[Congressional Record Volume 154, Number 111 (Tuesday, July 8, 2008)]
[House]
[Pages H6217-H6223]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]


[[Page H6217]]
                      ENERGY PRICES AND PRODUCTION

  The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Lincoln Davis of Tennessee). Under the 
Speaker's announced policy of January 18, 2007, the gentleman from 
Texas (Mr. Burgess) is recognized for 60 minutes.
  Mr. BURGESS. Mr. Speaker, I wanted to come to the floor tonight and I 
guess continue what has been a theme this evening on both sides of the 
aisle. The theme is energy. We are hearing a lot about energy as we go 
home to our districts, and I am no exception. I heard a lot about 
energy from my constituents, I heard a lot about energy from talk 
radio, I heard a lot about energy from newspapers back home.
  I wanted to come to the floor tonight and talk a little bit about an 
event that I held in my district that dealt with energy more from the 
consumer angle, just from the basis of the average everyday constituent 
back in the district.
  I have people talk to me and ask me, well, what is the real villain 
here? Where is the real problem here? Is it the oil companies? Is it 
the speculators? Is it the global demand? Where is the problem?
  One of the real frustrations from people back home is that it is just 
very difficult for the average person to go out and increase production 
on their own. They can't do that. It is very difficult for the average 
person to do much about energy speculation. It is very difficult for 
the average person to do much about the global impact on supply and 
demand.
  What they can do, what they can modify is their own behavior and 
reduce their own demand profile, perhaps only a small amount, but you 
multiply that over the 300 million people in the United States and 
suddenly you begin to talk about numbers that are in fact meaningful.
  So the purpose of the event we did last week in the district was to 
provide constituents with some insights as to how to take some personal 
proactive steps to reduce energy consumption and, in the process, to 
save some money off their energy bills. And I was impressed, Mr. 
Speaker. This was a week ago last Saturday. It was a nice Saturday down 
in Texas. It hadn't gotten too hot just yet. And that morning, nearly 
200 Texans, 200 of my constituents delayed their Saturday morning 
activities, whether it be mowing the lawn or just spending time with 
their families, because they were interested in hearing about what was 
available as far as energy savings.
  Now, I have done this event for several years and it has grown in 
popularity year after year. It started out as a relatively small event 
in one of the hardware stores with some of the off-the-shelf energy 
efficiency products that were available. We had someone down from the 
Department of Energy to speak about those things. It was a very, very 
well attended event for as small as it was. And then the following year 
we did it on the campus of the university there. It was much more 
widely attended. And this year, we did it at one of the local high 
schools. And I am pleased to say that the attendance was larger this 
year than it was the year before. And each year at this event it 
becomes more and more important, and attendance increases, because more 
people feel the need to be smarter about their energy consumption. They 
want to take some control of this energy aspect, the stranglehold that 
it has on their lives and they want to start taking control of their 
energy costs.
  Higher energy prices. Higher energy prices have a way of exerting a 
behavioral change. High prices at the pump, high prices with home 
energy, they have caused a slowdown in the economy. They have caused 
times to become much more stark, even for areas that are relatively 
blessed like North Texas with economic times that are not as bad as 
some other areas of the country. But still, in many homes across my 
district and indeed many homes across America tonight, these high 
energy prices really have a stranglehold on our American families.
  Now, we have heard over and over again tonight. We have heard it from 
the Democratic side and we have heard it from the Republican side. The 
lack of congressional action has been underscored many times before, I 
am going to underscore it again. In the absence of congressional action 
to increase domestic sources of energy, I want people in my district to 
know about the tools that they have at their disposal right at their 
fingertips to help them conserve energy and save money today. This is 
not something that will happen years in the future. This is money that 
can be saved today.
  So that is what we call the energy expo. That is what the energy expo 
is all about, learning how to save energy, learning how to reduce 
energy waste, and learning how to save money along the way.
  First of all, we did have someone come down from the Department of 
Energy. We invited Leslie Drogin who is from the Office of Efficiency 
and Renewable Energy within the Department of Energy. She spoke about 
some of the alternative energy advancements that are occurring 
throughout the country, and particularly in some of my communities in 
North Texas.
  Now, in Texas we are thought of as an oil State, an oil and gas 
State. Many people are surprised to find out that Texas is the number 
one State in electrical power generation from wind energy, and we are 
second in the number of alternative fueling stations. So Texas has been 
proactive about alternative sources of energy and alternative fuels.
  Now, Leslie also stressed that setting goals for energy efficiency 
and working toward them is not always going to be easy, and it does 
take to some degree a personal commitment.
  Now, in addition to some of the local and national speakers, I did 
have a moderated discussion focusing on ways that individuals can 
squeeze a few more miles out of a gallon and squeeze a few more cooling 
hours out of that kilowatt hour of electricity in their homes. So the 
first panel consisted of representatives from AAA Texas and the 
Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers and the Denton County 
Transportation Authority.
  We first heard from a gentleman named Patrick O'Reilly of AAA Texas. 
He discussed many of the different maintenance tips and tricks 
consumers can use to ensure that their vehicles aren't only efficient 
but perhaps they are a little more safe as well.

