can posture as a principled, wounded party,
forced to trigger the nuclear option, but that simply isn't
reality. Since the death of Justice Scalia--indeed, since the
moment President Obama took office--they have time and again
escalated their partisan approach to the selection of judges.
They held Obama circuit court nominees to a 60-vote
threshold, then refused to allow votes at all on three D.C.
Circuit vacancies regardless of who they were, and then
refused to even hold a hearing for a Supreme Court nominee.
Senate Republicans did not enter this presidency with clean
hands.
And while much of the GOP obstruction since 2009 had
nothing to do with the nominees themselves, Democrats'
opposition to Gorsuch is based on his record. Democrats have
not said that they will oppose anyone who Trump nominates. In
fact, as Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer has said
numerous times, if Gorsuch cannot earn 60 votes, the solution
is not to change the rules, but to change the nominee.
It's clear that Senate Republicans have created an
alternative universe worthy of a Star Trek episode.

The Brennan Center for Justice published an article by Ciara Torres-
Spelliscy titled ``Neil Gorsuch Understands Campaign Finance--And
That's The Problem.''

It's Supreme Court prediction season with Tenth Circuit
Judge Neil Gorsuch's nomination to fill the late Antonin
Scalia's seat by President Trump (Or by whomever he
outsourced the job. I'm looking at you, Federalist Society
and Heritage Foundation.) Now everyone (including me) is
poring over his past decisions to see what they could mean
for the laws most in flux before the Supreme Court.
I've hunted for clues about what Gorsuch believes about
money in politics. He presides at the Tenth Circuit, which
covers Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Kansas and
Oklahoma. From a campaign finance perspective, most of the
cases come from Colorado, which has tried to improve its
campaign finance laws both through statute and by amending
its state constitution.
Various aspects of the Colorado campaign finance laws have
landed in the Tenth Circuit, which is not known for being a
particularly hospitable venue for reformers. One 2014 case
called Riddle v. Hickenlooper has a concurrence written by
Gorsuch. So what can we learn from this opinion about his
style of judging, his views of campaign finance reform, and
what he might do if he is elevated to the Supreme Court?
Riddle v. Hickenlooper involved three candidates vying for
a seat in the Colorado House of Representatives. There were
two major party candidates and one write-in candidate.
Individual contributions to the Republican and Democratic
candidates were capped at $400, while the limit for the
write-in candidate was $200. The reasoning for the law was
that major party candidates (typically) have to go through a
primary while minor and write-in candidates do not. The
write-in candidates sued, claiming that the lower cap was a
violation of contributors'

[[Page S2303]]

rights under the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection
clause. The district court dismissed the claim, saying that
contribution restrictions were constitutional. But a three-
judge Tenth Circuit panel (consisting of two Republicans and
one Democrat) unanimously reversed the lower court, finding
that the disparities in contribution limits were, indeed, a
violation of the equal protection provision.
Gorsuch took the time to write a separate concurring
opinion. What's encouraging about Gorsuch's opinion is that
he accurately discusses complex campaign law, and this takes
time and skill. Trust me, I've read plenty of lower court
opinions in campaign finance cases where the lower court
judges . . . can't follow the ins and outs of the exceptions
to the exceptions in campaign finance law.
These details do not stump Gorsuch. He writes thoughtfully
and incisively about how the Supreme Court has been unclear
about exactly which level of scrutiny applies to equal
protection objections to differential campaign contributions.
In the end, he concludes that whether the standard is strict
scrutiny or intermediate scrutiny, the Colorado law cannot
justify allowing major party candidates to raise twice as
much as minor party candidates.
Gorsuch also deserves credit for crafting his opinion
narrowly and taking the time to note the limits of the case's
holding. As he wrote, ``[h]aving said this much, it is worth
pausing to emphasize what isn't said in these pages. Nothing
in what I've suggested or what the court holds intimates that
Colorado must adopt a per-election-cycle rather than a per-
election approach to the regulation of campaign
contributions.'' This limiting language appears to display
sensitivity to the fact that Colorado has great latitude to
choose its own means of election administration and campaign
finance. This shows judicial incrementalism and a laudable
degree of modesty.
But there are a few words from Gorsuch's opinion which
should give campaign finance reformers pause. For one, he
wrote, ``[n]o one before us disputes that the act of
contributing to political campaigns implicates a `basic
constitutional freedom,' one lying `at the foundation of a
free society' and enjoying a significant relationship to the
right to speak and associate, both expressly protected First
Amendment activities.''
In other words, Gorsuch is maintaining the link between
political money and free speech. He added, ``[t]he plaintiffs
before us don't complain that Colorado's contribution limits
violate their First Amendment rights because, say, the limits
are too low for everyone.''
This last quote is ambiguous. It is not clear whether there
is an inadvertently missing word ``they'' before ``say''
which would mean he was attributing this statement to the
plaintiffs in the case. But the way it is written sounds like
Gorsuch himself is saying that contributions are too low for
everyone. The limits at issue were $400 for major party
candidates and $200 for minor party and write-in candidates.
If this is his true belief, it would demonstrate hostility to
one of the basic pillars of campaign finance reform since
Watergate: modest contribution limits.
So the good news is Gorsuch can navigate his way through a
tangle of precedent--a basic qualification for a jurist. The
bad news is he may harbor antipathy to regulating money in
politics. If Gorsuch is elevated to the Supreme Court, he can
help conservatives move the goal post to script scrutiny so
that Colorado's and other States' attempts to temper the role
of money in politics will be far more difficult to justify in
court.

So let me return to where I started yesterday evening. We are facing
three very significant problems. The first problem is that for the
first time in history, we are considering a nominee for a stolen
Supreme Court seat. That alone should be reason for everyone who cares
about this institution to turn down this nominee and to convey to the
President that the only legitimate nominee for this open seat is
Merrick Garland, because as a Senate we have a stake in the legitimacy
of our work and that of the Court. To confirm anyone but Merrick
Garland to this seat confirms the Senate as the thief who took the seat
for the first time in U.S. history and transported it to another
President in an effort to pack the Court.
Furthermore, if there is a person confirmed to this seat other than
Merrick Garland, it will cast a shadow over every 5-to-4 decision that
individual participates in, in the years to come. It destroys the
public credibility of the position. It makes the Supreme Court simply
into a political body to which clever campaign tactics have delivered a
majority for one ideological vision over another. Let's not enter into
that position of destroying the credibility of the Senate process and
the integrity of the Court in one fell swoop.
Second of all, we should not be considering a nominee from a
President who is under investigation for conspiring with Russia to
change the outcome of an election. We don't know where those
investigations will lead, but what we do know is that this places a big
cloud over the legitimacy of him holding the office. Let's clear up
that cloud. Let's answer the questions that were raised when, a week
ago Monday, FBI Director Comey came to Capitol Hill to talk to the
House and say: Yes, those investigations are underway.
We know what the diabolical practices of the Russians were. We know
they created fake news. We know they had a team of roughly 1,000 people
sending out contrived social media messages to comment on the events of
the day, to make it look like American citizens were commenting and to
make one candidate look very good and the other candidate look very
bad.
Finally, this is an extreme nominee from the far right who does not
believe in the fundamental vision of ``we the people'' and makes
decision after decision through tortured, twisted, contrived arguments
to find for the powerful over the people. That is unacceptable.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Cotton). Under the previous order, the
time until 11 a.m. will be controlled by the majority.