Congressional Record, Volume 153 Issue 165 (Monday, October 29, 2007)

[Congressional Record Volume 153, Number 165 (Monday, October 29, 2007)]
[Senate]
[Pages S13498-S13505]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

GLOBAL WARMING

Mrs. BOXER. Madam President, I have been waiting to speak to the
Senate to place in the Record the case that we have to make to take
action to ease the impact of unfettered global

[[Page S13499]]

warming. I think most Americans know by now--at least those who follow
environmental issues--that on our committee, we have Senator Inhofe,
who is the former chairman, in a very different place than the current
chairman, myself. Senator Inhofe spoke for a couple of hours on this
subject last week, and I told him I would come down and put forward my
thoughts. I am sure he will want to respond to what I say. That is what
the Senate should be. We should be able to debate. I have been looking
forward to this debate because, frankly, there are very few isolated
and lonely voices who keep on saying we do not have to worry about
global warming. Those voices are getting fewer and fewer.
The reality is that a growing and diverse group of voices has
recognized the importance of addressing global warming.
Here are a few calls to action. Some might surprise you. For example,
President Bush, on September 28, said:

[Y]ears from now our children are going to look back at the
choices we make today, at this deciding moment. . . .

He goes into it and says:

. . . it will be a moment when we turn the tide against
greenhouse gas emissions instead of allowing the problem to
grow. . . .

This is President Bush in September.
Again, some of these voices are surprising as we build our case for
action in the Senate.
Gov. Charlie Crist, a Republican Governor from Florida, said:

We're all on the same planet. We need to work together to
make sure the environment is an issue at the forefront. It
shouldn't be a political issue. It's a global issue. It's not
bipartisan. It's nonpartisan.

Certainly, in my own State, Governor Schwarzenegger and the Democrats
in the legislature have worked very closely to make sure we move
against unfettered global warming.
``Vatican to Become World's First Carbon-Neutral State.'' This is
very recent, this year:

The Vatican is installing solar panels and purchasing
greenhouse gas offsets to become the first carbon-neutral
sovereign state.

We can see that everyone is working together except for a few. It is
unfortunate because in the Senate, a few can stop us from doing our
work. We already heard about some of the problems we are having getting
the Energy bill through. But I am very optimistic because we have had a
bipartisan breakthrough in the Environment and Public Works Committee
with Senators Warner and Lieberman getting together and putting forward
a very solid bill which, if it is enacted, will be the most far-
reaching global warming bill in the world today.
Earlier this year, the U.S. Climate Action Partnership, known as
USCAP, which includes major corporations, joined together with
environmental groups to issue a call for action on global warming,
calling for reductions of 60 to 80 percent in greenhouse gas emissions
by 2050. I thought I would go over some of the members of U.S. Climate
Action Partnership because, again, there are just a few voices out
there saying we are putting our head in the sand, this isn't a problem.
But mainstream America is with the program. Let me tell my colleagues
who they are. I am just going to read a few: Alcoa, Boston Scientific
Corporation, BP America, Caterpillar, Inc., Chrysler, ConocoPhillips,
Deere, Duke Energy, DuPont, Environmental Defense, Ford Motor Company,
General Electric, General Motors, Johnson & Johnson, National Wildlife
Federation, Natural Resources Defense Council, PepsiCo, Pew Center on
Global Climate Change, PG&E Corporation, Shell, Siemens Corporation,
Dow Chemical Company, the Nature Conservancy, World Resources
Institute, and Xerox corporation.
We can see the diverse members of the American family from corporate
America to environmental organizations that have gotten together and
have urged us to cap greenhouse gas emissions and cut them. It is very
important that we think about the amazing coalition that is out there
behind us addressing global warming. When we hear some Senators come
down to the floor of the Senate and say this is ridiculous, this isn't
an issue, just remember this list of mainstream America urging us
forward, urging us to act.
Why should so many industries be calling upon us to enact climate
legislation? Because they recognize a couple of points. One, the
science is strong, it is irrefutable, and a sound business future for
America lies in dealing with climate change. We cannot grow, we cannot
move forward if we all of a sudden turn around and our planet is under
threat. We cannot have a business looking out 50 years that does not
think about this. We have to think about our grandkids and our great-
grandkids, and corporate America thinks about the people who are going
to come forward to continue the work of that corporation. They
recognize the threat, but they also recognize the opportunities.
Let's read from USCAP's call for action. It is very clear:

We believe that a national mandatory policy on climate
change will provide the basis for the United States to assert
world leadership in environmental and energy technology
innovation, a national characteristic for which the United
States has no rival. Such leadership will assure U.S.
competitiveness in this century and beyond.

This is a very strong call for action from Republicans, from
Democrats, from Independents, from corporate America, from the
environmental community, and others that have joined together.

All you have to do, Madam President, is pick up a newspaper, any
newspaper--I don't care if it is a Republican editorial board, a
Democratic editorial board, or Independent--and you will see an amazing
amount of evidence as to global warming and its potential impact. I am
going to go through a few recent headlines. I asked my staff--and they
do an amazing job for me--to follow the news and let me know what is
being written, what the scientists are saying. So I am going to give
you just an example of some of these headlines. If we can walk away
from this, then it seems to me we are being irresponsible. We have to
listen to them.
Early warning signs: ``Greenhouse Gases Fueled 2006 U.S. Heat.'' This
is Reuters.