  Now, the one that everyone talks about and you hear it all the time 
and I will mention it again is tire pressure. Ensuring that tires are 
properly inflated can result in a 3 percent fuel economy benefit and 
equivalent gas savings of up to 12 cents a gallon. Properly inflated 
tires are safer and they last longer, so you will spend less money on 
your tires. So, in the long run, it is a real bargain.
  Regular oil changes. Now, raise your hand if your dad ever told you 
to change the oil every 3,000 miles and how many of you let that slip a 
little bit. Well, keeping that oil changed every 3 months or 3,000 
miles is the right thing to do. But we also learned that using the 
right grade of motor oil for the environment is important as well. For 
example, using a 10W-30 oil in an engine designed to use 5W-30 can 
lower gas mileage by 1 percent or 2 percent. And this again translates 
to 4 cents to 8 cents per gallon of gas savings. You add that 8 cents 
to the 12 cents of tire pressure, and now we are up to 20 cents savings 
on that gallon of gas.
  Perhaps the most valuable tip that was reported that morning and one 
of which I was not completely aware, but changing the air filters 
regularly, which can increase energy efficiency up to 10 percent and 
save 41 cents per gallon. So now we have saved 20 cents by a 
combination of tire pressure and using the right grade of motor oil. 
Adding another 41 cents a gallon, and we are up to saving 60 cents a 
gallon of gasoline just with these three simple measures that anyone 
can do as far as automobile maintenance.
  We also heard from a gentleman named Clinton Blair who spoke on 
behalf of the Automobile Alliance, and discussed some of the different 
concept vehicles and the innovations and technology that we might 
expect to see now, sooner rather than later. With gas prices being as 
they are, clearly there is a consumer demand and an impetus for the 
development of those types of vehicles. And most Americans already know 
about the hybrid electric vehicles, but that is just one of the many 
technologies that is going to be available to address both the 
environmental concerns and the rising fuel prices.
  Now, several years ago I had to get on a waiting list, but I got on a 
waiting

[[Page H6218]]

list and I purchased a hybrid vehicle. This was back in 2003. It was 
actually 2004 by the time I took delivery of the vehicle. And my main 
concern at the time was air quality issues in my area of North Texas. 
With hot summer sunshine and particulate matter in the air, we have a 
big problem with ozone, and I wanted to be part of the solution and not 
part of the problem. So I got in line and paid the extra money for a 
hybrid vehicle.
  Well, now that gas prices are up to $4 a gallon, it looks like 
absolute genius to have done that several years ago. But the reality 
was, it was the right thing to do from the standpoint of air quality 
several years ago, and it is the right thing to do today from the 
standpoint of lowering the Nation's fuel consumption and lowering the 
amount of oil that has to be imported sometimes from areas of the world 
that don't particularly like us. And we heard about that extensively 
during the last hour.
  But in addition to the hybrid technology, there are some other new 
technologies on the road today, and many, many more available just over 
the horizon. An innovation on the road today is the variable cylinder 
vehicle. Now, those of us who were around in the Arab embargo of the 
1970s remember this type of technology was actually available back in 
the 1970s. I think it was the Cadillac car that came available with a 
button you could push for either running on all 8 cylinders, running on 
6, or running on 4. And the theory was that when you got up to highway 
speeds and the engine did not need to develop the same amount of power 
just to simply maintain the speed, you could drop the cylinder usage to 
4 from 6.
  It wasn't particularly efficient and didn't really deliver on the 
promise. The technology at that time was largely mechanical rather than 
electronic, so it wasn't a big seller. But that concept is coming back, 
and now there are variable cylinder vehicles that sometimes run as a 6 
cylinder vehicle, sometimes run as a 4 cylinder vehicle. And, again, it 
presents another option for consumers to save gas.
  We did hear a lot about new car technology that is just over the 
horizon, and we hear about it frequently here on the floor of the 
House, we hear it frequently in the Energy and Commerce Committee, the 
concept of plug-in hybrids and plug-in cars.
  That is an interesting development. In fact, just the other day 
someone was telling me about the fact that some of the hybrid cars that 
are now in production, the next generation of hybrid cars may very well 
have a solar panel on the roof. It is a wonderful, insightful idea, the 
way to charge that battery while the car is sitting in the parking lot, 
particularly in a State like Texas where you have got a lot of sunshine 
beating down on that car. And rather than just heating the interior of 
the car and making it unpleasant when you sit down, maybe you could use 
that energy to recharge the battery and drive farther on the battery 
then when you start that car up for the commute home, use less fuel in 
the process, and obviously have a positive impact on air quality as 
well.

