[Congressional Record Volume 159, Number 51 (Tuesday, April 16, 2013)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2670-S2676]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
SAFE COMMUNITIES, SAFE SCHOOLS ACT OF 2013--Continued
Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mrs. BOXER. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Baldwin). Without objection, it is so
ordered.
Mrs. BOXER. Madam President, I rise today as a mother, a grandmother,
and a Senator--a Senator whose State has been touched far too many
times by gun violence, including mass shootings. I also wish to
reiterate my support for the people of Boston who are dealing with the
aftermath of senseless, tragic, and cowardly violence.
I think I need to put into context why I have for so long been an
advocate of gun safety measures. In January 1989, a gunman stepped onto
the grounds of Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, CA. He fired at
least 106 bullets from an AK-47 rifle across the schoolyard. He killed
5 children, ages 6 to 9, and 1 teacher, and he injured 29 other
students before fatally shooting himself. This horrific crime led
California to enact an assault weapons ban and, of course, we know that
assault weapons ban in California is still in place. I so appreciate
Senator Feinstein's leadership in trying to, once again, authorize at
the Federal level an assault weapons ban.
Californians still remember this tragedy in Stockton, just as the
Nation will always remember the victims of the horrific events of
Friday, December 14, 2012, at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
I flash forward to from 1989 and the Stockton tragedy to a law office
in San Francisco in 1993, where a crazed gunman--I remember his name,
but I will not say it--with an assault weapon killed eight people and
wounded six. One of those people was a brave lawyer who threw his body
over the body of his wife, sacrificing his own life to save hers. That
young man was one of my son's best friends, and I know personally how
these horrific and senseless tragedies live on with the survivors--the
parents, the spouses, the children, the families, and the friends. It
changes their lives and it pierces their hearts forever.
I have told you a couple of stories about California. But let me say
this: Let's look at what has happened across this Nation since Sandy
Hook. In the 120 days since Sandy Hook, more than 2,200 Americans have
been killed by gun violence. Hardly any place was spared.
We know there are many, many firearms in America. There are 300
million firearms in the United States. If you were to divide that up,
that would be one gun per person, of course. There are many people who
have many, many guns.
This is a 50-percent increase--the number of guns in circulation--
since 1995, when there were, as I say, about half that number.
When I go home and I speak about this--and I write about it--I say:
There are 31,000 reasons why we need to pass sensible gun laws
because--31,000--that is the number of people who die every year in
America from gun violence. That is 87 people every single day, on
average.
You look at this: 31,000 people dying every year from gun violence.
So how do you get a sense of what that is? I think back. One of the
reasons I got into politics in the first place was the war in Vietnam
and trying to end it, first as an activist and then, actually, as an
elected leader in my country. I think about how many people died in the
10-year war of Vietnam and it was
[[Page S2671]]
a little bit more than 50,000 in that 10-year period and it turned our
country upside down--upside down. I can tell you, I lived through it:
generation against generation. It was a very tough time in this Nation.
People lost faith in the country. It was tough.
Yet we have 31,000 people killed every year in America from gun
violence, and it is something where we all kind of just say: OK, that
is terrible, but we do not do anything about it. But we are about to do
something about it that is very important. It may not be everything I
would want to do, given my history on this issue, but I will say, if we
can move forward with sensible background checks--and I thank Senators
Manchin and Toomey so much, so much, for their work--and if we can do
something about straw purchasers, and if we can do something about
making our schools safer--which I am pleased to say I wrote the
legislation that is in the underlying bill before us--if we can do a
few of these things, it would be a big step forward.
Do I want to see more done? Yes. Do I want to see the ban on assault
weapons reinstated? I do. But I do feel we are at a point in time where
we may be able to get something done that matters.
I think we ought to look at mass shootings in the last 30 years.
First of all, 40 percent of mass shootings have occurred since 2006. So
if you go back 30 years, you see 40 percent took place since 2006.
According to the Washington Post, in 2012 alone, 175 people were
killed or wounded from mass shootings. People who should not get these
weapons are getting these weapons. People with severe mental illness
are getting these weapons. We know that.
Today, we got to see in the Democratic Caucus lunch a heroine,
someone who is unbelievable, Gabby Giffords, struggle with each step,
with every word. Why? What did she do? She held a townhall meeting so
she could bring government to her people in the most personal of ways.
And someone who was very sick got access to weapons, and the rest we
know.
In the name of those who were lost, Gabby Giffords and her husband
Mark Kelly have been truthtellers. These people--Mark and Gabby--are
gun owners, proud gun owners. They are not coming from a different
place. Yet they are standing for sensible gun laws. I am so grateful to
them for dedicating their lives to this, and I am so grateful to the
parents of the children and all the victims at Sandy Hook for putting a
human face on these numbers.