According to NOAA--

That is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. That is
the Bush administration's NOAA--

``the annual average U.S. temperature in 2006 was 2.1 degrees
Fahrenheit above the 20th century average and the ninth
consecutive year of above-normal U.S. temperatures'' and that
this was a result of ``greenhouse gas emissions--not El Nino
or other natural phenomena.''

This is our American Government under the President who has been very
loath to move on global warming, warning us about these high
temperatures.
``Scientists Report Severe Retreat of Arctic Ice.''

The Cap of floating sea ice on the Arctic Ocean, which
retreats under summer's warmth, this year shrank more than
one million square miles--or six Californias--below the
average minimum area reached in recent decades.

Again, these are scientists from the National Snow and Ice Data
Center in Boulder, CO. This is not a matter of opinion; this is fact.
They are measuring the ice. I was in Greenland. I saw it myself.
Several of us went. It is the most awesome sight to behold, to see
these icebergs, the size of a coliseum, bigger than this beautiful
Senate floor, taller than this room, floating into the ocean. Each
iceberg is an average of 9,000 years old, and they melt within 12
months from the time they get into the ocean. So let's not put our
heads in the sand or under the water.
More early warning signs: ``China Blames Climate Change for Extreme
Weather.'' This is China. China doesn't really want to move forward.
They have been slow to come to the table.

According to an official from Chinese Meteorological
Administration's Department of Forecasting Services and
Disaster Mitigation, ``It should be said that one of the
reasons for the weather extremes this year has been unusual
atmospheric circulation brought about by global warming.''

A lot of people around here say: Let's not do anything until the
Chinese come to the table. Now the Chinese are telling us we better
watch out for this global warming.
``As Sea Level Rises, Disaster Predicted for Va. Wetlands.'' My
colleague, John Warner, was present at a very important set of hearings
where we looked at the impact of global warming on his State. It says:

At least half, and perhaps as much as 80 percent, of the
wetlands would be covered in too much water to survive if sea
levels rise 1\1/2\ to 2 feet. The analysis was conducted by
Wetlands Watch, an environmental group.

[[Page S13500]]

Senator Warner and his colleagues from the DC area all came to that
hearing and were very concerned.
``From Greenland to Antarctica, the world is losing its ice faster
than anyone thought possible.'' This was in the National Geographic.

Scientists are finding that glaciers and ice sheets are
surprisingly touchy. Instead of melting steadily, like an ice
cube on a summer day, they are prone to feedbacks, when
melting begets more melting and the ice shrinks
precipitously.

This is what is happening. You can come down on this floor and you
can put a blindfold over your eyes and you can put your hands over your
ears and say: I see no problem, I hear no problem. Then you are not
really taking in the signs.
``Fires a `Consequence of Climate Change.' '' This is touching my
heart because my State has been burning, and all of my colleagues know
this and all of them have been most wonderful to us--to Senator
Feinstein and to me--about offering help and assistance. In the long
run, we need to do something about global warming or we are going to
have that horrible combination of drought, low humidity, high
temperatures, and terrible winds--weather extremes, Madam President,
that you have experienced from time to time. This is what we are going
to see.

Greek Prime Minister Costas Kerryman said:

The weather phenomena this year favored, as never before,
the outbreak of destructive fires. We are already living with
the consequences of climate change.

This gives you an idea. There are some more. ``Climate Change
Pollution Rising--Thanks to Overwhelmed Oceans and Plants.''
This is the ``Scientific American.'' We are not taking articles here
to show you where there is bias.

The world's oceans and forests are already so full of
CO2 that they are losing their ability to absorb
this climate change culprit.

This according to the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences.
So, yes, someone is going to come to the floor and say: Oh, look at
this great scientist, Mr. ABC, or whatever his name, and he is
challenging this. Well, he is challenging the world's leading
scientists. And I think it is very important to say there are always
people who will say HIV doesn't cause AIDS; there are always people who
will say, geez, cigarette smoking doesn't cause cancer; but thank God--
thank God--this Government has followed the preponderance of the
science and we now are making progress. How sad it would be if America
sits on the sidelines while the whole world looks to us for leadership
on global warming.
Here is this one.
``The Future Is Drying Up.''

According to Nobel Laureate Steven Chu, diminished supplies
of fresh water might prove a far more serious problem than
slowly rising seas.

He also remarked:

``The most optimistic climate models for the second half of
this century suggest that 30 to 70 percent of the snowpack
will disappear.''

No wonder we have people visiting our offices who are already hurting
from the recreation industry in this Nation. They see what is
happening. They see the handwriting on the wall. We have to act.
Here is this quote:

There's a two-thirds chance there will be a disaster, and
that's in the best case scenario.

That is from a prize-winning Nobel laureate. Then this:
``Study Links CO2 to Demise of Grazing Lands.'' From the
Los Angeles Times.

Rising levels of carbon dioxide may be contributing to the
conversion of the world's grasslands into a landscape of
woody shrubs, much less useful for livestock grazing.

