[Congressional Record Volume 158, Number 31 (Tuesday, February 28, 2012)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1068-S1072]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
DOMESTIC ENERGY
Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I think it is obvious all around our
country that Americans are struggling right now with gasoline prices.
The average American family spent more than $4,000 on gasoline last
year, and it will be more this year, with the additional devastating
price increases we are seeing now that will wreak havoc on our economy.
The national average price of a gallon of gasoline has gone up every
single day for the last 3 weeks. In many parts of our country, prices
at the pump are around $4 a gallon. But instead of encouraging an
``all-of-the-above'' approach, which the administration has said it is
doing, the administration, instead, has been frustrating every domestic
source of energy production that does not conform to a narrow view of
alternative fuels.
[[Page S1069]]
The President is opposed to increased drilling in the Arctic National
Wildlife Reserve and opening additional areas of the Outer Continental
Shelf off the Alaskan coast.
The people of Alaska have voted to support the ANWR drilling because
they know ANWR is an area that is the size, approximately, of the State
of South Carolina, and the part that would be drilled is approximately
the size of Washington National Airport. So they know this would be
good jobs for Alaska, and it would not harm the environment at all
because the drilling area is so very small in this vast wildlife
reserve.
The President has also restricted drilling on Federal lands, opposes
the development of shale gas and coal, and will not open additional
areas of the Outer Continental Shelf in the lower 48 States. Even
though some State legislatures, such as Virginia, have said they would
like to do it, the President has shut that down.
The President opposes further drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, and
nuclear energy is also now on the list, I guess, of moratoria. He has
rejected the Keystone XL Pipeline.
What the President does favor is the Saudis increasing oil production
and increased use of solar, wind, and algae at home.
Does that substitute for an energy policy? Is that something
Americans can count on to increase the supply of energy in our country?
Last week, the President said: We cannot drill our way to lower gas
prices. This statement is inaccurate. Increased domestic production
will go a long way toward stabilizing gas prices. Why does this
President want to turn his back on critical sources of domestic energy
which seems incomprehensible to anyone looking at this issue?
So I have colleagues on the Senate floor who come from different
States--States where unemployment is high and people are looking for
jobs and looking for alternatives.
I would like to turn to the Senator from the great State of Missouri,
Mr. Blunt, and ask the Senator from Missouri if he has a view. Is he
hearing from his constituents in Missouri?
Mr. BLUNT. Well, I do. I think I will quickly yield to my good friend
from Ohio and then speak again.
Actually, I just met with disabled veterans who are here in town
today. I told them I was going to be talking about energy, and they
said the long-term effort of the Veterans' Administration to get
veterans to their health care appointments is dramatically impacted by
these high gas prices--just like for veterans and retirees of all kinds
with the number of dollars going into their gas tanks.
As they see the price of that tank of gas go up $10, maybe they
decide: I am going to have to quit because that is all the money I have
with me or I am going to fill up the tank and see it go to $40, $50,
$60.
As families look at that, as retirees look at that, as veterans look
at that, they have got to be thinking as that gas tank number changes,
something else they were going to do that week is something they are
not going to be able to do. This has dramatic impact on families; it
has dramatic impact on the way we live; it has dramatic impact on the
confidence people have in our economy.
If you look at any charts of gas prices going up, you see consumer
confidence going down. It happens in States such as the Senator's or in
States in the middle of the country such as Missouri or Senator
Portman's State of Ohio. I know we have all been home. I am sure you
cannot have been home and not have heard a lot about gas prices.
Mr. PORTMAN. The Senator is absolutely right. I say to my colleagues
from Texas and Missouri, they are right on in terms of the impact on
Ohio families. I was home last week. In fact, I drove from Ohio to
Washington last night. I had to fill up a couple of times on the way,
and the price was over $3.70 a gallon. According to AAA, the average
price now is over $2.70 a gallon.
This is impacting families. I have met with people who were in the
trucking business and small operators who are trying to make ends meet.
They are saying: Rob, I do not know how this is going to work because
our gas prices keep going up at a time when our expenses are going up
as well. They are getting squeezed out. Of course, higher prices for
gas affect all of us as families, they affect everything we buy,
because that cost is embedded there. So this is hurting our economy in
very fundamental ways.
