Congressional Record, Volume 161 Issue 87 (Tuesday, June 2, 2015)

[Congressional Record Volume 161, Number 87 (Tuesday, June 2, 2015)]
[House]
[Pages H3694-H3700]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

COMMERCE, JUSTICE, SCIENCE, AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS ACT,
2016

The Committee resumed its sitting.

Amendment Offered by Mr. Gosar

Mr. GOSAR. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the desk.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will report the amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:

Page 23, line 6, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(reduced by $2,209,500)''.
Page 24, line 14, insert after the first dollar amount the
following: ``(increased by $1,709,000)''.

The Acting CHAIR. Pursuant to House Resolution 287, the gentleman
from Arizona and a Member opposed each will control 5 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Arizona.
Mr. GOSAR. Mr. Chairman, I rise today to offer an amendment which
seeks to bolster funds for the Department of Justice inspector general
in order to meet the fiscal year 2016 budget request.
As a member of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, I
am a firm believer in the proper oversight of the Federal Government.
The more sunlight on Federal activity, the more honest and efficient it
will be.
I am also a strong proponent of our inspector general community.
Since the Inspector General Act was passed into law, the IG community
has saved taxpayers billions of dollars and has uncovered countless
examples of wrongdoing in the Federal Government.
It seems only fitting that the inspector general's office receive the
budget requested resources, particularly at the expense of the office
it will likely need to investigate first.
In the committee report, the committee noted, ``The DOJ OIG has had
significant investigative and audit workload.'' In fact, we have seen
numerous scandals and coverups from within this agency and at the
recommendation of the previous Attorney General.
I applaud the committee for including language in this bill to
permanently prohibit funds for Fast and Furious-like programs and for
the many

[[Page H3695]]

other reforms contained in this legislation, but I do believe more
needs to be done to ensure additional transparency and accountability
within the DOJ.
Let's give the DOJ OIG the resources it needs to investigate this
agency and to ensure the Justice Department adheres to the law.
I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I claim the time in opposition, but I do
not oppose the amendment.
The Acting CHAIR. Without objection, the gentleman from Texas is
recognized for 5 minutes.
There was no objection.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I agree very strongly with the gentleman
in that the inspector general's office does superb work. It is an
independent agency whose oversight is crucial.
The amendment will certainly improve oversight and ensure that our
constituents' hard-earned tax dollars are well spent. I would urge
Members to support the gentleman from Arizona's amendment.
I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. GOSAR. I thank the chairman and the ranking member for their
support.
Mr. Chairman, I yield back the balance of my time.
The Acting CHAIR. The question is on the amendment offered by the
gentleman from Arizona (Mr. Gosar).
The amendment was agreed to.

Amendment Offered by Ms. Brownley of California

Ms. BROWNLEY of California. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the
desk.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will report the amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:

Page 23, line 6, after the dollar amount, insert ``(reduced
by $2,500,000)''.
Page 42, line 24, after the dollar amount, insert
``(increased by $2,500,000)''.
Page 46, line 12, after the dollar amount, insert
``(increased by $2,500,000)''.

The Acting CHAIR. Pursuant to House Resolution 287, the gentlewoman
from California and a Member opposed each will control 5 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from California.
Ms. BROWNLEY of California. Mr. Chairman, I rise to offer an
amendment to H.R. 2578, which would increase funding in Veterans
Treatment Courts.
Our Nation's heroes are returning home from over a decade of war in
Iraq and Afghanistan with the invisible wounds that come with multiple
deployments in military service to our Nation.
The signature wounds of these wars, post-traumatic stress disorder
and traumatic brain injury, have led to a rise in mental health issues
among our veterans. According to the National Center for PTSD, about 11
to 20 percent of veterans who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom and
Enduring Freedom have PTSD in a given year. Since 2005, the number of
veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress has doubled.
Too often, these mental health issues can severely impact a veteran's
life--from being able to keep a job, to drug abuse, to criminal
activity in some circumstances. Instead of receiving the mental health
services and support that they need, a growing number of veterans ends
up being incarcerated in our justice system.
My simple amendment would increase funds for Veterans Treatment
Courts by $2.5 million. Veterans Treatment Courts are designed to give
veterans with mental health and substance abuse issues and who find
themselves in trouble with the law an opportunity to get the help they
need while avoiding jail time.
In my district, the Ventura County Veterans Treatment Court, which
started as a pilot program in 2010, has helped dozens of veterans.
Judge Colleen Toy White, one of the program's many champions in Ventura
County, knows that the treatment courts reunite families and save
lives.
Rather than arresting and jailing veterans for a few days or weeks
and then putting them back on the streets with nothing changed in their
lives, the Ventura County collaborative court connects veterans to
needed treatment and services, which may include mental health care,
drug and alcohol treatment, vocational rehabilitation, or other life
skill services and programs.
The process begins with a guilty plea, an in-court meeting involving
the veteran, his or her attorney, and a VA representative.
I was very impressed with the care that the court officers and
volunteers extended to our veterans who found themselves before the
court. A recent success for the Ventura County Veterans Treatment Court
is a young man who was an Active Duty marine.
Before leaving the service in 2014, he had completed three combat
tours in 12 years. He was arrested for two DUIs within 3 weeks. After 5
months of treatment, he still stands with his back against the wall
rather than taking a seat in court. It is a common sign in combat
veterans, but he is now getting evaluated by VA, is going to treatment,
and has hope once again.
Since the Veterans Treatment Court program began in 2008 in Buffalo,
New York, over 220 Veterans Treatment Courts have been established
across the United States, and many more are being planned.
I believe we need to increase Federal resources to these critical
programs nationwide, which is what my amendment seeks to accomplish. It
is our obligation to ensure our veterans receive the appropriate
attention to their needs and that we do whatever we can to help them
transition to an independent civilian life.
I strongly urge my colleagues to support my amendment to provide
veterans who are in trouble with the resources they need to help them
secure a strong future.