                              {time}  2200

  So I was very grateful to hear about that innovation because I've 
often wondered why it is someone hasn't done that yet when I drive my 
own hybrid vehicle.
  As to other concepts, like the hydrogen fuel cells and the new 
engineering techniques like regenerative braking systems, some of the 
hybrids already do that. When you step on the brakes, some of the power 
then goes to the generator, which recharges the battery, but again, 
these are technologies that just a few years ago were in their infancy 
but that are now hitting their stride and are coming into their own, 
the concept of recovering energy that would be otherwise wasted during 
stop-and-go driving.
  Now, Mr. Blair also discussed the impact of the Corporate Average 
Fuel Economy standards, which were passed as part of this Congress last 
year. It will be a few years before we see the impact of those. We can 
argue whether it's better to have those set by Congress or set by 
consumers in the market. I think the reality is $4-a-gallon gasoline is 
going to do a lot more as far as lowering the Corporate Average Fuel 
Economy than any act of Congress could have ever done, but we'll wait 
and see.
  That raises an interesting point when people tell us that, if you 
start tomorrow with increased drilling, you're not going to have that 
product available to the American consumer for a number of years, maybe 
as much as 7- to 10-years' time. Yet, last fall, we enacted the 
increases in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, recognizing 
that it was going to be--what?--5 years, 7 years, 10 years before those 
were fully implemented and were fully functional as far as reducing the 
number of gallons of gasoline consumed, and oh, by the way, you've also 
got to age out the older fleet, which is now still consuming gas at the 
older standard. So, if you want to talk about a process that consumes 
time when you're anxious to get things done quickly, again, the act of 
Congress to increase the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards 
certainly, in my estimation, falls into that category.
  That really was not the point that Mr. Blair made at the meeting, but 
it certainly has been my observation over time.
  So hybrid vehicles and Alternative Fuel Vehicles are available. They 
are currently more expensive than traditional fuel models, and a 
consumer has to make that estimation and has to make that choice. It is 
a little bit difficult not knowing what the future is going to bring. 
Two years ago, if you looked at the price of gasoline and looked at the 
cost of a hybrid car or of an Alternative Fuel Vehicle, you might do 
the math and say, you know, it'll take me 7 to 9 years to recover the 
investment of the extra cost of this vehicle, and I just don't think 
it's worth it. Now that the price of a gallon of gasoline has doubled 
since January of 2007, maybe those mathematics work out more in favor 
of going ahead and of making the investment in an Alternative Fuel 
Vehicle or in a hybrid vehicle.
  Also, as to the economies of scale as newer technologies are coming 
on line and as more and more of these vehicles are being produced, this 
does have the tendency of pushing down the overall cost of the 
production of those vehicles, and subsequently, the cost on the retail 
end drops as well.
  All of the auto dealerships that attended the Energy Expo event were 
local, around in the area--James Wood Chevrolet from Denton, Bill Utter 
Ford from Denton, and Freeman Toyota from Hurst, Texas, which is just 
down the road.
  To an individual, they reported that they could fill all of the 
orders for hybrid-type vehicles and for ultra-efficient vehicles. They 
could fill all of the orders and then some. If they had more of these 
vehicles in stock, they felt comfortable that they could, in fact, sell 
those vehicles. They have a significant backlog for fuel-efficient 
vehicle types. In fact, it is almost independent of the sticker price.
  Another option for Americans, while they're waiting on Congress to 
act and while they're waiting on auto manufacturers to produce more 
fuel-efficient cars, trucks and SUVs, is another alternative 
altogether, one that I like to call rapid transit--the transit system 
that we have certainly here in Washington, DC. We don't have quite the 
same demographics. We don't have quite the same population densities 
back home as we do here in Washington. The fact remains that, with fuel 
prices as high as they are, more people now are looking towards transit 
as an option for cutting down a portion of their fuel bills during 
their commute.
  Now, in Washington, the Metro's ridership is increasing. In fact, the 
Washington Times this morning was talking about the Metro's being 
somewhat constrained in adding more cars because they just simply 
cannot buy any more electricity during peak times. Well, there's an 
argument to be made for additional nuclear plants or for additional 
clean coal plants that are producing more electricity. We don't have 
the electrical generation capacity to actually run the rapid transit 
that we want to run even with today's numbers. What are we going to do 
as we add to that?
  Still, transit is going to become increasingly important and not 
nearly as popular in my district, where we like to drive our big pickup 
trucks and our Dually pickup trucks. It's not nearly

[[Page H6219]]

