[Congressional Record Volume 159, Number 94 (Thursday, June 27, 2013)]
[Senate]
[Pages S5486-S5487]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                           VOTING RIGHTS ACT

  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, last week, the Senate unanimously adopted 
a resolution honoring the 50th Anniversary of Congressman John Lewis's 
leadership of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee at the 
height of the Civil Rights Movement.
  In the early 1960s, America's promise of equality at the ballot box 
went unfulfilled for African Americans. Literacy tests, poll taxes, and 
sometimes, angry mobs stood in the way of many African Americans trying 
to register to vote and cast ballots.
  The members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee--or 
SNICK as it was called at the time--were inspired by and dedicated to 
America's promise of equality and democracy for all citizens, 
regardless of the color of their skin.
  These high school and college-aged students led sit-ins. They 
educated communities about the right to vote. They conducted voter 
registration drives.
  And many of these students marched for civil rights and voting rights 
with Congressman Lewis and 600 others in Selma, AL on Sunday, March 7, 
1965.
  As television cameras rolled and the Nation looked on in horror, 
these nonviolent marchers were chased down by State troopers, beaten, 
and bruised so badly by police batons that the day was coined ``Bloody 
Sunday.''
  A few days after ``Bloody Sunday,'' President Johnson addressed the 
Nation and called on the House and the Senate to pass the Voting Rights 
Act.
  Shortly thereafter, in a moment of bipartisan courage, Congress 
passed the Voting Rights Act, guaranteeing that the fundamental right 
to vote would never again be canceled out by clever schemes devised to 
keep African Americans from voting.
  Last week, the Senate honored these heroes of the Civil Rights 
Movement. On Tuesday, five Supreme Court Justices gutted a key 
provision of the law for which all of these heroes fought and some of 
them bled and died.
  The Supreme Court's decision in Shelby County v Holder strikes down 
Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act, which established the formula for 
those jurisdictions that are covered by the Act's preclearance 
provisions in Section 5.
  This has the effect of gutting Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. 
Section 5 required jurisdictions in all or part of 16 States with a 
history of discrimination to get approval from the Department of 
Justice or a Federal court before making any changes to congressional 
districts or voting procedures.
  Tuesday was not the first time that the Supreme Court ruled on a 
challenge to the Voting Rights Act.

[[Page S5487]]

  Though it has been subject to legal challenges previously, the Voting 
Rights Act has always emerged intact and on sound legal ground until . 
. . yesterday.
  For almost 50 years, the Voting Rights Act has always received 
overwhelming, bipartisan support in the Halls of Congress and in the 
Executive Branch.
  Each of the four times that the Voting Rights Act has been 
reauthorized in 1970, 1975, 1982, and most recently in 2006--Congress 
has done so with the broad bipartisan super majorities that are all too 
rare these days.
  That is because protecting the right to vote should not be a partisan 
prerogative. It is not a Democratic or Republican issue. It is a 
fundamental right for every eligible voter and it is a core value of 
our American democracy.
  In 2006, the House of Representatives voted 390 to 33 in favor of 
reauthorizing the Voting Rights Act. The Senate voted unanimously, 98 
to 0, to reauthorize the law. And the final bill was signed into law by 
President George W. Bush.
  There was good reason for this bipartisan support for reauthorizing 
the Voting Rights Act. Congress developed an extensive record, holding 
21 hearings, reviewing more than 15,000 pages in the Congressional 
Record, and hearing from more than 90 witnesses about the need to 
reauthorize the law.
  On Tuesday, five activist Justices on the Supreme Court decided to 
completely ignore the extensive record of current and ongoing 
discrimination that Congress meticulously assembled just 7 years ago.
  And you don't have to take my word for it.
  Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner, a Wisconsin Republican who was Chair of the 
House Judiciary Committee in 2006 and helped secure reauthorization of 
the Voting Rights Act, had this to say:

       [t]he legislative record accompanying consideration of the 
     Voting Rights Act is among the most extensive in 
     congressional history.