Mr. Chairman, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition even though I am not
opposed to the amendment.
The Acting CHAIR. Without objection, the gentleman from Pennsylvania
is recognized for 5 minutes.
There was no objection.

Modification to Brownley of California Amendment

Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that we modify the
amendment and, rather than strike line 12 on page 46, strike line 7.
The Acting CHAIR. Would the gentlewoman from California send the
modification to the desk.
The Clerk will report the modification.
The Clerk read as follows:
Modification to Brownley of California amendment:

Page 46, line 7, after the dollar amount, insert
``(increased by $2,500,000)''.

The Acting CHAIR. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman
from Pennsylvania?
There was no objection.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I have visited the Intrepid Center over in
Bethesda. We have been working with our veterans on post-traumatic
stress. I know, in Houston, some of the best work in the Nation is
being done at the University of Texas, at the Center for BrainHealth in
Dallas, and your work in Houston.
I had my own experience with this. I had a young man, Bill Cooper,
who on his last day in Iraq went out on patrol, and he was the victim
of an IED. Some 59 operations later, he ended up working for me in my
district offices.

{time} 1800

He is just doing a wonderful job helping other veterans in the
Philadelphia area, but post-traumatic stress is a circumstance that far
too many of our veterans have faced.
I want to thank my colleague from the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
area, Congressman Pat Meehan, who has helped to lead this effort on
veterans courts, and the chairman and I support it. I thank the
gentlewoman for her amendment.
I am prepared to yield back the remainder of my time because, again,
I am not in opposition. I am in favor of the amendment.
Mr. CULBERSON. Will the gentleman yield?
Mr. FATTAH. I yield to the gentleman from Texas.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I thank the gentleman for yielding and
would join in supporting the gentlewoman's amendment. The veterans
courts do great work. I support the gentlewoman's amendment and urge
Members to support it.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I should report to the House that Bill
Cooper got married, just had a new son, and got his graduate degree on
the GI bill that we passed. He is just another example of what can
happen for our veterans when we take care of them.
I thank the gentlewoman from California, and I yield back the balance
of my time.
Ms. BROWNLEY of California. Mr. Chairman, I appreciate very, very
much the chairman accepting my amendment. I appreciate his support,

[[Page H3696]]

and I know veterans across the country will as well.
I yield back the balance of my time.
The Acting CHAIR. The question is on the amendment, as modified,
offered by the gentlewoman from California (Ms. Brownley).
The amendment, as modified, was agreed to.

Amendment Offered by Mr. MacArthur

Mr. MacARTHUR. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the desk.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will report the amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:

Page 23, line 6, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(reduced by $750,000)''.
Page 38, line 9, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(increased by $750,000)''.
Page 40, line 10, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(increased by $750,000)''.

The Acting CHAIR (Mr. Westmoreland). Pursuant to House Resolution
287, the gentleman from New Jersey and a Member opposed each will
control 5 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from New Jersey.
Mr. MacARTHUR. I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Chairman, I rise to offer an amendment to H.R. 2578 along with
the gentlewoman from North Carolina (Ms. Adams), who unfortunately was
called away on an emergency and can't be here to speak with me.
The Violence Against Women Act has been an important step--a critical
step, really--in ending the scourge of violence against women, and the
elderly abuse grant program has been an important part of that. It
funds training and services to end abuse of women in later life. The
question is how much funding is necessary for this.
The National Network to End Domestic Violence suggests that that
number is $9 million for the program, and this Congress previously
authorized $9 million. Unfortunately, we can't afford that right now,
and so we have to settle for something less. The President's budget,
however, sets the amount at less than half, and that is simply not
enough.
My amendment would increase that amount to $5.2 million, which is $1
million over the President's request and $750,000 over the current
mark. We would pay for that by moving $750,000 from the Department of
Justice administration account.
Mr. Chairman, the elderly abuse grant program has successfully helped
many older women escape neglect, abuse, and exploitation taking many
forms. Our elderly population is growing, and we simply believe we need
a little more funding to make this program handle the growing
population. Alma Adams from North Carolina and I have cosponsored the
amendment because this is not a Republican or Democratic issue; this is
a very human issue. I ask my colleagues to support it.
I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I claim the time in opposition but do
not oppose the amendment and would, in fact, encourage Members to
support it.
The Acting CHAIR. Without objection, the gentleman from Texas is
recognized for 5 minutes.
There was no objection.
Mr. FATTAH. Will the gentleman yield?
Mr. CULBERSON. I yield to the gentleman from Pennsylvania.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I would agree with the chairman and his
wisdom, and I would also ask my colleagues to support it. I have no
objection.
Mr. CULBERSON. I urge Members to support it. It is a good program and
appreciate very much the gentleman bringing this to the floor today and
urge Members to vote ``yes.''
I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. MacARTHUR. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank both the chairman and
the ranking member for their support.
I yield back the balance of my time.
The Acting CHAIR. The question is on the amendment offered by the
gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. MacArthur).
The amendment was agreed to.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will read.
The Clerk read as follows:

justice information sharing technology

(including transfer of funds)

For necessary expenses for information sharing technology,
including planning, development, deployment and departmental
direction, $25,842,000, to remain available until expended:
Provided, That the Attorney General may transfer up to
$35,400,000 to this account, from funds available to the
Department of Justice for information technology, to remain
available until expended, for enterprise-wide information
technology initiatives: Provided further, That the transfer
authority in the preceding proviso is in addition to any
other transfer authority contained in this Act.

administrative review and appeals

(including transfer of funds)

For expenses necessary for the administration of pardon and
clemency petitions and immigration-related activities,
$426,791,000, of which $4,000,000 shall be derived by
transfer from the Executive Office for Immigration Review
fees deposited in the ``Immigration Examinations Fee''
account: Provided, That under this heading of the amount
available for the Executive Office for Immigration Review,
not to exceed $15,000,000 shall remain available until
expended.

office of inspector general

For necessary expenses of the Office of Inspector General,
$92,000,000, including not to exceed $10,000 to meet
unforeseen emergencies of a confidential character.

