[Congressional Record Volume 163, Number 17 (Wednesday, February 1, 2017)]
[Senate]
[Pages S557-S561]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
Nomination of Neil Gorsuch
Mr. GARDNER. Mr. President, as I stated repeatedly before the
Presidential election of this past year, we stood, and continue to
stand, at a very pivotal time in our Nation's history.
After 8 years of using the judicial and regulatory systems to push
through its legislative agenda, the balance of power had shifted from
what our Founders intended. Our Founders intended the Congress to make
the laws and write the laws, the executive branch to implement the
laws, and the judiciary to be guardians of the Constitution, not to
make the laws.
That is why we said that the next President of the United States,
whether they be Democrat or Republican, would have the opportunity to
fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court, following the Biden rule--the
edict that there wouldn't be a confirmation hearing for a Supreme Court
nominee until after that year's Presidential election--to allow the
American people to make their decision, giving the American people a
say in the direction of this country for years to come. In return, they
have given us this nominee.
It is with great pride that I rise today to talk about the nominee
today--a fellow Coloradan, Judge Neil Gorsuch, President Trump's
nominee to the Supreme Court. Judge Gorsuch comes to the Court with
that unique western perspective that the Presiding Officer and I share.
Our States of Utah and Colorado obviously like to see that western
perspective shared at the Tenth Circuit Court, where it is housed in
the West, but at every level of our courts and to the Supreme Court--
adding to Justice Kennedy's background and to others who share that
same perspective and history in the Supreme Court.
Born in Denver, Judge Gorsuch is a fourth-generation Coloradan,
coming from a long line of individuals who have dedicated their life to
service not only to the State of Colorado but to the Nation. His
mother, Ann Gorsuch, served in the Colorado House of Representatives
and, during the Reagan administration, she was the first female
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. His grandfather,
John Gorsuch, founded one of Denver's largest law firms, Gorsuch
Kirgis, where both he and Neil's father, Dave, practiced throughout the
firm's successful 60-year-old history. His stepfather, Robert Buford,
was a former speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives who went
on to become the head of the Bureau of Land Management.
Judge Gorsuch is also one of our country's brightest legal minds,
with a sterling reputation, and significant experience as a Federal
judge and a private litigator. He has impeccable academic credentials
and is a widely respected legal scholar. He received his bachelor's
degree from Columbia University, graduated from Harvard Law School, and
was a Marshall scholar at Oxford University, where he obtained a
doctorate in legal philosophy.
Of course, I cannot forget the summer he spent at the University of
Colorado as well. Judge Gorsuch clerked for two Supreme Court
justices--Byron White, a Colorado native as well. In fact, in his
comments last night after the announcement of his nomination, Judge
Gorsuch mentioned that he worked for the only Coloradan to serve on the
Supreme Court and also the only leading rusher in the NFL to ever serve
on the Supreme Court.
He also clerked for Justice Anthony Kennedy, as well as for Judge
David Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit.
Following his clerkships, Judge Gorsuch went into private
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practice, eventually rising to the rank of partner in the elite
litigation law firm of Kellogg Huber, leaving practice in 2005 to serve
as a high-ranking official in the Bush administration Justice
Department. A year later, President George W. Bush nominated Gorsuch to
serve on the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, a position for which he
was confirmed by a unanimous vote. I think it is very telling that not
only was he confirmed by a unanimous vote, but roughly 11 or 12 members
of the Democratic conference were there to vote for Judge Gorsuch.
There are people serving today who voted for Judge Gorsuch. I believe
SCOTUSblog recently reported that when Judge Gorsuch was nominated to
the Tenth Circuit Court, then, Neil Gorsuch's confirmation hearing was
sparsely attended. I believe it mentioned that only a few people
attended. I think Senator Lindsey Graham, our colleague from South
Carolina, was one of the Senators to attend his confirmation hearing. I
believe Senator Leahy, our colleague from Vermont, submitted questions
for the record. But as SCOTUSblog cited, very few people attended his
confirmation hearing because of the high caliber and high quality of
the nomination. He was introduced by my predecessor from Colorado, Ken
Salazar, and was praised from Senator Salazar's perspective for being
impartial, fair, and the having the kind of temperament that we need in
the circuit court.