So this has implications for the very way of life we have here in
America.
``Parks Face Climate Threat.''

A report shows how climate change could have a huge effect
on the Great Smokey Mountains, the Blue Ridge Parkway and
other national parks.

This according to a new report by--by whom?--the National Parks
Conservation Association.
Folks, this is mainstream thinking. Mainstream thinking. We have to
act.
``Likely Spread of Deserts to Fertile Land Requires Quick Response,
U.N. Report Says,'' New York Times.

Enough fertile land could turn into desert within the next
generation to create an ``environmental crisis of global
proportions'' based on a new U.N. report. The report warns of
large-scale migrations and political instability in parts of
Africa and Central Asia. The report recommends national and
international action to address global warming.

Another call to action. And here, from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, which just won the Nobel Peace Prize, along with former
Vice President Al Gore:

Projected trends in climate-change-related exposures of
importance to human health will increase the number of people
suffering from death, disease and injury from heatwaves,
floods, storms, fires, and droughts.

So to come down here and talk about the polar bear and say the polar
bear is fine--A, the polar bear is not fine, and we will talk about it;
but this isn't about the polar bear. This is about God's creation that
is in jeopardy. We had testimony from scientists that 40 percent of the
species that were created are going to be gone. Now, it is our turn to
do our part. That is why I have been working so closely with the
religious community, the evangelical community. They are concerned
about God's creation, and we ought to be. We talk a good game about it.
We talk about values. We talk about it, so let us do something to show
we are willing to protect this gift from God we have been given.
``Why Frogs Are Dying.''

Climate change is no longer merely a matter of numbers from
a computer model. With startling swiftness, it is reordering
the natural world.

Newsweek. That is a Newsweek article.
We need scientific facts, not science fiction. In the past, we have
had science fiction writers come and testify before our committee.
Those days are over.
``Global Warming May Be Behind Increases in Insects and Disease-
Carrying Animals,'' Newsday.

Rising global temperatures may be helping to spark a
population boom in insects and disease-carrying animals,
creating unexpected threats to human populations, a number of
scientific reports say.

That is not a pretty future for my new grandson, to think about being
exposed to all these vectors that have not attacked us, but this is
what lies in our future if we do nothing.
``WHO--the World Health Organization--77,000 People Die Annually in
Asia-Pacific Region From Climate Change.'' ``Pollution Cutting Life
Expectancy in Europe.'' This was in USA Today.

According to a Report by the European Environment Agency:
``Poor air and water quality, and environmental changes
blamed on global warming, have cut Europeans' life expectancy
by nearly a year, Europe's environmental agency warned.''

Well, Europe is moving forward. To be honest with you, the bills they
are looking at in Europe don't quite match the bill we are looking at
in the EPW Committee. That is why I am so proud of the work Senator
Lieberman and Senator Warner have done, and we are only making this
bill better.
``Report Calls on Europe to Move on Global Warming.''

The European Commission report warns that unless there is
planning, European countries will face ``increasingly
frequent crises and disasters which will prove much more
costly and also threaten Europe's social and economic systems
and its security.''

The point is, when you invest now, you save $5 later. That is a fact.
We know that from Sir Nicholas Stern, who headed the World Bank.
Now, how about national security? One of the reasons I got so
concerned about this is when I learned what our own Pentagon and our
own intelligence people are saying to us. And what are they saying to
us?

A report commissioned by the Department of Defense in 2003
found that the impacts of global warming would cause the U.S.
to ``find itself in a world where Europe will be struggling
internally, with large numbers of refugees washing up on its
shores and Asia in serious crisis over food and water.
Disruptions and conflict will be endemic features of life.''

And, of course, our Pentagon and our Department of Defense are very
concerned about that happening with our allies in Europe.
``Warming Will Exacerbate Global Water Conflicts.''
According to many studies, including the IPCC, changing weather
patterns will leave millions of people without dependable supplies of
water for drinking, irrigation, and power.
Now, the reason I took so much time and made all these charts--
because it did take a while to get them done--is

[[Page S13501]]

to show the breadth and the depth of the concern in this country, in
the world, to make the point that there is a huge movement in this
country and in the world to address global warming. We are not going to
listen to those who have their heads in the sand or, frankly, have
decided they want to leave this for another generation. That would be
irresponsible. I know you, Madam President, and I share a conviction
that this is our job. This information has been given to us on our
watch, and we intend to stand up to the challenge.
When Senator Inhofe came on the floor, he made a number of statements
which were not true, and I am going to deal with a couple of them. He
used an MIT report in a misleading fashion. Senator Inhofe has
frequently claimed an MIT report shows the Boxer and Lieberman bills
would lead to a $4,500 tax on a family of four. But the author of the
MIT report, John Reilly, said:

Senator Inhofe misread his findings. Rather than impose a
tax of $4,500 as Inhofe described it, he said, the study
shows the regulation could generate a substantial amount of
Federal revenue for the government to give back to Americans.
A family of four, Reilly said, could earn an additional
$4,500 if the United States adopted a carbon tax or auctioned
off carbon credits.

