[Congressional Record Volume 161, Number 129 (Wednesday, September 9, 2015)]
[Senate]
[Pages S6478-S6490]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                      HIRE MORE HEROES ACT OF 2015

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, the Senate will 
resume consideration of H.J. Res. 61, which the clerk will report.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

       A joint resolution (H.J. Res. 61) amending the Internal 
     Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt employees with health coverage 
     under TRICARE or the Veterans Administration from being taken 
     into account for purposes of determining the employers to 
     which the employer mandate applies under the Patient 
     Protection and Affordable Care Act.

  Pending:

       McConnell amendment No. 2640, of a perfecting nature.
       McConnell amendment No. 2641 (to amendment No. 2640), to 
     change the enactment date.
       McConnell amendment No. 2642 (to amendment No. 2641), of a 
     perfecting nature.
       McConnell amendment No. 2643 (to the language proposed to 
     be stricken by amendment No. 2640), to change the enactment 
     date.
       McConnell amendment No. 2644 (to amendment No. 2643), of a 
     perfecting nature.
       McConnell motion to commit the joint resolution to the 
     Committee on Foreign Relations, with instructions, McConnell 
     amendment No. 2645, to change the enactment date.
       McConnell amendment No. 2646 (to (the instructions) 
     amendment No. 2645), of a perfecting nature.
       McConnell amendment No. 2647 (to amendment No. 2646), of a 
     perfecting nature.

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, the time until 12:30 
p.m. will be equally divided between the two leaders or their 
designees.
  Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that until 12:30 
p.m. today, the time during quorum calls be equally divided.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
  Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The Senator from California.
  Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, if I might, through the Chair, if Senator 
Corker would like to take his 5 minutes first, I am happy to allow 
that.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Tennessee.
  Mr. CORKER. Mr. President, I thank the Senator for her tremendous 
courtesy, and I will actually take 1 minute.
  This afternoon we are going to have a very sober and dignified debate 
about a foreign policy issue of huge consequence to our Nation and 
certainly to the world. I wish to thank Senator McConnell and Senator 
Reid for setting up a format that reflects that. I know many of my 
friends on the other side of the aisle have been concerned about 
amendments that may call for this to be a different type of debate. I 
would like to point out that the leader yesterday filled the tree. I 
just want people to know that.
  I wish to thank Senator Cardin and Senator Menendez before him for 
the way we have all been able to work through a lot of issues that have 
come up. What I hope doesn't happen today is that, somehow or another, 
we begin referring back to incidents and trying to turn this into some 
type of partisan debate. We worked through August. Things happened all 
along the way. We worked through those. We ended up with the ability as 
a Congress, on an executive agreement, which we all know was meant to 
be implemented without any congressional involvement whatsoever, going 
straight to the U.N. Security Council--we all worked together to figure 
out a way to have this debate and then vote on the substance of this 
legislation.
  So I want to thank my friends on both sides of the aisle. It passed 
overwhelmingly--98 to 1. I think, actually, the Senator from California 
was absent on that day. I look forward to a very substantive debate 
taking place on this most important issue.
  Later today, I will have longer and more formal comments to make 
about the substance of what was agreed to by the administration and 
other countries involved in the process.
  I am looking forward to this. I want to say again to my friends on 
the other side of the aisle that I think we set this up in a manner to 
be a dignified, sober debate about one of the most important foreign 
policy issues that will come before us. Thankfully it is coming before 
us because we all forced it to come before us, to have this debate, and 
to be able to weigh in.
  I yield the floor. I thank very much the Senator from California for 
her courtesy.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from California.
  Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, I wish to thank my chairman of the Foreign 
Relations Committee, Senator Corker, for his courtesies. We do not 
agree on this particular matter, but there are a lot of matters when it 
comes to foreign policy on which we do agree. I do agree this should be 
a very straightforward debate--either you are for this agreement or you 
are not.
  I think the fact that Congress is voting on it is good. I did support 
that in the committee. That calls for regular order as far as the way 
we treat this very important vote.
  I am very proud to stand here today as the longest serving member 
sitting on the Foreign Relations Committee today. Out of all of the 
members, I have been there the longest. When I got there, I did not 
have these gray hairs. I am not blaming any of the topics that came 
before us for these gray hairs; however, we have had some tough 
debates, and this certainly is one of them. I know my friend has a lot 
to do. I just want to say I was pleased to yield to him because I think 
he has set the right tone.
  Colleagues, this is a vote we are going to long remember, a vote on 
an arms control agreement that came about for only one reason. That 
reason is, our President and his team--former Senator John Kerry, now 
Secretary of State; Wendy Sherman, the chief negotiator--they were part 
of the team, and many others worked tirelessly against the most 
vitriolic opposition.
  The President stood firm. I want to say to him today: Thank you, Mr. 
President. In that race for President that you ran, you were very clear 
that you were going to reach out your hand and see if we could avoid 
another war in the Middle East. I hope and pray this Senate will give 
us and the world this opportunity.
  As the President has said, a military option is always on the table. 
It is in our Constitution that the President can respond to a threat. 
So nothing in this agreement takes a military response off the table. 
But it does say

[[Page S6479]]

that diplomacy should have a chance to work. This diplomacy includes 
much of the world. That is why it is so remarkable.
  I also want to give special thanks to two former Secretaries of 
State--Colin Powell, a Republican, and Hillary Clinton, a Democrat--for 
weighing in on the side of diplomacy. As Senators, we deal with 
thousands of issues in the course of our careers, but we will long 
remember those that actually change the course of history. Those kinds 
of votes are votes of conscience, and they are votes about which we 
must look deeply into our hearts and into our minds. We have to look at 
the facts. Facts are stubborn things. No matter what 30-second ad there 
is, no matter what newspaper ad there is, there are facts that are 
obvious. I want to go through those facts. I have them here on this 
chart.
  One, this agreement cuts off the uranium pathway to a bomb. It does 
it by reducing Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium by 98 percent and 
severely restricting its ability to enrich uranium. That is No. 1.
  Two, it cuts off the plutonium pathway to a bomb. They do that by 
dismantling Iran's Arak reactor's core and replacing it with a core 
that cannot produce weapons-grade plutonium. That is the second part of 
the agreement.
  Three, it includes the most intrusive inspections regime ever 
negotiated. Let me repeat that. The deal includes the most intrusive 
inspections regime ever negotiated. This means 24/7 monitoring of 
Iran's declared sites as well as inspections to the entire nuclear 
supply chain, from its uranium mines and mills, to its conversion 
facility, to its centrifuge manufacturing and storage facility. This is 
critical. It provides the International Atomic Energy Agency--you will 
hear it referred to as the IAEA--with the mechanism to require that 
Iran grant access to its suspicious sites. No other international 
agreement has ever done this before. So when you hear colleagues say, 
``Well, Iran has 24 days, you know, to hide things,'' all the experts 
will tell you that you can hide a computer, but you cannot hide nuclear 
material. It has a half-life of thousands of years. But no other 
international agreement, not even the agreements we have with the IAEA, 
say that the IAEA has a deadline where access has to be granted to 
suspicious sites.

  Next, it requires the Iranians to disclose their past nuclear 
activities before they can receive any sanctions relief. Let me say 
that again. The Iranians have to disclose their past nuclear activities 
before they can receive any sanctions relief.
  Lastly, if Iran cheats, the United States and our allies will be able 
to snap back multilateral sanctions. There is a process there that 
gives us a lot of power to do that.
  Because of all of this, more than 100 nations support this deal, 
including many of our closest allies, such as the United Kingdom, 
Germany, Australia, France, Japan, and Canada--100 nations. That is why 
29 of the Nation's top scientists, including 6 Nobel laureates, call 
the deal ``innovative and stringent'' and even say it can serve as a 
``guidepost for future agreements.'' One hundred nations, 29 of our 
Nation's top scientists. That is also why 60 bipartisan national 
security leaders support it, including leaders such as Madeleine 
Albright, Thomas Pickering, and Ryan Crocker. You know those names. You 
know those people. They have integrity. They have intelligence. They 
have experience. They were appointed by Republicans and Democrats 
alike. They point out that there are no viable alternatives to this 
agreement. They are right.
  Anyone--you are going to hear this from my Republican friends--anyone 
who says we should go back to the bargaining table--and you are going 
to hear this over and over again: Oh, just go back to the bargaining 
table. Anyone who says that after 20 months of negotiations and huge 
support in the world is either engaging in fantasy or they truly want 
to sink this deal. So if you hear somebody say, ``Oh, just go back to 
the table. Just forget the support of the 100 nations. Just go back and 
renegotiate this deal,'' let me tell you, they are either engaging in 
fantasy or they want to sink this deal. There is a hard, cold truth 
here: If we walk away, there will be no agreement. Let's be clear. If 
that is your position, why don't you say it? But don't say ``Go back to 
the negotiating table. No problem.'' If we walk away, there will be no 
agreement. America will be isolating itself and undermining its role as 
a global leader on arms control. That is why more than 100 former U.S. 
Ambassadors say that without this deal, ``the risks to the security of 
the United States and our friends and allies would be far greater.'' 
Let me say that again. One hundred former U.S. Ambassadors from both 
parties say that ``the risks to the security of the United States and 
our friends and allies would be far greater'' than if we do the deal.
  We know right now that Iran has enough nuclear material to build 10 
nuclear weapons. So whom are you kidding when you say the world will be 
safer if this agreement falls and Iran is left to continue the 
dangerous course it began way back in 1984? We passed sanctions. We did 
it right here. I spoke on that. I said: We have to keep our eye on 
Iran. We don't trust them. So they came to the table.
  Opposing this agreement means walking away--walking away from the 
very strategy we embraced when we placed sanctions on Iran. It means 
walking away from our best friends, our allies, and our trading 
partners.
  When you probe the opponents of this deal and you say, ``Well, if you 
go back to the table, you are going to lose 100 nations, many of them 
our best friends,'' do you know what they say? ``Oh, we can just 
sanction those friends. We can just sanction those allies. We can just 
sanction those trading partners.'' Can you imagine going after our best 
friends? Is that a winning strategy? That is another example of the 
opponents dreaming or scheming--dreaming of a successful go-it-alone 
strategy or scheming for another war in the Middle East. Those 
options--go it alone or a war--are self-inflicted wounds we can ill 
afford.
  Let's put up the statement by Philip Hammond, the United Kingdom 
Foreign Secretary. This is what he said. In a meeting with the various 
Ambassadors of the countries that cut this deal, the same thing was 
said, but let's say it the way he did. This is the United Kingdom 
Foreign Secretary:

       If the United States were to walk away from this deal, 
     international unity would disintegrate. The hardliners in 
     Iran would be strengthened, and we would lose the most 
     effective path to stop Iran from developing a nuclear weapon.