Madam President, 175--what does that mean? If you saw the faces you
would know what it means. And sometimes the wounds, as we see with
Gabby, are so hard to deal with.
We can make it harder for people who are criminals, who have no right
to have a gun, we can make it harder for them by making sure they have
to undergo a background check.
Today, I learned from Mark Kelly that we, through the background
checks that we already have--that is when people go to a regular retail
store--we have stopped well over a million gun sales, well over. Yet we
do not have that same system in place for gun shows or private sales.
So Joe Manchin and Senator Toomey have been working together, and
they have crafted a way to move toward a sensible background check--
yes, protecting family members who want to give a gun to the next, but
they have preserved, the most important part of their bill, which is to
simply make a uniform standard for a gun sale wherever you purchase
your gun.
Some of the strongest proponents of this are people who run retail
stores who go through the laborious situation--although it is pretty
quick now--of doing a background check. Yet somebody can go across the
street to a gun show and make a deal and never be asked, and they could
be a criminal, they could be mentally unbalanced, they could be a
terrorist, OK, and still get a gun.
I want to look at the issue of school shootings in America. The
tragedy that took place at Sandy Hook is a tragedy that far too many of
our Nation's communities have faced in recent years.
I have in the Chamber a chart that shows that since the year of
Columbine, 262 students, teachers, and others have been killed or
wounded in K-12 school shootings. People go to school. It is supposed
to be a protected zone. Who thinks about this? Look how many people
since Columbine. And we swore we would never allow that to happen
again. It is happening. So we have to do more.
I tell you, this is just K-12. But if you look at America's colleges
and universities, in my own State, at California's Oikos University, in
2012--it is in Oakland--a former student returned to the campus and
killed seven people and injured three. We have these horrible violent
incidents at colleges and universities.
School shootings are on the rise in America. I am telling you. I have
the numbers to show it on this chart. Divided up by decades, we go
back. From 1979 to 1988--this is the number of incidents at schools;
not the people killed, but the number of school shootings--there were
27. This is just for K-12. This does not include the universities. So
for K-12, from 1979 to 1988, 27 incidents; from 1989 to 1998, 55
incidents; from 1999 to 2008, 66 incidents.
This is a number we do not want to keep going up. In so many of these
cases it could have been prevented. I am not saying every case, but
certainly in some cases. If we were able to do something about the
magazine capacity here, that would have a big impact on the numbers as
well. So we are moving up, and that is not a good number.
The parents of the fallen children at Sandy Hook and Oikos in my home
State have joined countless other parents who have lost their children
in violent assaults on our Nation's schools and colleges. They have
joined with parents of Colorado's Columbine High School, California's
Santana High School, Minnesota's Red Lake Senior High School, West
Nickel Mines School in Pennsylvania, Virginia Tech, and so many others.
The shooting at Sandy Hook is another reminder that we have failed
our children. I do not know how to put it another way. I am so sad
about it. This topic is so heavy in my heart because I know we can do
some things to change it. I believe we are on the brink of doing some
things--not enough in my view but some things to change it.
I could tell you, Madam President--because the Presiding Officer was
there today--we had quite a caucus today. Our colleagues who stood up,
who have seen these tragedies in their States, were beyond eloquent.
Our colleagues--who are trying to do something that, yes, may be
politically difficult--are showing courage.
It is one of those moments when you say: I am blessed to be here, and
I can do something about this. I think more and more of our colleagues
are beginning to realize this, as they meet with the parents and they
meet with colleagues and they sit down one-on-one.
We have to keep our children safe.
One of the pieces of legislation that is less controversial that is
included in the base bill before us is the School and Campus Safety
Enhancements Act that I have authored with Senator Collins, Senator
Warner, and Senator Kirk to help secure our Nation's schools.
For years, we had the very successful Secure Our Schools program.
Basically, we build from that program and we make some changes to it
that I think will make it better.
I want to explain the way it would work. What we say is, if a local
entity--and this could be a police department; it could be school
districts--if they feel they want to secure their schools, they will
have to put some funds on the line, about 50 percent of the funding.
But we would supplement that funding by 50 percent. We would help to
pay for security-related capital improvements at the school plant.
A lot of our schools are old. When they were built, no one thought 5
seconds about some of these issues. Classroom locks, lighting, fencing,
reinforced doors, security assessments, training for students and
teachers and administrators, coordination with local law enforcement--
there are so many things we can do. But we know our school districts
and our local police departments are stretched right now.
We want to help them pay for some of these things--perimeter fencing,
for example, and cameras. You could see someone coming onto the campus
and take action to either alert your school officers who may be there
or your local police department to prepare.
