[Congressional Record Volume 154, Number 51 (Wednesday, April 2, 2008)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2314-S2337]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




NEW DIRECTION FOR ENERGY INDEPENDENCE, NATIONAL SECURITY, AND CONSUMER 
PROTECTION ACT AND THE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION TAX ACT 
                       OF 2007--MOTION TO PROCEED

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the 
Senate will resume consideration of the motion to proceed to H.R. 3221, 
which the clerk will report.
  The legislative clerk read as follows:

       A motion to proceed to the bill (H.R. 3221) moving the 
     United States toward greater energy independence and 
     security, developing innovative new technologies, reducing 
     carbon emissions, creating green jobs, protecting consumers, 
     increasing clean renewable energy production, and modernizing 
     our energy infrastructure, and to amend the Internal Revenue 
     Code of 1986 to provide tax incentives for the production of 
     renewable energy and energy conservation.

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Rhode Island is 
recognized.
  Mr. REED. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to speak for 2 
minutes as in morning business.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                 Tribute to Colonel Michael P. Barbero

  Mr. REED. Mr. President, I add my commendation to the leaders' 
commendation of COL Michael Barbero.
  Colonel Barbero is an extraordinary soldier, a family man, someone 
who has dedicated his whole life to the service of this Nation in the 
uniform of the U.S. Army. He has done it with distinction. He has done 
it with fidelity to the basic ideals of this country. He has 
demonstrated not only great competence but extraordinary character in 
doing that.
  Mike graduated from West Point in 1982. I was teaching his class. 
Fortunately for Mike, he avoided my class and therefore prospered as a 
soldier and as a scholar. He later himself went on to the Georgia 
Institute of Technology to receive a master's degree. He returned to 
West Point and taught as a professor in the Department of Systems 
Engineering.
  His military career began as an armor officer. He qualified as a U.S. 
Army Ranger. He served in a succession of demanding responsibilities as 
an armor officer, a troop commander, a battalion staff officer, with 
serious contributions as an armor officer in the U.S. Army.
  His career represents a continued commitment to excellence as a 
professional and someone who has maintained the highest standards of a 
military officer.
  I first got to know Mike when he assisted me on several trips 
overseas. Not only was he extraordinarily competent and well organized, 
he was a decent, cheerful, innovative, and enthusiastic colleague on 
these trips. He made them all work. They were in very difficult 
circumstances in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in every moment--sometimes 
in duress, sometimes in great difficulty--he was unflappably cheerful 
and ingenious and extraordinarily helpful to me.
  We all stop and note his service. We also thank him and commend him 
and his family: his lovely wife Vicki, his two children Mary and 
Michael. They are the example of what Americans should be in their 
dedication to country.
  The motto of West Point is: Duty, Honor, Country--and no one has 
lived it more significantly than Mike Barbero. I thank him for his 
service and wish him well as he retires.
  Thank you, Mr. President.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Colorado is 
recognized.
  Mr. SALAZAR. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to speak for a 
few minutes as in morning business.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. SALAZAR. Mr. President, I come to the floor this morning to say 
thank you to COL Michael Barbero. I have been in the Senate now for 
only a little over 3 years. During that time, I have had the great 
honor and privilege of traveling to Iraq and to the Middle East with 
Colonel Barbero on two separate occasions. He is, first of all, a great 
soldier. He is someone who makes us all proud for his long service to 
the U.S. Army.
  Part of his career in the U.S. Army has been to serve at Fort Carson, 
the home of the Mountain Division in the State of Colorado. As we 
traveled to the Middle East, we often would talk about Fort Carson and 
his experience there and the beauty of my State and the beauty of our 
mountains.
  Colonel Barbero has been a great example of service. He has always 
put the interests and concerns of others ahead of himself. I think in 
that fashion he exemplifies the selflessness that comes from the very 
best of the best we have in the U.S. Armed Forces.
  He has been a great example in the Senate as he has worked with all 
of us, with many of our colleagues, demonstrating the excellence and 
the commitment of the men and women who serve in our Armed Forces 
today.
  I also want to voice my appreciation for the great sacrifices he has 
made because, as he has worked not only in the Senate for the last 
several years, but beyond that, his family has also sacrificed a great 
deal to our Nation. I think about his wife Vicki and his children Mary 
and Michael. Mary and Michael are still young people at home. I am sure 
often they missed their father when he would be gone on journeys into 
troubled areas of the world, sometimes for more than a week at a time.
  So I come to the floor this morning simply to salute Colonel Barbero 
and to tell him thank you on behalf of the Senate for the great 
contribution he has made to our country and to the relationship between 
our legislative branch of Government--this Chamber, the Senate--and the 
U.S. Army.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. TESTER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. TESTER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the majority leader to be recognized at 12:30 today be modified for the 
majority leader to be recognized at 2 p.m. today.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. TESTER. Mr. President, I rise today to call on the Senate to take 
action on a bipartisan housing opportunity bill. I know that as we 
speak,

[[Page S2315]]

Senator Dodd and Senator Shelby are working hard on a compromise bill. 
It is about time that our national leadership went to bat for 
struggling working families instead of just looking out for the fat 
cats.
  I also commend the leadership of Senator Reid and Senator McConnell 
for agreeing to allow Senator Dodd and Senator Shelby to roll up their 
sleeves and work together to address some of the problems that now 
exist in our Nation's housing market. Since I first joined the Senate 
last year, I have noticed that far too often the people's business 
falls victim to partisan politics. So I appreciate the spirit of 
cooperation that has resulted in the agreement to move to debate on an 
issue on the forefront of so many Americans' minds.
  We need to debate these issues and shine a spotlight on the actions 
of the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department in recent weeks. 
What we have seen recently breaks new ground and sets precedents that 
will be followed for years to come. We need to look closely at the 
details and make sure this is the right track we are taking.
  Folks throughout Montana are talking about these issues because they 
feel the impact in their daily lives. Working families struggle to 
afford quality housing and pay for gas that is $3-plus a gallon and 
diesel that is $4 a gallon and struggle to pay for medical costs, 
whether in the form of excessive insurance premiums or the cost of 
sickness due to no insurance or too high deductibles. Folks paying $4 
for a box of cereal know all too well that the Government is not there 
to bail them out when times get tough.
  Just the other day, I spoke to a packed room in Kalispell, MT, at a 
forum on financial investments. This was the day after the announcement 
of JPMorgan Chase's acquisition of Bear Stearns. The very first 
question asked was from a local man who wanted to know why the 
Government felt it necessary to risk nearly $30 billion to aid one of 
Wall Street's largest banks but families or farmers or small businesses 
in the same situation were simply out of luck. His point hit home with 
me, and it pointed out the fact that we, the Government, need to 
address the problems that plague the housing market. I am very pleased 
that Chairman Dodd is holding a hearing on this deal tomorrow to 
address the bailout of Bear Stearns, a hearing I called for when I was 
talking to those Montanans in Kalispell.
  Concerns about this issue are growing and getting louder in my State 
of Montana, which many local economists have noted is resistant to the 
immediate effects of many national economic trends. We are all very 
aware of the housing crisis that is rippling across this country, 
affecting homeowners and the economy as a whole. To date, we have been 
lucky. Montana has not fared as poorly as many of the other States 
which have seen whole communities torn apart by foreclosure after 
foreclosure, hurting families and lowering property values.
  But we are still concerned. I am concerned for the families in 
Bozeman, MT, who work hard and play by the rules, yet can't find a 
decent place to live that they can afford. I am concerned for the 
workers in Bonner, MT, who lost their jobs at the Stimson lumber mill 
because the collapse of the housing market has depressed the demand for 
lumber. I am concerned for communities throughout rural America where 
opportunity is slipping away because of the failure of our national 
leadership to invest in basic infrastructure that connects us to one 
another.
  The current housing market is widely considered to be the worst since 
the Great Depression. It has spread from home prices to student loans, 
to municipal bonds, to commodities, and to virtually every sector of 
the economy. Unfortunately, the administration has put a larger 
priority in taking care of Wall Street's big bankers than the millions 
of folks who are struggling to pay the bills, make their mortgages, 
save for their children's college tuition, or invest some money for a 
secure retirement, and that needs to change. We must take action to 
strengthen the economy for all Americans and prevent this crisis from 
spreading.
  The administration needs to quickly nominate a new Secretary for the 
Department of Housing and Urban Development, one who is responsive to 
the needs of average Americans, not another who is tainted by 
corruption and cronyism. The American people deserve honorable public 
servants tending to the public business to help navigate the economy 
out of this murky situation.
  We need to help borrowers who were steered into abusive loans but not 
bail out speculators who were looking for a quick buck and got burned 
by the changing marketplace. I do not believe in a government bailout 
of the undeserving, but I do believe in aiding those families who face 
unfair foreclosures through no fault of their own. This Congress must 
pass legislation that can make that distinction and help families and 
communities that have been adversely affected by this slowing economy.
  I am very pleased that at least we are working on a bipartisan 
agreement for this housing bill. I look forward to working with 
Chairman Dodd and Ranking Member Shelby to pass a good bill that will 
do right by working families in Montana and throughout America.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor, and I note the absence of a quorum.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to speak in 
morning business.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Illinois is 
recognized.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, at this moment in the Senate, we are 
awaiting a bill that is being written by Senator Chris Dodd of 
Connecticut, the chairman of the Banking Committee, and Senator Richard 
Shelby of Alabama, who is the ranking Republican on that committee. It 
is an attempt to come up with a bipartisan bill to deal with the 
housing crisis in America. We hope this is going to be successful. We 
are anxious for this bill to come to the floor. It is needed--
desperately needed. We felt at least this effort to work together on a 
bipartisan basis was a move in the right direction.
  A few feet away from here in front of what we call the Ohio Clock out 
in the corridor, Senator Harry Reid, the Democratic majority leader, 
and Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, who represents the Republican 
Members, had a joint press outing yesterday and announced this effort 
in the hopes that we can come up with a bill. This is overdue, and it 
reflects the fact we observed, over the 2 weeks of our Easter recess, 
that there has been a lot of activity in this country at the executive 
level when it comes to our economy and the housing crisis.
  We all recall that the head of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, 
came forward and opened what they call the discount window for 
nondepository banks. To try to put that in common words, banks across 
the United States, which are regulated and are facing oversight by the 
Federal Government, have a way of borrowing money from the Federal 
Government so they are solvent and can continue to do their business.
  A few years back, there was a change in what is known as the Glass-
Steagall law, which gave nondepository banks--in other words, banks 
that are basically investment houses--lending opportunities, credit 
opportunities. There has been a dramatic increase in this activity. 
Much of that activity from nondepository banks has created credit 
across America but also has fueled the fires of this subprime mortgage 
crisis.
  One of the major institutions, Bear Stearns, got into trouble a 
couple weeks ago and faced what appeared to be failure or bankruptcy. 
The Federal Government stepped in at that point and put a $30 billion 
guarantee so Bear Stearns would not fail. It allowed JPMorgan Chase to 
step forward in that circumstance and to back up Bear Stearns.
  At the time, Bear Stearns, an investment house, was leveraged 
dramatically, which means that for virtually every dollar of assets 
they had, they had $30 in debt. So there was a fear

[[Page S2316]]

that if they failed, the stock market and the American economy would 
suffer.
  I give this by way of background because this all occurred while we 
were out of session. When we returned, the Democratic leadership said: 
We have to get into this housing issue from a much more local and a 
much more personal level. If we are going to stand as a Nation to back 
up investment banks, if we are going to put the full faith and credit 
of America to the tune of $30 billion and more behind major 
institutions so they do not face the pain and dislocation that might 
come from their bad decisions, the obvious question is: What are we 
going to do for 2 million Americans who are about to lose their homes?
  If America is going to ride to the rescue of investment banks on Wall 
Street, will it at least provide some shelter, some rescue to those who 
are about to lose their homes on Main Street? I think it should because 
it is not just a matter of those poor, unfortunate people facing 
foreclosure. A mortgage foreclosure is not an isolated, single-family 
event. It is not just a matter of a family losing their home. That lost 
home foreclosed upon, sold in your neighborhood, brings down the value 
of your home.

  So 2 million Americans facing foreclosures has a ripple effect. It 
means 44 million homeowners who are making their mortgage payments 
every single month will see the value of their homes decline. As I said 
on the floor yesterday, what is the value of my home in Springfield, 
IL? If I ask an appraiser, they will say: I will look around your 
neighborhood; let's see what similar houses are selling for. If the 
comparable values are going down because there is a foreclosure, a 
distress sale involved, the value of my home has diminished. That will 
happen to 44 million homeowners across America because of 2 million 
mortgage foreclosures. So this has a negative impact on a lot of 
innocent people and innocent families.
  It is not a matter of crossing our arms and saying: Well, those folks 
made a bad decision; they are going to lose their homes, and isn't it a 
darn shame; maybe they will be more careful next time. It has an impact 
on the community, neighbors, and neighborhoods, and it has an impact on 
consumer confidence. Over 70 percent of Americans today say they will 
not buy a home, not because they cannot find financing, but because 
they don't think it is a good investment. They don't want to stretch 
themselves, as many of us have in our lives to get into a home, for 
fear that investment of $500,000 today may be worth only $450,000 a 
year from now.
  As a result, our housing industry is flat on its back. It is not just 
developers. It is not just realtors. It is homebuilders, it is skilled 
craftsmen, it is the suppliers of carpeting, furniture, and all the 
items that make a new home. They are all hurting because of the housing 
industry.
  We returned to Washington and said: What can we do to stimulate the 
housing industry that will be positive? And we came up with a package 
to present.
  First, we provide counselors who are available to those facing 
foreclosure to tell them what their options might be, to find a way out 
of this situation.
  Second, we found tax provisions to help these homebuilders who are 
facing hard times get through it.
  Third, we want to change the way people buy homes in America so there 
is more disclosure and transparency.
  I had been a lawyer for a number of years before I came to Congress. 
I used to sit through these real estate closings. I would watch as the 
bank would bring out that stack of papers, plop them on the table in 
front of the new homeowners and say: Start signing. We will turn the 
pages, you sign. They would stop once in a while and say to the 
lawyers: What is this? Just another Federal form, a disclosure form; it 
is Form 237. At the end of the day, few, if any, homeowners knew what 
they were signing.
  Jack Reed of Rhode Island, my colleague, has a simple provision that 
we would have a disclosure statement on the top of that stack written 
in English so people could understand what is the interest rate; how 
much am I borrowing; what will the monthly payment be; can this 
interest rate go up; can my monthly payment go up; can I prepay without 
a penalty? Some basics. I hope we adopt that proposal.
  There is another provision that I think is critically important and 
has become very controversial. I don't understand why it is 
controversial. I cannot understand why, if someone facing bankruptcy 
wants to go into court under what we call Chapter 13 and take a look at 
all their debts and all their income and restructure their debt so they 
can pay back in a reasonable way, I do not understand why you cannot 
put your mortgage on your home in that court proceeding for 
modification. You cannot now. You are prohibited by law, under Chapter 
13, from the court modifying the terms of the mortgage on your home. 
But the court can rewrite the terms of a mortgage on your vacation 
condo. The court can rewrite the terms of your mortgage on your farm. 
The court can rewrite the terms of your mortgage on a ranch. The court 
can rewrite the security instrument you used to buy that boat that is 
out in the harbor. All of those things can be modified, but not your 
home. I have asked why. Why in God's name would you prohibit the 
modification of a mortgage on a home? There is no explanation. And so 
the provision I put in the bill said that the court would have that 
authority. They wouldn't be required to, but they would have that 
authority.

  Now, what is the protection here? The lenders want to know if they 
will be protected. Will they end up with a mortgage being rewritten in 
terms they do not like? So here is what we put in as protection:
  First, you have to qualify to go to bankruptcy court. It isn't easy. 
We rewrote the rules for that a few years ago, and I don't change them 
at all. In order to get into court, it is a question of what your 
income is, what your debts are, and whether you have a chance of 
working it out. That is step No. 1.
  Step No. 2, the real estate we are talking about has to be your home 
and primary residence. I am not interested in helping real estate 
speculators. Frankly, they may have some advocates here, but I am not 
one of them. I want to be sure we are dealing with home ownership.
  Third, it only applies to mortgages which are in existence at the 
time this bill is enacted into law. So it doesn't project into the 
future, it is a specific group right now.
  Fourth, this court--this bankruptcy court--cannot lower the principal 
on your mortgage in modifying it lower than the current fair market 
value of the home. There is a protection for the lender. You know that 
the principal can't be pushed down below fair market value.
  Let me add as a footnote that many of these lenders facing 
foreclosure would be darned lucky to get fair market value on the 
property. If you have ever seen how these homes in foreclosure are 
sold, if they are sold, it takes a long time and sometimes results in 
an auction. We are finding in my State of Illinois that people are not 
even bidding for fair market value. So fair market value is the low-end 
protection of the lender.
  Next, the interest rate the bankruptcy court can put on the 
modification cannot be lower than the prime rate on interest plus a 
premium for risk.
  Next, the mortgage itself can't be for a term longer than 30 years.
  Next, if in the 5 years after the modification in court the value of 
the home appreciates or goes up, that increase in value goes to the 
lender--not to the home owner, to the lender.
  How many more protections can we build into this? We have narrowed 
the people who would qualify, and we have tried to do it in a way that 
is sensible and protects lenders in the process. So who would oppose a 
bill that is that narrow in changing the Bankruptcy Code? I will tell 
you: The mortgage bankers oppose it. The same people who brought us the 
subprime mortgage crisis are now telling the Members of the Senate: We 
find this unacceptable; we don't want the bankruptcy court to have this 
new authority. And what is their argument? The sanctity of the 
contract. Sanctity. When I grew up, sanctity connoted holiness, a 
sacred quality. Have you taken a look at some of these subprime 
mortgages, the ones we are talking about? I have. I have sat down with 
some of the borrowers in Illinois to see what they went through

[[Page S2317]]

and what they ended up signing up for. Time and again, these were 
elderly people, the ones I have met, who ended up signing up for 
mortgages which made no sense at all--misled, deceived into signing on 
to a mortgage they could not sustain personally.
  The elderly lady who had retired in Chicago saw a number on a 
television ad, called the number, and in 24 hours there is a fellow at 
the door saying: You bet, we are going to consolidate your debt. This 
poor lady goes into a closing--she had limited education, she had 
retired, and she was trying to save her home--she signed all the 
papers, and in a matter of a year the monthly payment doubled on her 
home. Here she is living on Social Security and about to lose her home. 
The sanctity of the contract. The holiness of the contract. The sacred 
document the mortgage bankers want us to honor, bow to. Obeisance.
  Another case. This poor lady, her husband had a serious illness. He 
could no longer climb the stairs in their home to get upstairs to the 
bedroom. He was sleeping on the couch in the living room. His wife was 
beside herself. They were both retired. She sees a nice little one-
story bungalow, a smaller home but one story, with the bedroom on the 
first floor for her husband. She goes to buy it, and a so-called 
business adviser says to her: Oh, this is your chance to consolidate 
all your debt in this new mortgage. Do you know what this charlatan 
did? He took a zero-percent loan this lady had from the city of Peoria 
to put insulation in her home and consolidated it into the new 
mortgage, so she is now paying interest on the zero-percent loan. The 
sanctity of the contract. The holiness of the contract. This sacred 
document.
  The mortgage bankers say we can't touch these things. My goodness, 
they have to be protected. Where were these mortgage bankers 3 years 
ago when we rewrote the Bankruptcy Code, when we said all existing 
contracts in America that are taken into the bankruptcy court will be 
treated differently? I didn't hear one word about the sanctity of the 
contract. No. Why? Because the changes in the Bankruptcy Code were to 
their advantage. So now, on the chance that they may have to keep a 
family in a home facing foreclosure, they are opposing it, opposing 
this change.
  What a real test of the Senate this will be if we end up letting the 
mortgage bankers--the people who brought us this subprime mortgage 
mess--dictate to the Senate about changing the Bankruptcy Code. Shame 
on us. Why in the world, if we can stand up for saving an investment 
bank on Wall Street, can we not stand up to save the homes of millions 
of people who are about to lose them across America? A lot of them will 
never qualify for this assistance in this bill. I know it. But for 
some, a limited group, it is the only way they can keep their homes. 
That is what this debate is all about.