  I am disappointed that the Supreme Court ignored the Congressional 
findings in issuing this decision.
  We all acknowledge the progress that our great country has made on 
civil rights and voting rights issues. Over time, our Nation has indeed 
grown to be more perfect--and more inclusive in some ways--than just a 
few generations ago.
  But we are not yet a perfect union. And the jurisdictions covered by 
the Voting Rights Act have both a demonstrated history and a 
contemporary record of implementing discriminatory restrictions on 
voting.
  The Supreme Court's decision acknowledges the progress our country 
has made in expanding the franchise. The Court also acknowledges that 
discrimination remains in our society today.
  Nevertheless, five Justices on the Court have taken the extreme 
position of gutting the very law that has enabled that progress on 
voting rights and stands guard to ensure that that progress isn't 
rolled back.
  As my Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and 
Human Rights found during a series of hearings I chaired last Congress, 
the Voting Rights Act remains a critical tool in protecting the right 
to vote.
  All one needs to do is look to the last election cycle to understand 
the ongoing need for the Voting Rights Act.
  After a careful analysis of new voter ID laws in Texas and South 
Carolina, the Department of Justice used its authority under Section 5 
of the Voting Rights Act to object to the implementation of new photo 
identification requirements.
  In Texas, according to the State's own data, more than 790,000 
registered voters did not have the ID required to vote under the new 
Texas law.
  That law would have had a disproportionate impact on Latino voters 
because 38.2 percent of registered Hispanic voters did not have the 
type of ID required by the law.
  In South Carolina, the State's own data indicated that almost 240,000 
registered voters did not have the identification required to vote 
under the State's new law.
  That included 10 percent of all registered minorities in South 
Carolina who would not be able to vote under the new law.
  That is more than 1 million registered voters who would have been 
turned away from the polls in Texas and South Carolina last year, if 
the Department of Justice did not have the authority under the Voting 
Rights Act to object to those photo identification laws.
  Why did the Court neuter the Voting Rights Act?
  Chief Justice Robert's opinion claims that the formula used to 
determine which States should be covered by the Voting Rights Act is 
not justified by ``current conditions'' of discrimination at the ballot 
box.
  Had they not completely disregarded the 15,000 page Congressional 
Record, perhaps the Chief Justice and his four colleagues would 
understand the unfortunate fact that literacy tests and poll taxes may 
have died in the 1960s, but current, more sophisticated means of 
diluting minority voting strength are alive and well.
  In 2001, for example, the city of Kilmichael, MS canceled an election 
because ``an unprecedented number'' of African American candidates 
decided to run for office. After the Department of Justice used the 
Voting Rights Act to require that the election move forward, the town 
elected its first black mayor and its first majority black City 
Council.
  In 2004, officials in Walker County, TX threatened to prosecute two 
black students after they announced their candidacies for county 
office. When that threat didn't keep the students off the ballot, 
county officials tried to limit black turnout by reducing early voting 
only at polling places near a historically black college.
  Not to be outdone, the State of Mississippi, in 1995, tried to 
reenact a dual voter registration system ``which was initially enacted 
in 1892 to disenfranchise black voters.''
  As Justice Ginsburg noted in her dissent, ``[t]hese examples, and 
scores like them, fill the pages of the legislative record.''
  Unfortunately, a majority of the Supreme Court chose to ignore both 
the extensive legislative record of ongoing discrimination in voting 
and the critical role of the Voting Rights Act in protecting the right 
to vote.
  If there is any question about the major impact of this decision, 
just look at the statement released by the Texas Attorney General just 
hours after the Court's decision. He wasted no time announcing that the 
State would immediately implement its restrictive voter identification 
law.
  Now that the Supreme Court has gutted the most effective Civil Rights 
law in our Nation's history, hundreds of thousands of voters in Texas 
may not be able to cast a ballot in the next election.
  After the Court's decision, these 790,000 minority, low income, 
young, rural and other voters in Texas can no longer depend on the 
Voting Rights Act to protect their access to the ballot.
  The Voting Rights Act has never been about who wins an election.
  It has never been about political advantage.
  It has about ensuring every eligible American can vote and have their 
vote counted.
  The Voting Rights Act has done the important work of protecting the 
right to vote for almost 50 years. Tuesday's Supreme Court decision is 
a disappointing one that threatens to undermine our democracy.
  There is ample evidence today that some people are still being denied 
the right to vote, so Congress has a moral and Constitutional 
obligation to remedy that problem.
  Congress must act to restore the key provisions of the Voting Rights 
Act that protect the right to vote for all Americans--regardless of the 
color of their skin, their net worth, the language they speak, or the 
community in which they live.
  As Chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil 
Rights & Human Rights, I will hold hearings to address this troubling 
decision, so that we can promptly begin the process of correcting the 
mistake the Supreme Court made.

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