We have had a similar program in place since 2002, but the
authorization
[[Page S2672]]
expired in 2009. In the past, 5,500 schools have received these funds,
but the funds were not even sufficient. Fifty-four percent of the
entities that applied for these grants were turned away. So we know
this is a program the schools like because they took advantage of it.
But we ran out of funds. We want to make sure we reauthorize this. In
the past, programs such as the one in the bill passed with a 307-to-1
vote in the House and the Senate 95 to 0.
What we do is reauthorize the Safety in Schools Program for 10 years.
We increase the authorization to $40 million a year. We allow more
flexibility. We do not say what they have to use it for. By the way,
they do not use it for more cops in schools. That is another issue. It
is not in this particular piece. It is something I care about and want
to work on. It is not in this bill.
What is in this bill is making capital improvements to the
facilities. It is not a one-size-fits-all. Some people do not need a
fence or a camera or a door. We leave it up to the schools.
Flexibility. We also do something Senator Warner truly wanted. We
create a Department of Justice and Department of Education task force
to develop advisory school safety guidelines. We include language from
Senator Grassley to ensure adequate grant accountability. Senator
Warner and Senator Kirk also wanted to create a National Center for
Campus Public Safety, which will serve as a clearinghouse for
education, training, and best practices. Here is the thing. Some of our
campuses know how to do this and others do not. So we want to make sure
there is a central place one can find out the best practices.
I was going to go through, in closing, some of the ways these funds
were actually used on the ground before this program expired. In
Sulphur Springs, TX, which is a school district made up of nine
schools, they wanted to do a safety assessment. They were able to make
that safety assessment so they knew what they had to do to make their
schools safer.
When they did their study, they found they needed to replace older
security equipment and technology, expand restricted access keyway
systems, and placed classroom security levers on all doors, which
allowed teachers to lock doors from the inside. Simple point. You may
say: Oh, that is not expensive. Why do you need to spend money? It sure
adds up when you truly want to secure a door and want to do it right.
So if you have many doors, we can help them do these things. If they
wanted to make sure they hardened their facility, that is what the
money is for.
There is a township in New Jersey that used funds to secure perimeter
and playground areas by installing security gates at elementary and
intermediate schools to create a safer learning environment. The new
exterior fences defined school boundaries, making the school grounds
safer for students. Interior gates were placed at schools, providing
the ability to lock off specific areas of the schools during
emergencies.
Again, it is common sense. But when these schools were built, no one
thought about this. Everything was open. It is similar to the Capitol
when I came here. I am dating myself. A long time ago, you could go
anywhere--no metal detectors, no fences, walk up the steps to the
Capitol. We have lost a lot of that freedom. Our world is now to
balance our freedom in the greatest country in the world with security.
That is what we are trying to do with this.
In Minnesota, we saw grants used to conduct security assessments and
institute safety training classes. In Palmer High School in Colorado,
they implemented a new surveillance, lockdown, and evacuation
procedure. They doubled the number of doors that are operated by
security cards, so it reduced the number of outside individuals able to
gain building entry. It makes it harder for people to get in. It might
be annoying for some parents, but I think right now people realize this
is what is needed. It is this balance.
In Florida, in Leon County, which is responsible for 50 schools, they
had no central point of contact to coordinate communication across all
school facilities. So they set up, with the funds from this program, a
24-hour emergency operations center which has significantly reduced
emergency response time. There is one point of contact.
So what we have done in this bill is not a one-size-fits-all. We do
not say in here: You have to do 10 things. We say: You come up with the
plan. You send it to the Department of Justice. They look at the plan.
They work with you to make it good. If they think it is worthwhile, we
will fund it 50 percent.
My final point. I want to show who supports school safety provisions
in the bill: Fraternal Order of Police, Security Industry Association,
National Sheriff's Association, National Association of School Resource
Officers, International Association of Campus Law Enforcement
Administrators.
I ask unanimous consent to have the list printed in the Record.
There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in
the Record, as follows:
Law Enforcement and Security Industry Groups
Fraternal Order of Police, National Sheriffs Association,
National Association of School Resource Officers,
International Association of Campus Law Enforcement
Administrators, International Union of Police Associations,
Security Industry Association, Texas State University's
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center
(ALERRT).
Parents, Teachers, and Administrators
National Parent Teacher Association, National School Board
Association, National Education Association, American
Association of School Administrators, National Association of
Elementary School Principals, National Association of
Secondary School Principals, National Rural Education
Advocacy Coalition, Association of Educational Service
Agencies, National Rural Education Association, Virginia Tech
Victims Family Outreach Foundation, American Association of
University Women.