Judge Gorsuch is an ardent faithful defender of the Constitution and
has the appropriate temperament, as then-Senator Salazar noted, to
serve on the Nation's highest Court. Of course, he was then talking
about the Tenth Circuit Court. Judge Gorsuch recognizes that the
judiciary isn't the place for social or constitutional experimentation,
and efforts to engage in such experimentation delegitimizes the Court.
He has said:
This overweening addiction to the courtroom as the place to
debate social policy is bad for the country and bad for the
judiciary. . . . As a society, we lose the benefit of the
give-and-take of the political process and the flexibility of
social experimentation that only the elected branches can
provide.
Here we see his understanding that certain debates are to take place
where debate is held by those elected directly by the people--in the
Congress.
Judge Gorsuch believes in the separation of powers as established by
our Founding Fathers in the Constitution. As he rightly stated, ``a
firm and independent judiciary is critical to a well-functioning
democracy,'' understanding the value of three branches of government,
the value of an independent judiciary, understanding that there are
certain things dedicated exclusively to the judiciary, to the
legislative branch, and to the executive.
Judge Gorsuch is not an ideologue. He is a mainstream jurist who
follows the law as written and doesn't try to supplant it with his
personal policy preferences. He said: ``Personal politics or policy
preferences have no useful role in judging; regular and healthy doses
of self-skepticism and humility about one's own abilities and
conclusions always do.''
Judge Gorsuch understands the advantage of democratic institutions
and the special authority and legitimacy that come from the consent of
the government. He said: ``Judges must allow the elected branches of
government to flourish and citizens, through their elected
representatives, to make laws appropriate to the facts and
circumstances of the day.''
Judge Gorsuch appreciates the rule of law and respects the considered
judgment of those who came before him. He said:
Precedent is to be respected and honored. It is not
something to be diminished or demeaned.
This morning, I had the opportunity to meet with Judge Gorsuch--of
course, knowing him from Colorado and the town of Boulder, where he
lives today, and also where I received my law degree. We spent a lot of
time talking about our favorite passions in Colorado, whether it is
fly-fishing, whether it is paddle-boarding. Of course, he spends a lot
of time out on the Boulder Reservoir, enjoying recreation--just like
every other person in Boulder does and every other person in Colorado
does--as somebody who understands the great outdoors. We talked about
the rule of law. We talked about the separation of powers, his concern
over originalism and textualism, and following in the footsteps of
other great Justices on the Supreme Court.
We talked about something he said last night when his name was put
forward for nomination by President Trump. We talked about a statement
he made to this effect: If a judge likes every opinion that they have
written, every decision that they have reached, they are probably a bad
judge. I think this goes to his insistence that, as a judge, you must
put your personal beliefs, your personal policies aside to rule as the
rule of law requires and to rule as the Constitution and the statutes
require.
We discussed in our meeting decisions he made of which he didn't like
the outcome but believed that the rule of law required a certain
outcome--whether it was a felon who possessed a handgun or whether the
Federal Government had misspoken to the accused and he believed that
the government had done the accused wrong.
While Judge Gorsuch personally believed that perhaps he would have
liked to have found a guilty decision or agreed with a guilty decision,
he couldn't do it because of the standards that were applied in the
case--the grammatical gravity that had to be ignored in order to reach
the conclusion the lower court had reached.
His ability to put personal opinions aside, I think, is what makes
him an ideal candidate for the U.S. Supreme Court. Over the coming days
and months, we are going to have many opportunities to talk about the
qualities of Judge Gorsuch, but we have already heard many people
complain that perhaps they didn't pay enough attention to Judge Gorsuch
10 years ago. They talked about their concern, this newfound concern
that was not available--that apparently wasn't there 10 years ago when
this Senate unanimously supported Judge Gorsuch.
