[Congressional Record Volume 159, Number 160 (Tuesday, November 12, 2013)]
[House]
[Pages H6975-H6977]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
SUPPORTING THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL
Mr. HOLDING. Mr. Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and agree to
the resolution (H. Res. 196) supporting the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution, the right to counsel, as amended.
The Clerk read the title of the resolution.
The text of the resolution is as follows:
H. Res. 196
Whereas on March 18, 1963, the Supreme Court recognized in
Gideon v. Wainwright that counsel must be provided to
indigent defendants in all felony cases;
Whereas the Supreme Court held that providing counsel to
indigent defendants in all felony cases meets the essential
requirements of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution; and
Whereas the Supreme Court held in Argersinger v. Hamlin
that absent a knowing and intelligent waiver, no person may
be imprisoned for any offense, whether classified as petty,
misdemeanor, or felony, unless they were represented by
counsel at their trial: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the House of Representatives--
(1) supports the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, the right to counsel;
(2) supports strategies to improve the criminal justice
system to ensure that indigent defendants in all felony cases
are adequately represented by counsel; and
(3) urges States to work to ensure that indigent defendants
in all felony cases are adequately represented by counsel.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to the rule, the gentleman from
North Carolina (Mr. Holding) and the gentleman from Florida (Mr.
Deutch) each will control 20 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from North Carolina.
General Leave
Mr. HOLDING. Mr. Speaker, I asks unanimous consent that all Members
may have 5 legislative days within which to revise and extend their
remarks and include extraneous materials on H. Res. 196, currently
under consideration.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the
gentleman from North Carolina?
There was no objection.
Mr. HOLDING. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that
``in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . .
to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.'' H. Res. 196
supports the Sixth Amendment, the right to counsel, and strategies to
ensure that indigent defendants in all felony cases are adequately
represented by counsel.
Fifty years ago, Mr. Speaker, the Supreme Court, in Gideon v.
Wainwright, held that providing counsel to indigent defendants is one
of the essential requirements of the Sixth Amendment. Writing for the
majority, Justice Black stated:
From the very beginning, our State and national
constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural
and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials
before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands
equal before the law.
Since the Gideon decision, the Supreme Court has held that absent a
knowing and intelligent waiver, no person may be imprisoned for any
offense, whether classified as petty, misdemeanor, or felony, unless
that person was represented by counsel at his or her trial.
This resolution reaffirms Congress' continued commitment to pursuing
fairness in our criminal justice system and calls on States to help
ensure that defendants are adequately represented by counsel.
I urge Members to support it, and I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. DEUTCH. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
At the beginning of this Congress, Members read aloud the
Constitution of the United States from the floor of this very Chamber.
That reading, of course, included the Bill of Rights, those first 10
amendments so vital to protecting the individual freedoms of all
Americans.
Today, I urge my colleagues to support the passage of H. Res. 196, a
bipartisan resolution affirming our support for the Sixth Amendment to
our Constitution.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of all Americans to a fair
trial. It also reads, ``In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
. . . have the assistance of counsel for his defence.''
We all agree that the right to counsel for anyone accused of a crime
is the foundation of individual liberty. It is essential to the rule of
law and the basic principle that, in America, the government cannot
take away any citizen's freedom without a fair trial. H. Res. 196 is a
bipartisan resolution reaffirming the support of this Congress for the
Sixth Amendment right to counsel at a time when this right is too often
trampled in our modern-day justice system.
[[Page H6976]]
Fifty years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized, in the landmark
case, Gideon v. Wainwright that access to quality legal representation
is essential to a fair trial, and that even Americans too poor to
afford an attorney have a right to counsel.
{time} 1815
This landmark opinion held that States and localities have a Sixth
Amendment constitutional obligation to provide counsel to indigent
defendants. Yet, a half century later, the reality is that we continue
to struggle to honor the right to counsel upheld in Gideon.