  I read in the paper this morning that many of my colleagues on the 
other side of the aisle said this is a poison pill; changing the 
Bankruptcy Code, invading the sanctity of these contracts is a poison 
pill; we can't consider it. I don't want to be unreasonable about this. 
I want an up-or-down vote. I want people on the record. I want Senators 
to stand up and say whether they believe families facing this kind of 
foreclosure, with communities facing the impact of these foreclosures, 
will have a fighting chance.
  This isn't just my theory, incidentally, on what we need to do. 
Recently, Newsweek magazine, in its March 31 issue, asked a lot of 
prominent people in different walks of life what we should do about the 
economy and particularly the housing crisis. I wish to quote a few for 
the record.
  First, Bob Rubin, chief of the executive committee of Citigroup and 
former Treasury Secretary, maybe one of the most successful Treasury 
Secretaries in the history of this Nation. This is what Bob Rubin said:

       We should consider higher capital requirements for banks 
     and investment banks, plus higher margin requirements for 
     other investors. Putting up more of their own money would 
     make people focus on risk.

  That is a balanced and sensible statement. What he is saying is when 
we get into this whole question about the future of our economy, let's 
understand that there is risk on both sides and let's demand 
responsibility on both sides.
  Carly Fiorina. Now, she is an adviser of Senator McCain's campaign, 
chairperson of the Republican Victory '08 committee, and former CEO of 
Hewlett-Packard. Listen to what she says:

       I think the mortgage companies and the banks should step to 
     the plate and say, ``We have put products out there that have 
     harmed our customers, either because we didn't explain them 
     well or because we pushed them into homes or mortgages that 
     they couldn't afford.'' And those lenders need to sit down 
     with their creditworthy but cash-strapped customers and say, 
     ``How do we help you?''

  She is the adviser to Senator McCain's campaign. She is a person with 
a background in business. Her suggestion is consistent with my change 
in the Bankruptcy Code. It is exactly what I am saying.
  Some of the others. Gene Sperling, an adviser to Senator Clinton's 
campaign:

       How can you have a housing-led recession and have no 
     housing-based remedies?

  He gets to the heart of it. The housing-led recession was the 
catalyst for our economic problems. Ignore it, and I am afraid our 
economy won't get well very soon.
  Joseph Stiglitz, university professor from Columbia, former chief 
economist of the World Bank, and economic adviser to Bill Clinton. Here 
is what he says:

       There needs to be an immediate write-down of mortgages--
     perhaps encouraged through a homeowners' Chapter 11, which 
     would allow them to discharge a part of their debt and still 
     stay in their homes.

  That is exactly what this amendment does.
  He goes on:

       Of course, there is something peculiar about what has been 
     going on. While the administration has been vetoing any 
     suggestion of a bailout for poor homeowners who have been 
     taken advantage of by predatory lenders, there has been a 
     bailout for investment banks. The Fed has lent money to 
     facilitate JPMorgan's takeover of Bear Stearns, and has 
     evidently underwritten the risk. It has accepted risky 
     mortgages as collateral--again putting taxpayers' money at 
     risk. These bailouts for those responsible for the mess 
     have been done in a totally nontransparent way. We really 
     don't know much about the values assigned to the 
     collateral and what the risks are. It seems fairer to help 
     poorer American households, rather than putting taxpayers' 
     money at risk without even charging appropriate insurance 
     premiums for bearing this risk.

  Mr. Stiglitz has hit the nail on the head. We are ready, with few 
questions asked, to put $30 billion in taxpayers' money behind a 
failing investment bank, but when I come to the floor and suggest we 
ought to try to stand behind a few homeowners across America who stand 
to lose their homes, oh no, the mortgage bankers won't hear of it; some 
of these people may not be worthy borrowers in the future. Was Bear 
Stearns a worthy borrower? I don't even know if the question was asked, 
and neither does Mr. Stiglitz.
  Robert Shiller, Yale professor of economics and founder of 
Macromarkets LLC. Among the things he says, he quotes a woman I respect 
very much, Elizabeth Warren, a Harvard law professor, who has proposed 
that the Government create a Financial Product Safety Commission which 
would work like the Consumer Product Safety Commission but would 
monitor lending and financial practices.
  How in the world can this Senate stop and say we give tacit approval 
to the decisions of the Federal Reserve Board and the Treasury 
Department to put the credit of the United States behind investment 
banks that we literally don't know their circumstances and then turn 
around and say we would not let a bankruptcy court even consider 
changing the terms of a mortgage for someone facing foreclosure? If it 
is a vacation condo, fine; if it is a farm, fine; if it is a ranch, 
fine; if it is a big boat, fine, but not your home. You have to lose 
your home. That is what the law says today. Is that reasonable? Is that 
what we are all about? Is that what the Senate is all about? Are we 
here to follow the agenda of the Mortgage Bankers Association that 
created this mess, or are we here to serve the needs of families across 
this country struggling to keep a roof over their heads? I hope that 
answer will be obvious to my colleagues, and I hope that when we get 
this bipartisan bill that is

[[Page S2318]]

being worked on very soon that it includes this provision so that we 
can have an up-or-down vote.
  This provision is limited. It will not impact future borrowers in any 
way. The Georgetown Law study said it will have little or no impact on 
interest rates to come. I think it is fair for us to consider it. It is 
supported by a substantial group: the AARP, Leadership Conference on 
Civil Rights, the NAACP, the National Council on La Raza, Consumer 
Federation of America, Center for Responsible Lending, SEIU, AFL-CIO, 
and many others. It has the diverse support of Jack Kemp, former 
conservative Republican Congressman and candidate for Vice President, 
and Larry Summers, who was Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton 
administration and who wrote op-eds in support. It has the support of 
the Credit Union National Association and the National Association of 
Federal Credit Unions.
  Who opposes it? The big banks that created this mess in the first 
place. I am sorry, they have had their day. They have had their chance. 
Most of them have made plenty of money, and their CEOs are going to 
escape unscathed from this terrible economy. But for the rest of 
America that is paying the price for their bad lending practices, all I 
am asking is a chance, a chance that in court the bankruptcy judge will 
allow these people to stay in their homes.

  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Nelson of Nebraska). The Senator from 
Maryland is recognized.
  Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, I thank my colleague from Illinois for his 
statements and leadership on this issue. I serve on the Judiciary 
Committee with him. I thank him for bringing forward this proposal. I 
think it is critically important to a large number of homeowners who 
find themselves in bankruptcy that they get the help the bankruptcy 
courts were designed to create. It was to take a look at the financial 
ability of the person going into bankruptcy, to take a look at their 
assets and to make a fair arrangement for the creditor and the debtor. 
But the bankruptcy courts today cannot do that in regard to your 
primary residence. As my colleague points out, if it is your boat and 
you have a chattel mortgage on it, they can work that out. If it is 
your vacation home, they can make accommodations. But for your 
principal residence, they cannot do that. That makes no sense at all, 
and I thank my colleague for bringing this forward. I think it is a 
critical part of the legislation before us, and I look forward to 
supporting the effort to make sure that stays in the legislation.
  Mr. President, 2 weeks ago I visited a Baltimore neighborhood, Ednor 
Gardens. That is near the Memorial Stadium, the old stadium where the 
Baltimore Orioles and Baltimore Colts played, and it is in the 
neighborhood where I went to high school, Baltimore City High School. 
It is a middle-class neighborhood, but today there are vacant homes and 
a lot of ``for sale'' signs. The entire neighborhood is affected by our 
current housing crisis. Some are in danger of losing their homes. 
Obviously, that is the most dramatic impact all of us hear and we want 
to do something about. We do not want to see people lose their homes.
  It was James Truslow Adams who first coined the term ``the American 
dream'' in his book ``The Epic of America'' in 1931. He talked about 
the American dream as the opportunity to achieve in this great Nation, 
that every family should have that opportunity. The most visible sign 
of achievement is owning your own home. It is devastating if you lose 
your home.
  Many Americans are in danger of losing their homes today because of 
the housing crisis. It not only affects individual homeowners who could 
lose a home through foreclosure or the inability to pay the mortgage 
and they just walk away from their home, but it affects every home in 
that neighborhood. There is a Chicago study that shows a single 
foreclosure, just one foreclosure in your neighborhood, will have the 
immediate impact of reducing your property value by about 1.5 percent 
or about $3,000, on average. The U.S. Conference of Mayors pointed out 
that the current decline in home values across the Nation reflects a 
loss of value of over $1.2 trillion, having a major impact on property 
tax revenues of local governments. The whole community is affected by 
the housing crisis, not just the individual homeowner who may lose his 
or her home.
  If you happen to live in a home that you need to sell--you move, 
there is a change of life and you need to deal with putting your house 
on the market; maybe you have a contract to buy another house and you 
plan to sell your house--I tell you, the housing market is not good 
today; you are affected by the housing crisis. It is hard to find 
people who are willing to buy a home. They are concerned about 
declining values. Everyone is affected by this housing crisis.
  Home ownership is critically important to the safety of our 
neighborhoods. Study after study shows that where you have a large 
percentage of home ownership, you have better schools and you have less 
crime. That was actually documented in that Chicago study I referred to 
earlier, where they showed there was a direct relationship between 
foreclosures in a neighborhood and the increase of violent crime in a 
neighborhood.
  I have heard many people say: Isn't this the problem of people who 
entered into mortgages they should not have entered into or bought 
homes they should not have bought or couldn't afford? In some cases, 
that is true. In many cases, it is not. But the declining economy and 
the housing crisis affects all of us. We have a responsibility to help 
and to do something that is positive for our economy and the housing 
crisis.
  This is not an isolated situation, what was happening in this 
Baltimore neighborhood. In Maryland, the foreclosures have increased--
since June, where Maryland ranked 40th in the Nation, doing fairly well 
competitively, to now 18th in the Nation in the number of foreclosures. 
There was a 39-percent increase in foreclosures in the last quarter in 
the State of Maryland.
  The Mortgage Bankers Association tells us that nationally the third 
quarter of 2007 was not only a record for the number of foreclosures, 
it was the highest ever recorded in the number of foreclosures in this 
country. Nationally, it is estimated that 2.2 million subprime 
mortgages, entered into between 1998 and 2006, are in jeopardy of 
foreclosure during the next 2 to 3 years, representing $160 billion of 
potential loss of wealth. The National Realtors Association has told us 
that home sales have dropped for the sixth consecutive month. Home 
prices are down, and they quantitated it, between February 2008 and 
February 2007, a decline of 8 percent. Our economy is hurting. It is 
not just the homeowner.
  Let me just give one example. Housing starts are down. New housing 
starts are clearly down. It is difficult to see investors moving 
forward building new residential homes when we have a glut on the 
market of existing homes. What does that mean? I was talking to some 
people who work at the light truck transmission facility located in 
White Marsh, MD--General Motors. They are in danger of losing jobs 
because the people who work in the building sector, building of homes, 
use light trucks, and they are not buying as many light trucks because 
business is down. This is affecting jobs in Maryland and jobs in each 
one of our States.
  The bottom line is that Congress needs to act. We need to act 
quickly. The Fed acted quickly to protect Wall Street. We have to act 
quickly to protect Main Street. There is a lot of question as to 
whether the Fed did the right thing for Bear Stearns. They acted 
quickly. We have middle-class communities, middle-class families who 
are in danger of losing their homes if Congress does not act quickly. 
We need to act quickly to help middle-class families who are caught in 
this economic downturn.
  I am proud to have cosponsored provisions included in this underlying 
bill we are talking about. It is a very important bill. It includes 
provisions that I believe will really help the people in our States.

  First, it provides counseling services--$200 million. We can help 
another half a million families get counseling.
  One of the figures I find shocking is that for about half of the 
vacant homes we have today, people have just walked away from their 
mortgages, walked away from their homes. They have not even tried to 
work out their financial

[[Page S2319]]

problems. They have not sought counseling. They have not talked to the 
mortgage company. They have not made any effort to try to save their 
home. They think there is no possibility. In reality, there may be 
possibilities. We should be providing the wherewithal so that people 
who are in a distressed situation can get the counseling help they 
need.
  When I had my gathering in the Baltimore neighborhood, there were 
representatives from the different counseling services that are 
available to the people of Baltimore--Healthy Neighborhoods, St. 
Ambrose Housing Aid Center. These are people who have found the number 
of people seeking help doubling and tripling since the middle of last 
year. They are being overwhelmed today by people seeking help. They 
need a Federal partner. They asked me specifically whether this part of 
the legislation can be enacted quickly. They need the help to keep the 
centers open and expand the centers.
  Remember, I said half the people are not seeking counseling. If the 
number of people who could use counseling actually stepped forward, 
there would not be the counselors available to handle this. That is why 
it is very important for the Federal Government to be a partner in 
providing adequate counseling, independent information to homeowners as 
to what their options may be.
  The second provision of this bill allows for the refinancing of 
subprime mortgages by giving our local revenue authorities additional 
revenue bond help from the Federal Government--$150 billion--so that 
they can be more actively involved. We know we have a credit crunch. 
Everybody knows that. You can't find mortgages today. You can't find 
ways of financing. This will help, by using revenue bonding authority 
with very little cost to taxpayers. I say that because in many cases 
the local revenue bonding authority, operating under the State, will be 
able to go in and purchase a distressed mortgage at market value. 
Market value is less than its full value. The person who made the loan 
is going to get a fair value for their investment. It is going to be a 
lower value than they want, but it is a fair value.
  We are not bailing out the investor. What we are doing, then, is 
giving the homeowner an opportunity to have that mortgage refinanced 
through the State revenue bond authority at a fair amount, at a fair 
return, allowing that homeowner to stay in his or her home, protecting 
the home for the family--not protecting the investor, not protecting 
the person who made the loan, but protecting the homeowner. That is 
what we should be doing. That certainly is a tool I hope all of us will 
support, and we need to get that done quickly because of the credit 
crunch.
  There is a lot of talk about whether individuals went into this with 
full knowledge of the problems. Let me tell you, there have been a lot 
of people who have been victimized by the practices that are out there. 
There are many people who could have gone into traditional mortgages 
who went into subprime mortgages. It is particularly true in minority 
communities. Between 2005 and 2006, 50 percent of all the mortgages 
sold in the African-American community were subprime--50 percent to 
African Americans; 40 percent to Latinos. My point is this: There were 
neighborhoods that were targeted for subprime mortgages that could have 
qualified for traditional mortgages. These individuals have been 
victimized. I think allowing our revenue bonding authorities, our local 
housing authorities, to be able to do more to restructure those 
mortgages is the right thing for Congress to do.
  I hope we will provide block grant authority, to give block grants to 
communities that have been impacted by foreclosures. As I said earlier, 
if you have a foreclosure in a community, the entire community is 
impacted by it. We need to do something to help it.
  I was very impressed when I talked to people at St. Ambrose when they 
explained to me that when you have a foreclosed property, the house 
deteriorates and the neighborhood needs help. A Federal block grant to 
the community will allow it to get the housing in the condition it 
needs in order to put new home buyers into these houses. That is 
another very positive thing we can do to help communities.
  The legislation provides the relief from bankruptcy that my friend, 
Senator Durbin, talked about, a provision I strongly support. I don't 
need to go through all the provisions he went through, but it is 
targeted to residential mortgages that are in bankruptcy, it is 
targeted to mortgages that are currently in existence, targeted to 
those who can financially afford a refinancing structure. It is 
targeted in that if there is a resale and money that comes in that 
would have the lender held harmless, the money goes first to the 
lender.
  All this is targeted relief to provide some degree of equity in a 
mortgage proceeding between mortgages that are taken out for our 
vacation homes and our large boats and those that are for residential 
mortgages. As Senator Durbin pointed out, a bankruptcy judge can adjust 
the mortgages for your vacation home and your chattel mortgage on your 
boat but cannot, today, on your residential mortgage. That makes no 
sense at all, and we should certainly include that provision.
  There are provisions in this bill that will provide disclosure so, 
moving forward, homeowners have much more information before they enter 
into a mortgage.
  I wish to refer to another provision I intend to offer as an 
amendment to the underlying legislation when we get an opportunity, and 
that is to provide a tax credit for first-time home buyers. I think we 
need to do something to stimulate the housing market from the point of 
view of more people willing to come out to a buy a home. Senator Durbin 
pointed out that today there are people reluctant to buy a home, who 
want to buy a home, but they are worried that the value may decline. If 
we give a tax credit, put money on the table, I think it is much more 
likely that individuals will want to take advantage of that. You do 
that and you help stimulate the economy with the exact sector that 
triggered the economic downturn, the housing market. Let's get the 
housing market reenergized. Let's put a tax credit out that helps home 
buyers buy a home in these distressed times.

  Now, the legislation that I am going to propose is going to be 
targeted; it is going to be for principal residences only. I think that 
is what we should do. It will be middle class. We will have an income 
cap so it goes to those who need the help.
  It will be first-time home buyers. Today, it is estimated that 40 
percent of our market is first-time home buyers. In Baltimore City, we 
know about two-thirds are first-time home buyers. So it is to go to 
that part of the market that needs the help, that we need to get back 
into the market. It is temporary. It will expire in 2008 because we 
want people moving now, going back into the market now.
  This is not a new concept. It has been used in the Nation's capital. 
We provided a tax credit that has helped 3,000 to 4,000 home buyers a 
year. I think it was a good policy for the Nation's capital. I think it 
is a good policy now for our country on a temporary basis.
  I do acknowledge there are several of my colleagues who are 
interested in this legislation who have a slightly different approach. 
I hope we can come together, as Senator Stabenow has been interested in 
a housing credit for many years. Senator Isakson has come forward with 
his proposals.
  I hope we all will be able to work together to bring forward a tax 
credit proposal that can help stimulate our economy. We need to act 
now. Two months ago, in a bipartisan action in this body, we passed the 
economic stimulus package. We did it quickly. That is what we needed to 
do. Well, we need to show the same commitment on the housing crisis. We 
need to work in a bipartisan manner to help middle-class families save 
their homes and to help our economy.
  I urge my colleagues to take up quickly this legislation. Let's 
consider the amendments. Let's move forward. There are too many 
homeowners in our States who are depending upon us to act quickly for 
us to delay.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Iowa.