Mrs. BOXER. I have left out PTAs, National School Board Association,
the NEA, and so on. We have a long list.
Look, we will never be able to stand here and say we have solved
every problem. We cannot. But we have to be able to say, we have to be
able to know we did everything we could to reduce these tragedies. As I
stand here I think, what will people say who do not vote for this and
the next tragedy comes? What will they say? How can they look at their
kids and their grandkids and say: I did not think it was right.
We need to do commonsense things around here, not put ideology ahead
of practicality. The slaughter of innocents must stop. I am going to
support the Toomey-Manchin amendment. It closes the gun show and
Internet loophole. It is not the perfect background check I would
write. We know that. But it is good. It is solid. It moves forward. I
am going to support Senator Leahy--his amendment which will outlaw the
abusive practice of straw purchasing and gun trafficking. I will
support Senator Feinstein's important amendment on assault weapons, to
ban those weapons. She has worked so hard to make it fair and just and
right. It would also take high-capacity clips off our streets.
Senator Feinstein will have much more to say on assault weapons. I
will withhold my remarks on that until that debate. Clearly, we have
work to do. Clearly, we all carry from our State and in our hearts
stories of this violence. Now we have a moment in time where we can
actually act. I truly appreciate this opportunity.
ORDER FOR RECESS
Mrs. BOXER. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the time
until 6 p.m. be for debate only; that at 6 p.m. the Senate recess
subject to the call of the chair; that when the Senate reconvenes the
majority leader be recognized.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mrs. BOXER. I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. CRUZ. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. CRUZ. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent to speak as in
morning business.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Tribute to Margaret Thatcher
Mr. CRUZ. Madam President, I rise to honor the memory of Margaret
[[Page S2673]]
Thatcher. When she passed, the United States lost a great ally and the
world lost one of the greatest champions of liberty who has ever lived.
I commend our colleague Senator Mitch McConnell for today offering a
resolution that was approved by unanimous consent praising Thatcher's
leadership. I commend all 100 Senators for consenting to and adopting
that resolution.
I would like to spend a brief amount of time talking about the
incredible import of Margaret Thatcher's legacy. Margaret Thatcher
became familiar to so many of us in the United States after she started
winning elections. We think of her as the scourge of the Socialist
policies that threatened to ruin Britain, as the resolute victor of the
Falklands War, and, of course, as the ideological soulmate of President
Ronald Reagan, who battled the Soviets.
I have always been fond of her admonition that conservatives need to
first ``win the argument,'' then we will win the vote; in other words,
that we need to effectively communicate our ideas in order to prevail
in elections, and elections will naturally follow as the consequence of
doing so.
I would like to talk about her days winning the argument, in
particular, her seminal speech on January 19, 1976, entitled ``Britain
Awake.'' At the time, it seemed to many that the conservative movement
had failed. As James Callaghan succeeded Harold Wilson as the Labor
Prime Minister, the Tories were in apparent disarray.
Thatcher had wrested control of the party from former Prime Minister
Edward Heath. Few gave her a chance at broader electoral success.
Indeed, she said at the time she did not anticipate a female Prime
Minister in her lifetime. I would be remiss if I did not note Margaret
Thatcher was Britain's first and, to date, only female Prime Minister.
Thatcher was a trailblazer, and her ascension wasn't simply a matter
of breaking the glass ceiling as much as it was refusing to acknowledge
its existence.
Thatcher made the argument in that 1976 speech. She began by
observing:
The first duty of any Government is to safeguard its people
against external aggression. To guarantee the survival of our
way of life.
She then addressed the Soviet menace, noting: ``They put guns before
butter, while we put just about everything before guns.'' She bluntly
and truthfully said the Soviets were ``a failure in human and economic
terms.''
She went on to tell the nation: ``The advance of Communist power
threatens our whole way of life.''
However, she stated:
That advance is not irreversible, providing that we take
the necessary measures now. But the longer that we go on
running down our means of survival, the harder it will be to
catch up.
These comments strikingly were echoed not long after by President
Ronald Reagan, when he spoke so clearly and addressed the Soviet Union
as an evil empire. He went on to observe that Marxism would end up
discarded on the ash heap of history.
At the time Margaret Thatcher's comments and Ronald Reagan's comments
were derided by much of the intelligentsia, the media, the academy, and
by many observers who knew far better than these seemingly naive souls.
They were derided when President Reagan was asked: What is your
philosophy of the Cold War? He responded: It is very simple. ``We win,
they lose.'' This was seen as a simple Manichean view of the world and
not realistic. Yet I would suggest their vision ushered in a far safer
day for humanity.
Margaret Thatcher laid out the stark decision before the nation.
