[Congressional Record Volume 153, Number 137 (Monday, September 17, 2007)]
[House]
[Pages H10425-H10431]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                               EDUCATION

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 18, 2007, the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Garrett) is 
recognized for 60 minutes as the designee of the minority leader.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. I appreciate the opportunity to be able to 
come to the floor this evening to speak on a topic that I, quite 
honestly, am quite passionate about, and that is the education of our 
children, of my children, of the children in our communities and the 
children of all the parents across this great country. It's an issue 
that I have been involved with for some time, first and foremost as a 
father with my own children at home, obviously from the very beginning 
days as educating them as a parent before they went off to school, and 
then later as they are in school now, both at home and off in college 
as well. Obviously, as a parent, we are all intimately involved with 
those issues. But in another sense as well, in a public official 
capacity. Before coming to Congress, I had the opportunity to work with 
the issues of education and public education, serving for 12 years, as 
I did, in the State government and serving on the Education Committee 
there.
  I come to the floor now tonight to talk about an issue, education, 
and specifically some legislation that will be coming before this 
House, and eventually the Senate as well, and perhaps to the 
President's desk, and that is something called NCLB, No Child Left 
Behind. Now, as I say, there are numerous issues, and we just heard the 
other side of the aisle talk about the issue of war, which is often 
making the press and making the media and is talked about on talk radio 
quite continuously, as it should be. And the issue of education, public 
education is perhaps down there on some of the polls and down there as 
far as talk radio and the media as well. And I have noticed that the 
issue of the reauthorization of NCLB, No Child Left Behind, also has 
not been out there in the forefront of people's debate. But rest 
assured, it shall be in the days and weeks ahead, as first the full 
committee in this House will consider legislation and has already 
drafted legislation, which I will talk about shortly, as the committee 
begins to consider that and hopefully have a number of public hearings 
on that and eventually come before this entire House for discussion.
  So I think it's important that we get out in front of it, if you 
will, to talk about NCLB, and maybe a little bit about the history of 
where we are on public education in this country, how did we get to the 
point we are right now; NCLB, and what it has wrought to this country 
over the last half a dozen years that it has been the law of this land, 
and what could occur if it does get reauthorized.
  And finally, at the end, of course, I would like to talk a little bit 
about what I see as the solution to the problems of public education 
and their impact upon NCLB. And I will just give you a tad bit of a 
look at that right now, and that is, I have dropped in some 
legislation, H.R. 3177, and what H.R. 3177 is is a bill. I call it the 
LEARN Act, ``Local Education Authority Returns Now.'' And what that 
acronym simply means is that we really should take a look at education, 
see where we came from, and realize that in the earliest days of 
education in this country the idea was that having the parents involved 
first and foremost, having the teachers, the local principals involved 
first and foremost, and then the school board or community boards that 
run education is really the best way to ensure that our young kids will 
have the best education in their community, that the standards will be 
the highest possible and obtainable for all the children in their 
school, that the teachers will be the best and the brightest, that the 
methodology that we will use in those schools will be the best, and the 
school books and the programs and what have you will all be as best 
that we can in our local communities.

                              {time}  2115

  That has been the history of public education. That has been the 
history of private education, as well, and that is really what is at 
the heart of my piece of legislation, H.R. 3177, to say, can't we 
return, or can't we move forward, if

[[Page H10426]]