going to be as popular back home as it is here in Washington. The 
infrastructure, certainly, is not nearly as extensive and is not nearly 
to the maturational point that it is here in the Washington 
Metropolitan Area, but I did think it was important for people to hear 
about what options are going to be available in the future as far as 
transit is concerned.
  We did hear along that line from Charles Emery, who is with the 
Denton County Transportation Authority, and he discussed some of the 
resources available to constituents living in the Denton County area, 
who might consider transit as an option as they go about their daily 
commute or, in some areas of the metroplex, even just traveling around 
to shops and to shopping venues much closer to home.
  This was useful information. Again, the culture is a little bit 
different in North Texas than it is in the metropolitan areas. It's 
different in the suburban areas than it is in the urban areas. It's 
different in the rural areas than it is in the suburban areas where 
it's not really the norm to use transit, but at the same time, this is 
increasing in importance.
  The Denton County Transportation Authority, interestingly enough, was 
formed as a result of authorizing a vote that was taken in the general 
election in 2002, the same year that I ran for Congress the first time. 
It was these individuals who had the vision to recognize that at some 
point, and at that time, it was purely based on congestion and not 
based on the price of fuel. It was simply to mitigate the problems that 
they saw down the road with congestion. These individuals had the 
foresight to go to the voters and to ask for the will of the voter, if 
you will, on whether or not rapid transit was going to be part of the 
future of mobility in Denton County. The question was answered with a 
resounding ``yes,'' and over 70 percent of the electorate that night 
did vote in favor of starting that transit option in North Texas.
  Texans love their independence. They love to have the independence 
provided by having their own vehicles, but with gas up to $4 a gallon, 
some of the worst congestion in the Nation exists in the Dallas-Fort 
Worth area. A lot of people are beginning to evaluate that trade-off 
and are coming down on the side that maybe transit is an option that 
they need to investigate a little further.
  In addition, the increase in food prices and other services has, 
unfortunately, driven some families to the point where they literally 
have to find an alternative method of transportation because they just 
simply cannot afford the cost of filling up the family vehicle for that 
commute to work. They're having to make the choice between filling up 
the automobile or feeding or sheltering their families. Clearly, 
transit does provide another option for that.
  Now, this panel, the first panel that was convened, was educational. 
I have to compliment them on the fact that they were so thorough. These 
individuals presented a very professional discourse on energy and money 
savers. Certainly, I want to thank them for coming. Some of them did 
have to travel to the area. I want to thank them for coming and for 
participating in that symposium because I think it was, ultimately, 
very helpful to the end user--the consumer--and was helpful to, 
perhaps, devise ways to lower consumption, which will help in the 
supply-demand equation.
  We did have a second panel, and the second panel focused on energy 
conservation in the home. We brought in individuals representing the 
Texas State Energy Conservation Office, the Home Builders Association, 
the Home Appliance Manufacturers, and the Home Energy Raters 
organization.
  The first on that panel was Mr. Mike Myers, who currently serves as a 
project manager for the Texas Energy Partnership, a project of the 
State of Texas. Now, Mr. Myers previously served in the U.S. Department 
of Energy, in their program for affordable housing, and he has worked 
for both New York City and for the city of San Antonio. So he talked 
about some of the personal behaviors that individuals can adopt around 
the home that translate into savings when paying the utility bills.
  Now, I was kind of surprised to learn about the cell phone charger. 
Even if your cell phone is not plugged into the charger, the charger 
still draws power as long as it's plugged in. Most of that power is 
going to be converted to heat. We're familiar with the fact that, even 
if a phone is not plugged into a charger and we unplug the charger from 
the wall, the charger is a little bit warm, but it's obviously drawing 
electrical energy to generate that heat, not a particularly useful 
exercise, especially in Texas in the summer. So, as long as the device 
is plugged in, it's going to draw energy. If you're not using it to 
charge the phone, perhaps it ought to be unplugged unless it's actually 
needed for charging.
  We heard from several individuals about the importance of air-
conditioning duct maintenance. Now, no one in Texas wants to climb in 
their attics in the summertime, where the heat is probably in excess of 
140 degrees, to inspect their air-conditioning equipment and their air-
conditioning ducts for leaks, but if there are leaks in the return 
system, in the system that brings air back to the cooling unit from the 
household, it pulls that super heated air in from the attic. Again, in 
a hot Texas summer, an attic's environmental temperature can easily be 
significantly in excess of 100 degrees. Not only that, you're pulling 
in dust and mold and, really, things that do not belong within the air-
conditioning system. So, in addition to driving energy bills much, much 
higher, it also poses some health risks, so it is important to have 
those inspections done, and there are individuals who are capable and 
who will provide that service.
  For all air-conditioning systems and for all air infiltration 
systems, this individual recommended a few simple steps: First off, 
when building a home, get the right sized unit for the house. 
Obviously, choose a high-efficiency model. There are many more models 
of higher efficiency that are available today than there were even just 
a few years ago. Indeed, some cities have ordinances as to the 
efficiency rating that can be installed in a house. I know my home city 
of Lewisville has such a requirement, but do get the right efficiency, 
the right sized unit for the area that's going to be cooled and the 
highest efficiency model that is available that will fit the budget, 
and then make certain that the duct right-of-way and the duct sealing 
is all done properly for the proper amount of energy conservation.
  We then heard from another individual who had actually been at one of 
my previous summits, Mr. Dan Fette of the Home Builders Association. 
This individual has won numerous awards for not only building homes but 
for the design of homes, affordable homes, in an energy-efficient 
fashion. He talked about the ways that a home could be built to be 
friendlier to the environment and friendlier to the energy consumer's 
wallet.
  In Texas, we've got a lot of big homes and a lot of big homes with a 
lot of big, open spaces that sometimes aren't protected from the 
elements. Now, Dan specializes in maximizing comfort and in minimizing 
environmental disruption and energy waste. He utilizes features in the 
design of the home that include relocating windows that are exposed to 
direct sunlight.
  Now, in Texas, when I was a kid, we used to have things that were 
called cisterns. They collected rainwater off the roof of the house, 
and it ran through the gutters and into a holding tank into the ground. 
Now they're called rainwater catchment systems, and they're capable of 
meeting landscape and irrigation needs. Obviously, they're dependent 
upon rainfall to fill the reservoir up, but it is a way of holding 
water that is otherwise going to just simply go into the storm water 
drainage system, holding onto water to meet the water needs of 
landscaping, and of course, he recommended using native landscapes that 
are lower in their water usage.
  He emphasized the importance of selecting proper plumbing fixtures 
and appliances that are appropriate for the household. Building energy 
efficiency into a home can reduce the need for expensive repairs in the 
future, and it can reduce the need for undergoing the expense of an 
energy audit in the future, but we'll kind of leave the discussion of 
energy audits to just a little bit later on.

[[Page H6220]]

  Now, also participating in this panel was Mrs. Casey Hege. She was a 
representative from General Electric's Appliance Division. She 
discussed selecting the appliance options that would reward the 
homeowner with better performance and with lower bills.
  One of the biggest energy users in anyone's home is of no great 
surprise--the refrigerator. Older model refrigerators use more energy. 
In fact, they are one of the largest consumers of energy within the 
household. So one way to reduce energy consumption, if it fits the 
family budget, is to replace the old refrigerator with a higher energy-
efficient model.
  Now, one thing that she found was that people who were buying the 
higher efficiency refrigerators were then coming back and were saying, 
``You know what? I'm, in fact, using more energy today than I was 
before I purchased this high-energy model.'' It took her a while to 
figure out what was happening.
  In Texas, a lot of times what we'll do is we'll take that old 
refrigerator out to the garage, and we'll plug it in, and we'll use it 
for our excess capacity. Well, if you do that, obviously, you're not 
getting any energy savings from buying that more efficient, new 
refrigerator.