                       Pharma Payments to Doctors

  Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, I have had the opportunity in the last 
several years that I have been in the Senate to look into how drug 
companies may be improperly influencing

[[Page S2320]]

medical care. It is no secret that drug and device companies have 
substantial financial relationships with the health industry and 
specifically with physicians.
  In addition to multimillion dollar royalty payments and lucrative 
consulting contracts, I found that drug and device companies often 
provide perks to doctors. These would include things such as expensive 
trips, lavish speaking fees, and other benefits that are too numerous 
to mention at this point.
  These relationships, as you might expect, can motivate doctors to 
modify their treatment practices. It can motivate doctors to do 
practices that may not be in the best interests of the patient.
  Because these financial relationships are so common, I have had the 
help of Senator Kohl of Wisconsin in the introduction of a bipartisan 
bill called the Physicians Payment Sunshine Act. We introduced that in 
the latter half of last year.
  Now, this bill is not aimed at stopping money flowing to the doctors, 
the results of which I have spoken about. But it ought to throw a 
little sunshine on this issue. And that sunshine on this issue will go 
a long way toward curbing bad behavior.
  I am proud to report the bill is gaining support from industry and 
from many physicians. In fact, medical device maker Zimmer recently 
announced their support. I expect even more companies to come onboard 
very soon.
  You might say that these companies coming on board must like this, 
that it is not going to do any good. Well, it will do a lot of good. I 
think companies coming on board at this point are recognizing that if 
they are in a public debate on this issue where there is evidence that 
their payments to doctors may influence practice, that is not going to 
stand up in the theater of public debate, and so they ought to help 
their public relations and get behind this legislation. They know it is 
the right thing to do. I hope my colleagues in the Senate will look at 
this bill and see it as the right thing to do as well.
  Since last summer, I have been investigating dozens of physicians to 
see if they are reporting their outside income to universities they are 
affiliated with. These physicians are at public as well as private 
universities and are working at institutions of higher learning across 
the United States today.
  I am going to report on the action of one physician. I do this to 
explain how industry payments to medical experts can affect medical 
practice. Last summer, the New York Times ran an article about several 
drugs called atypical antipsychotics. These drugs are very powerful. 
The New York Times reported they are widely prescribed for children.
  In the case of Seroquel, this drug became widely prescribed to treat 
children for bipolar disorder in the year 2005. It is important to 
examine this drug because we have paid billions of taxpayers dollars 
for Seroquel in the last years under various programs that the Federal 
Government has that provide help for people who cannot otherwise afford 
it.

  Now, this happened after a group of experts decided that drugs such 
as Seroquel worked in kids and then published new guidelines in the 
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
  But this panel based its guidelines on a single inconclusive study 
that was done in the year 2002, paid for by AstraZeneca. The study 
concluded kids did well on Seroquel, even though half of them dropped 
out of the study because of bad side effects.
  The lead author of this study was Dr. Melissa DelBello, a professor 
at the University of Cincinnati. After reading about this story, I sent 
a letter to the University of Cincinnati and asked to see Dr. 
DelBello's reports on outside income.
  I found out Dr. DelBello received over $100,000 from AstraZeneca in 
2003, the year after she did this study. The following year, the 
company paid her over $80,000. These payments were for things such as 
lectures, consulting fees, services on advisory boards, and 
reimbursement for travel-related costs.
  After the university sent me these records, I then asked AstraZeneca 
to account for money the company had sent to Dr. DelBello. The numbers 
after they all came in simply did not add up.
  Between 2005 and 2007, Dr. DelBello reported about $100,000 in 
outside income to her university. But I found out AstraZeneca had paid 
her over $238,000, and obviously $138,000 of reported income is a big 
difference. Of course, I am finding out the money keeps trickling in. 
Last week, AstraZeneca reported to me they had discovered an additional 
$1,800 in payment to Dr. DelBello, and who knows if we will ever know 
the full accounting of this money paid between AstraZeneca and the 
professor.
  So her own university, her very own university which is supposed to 
be monitoring her conflicts of interest, did not even know about these 
additional payments. It seems to me they did what many universities 
around the country do: They trusted their faculty to provide accurate 
information.
  Even worse, I found out Dr. DelBello received grant money from the 
National Institutes of Health. According to Federal regulations, 
universities are supposed to monitor conflicts of interest when their 
researchers receive National Institutes of Health grants. Obviously, 
the university has engaged in the practice of trust but did not verify, 
where the rule is: Trust but verify.
  Another interesting thing happened while I was looking into Dr. 
DelBello. According to the letter I received from the University of 
Cincinnati, Dr. DelBello failed to report other money she also received 
from big drug companies.
  So it turns out Dr. DelBello has a company which she established for 
``personal financial purposes.'' AstraZeneca was involved here. Let me 
remind you that AstraZeneca is the maker of Seroquel. They paid MSZ 
Associates, Inc., an Ohio corporation, over $60,000.
  Where do you think the address of MSZ Associates is? Well, you 
probably have figured it out, the Department of Psychiatry, University 
of Cincinnati.
  This situation is unfortunate on so many levels. It is unfortunate 
for the University of Cincinnati relying on the representations of its 
faculty, it is unfortunate for patients who once believed their doctors 
were not for sale, and it is unfortunate we are in a day and an age 
where a bill promoting transparency for millions and millions of 
dollars going from big drug companies to American doctors is necessary.
  In other words, I am saying to my colleagues in the Senate: The bill 
Senator Kohl and I put in last year that is picking up steam, even from 
companies in the medical business, should not have had to be 
introduced. The checks and balances that are out there between 
universities, between the NIH and universities that get their grants 
ought to be enough to make sure the ethics are properly followed.
  This information is available, and, most importantly, the information 
is public, because this is the public's business. The public has a 
right to know whether people who doctor them might have a financial 
interest in the treatment that is prescribed for them.
  Now, I have given you one example of a doctor who has been receiving 
large amounts of money from drug companies. In this area, as in many 
others, I hope a little bit of sunshine will go a long way. That is 
what the Kohl-Grassley legislation is all about. The fact that a 
physician can promote a drug to other doctors and receive NIH funding, 
while hiding a very clear conflict of interest, ought to be very 
disturbing to all of us.
  That is why this bill is very needed. Because nobody is watching this 
money, and it is having a bad effect on medical practice as evidenced 
by this drug made by AstraZeneca.
  Before closing, I wish to give this compliment to the University of 
Cincinnati. This university has and continues to be very cooperative in 
this investigation. I very much appreciate this. Thank you to the 
University of Cincinnati.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. McCaskill). The Senator from 
Pennsylvania.


                                  Iraq

  Mr. CASEY. Madam President, I rise to speak on behalf of S. Res. 494, 
which is a sense-of-the-Senate resolution I introduced yesterday 
calling upon the international community to fulfill previous pledges to 
provide reconstruction assistance to Iraq. I am joined in introducing 
this resolution by my colleague,

[[Page S2321]]

Senator Corker, from the great State of Tennessee. I am honored to have 
his support.
  Our message is simple. It is long past time for other nations, 
especially Iraq's neighbors, to carry through on past promises and 
deliver the type of assistance that can help stabilize Iraq and allow 
for an orderly redeployment of U.S. combat troops from Iraq. Over the 
course of the next 2 weeks, the Senate will once again return to the 
Iraq war and the debate over future U.S. military presence in that 
country. It is no secret there is a sharp divide in the Congress over 
the next steps in Iraq. We have some fundamental differences, and it is 
essential that we debate these differences in an open manner. However, 
there is some common ground that all of us can find when it comes to 
Iraq. We can agree that America has already sacrificed too many of our 
finest and bravest young men and women in this conflict. We recently 
marked the grim toll of 4,000 Americans killed in combat there, 
including 183 natives of my home State of Pennsylvania. But the United 
States is also bearing the majority of the burden when it comes to 
financial assistance to the Iraqi Government for reconstruction 
activities. We bear this burden even though other nations and 
multilateral organizations, including the World Bank and the 
International Monetary Fund, have pledged but failed to implement 
significant sums toward Iraq's reconstruction. The United States bears 
this burden even as we spend millions of dollars every day on our 
military presence in Iraq. That is not right, and it cannot continue.
  Our resolution calls upon other nations to carry through on previous 
pledges of reconstruction assistance to the Iraqi people who have been 
largely ignored. The resolution has been inspired by two recent 
reports, a December 2007 report from the Government Accountability 
Office, the GAO, and a January 2008 report from the inspector general 
for Iraqi reconstruction. The two reports document the following 
facts--just two, but they are alarming and disturbing--the United 
States has already spent roughly $29 billion on reconstruction 
assistance to Iraq, with another $16.5 billion in the pipeline having 
been authorized by Congress. That is fact No. 1, $29 billion spent, 
$16.5 billion on the way. As of last October, international donors have 
pledged a combined total of approximately $16 billion to support Iraq's 
reconstruction, but only $7 billion of the $16 billion has actually 
been disbursed to Iraqi governmental entities. This is a less than 50-
percent return when it comes to carrying out previous pledges, many of 
which date back to the year 2003.
  There are some plausible explanations for why reconstruction funding 
has not flowed as quickly as we would like. Certainly corruption in the 
Iraqi Government remains a serious problem. The hazardous conditions in 
many parts of Iraq have impeded reconstruction projects. But these same 
constraints apply to the U.S. Government and our construction funding. 
There is no reason the United States has spent more than four times 
what the rest of the world combined has spent when it comes to 
reconstruction assistance to the Iraqi Government. I don't need to 
remind anyone in this Chamber or in the country of our economic 
challenges at home. The war in Iraq is exacting a significant toll on 
our Nation's Treasury. The United States cannot afford to continue to 
subsidize reconstruction assistance to Iraq while other nations remain 
on the sidelines.
  The lack of participation by other international donors, especially 
Iraq's neighbors, incurs diplomatic and political costs as well. When 
the United States is seen as the principal source of reconstruction 
funding in Iraq, and when those reconstruction activities falter, it is 
America that is unfairly blamed in the eyes of the Iraqi people. Five 
years after we invaded Iraq, much of the nation continues to experience 
power shortages and rolling blackouts. The Iraqi people view this state 
of affairs as America's responsibility. That is why the Iraq Study 
Group, more than a year ago, recommended multilateral support for Iraqi 
reconstruction, including ``greater involvement by and with 
international partners who should do more than just contribute money. 
They should actively participate in the design and construction of 
projects.'' So said the Iraq Study Group more than a year ago.
  It is all too rare for a Democrat and a Republican to find some 
shared ground today on the issue of Iraq. The fact that two Members of 
the Senate, both members of the Foreign Relations Committee from 
different parties, have found common cause on one aspect of our 
presence there should tell us something. There is no reason the United 
States, already having borne a massive cost in terms of military 
resources expended and precious lives of our bravest men and women 
lost, should continue to be on the hook for the majority of 
reconstruction funding in Iraq. Reconstruction funding for Iraq is 
important, and it is time Iraq's neighbors, major international 
organizations, and other nations step to the plate.
  I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Madam President, I understand we are in morning 
business; is that correct?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. No. We are under cloture on the motion to 
proceed.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Fine. I will use such time as I might use that I am 
entitled under that procedure.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is recognized.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Madam President, a few minutes ago, I was over at the 
Joint Economic Committee, where we had Mr. Bernanke, who is the head of 
the Federal Reserve, talking about the economic challenges we are 
facing in this country and what the administration, and Federal Reserve 
are going to do about it. I must say, we were long in analysis in terms 
of how we got here but very short in terms of giving a great deal of 
hope to the American people as to the next steps that are going to be 
taken by the administration to help resolve this problem. That is, I 
find, enormously distressing.
  I think American families ought to be certainly encouraged by the 
efforts that are being made in this body to try to develop a housing 
program, led by Senator Dodd and also by Senator Shelby and a number of 
others. I understand the leaders are going to have some announcements 
later on in the day about the progress that is being made, which is, I 
think, a very important and significant effort. Hopefully, it will 
result in providing some help and assistance to families so they can 
remain in their homes and, hopefully, permit some of those who have 
been foreclosed on to regain the opportunity to return to their homes.
  We have seen in recent weeks a widespread breakdown in the financial 
markets. The crisis has had far-reaching effects on the rest of the 
economy, leaving 7.4 million Americans unemployed and 2 million 
families at risk of foreclosure. Approximately 7,000 families a day are 
facing that. It is true in my State of Massachusetts. It is true 
throughout New England and other parts of the country.
  We need to act quickly now to keep families in their homes. We are 
looking forward to our committees making a recommendation on 
legislation that will permit us to do so.
  It is time to restore confidence in our credit markets. That means 
cracking down on abusive practices in the mortgage industry and shining 
more light on the operations of investment companies such as Bear 
Stearns.
  The Federal Government stepped in with nearly $30 billion to bail out 
Bear Stearns. That is a lot of corporate welfare coming before any 
relief for the millions of families on the brink of losing their 
homes. Hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidized loans are being 
given out freely to banks and investment houses, but the administration 
is telling millions of Americans struggling to find work that it is too 
soon to give them additional unemployment benefits. That is 
unacceptable, and Congress needs to act.

  I reviewed at the meeting earlier today the general economic 
circumstance we find ourselves in as a result of these costs over these 
last

[[Page S2322]]

years. Since the President took office, the dollar has lost a third of 
its value. The Federal debt has skyrocketed by nearly $4 trillion. Our 
debt to foreign investors has increased by $1 trillion. The stock 
market on average has grown by only 2.5 percent each year since 2001, 
far lower than the 7.5-percent annual returns it averaged since 1968, 
and it lost $2.7 trillion in value since last May--$2.7 trillion in 
value since last May. Finally, this crisis has wiped out $2.7 trillion 
in home values in the past year alone. Some economists believe we could 
lose as much as $8 trillion before the crisis is over.
  So I reminded Mr. Bernanke of what I hear from my constituents in 
Massachusetts who see their hard-earned savings being wiped out. Now we 
are reading in the papers that older workers are being forced to put 
off their retirement because of losses in the values of their home and 
retirement savings. So we ought to know what we can do to help respond 
to the staggering loss of the Nation's wealth and how working families 
can cope with their lost savings and wealth. That is a fair question, 
and I must say I didn't feel we got much of an answer during the course 
of the hearing this morning.
  Some have said we have a devalued dollar and this will increase our 
exports. But it is true that after the dollar has been weakening for 6 
years, the value of our imports is still roughly twice that of our 
exports, and we are still running a huge trade deficit. Some have said 
the Fed is taking appropriate steps by lowering interest rates and 
offering discount loans, but it is true that even after an extended 
period of lowering interest rates, the economy is still floundering.
  One of the very important and significant consequences of this whole 
economic dilemma is its impact upon the States. States are finding 
enormous challenges in dealing with their economic situation, and they 
have two alternatives. They have two alternatives and both of them are 
bad and will have very adverse impacts on middle-class and working 
families. First, they can raise their taxes which, at a time when 
families are hard-pressed to make ends meet, is the wrong policy. 
Secondly, they can reduce or cut back on services such as Medicaid and 
other programs that reach out to the neediest in the community. That, 
obviously, has enormously adverse impacts.
  There are ways of helping the States. We have done it in the past. 
When I asked Mr. Bernanke whether he would favor this administration 
providing some help and assistance to the States so they don't have to 
reduce services for their neediest people, he said that is a decision 
for Congress to make. Well, I asked him. He is the head of the Federal 
Reserve. Where is the administration? What is their position? I know 
the power of the Congress on fiscal policy, but where is the 
administration? We want to work with the administration to try and 
restore our economy. When Mr. Bernanke says: Well, we are trying to 
develop a policy of economic growth and price stability, we are all for 
that. We have seen that. We saw it in the early 1960s with President 
Kennedy and we have seen it at other times, including in the 1990s. 
That is a desired goal. But just stating that as being the desire for 
the administration at a time when we are facing these serious economic 
challenges remains, I think, an inadequate answer. The idea that the 
Chairman of the Federal Reserve would state to the Congress that he 
effectively has no position and the administration has no position on 
fiscal policy, on providing help and assistance to the States, is mind-
boggling to me--mind-boggling--a complete failure to understand the 
economic challenges people are facing.
  I asked the Chairman whether he thought we ought to have a system to 
effectively regulate the safety of financial products at a time when 
the financial community has been involved in products that are risky 
for consumers. We have a regulatory agency--the FDA--that tries and 
does a pretty good job of addressing the increasing challenge in terms 
of food safety. We have an FDA to try to deal with and make sure our 
prescription drugs are going to be safe and efficacious. It does a 
pretty good job. We are working to try to strengthen those agencies. We 
have a regulatory agency, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, to 
try to keep toys that are dangerous to children away from children. So 
we have a tradition of establishing regulations and regulatory agencies 
to help protect the consumer. Given the abuses we have seen with 
financial products in recent times, should we not have a similar agency 
to help protect consumers from unsafe financial products? Consumers are 
hard working. They spend a good deal of their time working all day and 
the rest of the time trying to look after their children. They spend 
some time with their children helping them to read and with their 
education, and they don't have a lot of time to go through the various 
complex financial statements that have become the common rather than 
the rare. Generally, we had what I consider to be kind of a wishy-washy 
answer on this one: That the Federal Reserve has some powers--it is 
useful to have some power--but no precision with regard to what can be 
done in order to protect average working families from the existing 
abuses that are out there.
  I was discouraged by these responses at a time when we have a serious 
economic challenge. Families in my State are working and trying to keep 
their homes, trying, even at this time of the year, to get sufficient 
resources for home heating oil. Families who may experience the joy 
that many have in the last week when they receive the notices from 
colleges in my part of the country that have accepted their children to 
go on to higher education and then are sobered up by the extraordinary 
costs and wondering whether they can afford it. Frequently, they use 
their house as collateral, and now they wonder whether they can afford 
it. They see the ever-increasing cost of gasoline, and they are 
struggling and wondering if they can hold onto their jobs, let alone 
their health insurance.