you will, to that, once again, to put the control, to put the decision-
making, to put the accountability and to put the promise of better 
education right at home with the parents, the teachers, the principals 
and the like. That is what H.R. 3177 really does.
  But I get ahead of myself here when I talk about what the solution to 
the problem is before we even spend a little bit of time about looking 
at what the problem was. Now, NCLB was signed into law, as I said, just 
a little less than a half a dozen years ago. It is up for 
reauthorization right now. When the President signed the law into 
effect, he hailed it as ``an historic new law that will change the 
culture of American schools.''
  Now, at the heart of this change were mandatory new testing, 
reporting, and accountability requirements. You see, the theory went 
that schools would raise their standards and strive to make 
improvements, and then this eventually you might say trickle down and 
assist the underperforming students that needed the help the most.
  But as we now reconsider the reauthorization of No Child Left Behind, 
I submit that many of the changes brought about by this law were 
certainly unintended, maybe not unforeseen if they had merely taken the 
time to try to consider what some of the consequences would be, but 
they were truly burdensome and unintended consequences that were 
brought about by it. You see, instead of giving the local school 
districts the flexibility that they really need to develop their own 
curriculum to the very best limits that they can, they are instead 
hampered by NCLB's testing requirements, and they must basically now 
tailor their classrooms around this standardization to, what is in a 
way, a schizophrenic standardization, if you will.
  I will explain that. On the one hand, the advocates of NCLB and those 
who you will hear who advocate its reauthorization will say, well, 
look, NCLB actually gives flexibility to the classroom and to the 
States inasmuch as they have the ability to set their standards and 
they have the ability to set their proficiency. Now, that is the one 
argument that the proponents of NCLB will make. Flip it around, though, 
and the same proponents will say, well, wait a minute, at the same time 
we are doing that, we are going to be requiring accountability at that 
level and a standardization across the board to an extent on this, as 
well. Obviously, that is a schizophrenic talking out of both sides of 
your mouth on a point, because, of course, you can't have both.
  To the first point of essentially allowing the States the opportunity 
to set their own standards, well, there is a nod, if you will, to 
federalism, which is the appropriate way to handle education, that is, 
at the local level; but think about what has actually occurred. This is 
it: if you are going to tell the States that you are able to set your 
own standards, but then, at the same time, tell the States that we are 
going to tie your funding to your meeting those standards, or exceeding 
those standards, what is going to be the result? Well, I can tell you 
what the result has been, and that is the proverbial race to the 
bottom.
  It makes logical sense. If a State were to set the standards to where 
the parents would like them, perhaps the community would like them, 
perhaps the business interests and the community interest and everyone 
else in the State would like them, at a high level in the State, what 
is potentially going to occur in that State? Well, potentially, what is 
going to occur is they are not going to achieve what the law requires, 
which is 100 percent proficiency.
  Think about that last term just for a moment. One hundred percent 
proficiency is being demanded by the Federal Government. I would like 
to hear from the Department of Education about any of their programs 
that are being run 100 percent proficiently. For that matter, I would 
like to hear from any agency of the Federal Government that their 
agency is being run 100 percent proficiently. Yet, even though the 
Federal Government can't achieve it, they are going to say that the 
States have to achieve that 100 percent proficiency level, because that 
is the requirement of NCLB.
  The result is that those bureaucrats in the State who realize that 
their dollars are going to be tied to whether or not they meet the bar 
that they themselves have set, they are going to race to the bottom, 
lowering the standards.
  This is just not a hypothetical that I am suggesting. This has been 
the actual result. This has been the actual result of State after State 
as they realized during the course of the implementation of NCLB that 
they have not been able to meet the proficiency standards that they had 
previously, and so they have lowered them. I believe I have examples of 
that. One example, of course, was in Michigan where prior to the law 
they had various standards within their schools as far as math and 
reading and what have you. Those standards were fairly high. You and I 
might agree they are appropriate levels for the schools. But they 
realized that they were not going to be able to meet those standards on 
a 100 percent proficiency level. So what did they do? They did really 
the logical thing for the best interests, I guess, for the people who 
run the schools, the bureaucrats and what have you in the State, but 
certainly not necessarily in the best interests of the students. They 
lowered the standards.
  Now, by lowering the standards, suddenly, magically, if you will, 
they have now met their new lowered standards and they are in 
compliance with NCLB. There are obviously, not obviously, but there are 
clearly additional examples of this. I can give you some additional 
examples.
  But I see I have been joined by several of my colleagues here on the 
floor, and I will turn the floor over now to Ms. Foxx who is quite 
equally interested, and I would say concerned, and dare I say equally 
passionate about the issue of education for our children and 
making sure that the standards are as high as completely possible and 
that the area of control remains appropriately where it should be, and 
that is with the parents and the local school community.