So let us not misquote authors around here, because that is not the
right thing to do for them nor is it the right thing to do to mislead
our colleagues.
I mentioned the polar bears before, and many of us have been touched
to see the polar bears clinging to smaller and smaller pieces of ice in
order to survive. Senator Inhofe has claimed--and he claimed it on the
floor--that the polar bear populations are increasing.

The best-studied population, in Canada's western Hudson
Bay, fell by 22 percent from 1,194 animals in 1987 to 935 in
2004, according to--who--the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Our own people are telling us that the polar bear is in trouble.

The World Conservation Union projects that the bears'
numbers will drop by 30 percent by 2050 due to continued loss
of Arctic sea ice.

I think it is important that we talk about facts. Science must
dictate what we do, not ideological arguments that don't have any
weight behind them. The leading scientists of the world, including the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which I earlier mentioned,
and which won the Nobel prize along with Vice President Gore, and the
IPCC included hundreds of scientists, the best scientists from 130
nations--they tell us clearly that global warming is happening now and
human activities are the cause. I believe we can meet this challenge,
with hope, not fear. I believe when we meet this challenge, we will be
stronger as a nation and we will be healthier as a nation.
And, by the way, we will create a whole new array of green-dollar
jobs. My own State, a leader in the environment, has proven the point
that when you step out and you address the needs of the environment,
what comes with it are only good things--prosperity, job creation, and
healthier families. We are doing it in our State with global warming
and, by the way, many other States are following. If we did nothing, it
would be a shame. It would be a shame if the America we love so much
stood by and said: Well, gee, let a few States go off on their own.
This is a seminal issue, and we need to do something about it,
because doing nothing is not an option we can afford. The potential
consequences will be devastating for our families in the future and for
the world.
We are seeing the early warning signs. People can come down to this
floor and say whatever they want. We have seen melting of snow, we have
seen melting of permafrost, increased temperatures, warming of lakes,
rivers, oceans, changing in the seasons, shifts in the ranges of plant
and animal species, rising sea levels.
In the future, we can expect to see more extreme weather events, more
severe heatwaves, droughts and flooding, increased storm surges and,
sadly, an increased incidence of wildfires. We will see extinction of
species, we will see freshwater resources at risk. By 2020, between 75
million and 250 million people will be exposed to increased water
stress due to climate change in Africa.
In Asia there will be problems. Warming in the western mountains of
America is projected to cause decreased snowpack and reduced summer
flows, resulting in even greater competition for already overallocated
water resources.
I mentioned this figure before--we did hold 20 hearings on global
warming. At one of them, we had scientists who were experts on
wildlife. I remember sitting there, being so saddened to hear that if
we do nothing, 40 percent of God's species on planet Earth could face
extinction.
Now we hear our oceans are at risk as well. The British Royal Society
projects that progressive acidification of oceans due to increasing
carbon dioxide is expected to have terrible impacts on marine life,
such as corals and their dependent species. You have heard of coral
bleaching. It is cause by increased water temperatures as well as the
oceans becoming acidic from storing excess carbon. The water becomes so
acidic some marine life, such as shellfish and coral reefs, can no
longer form their shell, as it dissolves in the acidic water.
The IPCC found that pests, diseases, and fire are having terrible
impacts on forests, with an extended period of high fire risk and large
increases in areas burned. Again, I wish to use this moment to thank
the firefighters in my State, all of them--local, State, Federal--
working seamlessly together. We have the most extraordinary heroic
firefighters in California, as we do all over this country. Their jobs
are becoming more and more dangerous as these fires are so strong and
are fueled by droughts, high temperatures, low humidity, and high
winds.
I mentioned before that in July, I was in Greenland. I was there with
10 Senators and Dr. Richard Alley, an expert on ice from Penn State,
who accompanied us on the trip. It was amazing to see this whole
situation with him at my side. What I learned from him is Greenland's
ice is melting faster than anyone thought. In some places, the glacier
ice is moving so quickly, if you stand there you can actually observe
it moving.
In the past year, new islands were discovered that were previously
connected to the main mass of ice. The Greenland ice sheet holds enough
ice to raise sea levels globally by 23 feet. Think about 23 feet. Sea
level increases of only a few feet will cause major disruptions.
I wish to talk about public health. Public health officials have
issued a call to action. We had a hearing the other day and we heard
from the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Unfortunately, her testimony was heavily edited by the White House. I
am working very hard, with other colleagues, to get her original draft.
Let me tell you, we are not going to rest until we get that. But the
fact is the public has a right to know everything about global warming
and the threat it poses to their families and to their communities.
At the same hearing where we heard from Dr. Gerberding, the
Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Health presented the
committee with a position statement from the Association of State and
Territorial Health Officials on Climate Change and Public Health. Their
statement was adopted unanimously.
Yes, if a Senator wants to come down here and condemn all the public
health officials in the country and claim they get some benefit out of
this, let the Senator do it. The fact is, they have said they support
the latest findings of the U.N., and they recognize that climate change
has far-reaching implications for public health.
According to the IPCC, climate change has already altered the
distribution of some infectious disease vectors and the seasonal
distribution of some allergenic pollen and increased heat wave-related
deaths.
We are already seeing and we are already feeling the difference. If
trends continue, we could see increased malnutrition and related
disorders, including those related to child growth and development. We
will see increases in the number of people suffering from disease,
injury, death because of heat waves and because of droughts and fires
and all the things we mentioned.
The World Health Organization has estimated that human-induced
changes in the Earth's climate lead to at least 5 million cases of
illness and more than 150,000 deaths every year already.