I have even heard complaints that they didn't like the way that his
nomination was announced--a complaint about how the President announced
the nomination. Those are the kinds of concerns we are hearing about
Judge Gorsuch today because they didn't like the way he was announced.
We are going to have a lot of opportunity to talk about his
temperament, those things he believes are important as a judge, those
things he believes are important to make decisions. I look forward to
having a conversation about what I believe is a brilliant legal mind--
someone of a brilliant legal mind, someone with a sterling reputation,
someone who has been known as a feeder judge of clerks to the highest
Court in the land, someone who rules on the law and not on his personal
beliefs, someone who believes in the Constitution and not in the role
of legislator from the bench.
I am grateful I had this opportunity to support a Coloradan, a man of
the West, to Nation's highest Court, and I look forward to working to
place Judge Gorsuch as Associate Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Mr. President, I yield back my time.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Massachusetts.
Ms. WARREN. Mr. President, we are in the second week of the Trump
Presidency, and it is pretty clear that something is happening in our
country. All across the Nation, Americans in quiet towns and boisterous
cities are taking to the streets to fight for American values. They are
protesting in the streets and calling their Representatives. They are
getting involved in local organizations, and they are organizing around
the causes they support.
We know that American values are threatened when the President issues
an order banning immigrants from the country based on their religion.
We know that American values are threatened when politicians try to
break apart a health care system that has extended medical benefits to
millions of Americans, and we know that American values are threatened
when a President tries to stack his government with billionaires and
insiders who have a history of grinding working people into the dirt.
Yesterday something happened that is a threat to our American values.
President Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to serve on the Supreme
Court. For years now, I have repeated this warning: America's promise
of equal justice under the law is in danger. Over the last three
decades, as the
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rich have grown richer and middle-class families have struggled, the
scales of justice have also tilted, tilted in favor of the wealthy and
the powerful.
This is not an accident. It is part of a deliberate strategy to turn
our courts into one more rigged game for folks at the top, and its
effects have been devastating. Recent court decisions have protected
giant businesses from accountability, made it harder for people who
have been injured or cheated to get a hearing, gutted longstanding laws
protecting consumers who have been swindled, and unleashed a flood of
secret money into our politics that is rapidly tilting the entire
government in favor of the wealthy.
Billionaires and corporate giants have launched a full-scale attack
on fair-minded, mainstream judges. It has happened at every level of
our judiciary, but the best example was the unprecedented blockade of
Judge Merrick Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court. Judge Garland
was an obvious consensus nominee and a straight shooter who followed
the law. Why block him? The problem was that Judge Garland's career
didn't reflect a sufficient willingness to bend the law to suit the
needs of the rich and powerful. And for that sin, far-right groups,
financed by Big Business interests, spent millions of dollars attacking
him, to torpedo his nomination and keep that seat open.
They did something else that is even more damaging: Far-right groups
also drew up a list of ``acceptable'' Supreme Court nominees, people
who demonstrated they were sympathetic to the rich and the powerful.
Judge Neil Gorsuch made the cut, and his nomination is their reward.
Judge Gorsuch is intelligent and accomplished. He is polite,
respectful, and articulate. Make no mistake, his professional record,
which I have reviewed in detail, clearly and consistently favors the
interests of big corporations over workers, big corporations over
consumers, and big corporations over pretty much anybody else.
Let's not mince words. The nomination of Judge Gorsuch is a huge gift
to the giant corporations and wealthy individuals who have stolen a
Supreme Court seat in order to make sure that the justice system works
for them. What I am saying shouldn't be controversial. They haven't
made a secret of what they were doing. This is exactly why Judge
Gorsuch has been on their list for 4 months. He is the payoff for their
multimillion-dollar investment.
Throughout his professional career, Judge Gorsuch has shown a truly
remarkable insensitivity to the struggles of working Americans and an
eagerness to side with businesses that break the rules over workers who
are seeking justice.
Even before he became a judge, Judge Gorsuch famously argued in favor
of limiting the ability of investors and shareholders to bring lawsuits
when companies commit fraud, whining about how annoying it is for
billionaire corporations to have to face their investors when they
cheat them.