United States Parole Commission

salaries and expenses

For necessary expenses of the United States Parole
Commission as authorized, $13,308,000.

Legal Activities

salaries and expenses, general legal activities

For expenses necessary for the legal activities of the
Department of Justice, not otherwise provided for, including
not to exceed $20,000 for expenses of collecting evidence, to
be expended under the direction of, and to be accounted for
solely under the certificate of, the Attorney General; and
rent of private or Government-owned space in the District of
Columbia, $885,000,000, of which not to exceed $20,000,000
for litigation support contracts shall remain available until
expended: Provided, That of the amount provided for INTERPOL
Washington dues payments, not to exceed $685,000 shall remain
available until expended: Provided further, That of the total
amount appropriated, not to exceed $9,000 shall be available
to INTERPOL Washington for official reception and
representation expenses: Provided further, That of the amount
appropriated, such sums as may be necessary shall be
available to the Civil Rights Division for salaries and
expenses associated with the election monitoring program
under section 8 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (52 U.S.C.
10305) and to reimburse the Office of Personnel Management
for such salaries and expenses: Provided further, That of the
amounts provided under this heading for the election
monitoring program, $3,390,000 shall remain available until
expended.

Amendment Offered by Mr. Gosar

Mr. GOSAR. Mr. Chairman, I have an amendment at the desk.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will report the amendment.
The Clerk read as follows:

Page 25, line 3, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(reduced by $1,000,000)''.
Page 98, line 20, insert after the dollar amount the
following: ``(increased by $1,000,000)''.

The Acting CHAIR. Pursuant to House Resolution 287, the gentleman
from Arizona and a Member opposed each will control 5 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Arizona.
Mr. GOSAR. Mr. Chairman, I rise today to offer a simple good
governance to the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies
Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 2016. The amendment seeks to hold
the Department of Justice accountable for its failure to enforce the
rule of law. Specifically, my amendment decreases available funding for
the salaries of individuals who concoct ways to undermine Federal
criminal immigration laws.
This amendment is very similar to an amendment that passed this body
last year in relation to the DOJ's lack of enforcement of Federal
marijuana laws and was offered by my friend and colleague Congressman
Fleming. My amendment reduces Department of Justice's general legal
account by $1 million, specifically targeting the Deputy Attorney
General's Office. I will continue to seek similar amendments until the
Attorney General decides to enforce the Federal criminal immigration
laws on the books.
In 2014, the Department of Justice instructed the U.S. Attorney's
Office in some States to no longer prosecute persons that violate
certain criminal immigration laws. I have heard firsthand from law
enforcement in my district that such actions have placed unnecessary
burdens on these officers, increased costs, put local communities at

[[Page H3697]]

risk, and encouraged more illegal immigration.
The committee raised similar concerns about the selective enforcement
of these laws in the committee report stating: ``The committee is
concerned with the inconsistent enforcement of Federal criminal
immigration laws and supports programs like Operation Streamline. The
Attorney General is directed to submit a report to the committee . . .
The report shall describe steps the Department is taking to ensure that
the Federal criminal immigration law is enforced vigorously and
consistently across the country to include prosecution guidelines and
policies by district.''
My amendment is consistent with the concerns expressed by the
committee and echo this message without harming the overall operation
of the Department.
I thank the chair and ranking member for their leadership on this
bill.
I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. FATTAH. I rise reluctantly in opposition to this amendment.
The Acting CHAIR. The gentleman from Pennsylvania is recognized for 5
minutes.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, if the proposal would have been to put this
money in the veterans courts or drug courts or youth mentoring, I
probably wouldn't be standing; but the idea of putting it into savings
when we know that the allocation is already shy of what we needed and
that many programs that we have had to give shorter appropriations to
than we would have otherwise makes me reluctant to support this
amendment, and I would ask the House to oppose it.
I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. GOSAR. Mr. Chair, I yield to the gentleman from Texas (Mr.
Culberson), the chairman of the subcommittee.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I want to express my support for the
gentleman's amendment. I think he is exactly right. We need to send a
very strong message to the administration that they must enforce the
law as enacted by Congress. That has been the central theme I have
tried to pursue as the new chairman of the Subcommittee on Commerce,
Justice, Science, and Related Agencies. It is the foundation of all our
liberty.
There is no liberty without law enforcement, and the Chief Executive
has a duty under the Constitution to enforce the law as written by
Congress and to faithfully execute that law. If any of the Federal
agencies under the President's jurisdiction want access to our
constituents' hard-earned tax dollars, they need to enforce the law as
written by Congress.
I strongly support the gentleman's amendment; and, frankly, putting
it in the savings account is a good thing because that goes back to the
taxpayers. I support the gentleman's amendment and would urge Members
to vote ``yes'' to send a message to the White House. If the White
House doesn't get it, they will learn it throughout the year under the
new chairman of the CJS Subcommittee.
Mr. GOSAR. I thank the chairman for his support, and I ask all my
colleagues to vote for this bill.
Mr. FATTAH. I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. GOSAR. I yield back the balance of my time as well.
The Acting CHAIR. The question is on the amendment offered by the
gentleman from Arizona (Mr. Gosar).
The question was taken; and the Acting Chair announced that the ayes
appeared to have it.
Mr. FATTAH. Mr. Chairman, I demand a recorded vote.
The Acting CHAIR. Pursuant to clause 6 of rule XVIII, further
proceedings on the amendment offered by the gentleman from Arizona will
be postponed.