Record levels for this time of year. This is not just a seasonal
issue. This is a longer term failure of an energy policy by the Obama
administration. That is something we all need to focus on, not to just
be critical of bad policies which have gotten us here, but how do we
get out of it? What do we do? That is what I wish to talk about for a
minute today.
Let me give you a couple of interesting numbers. The price of gas has
increased by 94 percent in the last 3\1/2\ years, during the Obama
administration. So you are talking about almost a 100-hundred percent
increase in the cost of gasoline.
There was an all-time high last year of $2.53 a gallon, and again
over $3.70 this year already. By the way, last year the average amount
spent by a family in America for gasoline at the pump--over $4,000. So
this is a big part of people's budgets. We have been hit hard. At a
time when millions of Americans are struggling amid a continuing weak
economy, it is particularly tough because budgets are already stretched
thin.
We need to produce more, in my view. If you produce more, you are
going to see prices come down. It is sort of the basic law of supply
and demand. So right now we have demand around the world maybe picking
up a little bit, and yet we are not producing as much as we should be.
And, frankly, we are producing less than we have.
Let me give you some interesting numbers here that actually surprised
me in terms of what the President is saying versus the facts. The
President says we are producing more than we have in the past. The
production of natural gas on public lands and waters went down 11
percent last year; decline in oil production, 14 percent. In the Gulf
of Mexico, there was a 17-percent drop from 618 million barrels in 2010
to 514 in 2011.
The Senator from Texas talked about this. We are not seeing an
increase; we are seeing a decrease. This is at a time when all of us, I
hope, realize that we have to be focused on producing more here at
home, one, so we can get prices down, and, two, so we can get less
dependent on these dangerous and volatile parts of the world. If we do
not do that, we are going to be subject to what happens in Libya or
Iran and see gas prices spike up as we are seeing now. We have got to
produce more and we have got to produce it here at home to get away
from the OPEC cartel. Washington wastes time by not acting now to
immediately expand that production.
The White House says you cannot immediately expand production because
it takes some time. Well, all the more reason to get started with it,
as the Senator from Texas has said. If we had started a few years ago,
we would be in much better shape. But also the price of gasoline
reflects what people think it is going to be in the future. So even if
we made a commitment today to get busy on more domestic production, oil
and natural gas, it would affect the price because it would affect what
folks are thinking about what the future prices are going to be.
Mrs. HUTCHISON. Would the Senator from Ohio yield.
I think the Senator from Ohio is making such a good point, because
here the President is saying producing more will not lower prices. Does
that seem like the fundamental supply-and-demand explanation that most
economists have adopted in our country, that if you supply more the
price will go down? Does not that seem like a non sequitur?
Mr. PORTMAN. It does. I think most people get it. Because even if you
do not have a degree in economics, and I do not, we understand the law
of supply and demand works. So if you are going to cut the supply, as
has happened, you are going to see prices go up.
Let me give you an example. In 2010, the President cancelled leases
in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mid-Atlantic. In 2011, he put forward a
5-year lease plan that reinstitutes a moratorium in the Atlantic,
Pacific, halves the number of lease sales in the old plan. So, again,
if supply is going down, you are likely to see prices go up. That is
exactly what
[[Page S1070]]
has happened. He slowed down permits for deepwater and shallow water
drilling in the gulf. He is now set to impose severe new regulations on
oil refiners. That is going to further raise prices.
Speaking of oil refineries, that is a big part of the cost of
gasoline. About 11 percent of the cost, according to the American
Petroleum Institute, of the price of gasoline comes from refining. By
putting more and more regulations and costs on refining, you are going
to have an impact on prices as well that is negative and hurting our
families.
The EPA, the cap-and-trade regime, did not get through the Congress.
So they are moving ahead through regulations, causing a lot of
uncertainty, a lack of construction of refineries. The first new
refinery in a generation, in fact, has been delayed because of it.
This actually brings us to the second problem, I say to my colleagues
from Missouri and Texas. This is not just about gas prices, as
important as that is; it is about jobs. Because by stopping the
construction of a refinery, we are putting new regulations on not
allowing the kind of drilling we want to do in the State of Ohio to
bring jobs, and you are hurting the very jobs Americans need to be able
to pay their gas bill. These are good-paying jobs. They tend to be jobs
that pay well, have good benefits. So a progrowth energy strategy does
not just result in a more secure energy source, more reliable energy,
it also results in more jobs, which we need desperately.