As a judge for more than a decade, he has twisted himself into a
pretzel to make sure that the rules favor giant companies over workers
and individual Americans. Let me just count some of the ways. He has
sided with employers who deny wages, employers who improperly fire
workers, employers who retaliate against whistleblowers for misconduct.
He has sided with employers who denied retirement benefits to their
workers. He has sided with big insurance companies against disabled
workers who were denied benefits. He has ruled against workers in all
kinds of discrimination cases. He has even argued that the rights of
corporations outweigh the rights of the people working for them, for
example, allowing businesses to assert religious beliefs so they can
limit their employees' access to health care.
Listen to that one again. He thinks that a company can assert a
religious belief and decide whether female employees get access to
birth control. Let's be clear. That means a lot of employees will be
living at the whim of their employers.
Judge Gorsuch has written dismissively about lawsuits to vindicate
the rights of vulnerable people. Equal marriage? Assisted suicide? Keep
those issues out of his courtroom.
He is willing to open the doors wide when big corporations show up in
his court to challenge health and safety rules they don't like or
regulations to prevent them from polluting our air and water, poisoning
our food, undermining our public safety, or just plain cheating people.
When that happens, Judge Gorsuch is ready to go, to override the rules
with his own views. On that score, he is even more extreme than Justice
Scalia.
This is exactly the type of Supreme Court Justice that giant
corporations want, but they have never been quite so brazen about it.
Spending millions to slime a consensus straight shooter nominee like
Merrick Garland and steal a Supreme Court seat, then drawing up a
public list of ``acceptable'' alternatives and handing it over to a
billionaire President so he can do his buddies a favor. That is bold.
That is bold, and that is not how America is supposed to work.
Our courts are supposed to be neutral arbiters, dispensing justice
based on the facts and the law, not people chosen to advance the
interests of those at the top.
Let's be clear. This fundamental principle might be more important
today than it has ever been in modern history. Every day our new
President finds more ways to demonstrate his hostility for an
independent judiciary, for a civil society, and for the rule of law.
That is precisely the reason that our Constitution gives us a neutral,
independent judiciary. We don't need Justices who have been handpicked
for their willingness to kowtow to those with money, power, and
influence. We need Justices who will stand up to those with money,
power, and influence.
Judge Gorsuch may occasionally write in vague terms about the
importance of the independent courts. Today, right now, that simply is
not good enough. Now, more than ever, the United States needs a Supreme
Court that puts the law first every single time. That means Justices
with a proven record of standing up for the rights of all Americans--
civil rights, women's rights, LGBTQ rights, and all the protections
guaranteed by our laws.
We cannot stand down when American values and constitutional
principles are attacked. We cannot stand down when the President of the
United States hands our highest Court over to the highest bidder, and
that is why I will oppose Judge Gorsuch's nomination.
Mr. President, I yield.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise today in support of the nomination
of Judge Neil M. Gorsuch to serve as the next Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States. Judge Gorsuch has been nominated to
fill the seat left vacant by the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
Justice Scalia was a dear friend of mine, and his death was a great
loss to me and to our country, not just to me personally but for the
whole Nation. Justice Scalia joined the Supreme Court after years of
unbridled activism by the Court, during which time Justices imposed
their own left-wing views--completely unmoored from the law as
written--on the American people.
In response, he led a much needed revolution based on the enduring
principle that the role of a judge is to say what the law is, not what
a judge wishes it were. As the intellectual architect of the effort to
restore the judiciary to its proper role under the Constitution,
Justice Scalia was a singularly influential jurist.
To say that he leaves big shoes to fill is an understatement. Any
worthy successor to his legacy will not only be committed to continuing
his life's work but also capable of delivering the sort of intellectual
firepower and leadership that Justice Scalia provided for decades.