Announcement by the Acting Chair

The Acting CHAIR. Pursuant to clause 6 of rule XVIII, proceedings
will now resume on those amendments on which further proceedings were
postponed, in the following order:
An amendment by Mr. McClintock of California.
An amendment by Ms. Esty of Connecticut.
An amendment by Ms. Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico.
An amendment by Mr. Gosar of Arizona.
The Chair will reduce to 2 minutes the time for any electronic vote
after the first vote in this series.

Amendment Offered by Mr. McClintock

The Acting CHAIR. The unfinished business is the demand for a
recorded vote on the amendment offered by the gentleman from California
(Mr. McClintock) on which further proceedings were postponed and on
which the noes prevailed by voice vote.
The Clerk will redesignate the amendment.
The Clerk redesignated the amendment.

Recorded Vote

The Acting CHAIR. A recorded vote has been demanded.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 154,
noes 263, not voting 15, as follows:

[Roll No. 270]

AYES--154

Allen
Amash
Babin
Barr
Barton
Benishek
Bilirakis
Bishop (MI)
Bishop (UT)
Black
Blackburn
Blum
Brat
Bridenstine
Brooks (AL)
Brooks (IN)
Buchanan
Buck
Bucshon
Burgess
Byrne
Carter (GA)
Chabot
Chaffetz
Clawson (FL)
Coffman
Collins (GA)
Conaway
Cook
Cramer
DeSantis
DesJarlais
Duffy
Duncan (SC)
Duncan (TN)
Ellmers (NC)
Farenthold
Fincher
Fleischmann
Fleming
Flores
Foxx
Franks (AZ)
Garrett
Gohmert
Goodlatte
Gosar
Gowdy
Granger
Graves (GA)
Graves (MO)
Griffith
Grothman
Hardy
Harris
Hartzler
Hensarling
Hice, Jody B.
Hill
Holding
Huelskamp
Huizenga (MI)
Hultgren
Hunter
Hurt (VA)
Issa
Jenkins (KS)
Johnson (OH)
Johnson, Sam
Jones
Jordan
King (IA)
Knight
Labrador
LaMalfa
Lamborn
Latta
LoBiondo
Long
Loudermilk
Love
Lummis
Marchant
Massie
McCarthy
McClintock
Meadows
Meehan
Messer
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Moolenaar
Mooney (WV)
Mullin
Mulvaney
Neugebauer
Nugent
Olson
Palmer
Pearce
Perry
Pittenger
Pitts
Poe (TX)
Pompeo
Posey
Price, Tom
Ratcliffe
Ribble
Rice (SC)
Roby
Rohrabacher
Rokita
Rooney (FL)
Roskam
Ross
Rothfus
Rouzer
Royce
Russell
Ryan (WI)
Salmon
Sanford
Scalise
Schweikert
Scott, Austin
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Smith (MO)
Smith (NE)
Stewart
Stutzman
Tiberi
Tipton
Upton
Wagner
Walberg
Walker
Walorski
Walters, Mimi
Weber (TX)
Webster (FL)
Wenstrup
Westerman
Westmoreland
Williams
Wilson (SC)
Wittman
Woodall
Yoder
Yoho
Young (IN)
Zeldin
Zinke

NOES--263

Abraham
Aderholt
Aguilar
Amodei
Ashford
Barletta
Bass
Beatty
Becerra
Bera
Beyer
Bishop (GA)
Blumenauer
Bonamici
Bost
Boustany
Boyle, Brendan F.
Brady (PA)
Brady (TX)
Brown (FL)
Brownley (CA)
Bustos
Butterfield
Calvert
Capps
Capuano
Carney
Carson (IN)
Carter (TX)
Cartwright
Castor (FL)
Castro (TX)
Chu, Judy
Cicilline
Clark (MA)
Clarke (NY)
Clay
Cleaver
Cohen
Cole
Collins (NY)
Comstock
Connolly
Conyers
Cooper
Costa
Costello (PA)
Courtney
Crawford
Crenshaw
Crowley
Cuellar
Culberson
Cummings
Curbelo (FL)
Davis (CA)
Davis, Danny
Davis, Rodney
DeFazio
DeGette
Delaney
DeLauro
DelBene
Denham
Dent
DeSaulnier
Deutch
Diaz-Balart
Dingell
Doggett
Dold
Donovan
Doyle, Michael F.
Duckworth
Edwards
Ellison
Emmer (MN)
Engel
Eshoo
Esty
Farr
Fattah
Fitzpatrick
Forbes
Fortenberry
Foster
Frankel (FL)
Frelinghuysen
Fudge
Gabbard
Garamendi
Gibbs
Gibson
Graham
Graves (LA)
Grayson
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Guinta
Guthrie
Gutierrez
Hahn
Hanna
Harper
Hastings
Heck (NV)
Heck (WA)
Herrera Beutler
Higgins
Himes
Hinojosa
Honda
Hoyer
Huffman
Hurd (TX)
Israel
Jeffries
Jenkins (WV)
Johnson, E. B.
Jolly
Kaptur
Katko
Keating
Kelly (IL)
Kelly (PA)
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilmer
Kind
King (NY)
Kinzinger (IL)
Kirkpatrick
Kline
Kuster
Lance
Langevin
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Lawrence
Lee
Levin
Lewis
Lieu, Ted
Lipinski
Loebsack
Lowenthal
Lowey
Lucas
Luetkemeyer
Lujan Grisham (NM)
Lujan, Ben Ray (NM)
Lynch
MacArthur
Maloney, Carolyn
Maloney, Sean
Marino
Matsui
McCaul
McCollum
McDermott
McGovern
McHenry
McKinley
McNerney
McSally
Meeks
Meng
Mica
Moore
Moulton
Murphy (FL)
Murphy (PA)
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal
Newhouse
Noem
Nolan
Norcross
Nunes
O'Rourke
Palazzo
Pallone
Pascrell

[[Page H3698]]