The President seems to be saying he is going to reverse course. In
his State of the Union Address, he says he is for an all-of-the-above
strategy. By the way, a week after that, do you know what he did? He
rejected the Keystone XL Pipeline, which--talk about all of the above--
we certainly should be from our strong ally to the North getting oil we
need for our refineries to get the cost down.
By the way, that pipeline also picks up American oil. I bet you that
our colleague from North Dakota is going to talk about that in a little
while, because he has been Governor of North Dakota and understands the
importance of the Keystone XL Pipeline. So whether it is the offshore
drilling we talked about, moving ahead with drilling onshore, and
exploration that can help create jobs and energy security, whether it
is the Keystone XL Pipeline, whether, as I talked about in terms of the
regulations on our refineries, there are things we can do and should do
and do immediately, if we do these things to have more domestic energy
production, yes, we will begin to see these prices go down and
stabilize.
I come from Ohio. As the Senator from Missouri said, we have a
tradition of producing oil and gas. It goes back to the turn of the
century, the last century. Then we kind of got away from it for a while
and people in Texas started producing a lot more oil and gas. We are
back in the business, thanks to these shale finds. The Marcellus
shale--it is the Utica shale, it is natural gas. But it is also oil and
what they call wet gas, which is very valuable.
I will tell you, having spent a lot of time in eastern Ohio over the
last several days, people are excited about this. It is bringing back
good-paying jobs, allowing people to stay in these communities and be
able to raise their families with not just a living wage but real hope
for the future.
It also will have an effect on our gas prices. We have an
opportunity, before things get worse, to come up with a different
solution, a sensible national energy policy that stops our dangerous
dependence on foreign oil and leads to more domestic production and
therefore prices we can afford at the pump.
Mrs. HUTCHISON. I want to say to the Senator from Ohio that I am very
pleased Ohio is getting back into the drilling business. That is
creating jobs in a State that I know has had high unemployment. It is
so clearly in America's best interests to have our people working.
And, of course, the Keystone Pipeline, which our colleague from North
Dakota is going to talk about in a few minutes, is the perfect place to
create jobs; instant jobs with not one dime of taxpayer dollars. This
would be private dollars invested in a pipeline that would bring oil
from our friends in Canada all the way through the United States to the
refineries in Texas, which it is estimated would produce 830,000
barrels of oil into gasoline a day--a day. Think of what that would do
to the price.
The Secretary of Energy has actually made the statement that we want
gasoline prices to increase along the lines of Europe. Oh, really? I
wish to ask my friend from Missouri, how would the working people in
his State feel about $8 or $9 per gallon, which is what they pay in
Europe, as a cost at the pump? What would that do to the economy of
Missouri? What would that do to the unemployment in Missouri?
Mr. BLUNT. I was asked the other day when I was home: Does the
administration have a plan? I said: Well, if you listen to what they
say, this is their plan, for these gas prices to go up. We are not
Europe. In spite of what the Secretary of Energy may have said the
month before he was named as Secretary, that our big problem was our
gas was not as high as gasoline in Europe, that was, according to him,
our big problem.
The President who appointed him said a few weeks before that, at the
San Francisco Chronicle editorial board: Under my energy policies,
energy prices will skyrocket. So apparently they are well along on the
plan.
As I mentioned a couple of times already, gasoline is twice as high
as it was in January of 2009. We are not Europe. We are a big country
that is dependent on transportation. We drive farther to go to work
than most Europeans do. We transport our goods more than most Europeans
do. We have this big agricultural economy that feeds a whole lot of the
world and only works with affordable energy.
There are two points both Senators have made that I wish to drive
home. One is that more American energy means more American jobs, and
not just the jobs to build something such as the Keystone Pipeline but
also the jobs at the refinery when that 800,000 barrels of oil a day
gets to our refinery. They are American workers running that refinery.
If our economy is prosperous, there are more people working in
manufacturing and transportation and all of the things that we do for a
living. The shortest path to more American jobs is more American
energy. We should be working on that, and then the impact on families.