[[Page S13502]]

We saw the European heat wave which caused countless numbers of
illnesses and claimed 35,000 lives. That is accurate--35,000 lives were
lost.
You can come down to this floor and you can say everything is
beautiful, but you are not in touch with reality.
We are beginning to see right here in America what happens when the
water warms. The Associated Press reported on September 27 that a 14-
year-old boy died from an infection caused by an amoeba after swimming
in Lake Havasu. According to a CDC official, these amebas thrive in
warm water and as water temperatures continue to rise, we can expect to
see more cases of these amoeba infections.
We are going to see an increase of ground-level ozone or smog because
that is formed at higher temperatures. We know smog damages lungs and
can cause asthma in our kids. We already have asthma as the leading
cause of school absences in my State. I cannot speak for other States,
but we have major problems with dangerous smog days.
We know about wildlife. We know, as I said, that 40 percent of the
species are at risk of extinction if we do nothing to reduce global
warming. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concluded that shrinking
sea ice is the primary cause for the decline in polar bear populations.
Senator Inhofe comes down and says the polar bears are doing great:
Wrong. False information. Listen to your own administration's U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. The shrinking sea ice is the primary cause for
the decline in polar bear populations.
Guess what. This administration--because it was threatened by a
lawsuit--proposed listing the polar bear as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act. So come down here and show pictures of those
magnificent polar bears, saying everything is fine--that is wrong. It
is wrong by every measure, by every scientific account, by our own U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.

Global warming is a national security issue, as I mentioned before.
People are telling me this current humanitarian catastrophe in Darfur
is already linked to the extended drought in the region. The Secretary
General of the United Nations said the Darfur conflict began as an
ecological crisis, arising at least in part from climate change. This
is happening right under our nose. The Senate and the House have been
asleep at the wheel--until recently.
A report commissioned by the Department of Defense found the impacts
of global warming would cause the United States to ``find itself in a
world where Europe would be struggling. . . .'' Projected global
warming ``poses a serious threat to America's national security'' and
``acts as a threat multiplier for instability. . . .'' This is all from
retired admirals and generals. This is not from Barbara Boxer. This
isn't from Al Gore. This isn't from Maria Cantwell. This isn't from
Senator Warner. It isn't from Senator Lieberman. This is from our own
retired admirals and generals: Projected global warming poses a serious
threat to America's national security.
The United States, they said, could more frequently be drawn into
situations of conflict ``to help provide stability before conditions
worsen and are exploited by extremists.'' Such missions could be long
and require the United States to remain for ``stability and
reconstruction efforts . . . to avert further disaster.''
That report also warns of ``extreme weather events, drought,
flooding, sea level rise, retreating glaciers, habitat shifts . . . the
increased spread of life-threatening diseases'' and increased scarcity
of clean water that could ``result in multiple chronic conditions'' and
``foster the conditions for internal conflicts, extremism, and movement
toward increased authoritarianism and radical ideologies.''
I have never seen an issue such as this, where we have such a
unanimous call for action, a unanimous call for action--from the
business community, from environmental organizations, from admirals and
generals, from the Department of Defense, from the Wildlife Service--
from all over the world. As yet we are nowhere, but we hope to change
that.
What are our States and our local governments saying? They are taking
action.
I have had the pleasure of having Mayor Gregg Nickels of Seattle
before the Committee. He started the Mayors' Climate Protection
Agreement in 2005. To date, mayors from nearly 700 cities across
America, representing 75 million Americans, have pledged to reduce
their greenhouse gas emissions.
So come down to the floor and say what you want. But 75 million
Americans are already acting. Come to the floor, say what you want, but
the world is passing you by if you close your ears, cover your eyes,
and convince yourself that you know more than the scientists of the
world know.
California is the sixth largest economy of the world. I am so proud
to represent California--37 million people and a spirit of
entrepreneurship, a spirit of neighbor helping neighbor. It is an
incredible place.
California has set the gold standard with its landmark global warming
program, Republican Governor Schwarzenegger and a Democratic
legislature setting us on a clear path toward 80 percent cuts by 2050.
You know, what is important about the California experience is look
at what we have already done on per-capita energy use. I am so honored
that you are in the chair, Madam President, because of your expertise
on energy.
We have kept our per-capita energy use steady for more than 30 years,
while per-capita energy consumption in the rest of the Nation has
doubled. If the whole country could have been as efficient as
California, we would have saved an amount of energy equivalent to all
the oil we import from the Middle East each year. Can you imagine that?
So when people fight against doing something about global warming, I
say: If you look at the low-hanging fruit, which is energy efficiency,
and look at what my State has done and now other States are doing, we
can get halfway there without one sacrifice.
I don't think anyone has ever said that Californians do not lead a
very happy, pleasant life. I don't think anyone looks at Californians:
Oh, those poor people, they are so unhappy because they are energy
efficient.
On the contrary, we have a booming economy and we have people who are
feeling good about themselves because of the contribution they have
made. It does not take much to get a refrigerator that is more
efficient or get a car that gets better mileage or get an air-
conditioner that cuts your energy use in half. I have done it. I have
done these things. I am saving money. I am driving my Prius, and I am
waving to the gas station because I don't have to go in very often to
fill up my car.
People all over this country are already so far ahead of where we
are. If you want to come down to the floor, if you want to take issue
with 75 million Americans, be my guest. But you are not being honest
with the facts. The facts are clear.
Twenty-nine States have completed climate action plans and a number
of States have established mandatory reduction targets, again including
my home State. Last week, Gov. Kathleen Sibelius of Kansas wrote an
open letter to the people of her State, expressing her support for
clean energy. What is happening in Kansas? Good things. The State's
environment secretary rejected applications to build two new coal-fired
powerplants. They want cleaner energy. They want clean energy. They see
they are going to move in that direction. The Governor of Kansas
understands what we are facing. If you want to come down on the floor
and tell her she is wrong, be my guest. It is a free country. But you
know what? You are not going to change her mind and you are not going
to change the minds in so many States that are moving so far past us it
makes your head spin.
Addressing global warming has major benefits. I have given you the
truth about the dangers of global warming because a lot of people walk
away. I wanted you to hear the truth about the dangers of global
warming. Now I want to tell you what gives me hope. When we step up to
the plate, we are going to benefit. We cannot only prevent the most
dangerous effects of climate change, but we are going to be better off
for it. I already mentioned Sir Nicholas Stern, former chief economist
of the World Bank. He said: Spend a dollar now, save $5 later. So
people are going to come on the floor and they are going to say: Oh my
God, they are spending money on this.
No, we are going to save money, because if we can avert the worst
problems of global warming--you can't