Paulsen
Payne
Pelosi
Perlmutter
Peters
Peterson
Pingree
Pocan
Poliquin
Polis
Price (NC)
Quigley
Rangel
Reed
Reichert
Renacci
Rice (NY)
Rigell
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Ros-Lehtinen
Roybal-Allard
Ruiz
Ruppersberger
Rush
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sarbanes
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schrader
Scott (VA)
Scott, David
Serrano
Sewell (AL)
Sherman
Shimkus
Shuster
Simpson
Sinema
Sires
Slaughter
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Smith (WA)
Speier
Stefanik
Stivers
Swalwell (CA)
Takai
Takano
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Thompson (PA)
Thornberry
Titus
Tonko
Torres
Trott
Tsongas
Turner
Valadao
Vargas
Veasey
Vela
Velazquez
Visclosky
Walden
Walz
Wasserman Schultz
Waters, Maxine
Watson Coleman
Welch
Whitfield
Wilson (FL)
Womack
Yarmuth
Young (AK)
Young (IA)

NOT VOTING--15

Adams
Cardenas
Clyburn
Gallego
Grijalva
Hudson
Jackson Lee
Johnson (GA)
Joyce
Lofgren
McMorris Rodgers
Richmond
Roe (TN)
Ryan (OH)
Van Hollen

{time} 1836

Mr. KELLY of Pennsylvania, Ms. HAHN, Mr. COSTELLO of Pennsylvania,
Mrs. NOEM, Messrs. KEATING, LEWIS, and CASTRO of Texas changed their
vote from ``aye'' to ``no.''
Messrs. WITTMAN, BENISHEK, MULLIN, and Mrs. BROOKS of Indiana changed
their vote from ``no'' to ``aye.''
So the amendment was rejected.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

Amendment Offered by Ms. Esty

The Acting CHAIR. The unfinished business is the demand for a
recorded vote on the amendment offered by the gentlewoman from
Connecticut (Ms. Esty) on which further proceedings were postponed and
on which the noes prevailed by voice vote.
The Clerk will redesignate the amendment.
The Clerk redesignated the amendment.

Recorded Vote

The Acting CHAIR. A recorded vote has been demanded.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The Acting CHAIR. This is a 2-minute vote.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 213,
noes 214, not voting 5, as follows:

[Roll No. 271]

AYES--213

Aguilar
Ashford
Barletta
Bass
Beatty
Becerra
Bera
Beyer
Bishop (GA)
Bishop (MI)
Blumenauer
Bonamici
Boustany
Boyle, Brendan F.
Brady (PA)
Brooks (IN)
Brown (FL)
Brownley (CA)
Butterfield
Byrne
Capps
Capuano
Cardenas
Carney
Carson (IN)
Cartwright
Castor (FL)
Castro (TX)
Chu, Judy
Cicilline
Clark (MA)
Clarke (NY)
Clawson (FL)
Clay
Cleaver
Cohen
Collins (NY)
Connolly
Conyers
Cooper
Costa
Courtney
Crowley
Cuellar
Cummings
Davis (CA)
Davis, Danny
DeFazio
DeGette
Delaney
DeLauro
DelBene
Dent
DeSaulnier
Deutch
Dingell
Doggett
Dold
Donovan
Doyle, Michael F.
Duckworth
Duncan (SC)
Edwards
Ellison
Emmer (MN)
Engel
Eshoo
Esty
Farr
Fattah
Foster
Frankel (FL)
Fudge
Gabbard
Gallego
Garamendi
Gibson
Graham
Grayson
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Grothman
Guinta
Gutierrez
Hahn
Hanna
Hastings
Heck (WA)
Higgins
Himes
Hinojosa
Honda
Hoyer
Huffman
Israel
Jeffries
Johnson (GA)
Johnson, E. B.
Kaptur
Katko
Keating
Kelly (IL)
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilmer
Kind
King (NY)
Kirkpatrick
Kuster
Labrador
Langevin
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Lawrence
Lee
Levin
Lewis
Lieu, Ted
Lipinski
LoBiondo
Loebsack
Lofgren
Lowenthal
Lowey
Lujan Grisham (NM)
Lujan, Ben Ray (NM)
Lynch
Maloney, Carolyn
Maloney, Sean
Massie
Matsui
McCollum
McDermott
McGovern
McNerney
McSally
Meeks
Meng
Mica
Moore
Moulton
Mulvaney
Murphy (FL)
Murphy (PA)
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal
Nolan
Norcross
O'Rourke
Pallone
Pascrell
Payne
Pelosi
Perlmutter
Peters
Pingree
Pocan
Poliquin
Polis
Price (NC)
Quigley
Rangel
Reed
Ribble
Rice (NY)
Rice (SC)
Richmond
Roybal-Allard
Ruiz
Ruppersberger
Rush
Ryan (OH)
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sarbanes
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schrader
Scott (VA)
Scott, David
Serrano
Sewell (AL)
Sherman
Sinema
Sires
Slaughter
Smith (NJ)
Smith (WA)
Speier
Stefanik
Swalwell (CA)
Takai
Takano
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Titus
Tonko
Torres
Tsongas
Turner
Vargas
Veasey
Vela
Velazquez
Visclosky
Walz
Wasserman Schultz
Waters, Maxine
Watson Coleman
Welch
Wilson (FL)
Yarmuth