You know, as families see what is happening at the gas pump, as I said
earlier, they give up on other things they would hope to do.
The President said at the State of the Union that he was for an all-
of-the-above strategy. Apparently the regulators do not know about
this. The regulators the President has appointed seem to have no clue
that the all-of-the-above strategy of coal, of natural gas, of oil,
needs to be part of what we are doing as we invest in the future.
Nobody is opposed to looking for what comes next after fossil fuel.
The concern is we are not there. Even if we knew we were going there,
we would not get there for a long time. Even if we knew what would
power our cars 30 years from now, most cars 20 or 25 years from now
will still be pulling up to a gas pump. Most trucks will still be
pulling up to a gas pump.
Frankly, the economy could not absorb it any other way. And we do not
know yet what is the likely next thing. I am for seeing us invest in
that. I am for conservation so we use our energy more wisely. But let
me say, the poorest people are the last ones who get the new high-
mileage vehicles or the energy-efficient refrigerator or the new
windows. Retired Americans, Americans struggling to get by, are going
to be the last people to benefit, in most cases, from those ideas.
Let's conserve our way out of this or let's price our way out of
this. More American energy is good for us. Energy from our friend and
next-door neighbor is the next best thing to energy we produce
ourselves. We ought to do all we can to produce all the competitive
energy we can on our own. We then ought to do all we can to encourage
our closest trading partner, our most equitable trading partner. When
we send them a dollar, they send us almost a dollar back every single
time. Regarding energy security, the odds that we are going to have a
problem with our Canadian neighbor are a lot less than the odds that
something will happen in the Middle East that will be a problem for us.
Because of these new finds in gas shale, oil shale, tar sands, and
other things, we can now use small
[[Page S1071]]
platforms to access it that would not be disruptive in a significant
way; a small drilling platform doesn't do that.
I thank our good friend, Senator Hutchison from Texas, for putting
this discussion together and for being such a leader on energy issues.
Senator Hoeven, when he was Governor, saw what could happen in the
economy of a State when we decide we are going to make the most of our
natural resources. The economy of North Dakota changed dramatically
while he was Governor because it became an energy producer and is now
one of the biggest energy producers in our country. He wants to talk
about the Keystone Pipeline, and I wish to hear that if the Senator is
ready. We can go back to the Senator from Texas, and then we will hear
from Senator Hoeven.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Manchin). The Senator from Texas.
Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Missouri for
the point he made about trading with Canada, our ally and closest
neighbor, our biggest trading partner, as opposed to having Canada ship
the oil they are now producing in the Alberta sands over to China or
over someplace else, and sometimes it would be shipped back in or we
would be taking oil from the Middle East, and all the things that can
happen when oil is being shipped from the Middle East to America are
risks we would have to take.
Mr. BLUNT. Mr. President, if I may make a final point. Every other
country in the world looks at its natural resources, and the first two
words they think of are ``economic advantage'' or ``economic
opportunity.'' That is what the Canadians are doing. Only in the United
States do we have any significant number of leaders who look at our
natural resources, and the first words they think of are
``environmental hazard'' and ``what is the worst thing that could
happen?'' And ``what if that happened every day?''
The Canadian Prime Minister was in China just in the last month
talking about selling their oil to the Chinese, who want to buy it.
That is what the Canadians should be doing. They would prefer to sell
it to us. We should buy it. But they are not going to decide that if
our most logical partner doesn't want it, we will just let our economy
suffer and not do anything with it. Nobody else looks at energy
resources that way. We should not either, and we should not expect the
Canadians to do that.
That pipeline is either going to go south to our refinery or west to
the coast, where they will ship that oil to Asia. We should not let
that happen. They don't want it to happen. We should not be upset with
them if we will not buy it and they decide they are going to benefit
from their own resources, as they should.
Mrs. HUTCHISON. The Senator makes the exact right point. Of course,
they should look for markets so their people can be employed. The folly
is that America would not be the logical place to say, yes, we want it,
of course. Let me give a statistic, and I will ask the Senator from
North Dakota his opinion. Frankly, he has been the leader in the Senate
to try to get the Keystone Pipeline approved by the State Department
and the White House. He has been the leader. I was amazed just
yesterday that the White House did a kind of a double backflip with a
twist. The Wall Street Journal said it best: ``Obama's Keystone
Jujitsu.'' What the administration did, in a mind-numbing kind of
logic, was say: We said no after more than 3 years of environmental
studies that all approved the Keystone Pipeline coming from Canada down
through Oklahoma and into the refineries in Texas. Instead of approving
it after more than 3 years of good environmental studies that came out
positive, the President said no.
