[Congressional Record Volume 155, Number 13 (Thursday, January 22, 2009)]
[Senate]
[Pages S737-S739]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                              THE ECONOMY

  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, this is truly a historic week in 
Washington. Those of us who were among the millions who were on the 
Mall a few days ago witnessed a moment in history which I am sure we 
will talk about, and future generations will refer to, for a long time. 
Someone during the course of this lead-up, the few days of preinaugural 
activities, said it was the third chapter in America's social history.
  The first chapter was when Thomas Jefferson announced, then wrote, 
that all men were created equal, endowed by their creator with certain 
inalienable rights, but living in a time when even in his own household 
there was slavery. That was the first chapter. In the second chapter, 
they referred to, of course, Abraham Lincoln, who said it is worth 
blood and war to fight for this right of equality and to preserve this 
union dedicated to that principle. And, of course, what happened this 
Tuesday was the third chapter, a graphic validation of the fact that 
America has made dramatic progress toward equality.
  There is so much more to do, and I am particularly honored that the 
man who now leads our Nation is one whom I served with as a colleague 
in the Senate, a person I encouraged to run, and a person who I think 
has grown immeasurably to the position he has reached today.
  America has so much faith in Barack Obama and what he can bring, but 
he is the first to caution us that we face unparalleled challenges. You 
have to go back 75 years to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who came to the 
Presidency in the midst of the Great Depression, when the economic 
plight of the United States was even worse than today. People had lost 
hope, they had lost their savings, and they had lost their jobs. There 
was gloom across America. That man, with braces on his legs, staggering 
to the podium, brought a new confidence to the American people. He 
began a turnaround that literally took years but eventually succeeded 
in restoring the faith and the economy of America.
  When Barack Obama took to the podium just last Tuesday to give his 
inaugural address, his message was reminiscent, telling America that we 
are facing difficulties that will require our best efforts on a 
bipartisan basis. We have to work together. All of the division in this 
Chamber and across Capitol Hill notwithstanding, the American people 
are tired of it. They expect us to come here and achieve something. 
They understand the momentous challenge we face.
  President Obama spoke 2 days ago of gathering clouds and raging 
storms. He said we are in the midst of a crisis, and he spoke about our 
Nation at war on two fronts and our economy in disrepair.
  Yesterday, I think we took an important step forward in addressing 
one of those challenges. It was the right, under the Senate rules, of 
the minority side to ask for a rollcall on the appointment of Senator 
Clinton as our new Secretary of State. I understand that and I respect 
it. I believe the fact that they allowed that rollcall to be brought to 
the floor in a timely basis is consistent with this new attitude that 
we will not give up the traditions of Congress, the traditions of our 
Government, but will understand that we face a special urgency in 
dealing with issues. The vote last night on the Senate floor was 94 to 
2 in favor of the confirmation of Hillary Clinton as our next Secretary 
of State. I am so happy she is going to have that responsibility, and I 
know she will do an excellent job.
  Today, President Obama has asked us to take up a measure of similar 
urgency. It is a measure known as the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. You 
may have heard some of the debate on the floor, and the debate has been 
an important one. I do not question those who oppose this. I understand 
that they do not favor discrimination. But I have to say that I 
disagree with them.
  We, those of us who I believe will show a majority vote for this 
measure, believe that when there is discrimination in the workplace, 
whether it is in pay or age or gender discrimination, that is not 
American, that is not consistent with our values, and that the person 
who is wronged, the person who is the victim should have an opportunity 
to come to court for justice.
  The Lilly Ledbetter case is a classic illustration. This woman, 
working in a Goodyear tire plant in Gadsden, AL, after 15 years, 
nearing retirement, in the management ranks, came to learn she had been 
underpaid for the same job the males at her establishment were being 
paid more. Naturally, when she learned this, after years of doing the 
same work for less pay, she believed it was unfair. I did too. Anyone 
would. She took her case to court asking for compensation, asking that 
the company pay for their discrimination.
  The case went through the courts and eventually ended up across the 
street at the U.S. Supreme Court, and they came up with a decision 
which was nothing short of incredible. They said that from the first 
moment when the first discriminatory paycheck was given to Lilly 
Ledbetter, she had 180 days to file a claim. That overlooks the 
obvious: People who work in private sector jobs don't know the pay of 
the person at the next desk in a position similar to their own. It is 
not published. There is no way they would know it. In this case, to 
hold Lilly Ledbetter to an unreasonable standard to filing this case so 
quickly after the first discrimination is to overlook the obvious. The 
discriminatory activity continued beyond that first paycheck, and Lilly 
Ledbetter, when she brought this case, brought it within 180 days of 
the discovery of this discrimination. What we are doing through the 
leadership of Senator Mikulski is to finally right this wrong, and 
President Obama has asked us to send this to his desk. I hope we do it 
and do it quickly.
  Then we are going to shift to an even larger undertaking as we work 
to address the troubles of our economy. We have to do this boldly and 
quickly--no excuses. It is a grim beginning for that administration in 
the fields of jobs, health care, and housing. Rarely has a new 
President been immediately confronted with an economic situation so 
grim.
  This is just a sampling of the headlines, the job cut headlines, 
across the United States of America from Washington; St. Louis; 
Portland, OR; Hartford, CT; Detroit--all across the United States. We 
know these stories. Americans continue to wake up to headlines like 
these every day--another company decides to lay off or close.