  Philip Hammond, the UK Foreign Secretary.
  So, again, look at what he is saying. He is saying that if we walk 
away, the hardliners in Iran would be strengthened. They would win. So 
I ask opponents of this deal: Why do you want to stand with the 
hardliners in Iran? Because you are standing with the hardliners in 
Iran who shout ``Death to America,'' ``Death to Israel.'' You are 
standing with them. They want to kill the deal.
  I am under no illusion that this agreement solves all of our problems 
with Iran. I am under no illusions that this agreement will make Iran 
suddenly some positive player on the world stage that we can cozy up 
to. No. No. That is why this agreement is not based on trust. As 
Hillary Clinton said today, it is based on distrust and verification. 
She is right. This agreement is also based on the most stringent 
inspection regime ever negotiated. Iran is a bad and a dangerous actor. 
I do not think there is any disagreement on that. That is why its 
nonnuclear activities will remain subject to tough sanctions. But here 
is the ultimate question each of us must ask ourselves: Would we rather 
have a bad and dangerous actor with a nuclear bomb or a bad and 
dangerous actor without a nuclear bomb? My kids would say that is a no-
brainer. The answer is obvious. We don't want Iran with a nuclear bomb. 
That is why we need this deal. If Iran cheats, it will be in front of 
the whole world. I will be among the first to consider any and all 
options.
  I began by saying this is one of the most important votes we will 
ever cast in our lifetime. I am reminded of another one, my vote 
against the Iraq war. It was lonely then--only 23 of us--but you have 
to look at the situation. Some of the leading voices against this deal 
were the very same people who brought us the Iraq war.
  Remember Paul Wolfowitz saying the Iraqis would ``greet us as 
liberators''?

[[Page S6480]]

  Remember Dick Cheney, who is out there now saying: Vote no on this 
deal. Oh, it is terrible.
  Remember what he said as he drew us into Iraq? He said there was ``no 
doubt that Saddam Hussein now has weapons of mass destruction.'' And 
remember when he said the whole war would be ``weeks rather than 
months''? I remember that after 10 years of war.
  Remember Bill Kristol saying we would ``be vindicated when we 
discover the weapons of mass destruction''?
  And, remember, some of our colleagues who are here today pushed hard 
for the Iraq war and said it would be great for America and great for 
Israel. Well, they were wrong then, and they are wrong now.
  Look, it is no secret that the Prime Minister of our great ally, 
Israel, is on the other side of this argument, but we must also 
remember that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was a cheerleader for 
the Iraq war and said in 2002: ``If you take out . . . Saddam's regime, 
I guarantee you that it will have enormous positive reverberations on 
the region.'' Prime Minister Netanyahu argued for the Iraq war saying: 
``I guarantee you that it will have enormous positive reverberations on 
the region.''
  Positive reverberations? Instead, devastating consequences. More than 
4,000 of our brave American men and women were killed and nearly 32,000 
wounded. We know that a lot of the Baathists joined ISIS, and the 
Baathists were loyal to Saddam. Now they are guiding ISIS. No positive 
reverberations there, devastating consequences.
  If we were completely honest and we really asked the question: Who 
won the war in Iraq? The answer comes back, Iran. Iran. They have never 
had more influence in modern times on Iraq than they have today. That 
is why, as a stalwart supporter of Israel and the Israeli-American 
relationship, I strongly support this deal.
  I am the proud author of the last two United States-Israel security 
bills passed by Congress. They were called the United States-Israel 
Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 and the United States-Israel 
Strategic Partnership Act of 2014. I believe, as the author of those 
two bills that President Obama signed, this deal makes the United 
States safer, it makes Israel safer, and it makes the entire world 
safer.
  I said that Prime Minister Netanyahu is very clearly opposed, but 
let's look at some of the top military experts in Israel--experts who 
understand what is paramount to Israel's security.
  Let's look at Ami Ayalon. He is a former head of Shin Bet, Israel's 
internal security service. He said: ``When it comes to Iran's nuclear 
capability, this [deal] is the best option. . . .'' Now this isn't just 
some citizen in the street; this is the former head of Shin Bet, 
Israel's internal security service, saying this.
  Then there is Amram Mitzna, a retired major general in the Israel 
Defense Forces, the IDF, former member of the Knesset and former mayor 
of Haifa, who said: ``For Israel's sake and all the people of the 
Middle East, we must not miss this opportunity.''
  Then there is Efraim Halevy, former director of the Mossad, who said: 
``Without an agreement, Iran will be free to act as it wishes. . . .''
  Let me repeat that. This is the former director of the Mossad, who 
said: ``Without an agreement, Iran will be free to act as it wishes. . 
. .''
  These leaders from Israel whom I have quoted are some of the most 
knowledgeable in the world when it comes to Israel's security, and they 
believe this deal will make Israel safer. It doesn't change the fact 
that the Israeli Government opposes this. I agree with that; I 
understand that. But there is a split in Israel, and it is worth 
commenting on it.
  With their expertise and their knowledge, these endorsements by these 
Israelis should be taken seriously. Also, the endorsements from our 
current and former colleagues in Congress should be taken seriously.
  Eleven Jewish former Members have weighed in, saying: ``We championed 
the U.S.-Israel alliance . . . and we all strongly support this 
agreement because it will enhance the security of the U.S., the State 
of Israel, and the entire world.''
  I thank them for weighing in. This is one of those debates that is 
very hard--regardless of your position--because it is emotional, it is 
difficult, and yet they weighed in, as did the Israeli security 
experts. Believe me, the pressure on them not to talk was enormous.
  This deal also has the support of some of the most knowledgeable and 
respected foreign policy lawmakers who ever served in Congress.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Record 
two opinion pieces, one written by Senators Carl Levin and John Warner 
and another by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar.
  There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

                            [Aug. 13, 2015]

                Why Hawks Should Also Back the Iran Deal

                    (By Carl Levin and John Warner)

       We both were elected to the Senate in 1978 and privileged 
     to have served together on the Senate Armed Services 
     Committee for 30 years, during which we each held committee 
     leadership positions of chairman or ranking minority member. 
     We support the Iran Agreement negotiated by the United States 
     and other leading world powers for many reasons, including 
     its limitations on Iran's nuclear activities, its strong 
     inspections regime, and the ability to quickly re-impose 
     sanctions should Iran violate its provisions.
       But we also see a compelling reason to support the 
     agreement that has gotten little attention: Rejecting it 
     would weaken the deterrent value of America's military 
     option.
       As former chairmen of the Senate Armed Services Committee, 
     we have always believed that the U.S. should keep a strong 
     military option on the table. If Iran pursues a nuclear 
     weapon, some believe that military action is inevitable if 
     we're to prevent it from reaching its goal. We don't 
     subscribe to that notion, but we are skeptical that, should 
     Iran attempt to consider moving to a nuclear weapon, we could 
     deter them from pursuing it through economic sanctions alone.
       How does rejecting the agreement give America a weaker 
     military hand to play? Let's imagine a world in which the 
     United States rejects the nuclear accord that all other 
     parties have embraced. The sanctions now in place would 
     likely not be maintained and enforced by all the parties to 
     the agreement, so those would lose their strong deterrent 
     value. Iran would effectively argue to the world that it had 
     been willing to negotiate an agreement, only to have that 
     agreement rejected by a recalcitrant America.
       In that world, should we find credible evidence that Iran 
     is starting to move toward a nuclear weapon, the United 
     States would almost certainly consider use of the military 
     option to stop that program. But it's highly unlikely that 
     our traditional European allies, let alone China and Russia, 
     would support the use of the military option since we had 
     undermined the diplomatic path. Iran surely would know this, 
     and so from the start, would have less fear of a military 
     option than if it faced a unified coalition.
       While the United States would certainly provide the 
     greatest combat power in any military action, allies and 
     other partners make valuable contributions--not just in 
     direct participation, but also in access rights, logistics, 
     intelligence, and other critical support. If we reject the 
     agreement, we risk isolating ourselves and damaging our 
     ability to assemble the strongest possible coalition to stop 
     Iran.
       In short, then, rejecting the Iran deal would erode the 
     current deterrent value of the military option, making it 
     more likely Iran might choose to pursue a nuclear weapon, and 
     would then make it more costly for the U.S. to mount any 
     subsequent military operation. It would tie the hands of any 
     future president trying to build international participation 
     and support for military force against Iran should that be 
     necessary.
       Those who think the use of force against Iran is almost 
     inevitable should want the military option to be as credible 
     and effective as possible, both as a deterrent to Iran's 
     nuclear ambitions and in destroying Iran's nuclear weapons 
     program should that become necessary. For that to be the 
     case, the United States needs to be a party to the agreement 
     rather than being the cause of its collapse.
       In our many years on the Armed Services Committee, we saw 
     time and again how America is stronger when we fight 
     alongside allies. Iran must constantly be kept aware that a 
     collective framework of deterrence stands resolute, and that 
     if credible evidence evolves that Iran is taking steps 
     towards a nuclear arsenal, it would face the real possibility 
     of military action by a unified coalition of nations to stop 
     their efforts.
       The deal on the table is a strong agreement on many counts, 
     and it leaves in place the robust deterrence and credibility 
     of a military option. We urge our former colleagues not to 
     take any action which would undermine the deterrent value of 
     a coalition that participates in and could support the use of 
     a military option. The failure of the United States to join 
     the agreement would have that effect.
                                  ____


                            [Aug. 30, 2015]

                   There Are No Perfect Nuclear Deals

                    (By Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar)

       During the Cold War both Republican and Democratic 
     presidents accepted less-than-

[[Page S6481]]