But yesterday, the President said: We will approve and say it is a
good idea to do the pipeline from Oklahoma down to Texas. That is not
bad; it is great to have that, but the problem is, if we do the 830,000
barrels a day that would come from Canada all the way down to the
refineries in Texas, it would produce 34 million gallons of oil a day,
or the equivalent of more than 16 million gallons of gasoline.
I ask the Senator from North Dakota, who could be bypassed with this
new plan, how is that going to affect the rest of America--not the
America between Oklahoma and Texas but the rest of America, including
the State of North Dakota? Why would he think the President would think
that is a solution?
I wish to make sure the Senator has up to 10 minutes, so I ask
unanimous consent for that.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mrs. HUTCHISON. I yield to the Senator from North Dakota for up to 10
minutes. I ask him, how on Earth does this affect the price of gasoline
when we could be putting 34 million gallons of oil, or more than 16
million gallons of gasoline a day into people's tanks? How could the
President say that would not lower the price?
Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Texas for
organizing this colloquy with the Senator from Missouri and the Senator
from Ohio on this very important issue.
We have our American consumers paying more than $3.70 at the pump
today. Actually, today the price is $3.72. That is the right question
because that hits every single American. As the Senator from Texas and
the other Senators have pointed out, when the administration took
office, the price of gasoline per gallon was about $1.85. Today, it is
$3.70. Actually, again, this chart is already old; today the average
price is $3.72. In some places, it is already well over $4. The
projection is that by Memorial Day, gasoline will be $4 a gallon and by
later this summer it could be as much as $5 a gallon.
Let's put that into perspective for just a minute, following up on
the question by the Senator from Texas. Recently, the President wanted
a payroll tax cut, and the Congress passed that payroll tax cut. As the
President liked to point out, that was about $1,000 a year. The benefit
of that payroll tax averaged about $1,000 a year for the American
worker or about $40 a paycheck. People get a paycheck every week, so it
would be $40 a paycheck for the average working American. That is about
$20 a week.
When we are paying between $4 and $5 a gallon for gas at the pump, we
more than pay that additional $20 we got in that payroll tax, don't we?
In other words, it costs us more than that. In essence, we have gone
back because of the high price of gasoline.
What is the administration doing? As the Senator from Missouri just
pointed out, the administration has an all-of-the-above strategy. What
is that? That means we produce more energy from all our resources--oil,
gas, biofuels, solar, wind, nuclear, and biomass. I agree with that. We
should produce all our energy resources and have an all-of-the-above
strategy. The problem is the administration is saying that, but they
are not doing it. They are saying we should have an all-of-the-above
strategy, but they are not doing it. Not only are they not doing it,
they are actually blocking oil and gas development in our country, and
they are blocking our ability to get oil from our closest ally and
trading partner, Canada.
The Keystone XL Pipeline, which they have turned down, is a great
example of that. That is 830,000 barrels a day that we are not getting
from Canada, because after 3\1/2\ years of study, the administration
turned down the project. The Keystone XL Pipeline and projects similar
to it are very important parts of the solution. We still get 30 percent
of our crude from the Middle East and Venezuela. Oil prices are going
up because of instability in the Middle East. That creates a risk
premium to the price of gasoline, which we could reduce substantially
by producing more oil and gas here at home and with our closest friend
and trading partner, Canada.
Ironically, the President wanted a payroll tax cut to stimulate our
economy, he said, and to help the American worker. Then he more than
takes away any benefit from that payroll tax cut by blocking our
ability to develop oil and gas in this country and to get oil from
Canada. In my State of North Dakota, not only can we not get our oil to
market because we cannot put it into the Keystone XL Pipeline and get
it to refineries, we cannot get the oil from Canada either, and our
consumers, working Americans, pay the price at the pump. Why would the
administration do that? Why?