Of all the potential candidates for this position, this vacancy, Neil
Gorsuch stands out as the jurist best positioned to fill this role. His
resume
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can only be described as stellar: Columbia University, a Marshall
Scholarship to study at Oxford, Harvard Law School, clerkships for
Judge Sentelle on the DC Circuit and for Justices White and Kennedy on
the Supreme Court, a distinguished career in private practice and at
the Department of Justice, and more than a decade of service on the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
Even among his many talented colleagues on the Federal bench, his
opinions consistently stand out for their clarity, thoughtfulness, and
airtight reasoning. In the words of one of his colleagues appointed by
President Carter, Judge Gorsuch ``writes opinions in a unique style
that has more verve and vitality than any other judge I study on a
regular basis.'' He continued: ``Judge Gorsuch listens well and decides
justly. His dissents are instructive rather than vitriolic. In sum, I
think he is an excellent judicial craftsman.''
This view of Judge Gorsuch's capabilities is broadly shared across a
wide swath of legal observers. Consider some other descriptions of his
qualifications from outlets that could hardly be considered
conservative. The New York Times reported on his ``credentials and
erudition.'' The Los Angeles Times called him a ``highly regarded . . .
jurist,'' and ABC News described how ``in legal circles, he's
considered a gifted writer.''
I think there can be no doubt that Judge Gorsuch has the credentials
to make him a capable and effective member of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Nevertheless, I have long held that a nominee's resume alone--no matter
how sterling--should not be considered sufficient evidence to merit
confirmation to the Supreme Court. Rather, we should also consider a
nominee's judicial philosophy. In this analysis, Judge Gorsuch has
developed a record that should command ironclad confidence in his
understanding of the proper role of a judge under the Constitution.
Judge Gorsuch's opinions and writings show a clear fidelity to a
judge's proper role. While his body of work is replete with examples of
this fidelity, I want to point to one example in particular, a lecture
he delivered last year in the wake of Justice Scalia's death that is
one of the most thoughtful and persuasive cases for the proper role of
a judge that I have ever read. In it, he affirmed his allegiance to the
traditional account of the judicial role championed by Justice Scalia,
which he described as such:
The great project of Justice Scalia's career was to remind
us of the differences between judges and legislators. To
remind us that legislators may appeal to their own moral
convictions and to claims about social utility to reshape the
law as they think it should be in the future. But that judges
should do none of these things in a democratic society. That
judges should instead strive (if humanly and so imperfectly)
to apply the law as it is, focusing backward, not forward,
and looking to text, structure, and history to decide what a
reasonable reader at the time of the events in question would
have understood the law to be--not to decide cases based on
their own moral convictions or the policy consequences they
believe might serve society best.
As Justice Scalia put it, ``If you are going to be a good and
faithful judge, you have to resign yourself to the fact that you're not
always going to like the conclusions you reach. If you like them all
the time, you are probably doing something wrong.''
This is exactly the kind of judicial philosophy we need our judges to
espouse, and Neil Gorsuch is exactly the man to embody it on the
Supreme Court. If there is one line in that lecture to which I could
draw attention, it is the quotation of Justice Scalia's formulation of
the very basic notion that a good judge will oftentimes reach outcomes
that he does not personally agree with as a matter of policy. Such a
notion should be uncontroversial.
Indeed, many of Justice Scalia's brightest opinions came in cases in
which I suspect he would have voted differently as a legislator than as
a judge. Yet such a concept might seem wholly foreign to a casual
observer of media coverage of the Supreme Court, in which cases are
invariably viewed through a political lens. Decisions and Justices are
regularly described as liberal or conservative, with little attention
paid to rationale and methodology, the matters properly at the core of
a judge's work. This phenomenon reflects a regrettable dynamic observed
by Justice Scalia himself. As the late Justice observed, when judges
substitute their personal policy preferences for the fixed and
discernible meaning of the law, the selection of judges--in particular,
the selection of Supreme Court Justices--becomes what he called a mini-
plebiscite on the meaning of the Constitution and laws of this country.
Put another way, if judges are empowered to rewrite the laws as they
please, the judicial appointment process becomes a matter of selecting
life-tenured legislators practically immune from any accountability
whatsoever.