     perfect arms pacts with the Soviets. We need to do the same 
     with Iran.
       At the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union had 
     thousands of nuclear warheads aimed at American cities, and 
     the Soviets were subject to numerous arms controls 
     agreements. But progress was hard-fought and incremental at 
     best. In an ideal world, the Soviet Union would have agreed 
     to more severe constraints than those agreed by Presidents 
     Kennedy, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan and Bush, for example. 
     It would have dismantled all of its nuclear weapons, stopped 
     its human rights abuses and halted its meddling around the 
     world.
       But, as all of these presidents--Democratic and 
     Republican--understood, holding out for the impossible is a 
     recipe for no progress at all. Congress should take the same 
     approach today to the Iran nuclear deal.
       We know something about the long history of such 
     agreements. During our combined 60 years in the U.S. Senate, 
     we participated in countless meetings, hearings and trips 
     around the globe focused on reducing the threats posed by 
     weapons of mass destruction. The centerpiece of our efforts 
     was the Nunn-Lugar Act, passed in 1991, which was the basis 
     for two decades of hard work that resulted in the 
     safeguarding and deactivation of more than 7,000 nuclear 
     warheads, hundreds of missiles and bombers, and numerous 
     other elements of the former Soviet Union's WMD programs.
       These experiences underscored for us that arms control 
     agreements are rarely finished absolutes. Inevitably, their 
     success depends on many factors that play out after the 
     agreement is signed, including alliance cohesion, 
     congressional funding for implementation and the political 
     will of the parties to ensure verification and enforcement.
       Over the next several weeks, every member of Congress will 
     have the opportunity to weigh the terms of the nuclear 
     agreement against all viable alternatives. In our view, the 
     key questions regarding this agreement are: Will it stop Iran 
     from obtaining a nuclear weapon? What are the risks of going 
     forward with this agreement? And what are the risks if 
     Congress rejects the agreement?
       The plus-sides of this deal are clear. It includes severe 
     restrictions on uranium enrichment and plutonium production, 
     required transparency into Iranian activities and inspection 
     provisions to assure the international community that Iran's 
     nuclear program is, and remains, peaceful. Reports that Iran 
     will simply inspect itself to address unresolved allegations 
     about its nuclear behavior have been refuted by the head of 
     the International Atomic Energy Agency, who has stated that 
     the arrangements are technically sound, consistent with the 
     IAEA's long-established practices and do not compromise IAEA 
     safeguards standards in any way. Importantly, the agreement 
     taken as a whole will help deter Iranian cheating and provide 
     the means to detect violations in time to take strong action 
     if required.
       Could we conceive a stronger deal? Of course--that has been 
     true of every arms control negotiation. We have heard critics 
     suggest that Iran would have agreed to entirely dismantle its 
     nuclear enrichment facilities and stop all activities related 
     to its civil nuclear program if only the U.S. had been 
     tougher in negotiations. But had the U.S. taken such an 
     approach in the early 1990s, we would not have encouraged and 
     helped Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus safely 
     accelerate the destruction of their weapons and materials of 
     mass destruction, and the risk of accidents or catastrophic 
     terrorism would have been far higher over the past 20 years.
       Although there are no absolute guarantees, nor can there be 
     in diplomatic accords, our bottom line is that this agreement 
     makes it far less likely that the Iranians will acquire a 
     nuclear weapon over the next 15 years.
       As to risks in going forward with the agreement, Congress 
     must listen carefully to both our intelligence community and 
     the IAEA's views on any possible weaknesses in the 
     verification regime, and then work with these entities to 
     mitigate any vulnerabilities, both now and in the years 
     ahead.
       As with other agreements, Congress must recognize that 
     there is no such thing as ``perfect'' verification. What is 
     crucial, however, is whether ``effective'' verification can 
     be achieved. Can cheating be detected in time to take action 
     before Iran could achieve a militarily significant advance? 
     We believe the answer to that question is yes. The monitoring 
     and verification provisions of this agreement are 
     unprecedented in the history of arms control in their 
     comprehensiveness and intrusiveness, and together with our 
     intelligence capabilities should give us powerful tools to 
     achieve effective verification.
       Opponents of this agreement have offered criticism that 
     sanctions relief would provide Iran with additional resources 
     that would enable it to intensify its destabilizing behavior 
     in the region. This is a risk, but the argument that this 
     risk can be avoided or reduced by the defeat of this 
     agreement rests on a patently false assumption. Anyone 
     believing that the present effective economic sanctions will 
     be continued by Russia, China, India and other nations if 
     Congress rejects this agreement is in a dream world. This 
     agreement and the alliance that brought Iran to the 
     negotiating table through sanctions has focused on Iran's 
     nuclear activities, not its regional behavior, though both 
     are serious dangers. This alliance could never have been 
     brought or held together to pursue a broad, nuclear and 
     regional agenda on which alliance partners themselves 
     strongly disagree.
       With or without this agreement, the U.S. must continue and 
     intensify our efforts with other partners to challenge and 
     counter Iran's destabilizing regional activities and 
     strengthen our cooperation with Israel and the Gulf States. 
     If this agreement is rejected, both of these objectives 
     become more difficult.
       Finally, and perhaps most importantly, members of Congress 
     must think long and hard about the consequences if this 
     agreement is turned down. There is no escaping the conclusion 
     that there will inevitably be grave implications for U.S. 
     security and for U.S. international leadership in the decades 
     ahead. Sanctions allies will go their own way, reducing the 
     effectiveness of our financial tools and leaving Iran in a 
     stronger position across the board. Any future effort by this 
     president or the next to assemble a ``sanctions coalition'' 
     relating to Iran or other security challenges will be 
     weakened. U.S. leadership, diplomacy and credibility, 
     including efforts to achieve support for possible military 
     action against Iran, will all be severely damaged.
       If, however, the Iran agreement is upheld by Congress, the 
     hard work of monitoring and enforcement is just beginning. 
     This Congress and future Congresses, as well as future 
     presidents, have a large and continuing role to play in the 
     decades ahead if ``stopping the Iranian bomb'' is to become a 
     reality. Congress must insist that Iran be held to its 
     commitments while not obstructing the agreement. The U.S. 
     must make clear our commitment to the security of our allies 
     and friends in the Middle East, through security assistance 
     and a clear policy that Iranian meddling in the region will 
     be firmly resisted. It must be clear which congressional 
     committees are responsible for oversight and monitoring of 
     implementation and compliance. There should also be clear 
     requirements for the president to report to Congress on 
     intelligence associated with Iran. In addition, Congress must 
     provide funding to the IAEA for its activities in monitoring 
     Iranian compliance with this agreement as well as other 
     nuclear proliferation activities in the Gulf region.
       These crucial September votes will require members to 
     search their own consciences. Whether they vote ``yea'' or 
     ``nay,'' they must first look in the mirror and ask whether 
     they are putting our nation's interest first.
       Our own conviction is that this agreement represents our 
     best chance to stop an Iranian bomb without another war in 
     the Middle East.

  Mrs. BOXER. These are two Democrats, two Republicans, leaders all--
respected, effective. These former colleagues understand the risks of 
military action, and they are right. They know this deal doesn't rule 
out the use of military force. The United States can strike if we need 
to, but we must first try diplomacy. Since when are we afraid of that?
  We can try diplomacy because we are the most powerful Nation on 
Earth. We should try diplomacy, and if it fails, we always have all 
options on the table--as our President has said, as I have said, as 
everyone has said.
  It is striking to me that we don't have one Republican for this. I am 
kind of amazed. All of the focus was on the Democrats, really. A few 
are opposing and a vast majority are for it.
  I am surprised that a Richard Lugar couldn't sway anybody, that a 
Colin Powell couldn't sway anybody, that a John Warner couldn't sway 
anybody, and, also, the religious communities across the United States 
apparently aren't swaying anybody. It is telling that 340 U.S. rabbis 
fear that if the United States rejects the deal: ``. . . the outcome 
will be the collapse of the international sanctions regime, an Iranian 
race for nuclear weapons . . . [and] isolation of Israel and the United 
States from international partners.''
  There is also support from more than 53 Christian leaders and the 
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, who referred to Pope 
Francis's hope for a deal that he says is a ``definitive step toward a 
more secure and fraternal world.''
  I don't know why we haven't been able to really see bipartisan 
support in the Senate. I am puzzled by it. I am saddened by it. It 
appears to me this is political. President Obama wants it. He worked 
hard for it. They don't like it. This is what I think.
  I may be wrong, but it is hard for me to imagine, with all of these 
solid Republicans in favor of this deal outside of the Senate and the 
House, we cannot seem to have bipartisanship. These faith leaders are 
speaking on behalf of their synagogues, on behalf their congregations, 
and their faithful. They are speaking for so many Americans, so many 
Americans who have prayed on this issue and have come to the conclusion 
that it is best for our Nation.

[[Page S6482]]

  Believe me, it is easier to say no. You can always say: Well, I don't 
like page 4, line 2.
  A deal by its very nature is not perfect. It is not. That is why it 
is a deal. Otherwise it would be a fiat. Oh, I want this. OK. We make 
deals. We do it here all the time, but somehow this deal--because it 
isn't perfect and everyone agrees it isn't perfect--somehow we cannot 
seem to get bipartisanship. It breaks my heart, frankly.
  Colleagues, this is really a major moment for us, as individuals and 
for our Nation. We will be judged on this vote, and we should be judged 
on this vote. We should be judged on votes that could lead to another 
war in the Middle East. At least one of our colleagues on the other 
side of the aisle admitted his truthful position. I respect that. He 
said we can ``set Iran's nuclear facilities back to day zero'' using 
military force.
  He is voting no on this agreement, and anyone else who joins him 
should know this: to walk away means Iran could continue its nuclear 
program at will. This is not acceptable, and it means a path to war.
  Let us not tiptoe around this. This option, the option of no 
agreement, isn't going back to the bargaining table because everyone 
has said--very clearly, all our allies--they are not going back to the 
bargaining table.
  So we have no agreement, and to walk away means the international 
sanctions collapse. If we think that we, ourselves, can now turn to our 
best friends and allies, such as the United Kingdom, and say: Well, if 
you don't go along with us, we are not trading with you anymore--that 
is not going to happen.
  To walk away means Iran continues its nuclear program because there 
won't be a deal. To walk away means we will find ourselves isolated 
from some of our best allies in the world. Remember, 100 nations 
support this deal, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, 
Australia, Japan, and Canada. To walk away--I believe--means war, and 
the other side would say: Oh, that is just a scare tactic.
  It is not a scare tactic. If you cannot go back to the negotiating 
table because nobody is going back there with you--you can go back. You 
will be there by yourself. Iran walks away. They continue with their 
program, and we are not going to stand for that. We have all said that.
  So to walk away, in my view, means war. Because when we walk away, 
there is no deal. Iran keeps its nuclear program, and that cannot be 
allowed to happen.
  Another one of our colleagues whom we serve with--and I have a lot of 
respect for and a good friendship with--one said: Bomb, bomb, bomb, 
bomb Iran.
  You remember that. He is going to vote no on this deal, and that is 
going to move us more toward his reality.
  Wars are easy to start, and they are hard to end. Wars are a stain on 
the human race, and we should do everything in our power to avoid war. 
Now, avoiding war does not mean giving up strength because, again, a 
military response to Iran is always on the table. And if Iran violates 
the deal, the whole world will know it. It will be right out there, and 
the whole world will stand with us in taking action.
  Diplomacy is the first resort; war is the last resort. I have voted 
for war, OK. I said: Let's go after bin Laden. I voted for that war. It 
is easy to start, hard to end.
  So, my colleagues, I will say it again. This is our chance, and this 
is our choice. History will judge us.
  With this one vote, we have the chance to seize a historic 
opportunity to once again make America a shining example of leadership. 
With this vote, we have a chance, a real chance, to make this world 
safer right now for our children and our grandchildren.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Tennessee.
  Mr. CORKER. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from California for 
her service on the Foreign Relations Committee and her passionate 
comments. Obviously, I am in a very different place policywise than she 
is.
  I do want to point out there is bipartisanship here. There is 
bipartisan disapproval. While I know the Senator from California knows 
a great deal about foreign policy, as she is the longest serving member 
on the committee, the two who have spent more time than anyone 
understanding the nature of this deal, the impact it is going to have 
on the region--more time because there has been more meetings with 
them--are the two Democrats, the ranking member today and the former 
ranking member, who both oppose this. So there is bipartisanship.
  I don't view this as political at all. I think we have been able to 
establish a strong bipartisan bill to vote on this. We have strong 
bipartisanship in both bodies, I might say, in the House and the 
Senate, in opposing this.
  I hope what we will be able to do is not cast aspersions about 
people's motives but really debate this on the substance.
  If I could, and then I will be glad to take my colleague's question.
  Without objection, I would like to yield the remainder of Republican 
time as in morning business in this manner: 20 minutes to Senator Cruz, 
who I think will be here momentarily; 20 minutes to Senator McCain; 15 
minutes to Senator Vitter; and 5 minutes to Senator Kirk.
  I don't want to burn up a lot of our time, but if there is no 
objection.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
  Hearing none, it is so ordered.
  Mr. CORKER. I will be glad to take my colleague's question briefly, 
but I don't want to burn up a lot of our time.
  Mrs. BOXER. Briefly, this is not a lot.
  What I wanted to point out is exactly that; that you do have a few 
Democrats, I think four Democrats, who have come down ``no,'' but we 
don't have one Republican on the other side. That was the only point I 
was making.
  So my colleague is right. You have bipartisanship, but I am asking 
where are the Republicans supporting this? It just seems odd to me. And 
to me it does feel political from your side because when you have Colin 
Powell, who is for the agreement, and you have John Warner and other 
Republicans--former ambassadors and military people--it just seems odd. 
I was making that point.
  But my colleague is right. You do have bipartisan support on your 
side, and I am lamenting the fact that we don't have it on ours because 
it doesn't feel right to me, having gone through these debates in the 
past.
  Mr. CORKER. I think in closing--I will leave the floor, so I am not 
burning up any more of our time--but I think there are very legitimate 
concerns about the fact we began this to dismantle Iran's nuclear 
program, to end their program, per the President, and by approval of 
this deal we actually are approving the industrialization of Iran's 
nuclear program--the greatest state sponsor of terror in the world. 
Obviously, that creates a lot of issues and concerns. That is why, I 
believe, we see so many people disapproving of this agreement.
  With that, Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. CRUZ. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. CRUZ. Mr. President, let's start out with a little simple math: 
58 to 42 is not a victory for the side with 42. Even in the case of 
ObamaCare--a truly disastrous piece of legislation which was forced 
through the Congress on purely partisan lines--that legislation 
received a majority. This isn't even close. Because not only has the 
Republican caucus held firm and unanimously rejected this catastrophic 
deal, we have also been joined by colleagues from across the aisle who 
are not blinded by partisan politics and understand the threat that is 
posed by President Obama's proposed nuclear deal with Iran.
  I want to take a moment to acknowledge them, as they are among those 
who know best how bad this deal is. First, Senator Chuck Schumer of New 
York, who has been a long-time advocate for the State of Israel. It is 
no secret Senator Schumer and I have had our disagreements on a great 
many issues, but I have been proud to stand with him for Israel and 
against this Iranian nuclear deal, and I was proud