I think some insight is provided by Ted Turner's letter on the CNN
Web site. He has a letter on that Web site,
[[Page S1072]]
and everyone can check it out. Mr. Turner cites a number of arguments
as to why we should not get oil from Canada. First, he says: That oil
we get from Canada--we will just export it, so it will not reduce gas
prices in the United States. But in a recent Department of Energy
report, dated June 22, 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy says just
the opposite; that the crude we bring in from Canada will be refined in
the United States, and it will lower gas prices in the United States on
the east coast, the gulf coast, and in the Midwest--not ``may'' reduce
gas prices but ``will'' reduce them on the east coast, the gulf coast,
and in the Midwest. Mr. Turner's letter says the pipeline will leak
and, gee, we don't want a pipeline that leaks.
As my second chart shows, this is the second Keystone Pipeline. This
first Keystone Pipeline has already been built. He says that Keystone
Pipeline leaked, so we cannot build a second one. The first one had no
underground leaks. The leaks he refers to were minor leaks at some of
the joints as they constructed the thing, which is normal and they were
quickly and readily handled and they were no problem. That is
functioning today just fine, and there are no underground leaks. So
that is not accurate either, is it?
As a matter of fact, let's take a look at this chart. Those are not
the only two pipelines we have in the United States. There are others.
We have thousands of oil and gas pipelines across the country. But
somehow building one more that will bring in 830,000 barrels a day to
help reduce the price of gas is a problem. Really? That doesn't make
much sense.
The other argument he uses is that we are producing that oil in
Canada in the oil sands, and that is not good because we have to
excavate to do it. What is the reality with producing oil sands? It
does have somewhat higher greenhouse gas emissions. How much? About 6
percent. That is how much more greenhouse gas emission we get. But we
are moving from excavating to produce that oil and gas to in situ. In
situ is drilling just like we do for conventional oil. That means the
same amount of greenhouse gas, the same footprint. Eighty percent is in
situ. It has the same amount of greenhouse gas. We have deployed new
technologies and produce more energy and do it with better
environmental stewardship. So these arguments aren't accurate.
But the reality is this: Folks like Mr. Turner, rich and famous, I
guess they can pay $4 for gasoline. They can pay $5 for gasoline or a
lot more. That isn't a problem for them. The problem is for hard-
working Americans who have to pay that price at the pump every single
day. So the administration has to decide who they are going to side
with on this issue. Who are they going to side with on this issue? Are
they going to continue to side with, I guess rich and powerful
interests that want to see those gasoline prices go higher, and for
whom the price of gasoline at the pump really isn't an issue or with
hard-working Americans for whom this creates real hardship? That is the
issue we have here with this vote that we will be having on the
Keystone XL Pipeline.
The reality is this: We can have North American energy security. We
can do it. Right now, between Canada and the United States, with some
help from Mexico, we produce about 70 percent of our crude. The
Keystone XL project alone would take us up over 75 percent. And with
other sources, which some of my colleagues have referred to, such as
shale and the in situ drilling I have talked about, we can easily meet
our needs. In fact, if we include the work we are doing with natural
gas, with biofuels, and with energy efficiency, I believe we can truly
have North American energy security--meaning we can supply the energy
needs in the United States and North America, with our friends in
Canada, within 5 to 7 years. But we have to get started. We have to get
started.
So let's get started, Mr. President. Let's start by approving the
Keystone XL Pipeline project. Let's show the world we are serious about
getting this done. Asking the Saudis for more oil, as some of my
colleagues have done, doesn't solve the problem. Nor does taking oil
out of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. That doesn't solve the problem.
We solve the problem by truly producing all of the above--not saying it
but doing it.
It is ironic the administration praises TransCanada for moving
forward on building the only portion of this pipeline they can build
without a Presidential permit. He praises them for moving forward at
the very time the administration is blocking the project. And while
they are blocking it, that means not one more drop of oil is coming
into this country from Canada, not one more drop of oil is coming from
my State of North Dakota down to the refineries to help reduce the
price of gasoline at the pump. That is not an all-of-the-above energy
policy. That is not helping American workers. And that is exactly why
gasoline is $3.70 a gallon and going higher.
It is time for Congress to act.
Mr. President, I yield the floor.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Maryland.
____________________