  Ms. FOXX. Mr. Speaker, I really appreciate Representative Garrett 
putting together this Special Order tonight.
  While I missed the very beginning of it, I know we often share 
Special Orders when we are dealing with the Constitution, and I think 
it a bit ironic that we are here on Constitution Day dealing with this 
issue which we often talk about in terms of the Constitution and the 
role of the Constitution and the Federal Government in dealing with 
education.
  Let me say, first of all, you have been here a bit longer than I have 
and have worked on some of these issues longer than I have, and you 
have excellent credentials. But I want to say, to sort of establish my 
credentials a bit, that I come from a background of education serving 
on the school board of Watauga County for 12 years. I was an 
administrator at Appalachian State University, I was an instructor, and 
I was a community college president. My doctorate degree is in 
curriculum and teaching in higher education, so this is an issue I am 
very passionate about and have been all of my life.
  I understand the importance of education. I understand the importance 
of an excellent education for helping people break the cycle of poverty 
and for unleashing talents and skills. I know that No Child Left Behind 
is not the answer to what we need to be doing in this country in terms 
of unleashing the tremendous potential that exists with young people in 
this country.
  I want to thank you for introducing H.R. 3177, the Local Education 
Authority Returns Now, the LEARN Act, which would allow States to opt 
out of the costly and burdensome No Child Left Behind law and return 
the control to the locals where it belongs. I am proud to be one of the 
33 cosponsors of this bill. Again, let me go back to the fact that we 
are here on Constitution Day and remind people, which I think we need 
to do on a fairly regular basis, of what the Constitution says about 
the role of the Federal Government in education.
  Amendment 10 of the Constitution says: ``The powers not delegated to 
the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the 
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or the people.'' Now, 
I read the Constitution fairly regularly, and I find no mention of 
education being a responsibility of the Federal Government.
  I have established my credentials a little bit, and I will establish 
somewhat

[[Page H10427]]

my historical credentials. I was on the school board of Watauga County 
not too long after the ESEA bill was passed. This was part of Lyndon 
Johnson's Great Society. There has been a great deal of debate about 
that bill since then. Of course, most people have lost sight of the 
fact that No Child Left Behind was, I believe, the eighth 
reauthorization of that bill. So No Child Left Behind has its origins 
in the War on Poverty, good intentions, trying to increase spending at 
the local school level, help children in poverty to do better. But the 
record of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act has been very 
spotty at best. And No Child Left Behind has also been very spotty at 
best.
  What we need to do, again, is go back to the basics, in my opinion, 
where the role of the Federal Government is reduced in education and 
the role of the local school board, the local teachers, the local 
parents is increased. We need to make sure that we are not tying the 
hands of teachers and principals at the local level. That is what we 
have been doing with No Child Left Behind. We have been trying to 
mandate from Washington the way to handle education.
  I find almost no support for this program in my district. I have had 
forums with teachers, principals, superintendents, and school board 
members. Many people complain bitterly about No Child Left Behind and 
the detrimental effect it has had on their system.
  Now, we found out in talking with them that much of what they are 
concerned about is not really in No Child Left Behind, but it is in 
other legislation that the Federal Government has imposed. But, again, 
what we need to do is unleash the potential that is there for teachers 
to work with children at the local level.
  I want to make a few comments, again, about my own experiences with 
this law and with other iterations of the ESEA Act of 1965 and throw 
out some things that we know about and have known about for a long time 
which make this emphasis on Federal funding so frustrating to those of 
us who pay attention to the research, pay attention to history and know 
what has been happening. There are thousands, literally thousands, of 
studies to show that there is absolutely no correlation between how 
much the government spends on schools and how much students learn.