                              {time}  2215

  So always dispose of the old refrigerator, dispose of it properly, 
dispose of it carefully. Many of these older models contain Freon, and 
there are going to be municipal requirements that are going to have to 
be met for their disposal, but obviously you're not going to save money 
in your home if you buy a new, highly efficient refrigerator and take 
the old one out to the garage and store whatever beverage you want to 
store in your garage. Having two refrigerators does ultimately cost 
more money and cost more energy.
  Finally, that morning we heard from Mr. Steve Gleaves--he's a home 
energy auditor and a founding member of the Texas Home Energy Raters 
Organization--who talked about what to expect with a home energy audit. 
Now, when to seek an audit and what you can expect to find in your 
house were the topics of discussion for the home energy audit. He 
talked about how common it is--and again, this was a recurrent theme 
that we heard several times that morning--he talked about how common it 
is for home air-conditioning systems to have leaks in the intake system 
and around the ventilation grills.
  Again, he emphasizes the point that one thing you can do from a 
heating and air-conditioning standpoint to improve energy efficiency in 
the home is to have those ducts inspected.
  The other aspect that he talked about, and it was mentioned by one of 
our previous presenters, select the right size unit for house. A unit 
that is too big for the area that it is cooling will never come up to 
maximum efficiency. It's always turning on and off, and the unit will 
use its maximum of draw, its maximum amount of power when it switches 
on. So a unit that's switching on and off frequently will never achieve 
that high energy efficiency rating that was the reason you bought the 
larger unit in the first place. So it is important to have the 
architect or builder right size the equipment for the home that's being 
built.
  And again, having the ability or having someone investigate the 
integrity of the air-conditioning ducts so that those leaks which draw 
in that super-heated attic air into the return vents, so that that 
doesn't happen under the best of circumstances on a hot day; the best 
an air conditioner is going be able to achieve is a 20-degree 
difference between the outside air and the air inside. Well, if you're 
drawing in to the air-conditioning unit air that's heated to 140 
degrees, it's going to be hard to get much measurable cooling off of 
that.
  Now, in addition to the panelists, we had a number of local 
businesses and organizations who had set up displays around the area, 
and we did have good participation of the constituency that showed up 
that morning in looking at the displays, Home Depot, Lowe's Hardware, 
Peterbilt, which has a manufacturing plant in my district in Denton, 
NewCon Steel, which is located in Denton, the Agrilife Extension Office 
of Denton County, the Texas State Energy Conservation Office, obviously 
several automobile dealerships which I previously mentioned, and the 
Denton County Transportation Authority all had either booths or 
displays to help consumers understand about energy consumption and 
provide some information about energy-efficient products and services.
  Peterbilt, for example, bought two trucks: one was an over-the-road 
model that we're all familiar with, a type of 18-wheeler that we see on 
our highways, but it was a diesel hybrid electric and, as a 
consequence, achieved about a 10 percent savings on the open road. The 
other model was, again, a diesel-electric hybrid, but this was more of 
a delivery truck, the type of truck you might see around town, the type 
of truck that might be in stop-and-go traffic, the type of truck that 
might be periodically caught in a traffic slowdown caused by 
congestion. And these vehicles actually achieved about a 25 percent 
overall savings.
  So a significant savings in fuel for the company that was operating 
those vehicles, and I was very grateful to Peterbilt for having those 
units there.
  Overall, I think the event was important. I think it was successful. 
I think each of us making a personal commitment to use energy wisely, 
to use energy efficiently is--it's not the entire solution to our 
energy problems, but it certainly can be a part of the solution. And 
most importantly in my mind, it puts the consumer back in control of 
some of these parts of the energy equation in which they feel entirely 
powerless to impact: the supply/demand curve, they feel entirely 
powerless to impact the globalization that has occurred; if speculators 
are causing a problem, the end consumer has very little they can do as 
far as modifying the behavior of the speculator, the futures trader. 
But they can modify their behavior, and they can become more savvy 
consumers, and they can become more efficient consumers.
  So all of these were benefits that I witnessed at the local level, 
and I think I would classify this event as a successful event. Again, 
this was the third year that it has happened. It has grown in 
popularity each year that it has occurred. I have actually had other 
areas in my district, other than cities in my district, who have 
inquired about the possibility of having a second event in their 
locations. And the acceptance by the public and the enthusiasm with 
which the public approached this was, I found, particularly gratifying, 
and I don't think there is any question that we will repeat this next 
year.
  I wish it wouldn't be necessary, that prices would be down so low 
that energy was no longer a consideration, but the reality is that's a 
world to which we probably will not return, at least during my natural 
lifetime.
  Now, we ask our constituents to be more savvy consumers, and they 
will step up and do the job that is asked of them, but while we're 
asking them to make some of the personal changes in their energy 
demands, we've heard it again and again on the floor of this House 
tonight, we heard it a week ago before we went home for the break, the 
July 4th holiday, we in Congress have to take some action as well. And 
we, like any other hard problem, like any other complex problem, you 
need a short-term, mid-term, and long-term approach to how you're going 
to deal with this.
  In the short term, we've got to make sure that our energy is traded 
in markets that are fair and transparent, that the proper oversight 
exists from the proper regulatory authorities and the proper Federal 
agencies, to the extent that that hasn't been happening, it has to 
happen. And I don't think there is anyone in this body that would want 
to go home and try to justify to their constituents why that is not 
important. To the extent that there is manipulation in the market, it 
has to be ferreted out, stopped, corrected.
  Now, last month, on June 23 in our Committee on Energy and Commerce, 
our Subcommittee of Oversight and Investigations, we had an 
investigative hearing. The hearing was titled ``Energy Speculation. Is 
Greater Regulation Necessary to Stop Price Manipulation?''
  Now, it was really an interesting hearing, and there was a lot of 
information, some information that I was not aware of prior to the 
hearing. Some