  Serious economic times demand leadership at the executive level and 
demands leadership in the Congress and demands a bipartisan response to 
these challenges. We do not have that at this time.
  I will review briefly for the Senate about where we are in terms of 
our economic challenges.
  I was asked yesterday morning--or 2 mornings ago, Monday morning--in 
Boston whether we were in an economic recession. I answered yes. When 
asked how one would describe it, Americans surveyed think the economy 
now is in recession; 76 percent say there is good reason why they 
should believe so. We have seen the response to these economic 
challenges. We have seen some $260 billion in subsidized loans to banks 
by the Federal Reserve. We don't know how the public taxpayer is being 
protected with these loans. We don't understand how the public interest 
is being protected. We have seen public loans at other times, and the 
most dramatic one was the automobile industry when the Congress 
actually was repaid for the loans. It was a successful negotiation, 
without which we would have seen the complete collapse of the 
automobile industry in this country and the loss of millions of jobs. 
It was carefully worked out and the public interest was protected. We 
don't know what those $260 billion in subsidized loans now will mean. 
Yet when we asked: Could we get the administration to help and assist 
us with the extension of the unemployment benefits, the answer was no. 
No. No to $10 billion to help individuals who work and who want to 
work, who have a history of working and are losing their jobs because 
of the economic downturn and need to have that help and assistance in 
the interim before they get the next job. Would the administration help 
them? The answer was no. Yet there is $260 billion in loans to the 
banks. This isn't right. This isn't fairness. This isn't being 
responsive to the needs of families and working people in this country.
  This chart gives an idea about what is happening. While wages have 
been stagnating, consumers have been facing increasing costs, including 
the 84-percent increase in gasoline. We have seen health insurance 
costs continue to rise by 44 percent, college tuition by 47 percent, 
and wages effectively stagnant over this period, putting enormous 
pressure on these families.
  This chart shows that millions of American families face losing their 
homes. The number of foreclosures were in the thousands in January of 
2006, 100,000 in 2007, and 150,000 in January of 2008; it is up 124 
percent from 2006. These are families who are losing

[[Page S2323]]

their homes. This is a reflection of the loss of homes by hard-working 
people in this country.
  We have now seen the growth of a tent city, something that I think 
none of us ever thought would again take place in this country. All of 
us are mindful of the extraordinary pressures that still exist on 
families as a result of Hurricane Katrina and the hardships those 
people are facing. But by and large, we don't generally think that 
because people are going to lose their houses to foreclosure, they are 
going to be pushed outside. The growth of this tent city has been a new 
phenomenon in the landscape of America.
  This shows that home prices in major cities have fallen now by 11 
percent in the last year alone. This chart shows what has been 
happening in different parts of the country, and it has generally been 
going down across the country. Some areas are suffering a great deal 
more than others. The losses in California, Las Vegas, and some of the 
States in the South have gone down a good deal more than others, but 
nonetheless it has been across the board, and it has been serious.
  This chart demonstrates that the economy is shedding more and more 
jobs. In January of 2008, 22,000 jobs were lost. In February of 2008, 
63,000 jobs, meaning 85,000 jobs were cut in just the past 2 months. We 
are going to get more jobs numbers on Friday of this week, and most 
believe we will see this continued trend of individuals losing their 
jobs. How many more indicators do we need? When you find out you are 
losing your home, you are unable to keep your job, the costs of all 
kinds of essentials which you need to have any quality of life are 
going through the roof--not to recognize we have some important 
responsibilities to our fellow citizens.
  This chart shows 7.4 million Americans are competing for 4 million 
jobs. These are the numbers of Americans who are unemployed. These are 
the job openings that are out there at the present time. So we have 
many more unemployed than there are job openings. If that is the case--
and these people want to work, they are glad to work, we want to give 
them an opportunity to work. Historically, we have said to those 
people: We are going to give you some unemployment compensation to 
carry you for a while until we get this number of job openings up, a 
restoration of our economy, and then you will be able to get the job. 
But these same people who have worked hard to try to provide for their 
family, they need to be eligible for some unemployment compensation. 
The trust fund itself is in surplus at this time. Workers have paid 
into the fund--and if they haven't paid in, they are unable to gain 
resources, generally speaking.
  So this is the reason we have been struggling to get some help and 
assistance in unemployment. This is a rather ominous chart because this 
says economists predict unemployment will skyrocket next year. This 
says in 2007 the unemployment rate was 4.5 percent, 4.8 percent in 
2008, and in 2009 it will be 6.5 percent. The lag time, historically, 
has reflected itself in the increasing numbers of unemployed. In 2009, 
we are going to see increasing unemployment across this country. That 
is the phenomenon.
  If we know unemployment will continue to increase--and that was the 
testimony before the Joint Economic Committee--why aren't we preparing 
ourselves to reach out and make sure this kind of pressure that is on 
these families is reduced or at least accommodated to some extent? We 
know what is going to happen.
  This administration missed the boat, so to speak, in understanding 
where we are going in terms of the economy. They should have known, but 
they didn't know. For some of us who look at the record of the 
administration, whether it is on Katrina or Iraq, we can understand how 
they have missed the boat on a number of different issues. We are 
finding out they certainly missed the economic boat.
  Millions of Americans could lose their health insurance in a 
recession. We are seeing job losses and workers' declining bargaining 
power and benefit cuts. In a mild or moderate recession, 4.2 million 
Americans will lose their health insurance. We know when that happens, 
when they lose it, effectively the waiting room becomes the emergency 
room; that becomes their primary care. The average cost is $423 for a 
visit to the emergency room. When families lose health insurance, they 
go to the emergency room. And who picks up the tab if they don't have 
the money? It is the taxpayers who pay for it one way or the other. 
This will mean additional pressure on local taxpayers who are going to 
be increasingly pressured themselves because they will lose benefits 
and they are going to have to pay more in taxes, and the spiral 
continues.
  Yet we have very little willingness from the administration to assist 
States and local communities to help permit these families to retain 
their health insurance, which they could do, and which we have done at 
other times.
  This chart is a sad indicator. This says food stamp use nears record 
levels as the crisis squeezes workers. We have 28 million Americans who 
are projected to receive food stamps in 2009--record numbers in the 
history of this country, with families needing to use food stamps 
because they are desperate. This program was meant to be an emergency 
program, and it is. But we are finding more and more Americans 
dependent upon it. Just visit the food banks as I have. We have such 
superb food banks in Boston and in Massachusetts which have been 
enormously effective. They are well run, and they involve the 
community. We are finding out about the difficulty they have in getting 
good food and also the kind of pressures they are seeing every single 
day at the food banks.
  This is what is happening. This puts millions more into poverty by 
2011. The number of people in poverty has grown during this 
administration by nearly 5 million people, and over 1 million children 
have gone into poverty. This is going to get even worse in a recession. 
These numbers are growing.
  I listened this morning with a good deal of interest about the 
increasing number of school dropouts. Colin Powell was on most of the 
morning programs talking about it. It is directly attributable to the 
increased poverty. When you get increased poverty in communities, you 
are going to have increasing numbers of children who will drop out, 
increasing amounts of gangs, and increasing amounts of violence, make 
no mistake. We have seen the complete insensitivity of the 
administration to providing assistance to local communities, whether it 
was in the COPS community policing program which was such a success or 
the Byrne grant programs that assist local law enforcement. The 
administration says: no, no, we have to cut those programs back. We are 
seeing increasing poverty, with all of its dangerous aspects.
  These are very interesting charts. This one shows 22 percent more 
workers are exhausting Federal unemployment benefits today than at the 
start of the 2001 recession. Since 1991, we have extended unemployment 
compensation by 13 weeks some seven times. That's seven times. In the 
last 20 years--listen to me now--we have not had as high of a rate of 
long-term unemployment at any time Congress has first extended benefits 
as we have at the present time. This is an extraordinary phenomenon. 
These are fellow citizens who have worked hard, want to work, are 
continuing to look for jobs. They haven't even dropped out of the job 
market. Yet they are being cut loose here and being denied the 
unemployment compensation. So what we are demonstrating is increasing 
insensitivity to these families.
  I will just take a few more moments. There are things that can be 
done. If we were able to get Mr. Bernanke to indicate that he believed 
some economic stimulus program could be put into place, we are looking 
for those that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to have been 
effective.
  You can see on this chart that for every dollar invested in food 
stamps, it had $1.73 of impact in boosting the economy. For 
unemployment, it was $1.64 of growth that you were buying for every 
dollar invested. For infrastructure, it is $1.59. The tax cuts the 
administration favors do not have as positive an impact. That is what 
we need. We need to have programs that will provide help and assistance 
for them.
  This chart illustrates how the costs are rising faster than the rate 
of inflation. So I think we know what needs to be done. We need an 
economic stimulus

[[Page S2324]]

program that is targeted to middle-class and working families and will 
benefit them. We heard today in the Joint Economic Committee about what 
we have been doing for the large investment firms which get hundreds of 
billions of dollars, but still there is not the will or desire to try 
to help real families who are having a most difficult time of it. That 
is wrong. I don't think the American people will tolerate that. They 
should not. They should be assured that there are many of us who will 
not tolerate it and will work effectively until we develop the kind of 
economic program that is really going to reach out to these families 
and say to our fellow citizens that help is on the way.
  Madam President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. NELSON of Florida. I ask unanimous consent that the order for the 
quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Menendez). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. NELSON of Florida. Mr. President, we are on the mortgage 
foreclosure bill, S. 2636. It is my hope, my understanding that the two 
sides are now negotiating as to whether they can come out with a 
bipartisan package.
  I rise to speak to the bill before us that has come out of committee. 
I support it. I am a cosponsor. It is self-evident why I support the 
bill, because our people are hurting.
  There is no doubt that the housing market in Florida is in shambles. 
Florida home sales last month were down 28 percent compared to this 
time last year. The median home price in Florida was down 14 percent. 
At the same time, foreclosures are skyrocketing. January's foreclosure 
rate ranked Florida third highest in the country. We had the second 
highest rate of total foreclosures nationwide, a 158-percent increase 
from last year. One area of Florida, Lee County, which includes Fort 
Myers, Cape Coral, an area that has been booming with growth, has the 
highest foreclosure rate in the Nation, sadly, with 1 of every 86 homes 
entering foreclosure. In one estimate, nearly 200,000 homes in Florida 
will be lost in this year and next year due to foreclosure. We have 
seen these horror stories on TV where the sheriff is knocking on the 
door and forces the family, with the children, out. If they are not 
home, he has to go in and take all of the furniture out of the home and 
put it on the front lawn.
  This crisis is not limited to subprime mortgages or risky borrowers. 
It is destroying entire communities. The ripple effect translates into 
big losses for each State's economy--in Florida's case, a $36 billion 
decrease in home value and tax base.
  The bill before us provides some commonsense relief. It is designed 
to help struggling families keep their homes and help communities that 
have been harmed by foreclosures. It is going to help people keep their 
homes by letting them refinance out of the subprime loans. It is going 
to fund housing counselors to help those at risk of foreclosure. A lot 
of people who face the risk of losing their home are overwhelmed 
because they don't know what to do. By providing some housing 
counselors to help them work their way out of this foreclosure problem, 
and, to a certain degree, prime homeowners, homeowners where the 
residence is their prime residence, it is going to be able to help them 
modify their mortgages in bankruptcy court. It is going to give a new 
power to the bankruptcy judge to modify that mortgage so the person 
doesn't lose the home from underneath them.
  This bill is going to take our community development block grant 
funds to help a community provide for the neediest, and through the 
CDBG funds, it will help a city or a county to purchase foreclosed 
properties and then turn around and rent them or resell them so we can 
get them back on the market as fast as possible.
  Additionally, it is going to increase funds for foreclosure 
prevention counseling. That is not the counselor I spoke of a while 
ago, after and in the midst of the foreclosure crisis. This is to help 
somebody work out of the problem before it ever occurs. It also makes 
more clear disclosures on mortgage documents when the homeowner is 
signing a mortgage in the first place, in order that they know what is 
coming, know what their obligations are under the mortgage.
  I am sure most of the Senators here are going to support this 
legislation. It is a question of being able to see if we can get some 
agreement. The majority leader is working hard to do that. It is time 
we extended this relief to homeowners, not just those on Wall Street; 
in other words, those on Main Street as well. That is what this bill 
does.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority leader.
  Mr. REID. I appreciate my distinguished friend allowing me to speak 
for a minute.
  I just completed a meeting with the Republican leader, Chairman Dodd, 
and Ranking Member Shelby. We have an agreement in principle as to what 
we are going to move forward on. The two managers of this most 
important legislation are now in the process of drafting the principles 
into legislative language. The staffs worked most of the night to get 
where we are today. I am not going to go into any detail as to what has 
been accomplished, but it is a robust package addressing the issues, 
some of which were just addressed by my friend from Florida. We will 
come back at 5 o'clock. They think they can have the language drafted 
by that time. It would be a substitute for the House-passed bill that 
we are working off of. At that time, we would hope that there would be 
some discussion of the substitute, that that would be agreed to, and 
then we would start amending that. Either people want to take things 
out of it or add legislative measures to it. I think we are moving 
forward. This is good news for the American people, and I am confident 
we can process it fairly rapidly.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minnesota.
  Mr. COLEMAN. What is the status we are in right now?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. We are presently on the motion to proceed to 
H.R. 3221.
  Mr. COLEMAN. I ask unanimous consent to speak as in morning business.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. COLEMAN. Mr. President, I congratulate the majority and minority 
leaders, the chairman of the Banking Committee, Senator Dodd, and 
Senator Shelby. We have done something today the American people should 
be very proud of. I understand there is an agreement to move forward on 
a bipartisan agreement that would allow us to address certainly one of 
the major concerns impacting the American public today; that is, the 
collapse of the housing industry, collapse of home values. I believe 
this ties directly into the difficulties we are having with our 
economy. The fact is, there is less value in homes and the ability to 
refinance. Folks are not fixing up their homes, doing renovations. In 
my State, folks who cut down the timber, log it, truck it, process it 
through sawmills, ultimately the contractors, the construction workers 
who build, all have been impacted.
  When one person loses a house and a series of homes are lost through 
foreclosures due to refixing of mortgages, adjustable rate mortgages 
which people do not have the capacity to repay, that impacts the value 
of every home in a neighborhood. So we are seeing a significant decline 
in many of our neighborhoods, not just urban but throughout the State 
and the country.
  I congratulate the leadership of my colleagues who have come together 
with an opportunity to move forward in an area of great importance and 
one that I, as a former mayor and with the privilege now to serve in 
the Senate, understand and am deeply concerned about.
  I believe we have to move forward. We now have an opportunity. The 
fact is, in my State of Minnesota, communities are grasping for 
solutions to stem the tide of our housing crisis. Local leaders and 
concerned citizens are working to prevent erosion of the building 
blocks of their communities, which are neighborhoods. Despite their 
best efforts, neighbors can't fight the growing number of empty houses 
this rush of foreclosures is bringing. Local governments can't fend off 
plunging property tax revenues that make balancing the books nearly 
impossible. Individual businesses don't have a choice

[[Page S2325]]

when fewer people are coming through the door and they are faced with 
difficult decisions about which employees they can keep on board.
  As homes become abandoned, it starts a vicious cycle. Abandoned and 
vacant homes create blight, reduce the value of houses around them, and 
the opportunity for criminal activity increases as those interested in 
law-breaking seize upon the opportunity to take advantage of other 
people's mistakes.
  When I was mayor, I believed in the broken window theory. If a 
violent crime happened in a neighborhood, some would say: Why did it 
happen? You would go back and say: Well, you had a window that was 
broken, and it wasn't fixed. And then another window was broken, and it 
wasn't fixed. Then the graffiti got on the walls, and the gangs and the 
drug dealers and prostitutes hang out. All of a sudden, somebody gets 
killed. We are seeing folks abandoning homes, blighted neighborhoods. 
This is spreading with very dangerous and negative effects. Beyond the 
loss of a home, the lives of those around those homes are also 
impacted. It is creating a downward spiral that is difficult to stop.
  I think we have a chance today in this body to move forward in a way 
to at least slow the downward spiral, not stop it. This is a problem 
none of us can solve on our own. There are some problems that are too 
big for one party to solve. This is one of them. Republicans and 
Democrats need to come together to lift our neighborhoods out of their 
crisis.
  As a former mayor, I know the foundation of our communities is based 
on home ownership. Housing is the foundation for strong neighborhoods. 
Housing creates good jobs, creates stable places for workers to live. 
Housing has created wealth. When there is trouble in housing, the 
economy suffers, workers suffer, families suffer. From my travels and 
townhall forums during the past several months back home in Minnesota, 
I have seen and heard firsthand how this crisis is hurting my State. 
Like every American, this crisis is attacking the place I call home. It 
has taken away from the folks I live around, whom I worked hard to help 
as mayor. There are communities and neighborhoods that were struggling 
in the 1990s when I got elected. We built them up. Now many of them are 
starting to fray and come apart. It is a very personal issue for all of 
us. It is not just an urban problem. In my State, it is a rural problem 
as well.
  I understand there are statistics which show that Minnesota ranks 
second in the Nation in subprime mortgages and foreclosure. According 
to the nonprofit Minnesota Housing Link, if current trends continue, 
the number of foreclosures will increase by nearly 48 percent this year 
to 37,854. By contrast, in 2005, there were 6,466 foreclosures. 
Meanwhile, the housing downturn has taken a toll on construction jobs 
in Minnesota. In the past 2 years alone, 15,000 of these jobs have been 
lost. But behind these troubling statistics is the human face that 
reflects the terrible crisis.