                              {time}  2130

  So the more spending we have guarantees nothing in terms of learning. 
What we do know is that what makes an effective school and what makes 
good learning are excellent principals and involved parents, and No 
Child Left Behind actually mitigates against both of those things 
because of so much emphasis on testing and so much emphasis again on 
the cookie-cutter approach.
  Let me say also that no research has ever established that the 
quality of individual schools is a cause of the gap in test scores 
among groups of students. What is important is the safety of the 
neighborhood, income, books in the home, whether there are a mother and 
a father in the home, how much TV the child watches and what is the 
level of the mother's education.
  Education cannot control these factors. We cannot, through our 
educational systems, make those things different for children. We are 
going to see gaps in education as long as we see lots of children 
coming from single-parent homes where the mother doesn't have a good 
education. We are going to see lots of problems with groups of children 
when children don't live in safe neighborhoods or when they don't have 
a lot of books in their homes.
  We know that schools and school quality contribute little to the 
emergence of test score gaps among children. Again, government-run 
schools simply are not going to be able to bridge the gap between what 
children need to know and what they are currently learning.
  What we need to be doing, again, is to reduce the role of the Federal 
Government in the education process and help those teachers who are out 
there on the line every day dealing with a tremendous range of children 
in their classrooms, trying to teach the tests so they won't be 
considered failures.
  One of the saddest things we have done, I think, with No Child Left 
Behind is label so many classrooms as failures, so many schools as 
failures, when people are working very hard doing a lot of good things. 
We are actually discouraging people from going into teaching and 
wanting to use their talents and skills on behalf of others.
  So, I would say that we need very much to go back to local 
accountability in education, local control in education, and stop 
letting the 7 percent of the funding that goes into the public schools 
from the Federal Government be the tail that wags the dog, because so 
much more of the money is coming in at the local level. Those people 
know what their schools need, and we need to let the folks there hold 
their systems accountable.
  Again, I want to compliment you on the LEARN Act and for bringing 
this up to folks, presenting the facts, so that people are not being 
misled by the propaganda that is put out about these things.
  People would like to control our lives totally from the Federal 
level, but it is not possible to do. Our framers of the Constitution 
understood that. They were very wise in it. We need to go back to those 
principles which gave us fairly good educational systems in the past 
but are failing us right now in the attempt to control everything from 
the Federal level.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for 
your commitment to this issue, your commitment to our children and 
their education now and in the future, and for your past work as far as 
you set out as far as your experience in the area of education.
  I was listening closely to the points you made, and you made a number 
of good ones. You started off, of course, this being Constitution Day, 
talking about the Constitution. You are correct. We ignore the 
Constitution at our peril, and those who would be willing to give 
greater power over education to the Federal bureaucracy are, in 
essence, sowing the seeds of freedom's destruction here in this 
country.
  Madison in the Federalist Papers, No. 47, said ``the accumulation of 
power in a small number of hands,'' in this case by Federal 
bureaucrats, ``the accumulation of power in a small number of hands is 
the very definition of tyranny.''
  That is really what we are leading to here when we take away the 
parents' rights to control their child's upbringing and education and 
we take away the local community's rights of dictating how their 
schools should be run.
  One of your last points, it is interesting that you bring it up, you 
were citing the fact that there are other factors that go into the 
performance of children on tests and on schools and the like. I was 
sitting back in the cloakroom just before coming on here tonight and 
talking about education. I would commend you to take a look at this 
article in the Weekly Standard. The headline is ``No Child Left 
Alone.'' By that, they mean the fact that the Federal Government is 
coming around, and the little poor child is looking at adults on either 
side of him.
  In the article, it raises an element of the point you have, that we 
would like to think when we are elected officials that we are in 
control of the situation; that if there is a problem on the nightly 
news or the front page of the newspaper, just come to us, whether in 
State government or in the Federal Government, and we will drop a bill 
in and that will solve it.
  When it comes to education we would like to think all we need to do 
is spend a little more money, which was the last plan I was going to 
get to that you raised, spend a little more money, tweak the system 
here or there, and we are going to increase the output, if you will, of 
the school, as if we are producing widgets in those schools, that there 
is no difference than the factory or what have you. But different from 
the factory, these are human beings. These are little lives that are 
coming from an environment that the schoolhouse has absolutely no 
control over.
  These are the other factors I think you are alluding to; the fact 
that this youngster over here might come from the traditional nuclear 
family of a loving mom and dad, where only one of the parents works 
outside of the home and the other parent stays inside the home and 
takes care and is watching over the child all the time and educating, 
making sure that that child is doing their homework, following up on

[[Page H10428]]