There are moments in our history when we have to make a
fundamental choice. This is one such moment--a moment where
our choice will determine the life or death of our kind of
society--and the future of our children. Let's ensure that
our children will have cause to rejoice that we did not
forsake their freedom.
Margaret Thatcher won the argument. She took office during Britain's
``winter of discontent'' when Britain had double-digit inflation, a top
income tax rate of 83 percent, and rising unemployment. She
revolutionized the economy with free market ideas in her 10 years of
service which ushered in a new decade of prosperity.
When she took office, the top income tax rate was 83 percent. It was
cut to 60 percent and then to 40 percent. The middle tax rate was cut
to 30 percent, and the lowest tax rate was eliminated altogether.
When she took office, the top corporate tax rate was 53 percent. She
cut it to 35 percent. The top capital gains tax rate was a stifling 75
percent. Thatcher cut it to 30 percent. As a result of progrowth
policies, unemployment fell from a high of 12 percent early in her
tenure to 7.5 percent near the end. Public spending as a percentage of
GDP fell from 45.1 percent of GDP to 39.4 percent of GDP. Inflation
fell from almost 22 percent in 1979 to a low rate of 2.4 percent in
1986.
Perhaps the most telling tribute to Margaret Thatcher's leadership is
3 days after she gave her ``Britain Awake'' speech, the heroic fearless
speech, she was dubbed ``The Iron Lady'' in the Communist news outlet,
the Red Star.
When your military enemies are describing you as formidable as ``The
Iron Lady,'' it indicates you are winning the argument, that your
message is being heard.
Margaret Thatcher wasn't great just because she gave a good speech.
She became great because she explained what was at stake. She
articulated the meaning of economic freedom, freedom which allowed
someone such as she, a shopkeeper's daughter, to rise to prosperity and
leadership.
She articulated the value of national pride and convinced the public
of the virtue of standing for freedom and against tyranny and
oppression.
As Baroness Margaret Thatcher lays down the tortured freedom she
spoke of in 1976, we can pay no higher tribute to her than to heed her
arguments which are as valid today as they were then.
It is unfortunate news accounts have indicated the U.S. Government
will not be sending a member of the current administration to her
funeral tomorrow. I hope those news accounts are mistaken.
I hope President Obama, Vice President Biden or senior Members of the
Cabinet make the decision to travel to Britain and to honor the
incredible legacy of Baroness Margaret Thatcher. It was truly a
providential blessing Margaret Thatcher served alongside President
Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II. Together, the three of them did
something which previously had been unimaginable.
So many had opined the Cold War was unwinnable. We had to accept
detente. We had to accept a condition in which the United States would
constantly be in military conflict with the Soviet Union and our
children would constantly be in fear of potential catastrophic nuclear
war.
Yet when Reagan, Thatcher, and Pope John Paul all ascended to
leadership together, they had the vision to do something very few
imagined was possible, to win the Cold War without firing a shot.
Had that been suggested in the 1970s, this would have been diminished
as crazy talk. Yet this is precisely what they did. Indeed, I would
suggest in modern times there are few, if any, more deserving of the
Nobel Peace Prize than those three leaders whose vision, courage, and
collective leadership transformed the global debate and ended the Cold
War which jeopardized the very fate of humanity. There have been no
other leaders in modern time more deserving of recognition of a prize
such as the Nobel Peace Prize than the three leaders who avoided war
without firing a shot.
Today, many of us are the children of the generation which fought and
won the Cold War. We can gratefully rejoice that Margaret Thatcher and
Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II did not forsake our freedom.
As the children of those great leaders, it is now incumbent upon us,
the next generation, to ensure freedom remains every bit as vital and
real, not just for this generation but for our children and their
children's children.
Baroness Margaret Thatcher was an extraordinary leader and courageous
leader, a woman of vision, a woman of principle, and a hero--a hero to
the United States and to the world. All of us, in my judgment, are in
her debt.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
[[Page S2674]]
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
Mr. CARDIN. I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum
call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. CARDIN. Madam President, let me begin by offering my deepest
condolences on behalf of all the people of Maryland for the 20 students
and 6 adults who lost their lives at the hands of a single shooter at
Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT, on December 14, 2012. Some
of the victims put themselves in harm's way in order to save the lives
of children, true heroes.
We have an obligation to the Sandy Hook families to seize this
moment, set our political fears aside, and act responsibly. America has
more than 3,300 victims of gun violence nationwide since the shooting
at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, CT. Each heartbreaking event is
shocking in its own right but also tears us apart, wondering what could
we have done to prevent this from happening.
I am proud the Senate has come together to engage in a real debate on
what steps should be taken to minimize the risk of future shootings.