[[Page H6221]]

information that, yeah, we've all heard a lot for a long time. But I 
think one of the things that became very apparent during that hearing 
is that the scope and the magnitude of the number of dollars that are 
being invested in the energy futures markets is greater today than at 
any time in country's history. And that even if the motives are pure, 
it is just the sheer volume of dollars that are being invested that is 
driving the price of these futures contracts higher and higher, and 
that obviously impacts the cost of a barrel of crude oil. And it is 
driving the market much higher than you would see just based on the 
cost of--the marginal cost of production and certainly more than would 
be based on simply factors mediated by supply and demand.
  Now, the shift into the futures market and the shift into oil 
speculation by institutional investors has been called the 
financialization of oil prices. Today, over 70 percent of the 
participants willing to buy and sell contracts for the West Texas 
intermediate crude on the New York Mercantile Exchange are speculators, 
and they're not participants looking to hedge changes in the price of 
oil before they take the physical delivery of the product. And often 
times these purchases on these contracts are made with what is called a 
margin, sometimes it's only pennies on the dollar, 5 percent down, and 
you own the futures contract until the time of delivery, but oh, by the 
way, you never intended to take delivery because you're going to sell 
the contract to someone else who will pay more money for it. Take your 
cash and run before you get to the end of that.
  Now, there was a lot of discussion about some of the noncommercial 
traders who hold contracts only for a very short period of time. They 
don't have a place to store the product if they were to have to 
exercise the contract. And instead, they're simply riding that increase 
wave as it goes up to derive profit from the financial instrument 
itself, not from the actual product that was pumped out of the ground 
and put into a barrel and to be sold on the open market.
  So we did hear from the Commissioner of the Commodities Future 
Trading Commission, Mr. Walter Lukken. That body is responsible for the 
oversight over the New York Mercantile Exchange, the NYMEX, and we 
heard from many of the participants how we could--well, the question 
that was asked of Mr. Lukken by myself is we see what some of the 
problems are here. What tools do you need that you don't have today, 
what tools do you need from Congress, what legislative activity do you 
need from Congress to stop this practice, to get your arms around this 
and to be more along the lines of a supply-demand market, not a 
frenzied financial futures trading market.
  Certainly some of the advice we got was perhaps the margin investment 
needs to be increased. Five percent may be too low. Maybe it needs to 
be 30 percent, 35 percent. Some people even suggested 50 percent. I'm 
not an expert in petroleum financial futures, but clearly 5 percent as 
a margin does seem low to me, and I would certainly be willing to hear 
the discussion of should these margins be higher.
  What about the person who buys the futures contract and never intends 
to take delivery? And we're not talking about an airline who's hedging 
against higher prices by speculating and buying on the market and could 
take delivery of that product if they were required to do so. We're 
talking about people who have no way. There is no storage tank anywhere 
near them that would allow them to put this oil in a tank and take 
delivery of the product.
  So clearly, they are only dealing in the financial instrument. Again, 
they have no interest in the actual commodity that's being traded.
  So could the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, could it 
increase margin requirements? Could it put in place a requirement that 
at least in a certain percentage of that futures contract there must be 
a place to store it if it were actually delivered to the person who had 
purchased that contract?
  Now, Commissioner Lukken answered the question that the Commodities 
Futures Trading Commission does currently have the authority to 
increase margin requirements and add position limits. So they have 
them, but they're only to be used under emergency conditions. As I 
pointed out to Commissioner Lukken, just in the month of May we had 
three airlines go bankrupt in a weekend. We had a day where the price 
of crude rose $11 a barrel in one trading day. We had the Speaker of 
the House talking about pulling oil out of the Strategic Petroleum 
Reserve. Are we not in an emergency situation already? What other 
evidence do you need of an emergency to invoke these emergency powers 
that would allow you to rein in some of the--if there is cost that's 
being driven by speculation in the financial market, what other 
evidence do you need?
  If you have the power to do it in an emergency situation, I submit 
you don't need another study. I submit you don't need another law. Go 
ahead and take the activity which you are empowered to do by virtue of 
the fact that the Federal agency has the ability under emergency 
conditions to exercise those powers, go ahead and do it and we will 
deal with the studies, we will deal with the cumulative effects 
afterwards. But the situation is so dire at this point, it's so 
important at this point that I think you ought to do it.
  Now, Congress was poised to take some action on that to perhaps make 
it a little more authoritative that the Commodity Futures Trading 
Commission would in fact be required to do that, but we kind of fell 
short of that. And Thursday right before we all left for the week of 
the July 4th break, we passed a bill that was a sense of Congress, a 
sense of Congress telling the Commodities Futures Trading Commission 
that maybe you ought to look at exercising your emergency powers. I 
liken this to sending a ``get well'' card to the American energy 
consumer. We really didn't do anything. It made us feel better because, 
by golly, we passed a bill and we told the Commodities Futures Trading 
Commission what they need to do their job.
  Well, the reality is they knew they need to do their job. They were 
told that in the committee hearing. I can't imagine why they haven't 
taken those steps already, but I certainly don't think that a sense of 
Congress resolution passed by this Congress 2 weeks ago was really 
going to impact them much one way or the other.