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build a flood protection tall enough unless we do something now. Do you
know what it costs to build that flood protection? We know because we
passed the Water Resources Protection Act and we kept our promises to
the people of New Orleans and the others from Katrina and Rita who
suffered so much.
To take a little segue, the President is threatening to veto that
bill. Now, that is one where Senator Inhofe and I are exactly together.
We cannot walk away from building an infrastructure, but the point is,
building an infrastructure to protect against the type of floods that
could come if we do not act is going to be so much more expensive than
investing the dollars now. And that is the point.
Since 1990, Britain has reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 15
percent. Guess what. Britain's economy has grown 40 percent. So people
can come down to this floor and say: Oh, it is going to wreck our
economy. Wrong again. It did not happen in California; it did not
happen in Britain.
Britain's environmental industries are the fastest growing sector of
the country's economy. I was just there a couple of months ago. They
are so excited. Their environmental jobs grew to 500,000 from 135,000
in just the last 5 years.
There is a study at UC Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley.
They say that the State product in California, the gross State product,
by 2020 will be up by as much as $74 billion, with 89,000 new jobs
created because of our work on global warming and our laws.
I have been to Silicon Valley. You are familiar with the
entrepreneurial spirit there. They are just waiting to make the kind of
investments necessary, but they need to have a clue as to what we are
going to do. If we walk away from a cap-and-trade system, which will
put a market price on carbon, they are not going to make those
investments.
The entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley are on the cutting edge. New
companies are starting every day to respond to the growing demand for
clean energy and more efficient vehicles and other technologies.
Sun Microsystems is already reaping the benefits of greater
efficiency. I just went to visit Sun Microsystems. They made some
simple changes in the way they cool their computer servers. They have
been able to cut their electrical consumption in half. I will tell you,
simple things can save so much energy. Simple things can cut down on
global warming.
Tesla Motors, I would urge all of you to follow that company. They
are producing an all-electric car with performance that rivals or even
exceeds the world's best sports cars. It is exciting. It is in
production. It is all electric.
Ms. CANTWELL. Will the Senator yield?
Mrs. BOXER. I will yield to the Senator from Washington.
Ms. CANTWELL. First, I compliment the Senator for her very articulate
understanding of the impact of greenhouse gases and where our country
needs to go. So thank you for your leadership. We are so happy that you
are chairing that committee and showing the fortitude to make sure this
legislation starts moving through the Senate.
You mentioned California's experience. I wonder if you would just
elaborate on that one more time because I think the point may have
been--it sounds so simple but yet so complex. California's savings is
what we are trying to do in the Energy bill. Here we have a 20-percent
reduction of fuel consumption and a 20-percent reduction of greenhouse
gases. That is why we need to pass the Energy bill. But you are talking
about California's efficiency, and the efficiency that it achieved was
monumental and significant. If you would, emphasize or explain how it
is that we should be doing the same thing in the Senate in moving
forward on efficiency.
Mrs. BOXER. I thank my dear friend, such a great leader on energy
reform, for taking to the floor. I want to say to you, Senator
Cantwell, in California we have kept our per capita energy use steady.
In other words, each person's energy use over time has stayed steady
for more than 30 years, while the per capita energy use in the rest of
the Nation doubled.
Now, we have done it in ways that were very comfortable for people.
You know, you look at the energy for appliances, you look at building
codes, you look at all the things that we have done, simple things,
things you are trying to do in the Energy bill.
Ms. CANTWELL. Madam Chair, did that cost California jobs?
Mrs. BOXER. It created jobs. We have been a leader in jobs. We are
very prosperous. We believe our landmark legislation on global warming,
the studies show, will create thousands and tens of thousands of green-
collar jobs.
I think the point I would like to emphasize, and I know my friend
from Missouri will be amazed at this, if every other State were just to
emulate that, had emulated that, and we all did this as a national
goal, not just one State's goal, we would have saved an amount of
energy equivalent to all of the oil we import from the Middle East each
year.
That is the amount of savings from the simple things that we can do,
some of the things that my friend is trying so hard to get done in the
Energy bill.
The fact is, when I look at the whole issue of global warming as a
good news/bad news story, the bad news is we really have not tackled it
here. The good news is there is so much we can do, so easily, with such
benefits.
Certainly, energy efficiency is one.
Ms. CANTWELL. Madam Chair, I thank the Senator from California for
answering that question and again for her great leadership on trying to
push forward global warming and climate impact legislation in the
Senate.
We do have to move forward. Her resiliency in saying the committee
will address it, the committee will mark up legislation is the next
step in what we need to do in following through. I applaud her for her
dedication and for answering that question.
At $90 a barrel for oil, I certainly wish the rest of the Nation
would have followed what California has done in that consumption
reduction because it would have helped all of us on today's oil prices.
Mrs. BOXER. Madam President, how much time do I have remaining?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. McCaskill). The Senator has 9 minutes
remaining.
Mrs. BOXER. Thank you very much. I would just say that the California
story is a good news story. California is trying to do more. They have
asked the Bush administration for a waiver to move forward in the
transportation sector. That waiver has not been forthcoming.
California has gotten 50 waivers in the past. For some reason now
there has been a very slow-walking act that has gone along with this
request for a waiver. I am hoping that our committee is going to invite
many of the Governors of the various States to the Capitol to talk
about why it is so key for the Bush administration to grant the waiver.
When I started to talk about what is happening now with the
entrepreneurial spirit in my State, I talked about Sun Microsystems
reaping the benefits of energy efficiency to their plant.
First of all, they were able to consolidate the space that houses all
of their computers, which was a big help. Secondly, just by moving
forward with a new way to cool their computers, cool their computers in
a low-energy way, they cut their energy bills in half.
I talked about Tesla Motors producing an all-electric car. It is a
beautiful car. They are not marketing it as a way to fight global
warming. They are marketing it as a beautiful car, one of the fastest
cars in the world.
Tesla Motors, I hope you will go and take a look. Their first model
is going to be very expensive, we know that. But their next models are
going to be half the price. And they hope in the future to get to the
$30,000 range. Now, what we are talking about is clean automobiles,
zero emissions of greenhouse gases.
There is another company, Bloom Energy, in San Jose. They are
creating the next generation of fuel cell electrical generation
systems. I visited there and the scientists were explaining how all of
this works. I can tell you this technology has the potential to
revolutionize the way that electricity is generated. It holds the
potential to bring clean electricity to parts of the world that have no
electricity now.
So what are the benefits, the benefits of new technology? New jobs,
cleaner

