[Congressional Record Volume 158, Number 95 (Thursday, June 21, 2012)]
[Senate]
[Pages S4412-S4413]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
BICENTENNIAL OF THE WAR OF 1812
Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, I rise today to commemorate the
bicentennial celebration of the War of 1812. The U.S. Congress declared
war on Great Britain 200 years ago this week. The State of Maryland is
proud of its contributions to this ``Second War for Independence,''
which reinforced United States sovereignty and gave birth to our
national anthem.
A generation after the United States declared its independence from
Great Britain, the mercantilist ties between the two countries were not
fully severed. The British impressed American merchant seamen, enforced
illegal and unfair trade regulations, colluded with certain Native
American tribes to attack frontier settlements, and attempted to block
westward expansion. The United States declared war to assert autonomy
over its own affairs once again, establish free trade, protect sailors'
rights, and ensure that our Nation could prosper from sea to shining
sea.
President James Madison eloquently outlined these reasons 200 years
ago when he called on ``all the good people of the United States, as
they love their country, as they value the precious heritage derived
from the virtue and valor of their fathers . . . [to] exert themselves
in preserving order, in promoting concord, in maintaining the authority
and efficacy of the laws, and in supporting and invigorating all the
measures which may be adopted by the constituted authorities for
obtaining a speedy, a just, and an honorable peace.''
The contributions of the U.S. Navy were instrumental in repelling the
British during the War of 1812. The U.S. Navy hardly had a dozen
warships compared to the hundreds of ships comprising the British
fleet. British ships were undermanned, however, while well-trained and
talented officers and seamen took command of American ships. These men
were largely from coastal States, like Maryland, and were accustomed to
seafaring. COMO Matthew Perry took on the British Navy on Lake Erie in
1813 with a scrappy fleet of light ships. Even though his force was
seemingly decimated by the British, Commodore Perry resorted to
paddling a rowboat with a banner that read ``Don't Give up the Ship.''
He then boarded the Niagara, double-loaded the carronades, and sailed
directly into the British line, ultimately claiming victory.
The following summer, in 1814, the British Navy sailed up the
Chesapeake Bay to attack our Nation's capital and seize the valuable
port city of Baltimore. The British dealt heavy blows to Washington,
DC, setting both the U.S. Capitol and the White House ablaze. British
forces then moved toward Baltimore. Citizens of Baltimore, including
free Blacks, quickly mobilized to protect their city. Barricades
stretching more than 1 mile long were constructed to protect the
harbor, hulls were sunk to impede navigation, and a chain of masts was
erected across the harbor entrance. When the British fleet approached
Baltimore at North Point, Marylanders fought the British Army and
helped repulse the British Navy from Fort McHenry during the Battle of
Baltimore. It is important to note that American forces during the
Battle of North Point were volunteer militia, heavily outnumbered by
the highly trained British infantry, but managed to delay the British
forces long enough for 10,000 American reinforcements to arrive,
preventing a land attack against Baltimore. Following 25 hours of
intense British naval bombardment at Fort McHenry, the American
defenders refused to yield, and the British were forced to depart.
During the bombardment, American lawyer Francis Scott Key, who was
being held on board an American flag-of-truce vessel in Baltimore
Harbor, took notice of the American flag still flying atop Fort
McHenry. Key realized then that the Americans had survived the battle
and stopped the enemy advance. He was so moved by the sight of the
American flag flying following the horrific bombardment, he composed a
poem called ``The Defense of Fort McHenry,'' which was published in the
Baltimore Patriot and Advertiser newspaper later that year. This poem,
and later the song, inspired love of country among the American people
and not only helped usher in the ``era of good feelings'' immediately
after the war, but became a timeless reminder of American resolve.
``The Star Spangled Banner'' officially became our National Anthem in
1931. The flag that flew over Fort McHenry and inspired this anthem is
now a national treasure on display at the Smithsonian Institution, a
very short distance from where we are today.
The War of 1812 confirmed the legitimacy of the Revolution and served
as a critical test for the U.S. Constitution and newly established
democratic government. Our young Nation battled against the largest,
most powerful military on the Earth at that time and emerged with an
enhanced standing among the countries of the world, both militarily and
diplomatically. The U.S. economy was freed of its dependence on British
goods, which unleashed domestic manufacturing and spawned the
industrial revolution. The U.S. Navy proved its worth and the U.S.
Congress rewarded the Navy with funding for a permanent, more expansive
fleet. A new generation of Americans too young to remember Lord
Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown, which effectively ended the
Revolutionary War, and an older generation proud of defending American
independence twice in their lifetimes, were inspired by Francis Scott
Key's words, which embody our universal feelings of patriotism and
courage.
As a Marylander, I am proud of the contributions of my State in the
War of 1812 and I have been involved in legislative efforts to bring
greater attention to this bicentennial celebration. My colleague,
Representative Dutch Ruppersberger, and I sponsored the Commemorative
Coin Act, which President Obama signed into law in August 2010,
directing the U.S. Mint to create coins commemorating this important
anniversary. These gold and silver coin designs are emblematic of the
War of 1812, particularly the Battle of Baltimore that inspired our
National Anthem. The coins are on sale this year only and the
surcharges from these commemorative coins will provide support to the
Maryland War of 1812 Bicentennial Commission to conduct activities,
assist in educational outreach, and preserve sites and structures
relating to the War of 1812.
I am proud that Maryland will lead the Star-Spangled 200 celebration,
a 3-year celebration that just began with Baltimore's ``Sailabration''
this past weekend. The Navy's Blue Angels treated spectators to
dazzling air shows; the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra premiered the
``Overture for 2012,'' composed by Philip Glass; and dozens of tall
ships and naval warships from around the world anchored in the Inner
Harbor, open for public tours. Through 2014, Maryland will host
numerous events along the Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail
and at Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine to celebrate
the bicentennial. This commemoration is an opportunity to showcase to
the world that Maryland is an exceptional place to live, work, and
visit.
I am also proud that the U.S. Senate unanimously adopted a resolution
I sponsored to mark the bicentennial, to celebrate the heroism of the
American people during the conflict, and to recognize the various
organizations involved in the bicentennial celebration, including the
U.S. Armed Forces, the National Park Service, and the Maryland War of
1812 Bicentennial Commission. As we recognize all of these ongoing
efforts during this commemorative period, I encourage all Americans to
remember the sacrifice of those who gave their lives to defend our
nation's freedom and democracy in its infancy, and to join in the
bicentennial celebration of our victory in the War of 1812.
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