                              {time}  2230

  Now, that's the short term. That's the short term to deal with some 
of the aspects of financial trading or futures trading.
  What about the intermediate steps? We heard during that panel that 
some people believe there's a supply-demand problem today. Others say 
it's being overblown and it's really the futures market that is the 
problem; the supply-demand problem does not exist to the level at which 
it should drive the prices as high as we have seen them.
  I don't know who's correct on that, but to a person throughout 
several panels that day, we heard over and over again, by the year 
2015, demand is going to so vastly outstrip supply that we will be in 
serious trouble, serious trouble, not that we're not in serious 
trouble, but we'll be in real serious trouble by 2015 if we do not take 
the steps necessary to increase production to meet those increased 
demand requirements.
  Now, we have heard it again tonight from both sides of the aisle. 
There are different approaches and different thoughts about it, and 
we're not talking about drawing oil from the Strategic Petroleum 
Reserve. That's a very short-term solution, if indeed it's a solution 
at all, and we've heard some discussion as to the wisdom of that 
particular exercise, but things like drilling in the Alaska National 
Wildlife Refuge, things like drilling on the Outer Continental Shelf, 
off the east coast, off the west coast, development of the oil shale in 
the inner mountain west.
  Last December, on our so-called energy bill that really didn't have 
any energy in it, in our so-called energy bill last December, we 
prohibited recovering oil from Canada in the Alberta tar sands because 
we're worried about the effect of something down the road. Well, for 
goodness sake, Canada is probably our largest supplier of foreign oil. 
Here is a readily available source where they could increase their 
production, but we don't want any part of that because we don't know 
what that's going to do to our carbon footprint down the road.

[[Page H6222]]

  Well, forget about down the road. The time is here and now that we 
need to get that increased production. So this so-called energy bill 
that we passed last December, in addition to banning the incandescent 
bulb, we also banned a type of petroleum from our neighbor to the 
north, Canada, which could result in an immediate increase in the 
amount of crude oil available to our markets here. So we really did 
ourselves double harm during that exercise, but nevertheless, what's 
past is past. Let's get beyond that point.
  We have to look at where we're going to get the increased supply that 
demand is going to require by the year 2015, 7 years away. We hear it 
talked about on the presidential trail. Well, you're talking about 
drilling in ANWR; you're talking about drilling in the Outer 
Continental Shelf; you're talking about deepwater drilling in the Gulf 
of Mexico. That product is 7 years away. Well, yeah, that's right, it's 
7 years away, and if we don't start today, guess where we're going to 
be in 7 years. We're going to be in tall grass because we haven't done 
what is necessary to affect that increased supply.
  And we all know the demand is coming. We all hear it every day, China 
and India and all of the other components of the global economy that 
are drawing energy into their economies while we literally fiddle as 
Rome burns here in the United States.
  It is time for us to get past that point, get on with the development 
of new supply. If it takes 7 years, that's about the timeline we've 
got, and if we don't start this year, we're going to be a year later 
than we should be, or we're going to be 2 years later than we should 
be.
  It really begs the question: When is this Congress going to wake up 
and understand the importance, the dire importance of that day when 
demand vastly outstrips supply in 2015?
  Now, that issue is pretty clear-cut to me, and I think it's pretty 
clear-cut to most Americans. I think any polling you do on that subject 
would show that most Americans are in tune with the fact that they 
understand that allowing the production of American energy within 
America's borders is important for our national security, it's 
important for the future and the sustainability of our economy.
  What about the long term? What about some of things you have heard 
tonight on the development of the techniques for cellulosic ethanol? It 
will be a wonderful day when we get there, but we're not there yet, and 
we cannot let our enthusiasm for the technology get ahead of our 
ability to deliver that technology. For the foreseeable future, for the 
7- to 15-year time frame, our energy needs are going to be met by 
petroleum-based products: natural gas, oil, coal. There's literally no 
other way around it without simply cratering the American economy.
  And reality is, do we do anyone any good here in this country or 
around the world if we allow our economy to languish, if we allow our 
economy to falter, because we do not have the institutional courage to 
accept the fact that we're not quite ready to go on to all alternative 
types of energy? I wish we'd been building nuclear power plants for the 
last 10 years but we weren't. We should now because nuclear can provide 
that base load of electricity that you need.
  Remember, Texas is the number one wind producing State in the Nation. 
That's a great thing for Texas. We're going to get to sell a lot of 
power, and it's power that comes from the wind. How cheap is that? But 
the reality is that even in West Texas, where the wind seems to blow 
incessantly, there are days when the wind doesn't blow. There are hours 
in the day when the wind blows less ferociously than other hours. And 
typically, those days that the wind doesn't blow or those hours when 
the wind production is diminished is summertime, late in the afternoon. 
But when is the number one electricity demand time in Texas because of 
air conditioning? It's summertime; it's late in the afternoon. So you 
can't depend on wind energy to deliver that constant load of 
electricity that's needed to keep the grid alive. You need something to 
deliver the base load.
  Now, natural gas fills the bill for a lot of Texas right now. Natural 
gas electrical generation plants, so-called peaking plants, are present 
in my district. I've visited them. I think they provide a wonderful 
backstop to some of our energy requirements during the summertime in 
Texas, and I'm grateful that we have them. But many of these plants are 
older. They need to be refurbished. They're not nearly as efficient. 
We're not allowed to build anymore coal plants. That's off the table.
  So where are the nuclear plants? And I ask my friends on the other 
side, when are we going to be serious about what we do with the 
development of nuclear in this country to allow that production, that 
base production of electricity? And yeah, we might be able to get over 
and above that from wind, we might be able to get over and above that 
from solar, but those sources of energy are not dependable enough. And 
we don't right now have the technology for the proper storage of 
electricity from those technologies that we're going to depend on 
something to provide that base load of electricity that we need to fire 
up the grid, certainly in the State of Texas and I suspect in other 
parts of the country as well.
  You know, this is a situation where I think we've heard it eloquently 
from both sides of the aisle tonight. We need all hands on deck. We 
need all possible technologies that are available, we need them to be 
developed. We need them to be in the process of being developed. We 
need them to come online quickly. All hands on deck. And yet a lot of 
times, this Congress behaves like it's every man for himself. And the 
American people don't get that. And believe me, I heard that over and 
over and over again when I was home in the district this last week.
  Now, growing and strong economies are better prepared to mitigate 
some of the effects of disease, hunger, natural disasters, but if we 
hurt our economy, if we devastate our economy by some of the policies 
that this Congress has pursued in the last 18 months, our ability to 
deal with those problems has become woefully constricted. And who's 
going to suffer? Who's going to suffer? It's going to be the American 
middle class, the lower middle class, America working poor are going to 
suffer disproportionately because of the lack of preparedness for 
dealing with those effects on our economy. This Congress has the 
responsibility to create the right type of environment to facilitate 
the right type of growth in the energy sector.
  Now, I'm going to borrow a poster from some of the previous speakers. 
I had a copy of today's Politico that I was going to read a paragraph 
or two from. We've all heard this over and over again, how the cost of 
energy has risen since January of 2001, but if you really look at that 
line, if you look at that line on what's happened with energy prices, 
what you see is, yeah, there's some bumps and some ups and downs and a 
general upward tendency of that trend line. You see a big peak for 
Katrina, see a drop-off after the recovery from Katrina when the 
refineries came back online much more quickly than anyone anticipated. 
You see some peaks and valleys for the summer driving season.
  But what really stands out when you look at those graphs is how the 
cost of energy has significantly risen since December of 2006, January 
of 2007. If you look at the number of futures contracts that have been 
sold, and yes, there are more dollars going into those future contracts 
today than in almost anytime in the Nation's past, when you look at how 
the numbers of futures contracts and when you look at the dollars 
invested in futures contracts, yeah, there's been a general trend line 
that goes upward from 2000 until about December of 2006, and then it 
goes straight up.
  Well, quoting from Politico, one of the magazines that we all get in 
our offices up here in Washington, D.C., there's an article on the 
front page that's entitled: ``New Boogeymen: Oil Speculators,'' and it 
has a picture of the Speaker of the House giving a talk and a quote 
here from the Speaker of the House. `` `Oil speculators are making 
money by betting against the American consumers at the pump,' House 
Speaker Nancy Pelosi said before the Independence Day recess.''
  Well, wait a minute, let's go back to this. The price of crude, the 
price of gasoline, gradually drifting upward, but it really takes a 
spike upward December of 2006, January of 2007. The number of futures 
contracts really