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air as we reduce the pollution that causes global warming, by
increasing our use of clean, renewable energy sources such as wind and
solar, driving more efficiently, less polluting cars and trucks, and
increasing efficiency. We will reduce other forms of air population
too: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury.
These are issues about which Senators Carper and Alexander are very
concerned. They sit on the Environment and Public Works Committee. With
this bill we will see that those pollutants will be reduced as we cut
global warming pollution. And that means cleaner, healthier air for us
all to breathe.
Now, the IPCC also concluded that household benefits from reduced air
pollution as a result of action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can
be substantial. So when I say: I meet this crisis with hope, not fear,
I mean it. I think it is going to create jobs. I think it is going to
make our communities healthier. I think it is going to make our air
healthier. I think it is going to reduce our dependance on foreign
countries to supply oil, which is now up to $90 a barrel.
We know oil is a critical strategic interest of America. Our reliance
on oil-rich rogue states and unstable regimes has been at the heart of
wars and interventions in the Middle East. As we develop these clean,
renewable sources of energy, which is all going to be done by the
private sector, my venture capitalists at home cannot wait to make
these investments, but they will not make them unless we take the lead
on a strong anti-global-warming bill.
Now, world leadership, the United States has always been the world
leader on environmental protection. The core environmental laws that we
created and enacted, most of them through the committee on which I am
so proud to be a part of, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, Safe
Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, and others, have
been models for environmental policy around the globe. The global
warming legislation we pass will take its place alongside those
landmark laws. It is time for us to step up and set the pace.
Now, again, our States are doing it. I want our States to continue. I
really do. But I really do believe this is an issue that belongs in the
Senate. By leading now, we can ensure that the solutions to global
warming are designed in ways that are good for America, good for our
businesses, good for our consumers, good for our kids. We have the
technology and know-how to export. Now is the time to move forward.
Well, I have been working very closely with Senators Warner and
Lieberman as they have assembled their bill. I was so impressed with
the effort they have invested in seeking out the views of Senators and
other groups, environmental organizations, business organizations.
They have looked at all the other global warming bills that have been
proposed: the Sanders-Boxer bill, the Kerry-Snowe bill. They have
looked at the Lieberman-McCain bill and the Bingaman bill. I think
those are all of them. There has been a broad range of views that they
have reconciled in the process. I have laid out some important
principles that I believe must be reflected in the legislation. Any
bill has to have the emission reductions that will avoid dangerous
climate change. It must be flexible to have look-back, to make sure we
are on course. We need an emissions trading program so there is a price
put on carbon by the private sector. We must protect the pioneering
State efforts that are already underway. We need to ensure that other
countries are stepping up and doing what they have to do. There are
ways to enforce that, frankly, because a lot of folks want to trade
with us. If they want to come in and trade with us, they better make
sure they are not adding to this problem.
Natural resources and wildlife concerns must be addressed. We must
support American workers in their transition as we move to a greener
economy and see, again, as they have in Great Britain, how many jobs
would be created.