  This is about folks such as Joanne Ness, whom I met at a forum 
earlier this year in St. Cloud, MN. Joanne spoke of a struggle to keep 
her house as her adjustable rate mortgage payment soared from $1,300 to 
almost $1,900 per month. Hers is a typical story I hear time and again 
when I talk to families around the State.
  Similar to when my son would throw a rock in one of Minnesota's many 
lakes--and you would see the ripple impact--the impact of these 
foreclosures is rippling throughout my State's economy.
  I mentioned the folks in the timber industry. I was going to have a 
cup of coffee with, I thought, a small group of folks up in Aitkin, MN. 
It is in the northeastern part of the State. It is timber country up 
there. They talked about how their businesses are hurt by depressed 
softwood lumber prices.
  Ron Enter and his wife stopped by my office the other day to share 
how the housing crisis has hurt their small building materials 
business. According to the Enters, their business sales have dropped 
roughly by half, and they have had to reduce their workforce from 25 
employees to 15 employees. These are more than numbers. These are moms 
and dads who have family obligations who are out of work. If you are 
out of work, you lose your health care. It has all sorts of impacts. It 
is not just about numbers. If the housing market does not improve, they 
warn they may have to cut back to as little as six workers, employees, 
in order to keep their business going. These are moms and dads, 
brothers and sisters, folks who are now out of work.
  We are acting not a moment too soon. The time to act is now. It was 
yesterday, but we are going to move forward today, and I think that is 
tremendous. Folks such as the Nesses and the Enters are looking for us 
to work together on solutions to the housing crisis.
  To that end, I joined Senators Bond and Isakson and other colleagues 
of mine in introducing, last month, consensus-based housing legislation 
called the Security Against Foreclosure and Education Act or SAFE Act. 
There are a number of provisions in this act which I believe are now 
contained in the compromise bill we will have a chance to vote on.
  Senator Isakson had a provision to address the oversupply of homes 
that is not only depressing home values but the construction industry 
as well. He originally had, I think, a $15,000 tax credit proposal for 
the purchase of new or foreclosed homes. I think we did something 
similar in the 1970s, and it had an impact in getting rid of some of 
the excess inventory in the market. If you get rid of excess inventory 
in the market, it brings up the value of everyone's home. I understand 
the Isakson provision in a modified form will be contained in the bill 
we address. The numbers may be somewhat different. It may be $3,500 for 
2 years. But it is a step forward.
  Another provision that I joined with Senator Smith in introducing 
last year would allow State and local governments to use mortgage 
revenue bonds to refinance subprime loans which have fueled the surge 
in foreclosures. Again, while this proposal, on its own, will not solve 
the crisis, it can nonetheless make a real difference for Minnesotans, 
such as Joanne Ness, who are looking to get safer and sounder mortgages 
so they can keep their homes. I understand this concept would also be 
included in the bipartisan bill.
  The bottom line is there are folks who are hurting. We have a chance 
to help them.
  I have also looked at a provision that would give returning veterans 
and servicemembers additional protections from foreclosure. These brave 
men and women who have made such incredible sacrifices on behalf of our 
country should not be penalized by the threat of losing their home 
because of the difficulties they face in their service abroad.
  As we work on this bill, I hope we also look to provide, as I have 
proposed with Senator Martinez, temporary tax relief for homeowners who 
are increasingly using their retirement savings to keep their homes. 
This helps folks such as Terri Ross, a nurse whom I met at a St. Cloud 
forum.
  She had a situation in which she was looking--she had an old house. 
She moved into it. It needed to be updated. She spoke to a mortgage 
broker who said: No problem. She could not afford to do it herself. 
They said: Listen, we can get you to refinance. We will get you 
additional money. You can put it into the house to fix it up. She did 
that. She was, I think, at the time paying about $700 a month. She did 
the fixing up of the house, but with the collapse in the value of the 
homes, by the time it was done, her house was worth less than what it 
would have been worth with the addition of the money she put in it.
  She found herself also facing a rise in mortgage payments to the 
point where her mortgage had doubled. Now it is $1,300 a month. She 
originally had two jobs, and she told the mortgage company she was 
going to get rid of one to go to school. ``No problem.'' They were not 
being very honest with her. She had a problem. She started taking in 
renters, working additional shifts--a lot of problems.

  In the end, one of the things she had to do was to tap into--because 
she had a good job; she had been working--her retirement income. The 
problem is, when you use your retirement savings, you get hit hard with 
a 10-percent early withdrawal tax penalty in addition to ordinary 
taxes.
  Last month, USA Today ran a piece entitled: ``401(K)s Tapped to Save

[[Page S2326]]

Homes.'' This article talks about how Americans are ``getting slammed 
with taxes and penalties'' as they try to keep their homes.
  So I hope my colleagues will work with me on this concept based on my 
HOME Act that would allow homeowners who have fallen behind on their 
mortgages penalty-free access to their retirement savings as well as 
tax-free savings so long as the withdrawals are paid back within 3 
years.
  So you can put the money back, but you avoid the very significant 
penalty. This is not a silver bullet that solves all the problems, but 
there are a lot of folks who have worked hard over the years who have 
found themselves, similar to Ms. Ross, in deep trouble, who are forced 
to tap into retirement savings and then are penalized on top of that. 
That does not make sense. We should not penalize people for trying to 
keep a roof over their heads and wanting to remain part of the 
community they have called home.
  I am optimistic we will make the most of this opportunity before us 
to stabilize the housing market and prevent further damage to our 
economy and our communities. People such as Terri Ross and the Enters 
are counting on us to work together to do so.
  In the end, I believe our recently passed economic stimulus package 
and our current efforts to pass bipartisan housing legislation will 
help to bring brighter and better times.
  These are difficult times. Folks are hurting out there. They are 
worried about the price of gas at the pump. They fill their car up 
paying with a credit card, and they wonder which will get filled up 
first, their tank or their credit limit. They are worried about the 
rising cost of fuel. Many of them got into these adjustable rate 
mortgages. Some of them have what we call NINJA mortgages--no income, 
no jobs or assets. Now the interest rate goes up, the mortgage payment 
goes up, and they are left in a home with less value, and they are out 
of a home.
  We have a lot of work to do. I am pleased to be here today, after 
listening to the majority leader reflect that a consensus has been 
arrived at, that there has been agreement between the chairman and 
ranking member of the Banking Committee to bring forth a proposal to 
this body that will allow us to move forward on addressing one of the 
major concerns facing the people of this country, and that is the 
terrible housing crisis that is undermining our economy and, more 
importantly, is hurting people--individual moms and dads and others. We 
have an obligation to step forward in the right way, in a responsible 
way, and I am looking forward to being a part of that discussion this 
afternoon.
  Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Harkin). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, I come to the floor today to talk about 
what is happening in the housing crisis, which I know we are all 
extremely concerned about, and to talk about what is happening to 
families across the country. We are in a crisis in America.
  Few States are being hurt as much as my State of Michigan, which 
currently rates sixth in the Nation in mortgage foreclosures. Families 
are seeing their life's dream--their home--being lost as a result of 
the crisis. Last year, over 87,000 households were in foreclosure--
87,000 families faced with the loss of their piece of the American 
dream.
  Every day we delay passing legislation, thousands more families lose 
their homes and are stripped of their American dream, their home. I 
thank Senator Reid, our leader, and Senator McConnell, the Republican 
leader, for coming together for the leadership of our colleagues on 
both sides of the aisle to forge an agreement, because it is absolutely 
critical that we come together and take action as soon as possible.
  I know that right now we are seeing the final stages of putting 
together a substitute amendment. I know it is our majority leader's 
position to move this legislation as quickly as possible.
  This year alone, over 20,000 households, 20,000 families, are in 
foreclosure in Michigan. This crisis is only going to get worse, which 
is why we have to act now. We are hearing about the broader 
ramifications--first starting with subprime loans, and then to larger 
home loans, and now to the larger financial markets, where there is no 
certainty, and capital is drying up so that entrepreneurs who want to 
start a small business may not be able to do so.
  The young person getting ready to go to college who is looking to get 
a student loan might not be able to do so. There are broad implications 
because the way the financial markets are intertwined right now has 
created a situation where it is imperative we act. We have to go to the 
heart, to the central piece that has started all of this, which is to 
address what is happening as it relates to home ownership and 
financing.
  It has become clear, unfortunately, because of many hearings that 
have been held and criminal investigations that have been launched on 
the issue of subprime lending that we have seen manipulative practices 
and tactics as a part of this problem--not the whole problem but 
certainly a very important part of it.
  It has become clear a considerable number of mortgage brokers 
targeted subprime loan products to minority borrowers, folks who are 
out doing a sales job, making something sound a whole lot better than 
it is, such a good deal, when maybe you have a senior who needs a home 
repair, a roof done, a new furnace, or a young family trying to get 
into that first home and they were told things that were not true and, 
in some cases, were sold a bill of goods.
  On top of that, many of these borrowers, many of these families, 
would have qualified for a prime mortgage with better terms.
  We are only beginning to see the effects of this crisis and the 
results of this kind of targeting. Foreclosures have already led to the 
loss of property values throughout entire communities in Michigan. It 
may be that only one home in a neighborhood has a foreclosure sign in 
front of it, but what happens to the values of the houses on either 
side, the house across the street, the house in the next block? This is 
impacting whole communities. The result is a credit crisis that is 
making safe, affordable mortgages less available for aspiring 
homeowners, putting the American dream further at risk.
  Families across Michigan are struggling. Families across the Nation 
are struggling. We know that for most people, it is getting that home. 
It is going from a renter to a homeowner, to tucking away that equity 
in the home that brings someone the opportunity to be a part of middle-
class America. We know that home equity has paid for young people to be 
able to go to college and for future dreams of those families. That 
equity, that value of that home, in too many cases is slipping away.
  That is why I am proud to be part of a majority in Congress that has 
already acted on a couple of key points. Last December, we acted to 
pass my legislation that would make sure at least, as people are 
filling out their taxes before April 15 of this year, they would not be 
penalized with additional taxes if they lost their home or had to lose 
money on a refinancing. We passed together--and I am very appreciative 
of the fact that we were able to do this--and President Bush signed the 
bill that would basically indicate, as an example, if you have a 
$100,000 mortgage and you are in a situation where you have to sell for 
$80,000 or there is a foreclosure and a resale of $80,000, that you do 
not pay taxes on that $20,000 difference that is forgiven by the bank, 
for instance. That does not count as income toward you. What we have 
done is eliminate the added insult to injury. You lose your home and 
then you get another tax bill. We acted last December to make sure that 
would not happen, and I am very pleased to have led that effort.
  We also passed provisions in the economic stimulus package, as well 
as increasing FHA's ability to help families facing foreclosure. We 
know we are in the very final steps of having a conference committee 
report done, and this is a very important part of what needs to happen.

[[Page S2327]]

  We also know that is not enough. There is much more to be done, not 
only to directly help families and communities, but to create certainty 
within the marketplace so that lenders who are operating under the 
rules are regulated, so our traditional lenders feel confident to once 
again lend to others, to each other, to be able to continue our economy 
moving forward. That is why I am very proud of, again, Senator Reid, 
our leadership, Senator Dodd, Senator Baucus, and others who put 
together the Foreclosure Prevention Act of 2008 to help over 1 million 
people stay in their homes and accomplish three important goals that I 
hope will be included as we come to a larger agreement with colleagues 
across the aisle so we have an approach that can pass with strong 
bipartisan support.
  We have brought to the floor of the Senate and have asked for 
action--we asked 3 weeks ago for action and we are now back hopefully 
to the point where we can get action on issues such as keeping families 
in their homes by increasing the preforeclosure counseling funds so 
people can get help figuring out the maze. Because of the financial 
structuring, you can get a mortgage and you can go back and those folks 
don't own the mortgage. In fact, they are packaged together, 
securitized, sold in the marketplace, maybe even divided up. Maybe you 
don't have one entity that owns your mortgage but maybe two or three. 
It is an extremely complicated question. So being able to help people 
get through that situation with preforeclosure counseling is very 
important.
  Allowing State housing agencies to issue $10 billion more in 
refinancing bonds has been a part of our package and I hope will be in 
the final package; also, allowing homeowners in bankruptcy to modify 
their mortgages. We also include in our plan the ability to help 
communities harmed by foreclosures by allowing them to use community 
development block grant funds, very important funds to support local 
communities to purchase and rehabilitate foreclosed properties 
therefore, enabling struggling communities to focus on their 
properties.
  We also have focused on businesses--homebuilders and others--that at 
this point need assistance through the Tax Code to apply excess net 
operating losses to prior years that were profitable to allow them to 
manage the excess in inventory and be able to move forward and be 
profitable.
  Our plan also includes help for families to avoid foreclosures in the 
future by requiring mortgage documents be simplified.
  These are important steps that will help millions of hard-working 
Americans and address the most important issue causing our economic 
problems, which is the issue related to housing and financing.
  I urge colleagues to come together to act as quickly as possible as 
final plans for a bipartisan bill are being put forward.
  I would be remiss if I did not also speak to one other piece of this, 
particularly for a State such as Michigan. For us, it has not been the 
high values on homes or even the financial mechanism of adjustable rate 
mortgage arms and so on. For us in Michigan, our main cause of this 
problem relates to the fact that people are losing their jobs. It is 
unemployment, people losing their jobs or finding themselves in a 
situation where their income is cut in half from $28 an hour now at $14 
an hour. The mortgage has not changed. The cost of food has not 
changed. In fact, it has gone up. Gasoline costs have gone up. 
Everything is going up, but wages are going down if they exist at all.

  In Michigan, these are not families who were flipping their houses or 
speculating on real estate. These are hard-working men and women who 
played by the rules all their life, patriotic Americans who have been 
devastated by the current economic downturn, devastated by policies 
that have allowed us to export jobs rather than products, which is what 
we need to be doing.
  In Michigan, we have been in recession for quite some time now. 
Middle-class families are losing everything in terms of jobs, homes, so 
on. Although I have to say, we are tough in Michigan and resilient and 
working hard to bring new opportunities and new industries to Michigan, 
but it has been very challenging for us at a time when since 2001, 
since this administration came into power, we have lost over 3 million 
manufacturing jobs in this country. It is hard to believe. These are 
the jobs that created middle-class America, good wage, good health 
care, good pensions, good way of life, good standard of living. We have 
been at the forefront, unfortunately, in a global economy where we are 
not enforcing our trade laws adequately, where we are not addressing 
health care costs in a way that makes sure everyone is covered but does 
not cause us to have health care costs going through the roof.
  By not addressing those issues--even though I have to say I am very 
proud to be part of a caucus that has tried at every effort, tried in 
every form we can to address those issues, but despite that, we have 
not seen what needs to be done in this country to create a level 
playing field, to create a race to the top so other countries are 
coming to us. Instead, we see pressure for a race to the bottom.
  In Michigan, families are seeing, unfortunately, their American dream 
turn into an American nightmare because of lack of action on those 
issues that relate to fighting for middle-class America in this country 
and to keep middle-class America in this country.
  I do not want to lose sight of these families. The housing bills in 
front of us are very important to help families, but I hope that in the 
not too distant future we will do something else that is incredibly 
important to help these families keep making the mortgage payments, and 
that is to extend unemployment benefits. In every other time of 
economic downturn, a recession, this Congress has responded, whether it 
be a Democratic President or Republican President, to extend the 
benefits to those hard-working Americans who have lost their jobs 
through no fault of their own so they can continue to put food on the 
table, to pay the mortgage, keep a roof over their head while they work 
very hard to find another job.
  No one gets rich on unemployment compensation. People are getting on 
average 40 cents on every dollar earned. Nobody is operating without an 
extreme struggle even on unemployment compensation. But we know it is 
the right thing to do, the moral thing to do for families.
  We have been told that one of the two things that have the most 
economic stimulus is extending unemployment compensation. Why? Because 
if you are unemployed, you are not deciding: Gosh, do I save that money 
coming in or do I spend it? You have to spend it. You have to spend it 
to keep a flow for your family. So we know it has a tremendous economic 
stimulus effect.
  The other point that is so critical--and I want to give tremendous 
credit to our Presiding Officer, the great Senator from Iowa, the 
chairman of the Agriculture Committee, for his incredible commitment to 
extending and strengthening the food programs in this country--food 
stamps, nutrition, school nutrition. But as he has said so eloquently 
on so many occasions, increasing the dollars for food stamps 
immediately goes into economic stimulus because when you receive that 
help, you are going right to the grocery store and you are buying the 
food your family needs. There is something wrong in this country when 
the best we can do at the moment is $1 per person per meal. I thank the 
Presiding Officer for his efforts. This is one of the key things we can 
do to help families.
  In Michigan right now, we not only have an unemployment rate that is 
the highest in the Nation, 7.2 percent, but we also have one out of 
eight people on food stamps. These are folks who never thought in their 
life they would need help, never dreamed they would need help and now 
find themselves in a situation.
  We have heard a lot over the last months from the administration that 
things are not as bad as we think, that the underlying economics are 
fine, although that has changed in the last 3 weeks. But we keep 
hearing that there is not enough evidence to show that we need to 
increase unemployment compensation or help people put food on their 
tables. But we also know that every economic indicator says exactly the 
opposite. And we are now hearing from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 
and Goldman Sachs that by the beginning of next year, which is coming 
faster than we would like, in January of

[[Page S2328]]

next year, the national unemployment average will be 6\1/2\ percent.

  Families expect us to act and do something when this kind of evidence 
is available in terms of the economy. We took action in 2002 across the 
aisle in extending unemployment benefits, and yet I don't understand 
why that is not at the top of the list right now. Over 41,000 people in 
Michigan lost their unemployment insurance benefits in the first 3 
months of this year, and millions more across the country will lose 
that help for their family by the end of the year. Something has to be 
done.
  We are talking about people who were working, the middle class of 
this country who have lost their jobs, probably related in some way to 
this economy and what is happening. The job may have gone overseas, it 
may not, but they are in a situation where they are losing their jobs. 
We can not turn our backs on them.
  The housing package in front of us is a critically important step, 
and I want to congratulate again everyone involved in coming to this 
point. I hope we have something we will be able to move quickly on, 
with a very strong bipartisan vote. Then I hope we are going to move 
just as quickly to those areas we know are desperately needed for 
families and that will have an immediate economic stimulus effect; to 
be able to do those things that will support the dignity of work.
  The majority of Americans are not looking for a handout from anybody. 
They are looking for an opportunity to care for their own family and to 
work hard and to be able to have the American dream. They are looking 
to us to understand what is going on not only in Michigan but across 
the country and to act to support them.
  Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. VITTER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. VITTER. Mr. President, I also ask unanimous consent to speak as 
in morning business for up to 15 minutes.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                           Health Care Reform