[[Page S6483]]

to stand with Senator Schumer when Congress voted unanimously on the 
legislation I introduced to ban a known terrorist--Hamid Aboutalebi, 
who participated in the 1979 Iranian hostage-taking--from becoming 
Iran's Ambassador to the United Nations.
  Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey, the former chairman of the 
Foreign Relations Committee, has likewise come out against this 
catastrophic deal. Senator Menendez and I have worked together on a 
wide range of issues, including legislation to provide a Rewards for 
Justice reward last summer of $5 million for the capture or kill of the 
Hamas terrorist who murdered Israeli American teenager Naftali Fraenkel 
and his two teenage friends.
  Senator Ben Cardin of Maryland, the ranking member of the Foreign 
Relations Committee, whose name is on the legislation on which we are 
scheduled to vote this week. Certainly Senator Cardin knows as much 
about this deal as anyone, and his opposition should make all Senators, 
particularly Democratic Senators, take note.
  Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia, my colleague on the Senate 
Committee on Armed Services, who understands the threats to national 
security posed by this Iranian nuclear deal, I was honored to work with 
him and have his support for the resolution I introduced condemning 
Hamas's use of human shields during Israel's action in Gaza last 
summer--a disgusting terrorist tactic that was aided and abetted by 
Hamas's Iranian sponsors.
  Democrats should take note that the ranking member on the Foreign 
Relations Committee, the former ranking member on the Foreign Relations 
Committee, and the Democrat scheduled to be the next Democratic leader 
have all come out and valued national security above partisan loyalty. 
That ought to be reason to cause every other Democratic Member of this 
body to take a second assessment of their own decisions.
  I also want to mention Senator Chris Coons of Delaware, who even 
though he plans, unfortunately, to vote in favor of this deal, 
maintains it should go to a vote and not go into effect by default 
because the minority can block cloture through a filibuster. In these 
dark times, it is at least encouraging to know there are still a 
handful of Democrats who, in the tradition of Scoop Jackson, JFK, and 
Joe Lieberman, are willing to put country in front of party, are 
willing to defend national security. That used to be a robust tradition 
on the Democratic side of the aisle. I would that there were more Scoop 
Jackson Democrats in the United States Senate. I would that there were 
more JFK Democrats in the United States Senate. I would that there were 
more Joe Lieberman Democrats in the United States Senate.
  It is also telling that not a single Republican was persuaded by the 
President and Secretary of State when they told us this is the only 
option; that it is this deal, this catastrophic deal, or war and that 
this is the very best deal we could have gotten. If that is so, we 
shouldn't have been negotiating in the first place.
  Indeed, as Israel's Prime Minister Netanyahu noted, the one person 
telling the truth about this deal is Iran's President Ruhani, who 
observed that Iran has gotten everything they wanted from this deal 
because this deal is, as Prime Minister Netanyahu predicted, a very bad 
deal and a historic mistake.
  First and foremost, this terrible deal will not stop a virulently 
anti-American and anti-Israeli regime from getting a nuclear bomb. The 
so-called Supreme Leader, the Ayatollah Khamenei, declared that 
Israel--which he calls the Little Satan--would be nothing in 25 years 
and that those 25 years would be made miserable because of the heroic 
attacks of radical Islamic jihadists. America, he said, was the Great 
Satan. He didn't say this in 1979. He tweeted it yesterday.
  This is the Ayatollah Khamenei, the person with whom the 
administration is making a deal that facilitates his having nuclear 
weapons. He is being candid. He is telling us he intends to do 
everything possible to murder as many Israelis as possible and to 
murder as many Americans as possible.
  President Obama's deal, if it goes through, will allow Khamenei and 
his fellow mullahs to retain their centrifuges. They have established 
their ``right to enrich'' uranium. They have rejected attempts to 
inspect their sites with possible military dimensions related to their 
nuclear program. Indeed, this deal is without any credible inspection 
mechanism.
  Not long ago, the administration was promising the American people 
so-called ``anytime, anywhere inspections.'' Those inspections quickly 
morphed into inspections with 24 days' advance notice--plenty of time 
to ensure that the inspections will never uncover the cheating.
  But even more laughable, even more farcical, this deal doesn't rely 
on American inspectors; it doesn't rely on international inspectors. 
This deal trusts the Iranians to inspect themselves. It is not much of 
an exaggeration to say the inspection regime envisioned in this deal is 
simply picking up the phone, calling the Ayatollah Khamenei, and 
asking: Are you developing nuclear weapons? No. Very good; thank you.
  That is a regime designed to facilitate cheating, to facilitate 
surreptitious development of nuclear weapons with $150 billion to fuel 
and fund that development.
  Beyond that, the deal actually obligates signatories to assist Iran 
in developing their program, which, remarkably, the Secretary of State 
suggests will be used to try to cure cancer, and, even more remarkably, 
obligates signatories to assist Iran in defending against efforts by 
the nation of Israel to stop a nuclear weapons regime. That is a 
remarkable commitment Senate Democrats have signed on to.
  In addition, this terrible deal makes concessions to Iran completely 
unrelated to the nuclear program. For example, it provides sanctions 
relief for designated terrorists such as General Suleimani, the head of 
the Iranian Revolutionary Guard's elite Quds Force, who should have no 
association with the Iranian nuclear program whatsoever. Iran and the 
Iranian regime maintain that the nuclear program is not a military 
program. Then why is a military general covered in this agreement--this 
man, General Suleimani, who has blood on his hands from the IEDs that 
he funneled into Iraq that murdered and maimed hundreds of American 
service men and women?
  And even while Iranians such as Suleimani get relief, four Americans 
were cruelly excluded from this deal: Pastor Saeed Abedini, an American 
citizen imprisoned for 8 years in an Iranian prison for the crime of 
preaching the Gospel; former marine Amir Hekmati; Washington Post 
reporter Jason Rezaian; and Bob Levinson. It is a disgrace on our 
Nation that we agreed to any deal with Tehran before they were 
liberated.
  Finally, this terrible deal provides Iran with some $150 billion in 
economic relief, which will inevitably be used to finance the violent 
terrorist mayhem that has been a signature of the Islamic Republic 
since the 1979 revolution. It will, in effect, make the U.S. Government 
the leading international financier of terrorism. We haven't even voted 
yet on this deal, and we are already seeing the consequences play out 
in real time. Senior Iranian officials, including Suleimani, who is 
technically still under a U.N. travel ban, have traveled to Moscow to 
make arms deals with Vladimir Putin--arms that will flow to Iran's 
terrorist proxies, from Yemen to Gaza to Lebanon to Syria. Syrian 
dictator Bashar al-Assad has gotten an economic lifeline in the form of 
a $1 billion line of credit. Senior Iranian officials have announced to 
the media they will redouble their support for Hamas because they 
``reject the existence of any Israeli on this earth.''
  If we want to understand who we are dealing with, that clarifies 
exactly what their intent is. In other words, the world's leading state 
sponsor of terrorism, Iran, just got a $150 billion windfall courtesy 
of the U.S. Government.
  The grim consequences of this activity can be seen on our TV screens 
as we witness hundreds of thousands of panicked refugees fleeing out of 
places where Iran's proxies are active. Of course, ISIS and its 
affiliates bear significant responsibility for this crisis. But make no 
mistake about it; Tehran's bloody fingerprints are all over it as well. 
From the Houthis to Hamas to Hezbollah, they are enabling

[[Page S6484]]

and financing the radical Islamic terrorists who are making life, from 
North Africa to the Middle East, utterly untenable. They are murdering 
Christians and Jews and other Muslims who do not embrace their radical 
jihadist dream.
  This isn't complicated. The American people know this is a terrible 
deal. That is why President Obama has only been able to persuade a 
minority of their duly elected representatives to support it. It is 
why, as Secretary Kerry frankly admitted, they didn't even try to 
submit their deal to the Senate as a treaty, as they should have done. 
They prefer to jam it through by default or by Presidential veto--
anything to get what they believe will be a domestic political legacy. 
How typical it is of the Washington cartel that one-third of one House 
of Congress is trying to force this catastrophic deal on our country.
  Yet even in the face of 42 Democrats making a decision to value 
partisan loyalty over the national security of our country, over 
standing with our friend and ally the nation of Israel, and over 
protecting the lives of millions of Americans--even in the face of 
that--there are still serious steps we can take right now. There are 
two individuals in Washington, DC, who have the capacity still to stop 
this deal. Their names are Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Speaker 
of the House John Boehner. Corker-Cardin was, unfortunately, a very 
weak piece of review legislation, but it did have one small bit of 
teeth in it that ought to be used. Under Corker-Cardin, the review 
period does not start until the administration submits the entirety of 
the deal to Congress. That entirety is defined under Corker-Cardin to 
include any and all side deals.
  This deal has at least two side deals with the IAEA concerning 
inspections. It is the laughable inspection regime that trusts the 
Iranians to inspect themselves. Those side deals have not been 
submitted to Congress. Under the terms of Corker-Cardin, the review 
period has not started and does not start until the entire deal is 
submitted to Congress, and the President cannot lift these sanctions 
until the review period expires.