I also want to express the moral imperative that was really brought
to me by the religious community. The most vulnerable here and around
the world have to be protected. I know we have colleagues who continue
to say we have to do it, and they are absolutely right.
There is no time to waste because the longer we wait, the harder it
will be to achieve the goals we have to achieve--before we find we are
spending a fortune on flood control and we are spending a fortune to
try to mitigate the terrible ravages that global warming will bring.
The point is, with good legislation we have these lookbacks. If we
are on target, fine. If we are doing too much, we have a way to back
off. If we are not doing enough, we could do more. That is the beauty
of the Lieberman-Warner bill.
I believe there is unprecedented momentum for change. Yes, you are
going to have a few voices come down here and say this is ridiculous,
this does not make any sense. That is fine. That is their right. But,
again, in every great issues debate, you always have a few people who
stand outside the mainstream, and I respect that. I absolutely give the
folks who have that point of view all the time they want to express
themselves.
But the bill Senators Warner and Lieberman have crafted can set us on
the path to achieving the goal of avoiding dangerous climate change. It
is a bipartisan, mainstream breakthrough, and I am committed to further
strengthening this legislation as we move forward because the
legislation establishes a framework on which we can build. It embodies
key concepts--such as cap and trade and lookbacks and it draws on the
other strong global warming bills that have been proposed. It gets us
started. Time is short.
Now, there are a few who will say we should not do anything.
Madam President, I ask unanimous consent for 60 seconds.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mrs. BOXER. I thank my friends for yielding me that 60 seconds
because what I want to do is wrap up.
Some will say: This is not an urgent problem. Do nothing.
Others will say: Do nothing until you go to the extreme, until you go
to the 90-percent cut. Let's wait for a new President. Let's wait for a
new Congress. Let's wait for a new day. Let's wait for the Sun to come
out. Let's wait for the rain to fall.
I do not ascribe to either of those extremes.
We have the facts now. We have a good bill now. We have an
unprecedented opportunity to send a signal to this country and to the
world that we are ready, finally, to move to calm the effects of
unfettered global warming. I think we can do it. I think we can be
successful at it, and I do approach this with great hope.
Some have tried to argue that we should not act now. These people say
we should wait for a new President, a new Congress, another day.
As I say, there is no time to waste. Right now, there is
unprecedented momentum for change. We must harness that momentum to
pass strong global warming legislation. We have a small window of time
to get started down this path. The longer we wait to get started, the
harder it will be to achieve the emissions reductions we know we need
to reach. Starting now will send a signal to the world and the business
community as they make their future plans that the United States is
serious about its leadership role.
Some have asked me, Why should we pass legislation now, when the
President has said he is opposed to mandatory caps on global warming
pollution and a cap-and-trade system?
The President and I agree that technology is the solution. But he
still won't accept that it won't happen on its own, not unless the
price of carbon is built into the process. We still hope to change his
mind, but even if we do not, we must begin the hard work of the
legislative process. It takes time, patience, fortitude, and courage.
Very few laws are passed the first time around. We must take good
legislation as far as we can. It is our job to start down the path.
I have a vision for my 11-year-old grandson and for my new grandson
who was born a few months ago.
My vision is that these children and yours will grow up and be able
to know the gifts of nature that we saved for them, that they will
understand we made the right choice for them--we protected the planet
that is their home--that because of our action they

[[Page S13505]]

will not be shackled into fighting wars over the last drops of water or
oil or remaining acres of arable cropland. They will not have to spend
their last treasure building higher flood walls, bigger levees, and
fortified cities to escape rising seas and angrier hurricanes.
Their cars will run on clean renewable fuels that do not pollute the
air they breathe. The United States will lead in exporting clean
technologies and products that are the engine of a new green economy.
We will lead the world in showing the way to live well, in a way that
respects the Earth.
To make this vision a reality, we must face our challenge in a way
that overcomes our differences, and that defies our party affiliations.
Madam President, I yield the floor to my friend, Senator Inhofe.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oklahoma.
Mr. INHOFE. Thank you, Madam President. It is my understanding--I
would ask for clarification--I am entitled to 30 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Republicans control the remaining 30
minutes of morning business.
Mr. INHOFE. Thank you very much.

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