  Mr. VITTER. Mr. President, I rise today to help initiate an important 
discussion, an important discussion about health care, the enormous 
need for fundamental health care reform, and an important debate about 
what principles we should follow, what model we should use in 
furthering this vital and necessary health care reform. This is a class 
project, if you will, and I am joined by many Members of my Republican 
class here in the Senate, specifically Senators Burr, Coburn, DeMint, 
Martinez, Thune, Corker, and Isakson. All of us will be coming to the 
Senate floor and coming to other forums over the next 8 weeks to talk 
about this vitally important issue.
  I think on some points there is near unanimous agreement among 
Americans, points like our health care delivery system and finance 
system truly are broken. Health care is not available or affordable to 
far too many Americans. The uninsured problem in this country is 
extremely worrisome, and just as worrisome, quite frankly, are the 
challenges some insured folks face in terms of keeping their insurance 
in the face of dramatically rising costs.
  On these points, as I say, I think there is near unanimous agreement, 
and that leads us to a conclusion that virtually every American has 
reached: We need to act. This is a very real concern of every American 
family, and those of us in Congress need to come together in a spirit 
of bipartisanship, with open minds, and act on this crucial issue. As 
we do so, though, I think it is very important to lay out our choices 
in models--what the alternatives are. As I said, that is what I am 
doing with my fellow Republican classmates, laying out a particular 
vision of what that reform can look like, what it should look like, and 
what principles it should embody.
  Again, I recognize and thank Senators Burr, Coburn, DeMint, Martinez, 
Thune, Corker, and Isakson for joining me in this effort. They will 
join me tomorrow at the Heritage Foundation to do a similar kickoff, to 
talk about this important debate, to talk about the principles we 
should follow and the choices we face. As I said, we will lay out, over 
the next 8 weeks, what we think that vision for a sounder, healthier 
future should be.
  We are going to start that discussion by talking about guiding 
principles. Before you get to the specifics, before you get to 
proposals, before you get to bills, you need to have a sense of what 
you think the guiding principles for reform and positive change should 
be. Let me just start the discussion off by suggesting some of those 
core guiding principles that I share with my Republican classmates who 
are coming together on this issue. We believe a number of significant 
things.
  First, we believe individuals and families should be in control. 
Individuals and families should own and control their own health 
insurance, rather than have the Government mandate something. That is 
perhaps the first and most basic and fundamental guiding principle.
  In concert with that, we believe individuals are capable of and 
better at choosing their own health insurance plan than Government 
bureaucrats or insurance bureaucrats. That goes hand in hand with 
empowering the individual and empowering families.
  We believe the current cost of health care regulation makes access to 
health care unnecessarily expensive for everyone and lowers quality. 
Everyone acknowledges the current high cost of health care. We believe 
a huge part of that is the cost of health care regulation. We believe 
existing Government programs can be improved and modernized and made 
more efficient, and that should happen. But we also believe part of 
that should not be dramatically expanding those programs to cover far 
more classes of individuals and more income levels than were originally 
proposed.
  We believe encouraging competition in the marketplace is the key to 
lowering health care costs. That, again, goes hand in hand with 
empowering individuals and empowering families--giving them choice, not 
dramatically expanding the Government sector.
  We believe and recognize that seniors have increasingly turned to 
Medicare Advantage Plans because in so many cases they offer a better 
value and a higher quality of care for traditional fee-for-service 
Medicare, so we strongly support that option--not making it mandatory 
but that option in terms of the future of Medicare.
  Finally, we believe taxes should be as low as possible and the Tax 
Code should be changed to actually give more power to individuals, give 
more power to families in choosing and buying and owning their own 
health care.
  That is a fundamental principle on which we outline our vision. As I 
said, once you acknowledge the enormity of the issue, the need for 
fundamental change which almost all of us do, once you lay out guiding 
principles, fundamental core principles which should help chart our 
future, then you can more fully get to the choices there are in the 
debate that we need to have in the Congress--in the Senate and the 
House--and much more broadly in the country.
  Over these next 8 weeks we are going to be highlighting those choices 
and those differences. I think this is very important to do, 
particularly in a major election year, because as we lead up to the 
fall elections, these choices, in fact, are going to be a big part of 
our choices for candidates for President, for candidates for the House 
and for the Senate.
  So over these next 8 weeks my colleagues and I will be talking about 
not only our guiding principles, what vision that sets out, but also 
the fundamental choices from which we have to choose those guiding 
principles, that vision, and that model, or to choose a very different 
Government-dominated model.
  So we will be talking about some of those choices: No. 1, running 
health care by the Federal Government or empowering individuals through 
private-owned insurance, the fundamental choice that is at the center 
of this debate; No. 2, forcing certain types of enrollment in large 
national or Government programs versus expanding opportunities for 
individual choice; No. 3, mandating requirements which are often 
expensive mandates that add to

[[Page S2329]]

the cost of health care through health care regulation versus creating 
more choices and alternatives and flexibility which can both empower 
the individuals and lower cost; No. 4, how we deal with seniors, 
whether we take away their choices in Medicare Advantage and in drug 
plans or we keep and even expand their choices in these and other 
areas; finally, No. 5, raising taxes to support a Government-dominated 
model versus tax fairness, lowering taxes or creating tax deductions or 
credits which empower individuals to choose and buy and own good 
coverage.
  Again, that is a quick preview of the next 8 weeks of our discussion 
and of some of the clear and quite stark, in some cases, choices we 
face as we have this debate.
  In closing, let me say I think this is exactly the sort of discussion 
and debate we should have in the Senate. We should be responding to the 
American people's appropriate concern with the crisis we face in 
American health care. We do have a broken system in terms of getting 
health care to all Americans. Far too many Americans are uninsured. Far 
too many other Americans face real worries about being able to afford 
health care in the future.
  We do not have the accessibility and the affordability we need. So we 
need to respond. Again, I think it is appropriate we start with guiding 
principles, what should be the fundamental guiding principles we use as 
we come up with specific proposals, specific plans, specific 
legislation. Then that, in turn, leads to a necessary and healthy 
discussion of what the real alternatives are, whether we want a system 
where we empower the individual and the family to choose and buy and 
own good coverage or whether we want a system where the role of the 
Government increases even further, and by definition it narrows 
individual and family choice.
  I look forward to this debate as we lay out our ideas. This group of 
Senators, we are going to expand on these ideas somewhat tomorrow at 
the Heritage Foundation. We will be back on the Senate floor over the 
next 8 weeks talking about these guiding principles and these choices. 
We will be in many other venues in our States, in the Nation's Capital, 
all around the country, to promote this extremely important debate as 
we acknowledge we must fundamentally, dramatically reform our health 
care system to give all Americans accessible, affordable, high-quality 
health care.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Tester). The Senator from North Dakota.
  Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I have often over the years reminded my 
colleagues of a verse of a song of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys 
from the 1930s. The verse in the song from the 1930s by Bob Wills and 
the Texas Playboys was:

       The little guy picks the cotton, but the big guy gets the 
     money. The little bee sucks the blossom, and the big bee gets 
     the honey.

  Never is that more evident in almost every decade than it is evident 
today, at this point, in this decade, with what is happening in 
Washington, DC.
  Some big economic interests get a headache, the Federal Reserve and 
the Government rush with a pillow and aspirin to see if they can put 
them to bed, help them out, give them some comfort. Sure enough, we are 
now told for the stability of the financial system, a big investment 
bank has to be bailed out. We will assume $29 billion worth of risk for 
the American taxpayer, and another investment bank will be able to buy 
the investment bank that is failing for about $1.2 billion. So J.P. 
Morgan will buy Bear Stearns, it will cost them $1.2 billion, and the 
American taxpayers will offer $29 billion as a backstop to at least 
what is in some cases bad commercial paper by the investment bank that 
was failing.
  I do not come to the floor suggesting we should do nothing, and I do 
not even know whether what the Fed has done is the right thing. All I 
know is if ``too big to fail'' really means too big to fail, not just 
for banks but for investment banks that are unregulated, or for hedge 
funds that are unregulated, if they are then ``too big to fail'' how 
about having some regulators look over their shoulder to see what they 
are doing.
  If the American taxpayer is going to have to bail out their mistakes, 
how about let's have some regulators take a look at what is going on in 
some of these organizations.
  Now, I want to give a little history before I talk about the bill on 
the Senate floor, which I support. I want to talk about a little 
history of where we are. I am not going to talk about the excessive 
speculation of the price of oil that now has the price of oil $20 or 
$30 a barrel over where it ought to be--that is, hedge funds and 
investment banks, an orgy of speculation in the oil futures market. I 
am not going to talk about that. I am not going to talk about our trade 
deficit that is $2 billion a day, every single day, $800 billion a year 
at this point. I am not going to talk about how much we have to borrow 
in budget policy. That is $800 billion in the coming year--combined, by 
the way, that $800 billion. That is $1.6 trillion on a $14 trillion 
economy in a single year. It does not take a genius to take a look at 
this country and see that this administration's fiscal policy and trade 
policy is way off track and dangerous to this country.
  But I am going to talk about the subprime loan scandal and about the 
decision that we are not going to regulate anything. Now I know 
regulation is a four-letter word to some. But let me describe what the 
new head of the Securities and Exchange Commission said in 2001 when he 
came in. He announced that it was going to be a new day at this Federal 
agency, at the SEC. It was going to be ``a business-friendly place.''
  So we have regulatory agencies that are supposed to be wearing 
striped shirts. They are the referees. They announce: Look, it is a 
different day. It is going to be business friendly around here.
  Well, it sure was business friendly. And look at what is going to 
happen to the American taxpayer as a result of what was going on. I 
want to recite a few things of what has happened. We are talking about 
legislation that results from the subprime loan scandal.
  Most people would not know a subprime loan from any other term. I 
mean, that sounds like foreign language, subprime loan. All of a sudden 
now it is in our lexicon. We understand it is a scandal.
  Let me describe part of what it is. Home ownership is part of the 
American dream. I mean it is what people aspire to become, homeowners. 
And we understand, and we have also understood, people cannot lay out 
the cash for the home they want to buy. As a result, we have had a home 
mortgage system in this country. It has worked pretty well.
  It used to be kind of a sleepy industry, kind of quiet. It was an 
industry where when you needed to buy a home, you needed to borrow 
money because you did not have the cash for it, so you went to a 
savings and loan, a lending institution. You sat across from someone 
who was wearing a gray suit and a nice white shirt and maybe a red tie. 
They were very understated. They knew their stuff.
  They said: Look, let's figure out whether you can afford this home. 
Tell us what your income is. We will go through all of the numbers and 
see if you can afford this home. They were very careful on both sides 
to determine is this a home you should buy. Then they got the mortgage 
and put them in the home. They made monthly payments and realized the 
American dream.
  The reason the housing industry and home ownership is so important, 
is that it is a barometer of this country's economic health. It is 
about employment, it is about putting people to work, not just building 
the homes but building the refrigerators and the heaters and the carpet 
and all the things that go into those homes as well.
  Now, for many decades the home mortgage industry had a lot of good 
people working in it. Still does. There are a lot of good people out 
there today who are going to sit across the desk from somebody who 
wants to own a home and are going to give them a home mortgage, and 
they are going to abide by all of the rules. They are going to make 
sure the person can afford that home. There are some good people 
working in this industry. No question about it.
  Then there are some real shysters, some real carnival barkers. I want 
to talk a little bit about them. Now, this industry has spawned a new 
breed of people in addition to the good ones I

[[Page S2330]]

have talked about. This was a sleepy, time-honored activity to write 
mortgages. All of a sudden it is like a Roman candle. Someone put some 
powder in it, and, boy, it has been a go-go industry.

  The problem is, as I described the regulator in 2001 who took office 
and said: It is going to be more business friendly around here, the 
problem is it was too business friendly. No one was watching.
  Oh, we all watched in the morning when we brushed our teeth. If you 
had a little television set in the bathroom as you were brushing your 
teeth you would see the commercial come on the television.
  It would say this--this is a real one, by the way. Zoom Credit--I do 
not know this company, but here is what they said: Credit approval is 
just seconds away. Get on the fast track at Zoom Credit. At the speed 
of light, Zoom Credit will preapprove you for a car loan, a home loan, 
a credit card. Even if your credit is in the tank, Zoom Credit is like 
money in the bank. Zoom Credit specializes in credit repair and debt 
consolidation too. Bankruptcy, slow credit, no credit--who cares. Come 
to Zoom Credit.
  What an unbelievable business plan. Well, this would have to work in 
a business-friendly administration because if anybody was watching, 
they would say: What are you thinking about? What are you doing? That 
is not a business plan. That sounds like the front end of a sideshow in 
a carnival.
  Well, Millenia Mortgage, here is what they said as you are brushing 
your teeth watching a little television in the morning. Here is the 
advertisement: 12 months, no mortgage payment. That's right. We will 
give you the money to make your first 12 months' payments if you call 
in the next 7 days. We pay it for you. Our loan program may reduce your 
current monthly payments by 50 percent and allow you no payments for 
the first 12 months.
  Now, what they did not tell those folks is what you do not pay goes 
on the back end of the loan. It is going to cost you much more later. 
By the way, this reduction of 50 percent, that is a front-end teaser 
rate. When it resets in 3 years, you are not going to be able to pay 
your mortgage. I am sorry, you are not going to be able to pay it. They 
did not say that.
  Then the largest mortgage broker in the country, Countrywide, 
Countrywide Financial--by the way, they went broke. Bank of America is 
buying Countrywide. And now some Countrywide executives are starting a 
new business, a new corporation, just announced in the Wall Street 
Journal last week, to buy distressed mortgages and resell them for a 
profit.
  From the executives of this company, Countrywide, the largest 
mortgage broker said: Do you have less than perfect credit? Do you have 
late mortgage payments? Have you been denied by other lenders? Call us.
  That is unbelievable. Now, let me tell you a little bit about 
Countrywide Mortgage. I do not really know them either except I have 
read the newspapers and read the reports.
  Mr. Mozilo was the CEO of Countrywide. And in 2005, a couple of years 
ago, Countrywide Financial was named to Fortune magazine's prestigious 
Company of the Year Honor Roll. Company of the Year Honor Roll.
  Mr. Mozilo, the CEO, received the Horatio Alger Award, and Barron's 
magazine named him as one of the world's 30 most respected chief 
executives. In 2006, Mr. Mozilo earned $142 million and was celebrated 
as the growth executive taking this high-flying mortgage lender into 
new heights.
  Even as he was touting his company's success, he was selling $138 
billion worth of his company's stock from August 2006 to 2007. He sold 
$248 million in stock, according to the Associated Press.
  Most people don't know what this kind of carnival atmosphere was 
about. It gets to something I wished to talk about with respect to the 
legislation. Some people say: If you had a mortgage and couldn't pay 
for it, that is your fault. That is the victim's fault.
  I understand. I believe those who have been victimized have some 
responsibility. But I wish to tell you about what happened. We had a 
new breed of mortgage brokers cold calling people who lived in their 
homes and had a mortgage, predatory lending with high-pressure tactics, 
calling them on the phone and saying: I have a better mortgage for you. 
You can cut your monthly house payment in half.
  What they didn't tell them was this new teaser rate was going to 
reset at an unbelievably higher rate later, and they would have 
prepayment penalties in this mortgage so they couldn't get out of them. 
They didn't disclose that. They didn't disclose there were also going 
to be escrow payments on top of that. So a lot of people got duped by 
these carnival barkers portraying themselves as brokers to put them in 
a new mortgage they couldn't possibly afford. It is called subprime.
  We now understand, from statistics I have seen, that 60 percent of 
the people who got subprime mortgages actually would have qualified for 
regular mortgages at much better and more desirable rates. But they 
were stuck in subprime. Do you think they are not victims? Let me say 
again, 60 percent of the people put in subprime loans shouldn't have 
been there. They should have gotten regular mortgages. But if you put 
somebody in a million dollar mortgage in subprime with a prepayment 
penalty and a teaser rate, a broker could get up to $25 or $30,000 in a 
front-end bonus for writing that mortgage. That is what was happening.
  The techniques were almost unbelievable. The mortgages were not like 
the old days where you just go get a mortgage. Here is what Countrywide 
and others did. Through financial engineering, they sliced and diced a 
lot of new things. They said: We are going to offer something new. 
These are called affordability loans, adjustable rate mortgages, 
interest rate only loans, reduced documentation or no-doc loans. 
Interest-only loans, with those loans the borrower was told: You don't 
have to pay any principal at all. You just pay the interest. The 
principal, of course, goes back on the back side at a much higher rate. 
Then they were told there is a pay option, the adjustable rate 
mortgage, which allowed the borrower to pay only a portion of the 
interest and none of the principal. So you could pay only a portion of 
the interest, not even the full interest, none of the principal. Then, 
if you decided you would select the no doc, you had an option of not 
documenting all your income. You didn't have to have full documentation 
of the ability to pay. For that you paid a little higher rate, but you 
actually get a mortgage that said: You don't have to pay all your 
interest; you don't have to pay any principal; and you can decide that 
you want to get a no-documentation loan.
  Does this sound like good business? It doesn't to me. Why were they 
offered that? High rates, high yields? Because if you package this up, 
if you can convince somebody through a cold call to dump their current 
mortgage, take a new mortgage with a teaser rate, and then you put 
these all together in a big old basket, mix them up like you mix 
sausage with hamburger, this is akin to putting sawdust in sausage, as 
they used to do in the old days as a filler, you put sawdust in 
sausage, what these financial engineers did and the mortgage banks and 
the hedge funds, they securitized it all. As they put these subprimes 
in with the other mortgages, then they would slice them up and dice 
them and resell them. They had a pretty decent rate on them. So this is 
all about profit and greed. If you have one of these securities that is 
backed by these new mortgages, it paid a higher rate.
  That is a good thing; right? Hedge funds are buying it. Investment 
banks are buying it. They are all up to their necks wallowing in the 
corncrib similar to a bunch of hogs making a lot of money. I described 
yesterday how much money the executives at Bear Stearns made in bonuses 
in 5 years leading up to last year; hundreds and hundreds of millions 
of dollars for the top three guys. They have the money, JPMorgan and 
their investment bank, and the American taxpayer is on the hook for $29 
billion worth of risk.
  I don't wish to come and talk about the bill on the floor without 
understanding how we got here. It goes back to Harvey Pitt and what he 
said when this administration made him the head of the SEC. He said: 
This is going to be a more business-friendly place. I guess it was. I 
sure guess it was. Now, 7 years later, we have a Secretary of the 
Treasury prancing around town saying this is not a regulatory problem. 
This is not about a lack of regulation.

[[Page S2331]]

  That is exactly what it is about. If you don't understand that, I am 
sorry, you need glasses. That is exactly what this is about.
  Who sat around on their hands and allowed predatory lending to take 
place? Who sat around and watched these brokers make massive amounts of 
money? Watched Countrywide run up these mortgages where you don't have 
to pay all the interest, don't have to pay any of the principal? Who 
sat by and watched that happen? Does anybody think there are not 
victims out there? Of course, there are. But does anybody think there 
aren't a lot of winners? You bet your life there are a lot of winners. 
They made a massive amount of money, and now the American taxpayer is 
being told: You are going to have to provide the backstop because these 
companies are too big to fail.
  If investment banks and hedge funds and others that were wallowing in 
this corncrib grunting and shoving, if they were too big to fail, then, 
in my judgment, they have a responsibility to accept regulatory 
standards by those in the Federal Government who are responsible to 
make sure the American taxpayer is protected.
  I have been on this floor now for 4 years or so talking about the 
need to regulate hedge funds. Hedge funds are only about a $1.2 to $1.5 
trillion value. But they are responsible for one-half of all the trades 
on the New York Stock Exchange every day. Think about that. Think of 
the impact they have. We are now securitizing everything. All these 
financial engineers are creating all this dark money that is not 
transparent to anybody, moving back and forth. They are all making 
money. Mr. Mozilo, head of Countrywide, made a massive amount of money, 
hundreds of millions of dollars, was feted as a genius. I noticed the 
other day he and the No. 2 person at Countrywide, as a result of this 
acquisition, the two of them get $19 million as a part of the 
acquisition by Bank of America.
  So is it a case where the good bee sucks the blossom and the big bee 
gets the honey? It looks that way to me. The good little guy picks the 
cotton; the big guy gets the money. The question is, What do we do?
  This administration, for 7 years now, has said: We don't need to 
regulate. We don't need to look over anybody's shoulder.
  You would have thought we would have learned that with Enron. I 
chaired the hearings where Ken Lay came to the Senate and took the 
fifth amendment in front of the Commerce Committee. I chaired those 
hearings. I would have thought perhaps we would have learned something, 
that the administration would have learned something about the need for 
effective regulation. With Enron, the top folks got rich as well. They 
made a lot of money. Guess what. All the rest of the families who 
invested in that stock at the advice of the chairman who was dumping 
his at the same time, all those families ended up with nothing. You 
would have thought we would have learned something.