NOES--214

Abraham
Aderholt
Allen
Amash
Amodei
Babin
Barr
Barton
Benishek
Bilirakis
Bishop (UT)
Black
Blackburn
Blum
Bost
Brady (TX)
Brat
Bridenstine
Brooks (AL)
Buchanan
Buck
Bucshon
Burgess
Bustos
Calvert
Carter (GA)
Carter (TX)
Chabot
Chaffetz
Coffman
Cole
Collins (GA)
Comstock
Conaway
Cook
Costello (PA)
Cramer
Crawford
Crenshaw
Culberson
Curbelo (FL)
Davis, Rodney
Denham
DeSantis
DesJarlais
Diaz-Balart
Duffy
Duncan (TN)
Ellmers (NC)
Farenthold
Fincher
Fitzpatrick
Fleischmann
Fleming
Flores
Forbes
Fortenberry
Foxx
Franks (AZ)
Frelinghuysen
Garrett
Gibbs
Gohmert
Goodlatte
Gosar
Gowdy
Granger
Graves (GA)
Graves (LA)
Graves (MO)
Griffith
Grijalva
Guthrie
Hardy
Harper
Harris
Hartzler
Heck (NV)
Hensarling
Herrera Beutler
Hice, Jody B.
Hill
Holding
Hudson
Huelskamp
Huizenga (MI)
Hultgren
Hunter
Hurd (TX)
Hurt (VA)
Issa
Jenkins (KS)
Jenkins (WV)
Johnson (OH)
Johnson, Sam
Jolly
Jones
Jordan
Joyce
Kelly (PA)
King (IA)
Kinzinger (IL)
Kline
Knight
LaMalfa
Lamborn
Lance
Latta
Long
Loudermilk
Love
Lucas
Luetkemeyer
Lummis
MacArthur
Marchant
Marino
McCarthy
McCaul
McClintock
McHenry
McKinley
McMorris Rodgers
Meadows
Meehan
Messer
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Moolenaar
Mooney (WV)
Mullin
Neugebauer
Newhouse
Noem
Nugent
Nunes
Olson
Palazzo
Palmer
Paulsen
Pearce
Perry
Peterson
Pittenger
Pitts
Poe (TX)
Pompeo
Posey
Price, Tom
Ratcliffe
Reichert
Renacci
Rigell
Roby
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Rohrabacher
Rokita
Rooney (FL)
Ros-Lehtinen
Roskam
Ross
Rothfus
Rouzer
Royce
Russell
Ryan (WI)
Salmon
Sanford
Scalise
Schweikert
Scott, Austin
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shimkus
Shuster
Simpson
Smith (MO)
Smith (NE)
Smith (TX)
Stewart
Stivers
Stutzman
Thompson (PA)
Thornberry
Tiberi
Tipton
Trott
Upton
Valadao
Wagner
Walberg
Walden
Walker
Walorski
Walters, Mimi
Weber (TX)
Webster (FL)
Wenstrup
Westerman
Westmoreland
Whitfield
Williams
Wilson (SC)
Wittman
Womack
Woodall
Yoder
Yoho
Young (AK)
Young (IA)
Young (IN)
Zeldin
Zinke

NOT VOTING--5

Adams
Clyburn
Jackson Lee
Roe (TN)
Van Hollen

Announcement by the Acting Chair

The Acting CHAIR (during the vote). There is 1 minute remaining.

{time} 1846

Messrs. SEAN PATRICK MALONEY of New York, ASHFORD, and SCHRADER
changed their vote from ``no'' to ``aye.''
Messrs. ROHRABACHER and JORDAN changed their vote from ``aye'' to
``no.''
So the amendment was rejected.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

Amendment Offered by Ms. Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico

The Acting CHAIR. The unfinished business is the demand for a
recorded vote on the amendment offered by the gentlewoman from New
Mexico (Ms. Michelle Lujan Grisham) on which further proceedings were
postponed and on which the ayes prevailed by voice vote.
The Clerk will redesignate the amendment.
The Clerk redesignated the amendment.

Recorded Vote

The Acting CHAIR. A recorded vote has been demanded.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The Acting CHAIR. This will be a 2-minute vote.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 417,
noes 10, not voting 5, as follows:

[Roll No. 272]

AYES--417

Abraham
Aderholt
Aguilar
Allen
Amodei
Ashford
Babin
Barletta
Barr
Barton
Bass
Beatty
Becerra
Benishek
Bera
Beyer
Bilirakis
Bishop (GA)
Bishop (MI)
Bishop (UT)
Black
Blum
Blumenauer
Bonamici
Bost
Boustany
Boyle, Brendan F.
Brady (PA)
Brady (TX)

[[Page H3699]]