[[Page H6223]]

takes a spike up December of 2006, January of 2007. The number of 
dollars invested in the futures market really takes a spike up December 
of 2006, January of 2007.
  Well, what happened between December of 2006 and January of 2007? 
Well, the 109th Congress ended and the 110th Congress started. So here 
we had a quote from our Speaker today: ``Oil speculators are making 
money by betting against the American consumers at the pump.''
  Well, is that really the case? Maybe it is the speculators betting on 
Congress to continue to make dumb decisions about the energy policy in 
this country. And it looks like they started that about December of 
2006 and January of 2007, and guess what. They bet right and they were 
rewarded.
  So, until we do something that sends a signal to those speculators 
that Congress is through making the dumb decisions, the dumb decisions 
that it has been making in the past 18 months and is now going to make 
smart decisions for the American public and the American economy, we're 
likely not going to see that growth curve go anywhere but up.
  So it is time. And I call on my friends on my side of the aisle and 
the other side of the aisle, we've got to approach this problem 
sensibly. We just cannot simply be blaming the current bogeyman du 
jour. We've got to face the fact that it's our policies, starting in 
about January of 2007, that have driven this market through the roof 
and, as a consequence, has damaged the purchasing power of the American 
consuming public.
  And just going a little further into the article, a point I made a 
few minutes ago, ``Before legislators left town, the House 
overwhelmingly approved legislation that would require a Federal 
regulatory agency to employ its rarely used emergency powers to crack 
down on any ``excessive'' speculation in domestic commodity markets.'' 
Again, that power already existed. I don't know why Commissioner Lukken 
did not equate that with the emergency with all of the signs and 
symptoms he had around him of an emergency in the American energy 
market.
  Congress passed--not meaningful legislation last week. We sent a 
``get well'' card to the American consuming public and hoped that 
someone wasn't paying attention and would perhaps mistake our 
activities a week ago Thursday for something meaningful. I somehow 
doubt that that occurred.
  Let me finish up, Mr. Speaker. And I want to read a letter that was 
printed in the Dallas Morning News on July 4, 2008, ``Oil Independence 
Day''--and again, this did run on Independence Day in the Dallas 
Morning News. ``Tired of unfair laws and unreasonable taxes, American 
colonists proclaimed freedom. As we celebrate liberty today, it seems 
ironic that our country has evolved from declaring independence from 
foreign oppression to now dependence on oppression from foreign oil. In 
fact, a slow rebellion against reliance on foreign oil began when OPEC 
left Americans sitting in lines to buy gasoline from stations with dry 
tanks in the 1970s. Today the price stands at $4 a gallon for gasoline, 
and it shows up in everything from the food we eat and clothes we wear 
to the vacations we can no longer afford to take.
  ``We've proposed 15 ways to cut the cost of energy for working 
American families by giving them access to American energy, the 
American energy that they want and need. The problem is that the House 
Democratic leadership keeps blocking that legislation. There is no 
better time than America's Independence Day for Congress to stop 
arguing about the problem and to start fixing it.''
  Respectfully submitted, Joe Barton, R-Arlington, Michael Burgess, R-
Lewisville.
  It is time that we can get past what was previously described as a 
bumper-sticker mentality and that we get to work about solving the 
serious problems that face the American consumers.
  Mr. Speaker, you've been very generous with the time tonight.

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