  Let's learn something from this. The legislation on the floor today 
is a piece of legislation I strongly support. It is not all that we 
have to do, but at least it is a step we have to take now. I commend 
Senator Reid and others, Senator Dodd, many others who have worked on 
this legislation. It will not wave a wand and fix everything, but at 
least it begins to answer the question: If we are willing, if the 
Congress and the Federal Reserve Board and the administration are so 
anxious to promote financial stability by saying those that have been 
unregulated are still going to be too big to fail and the American 
taxpayer must ante up the money for the risk, if we are going to do 
that, why would we turn a blind eye to so many victims who now are 
losing their homes? It is estimated, in the next couple years, we will 
have 5 million people who will be moved out of their homes. I am 
talking about 5 million. All those families are going to come home 
someday and find out: We can't live here anymore because we are being 
evicted. The question is, Can we help some of them?
  One of my concerns has been, I don't want the American taxpayer to be 
required to help somebody who saw this big old housing bubble begin to 
develop and decided, I am going to ride the top of that bubble. I want 
to invest in some things and flip it every 6 months, make a bunch of 
money. It is not in my interest to say the American taxpayer should 
finance that speculation. If they made those judgments and were wrong, 
I am sorry, that is a penalty they have to pay. But those folks who 
live in their residence and were victims of predatory lending, those 
folks who got bad mortgages, whose terms were not disclosed--and we 
have had testimony before the Commerce Committee about this, that the 
materials given to some of the homeowners never even disclosed what the 
reset interest would be, at least in language that could be understood 
by the average homeowner, did not even disclose there was going to be 
an escrow payment on top so, when the reset occurs in 3 years, you go 
from a mortgage payment you can easily handle to a mortgage payment 
there isn't anyway you could make, that family then is out of luck. I 
think for purposes of stability and for purposes of fairness we ought 
to reach out and provide some assistance. That is what this piece of 
legislation does. As I indicated, the legislation applies only to 
owner-occupied primary residents. They are the only ones who would be 
eligible. It has five principles and those five principles are sound. 
Long-term affordability, we are trying to create some new equity for 
troubled homeowners. The new loans will be based on the family's 
ability to repay. That will provide some stability for sustainable home 
ownership. This is not an investor or lender bailout. We are not 
bailing out investors or lenders. What we are doing is helping those 
who are in the home, only owner-occupied homes. There is no windfall 
for borrowers. The borrowers will share their new equity and future 
growth appreciation equally with the FHA. It will, I think, do 
something to provide some stability and some confidence and some 
liquidity and some transparency in the credit markets, which is very 
important.
  I have spoken longer than I intended, but I did wish to give some 
background to why we find ourselves in this position. We should not be 
here. I don't know anybody here who thinks it is smart for a company 
that decides it is going to advertise, if you have bad credit, if you 
have been bankrupt, you can't make your payment, come to us, we want to 
loan you money. That is a business plan? Not where I come from. Yet 
that is what has been going on. It has been akin to a carnival.
  Now all this inept business practice comes crashing down, and guess 
who gets hurt. The American taxpayer and the homeowners. The question 
is, What can Congress do? We know what the Federal Reserve Board has 
done. The Federal Reserve Board has responded with cuts in their 
interest rates. They have a couple different interest rates that they 
apply, and they have been cutting those interest rates.
  One of my major concerns is the Federal Reserve Board and the 
Secretary of the Treasury misunderstand a portion of what has caused 
this critical area that we are in. Yes, the subprime loan scandal was 
the fuse. When that fuse was lit, the explosion occurred. Yes, that is 
the case. But it is also the case that the electronic herd in this 
world, the currency traders, those who take a look at what are the 
fundamentals, what is the foundation of the economy of a country, they 
look at this country, and they see an economy that is desperately off 
track. They see an administration that decided long ago we are going to 
fight a war, and we will not pay for it. We intend to fight a war, and 
we will send the soldiers overseas. They can strap on ceramic body 
armor in the morning and be shot at in the afternoon. But we will not 
ask the American people to pay a penny for it. Two-thirds of a trillion 
have been added on top of the debt by this President, all of it 
requested as emergency funding. Two-thirds of a trillion, and we are 
told as of yesterday he is going to ask for another $100 billion. We 
are going to have to borrow in budget policy $800 billion in this 
coming year.
  On top of that, we have the highest trade deficit in the history of 
the country. I have written a book about that issue. It is the highest 
trade deficit; $2 billion a day we import more than we export. Currency 
traders look at that. They look at the budget problem. They look at the 
trade problem, and they say: That doesn't add up. That can't be 
sustained.

[[Page S2332]]

  Warren Buffett has always said: Every bubble is always destined to 
burst; the question is when. The housing bubble burst. Probably not 
surprising. But he has also said this fiscal policy and this trade 
policy is not sustainable. I use him as a quote because I have a lot of 
respect for Warren Buffett. He analyzes pretty well what is going on. 
We have a responsibility to do what is right. On fiscal policy, if we 
are going to spend money, we have to pay for it. If that is difficult, 
if it is tough to ask the American people to do that, maybe then we 
shouldn't spend it. If it is important to spend it, then maybe we have 
a responsibility to say to the American people: Here is why. Here is 
why it is important for the future of this country.

  My hope is we will pass the HOPE for Homeowners Act of 2008 as a 
first step--just as a first step. I think there is a lot to commend it. 
But there is so much more to do.
  The book that McCullough wrote about John Adams was a fascinating 
book, going all the way back to the start of this country.
  John Adams, as they were trying to put this new country together, 
traveled a lot. He traveled to Europe and elsewhere, representing this 
new set of colonies trying to put a nation together. He would write 
home to his wife Abigail. As McCullough has chronicled, in the letters 
to Abigail Adams, John Adams would lament. He would say: Where will the 
leadership come from to start this new country? Where will we find the 
leadership? Who will be the leaders? And then he would lament: There is 
only us--Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison, me. Well, in the 
rearview mirror of history, the ``only us'' represented some of the 
greatest human talent gathered on this planet.
  But I think every generation of Americans has a right to ask and an 
incentive to ask the same question: Where is the leadership? Who will 
be the leaders to steer this country and put this country on track for 
the future? That is an important question now.
  We answer a question with a piece of legislation today. I hope we 
will move to this and move rather quickly to pass this legislation. But 
it is just a portion of the question the American people have a right 
to ask: Where will the leadership come from? Who will be the leaders to 
put this country back on track?
  Madam President, I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a 
quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. McCaskill). The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Ms. KLOBUCHAR. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the 
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Ms. KLOBUCHAR. Madam President, I come to the floor this afternoon to 
talk about the housing market crisis. I am grateful for the bipartisan 
work of Majority Leader Reid, Republican Leader McConnell, and Senators 
Dodd and Shelby. I am hopeful that we can finally pass legislation that 
gives our neighborhoods and middle-class families solutions to address 
the subprime and foreclosure crisis that has already been affecting the 
economy not only in my State but across the country.
  For the past year and a half, we have been hearing all about this 
subprime mortgage crisis. I think many people not facing foreclosure--
and that is most of us--have had this view: It doesn't affect me. I pay 
my mortgage. I don't have a subprime or adjustable rate mortgage, and I 
am dealing with a responsible mortgage lender.
  The truth is that none of us can escape the impact any longer. The 
housing crisis is now affecting every homeowner in the country and 
every would-be homeowner. It is dragging down our entire overall 
economy. It is not just in the urban areas. In our State, the 
foreclosure rate has doubled in the rural areas and, in fact, the two 
counties with the highest foreclosure rates are suburban counties 
bordering a rural area.
  I am a member of the Joint Economic Committee, and just this morning 
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke testified before our committee 
about the state of the economy, the state of housing, about our 
financial markets, and about what happened with Bear Stearns. He 
testified this morning that the housing market is at the root of our 
housing crisis, and until Congress addresses this crisis, our economy 
will not be on sure footing.
  In January, with record speed, Congress enacted an immediate and 
temporary fiscal stimulus package. Americans will start getting their 
checks in just a few weeks. We have to have solutions in this country 
to our economic troubles that go far beyond the day that these rebate 
checks are sent. I believe we have to have a long-term energy plan, and 
we need to put into place a health care plan that makes health care 
more affordable and more fiscally responsible.
  Since then, it has become very clear that this stimulus package will 
not be enough to address the deep-seated problems that have been 
developing over several years in our housing and financial markets.
  Home ownership has always been considered a basic part of the 
American dream. But in the last few years, the ``dream'' has changed in 
ways that our parents would not even recognize.
  A decade ago, just 5 percent of mortgage loan originations were 
subprime--meaning that they were made to borrowers who would not 
qualify for regular mortgages. By 2005, it was 20 percent of the 
mortgages that were subprime. This opened the dream of home ownership 
to millions of people but also greatly increased the risk to our 
system. In Minnesota, in 2000, there were 8,347 subprime mortgages 
issued. By 2005, it had increased more than fivefold to more than 
47,000 subprime mortgages.
  In addition, adjustable rate mortgages now make up a much larger 
share of the market than they did 10 years ago. Many people took out 
these loans during a period of low interest rates. But when interest 
rates went up, their mortgage payments adjusted upward and they found 
they were unable to make their monthly payments. We met some of these 
people in Minnesota, people who had looked for a mortgage and, because 
home values were so high, got a subprime mortgage, understood that the 
rate would go up but were under the misimpression that, in fact, there 
was a cap or that it would go up a few hundred dollars, and they saw, 
in fact, in some cases a doubling of their mortgage payments. As a 
result, we have had a wave of home foreclosures that started in 2006 
and continues today. During 2007, nearly 1.3 million homes became 
subject to foreclosure--a huge increase from 2005.
  What started as a foreclosure crisis is now having ripple effects--or 
more like a tsunami wave--across the entire economy. It is no longer 
just a foreclosure crisis. It is a housing market crisis, it is a 
credit crisis, and it is an economic crisis. It affects everyone who 
wants to borrow money, whether it is for a house, a car, a college 
education, or a small business. It affects you even if you make your 
mortgage payment on time every month and even if you have already paid 
off your mortgage.
  The rise in delinquencies and foreclosures--coupled with the credit 
squeeze that has made it harder for many buyers to obtain a mortgage--
has resulted in an excess of houses on the market, and that has, in 
turn, depressed home prices. Just last week, a report showed that home 
prices in the Twin Cities of Minnesota have fallen by nearly 11 percent 
in the last year--one of the sharpest drops in the country.
  Last fall, the Joint Economic Committee issued a report on the 
housing crisis and its impact on the broader economy. The findings are 
troubling. The report estimates that, by 2009, 2 million foreclosures 
will occur; $71 billion in housing wealth will be directly destroyed 
because a foreclosure reduces the value of the house and the value of 
the homes around it; another $32 billion in housing wealth for other 
homeowners will be destroyed because each foreclosure brings down the 
price of houses generally. The most poignant example of this would be a 
year or so ago in some of our urban neighborhoods where you started 
seeing foreclosures, and you would see a sign and people may not want 
to move into those neighborhoods. Now we are seeing it statewide, and 
we are seeing the effect it has on reducing home values in general. 
State and local governments will lose more than $917 billion

[[Page S2333]]

in property tax revenue because of lower home values.
  By one estimate, 10 percent of all homeowners--or 8.8 million 
people--have a mortgage that is at least as much or more than their 
home is currently worth; that is, 10 percent of all homeowners have a 
mortgage that is worth at least as much or more than their home is 
currently worth. If home values were to fall 20 percent from their 
peak, even more--13.3 million--would be living in homes worth less than 
their mortgages. For the first time since the Federal Reserve started 
tracking the data in 1945, the amount of debt tied up in American homes 
now exceeds the equity that homeowners have built up--with home equity 
slipping below 48 percent in the fourth quarter of 2007.
  But you don't have a read a congressional report or go to our hearing 
and sit through the testimony to see how this ripple effect is touching 
everyday consumers. Last Tuesday, the Conference Board, a business 
research group, reported that consumer confidence fell to the lowest 
level in 5 years--just before the Iraq invasion. In the past couple of 
weeks, many Minnesotans just got their annual county property tax 
statements, and they were shocked to see that even the county values 
their homes at thousands of dollars less than last year.

  You might think all of this would be good for first-time home buyers, 
that they would be a beneficiary because the amount of money and the 
values are going down. But many of these first-time home buyers, who 
may not have much credit themselves or much money in the bank, find 
that just as some bargains are coming on the market, the banks are 
raising rates and tightening their lending standards, making it harder 
and harder for ordinary families to qualify for a loan.
  We don't have to sit on the sidelines and watch as this housing 
crisis eats away at our finances and paralyzes our economy. We need to 
take steps to help homeowners and home buyers, and we can. I hope this 
is done on a bipartisan basis.
  I had a reporter run after me, saying: Majority Leader Reid just said 
we are going to work together on this--Democrats and Republicans.
  I said: It is true. We want to get it done.
  He said: OK. Thank you.
  I think people are surprised that when we have an enormous crisis 
like this, Congress must work together to get things done.
  What do we need to do? First, we need to give first-time home buyers 
a fighting chance to get into the housing market--and create some 
demand.
  I have cosponsored the First-Time Homebuyers' Tax Credit Act. Other 
cosponsors are Debbie Stabenow, Joe Lieberman, and Gordon Smith. I 
thank Senator Stabenow for her great leadership on this bill and this 
issue. In fact, before I was even in the Senate, I called her to get 
some good ideas for first-time home buyers because I was hearing all 
over our State that because of the value of homes, it was getting 
harder for first-time home buyers to get a tax credit.
  We have a State fair, as the Presiding Officer has in Missouri, and 
our booth was a home. We designed it like a house and talked about how 
important it was for Senator Stabenow's idea--for a first-time home 
buyers' tax credit.
  This bipartisan legislation would create a tax credit of $3,000 for 
individuals and $6,000 for married couples, if they have qualifying 
incomes, to help make a downpayment on a first house. We estimate that 
this credit would help more than 15 million people close the deal on 
their first home over the next 7 years.
  Second, we need to expand financing opportunities for homeowners 
caught in the credit squeeze.
  I am hoping the Senate is able to finally pass legislation that gives 
State and local housing finance agencies the ability to issue bonds to 
raise money to refinance subprime mortgages that are in trouble and to 
expand the ability of the Federal Housing Administration to help 
homeowners rework their mortgages--rework that many lenders are 
unwilling or unable to do because of the broader economic crisis.
  Third, we need to make sure the foreclosure wave doesn't catch even 
more consumers who got into mortgages they didn't understand and should 
not have signed.
  I was thinking today at our hearing, when Senator Kennedy was 
speaking, that we have seen broken Government across this economy 
because of, in fact, the decision by this administration and others not 
to watch what was going on, not to put the resources into things--
whether it is toxic toys or tainted dog food. Well, these faulty and 
false and fraudulent financial offerings are a piece of this as well. 
By really being off the job and not watching over things and not seeing 
this crisis, we got to the point where we are.
  Now we know where we are. We know we have to work with the financial 
industry, but we also have to look, as we talked about today, at 
changes in our regulatory agencies for more oversight, particularly 
changes for these financial offerings. We need to provide the resources 
for preforeclosure counseling so that homeowners do not get into a 
financial crisis in the first place.
  We need to improve and simplify disclosure in mortgage documents. 
Anyone who signs a mortgage remembers how thick they are. Luckily, when 
I signed my first mortgage at home before I got married--I still 
remember sitting at that table trying to figure it out--I went through 
a good mortgage loan person and someone I trusted, and I got a regular 
mortgage. So many people do not understand what they are signing. They 
know they have a teaser rate, but they think it will only go up a 
little. So why can we not have a 1- or 2-page summary that at least 
explains how high it can go, what the cap is, what they will be facing 
in their monthly payments if certain changes are made.
  We also have to have some skin in the game for these lenders. They 
should be held to the same fiduciary duty as banks. The banks have long 
been advocating for this so we can make sure the homeowners are able to 
pay the mortgage, not just the first year but in the years down the 
road.
  The truth is these lending documents have gotten so complicated with 
new gimmicks and provisions that no one can understand them and 
certainly not a young family just coming on the market.
  We must work together if we are going to turn around the housing 
market and our economy. Together, we can bring some stability to our 
market. We can make the market work more effectively for homeowners and 
home buyers and put a more solid foundation under our shaky economy. 
This is going to take more than just looking at this housing crisis. It 
obviously is going to take more fiscal responsibility with Government, 
something I know the Presiding Officer has focused on very much, and I 
have. It is going to take talking about how we pay for things. It is 
going to take better regulation of these financial markets.
  As Chairman Bernanke said today, in fact, this subprime crisis is at 
the root of the problem, and that is what we need to focus on this 
week. Home ownership is at the center of the American dream.
  In the last couple of years, it has become a nightmare, or at least a 
troubled dream for way too many middle-class families. We cannot sit 
idly by or, worse, become paralyzed by the size of the problem. It is 
now time to act.
  I yield the floor, and I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. ALEXANDER. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. ALEXANDER. I ask unanimous consent to speak as in morning 
business.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                            Graduation Rates

  Mr. ALEXANDER. Madam President, there is much talk about change. I 
know one opportunity for real change that would affect nearly 7,000 
young Americans every schoolday--5 students every minute. Gang 
violence? Drugs? No, neither of those. This is less flashy, but as 
serious. It is the persistently high number of high school dropouts.
  Twenty-five years ago, the landmark Federal report ``A Nation at 
Risk'' said:


[[Page S2334]]


       If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on 
     America the mediocre educational performance that exists 
     today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.

  In response the Nation's Governors and President George H.W. Bush set 
national goals, one of which was that the graduation rate would rise to 
at least 90 percent by the year 2000. According to the National Center 
for Education Statistics, the national graduation rate was only 68 
percent in 2006.
  There has been plenty of effort and some gains. Fourth graders 
nationwide recently scored higher than ever in reading, while both 
fourth and eighth grade students achieved record high math scores. Yet 
in 2006, among minority students, only 58 percent of Hispanic and 53 
percent of African-American students graduate with a regular diploma, 
compared to 76 percent of White students and 80 percent of Asian 
Americans.
  When students drop out they lose, employers lose, society loses, and 
democracy suffers. These students are more likely to go to prison, to 
rely on public programs and to go without health insurance. The 
Alliance for Excellent Education estimates that dropouts from the class 
of 2006-2007 alone will cost our Nation more than $329 billion in lost 
wages, taxes, and productivity over their lifetimes.
  A recent landmark report by the National Academies of Science and 
Engineering called ``Rising Above the Gathering Storm,'' warns that 
Americans may be losing the brainpower advantage that has permitted us 
year in and year out to produce about 30 percent of the world's wealth 
for just 5 percent of the world's people, those of us who live in the 
United States of America. China, India, and other countries know that 
better schools, better colleges, and research mean better jobs and are 
determined to catch up.
  In response, Congress enacted the America COMPETES Act of 2007 to 
increase funding for science agencies, training for more math and 
science teachers and supporting more research. States are remodeling 
high schools, such as North Carolina's work with the Gates Foundation 
to create an academically rigorous curriculum. Mayors, like Nashville's 
Karl Dean, are holding dropout prevention summits.
  Also pitching in is America's Promise--the movement founded by Alma 
and Colin Powell and supported by four U.S. Presidents. Instead of 
relying on Washington wisdom, America's Promise will organize 100 
community summits to find ways to change low graduation rates.
  After 30 years of fighting for and watching education reform, I wave 
one yellow flag of caution: Let's hope the talk at these summits will 
not be stuck in the same old educational ruts, but instead will be open 
to real change--such as offering high school juniors and seniors more 
options to enroll in college courses, giving low income students more 
of the same choices of so-called good schools that wealthy kids already 
have; giving all students more choices so they fit their school; 
measuring good teaching and finding fair ways to pay the best teachers 
a lot more; turning high schools as we now know them inside out so that 
they actually attract students; finding more ways to connect work and 
school so young people know the real world; and pushing standards 
higher so American graduates can compete in the world marketplace--and, 
yes, putting money behind real changes when they earn it.
  These are the real, hard changes that will help more of our 
youngsters realize America's promise.
  I yield the floor and I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Schumer). The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. BROWN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The Senator from Ohio is recognized.
  Mr. BROWN. Thank you, Mr. President.