  So therefore, I call upon the leadership of my party--Leader 
McConnell, Speaker Boehner--simply to enforce the terms of Corker-
Cardin. The administration has not submitted the deal. Accordingly, we 
should not be voting on a resolution of disapproval because the Corker-
Cardin clock never began to start, and under Corker-Cardin, until the 
clock starts, the sanctions can't be lifted.
  Republicans in this body should not be facilitating this President's 
yet again disregarding the law and doing so in contravention of the 
national security interests of this country.
  Two final observations: If and when we vote on this deal, for every 
Member of this body, I agree with my former colleague, former Senator 
Joe Lieberman, who said this may well be the most important vote any 
Senator casts in his or her career. I implore every Democrat who has 
come out in support of this deal, search your conscience. You can make 
a choice other than standing with your own party. You can stand up to 
your own party. Trust me; I have done it myself. It is not the end of 
the world.
  I implore every Democrat: Go home and pray. Go home and ask yourself 
how you will look in the eyes of the mother or father whose son was 
blown to bits by an Iranian IED that came directly from General 
Suleimani, on whom we are now lifting sanctions; how you will explain 
your vote that ``your son or daughter's life didn't matter enough to 
me, that I was willing to reward their murderer.'' I can tell you that 
is not a conversation I would ever like to have. I ask every Democrat 
who has said they support this deal to ask yourself that question.
  I ask you to ask the question how you will look in the eyes of the 
mothers and fathers and sons and daughters of those who will be 
murdered by Hamas, by Hezbollah, by the Houthis, by radical Islamic 
terrorists across the globe with the over $100 billion that this deal 
gives them.
  Osama bin Laden murdered nearly 3,000 people on September 11, 2001. 
Bin Laden never had $100 billion at his disposal. This deal gives 
people every bit as evil, every bit as consumed with bilious hatred 
resources, billions of dollars. And, if this deal goes through, we know 
to an absolute certainty that Americans will be murdered, Israelis will 
be murdered, and Europeans will be murdered. I ask every Democratic 
Member of this body to think before you cast a vote: How will you look 
in the eyes of the children of those who are murdered by terrorists who 
use the billions that this deal gives them to kill them? That is blood 
you can't wash your hands of. When you knowingly and willingly send 
billions of dollars to jihadists who have declared their intention to 
murder us, there is no excuse you can hide behind when they carry 
through on the intention using the billions of dollars you have given.
  And, if--God forbid--Iran ever acquires a nuclear weapon, the odds 
are unacceptably high they would, No. 1, use that nuclear weapon above 
our friend and ally the nation of Israel. For every Democrat who 
maintains he or she is a friend of Israel, you need to be prepared to 
explain how you facilitated a day that could see a nuclear warhead 
detonating over Tel-Aviv, murdering millions.
  When Prime Minister Netanyahu spoke to a joint session of Congress, I 
participated in a panel discussion that my office organized with Elie 
Wiesel, a Nobel laureate who survived the Holocaust, and when Elie 
Wiesel says ``never again,'' it means never again. The one threat that 
could kill 6 million Jews again is a nuclear Iran. Listen to Elie 
Wiesel.
  The single-most dangerous thing Iran could do with a nuclear weapon 
is launch it from a ship in the Atlantic into the atmosphere and set 
off an electromagnetic pulse, or an EMP, that would take down the 
electrical grid and could kill tens of millions of Americans. To every 
Democrat, listen to those voices.
  Finally, if the Democrats refuse to put our national security 
interests first, then it will be incumbent on the next President to 
undo the damage. Any competent Commander in Chief should be prepared on 
the first day--on January 20, 2017--to rip to shreds this catastrophic 
Iranian deal and to make clear to the Ayatollah Khamenei and to every 
other jihadist that under no circumstances will the nation of Iran, led 
by a theocratic Ayatollah who chants ``Death to America,'' be allowed 
to acquire nuclear weapons.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Sullivan). The minority whip.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, what time is remaining on the Democratic 
side?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Thirty-six minutes.
  Mr. DURBIN. How much on the other side?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Forty-one minutes.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I would like to respond very briefly--very 
briefly--before yielding to Senator Nelson of Florida.
  I would say to the junior Senator from Texas that I hope he listened 
carefully last Sunday when General Colin Powell, former Chairman of the 
Joint Chiefs of Staff--a man who risked his life in battle for America, 
a man who served as Secretary of State under Republican President 
George W. Bush--came forward and endorsed this agreement that has been 
proposed before the Senate. So to suggest that General Powell and so 
many others are not aware of the security aspects of this agreement I 
don't believe is a fair characterization. General Powell and others 
understand better than I can, better than the Senator from Texas can 
what it means to face these security issues. I would like to quote what 
he said. He said that ``with respect to the Iranians, don't trust, 
never trust, and always verify.'' So he comes to his conclusion 
supporting this agreement with the same degree of skepticism that many 
of us do.

  I would not discount for a minute some of the activities that have 
been cataloged by the junior Senator from Texas when it comes to Iran, 
but if you think those were terrible--and they were--imagine Iran with 
a nuclear weapon. That is what is at stake in this debate. Currently 
Iran has the capacity to build 10 nuclear weapons--10. We want to stop 
them from doing that, put inspectors in place. So when you list the 
litany of horrors coming out of Iran's terrorist activities, imagine

[[Page S6485]]

those activities with a nuclear weapon. Our goal is to stop the 
development of a nuclear weapon in Iran.
  I yield the floor to the Senator from Florida.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Florida.
  Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I will vote for the joint agreement. I 
want the Senate and my colleagues from Florida to understand. I gave a 
lengthy speech as to why I would support this some 5 weeks ago, in the 
early part of August before we adjourned. Indeed, I, like most every 
other Senator here, feel this is one of the most important votes we 
will cast. I bring to the table the attempted insight given the fact of 
6 years being a member of the Intelligence Committee and now having the 
privilege of being a senior member of the Senate Armed Services 
Committee.
  The question is, Does this agreement prevent Iran from having a 
nuclear bomb? That is the essential question. Does this agreement do 
that? This is not an agreement to stop the bad behavior of Iran, which, 
of course, I wish we could. This is not a question of whether we are 
going to get Iran to suddenly change its attitude about Israel, which I 
wish we could. This is a question of preventing Iran from building and 
producing a nuclear bomb. I believe this agreement does it, and I 
believe it does it at both the declared sites and a future cheating at 
a covert site. Now, there are three declared sites. Those are going to 
be completely dismantled. The whole program is going to be dismantled.
  This is misunderstood when you talk about their centrifuges, of which 
they have the generation of centrifuge that is very modernized. All of 
those are going to be cut in a third, from approximately 19,000, and 
they are all going to be first-generation, which is not the modernized 
centrifuges. That is one thing. But also they have 12,000 kilograms of 
enriched uranium. Do you know how much that is? That is over 13 tons, 
to put it in the lingo Americans understand. That is going to be 
reduced under this agreement by 98 percent to 300 kilograms--in other 
words, less than one-fifth to make a bomb. And by the way, that 
enriched uranium is going to be cut down not to 90 percent to build a 
bomb but 3.67 percent enriched uranium.
  Also, going forward, we are going to have the inspection from cradle 
to grave, from the very uranium mines where they dig up the uranium 
rocks, to the processing, which is crushing it into the yellowcake--we 
are going to have constant surveillance of all of this--taking the 
yellowcake, making it into a gas, putting that gas into centrifuges, 
and spinning it so that the uranium comes out of the gas in more 
concentrated forms, and in the cascade of these centrifuges, then 
bringing it down to the enriched uranium in order to make a bomb.
  The same thing with plutonium. What about plutonium? In the one 
declared site, Arak, they are going to fill it up with concrete, and 
all of the existing plutonium is going to be shipped out of the 
country. I hope we are going to have lots of pictures of that as they 
do this.
  Oh, by the way, as they shut down this program--talking about this 
money which is held in the banks of five foreign countries, which is 
the Iranian oil money they will eventually get--you hear all these 
figures: 150, 100. When you subtract the Iranian obligations, the net 
amount is still a lot of money--$56 billion--but they don't get that 
until they do all of this. And when is that going to be? It will 
probably be a year from now before they ever get the money that is held 
in the banks of Japan, South Korea, China, India, and Taiwan, banks 
that are in countries that need oil, that want Iranian oil, especially 
if in the future Iran sells them oil at discounted prices. Do you think 
those banks, those countries are going to keep that money if we walk 
away from this deal? No. The sanctions are going to dissipate. The 
money is going to flow.
  Thank goodness, because of the joint agreement, that money is not 
going to flow--probably a year from now--until they have done all of 
these things that are required in the agreement of dismantling their 
program.
  What this agreement does is it vastly reduces their ability to 
produce a bomb unless they cheat. Let's talk about that. Now, I said 
from the very beginning--and this was part of my speech 5, 6 weeks ago. 
President Reagan said ``trust, but verify'' in dealing with the Soviet 
Union. I say don't trust, but verify. So the whole point is that if we 
think they are going to cheat--and I can tell you that this Senator 
thinks they are going to try to cheat, although I think they clearly 
are going to comply with this. And I think the outset--the preamble of 
the agreement says that it is understood that Iran will never have a 
nuclear weapon. Never ever. But are some elements of their society, 
their government, going to try to cheat? This Senator thinks they will. 
Can we catch them? Well, I think we clearly will.
  First of all, we are going to have a lot more insight into their 
attempted nuclear program than we do now. And by the way, we have a 
vast intelligence network out there, along with our allies, that will 
penetrate. But on top of that, other than the three declared sites of 
Iraq, Natanz, and Fordow, which will all be dismantled in the 
reductions that I just mentioned--we will have immediate access to 
those sites. Any other site that we suspect, that we say we want to 
inspect, the max that they can rope-a-dope us is 24 days.
  So if they are trying to cheat, could they do a nuclear detonator? 
Probably. But can they build a bomb? The answer is no. Why is it no 
without us knowing? Because when that site is suspected and we go in 
and have the inspection, you cannot hide energized, enriched uranium or 
plutonium. The half-life of this stuff is thousands of years. You can't 
paint over it. You can't asphalt over it. We will find it because the 
radioactivity will be there.
  If they cheat, what happens? The fact that we have caused them to 
reduce all of these things that I have mentioned means we have a year 
in advance to deal with it, whether it is a military strike, whether it 
is the sanctions going back into place.
  By the way, this is structured so that the United Nations sanctions 
go right back into place. You say: How in the world can you do that? 
The U.N. Security Council--any one of those other countries, such as 
China or Russia, can object.
  No, that is not how this deal is structured. With the United States 
saying the sanctions go back--by ourselves--if they have cheated, the 
economic sanctions of the P5+1--the UK, France, Germany, China, Russia, 
and the United States--go back into place.
  So we are going to have a year advance if they are cheating. Compare 
that, please, to if we walk away from the deal today. They can have a 
nuclear bomb within a few months, and the sanctions of our allies will 
dissipate because they have all told us they will dissipate if we walk 
away from the deal.
  I will conclude with this: If this Senator knows that we are in a 
situation where if we reject the deal, Iran is going to have a nuclear 
bomb in a few months as opposed to any prospect in the future of them 
having a nuclear bomb with us having a year's advance notice but the 
likelihood that it is 10, 15, 20, 25 years--this Senator feels that the 
world is going to be a very different place in 15 to 20 years and that 
for the protection of the interests of the United States and our allies 
right now, including our strong ally Israel, it is important that Iran 
not have a nuclear weapon, that we are dealing with an Iran that does 
not have a nuclear weapon in the immediate future and instead that we 
penetrate their society with a much better understanding with them not 
having the capability of a nuclear weapon until years and years in the 
future.
  For all of those reasons--and you can tell this is coming right out 
of my heart and is not some written, read speech--it is in the interest 
of the United States that this Senator will vote to support the deal.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Arizona.
  Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to address the 
Senate as in morning business for such time as I may consume.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, in response to the Senator from 
Florida's--I am sure heartfelt--remarks, only 21 percent of the 
American people agree with his stated position there, and I am

[[Page S6486]]

sure he will hear from his constituents, as he should.
  I did not come to the floor this morning to talk about the agreement. 
I will save my remarks, which I have been asked to make, for this 
afternoon.