The safety of our children and communities should never be put at
risk by partisan gridlock. I agree with President Obama. We cannot wait
for another tragedy to enact commonsense, reasonable gun safety
measures, especially on weapons of war which have no legitimate
civilian use.
I am sympathetic to the interests of legitimate hunters and
collectors, but we should reinstate the Federal ban on assault weapons.
We should also prohibit high-capacity ammunition clips which hold more
than 10 rounds at a time. We must take steps together to strengthen our
mental health system, make our schools safer, crack down on gun
traffickers, straw purchasers, and reduce the glorification of violence
in our culture.
The elimination of assault weapons in our community would have
minimal or no impact on legitimate hunters or legitimate gun owners,
but it could save lives. Listen to what law enforcement says. They
don't think it is a fair fight when they have to go up against a
criminal who has an assault weapon. The criminal has the advantage. We
should support law enforcement and get assault weapons off the street.
Listen to the accounts of the massacres we have seen when the
perpetrators had these clips with so many rounds of ammunition. At
Sandy Hook, they went into a classroom and used the number of bullets
which were in that round to massacre children. This was tragic. The
consequences could have been different if these large ammunition clips
were not available. It could save lives.
Dealing with mental health issues, dealing with school safety issues,
dealing with straw purchase purchases, all that could keep these
weapons out of the hands of those who should not have these weapons,
the types of weapons which caused these massive killings.
I support universal background checks for all firearms buyers as
proposed by Senator Schumer. I congratulate my colleagues, Senators
Manchin and Toomey, for coming to a bipartisan consensus on
strengthening the current background check system.
The background check proposals for the first time would require
background checks for all gun sales in commercial settings, including
at gun shows, Internet, and in classified ads. I believe this
legislation will keep guns out of the hands of convicted felons,
domestic abusers, and seriously mentally ill who have no business
buying a gun. Studies have shown nearly half of all current gun sales
are made by private sellers who are exempt from conducting background
checks.
It makes no sense that felons, fugitives, and others who are legally
prohibited from having a gun can so easily use a loophole to buy a gun.
Once again, the use of a universal background check will have no impact
on the legitimate needs of people who are entitled to have weapons, but
it could and would help us keep our communities safe by keeping weapons
out of the hands of our criminals who have serious mental illness,
domestic abusers. We need to stop their ability to easily obtain
weapons as they do today.
This legislation strengthens the National Instant Criminal Background
Check System by incentivizing States to improve their reporting system
and removing certain barriers to the submission of critical mental
health records.
This legislation also makes it easier for Active-Duty military
personnel to buy guns in States where they live and are stationed for
duty. It clarifies people traveling across State lines may carry guns
which are locked and unloaded.
It is heartbreaking to listen to stories of innocent lives cut
cruelly short. The pain and grief of families and friends of these
students and teachers is unimaginable. We know that teachers and the
aides put their lives on the line to try to save children, and that
first responders coming to the scene had the unbelievable task of not
knowing what they would find. We send our prayers to all, but we have
to do more than just say words. We are going to be judged by our deeds,
and we have a chance to take action that will be helpful.
This is a tragedy beyond words. I think President Obama said it best
when he said that our hearts are broken. Congress needs to come
together and take action to protect the safety of our children. We must
do better. There have been too many episodes in which children's lives
and others have been lost. We must figure out a way to prevent these
types of tragedies.
I am pleased the State of Maryland has recently taken action in the
general assembly session that concluded last week. Governor O'Malley
recommended legislation adopted by the Maryland General Assembly that
bans assault weapons, limits the capacity of magazine clips from 20 to
10, and increases restrictions on the possession of firearms and
ammunition by convicted criminals and those with mental health
disqualifications.
The President was correct to take executive action to strengthen and
enhance our gun safety laws, but now it is time for Congress to act.
The victims of gun violence deserve to have Congress take an up-or-down
vote on these issues.
To my colleagues who have reservations about this legislation, let me
cite the Heller decision. In June 2008 the Supreme Court decided the
District of Columbia v. Heller. The Court held that the Second
Amendment protects individuals rather than a collective right to
possess a firearm. The Court also held the Second Amendment right is
not unlimited, and it is not a right to keep and carry any weapon
whatsoever in any manner and for any purpose. Justice Scalia wrote for
the Court in that case, and I am going to quote Justice Scalia:
. . . nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt
on the longstanding prohibitions on the possession of
firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding
the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools
and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and
qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.
Justice Scalia recognized Congress's right, and I would say
obligation, to make sure those who are not qualified to own a firearm
do not get that firearm. We have an obligation to make sure that
background checks are effective so as to keep out of the hands of
criminals and those who have serious mental health issues the
opportunity to easily obtain a firearm, as they can in many States
today.