[[Page S738]]

  Then, of course, we know what this toll means to us in terms of daily 
statistics. This is another one of these statistics which are hard for 
us to absorb; to think that 17,000 Americans will learn today that they 
have lost their job, and 17,000 tomorrow, and 17,000 the day after. 
That is what happened in December--over 500,000 Americans lost their 
jobs, and sadly, they think in this month of January the number may be 
600,000. At the same time, 11,000 Americans lost their health care 
coverage. They were told the company is in trouble, sales are not good, 
the people who run the company are going to have to cut back on 
benefits. Health care, one of the more expensive benefits, is one of 
the first to go. Mr. President, 17,000 out of work, 11,000 lost their 
health care. But then another 9,000 will go home and open the mail and 
be told they are facing foreclosure, they are about to lose their home. 
Think about that--17,000 losing their jobs, 11,000 losing their health 
insurance, and 9,000 losing their homes. You can understand the gravity 
of the economic crisis that faces us.
  We are in the midst of one of the greatest economic crises since the 
Great Depression. For the middle class, working Americans, the current 
situation is hard to bear because they have gained so little over the 
past 8 years. It is not as if you are losing a job that was giving you 
a paycheck that allowed you to keep up with the pace of the cost of 
living. For the last 8 years, the average American family smack dab in 
the middle of the middle class has been falling further and further 
behind. We know why. For a time, the cost of gasoline was up over $4 a 
gallon. We know the cost of utilities has gone up, the cost of daycare, 
the cost of health care, and wages have not kept pace. While some have 
pronounced prosperity over the last 8 years, the reality is that for 
real families facing the real world, prosperity has not been there 
despite their best efforts, and they have fallen further and further 
behind.
  Eight years ago, we celebrated the turn of a new millennium with hope 
and optimism. Most people believed they and their children would be 
better off in the future. Those hopes have been shaken.
  Unemployment has risen from 5.6 million people--that was 3.9 percent 
in December of 2000--to over 11 million people today, 7.2 percent. That 
is a doubling of the number of unemployed people over the course of the 
last administration. Mr. President, 5.5 million more Americans are 
unemployed today at the dawn of the 21st century.
  Median or middle household income for working-age households--those 
headed by someone under the age of 65--has actually decreased over the 
last 8 years by $2,000 adjusted for inflation. For those in the middle 
class who still have a job, workers are earning less for every hour 
they contribute.
  The number of Americans not covered by health insurance has increased 
from over 38 million people--13.7 percent of our population--in 2000 to 
over 45 million people--15.3 percent of our population--in 2007, and 
the number obviously will grow when the statistics are reported for 
2008. At least 7 million more Americans are uninsured than at the 
beginning of the decade.
  In the year 2000, we first heard the phrase ``subprime mortgage'' 
spoken on the floor of the Senate and around our Nation. The boom and 
bust of irresponsible lending since that time has left us with a record 
number of foreclosures across America. In just the last 2 years, 
individual foreclosure filings have risen 226 percent.