Bridenstine
Brooks (AL)
Brooks (IN)
Brown (FL)
Brownley (CA)
Buchanan
Buck
Bucshon
Burgess
Bustos
Butterfield
Byrne
Calvert
Capps
Capuano
Cardenas
Carney
Carson (IN)
Carter (GA)
Carter (TX)
Cartwright
Castor (FL)
Castro (TX)
Chabot
Chaffetz
Chu, Judy
Cicilline
Clark (MA)
Clarke (NY)
Clawson (FL)
Clay
Cleaver
Coffman
Cohen
Cole
Collins (GA)
Collins (NY)
Comstock
Conaway
Connolly
Conyers
Cook
Cooper
Costa
Costello (PA)
Courtney
Cramer
Crawford
Crenshaw
Crowley
Cuellar
Culberson
Cummings
Curbelo (FL)
Davis (CA)
Davis, Danny
Davis, Rodney
DeFazio
DeGette
Delaney
DeLauro
DelBene
Denham
Dent
DeSantis
DeSaulnier
DesJarlais
Deutch
Diaz-Balart
Dingell
Doggett
Dold
Donovan
Doyle, Michael F.
Duckworth
Duffy
Duncan (SC)
Duncan (TN)
Edwards
Ellison
Ellmers (NC)
Emmer (MN)
Engel
Eshoo
Esty
Farenthold
Farr
Fattah
Fincher
Fitzpatrick
Fleischmann
Fleming
Flores
Forbes
Fortenberry
Foster
Foxx
Frankel (FL)
Franks (AZ)
Frelinghuysen
Fudge
Gabbard
Gallego
Garamendi
Garrett
Gibbs
Gibson
Gohmert
Goodlatte
Gosar
Gowdy
Graham
Granger
Graves (GA)
Graves (LA)
Graves (MO)
Grayson
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Griffith
Grijalva
Grothman
Guinta
Guthrie
Gutierrez
Hahn
Hanna
Hardy
Harper
Harris
Hartzler
Hastings
Heck (NV)
Heck (WA)
Hensarling
Herrera Beutler
Hice, Jody B.
Higgins
Hill
Himes
Hinojosa
Holding
Honda
Hoyer
Huffman
Huizenga (MI)
Hultgren
Hunter
Hurd (TX)
Hurt (VA)
Israel
Issa
Jeffries
Jenkins (KS)
Jenkins (WV)
Johnson (GA)
Johnson (OH)
Johnson, E. B.
Johnson, Sam
Jolly
Jones
Jordan
Joyce
Kaptur
Katko
Keating
Kelly (IL)
Kelly (PA)
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilmer
Kind
King (IA)
King (NY)
Kinzinger (IL)
Kirkpatrick
Kline
Knight
Kuster
Labrador
LaMalfa
Lamborn
Lance
Langevin
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Latta
Lawrence
Lee
Levin
Lewis
Lieu, Ted
Lipinski
LoBiondo
Loebsack
Lofgren
Loudermilk
Love
Lowenthal
Lowey
Lucas
Luetkemeyer
Lujan Grisham (NM)
Lujan, Ben Ray (NM)
Lummis
Lynch
MacArthur
Maloney, Carolyn
Maloney, Sean
Marchant
Marino
Massie
Matsui
McCarthy
McCaul
McClintock
McCollum
McDermott
McGovern
McHenry
McKinley
McMorris Rodgers
McNerney
McSally
Meadows
Meehan
Meeks
Meng
Messer
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Moolenaar
Mooney (WV)
Moore
Moulton
Mullin
Mulvaney
Murphy (FL)
Murphy (PA)
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal
Newhouse
Noem
Nolan
Norcross
Nugent
Nunes
O'Rourke
Olson
Palazzo
Pallone
Palmer
Pascrell
Paulsen
Payne
Pearce
Pelosi
Perlmutter
Perry
Peters
Peterson
Pingree
Pittenger
Pitts
Pocan
Poe (TX)
Poliquin
Polis
Pompeo
Posey
Price (NC)
Price, Tom
Quigley
Rangel
Ratcliffe
Reed
Reichert
Renacci
Ribble
Rice (NY)
Rice (SC)
Richmond
Rigell
Roby
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Rohrabacher
Rokita
Rooney (FL)
Ros-Lehtinen
Roskam
Ross
Rothfus
Rouzer
Roybal-Allard
Royce
Ruiz
Ruppersberger
Rush
Russell
Ryan (OH)
Ryan (WI)
Salmon
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sanford
Sarbanes
Scalise
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schrader
Schweikert
Scott (VA)
Scott, Austin
Scott, David
Sensenbrenner
Serrano
Sessions
Sewell (AL)
Sherman
Shimkus
Shuster
Simpson
Sinema
Sires
Slaughter
Smith (MO)
Smith (NE)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Smith (WA)
Speier
Stefanik
Stewart
Stivers
Stutzman
Swalwell (CA)
Takai
Takano
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Thompson (PA)
Thornberry
Tiberi
Tipton
Titus
Tonko
Torres
Trott
Tsongas
Turner
Upton
Valadao
Vargas
Veasey
Vela
Velazquez
Visclosky
Wagner
Walberg
Walden
Walorski
Walters, Mimi
Walz
Wasserman Schultz
Waters, Maxine
Watson Coleman
Weber (TX)
Webster (FL)
Welch
Wenstrup
Westerman
Westmoreland
Whitfield
Wilson (FL)
Wilson (SC)
Wittman
Womack
Yarmuth
Yoder
Yoho
Young (AK)
Young (IA)
Young (IN)
Zeldin
Zinke

NOES--10

Amash
Blackburn
Brat
Hudson
Huelskamp
Long
Neugebauer
Walker
Williams
Woodall

NOT VOTING--5

Adams
Clyburn
Jackson Lee
Roe (TN)
Van Hollen

Announcement by the Acting Chair

The Acting CHAIR (during the vote). There is 1 minute remaining.

{time} 1852

Mr. WALKER changed his vote from ``aye'' to ``no.''
Messrs. WESTMORELAND and JOYCE changed their vote from ``no'' to
``aye.''
So the amendment was agreed to.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

Amendment Offered by Mr. Gosar

The Acting CHAIR. The unfinished business is the demand for a
recorded vote on the amendment offered by the gentleman from Arizona
(Mr. Gosar) on which further proceedings were postponed and on which
the ayes prevailed by voice vote.
The Clerk will redesignate the amendment.
The Clerk redesignated the amendment.

Recorded Vote

[Roll No. 273]