The legislation pending before the Senate is in full consistency with
the Heller decision and the language of Justice Scalia's opinion for
the Court. I know we can protect children while still protecting the
constitutional rights of legitimate hunters and existing gun owners. We
should take that action on behalf of the safety of our communities. It
is our obligation to act.
With that, Madam President, I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.
Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Madam President, we are gathered in the Senate in the
somber shadow of the events in Boston at the marathon, and I guess I
will start by conveying my sympathies to the individuals and their
families who were killed or hurt in that terrible act. I share the
determination of so many people that our law enforcement folks will
indeed get to the bottom of this; that they will get the resources they
need, and we will have answers
[[Page S2675]]
and justice for the families who are affected.
Climate Change
I rise today, though, on the subject I come to the floor every week
we are in session to discuss, which is the need for this body to wake
up to the reality of the clear scientific consensus that human activity
is driving serious changes in our climate and oceans.
For more than two decades the fossil fuel companies and certain
rightwing extremists have cooked up a well-organized campaign to call
into question the scientific evidence of climate change. The paid-for
deniers then manufacture an interesting product--they manufacture
uncertainty--so the polluters who are doing the paying can also keep
polluting because a sufficient atmosphere of uncertainty has been
created to inhibit progress.
This is not a new strategy. We have seen this played before.
Industries eager to drown out scientific evidence to maximize profit is
not a new story. They questioned the merits of requiring seatbelts in
automobiles, they questioned the toxic effects of lead exposure, and
they questioned whether tobacco was really bad for people. Well, they
were wrong then and they are wrong now about climate.
Interestingly, they do not actually care. It is not their purpose to
be accurate; they just want to create doubt, to sow enough of a
question to stop progress. So these sophisticated campaigns are
launched to give the public the false impression there actually is a
real scientific debate over climate change. In the Senate, regrettably,
some of my colleagues even promote this view.
But let's be practical. Which is the more likely case: Are a handful
of nonprofit environmental groups using their limited funding to pay
off literally hundreds and hundreds of climate scientists in an
internationally coordinated hoax to falsify complicated climate
research? Really? Or is it more likely that fossil fuel corporations
are using a slice of their immense profits to float front groups to
protect their immense profits? Well, I think the answer to that
question is obvious just from the logic, but we don't have to apply
logic. We can follow the money and look at evidence.
According to an analysis by the Checks and Balances Project, a self-
described pro-clean-energy government and industry watchdog group, from
2006 to 2010, four sources of fossil fuel money--just four of them--
contributed more than $16 million to a group of conservative think
tanks that go about the business of being publicly critical of climate
science and of clean energy. Those four sources are the Charles G. Koch
Foundation, the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, the Earhart
Foundation, and oil giant ExxonMobil.
On the receiving end is a lengthy roster of well-known and often-
cited right-ward leaning outfits. We will just talk about the top 10 in
this set of remarks. They are the American Enterprise Institute, the
Cato Institute, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, the Heartland
Institute, the Heritage Foundation, the Hudson Institute, the Institute
for Energy Research, the George C. Marshall Institute, the Manhattan
Institute, and the Mercatus Center.
Who is giving? Well, Charles Koch is the chairman and CEO of Koch
Industries and the sixth richest person on the planet. Koch Industries
is the second largest privately held company in the United States of
America. Koch companies include the Koch Pipeline Company and Flint
Hills Resources, which operates refineries with a combined crude oil
processing capacity of more than 292 million barrels per year. That
much oil accounts for 126 million metric tons of carbon pollution each
year--as much as 35 coal-fired powerplants produce or 26 million cars.
So to put it mildly, this fellow has some skin in the game. Between
2006 and 2010, the Charles G. Koch Foundation gave almost $8 million to
think tanks and institutes, including $7.6 million to the Mercatus
Center, and $100,000 to the American Enterprise Institute.
Charles Koch, along with his brother David, also established the
Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation--those two have the same source--
and they direct that foundation's giving as well. This foundation
provided almost $5 million to climate-denying think tanks and
institutes, including over $1 million to the Cato Institute and more
than $2 million to the Heritage Foundation.
The Earhart Foundation was started by Henry Boyd Earhart, using funds
from his oil business, White Star Refining Company--now a part of, you
guessed it, ExxonMobil. The Earhart Foundation has donated almost $1.5
million to climate denier groups, $370,000 to the American Enterprise
Institute, $330,000 to the Cato Institute, and another $195,000 to the
George C. Marshall Institute.