                 Refugee Crisis and American Leadership

  Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, I call attention to the urgent refugee 
crisis that is happening in our midst. Men, women, and children are 
fleeing by the thousands from the violence and destruction that has 
engulfed the Middle East and North Africa. This crisis didn't come out 
of nowhere like an earthquake or a tornado. Instead, it is the 
predictable result of this administration's policies of leading from 
behind as conflicts metastasized in the vacuum created through years of 
inaction by President Obama and a total lack of American leadership. 
This did not happen by accident. It happened because of leading from 
behind. It happened because this President has refused to lead. When a 
vacuum is created, this is the predictable result which many of us 
predicted.
  As we know, the vast majority of these refugees are from Syria, a 
country which has known little but death and destruction for 4 years as 
a murderous dictatorship and a homicidal cult have fought a war against 
a common enemy, the Syrian people. As Assad and ISIL fight to rule, 
cruelty and atrocity reign.
  According to the United Nations Refugee Agency, about 63 percent of 
European asylum seekers in the past 2 years are Syrians, but the truth 
is, the refugee crisis is much bigger than what we are seeing today in 
Europe. Since 2011, well over 200,000 Syrians have been killed, 1 
million injured, 8 million displaced, 4 million forced to seek refuge 
abroad in countries such as Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, and Egypt where 
the situation is not much better. The United Nations has described this 
crisis as ``the greatest humanitarian crisis tragedy of our times.''
  As conditions at refugee camps in the region continue to deteriorate 
with overcrowding, disease, violence, and exploitation, those who can 
are attempting to escape further west to safer places in Europe. The 
United Nations estimates that at least 850,000 people will seek refuge 
in Europe between 2015 and 2016. About a quarter of them will be 
children. These children are increasingly leaving their families and 
homes to make dangerous journeys by sea and land. While they are 
risking their lives to escape the threat of abduction, sexual abuse, 
torture and murder, they face an entirely new set of threats on this 
desperate journey for asylum. Many are on traversing unsafe routes, 
suffering from starvation, facing the threat of human trafficking, 
enduring debilitating psychological trauma, and, of course, many are 
dying.
  The U.N. Refugee Agency has stated that about 2,600 people have died 
while attempting to cross the Mediterranean this year alone, including 
3-year-old Aylan Kurdi. Aylan grew up in the Syrian city of Kobani, a 
city situated on the border of Turkey, which in recent years has been 
under siege by ISIL militants and the Assad regime. Facing increasing 
turmoil and unrest, Aylan's father, Abdullah, and mother, Rehen, did 
what any parent would do for their children. They attempted to move 
Aylan and his 4-year-old brother Galip to a safer home. Abdullah 
arranged for his family to board a boat bound for Sweden by way of 
Greece, a trip that many of his fellow Syrians have attempted over the 
years. But when the Kurdi family met their smugglers in Turkey, they 
were surprised how crowded the small, flimsy fiberglass boat was. 
Despite repeated questions about the safety of the voyage, the 
smugglers assured Abdullah they would be OK.
  Shortly into the trip, the waters became increasingly rough, crashing 
into the boat and rocking it back and forth until it capsized, 
launching the passengers--including Aylan, his mother, and 4-year-old 
brother--into the rough waters. Despite Abdullah's strongest attempts, 
he was unable to save his family.
  This photo, which was taken shortly after Aylan's dead body was 
washed ashore, has opened the world's eyes to this devastating crisis. 
Within hours of this photo being posted, people across the world began 
to share it on social media using a hashtag in Arabic that translates 
to ``humanity washed ashore.'' This image has haunted the world, but 
what should haunt us even more than the horror unfolding before our 
eyes is the thought that the United States will continue to do nothing 
meaningful about it.
  The conflicts in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and elsewhere in the 
Middle East and North Africa that have taken the lives of Aylan and 
countless other desperate refugees are not only a threat to our 
security, but a crisis of conscience. They challenge the moral fabric 
of our Nation and the foundation of global leadership. Let's be clear. 
The current crisis before us is not a migrant issue. They are not 
migrants. Migrants leave for economic reasons. It is a mass exodus of 
refugees who are fleeing conflicts that this administration has refused 
to address for years. As the U.N. High Commissioner stated last week: 
``This is a primarily refugee crisis, not only a migration phenomenon. 
The vast majority of those arriving in Greece come from conflict zones 
like Syria, Iraq or Afghanistan and are simply running for their 
lives.''
  I say to the media: Stop calling them migrants. They are not 
migrants. They are refugees who are attempting to escape from torture, 
murder, killing, and genocide. Statements and images like these should 
not just be a source of heartbreak and sympathy; they should be a call 
to action. The following quote is from the Wall Street Journal 
editorial this morning.

                         Another Syria Failure

       It's hard to believe, but the debacle that is the Obama 
     Administration's Syria policy could get worse. U.S. sources 
     have been leaking that Russia may be preparing for a major 
     military deployment to keep Bashar Assad in power in 
     Damascus. By some reports quoting Western diplomats, a 
     Russian expeditionary force is already in Syria preparing for 
     the arrival of jets and attack helicopters to carry out 
     strikes against Islamic State . . . Mr. Assad is a Russian 
     ally, and Vladimir Putin isn't about to let the Syrian 
     government fall without a bigger fight. Like so much else in 
     the Middle East, President Obama has created an opening for 
     this Russian intervention by minimizing U.S. interests in the 
     outcome of Syria's civil war. He has refused to offer more 
     than token help to pro-Western Syrians, thus ceding the 
     battleground to radical Islamists or the Assad-Russia-Iran-
     Hezbollah axis. Don't expect a decline in the flow of 
     refugees anytime soon.

  Just a few months after the revolution in Syria began in 2011, 
President Obama issued his Presidential Study Directive stating: 
``Preventing mass atrocities and genocide is a core national security 
interest and a core moral responsibility of the United States.''
  He went on to say: ``Our security is affected when masses of 
civilians are slaughtered, refugees flow across borders, and murderers 
wreak havoc on regional stability and livelihoods.''
  In 2013, President Obama, speaking at the U.S. Holocaust Museum, 
said: ``Too often, the world has failed to prevent the killing of 
innocents on a massive scale. And we are haunted by the atrocities that 
we did not stop and the lives we did not save.''
  In a 2013 address to the U.N. General Assembly, President Obama said:

       [T]he principle of sovereignty is at the center of our 
     international order. But sovereignty cannot be a shield for 
     tyrants to commit wanton murder, or an excuse for the 
     international community to turn a blind eye. While we need to 
     be modest in our belief that we can remedy every evil, while 
     we need to be mindful that the world is full of unintended 
     consequences, should we really accept the notion that the 
     world is powerless in the face of a Rwanda, or Srebrenica? If 
     that's the world that people want to live in, they should say 
     so, and reckon with the cold logic of mass graves.

  I strongly suggest, given the fact that there is no policy, no 
strategy, and no effective way of stemming this horror, that the 
President of the United States should say so and reckon with the cold 
logic of mass graves. That was our President. By the way, I agree with 
every word he said, but how can the American people reconcile these 
words with pictures of dead children and desperate refugees literally 
running for their lives? How can President Obama say it is our moral 
obligation to do what we can to prevent the worst atrocities in our 
world but refuse to do anything to stop the atrocities that are 
occurring every single day in Syria and across the Middle East?
  Where is that President Obama today? Where is the President Obama who 
has spoken so movingly of the moral responsibilities that great power 
confers?

[[Page S6487]]

  Unfortunately, the administration is still ``considering a range of 
options''--I am not making this up--to respond to this issue, a 
National Security Council spokesman stated this week. In the meantime, 
the President and his cabinet officials continue to push through an 
agreement that legitimatizes Iran, which is not only the leading state 
sponsor of terror in the world, but the patron of the Assad regime 
responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of innocent 
Syrians. After this deal, Iran's power in the region will only be 
enhanced, and it is safe to assume that it will use the billions of 
dollars in sanctions relief to boost arms supplies to Iran's terrorist 
proxies, to sow chaos and instability across the region, and to prop up 
Assad right when he needs it most.
  As the administration stands by, Russia is capitalizing on America's 
inaction to provide additional support for the Assad regime. According 
to numerous press reports, Russia is establishing a base at an airfield 
near an Assad stronghold in western Syria. Russia could soon deploy 
1,000 or more military personnel into Syria to conduct air operations 
in support of Assad's forces.
  Our government is doing what it has sadly done too often in the past, 
receding our strength and averting our eyes. We try to comfort our 
guilty consciences by telling ourselves that we are not doing nothing, 
but it is a claim made in bad faith, for everyone concedes that nothing 
we are doing is equal to the horrors we face. We are telling ourselves: 
We're too tired or weary to get more involved, that this is not our 
problem, that helping to resolve this crisis is not our responsibility, 
and that there are no options to end the conflicts around the world 
today. The truth is there was plenty that could have been done to avoid 
the devastation unfolding before our eyes in 2011, in 2012, in 2013, in 
2014. And there is still more we can do today to respond to this 
growing crisis.
  My friends, my colleagues, my fellow Americans, I fear the longer 
this violence goes on, the more difficult it will be to bring it to an 
end. Failing to do so will leave a dangerous vacuum that enables 
extremism and instability to grow and provides terrorists the space, 
resources, and recruits they need to wreak havoc on the region and 
threaten the United States of America.
  It is not too late. We must not avert our eyes from Aylan and the 
millions of other refugees running for their lives. We must commit to a 
strategy to defeat the malign forces in the region that are sowing 
chaos and mass destruction. Failing to act now leaves us with even 
fewer options to rectify this terrible chapter in our history.
  Speaking of history, I am a student of history. I don't believe there 
are exact parallels in American history, but there are certain areas 
where a failure to lead leads to catastrophic consequences. In 1938, on 
October 5, a man named Winston Churchill--who was shunned by his 
colleagues and ridiculed in the House of Commons for his constant 
speaking and warning--in one of my favorites of the appearances he made 
in the House of Commons before his fellow citizens, he said:

       And do not suppose this is the end. This is only the 
     beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the 
     first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us 
     year by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral health and 
     martial vigour, we arise again and take our stand for freedom 
     as in olden time.