  I have looked at maps of the great city of Chicago which I am honored 
to represent. Many people who travel know Midway Airport. Midway 
Airport is surrounded by bungalows--which is kind of a traditional 
house for the city of Chicago--neat little brick bungalows, one after 
the other, that people are so proud to have. You see the backyards with 
the little swimming pools, the above-ground pools, as you fly into 
Midway, and the well-kept lawns. Many of these families are second or 
third generation, from Ireland and Poland and all over the United 
States. They come into this area because middle-class families see this 
as a great place to live and work in the city of Chicago.
  Then somebody showed me a map. They took the ZIP code around this 
Midway Airport and they put in little red dots for every home under 
foreclosure in each block. There were maybe four or five blocks that 
did not have a home in foreclosure in that solid, middle-class 
neighborhood in the middle of the city of Chicago. It clearly is a 
situation almost out of control.
  Some of the experts, such as Credit Suisse, predict that between 8.1 
million and 10 million American families will lose their homes in the 
next 4 years.
  I will just tell you point blank, I do not think we can come to grips 
with this recession, that we can really turn this economy around, until 
we do something bold, dramatic, and comprehensive about mortgage 
foreclosures. We have waited patiently for too long. We kept saying to 
the banks: We know you are going to lose a fortune when a home goes 
into foreclosure. Do the bankers want to start cutting the grass? Do 
they want to start making sure the place looks good for a real estate 
showing? Of course not. They are in the financial business. We say: Why 
doesn't the banking business step up and start to renegotiate the 
mortgages so people have a fighting chance?
  I got on a plane flying back to Chicago just 2 weeks ago, and a 
flight attendant said: Senator, I need to talk to you. She came over 
and knelt down in the aisle next to me once the flight was underway and 
said: I want to tell you my story. I am a single mom. I have three 
kids, two in high school. I live in a suburb of Chicago. This is my 
job. It has been tough. Airlines have struggled, wages have not 
increased. But I keep coming to work because this is how we keep our 
family together. I am underwater with my mortgage.
  Do you know what that means? That the value of her home currently is 
less than the principal balance of her mortgage. She is underwater.
  She said: I am paying over 6 percent on my mortgage, and if I do not 
get this mortgage interest rate lower, I don't know what to do. 
Senator, what should I do?
  You know, I can give her advice but not very good advice. I can tell 
her: If you go into foreclosure, maybe the bank will come in and talk 
to you, maybe you can renegotiate the mortgage. If you go any further 
along, though, who knows. You may end up losing the house and your kids 
will be out in the street.
  That is the literal truth of life for many people in America. We have 
to do something about that. We have waited so long for the banks to get 
it together, to renegotiate these mortgages, and it has not happened.
  I like Henry Paulson, our former Secretary of the Treasury. I really 
do. He has been a good friend, and I know he has tried through a 
crisis. But every time I bring this up to him, he says: We are going to 
try to do it on a voluntary basis. But it has not worked. He set up a 
plan called HOPE, and the plan was supposed to encourage banks to 
renegotiate mortgages. They said: Our goal is 400,000 mortgages are 
going to be renegotiated. At the end of the day, fewer than 400 were 
renegotiated.
  We have to do more and, sadly, we are not. I hope we address this and 
address it soon.
  I see the minority leader, the Republican leader is on the floor, and 
I know he wanted to speak at 10, so I am going to bring these remarks 
to a close by just saying this. We have to act and act quickly. We have 
to act together, Democrats and Republicans. We cannot do this alone. 
All Democratic votes cannot reach the magic number of 60 in the Senate 
Chamber. We need to hope that some of the Republicans who understand 
the gravity of this economic crisis in their own States and in our 
Nation, who understand the need to move quickly--which we hear from, 
basically, economists of all political stripes and backgrounds--who 
stood and listened to our new President challenge us to step up and act 
and act quickly--we need to hope they will join with us.
  Then, in return, we have a responsibility in the majority, as 
President Obama has said, to listen to constructive suggestions and 
ideas, to try to put together a package that represents the best of 
Democratic thinking, the best of Republican thinking. That is what I 
heard then-President-elect Obama say to Senator McConnell at a meeting 
we had just a few weeks ago.
  It is in that spirit, with that approach, that I think we can start 
to

[[Page S739]]

solve these problems. But we have to get moving on it. We have to do it 
now. We have to do it with a sense of urgency.
  Senator Reid, the Democratic majority leader, has said that before we 
leave in the middle of February--I think the date is February 14--we 
need to pass this economic recovery and reinvestment plan. That means 
rolling up our sleeves and getting down to business. I know we can do 
it. I know the American people expect nothing less from this Senate.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Udall of New Mexico). The Republican 
leader is recognized.

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