AYES--228

Abraham
Aderholt
Allen
Amash
Amodei
Babin
Barletta
Barr
Barton
Benishek
Bilirakis
Bishop (MI)
Bishop (UT)
Black
Blackburn
Blum
Bost
Boustany
Brady (TX)
Brat
Bridenstine
Brooks (AL)
Buchanan
Buck
Bucshon
Burgess
Byrne
Calvert
Carter (GA)
Carter (TX)
Chabot
Chaffetz
Clawson (FL)
Coffman
Cole
Collins (GA)
Collins (NY)
Comstock
Conaway
Cook
Costello (PA)
Cramer
Crawford
Crenshaw
Culberson
Curbelo (FL)
Davis, Rodney
Dent
DeSantis
DesJarlais
Diaz-Balart
Donovan
Duffy
Duncan (SC)
Duncan (TN)
Ellmers (NC)
Emmer (MN)
Farenthold
Fincher
Fitzpatrick
Fleischmann
Fleming
Flores
Forbes
Fortenberry
Foxx
Franks (AZ)
Frelinghuysen
Garrett
Gibbs
Gohmert
Goodlatte
Gosar
Gowdy
Granger
Graves (GA)
Graves (LA)
Graves (MO)
Grothman
Guinta
Guthrie
Hardy
Harper
Harris
Hartzler
Heck (NV)
Hensarling
Herrera Beutler
Hice, Jody B.
Hill
Holding
Hudson
Huelskamp
Huizenga (MI)
Hultgren
Hunter
Hurd (TX)
Hurt (VA)
Issa
Jenkins (KS)
Jenkins (WV)
Johnson (OH)
Johnson, Sam
Jolly
Jones
Jordan
Kelly (PA)
King (IA)
King (NY)
Kinzinger (IL)
Kline
Knight
Labrador
LaMalfa
Lamborn
Lance
Latta
LoBiondo
Long
Loudermilk
Love
Lucas
Luetkemeyer
Lummis
MacArthur
Marchant
Marino
Massie
McCarthy
McClintock
McHenry
McKinley
McMorris Rodgers
Meadows
Meehan
Messer
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Moolenaar
Mooney (WV)
Mullin
Mulvaney
Murphy (PA)
Neugebauer
Newhouse
Noem
Nugent
Olson
Palazzo
Palmer
Paulsen
Pearce
Perry
Pittenger
Pitts
Poe (TX)
Poliquin
Pompeo
Posey
Price, Tom
Ratcliffe
Reichert
Renacci
Ribble
Rice (SC)
Rigell
Roby
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Rohrabacher
Rokita
Rooney (FL)
Ros-Lehtinen
Roskam
Ross
Rothfus
Rouzer
Royce
Russell
Ryan (WI)
Salmon
Sanford
Schweikert
Scott, Austin
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shimkus
Shuster
Smith (MO)
Smith (NE)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Stewart
Stivers
Stutzman
Thompson (PA)
Thornberry
Tiberi
Tipton
Trott
Turner
Upton
Valadao
Wagner
Walberg
Walden
Walker
Walorski
Walters, Mimi
Weber (TX)
Webster (FL)
Wenstrup
Westerman
Westmoreland
Whitfield
Williams
Wilson (SC)
Wittman
Womack
Woodall
Yoder
Yoho
Young (AK)
Young (IA)
Young (IN)
Zeldin
Zinke

NOES--198

Aguilar
Ashford
Bass
Beatty
Becerra
Bera
Beyer
Bishop (GA)
Blumenauer
Bonamici
Boyle, Brendan F.
Brady (PA)
Brooks (IN)
Brown (FL)
Brownley (CA)
Bustos
Butterfield
Capps
Capuano
Cardenas
Carney
Carson (IN)
Cartwright
Castor (FL)
Castro (TX)
Chu, Judy
Cicilline
Clark (MA)
Clarke (NY)
Clay
Cleaver
Cohen
Connolly
Conyers
Cooper
Costa
Courtney
Crowley
Cuellar
Cummings
Davis (CA)
Davis, Danny
DeFazio
DeGette
Delaney
DeLauro
DelBene
Denham
DeSaulnier
Deutch
Dingell
Doggett
Dold
Doyle, Michael F.
Duckworth
Edwards
Ellison
Engel
Eshoo
Esty
Farr
Fattah
Foster
Frankel (FL)
Fudge
Gabbard
Gallego
Garamendi
Gibson
Graham
Grayson
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Grijalva
Gutierrez
Hahn
Hanna
Hastings
Heck (WA)
Higgins
Himes
Hinojosa

[[Page H3700]]

Honda
Hoyer
Huffman
Israel
Jeffries
Johnson (GA)
Johnson, E. B.
Joyce
Kaptur
Katko
Keating
Kelly (IL)
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilmer
Kind
Kirkpatrick
Kuster
Langevin
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Lawrence
Lee
Levin
Lewis
Lieu, Ted
Lipinski
Loebsack
Lofgren
Lowenthal
Lowey
Lujan Grisham (NM)
Lujan, Ben Ray (NM)
Lynch
Maloney, Carolyn
Maloney, Sean
Matsui
McCaul
McCollum
McDermott
McGovern
McNerney
McSally
Meeks
Meng
Moore
Moulton
Murphy (FL)
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal
Nolan
Norcross
Nunes
O'Rourke
Pallone
Pascrell
Payne
Pelosi
Perlmutter
Peters
Peterson
Pingree
Pocan
Polis
Price (NC)
Quigley
Rangel
Reed
Rice (NY)
Richmond
Roybal-Allard
Ruiz
Ruppersberger
Rush
Ryan (OH)
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sarbanes
Scalise
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schrader
Scott (VA)
Scott, David
Serrano
Sewell (AL)
Sherman
Simpson
Sinema
Sires
Slaughter
Smith (WA)
Speier
Stefanik
Swalwell (CA)
Takai
Takano
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Titus
Tonko
Torres
Tsongas
Vargas
Veasey
Vela
Velazquez
Visclosky
Walz
Wasserman Schultz
Waters, Maxine
Watson Coleman
Welch
Wilson (FL)
Yarmuth

NOT VOTING--6

Adams
Clyburn
Griffith
Jackson Lee
Roe (TN)
Van Hollen

Announcement by the Acting Chair

The Acting CHAIR (during the vote). There is 1 minute remaining.

{time} 1856

So the amendment was agreed to.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

personal explanation

Mr. VAN HOLLEN. Mr. Chair, on June 2, 2015, I was unavoidably
detained and missed four votes. Had I been present, I would have voted
``no'' on rollcall No. 270, ``yea'' on rollcall No. 271, ``yea'' on
rollcall No. 272, and ``no'' on rollcall No. 273.
Mr. CULBERSON. Mr. Chairman, I move that the Committee do now rise.
The motion was agreed to.
Accordingly, the Committee rose; and the Speaker pro tempore (Mrs.
Ellmers of North Carolina) having assumed the chair, Mr. Westmoreland,
Acting Chair of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the
Union, reported that that Committee, having had under consideration the
bill (H.R. 2578) making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce
and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 2016, and for other purposes, had come to no resolution
thereon.

____________________