That leaves us, of course, ExxonMobil itself, which is the second
largest corporation in the world and often the most profitable. Ranked
No. 1 among Fortune 500 companies, its total revenues reached nearly
$\1/2\ trillion in 2012, and their profits were nearly $45 billion.
ExxonMobil produces over 6 million barrels of oil per day at its 36
refineries in 20 countries. So it is the world's largest oil producer.
From 2006 to 2010, the petroleum giant gave institutes more than $2.3
million: $1.2 million to the American Enterprise Institute, $220,000 to
the Heritage Foundation, $160,000 for the Institute for Energy
Research, and $115,000 for the Heartland Institute.
So what did the Charles G. Koch Foundation and the Claude R. Lambe
Charitable Foundation and the Earhart Foundation and ExxonMobil get for
all of that so-called charitable giving? Well, the Checks and Balances
Project found from 2007 to 2011 the 10 organizations I cited--the top
10--were quoted or cited or had articles published over 1,000 times--
over 1,000 times--in 60 mainstream newspapers and print publications,
and invariably they were promoting fossil fuels, undermining renewable
energy, or attacking environmental policies.
That is good investing--spend millions of dollars on a handful of
think tanks to protect billions of dollars in profits. Really, it is a
1,000-to-1 return. But here is the problem. The public is unaware of
the connection usually. Only a handful of these attacks were
accompanied by any explanation by the media the fossil fuel industry
was involved in them.
Here is one prime example: Last summer, when the Navy displayed its
great green fleet, a carrier strike group that runs on a 50-50 blend of
biodiesel and petroleum, Institute for Energy Research president Thomas
Kyl wrote a column for U.S. News and World Report calling that
initiative ``ridiculous'' and ``a costly and pointless exercise.''
Never mind for a moment our defense and intelligence communities have
repeatedly warned of the threats posed by climate change to national
security and international stability and of their own need to secure a
reliable and secure fuel supply.
What is misleading is that the U.S. News and World Report in
publishing that article attributed the column simply thus, ``Thomas
Pyle is the president of the Institute for Energy Research,'' with no
mention the Institute for Energy Research is a front for big donors
such as the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation and ExxonMobil.
Madam President, I ask unanimous consent to speak for 5 additional
minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. WHITEHOUSE. The problem is that this is one example of a
misleading practice that is the norm in the media. More than half of
the time, media outlets do nothing more than state the name of the
publishing organization, such as ``Thomas Pyle and the Institute for
Energy Research,'' or they may add a functional description such as
``think tank'' or ``nonpartisan group.''
The instances where the publication described the basic ideology of
the group--for example, as a ``free market'' or ``conservative'' think
tank--amount to less than one-third. In all of the media outlets
reviewed between 2007 and 2011, the financial ties between the authors
and the fossil fuel industry were mentioned a mere 6 percent of the
time. Ninety-four percent of the time, the fossil fuel industry funders
got away with it.
This chart shows some of the examples. The Washington Post ignored
the financial connection 88 percent of the time, Politico ignored the
financial
[[Page S2676]]
connection 95 percent of the time, the Christian Science Monitor
ignored it every time, USA TODAY ignored it 98 percent of the time, and
the New York Times ignored it 90 percent of the time. So the scam of
laundering money through independent-sounding organizations works. The
media lets it work. The vast majority of scientists agree that global
warming is occurring, but a recent Gallup Poll revealed that only 62
percent of Americans believe that the vast majority of scientists agree
that global warming is occurring.
Well over 90 percent of scientists agree that climate change is
happening and that humans are the main cause. The only uncertainty is
about how bad it is going to be, and the leading research predicts
warmer air and seas, rising sea levels, stronger storms, and more
acidic oceans.
Most major players in the private sector actually get it. While the
big fossil fuel polluters try to confuse the public in order to boost
their bottom line and prolong their pollution, hundreds of leading
corporations understand that climate change ultimately undermines our
entire economy. Let me mention some of the examples: the Ford Motor
Company; Coca-Cola; GE; Walmart; the insurance giant Munich Re; Alcoa,
the great aluminum maker; Maersk; Proctor & Gamble; FedEx; and the so-
called BICEP group, which includes eBay, Intel, Starbucks, Adidas, and
Nike.
This notion that this is a hoax, that there is doubt, is belied by
some of the most respected names in the private sector. Those companies
join the National Academies, they join NASA, they join the U.S.
Department of Defense, the Government Accountability Office, the
American Public Health Association, and, yes, the United States
Conference of Catholic Bishops, as well as a majority of Americans in
understanding that it is time to wake up, to end this faux controversy
that has been cooked up by the fossil fuel industry, and to do the work
in Congress that needs to be done to protect Americans from the harms
of carbon pollution.
I yield the floor.
____________________