Reports by the Department of Justice, the American Bar Association,
the Constitution Project, as well as innumerable law review articles by
top experts in criminal law, have revealed how legal representation for
indigent defendants often has been undermined by crushing caseloads,
inadequate funding, and other obstacles. It has been estimated that 80
to 90 percent of all persons charged with a criminal offense qualify as
being indigent and cannot afford an attorney.
The American Bar Association, in its comprehensive report, ``Gideon's
Broken Promise,'' concluded that ``thousands of persons are processed
through America's courts every year either with no lawyer at all or
with a lawyer that does not have the time, the resources or, in some
instances, the inclination to provide effective representation.''
All too often, defendants plead guilty, even if they are innocent,
without really understanding their legal rights or what is occurring.
In this time of limited resources, the right to counsel has also been
undermined by cuts to funding for indigent defense. These cuts have
eliminated training programs to keep lawyers informed of criminal
justice best practices and have limited the ability of lawyers for
indigent defendants to access investigators or experts essential to
adequately representing their clients.
We pay a hefty price when we fail to uphold the Sixth Amendment of
our Constitution. It is not uncommon for indigent people without an
attorney to sit in jail for weeks or months, causing the loss of a job,
a home and, in some instances, the loss of a family.
Failing to provide adequate counsel to indigent defendants can also
lead to costly extended pretrial detentions, costs associated with
appellate litigation, costs for appellate defense counsel, prosecutors
and appellate courts, incarceration costs of indigent people during the
appeals process, and other unnecessary costs.
From our unsustainably high rates of incarceration to the lives of
families torn apart by unnecessary jail time and wrongful convictions,
Congress can't afford to ignore the economic and moral costs of this
crisis in our criminal justice system.
Our Nation's failure to uphold the Sixth Amendment has resulted in
bloated prison and jail populations at the State and county levels,
which hold more than 2.2 million people at a cost of $75 billion per
year. An additional 5 million people are on probation, parole, or
supervised release.
Yet, Mr. Speaker, despite all the comprehensive reports, all the law
review articles, and all the stories reported by the media, the
fundamental right of an indigent defendant to adequate counsel remains
at risk.
The situation is dire. Look no further than a recent determination
made by the Florida Supreme Court allowing the Miami-Dade Public
Defender's Office to withdraw from 21 criminal cases because of
excessive workload and underfunding. In fact, it was found that
approximately 400 felony cases were being assigned to the average
public defender, and public defenders in third-degree felonies had as
many as 50 cases set for trial in a week.
These facts provide us with just a glimpse into a growing crisis
within our criminal justice system. There is no question that States
and localities are struggling to provide adequate and well-resourced
lawyers to indigent defendants.
Ensuring that all Americans, regardless of their financial resources,
have access to a lawyer is essential to our system of justice. Our
failure to uphold the Sixth Amendment undermines the premise that, in
America, every person has the right to a fair trial and is presumed
innocent until proven guilty.
H. Res. 196 is a product of bipartisanship. I would like to thank the
House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte for his support of
this legislation and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
I would also like to thank Congressman Steve Chabot for all of his
hard work on this resolution and for working to ensure that indigent
people in the criminal justice system are adequately represented by
counsel.
I also want to recognize Ranking Member John Conyers and Crime
Subcommittee Ranking Member Bobby Scott for their support of this
resolution.
For my colleagues who are as concerned as I am about the state of
indigent defense in America, I invite you not just to support today's
resolution but to join me as a cosponsor of H.R. 3407, the National
Center for the Right to Counsel Act. This legislation aims to improve
financial and training resources for State and local public defense
systems and encourage the adoption of best practices for the delivery
of legal services to indigent defendants.
The bill would equip States and localities with more tools to
implement their own indigent defense systems and meet their
constitutional obligations as defined by the Supreme Court in Gideon v.
Wainwright. I look forward to working with colleagues on both sides of
the aisle on this legislation.
Mr. Speaker, the first step toward solving any problem is confronting
it, and that is why I am so pleased to have H. Res. 196 on the floor
today. The Supreme Court recognized in Gideon that ``the right of one
charged with crime to counsel may not be deemed fundamental and
essential to fair trials in some countries, but it is in ours.''