If we value such a system of judicial review, a system deeply at odds
with the Constitution's concept of the judiciary, then one can easily
see why judicial selection becomes a matter of producing particular
policy outcomes. Thus, it is easy to see why many on the left who
believe in such a system demand litmus tests on hot-button policy
issues. To them, a judge is not fit to serve unless they rule in a way
that produces a particular policy. Simply put, this is a terrible way
to approach judicial selection. It undermines the Constitution and all
of the crucial principles that it enshrines from the rule of law to the
notion that our government's legitimacy depends on the consent of the
government.
A good judge is not one that we can depend on to produce particular
policy outcomes. A good judge is one we can depend on to produce the
outcomes commanded by the law and the Constitution. Neil Gorsuch has
firmly established himself as that kind of a judge. In Neil Gorsuch's
America, the laws that bind us are made by the people's elected
representatives, not unelected, unaccountable judges. In Neil Gorsuch's
America, the powers and limits of each branch of government are decided
by the Constitution, no matter whether their enforcement produces a
liberal or conservative outcome. In Neil Gorsuch's America, the basic
freedoms of the American people enumerated in the Bill of Rights are
carefully protected, whether they are in fashion lately with the left,
the right, both or neither. In Neil Gorsuch's America, the views that
matter are yours and mine, not those of a handful of lawyers in black
robes in Washington.
For these reasons, I applaud the President for his absolutely stellar
choice. Judge Gorsuch will do us proud as our next Supreme Court
Justice. I will do everything in my power to ensure his confirmation. I
will have more to say on this in the future, but I yield the floor at
this time.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Hawaii.
Ms. HIRONO. Mr. President, it hasn't even been 2 weeks, and President
Trump has already demonstrated that he has little tolerance for
independent thinking and dissent. He has his own version of reality,
which is why his administration resorts to alternative facts.
When the media accurately reported how small the crowd was at his
inauguration, he presented us with alternative facts. When the media
pointed out he lost the popular vote by the largest margin of any
President, he boldly proclaimed, without any evidence, that 3 to 5
million people voted illegally. Many consider this whopper as a cynical
way to encourage more States to pass voter suppression laws justified
by the bogus claim of widespread voter fraud.
Just 2 days ago, the President again showed the American people how
intolerant he is of principled dissent when he fired acting Attorney
General Sally Yates after she refused to enforce or defend his totally
unjustifiable, knee-jerk, and probably unconstitutional Executive order
on Muslim immigration.
By firing Sally Yates, the President demonstrated once again that he
values loyalty to himself above service to the American people and
adherence to the Constitution. This is particularly disturbing as we
begin to consider the President's nomination of Judge Neil Gorsuch to
sit on the Supreme Court.
I am only beginning to scrutinize Judge Gorsuch's record, but I am
very concerned that he will be a rubberstamp for President Trump's
radical agenda. You don't have to take my word for it. You only have to
listen to what the President has been saying
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over the past 2 years. In June 2015, then-Candidate Trump told CNN's
Jake Tapper that he would apply a pro-life litmus test for his nominees
to the Supreme Court. He did it again at a press conference last March,
during the third Presidential debate, and shortly after his election.
This isn't the only litmus test President Trump promised to apply. In
February 2016, President Trump committed to appointing a Justice who
would allow businesses and individuals to deny women access to health
care on the basis of so-called religious freedom. In February 2016,
President Trump told Joe Scarborough he would make upholding the Heller
decision on guns another litmus test for his Supreme Court nominee.
Like tens of millions of Americans, I am deeply concerned that
President Trump applied each of these tests before he nominated Judge
Gorsuch to the Supreme Court.
In the weeks and months ahead, I will carefully and extensively
scrutinize Judge Gorsuch's record. I will question him on his judicial
philosophy and how he interprets the Constitution. I will insist he
clarify his position on a woman's constitutionally protected right to
choose, on voting rights, and the appropriate balance between corporate
interests and individual rights. I will do my job as a United States
Senator. The American people deserve nothing less from each of us.
I yield the floor.
Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.