activities, going out to museums and the like.
  In another family, in another environment, you may have different 
demographics. You may have a single parent, or no parent whatsoever. 
You may have a crime-ridden area. You may have no one watching over 
that child after school. There may be no after-school activities 
whatsoever. There may be no museums or what have you for that child to 
go to. On and on the list goes. Those are all factors that the school, 
and things like NCLB and all that the Federal Government does with 
regard to education, are not going to be impacting upon directly. Yet 
we like to think that just by changing an education law, we are going 
to fix it.
  Which brings me to one of your middle points which I think really 
needs to have the point reemphasized, and that is the spending issue. I 
brought a couple of charts to illustrate this.
  Ms. FOXX. Before you go to that chart, I want to ask you if you would 
yield to a question.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Absolutely.
  Ms. FOXX. I also had the opportunity to review that article tonight 
from The Weekly Standard and was very struck, particularly by the 
review of the book by Mr. Lieberman. I hope that at some point you will 
call attention to that a little bit. I intended to do that in my 
comments. But I think it would be excellent if we were able to enter 
particularly the review of his book into the record, because he makes 
many of those same points that I was making about the educational 
structure. I think he has done a very good service. So I would hope 
that you would be able to do that at some point in the effort here 
tonight.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Sure. I appreciate that. Before I get to 
the gentleman from Georgia, let me just bring back to the point of 
spending in our schools and where it goes to.
  When you are talking about spending in schools, there are two 
elements to it. There is instructional spending and noninstructional 
spending. Instructional spending is what you and I would normally think 
about as far as spending for schools. That is paying for the teachers' 
salary, that is for paying for the books, the papers and pencils that 
they may have in the classrooms and that sort of thing. The other is 
noninstructional. That would include the items such as the building 
itself, maybe the school bus and bussing the kids into there, and other 
things outside of the classroom.
  The numbers that we have here, and, by the way, you have to give 
credit for being able to bring this tonight to Dr. Anthony Davies of 
the Donahue Graduate School of Business at Duquesne University, who 
collected a lot of this data.
  What we see is on these two charts, sort of interesting, the little 
blue dots and the red dots. The blue dots on the top portion of the 
chart are eighth graders. The red ones are the fourth graders. The 
first chart I will look at is instructional. The next chart makes a 
similar point with noninstructional spending per pupil.
  Across the bottom of the chart is how much we are spending on these 
kids, and it goes from $2,500 up to $7,500. That is the x-axis. The y-
axis, you have the NAEP scores. These are basically educational scores, 
actually started during the Reagan Administration, actually trying to 
come up with a uniform testing of all schools in the country. These are 
NAEP scores.
  So let's take a look at eighth graders for instructional spending. 
You would think when you move from left to right, from the $2,500 per 
child over to $7,500 over on the far right, that you would see an 
increase of performance by the students.
  What do we see? All of the little dots representing the students are 
in the same band here, from the 520 to 560 band all the way across. The 
same thing with the fourth graders. You would think intuitively, or at 
least by the propaganda of the education establishment, that the more 
money on instructional spending we would spend for the fourth graders 
on their NAEP scores, on the testing scores, would increase. But what 
do we see instead? They are all again right in the same bandwidth, 
meaning that as you spend more dollars, we are not seeing an 
improvement in test scores.
  Let's take a look at the next chart. Very briefly, this confirms what 
we were talking about with noninstructional, things outside of the 
classroom. It is slightly different numbers because the dollars you 
spend on that is sometimes greater. From $3,000 on the left to $6,500 
all the way to the right. Again, the blue is the eighth-grader kids and 
the red are the fourth grade children. Again this is the NAEP scores.
  Again, what do we see? There are no increases, as you would 
intuitively think there should be, at least by the propaganda you would 
think there should be. For the eighth graders, it stays constant. On 
the fourth graders, it equally stays constant.
  So, both charts make the point of Ms. Foxx that what we do on the 
Federal level with regard to saying we are going to provide funding for 
these specific programs or what have you, whether it is through NCLB or 
otherwise, really doesn't hit the point. The point really is to make 
sure that the curriculum and the teachers and the school and everything 
else is the best that they can possibly have, and making sure that the 
accountability for those are by those people who have the most interest 
in it, and that, of course, is the parents and the local community.
  I am very pleased that I am joined here this evening by a good friend 
and colleague, the gentleman from Georgia, to speak on these topics as 
well.
  Mr. Price.
  Mr. PRICE of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, I thank my good friend from New 
Jersey, Congressman Garrett, for organizing this hour, and for your 
leadership on what truly is one of the most important issues, and that 
is the education of our children. It is a great privilege to be able to 
join you tonight and to commend you for the work that you have done in 
this area.
  What could truly be more important, Mr. Speaker, other than the 
education of our children? I don't know that anything could be more 
important than the education of our children. What it gets to, when you 
get right down to the rub though, is who is going to make decisions? 
Who is going to decide where we are going in the area of education?
  I was pleased to hear my friend from North Carolina earlier, 
Congresswoman Foxx, point out that No Child Left Behind is oftentimes 
thought of as a new endeavor. In fact, it was the reauthorization of 
the ESEA, or the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that began back 
in 1965. You have pointed out so well about the issue of the amount of 
money and the amount of performance or the quality of performance of 
children. But the No Child Left Behind Act, which was passed originally 
in 2002, is up for reauthorization.
  I represent a district on the north side of Atlanta, the Sixth 
District of Georgia. I served on the Education Committee in the State 
legislature, in the State Senate, and also serve on the Education 
Committee here in the United States Congress. One of the concerns that 
I have heard about for the last decade or more that I have been 
involved in public service is from teachers, and their main concern is 
that they have remarkable constraints placed upon them in trying to get 
their children to whatever level it is in whatever subject.
  When I was running for Congress initially, I used to tell folks that 
as a physician, one of the reasons that spurred me into public service, 
to get involved in elective office, was there were all sorts of folks 
at the local, State and Federal level that were making decisions about 
what I could do for and with my patients.
  When I would share those stories with my local teachers, they would 
say, well, you haven't seen anything. You wouldn't believe what the 
State government is doing to encumber what we are trying to do for our 
children in our classroom. Then after 2002 with No Child Left Behind, 
they would say, you wouldn't believe the changes that have occurred 
that have made my job as a teacher more difficult in trying to educate 
the children that are entrusted to me.