  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Connecticut.
  Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, I come to the floor to speak to the 
nuclear agreement with Iran. First, having just come back from the 
region after having spent Sunday morning in one of the biggest refugee 
camps inside Syria--where 80,000, more than half of them children under 
the age of 18, with more than 250 every day leaving the camp because 
they have lost hope and they are, frankly, more willing to live inside 
a dangerous Syria with their lives in danger than to continue to live 
inside of this camp--let me associate myself with the imperative that 
Senator McCain laid before us, that we can do more. I don't agree with 
his diagnosis of how we got here, nor will I likely agree with his 
solution in terms of prescriptions to solve the problem, but I 
certainly agree that this body and the administration should be 
standing up and bearing our share of the burden when it comes to this 
humanitarian crisis, having seen it now firsthand for myself.
  Peace is a messy business. As Yitzhak Rabin said upon the recognition 
of the PLO--a really hard thing for the Israelis to do--he said, ``You 
don't make peace with your friends, you make it with very unsavory 
enemies.'' It makes sense, right? The definition of peace is the 
settlement of old disputes or even just one big dispute with someone 
with whom one has a long history of disagreement or conflict. And 
unless peace comes from unconditional surrender--and that frankly 
doesn't happen very much in the postnuclear age--then peace by nature 
is going to be a compromise. It doesn't come from one side getting 
everything it wants. Thus, by definition, it is going to feel fairly 
unsatisfactory.
  I say this because viewing the Iran deal through that prism allows me 
to understand why so many people are voting no, and it allows me to 
understand why many of those who are voting yes took a long time to get 
there, but what I have trouble understanding is all of the revisionist 
history that is crowding this Chamber right now. I don't think there is 
a single Member of the Senate who didn't in principle support the idea 
of negotiating an end to Iran's nuclear weapons program. And I don't 
remember anyone who didn't understand that the sanctions we layered 
upon Iran were directed at their nuclear program, not their support for 
Hezbollah or their detainment of hostages or any other malevolent 
behavior in the region. Why? Because we had a whole different set of 
sanctions on that activity.
  But now there is all sorts of Sturm und Drang in Congress over the 
idea that this deal represents a give-and-take between the United 
States and Iran. Why didn't we get everything, a lot of people are 
asking; and the failure of this agreement to settle all our disputes 
with Iran at once--but they still do bad stuff, people say. I view 
these protests largely as cover for a ``no'' vote that is likely about 
something else because we always knew this was going to be a 
negotiation. We can complain about the end balance, but we can't engage 
in a straight-faced argument about the outrageousness of Iran getting 
to keep a few centrifuges. And we can all rage about Iran's support for 
terrorism or their dangerous talk about our sacred ally, Israel, but we 
all passed sanctions bills knowing they were about their nuclear 
program, not all of these other activities. Thus, it must stand to 
reason that these sanctions would be removed if Iran came to the table 
and satisfied our concerns about their nuclear program, not our 
concerns about everything else they do that is terrible.
  Peace is never perfect. Diplomacy is, frankly, mostly ugly, but it 
matters. Because why on Earth do we spend $500 billion every year on 
the world's biggest, baddest, most capable military force if we aren't 
willing to use it? I don't mean use it in the way that Senator Graham 
or Senator Cotton may mean ``use it,'' I mean use it by entering into 
peaceful agreements that are held in place by the threat of 
overwhelming U.S. military force. Our planes and our bombs and our 
brigades, these are the muscle that ensures that agreements are lived 
up to, not the muscle that substitutes for a diplomatic agreement. 
America, more than any other country in the world, can afford to take a 
diplomatic risk because we can clean it up fast if it goes wrong. Now, 
I don't think this agreement is going to go wrong, but I sure like 
knowing that a bunker-busting bomb is waiting in the wings if it does. 
And I will sleep better at night knowing that by agreeing to this deal, 
we are keeping together an unprecedented international coalition that 
will stand with us if we need to drop that bomb--something they would 
not do if we dropped it without this agreement.
  This body often seems to forget that American power is not simply 
exercised through the blunt force of military power. And President 
Obama, frankly, is not the first President to be pressed by hawks in 
Congress, and outside of Congress, to forsake diplomacy in favor of 
war.

  In the first meeting with legislative leaders after the announcement 
of Russian missiles inside Cuba, the bipartisan congressional 
leadership, meeting

[[Page S6488]]

with President Kennedy, was unanimous in its support for an attack and 
ultimately the possible invasion of Cuba. All of them thought that 
talking to Russia about a negotiated solution equaled weakness. 
President Kennedy didn't listen, and over 13 days he worked out a 
peaceful solution to the Cuban Missile Crisis that history looks very 
kindly upon.
  President Reagan, upon signing the IMF treaty with Russia, leaned 
over to Gorbachev as they announced the deal and said: ``The hardliners 
in both our countries are bleeding when we shake hands today.'' Hawks 
in Congress didn't want an agreement with our sworn enemy, Russia. They 
didn't understand why we signed a nuclear agreement with a country that 
was still out for American blood on so many other fronts. But history 
tells us that the IMF treaty was an important piece of our strategy to 
weaken hardliners inside Russia and open that country to reform.
  I hear this analogy to 1938 and Munich almost every day, and it 
doesn't just come with respect to this agreement. Almost every time we 
sit across the table from someone we have a disagreement with, the 
claim is that it is Munich all over again, but Munich is the exception, 
not the rule. There are plenty more diplomatic agreements to avert war 
that went right rather than those that went wrong. It doesn't mean we 
don't use 1938 as a caution, but it doesn't mean it is an automatic 
parallel to every single time we are trying to settle our disputes with 
an adversary at the negotiating table rather than through the means of 
arms.
  Our partners in the Middle East largely get this. I just returned 
from this trip, as I mentioned, to the region--Qatar, UAE, Iraq, 
Kuwait, and Jordan--with Senator Peters. In every country we visited, 
we heard about Iran's dangerous activity in the region, including 
support for the Houthis in Yemen, funding Shiite militias in Iraq, 
propping up the murderous Bashar al Assad in Syria, pumping money into 
Hezbollah and Hamas to threaten Israel, but despite these provocations, 
every Arab political leader whom we met with--every single one--
supports this agreement. They give two basic reasons, and I want to 
share them because they mirror the reasons for my support as well.
  First, they know that no matter how dangerous Iran is today, they 
shudder to think how much more dangerous Iran would be if they 
possessed a nuclear weapon. They believe, as I do, that this agreement 
is the best way to keep Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, and they 
support it, to a country, first and foremost for that reason.
  Before this deal, Iran had 19,000 centrifuges spinning. After it, 
they are going to have just a few thousand. Before this deal, Iran was 
enriching up to 20 percent and was only a few months from being able to 
enrich to a level in which they could get on a pathway to a bomb. After 
this deal, enrichment will be down to 3.7 percent. Before this deal, 
Iran had an enormous stockpile of enriched uranium, and after this deal 
that stockpile is, for all intents and purposes, eliminated--reduced by 
97 percent. Before this deal, the only way we knew what was going on in 
the nuclear program was through covert surveillance. After the deal, we 
are going to have a network of inspectors crawling over every inch of 
their nuclear program to make sure they aren't cheating.
  Second, our Arab partners whom we visited within the region know that 
all of the problems in the region can't be solved without Iran at the 
table, and while they aren't sure this agreement by itself will draw 
Iran into peaceful negotiations over Syria or Yemen or Iraq--and I 
think none of us can be sure that is how this will play out--they are 
certain that a rejection of the agreement by the United States Congress 
will virtually guarantee that Iran will not come to the table. They 
talk openly about fearing a newly isolated Iran, the rejection of this 
agreement empowering the hardliners, punishing the moderates, and 
pushing Iran away from any constructive dialogue in the region. Our 
Arab partners don't love the terms of this agreement any more than the 
U.S. Senate does, but they know the alternative--a retrenched Iran with 
a green light to start back up their nuclear program--is the most 
dangerous outcome of all.
  Our partners understand what supporters of the deal understand; that 
this idea that if Congress were to reject the agreement, we could come 
back to the table and get a better one is pure fiction. It is pure 
political fiction made up by people who don't want to sound like they 
don't have an alternative plan, when they really don't. No one with any 
credible diplomatic experience in the Middle East believes that Iran 
will come back to the table if Congress rejects this deal, and our 
international partners have told us to our face that they will not come 
back to the table if we reject this deal. A better deal is fantasy, 
plain and simple.
  Here is what happens. Here is what really happens if Congress rejects 
this deal that is supported by all of our negotiating partners--
Britain, France, Germany, China, Russia--the entirety of the Security 
Council and all of our Arab partners in the region. What happens is 
that Iran starts back up their nuclear program, centrifuges climb to 
25,000, 30,000, enrichment gets closer to the level necessary for a 
bomb, the inspectors get kicked out--our eyes on a nuclear program 
disappear--and sanctions fray at first and likely fall apart over time 
and Iran gets everything it wants. It gets its nuclear program and it 
gets sanctions relief. What a catastrophic outcome that would be.
  But as bad as that reality would be, it actually gets worse. We know 
the hardliners have been marginalized as a result of this deal, and the 
moderates, which I admit is, frankly, a relative term inside Iran, are 
gaining power. Rejection of this deal would just be a gift to 
hardliners and would likely lead to Ruhani being replaced by a 
Revolutionary Guard proxy who would lead Iran down a path that is even 
more dangerous--hard to believe--than the path they are on today.
  Lastly, the United States would just become an international pariah. 
With all of our partners at the negotiating table, almost every nation 
around the world supporting this agreement, what would it say if the 
U.S. Congress walked away? Our power as a nation would be irreparably 
damaged.
  Now, I heard Senator Cruz on the floor earlier today chastising 
Democrats, yelling at us, about how could we live with ourselves doing 
a deal with our mortal enemy Iran. So let me ask him and others who 
oppose this agreement, with the rhetoric that he uses, a question in 
return: How could opponents of this deal live with themselves if a 
rejection of this deal would result in, No. 1, Iran restarting its 
nuclear program; No. 2, sanctions dramatically weakening; No. 3, 
inspections ending; and, No. 4, hard-liners being in power inside Iran?
  The fact is that many Republicans opposed this agreement before they 
read it. Senator Cruz opposed it within an hour of its announcement. So 
I don't know how some opponents of this deal can live with themselves 
having made a political decision to oppose the most important 
diplomatic agreement that most of us will vote on during our time here.
  This is not a perfect deal, but no diplomatic agreement ever is. 
Peace, as the great Israeli leader Yitzhak Rabin told us, is never 
easy. History almost always judges that it is worthwhile.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. Ernst). The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. VITTER. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. VITTER. Madam President, I rise to urge all of our colleagues, 
Republicans and Democrats, to strongly oppose the proposed nuclear deal 
with Iran and to effectively block it for the sake of the country and 
our national security by supporting the motion of disapproval on the 
Senate floor.
  I have served in the Senate and the House for about 15 years. It has 
been an enormous honor and a serious responsibility. I have taken it 
very seriously. When I think through all of that service, all of the 
votes we have cast, all of the debates we have had, I cannot think of 
any more serious than the issue we are debating and voting on here, the 
Iran nuclear deal. Maybe there are a few that rank in a similar way--
after 9/11, starting that effort to