                     China Human Rights Violations

  Mr. President, in a little more than 4 months, the world will witness 
one of its great quadrennial events: the Summer Olympic Games.
  The games have been billed as a way for China to reintroduce itself 
to the international community. China has done everything, virtually, 
to prepare. It has pulled out all the stops: $38 billion in 
infrastructure improvements, including a brand new 91,000-seat stadium, 
300 miles of new roads, and an entirely new terminal at Beijing's 
international airport--all done for the Olympic Games.
  What China will not be highlighting is its human rights record. That 
is because its human rights record is abysmal. Last year, Amnesty 
International, the nonpartisan, nonaligned, highly respected 
international group that monitors human rights, said of China that:

       An increased number of journalists . . . were harassed, 
     detained, and jailed. Thousands of people who pursued their 
     faith outside officially sanctioned churches were subjected 
     to harassment and many to detention and imprisonment. 
     Thousands of people were sentenced to death or executed. 
     Migrants from rural areas were deprived of basic rights.

  The report went on to say:

       Severe repression of the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang 
     Uyghur Autonomous Region continued, and freedom of expression 
     and religion continued to be severely restricted in Tibet and 
     among Tibetans everywhere.

  Acts of repression include indiscriminate use of the death penalty, 
torture, kangaroo courts, arbitrary detention, and the policy of 
cultural, religious, and linguistic eradication.
  Beijing will continue to attempt to paint its repressive regime in 
the best light possible, as we have seen them try to do in the last 
month with the unnerving tragic events in Tibet.
  Our Nation must not implicitly condone human rights abuses by 
ignoring them. Our Nation must not implicitly condone religious 
persecution by minimizing it. Our Nation must not implicitly condone 
economic exploitation by perpetuating it.
  The repression in Tibet is, unfortunately, nothing new. For close to 
60 years, Tibetans have survived under Beijing repression. The Uyghur 
people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region have been subjected to 
the same grueling conditions.
  We must not allow the pomp and circumstance--as it comes over the 
broadcast networks in our country--we must not allow the pomp and 
circumstance of these Olympics to obscure the real China, the China 
that too often represses its people, the China that too often 
manipulates its currency--as the senior Senator from New York, the 
Presiding Officer, has worked on--the China that makes a mockery of its 
trading partners.
  Communities across America feel the reverberations of this policy. We 
have lost more than 3 million manufacturing jobs in the United States. 
My State of Ohio has lost 200,000 in the last half dozen years.
  Our trade deficit with China was only about $12 billion when I first 
ran for the House of Representatives in 1992. Now it exceeds $250 
billion, and it hits new records almost every month.
  Massive Government subsidies, slave wages, and lax worker safety and 
environmental laws--if they ever actually enforce them--enable Chinese 
manufacturers to undercut U.S. companies.
  We are certainly not innocent, as U.S. companies outsource jobs, 
devastating American communities, with the damage they have done to 
places such as Tiffin and Bryan and Toledo and Lima and Marion and 
Mansfield. The American companies go to China and subcontract with 
Chinese subcontractors who do not observe any kind of wage, 
environmental, or worker safety laws.
  By minimizing the importance of these anticompetitive tactics, our 
Nation is walking down a dangerous road, and by dismissing the 
importance of human rights violations, we are treating our own values 
as negotiable and arbitrary. Americans are far more resolute in our 
beliefs than that, and as their elected officials we should be too.
  The Olympic Charter states that the goal of the Olympic Movement is 
to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating 
youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind. The 
Olympic Charter makes clear the goal of an Olympic spirit which 
requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity, 
and fair play.

[[Page S2335]]

  The charter is a good blueprint for the way leaders should treat 
their people and countries should treat one another. That is the 
underlying and fundamental purpose of the Olympics. Instead of giving 
China a pass during the Olympic games, we should use the games as an 
impetus to hold that country accountable on fair trade, on religious 
freedoms, on human rights.

  Mr. President, I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr. Pryor]. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. SALAZAR. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Whitehouse). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. SALAZAR. I ask unanimous consent that I be recognized for such 
time as I may consume as in morning business.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                               Farm Bill

  Mr. SALAZAR. Mr. President, I come to the floor of the Senate today 
to talk about the farm bill for the United States of America. As the 
Presiding Officer knows full well, this has been a major undertaking of 
this Congress for the last year. Under the leadership of Senator 
Harkin, this has been a major effort which actually preceded even this 
Congress, through the work of the last Congress, and for many of us 
over the last 3 years.
  Our efforts to put together the best farm bill in the history of the 
United States came to a conclusion here on December 14, 2007, where, at 
about 3 o'clock that afternoon, in a vote in this Chamber, there were 
79 Senators, 79 Senators who cast a ``yes'' vote on this farm bill. 
Now, not all Senators voted that day because there were seven Senators 
who were absent, some of them who were on the Presidential trail. When 
we talked to those Senators who were on the Presidential trail and 
those who were not here to vote on that day, we know there were 84 
Senators who would have voted yes for that farm bill. That was on 
December 14, 2007.
  December has passed, January has passed, February has passed, March 
has passed, April. Where are we? We are not, in my view, making the 
kind of progress to get us across the finish line that we have to make. 
So I come here today to remind us all that it is important that we 
finish the work on the farm bill. And, yes, I have made telephone calls 
to colleagues on the House side, asking them and urging them to move 
forward with the kind of urgency that many of us in this Chamber feel 
about this legislation.
  I want to go back and reflect a little bit with my colleagues here on 
the importance of this bill. When I came to the Senate in January 2005, 
I gave my maiden speech on the floor of the Senate, and in that speech 
I spoke about the forgotten America. It was about those wide dispatches 
of land which have had troubling economic times, that even in those 
days of the 1990s when the economy was doing so well all across this 
country, there were those places in our Nation that somehow continued 
to wither on the vine.
  In my own State of Colorado, a huge State with 64 counties, there are 
about 12 counties that I would say have done very well through the 
1980s and the 1990s. Indeed, our population from 1980 to today has 
grown by some 2 million people so that we now have about 5 million 
people. But there are wide spaces in the State of Colorado, in 
approximately 50 of those 64 counties, where the population has been in 
decline, where Main Streets have been boarded up, where the economic 
struggle of people is particularly painful, whether it is the area of 
health care or in the area of education or in any of those facets of 
life that affect us all.
  So our opportunity to shine the spotlight on rural America really 
comes about once every 5 years when we get to renew the farm bill and 
reset the policy of the Nation with respect to agriculture and rural 
America. This has been our time. This has been our time to do something 
to address this issue of what I have called the forgotten America.
  When you look at this nonmetro population change by county from 2000 
to 2005, you will see the great swaths of America that are outlined 
here in red where you see county after county, mostly in rural America, 
that continues to lose population. So I show this map here because I 
think it is important for us, to remind us that as we work here today 
on the housing bill, which is an important and urgent piece of 
legislation for the United States and for the people of America who are 
feeling the pain today because of the housing crisis, it is also 
important to remind people that there is another pain being felt across 
America, and that is a pain in rural America.
  This next poster is a typical poster of a Main Street in the State of 
Colorado. This is a poster from Mariano, CO, a picture of Mariano, CO, 
which shows what is happening in many of our communities. I am sure 
that in the Presiding Officer's State of Pennsylvania, in the rural 
parts of Pennsylvania, we can probably find communities that look very 
much like this on Main Street. Perhaps even in the great State of Rhode 
Island there may be some towns that actually look like this. We have 
half of Main Street essentially boarded up. You have a few pickup 
trucks. That is kind of how it looks.
  This is another example of much of what is happening. This is from 
Brush, CO, again out on the eastern plains, ``for sale'' signs, Main 
Street for sale. Rural America--rural America has a whole bunch of 
problems.
  So when we look at the 2007--now 2008--farm bill, which will set the 
policy of the United States of America with respect to our farming 
policy for the next 5 years, I think it is important to see it as a 
great opportunity for us to come together, to create new opportunities 
for the United States of America, to move us forward with energy 
independence and fuel security for our country and also to make sure we 
have food security for America.
  There are many opportunities that are set forth in this farm bill 
which we ought not to forget. One of those opportunities is set forth 
in title IX of the farm bill where, for the first time, for the first 
time we have included in there a robust package that will help us grow 
our way to energy independence. We are going to do that through 
harnessing the power of the wind, the power of the Sun. We are going to 
do it through harnessing the power of biomass, where we can create a 
new biofuels industry that will enhance our national security, get rid 
of our dependance on foreign oil, and make sure we start addressing the 
environmental security concerns of the people of America. That is an 
important provision of this legislation.
  This is a picture of one of the wind farms in my State of Colorado, 
where wind has become a significant part of our renewable energy 
portfolio for our State. I am sometimes in awe of what my State of 
Colorado has done in a very few short years.
  In 2004, there was virtually no wind generation within the State of 
Colorado. We were not producing any electricity or very little 
electricity for the consumption of the people of my State and 
surrounding States.
  In 2004, we started this renewable energy initiative. In a very short 
3 years, we now have accomplished 1,000 megawatts of power being 
generated by the wind farms throughout the State of Colorado--1,000 
megawatts of power. That is an incredible amount of power when you 
consider it. That is about the equivalent of what we would be 
generating from three coal-fired powerplants. We have begun to do that 
in my State. We are starting it, actually, in other States all across 
this great Nation where the wind blows, whether it is in North Dakota 
or New Mexico or Texas.
  We have a huge initiative going forward now with respect to grasping 
the reality of renewable energy to harness the power of the wind. It is 
not only major wind farms owned by companies or by utilities. In the 
farm bill, we said: We take the power of the wind and we ought to be 
able to make it available to homeowners, to farmers, and small 
businesses by including in title IX a small tax credit of $4,000 for 
small wind turbines that produce less than 50 kW. That is a very 
important part of the farm bill.
  In addition to harnessing the power of the wind, what we do in the 
farm bill is also to harness the power of our biomasses. Yes, we have 
done that in the past. In the 2005 Energy Policy Act, we

[[Page S2336]]

moved forward with quintupling the renewable fuels standard. In the 
2007 Energy bill, which we passed out of the Senate, we pushed that 
agenda significantly higher in the 2007 farm bill.
  This is an ethanol plant in my State of Colorado. Three years ago, 
there were no ethanol plants in my State. Biofuels had bypassed the 
State of Colorado. Because of the work of this Chamber, today there are 
four ethanol plants which are up and functioning, producing hundreds of 
millions of gallons of ethanol within my State. Ground has been broken 
on two additional ones. But even more importantly, what we have done in 
the Congress is we recognized that we will move beyond these ethanol 
plants into a whole new future of cellulosic ethanol that is required 
under the renewable fuels standard of the Energy Policy Act. In the 
farm bill, in title IX, which we have included in the farm bill itself, 
we have said that this next step on cellulosic ethanol has to be taken. 
We include major incentives for a cellulosic ethanol future for the 
country.
  Let me say it is more than about rural America and rural development 
and energy, it also is about conservation of our lands across this 
great country. It has been said many times that farmers and ranchers 
are the best stewards of our land. Perhaps they are the best 
environmentalists we know. That comes from the reason that at the end 
of the day, if you do not take care of your land and you do not take 
care of your water, you are not going to have the wherewithal to be 
able to provide for yourself and your family a living in the following 
years. So farmers and ranchers are conservationists, and that is why in 
the farm bill its conservation title has a very robust movement forward 
in a number of our conservation programs which are so important for our 
country.
  Here is a picture, again taken at the foothills of the great Rocky 
Mountains in the State of Colorado, of a project which has been founded 
through the Wetlands Reserve Program. Those kinds of programs are a 
very fundamental component of this farm bill.
  But it goes beyond conservation. We also, in this farm bill, need to 
constantly keep reminding people that 67.7, almost 68 percent of all of 
the money this Senate directed to be spent on the farm bill--almost 68 
percent, more than two-thirds--is supposed to be going and will go to 
the nutrition programs. It will provide money for food stamps, it will 
provide money for the kinds of fruits and vegetables programs we want 
in our schools. It is a very important part of the farm bill. Sometimes 
people say: Well, the farm bill is all about rural America, the 
forgotten America that I was talking about. That is not true because 
most of the nutritional dollars that are spent under the farm bill 
actually go to benefit the urban cousins we have throughout this 
country. So let's not forget the importance of food stamps, the 
importance of the nutritional programs that are included in the 
schools.
  Finally, from time to time there is a disaster that strikes rural 
America. This is the disaster which struck the eastern part of my State 
and the western part of Kansas just last year, with a snow blizzard 
that ended up killing tens of thousands of cattle out on the eastern 
plains.
  We have not had a disaster program that has been an effective 
disaster program for rural America. We were able to come up with a good 
disaster program that was included in the farm bill here in the Senate. 
I am hopeful that disaster program is something we can come around on 
in a bipartisan fashion to support and get across the finish line.
  Let me conclude by saying to my colleagues we cannot afford to wait. 
Not passing a 2007 farm bill as a Congress is not an option. We cannot 
fail at this. For my time as attorney general of my State and a Member 
of the Senate, I have always had in my office a sign that says: No 
farms, no food. It is important for the people of this country to 
understand we have the least expensive, most secure food supply of 
anyone in the world today. If my friend, Kent Conrad, were here and had 
one of his great charts, one of the things he would point to is we pay 
a lot less for food today than we did during the days of the Great 
Depression in the 1940s and 1950s. Only about 10 percent of our 
disposable income actually is spent on the food we consume as opposed 
to 20 and 30 and 50 percent in other countries. So it is important for 
us to maintain that food security for the American people.
  I hope the House of Representatives and those in the House of 
Representatives who care about the food and energy security of our 
country will help us to get to conclusion on this very important 
legislation.
  I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Casey). The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. REID. I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call 
be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. REID. Mr. President, the matter that we have to lay down as a 
substitute is done. The staff is reading it over. They found a couple 
mistakes. It happens on a bill this big, an amendment this big. So 
rather than have more time spent tonight treading water, we are going 
to lay this amendment down in the morning. We are going to come in at 
9:30. Senators Dodd and Shelby have a very important banking hearing. 
It has been scheduled for quite some time. But Senator Durbin has 
agreed to manage the bill for Senator Dodd, and the Republicans will 
have someone here also. It is my understanding, after initial 
statements are made on the bill, we are going to go back and forth on 
amendments. Senator Durbin will lay down an amendment. That will be our 
first one--not a lot of time on that. Our second amendment would be 
with Senators Schumer and Murray. The third amendment will be Senator 
Feinstein. It is a bipartisan amendment. I believe it is Senator 
Martinez.
  As I indicated to staff, of course, following the first Democratic 
amendment, there will be a Republican amendment, if there is one. 
Following the second Democratic amendment, there will be a Republican 
amendment. We will try to move through this as expeditiously and as 
well intentioned as we can. The progress that has been made in the last 
24 hours is very significant. We have a piece of legislation that now 
has very important FHA modernization in it. It is not what everyone 
wants, but it is a good piece of legislation.
  Senators Dodd and Shelby have agreed the limit would be $550,000. 
There would be a 3.5 percent downpayment. There are other things in it 
that banking minds can describe better than I.
  There is the CDBG funds to assist communities devastated by 
foreclosures. That would be $4 billion. We would provide preforeclosure 
counseling for families in need. In the underlying bill, the so-called 
Reid amendment, we had $200 million. That has been reduced to $100 
million. There will be efforts made to increase that. As I understand, 
that is what Senators Schumer and Murray intend to do. We have a 
combination of pieces of legislation that have been put together in one 
amendment. It is bipartisan. It started with the Jack Reed disclosure 
transparency legislation, and others had ideas on how to improve that. 
That is what Senators Dodd and Shelby have done.
  It lengthens the time a lender must wait before starting foreclosure 
on a servicemember by some 3 months, which is important during this 
time of Iraq and Afghanistan. It raises the loan guarantee amount for 
VA-backed loans in high-cost areas. There is a standard property tax 
deduction; of course, what the President called for in his State of the 
Union Address, the mortgage revenue bonds to purchase used or 
foreclosed-upon homes; the extension of net operating loss carryback, 
extremely important to homebuilders. There is a tax credit for the 
purchase of homes in foreclosure. This is the Isakson amendment that 
has been talked about for several weeks now. The two managers of the 
legislation have modified the original Isakson proposal to have $3,500 
for 2 years in succession, a total of $7,000. It will be for buyers of 
foreclosed homes.
  This is the package. It would be great if the Presiding Officer and I 
and Senator Salazar could just say: OK, this is done. This is great, 
because it is bipartisan. Let's go home tonight, having done this. We 
can't do that. That is

[[Page S2337]]

the way the legislation is. But I think it is a tremendously important 
bipartisan package that we have. I commend and applaud the work to this 
point of Senator Dodd and Senator Shelby. They have done very good 
work. Their staffs worked most all night. And, of course, they have 
worked all day. Senators Shelby and Dodd were on the telephone last 
night at midnight trying to work things out. So I appreciate their 
good, hard work. They have been long-time legislators. As I mentioned, 
when Senator McConnell and I suggested they come up with a bipartisan 
package, they are experienced legislators. They both had extensive 
service in the House of Representatives before coming here. I feel we 
are in a good spot to be able to deliver a package that will go toward 
helping Main Street. We helped Wall Street.
  We are all glad Bear Stearns was taken care of. But now it is our 
opportunity to take care of people on Main Street. They deserve that. I 
am convinced it would be the right thing to do.
  As I indicated, we are going to come in at 9:30 tomorrow. I hope this 
gives everyone an outline of the legislation. I apologize, as I have to 
do often, that we were not doing more proactive stuff on the floor, but 
every minute that we were on the floor in the quorum calls or people 
giving speeches on what they thought should be done with housing or 
other issues, the staffs and Senators Dodd and Shelby were working very 
hard to get us to the point where we are tonight.

                          ____________________