It is long past time that the House of Representatives engage,
debate, and develop strategies to assist the States with improving the
delivery of indigent defense services.
I urge my colleagues to support the right to counsel enshrined in the
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution and to join me in supporting H.
Res. 196.
Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. HOLDING. Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support this
measure and vote ``yes.''
I yield back the balance of my time.
Ms. JACKSON LEE. Mr. Speaker, I rise to offer a full-throated support
of H. Res. 196, which upholds the Sixth amendment Right to Counsel, as
laid out in the Supreme Court case of Gideon v. Wainwright.
The Supreme Court's landmark decision in Gideon v. Wainwright
affirmed that everyone, whether rich or poor, has the right to an
attorney in a criminal proceeding. Fifty years later though,
sequestration's devastating cuts to federal defender services are
jeopardizing the constitutional rights of Americans around the nation
and ultimately resulting in higher costs--which is why this
resolution--H. Res. 196--is utterly important. The case law and
enunciation of this right began in Powell v. Alabama, in which the
Court set aside the convictions of eight black youths sentenced to
death in a hastily carried-out trial without benefit of counsel.
Justice Sutherland stated that due process always requires the
observance of certain fundamental personal rights associated with a
hearing, and ``the right to the aid of counsel is of this fundamental
character.'' This observation was about the right to retain counsel of
one's choice and at one's expense, and included an eloquent statement
of the necessity of counsel. ``The right to be heard would be, in many
cases, of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard
by counsel. Even the intelligent and educated layman has small and
sometimes no skill in the science of law. If charged with crimes, he is
incapable, generally, of determining for himself whether the indictment
is good or bad. He is unfamiliar with the rules of evidence. Left
without the aid of counsel he may be put on trial without a proper
charge, and convicted upon incompetent evidence, or evidence irrelevant
to the issue or otherwise inadmissible. He lacks both the skill and
knowledge adequately to prepare his defense, even though he have a
perfect one. He requires the guiding hand of counsel at every step in
the proceedings against him. Without it, though he be not guilty, he
faces the danger of conviction because he does not know how to
establish his innocence
Clarence Earl Gideon, could not afford a lawyer to defend him in
court, and he was convicted. Gideon challenged his conviction--all the
way to the Supreme Court. The result was the landmark case Gideon v.
Wainwright, which guarantees poor defendants in Houston,
[[Page H6977]]
the state of Texas, and all around this great nation, the right to
counsel in criminal cases. Indeed Mr. Speaker, just this weekend a
horrific shooting took place in Houston that was reported all over--and
just as with many crimes--our fine law enforcement officials set-out to
find the perpetrators and it appears as if they have. It is in cases
like these where the public's opinion is enflamed that Gideon is most
importance--particularly in ensuring that the right persons have been
apprehended.
Public defenders serve as the backbone of our legal system because
they ensure that the Sixth Amendment right to effective counsel is
maintained. It is critical that this body act to ensure that next
year's sequestration cuts do not force federal defender organizations
around the country to further reduce their operations, hindering their
ability to provide competent and timely legal representation. This body
must pass legislation to avert further cuts to defender services
otherwise--it will result in an abdication of our constitutional
duties, increased costs to the American taxpayer, and a severe
degradation of our criminal justice system in Texas and beyond.
In this body we often disagree on the scope and breadth of recent
budget cuts, but we must all work to ensure that a highly functioning
criminal justice system is maintained and adequately funded. We have a
responsibility to the Constitution to continue to fund this critically
important program at workable levels. As we continue to debate a budget
for fiscal year 2014, and the overall fiscal path for our nation, I
urge my colleagues to address this critically important issue.
I urge my colleagues to Support this important resolution.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The question is on the motion offered by the
gentleman from North Carolina (Mr. Holding) that the House suspend the
rules and agree to the resolution, H. Res. 196, as amended.
The question was taken.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. In the opinion of the Chair, two-thirds
being in the affirmative, the ayes have it.
Mr. HOLDING. Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on the ground that a
quorum is not present and make the point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to clause 8 of rule XX, further
proceedings on this question will be postponed.
The point of no quorum is considered withdrawn.
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