[[Page S6489]]

root out terrorists and to oppose those who inflicted massive death in 
our country--but there is none that is more important and more 
significant because this deal, this issue goes to the fundamental 
security of America, our future. Are we going to be free from the 
threat of attack with nuclear weapons by a wildly radical and unstable 
regime? It does not get more basic, more serious than that.
  The first point I want to make is that this is a dead-serious issue 
because the consequences do involve life or death, massive numbers of 
lives or deaths. So if there is any debate, any vote that should be 
completely devoid of partisan political considerations, it is this one. 
I urge all of our colleagues on both sides of the aisle to leave the 
partisanship at the door. This is way more important than that. I would 
hope that would be obvious.
  With that in mind, it is troubling that President Obama has tried to 
make this a partisan debate. He has actively, obviously sought to 
inflict partisanship into it, I think simply because that is the way he 
thinks he can hold enough Democratic votes on his side. I think that is 
really a shame. I hope everyone proves him wrong in terms of the nature 
of the debate and vote we have in this important body.
  When you look at the agreement, at the specifics of the agreement--I 
will not go into all of the weeds and all of the issues. I could spend 
days alone on that. But I do want to focus on two key considerations 
that are absolutely top in my mind.
  The first is the very premise and outcome of the agreement because we 
have gone from a negotiation that was supposed to be about preventing 
Iran from ever developing nuclear weapons to a discussion of when they 
are going to do it. We have gone from if to when. This agreement 
ensures that they will have the ability to get there even if they live 
under the full terms of the agreement, and obviously there is a 
concern, which I will get to in my second point, that they won't. This 
puts our nuclear nonproliferation policy, including the 
nonproliferation treaty, which has been the cornerstone of our policy 
regarding the proliferation of nuclear weapons and particularly in the 
Middle East for 45 years--this throws it out the window. This puts it 
on its head.
  With this agreement, the United States has agreed that at the end of 
a timeline, Iran has full authority to enrich uranium, will be 
completely within its rights to do so with no fear of economic or 
political repercussions by the major powers, full authority for them to 
go against 45 years of standing nonproliferation policy. So what 
started as strong action, including meaningful sanctions that were 
having an impact to make sure Iran never got nuclear weapons, now 
concedes that they will get there; it is simply a debate about when. 
That is at the core of this agreement. That is at the core of the 
reason we all must say no and pass the motion of disapproval.
  If there is any region of the world where we need to maintain this 
tough nonproliferation policy, it is the Middle East. This agreement 
obliterates that. Iran won't be the only new nuclear power over time. 
There will be a race among Middle Eastern countries to develop nuclear 
weapons because Iran is going to get one. That is inevitable, in my 
mind.
  The second major point I want to make--the second major issue is 
verification, our ability under the agreement to see that Iran lives by 
it. First, as I said, even under the agreement, we are conceding their 
ability to develop nuclear weapons. That is absolutely wrong. But then 
within the agreement, we also have nothing near the tools and the 
assurances we need with regard to verification every step of the way.
  Iran has proved over and over that they will violate these sorts of 
agreements, that they will lie. International agencies have caught them 
in those lies, including the IAEA. That agency and others have noted 
the difficulty of verification in dealing with Iran. Then we get to 
this agreement, which makes that difficulty move from significant to 
monumental.
  There are lots of details we could look at, but the single most 
telling is the detail that is in a side agreement between Iran and the 
IAEA that we are not allowed to read. We are having this debate. We 
have to vote on this motion of disapproval. Yet we are not allowed to 
read this critical side agreement which goes to the heart of the 
ability of the world to verify compliance.
  I brought up this fairly basic issue a few weeks ago when Wendy 
Sherman, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, testified 
before our committee on banking and urban affairs. I asked her point-
blank: This side agreement between the IAEA and Iran, have you read it?
  She answered: Yes.
  I will be honest with you, I am not certain if that is true, but she 
answered yes.
  Then I asked her: Am I, as a representative of the people of 
Louisiana, allowed to read that agreement?
  She answered through nonresponses: No.
  I asked her: Do you have to vote on this agreement in your 
responsibility?
  No.
  But I do; correct, Ms. Sherman?
  Yes.
  But I don't get to read this critical side agreement with regard to 
verification that goes to the heart of our ability to make sure Iran is 
even following these rules, as lax as they are?
  Again, through her nonanswer, the answer was clear: No, I don't get 
to read it. The Presiding Officer does not get to read it. Nobody in 
the Senate who is voting on this gets to read it. Nobody in the House 
of Representatives who is voting on this gets to read it. Forget about 
any slight on the Presiding Officer and me and others personally. It is 
not about that. We are here to represent the people. I am here to 
represent the people of Louisiana. I cannot read what we are voting on? 
That is absolutely ridiculous.
  Then, to add insult to injury, come press reports about what we are 
not allowed to read. Of course, the most significant were the press 
reports from several weeks ago from the AP saying that this side 
agreement had an extremely unusual provision with regard to inspections 
at at least one of Iran's most sensitive military facilities--the 
biggest concern we have probably in all of Iran. In at least that most 
sensitive military facility and perhaps others, Iran gets to collect 
the samples. Iran gets to choose and control those who do. The IAEA, 
the international community, and America do not and are not allowed on 
site. That just does not pass, I would say, the laugh test. But it is a 
very serious matter. That is like someone like Alex Rodriguez 
collecting his own urine and mailing it in. That does not work at a 
basic level. Yet that, according to very credible reports, is in this 
side agreement that, oh, by the way, we are not allowed to read.
  For all of these reasons, for our security, for our kids' future, for 
freedom around the world, for Israel's security, for nonproliferation 
in the Middle East so that we do not have an explosive Middle Eastern 
nuclear arms race, we must pass this motion of disapproval.
  Again, this goes way beyond politics. This is about our physical 
security, our kids' and grandkids' future. We must all come together, 
look at the substance of this, and do the right thing. That certainly 
involves invoking cloture on this motion so we go to a final vote. I 
believe that clearly involves passing this motion of disapproval. I 
urge all of our colleagues to do exactly that.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mrs. SHAHEEN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mrs. SHAHEEN. Madam President, as do virtually all of the Members of 
this body, I believe we must prevent Iran from developing a nuclear 
weapon. Because of that, I support the international agreement that the 
Senate is debating this week because I am convinced it is the best way 
to achieve that objective.
  We can stop Iran's nuclear weapons program in one of two ways, either 
diplomatically or militarily. Powerful international sanctions, which I 
have strongly supported, have brought Iran to the negotiating table. 
And on July 14, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, 
China, and the European Union--the so-called P5+1

[[Page S6490]]

powers--concluded an agreement with Iran that, if it is implemented as 
it was agreed to, promises a peaceful, diplomatic solution. Thanks to 
the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act, Congress has had ample time to 
review the agreement.
  I have spent hours and hours studying the text of the agreement and 
scrutinizing our intelligence agencies' classified assessment of their 
ability to verify Iran's compliance.
  As a member of both the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the 
Senate Armed Services Committee, I attended more than a dozen hearings 
and briefings with administration officials and outside experts--both 
for and against the agreement. In the end, I have concluded that this 
agreement effectively blocks Iran's pathways to develop a nuclear 
weapon for well over a decade.
  Right now, what we heard from testimony from both those people who 
support and oppose the agreement is that Iran can acquire enough 
fissile nuclear material to make a bomb in less than 3 months. The 
agreement extends this breakout time to at least 1 year by slashing 
Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium by 98 percent and banning 
enrichment above 3.67 percent, which is far below weapons grade, for 15 
years.
  The agreement also reduces Iran's number of centrifuges by more than 
two-thirds for a decade, and it maintains inspectors' access to Iran's 
uranium mines and mills--so the whole life cycle of uranium--for a 
quarter of a century. These are just some of the many restrictions the 
agreement imposes on Iran.
  In addition, Iran is bound by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and 
other agreements to a permanent commitment not to pursue nuclear 
weapons and, as part of that agreement, to permit access by inspectors 
to any suspected sites. Of critical importance, the Iran agreement is 
not based on trust--none of us trust Iran--but it is based on an 
inspections regime that is more rigorous and more intrusive than any 
previous negotiated agreement. Nuclear experts are confident that we 
will be able to detect violations by Iran. Thanks to language in the 
agreement that allows the United States to respond unilaterally to a 
violation by reimposing U.S. and U.N. sanctions, Iran knows that it 
faces crippling consequences if it violates the agreement.
  If Congress rejects the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the Iran 
agreement, all of these advantages go away. The risk of an Iranian 
nuclear breakout and a regional nuclear arms race will increase 
dramatically. We will be left with no credible, nonmilitary option for 
stopping Iran's nuclear program.
  Now, I certainly respect the views of my colleagues who oppose this 
agreement, and I have listened carefully to their arguments. Some of 
them assert that Iran will find a way to cheat and, therefore, no 
diplomatic resolution is possible. However, most opponents are careful 
to avoid talk of military conflict and argue that we can reject this 
deal, that we can rally the world to impose harsher sanctions, and that 
Iran will eventually capitulate.
  But sadly, that premise is at odds with the facts as they currently 
exist. Our negotiating partners in this deal--Britain, France, Russia, 
China, and the European Union--have concluded that this is a fair 
agreement. In a briefing for Senators last month, the Ambassadors from 
these nations told us in no uncertain terms that there will be no going 
back to the bargaining table if Congress rejects this agreement. If the 
deal is rejected, the most likely outcome is that the international 
sanctions regime against Iran would unravel. The United States would be 
isolated, and we would lose credibility as a reliable negotiating 
partner. So, yes, we would retain the ability to act unilaterally, but 
unilateral sanctions have their limits, as we have heard in this body. 
Our military commanders counsel us that even a robust military option 
would delay, but it would not prevent, Iran from obtaining a nuclear 
weapon because they already have the nuclear know-how.
  This agreement is not about becoming friends with Iran or turning a 
blind eye to its efforts to destabilize the Middle East. In fact, we 
must redouble our efforts to help our allies counter Iran's malign 
influence in the region.
  In particular, our commitment to the defense of Israel should remain 
unshakeable. In addition, we must maintain vigorous sanctions against 
Iran for its support for terrorism and for its violations of human 
rights.
  Now, while there are risks to whatever course we take with respect to 
Iran, I believe that the choice is clear. Either we recognize that this 
agreement is the best available option or we chase some fantasy 
agreement on our own as international sanctions collapse and Iran's 
nuclear program continues unchecked and our options for stopping it are 
narrowed.
  I am convinced that the agreement negotiated by the United States and 
our allies is the least risky approach, and it is the approach that is 
most likely to succeed. As I said last month in New Hampshire, I intend 
to vote to support this deal.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. KIRK. Madam President, I ask unanimous that the order for the 
quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The Senator from Illinois.
  Mr. KIRK. Madam President, as I rise, many who fear the pending Iran 
vote feel that it could deliver a mortal blow to the Senate's historic 
support for the safety of the families of Israel. Have no fear. No 
matter what, we will always have a capable majority of Americans who 
support the free and democratic tolerant society of Israel. No matter 
what the Iranians do, America's commitment will remain to that shining 
city on Jerusalem's hills, to a nation that has proved that democracy 
and tolerance can thrive in a place even as hostile as the Middle East 
and will remain strong.
  I represent many people who have survived the Holocaust. Their spirit 
is within the State of Illinois. They prevailed over the worst evil 
that has ever disgraced our time. That spirit unites the free and 
tolerant people of the United States and Israel that we will prevail no 
matter what.
  I yield the floor.

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