                              {time}  2145

  So I think it is important as we look at the reauthorization as we 
move forward on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, now known 
as No Child Left Behind, what has happened over the last 5 years. The 
original bill provided for increasing money from the

[[Page H10429]]

Federal Government, a 26 percent increase in spending and new programs 
as it relates to No Child Left Behind.
  The problem, as you know, is most folks across this Nation know what 
the Golden Rule is: Do onto others as you would have them do onto you. 
But in Washington the Golden Rule is different. In Washington the 
Golden Rule is: He who has the gold makes the rules. Consequently, what 
we have seen in our education establishment is that money from the 
Federal Government, that 26 percent increase in spending from the 
Federal Government, with it comes strings and those strings are rules 
and regulations that require more of local folks in the area of 
education.
  And now all of that might be wonderful if we were to have seen over 
the last 5 years, if not the last 40 years, an increase in the level of 
achievement of children in our local schools.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Mr. Speaker, if the gentleman would yield 
on that point, we can break this down into two elements: first, what 
has happened since NCLB has been passed; and, secondly, over the longer 
haul. Before you came to the floor, I was giving a little brief history 
of where we came from on the whole area of education. As you know, this 
country started with the idea that education was first and foremost 
with the family, and after that the local schools and normal schools 
developed and what have you, and then the education bureaucracy 
developed on the State level, and a progressive education format began 
to grow with more rules and regulations. Finally, in the last century, 
and more specifically you cited it in the 1960s, with Lyndon Johnson 
with his growth of education.
  Prior to that time, you really had very little education laws passed 
on the Federal level. For the first 176 years of this country, there 
were only 41 laws in total, total laws passed in the Federal Government 
for education. Since LBJ passed the legislation, Elementary and 
Secondary Education Act, 40 years ago, 117 more laws have been added to 
the books just on the Federal level. So since LBJ came in, there was 
the idea that the Federal Government is going to have a role. As the 
gentlewoman from North Carolina (Ms. Foxx) said, an unconstitutional 
role in education, but be that as it may. Since that time, the Federal 
Government has been doing two things: funding and setting down 
requirements and regulations.
  So you would think that if this is a good Federal program or agency, 
we would have something to show for it as far as where our dollars go. 
I have a couple of charts. This first chart here is labeled Federal 
Education Spending and Reading Scores. Again, as I referenced before, 
these are NAEP scores and they are green, yellow and red. Green is the 
top, 17-year-olds, and the yellow is 13-year-olds, and red is the 9-
year-olds. The middle one is how much money we are spending on the 
Federal level.
  Watch what happens here. This starts in 1970. Going across here to 
2005, Federal spending starts and flattens out and goes down in the 
1980s. The Reagan administration, when they thought they were going to 
turn control over to the States, began to create block grants; but the 
Congress, even though it was a Republican Congress, had a different 
idea. Spending immediately went up dramatically. And this 
administration brags about the fact that they have seen a 40 percent 
increase in spending at the end of the chart here.
  So what happened with that spending? Look at the lines. Perfectly 
flat. The scores here, these are the NAEP scores on both sides. 
Perfectly flat. From 1970 to 2005, the 17-years-old NAEP scores flat; 
13- and 9-year-olds, the same thing. This is sort of documenting it.
  This presents in a different graphic percentage change from baseline 
over here. The red this time is our Federal spending on education which 
starts over here in 1980 to 2004. Look at how it just takes off over 
here. You would think with all of these extra dollars, the scores on 
the bottom, these are math scores again for those same age groups, what 
do they do, perfectly flat all of the way across the bottom. No changes 
whatsoever as the dollars go up.
  That makes the point graphically that throwing the money at it from 
the Federal level has had no result.
  Mr. PRICE of Georgia. You can look at that and realize that the hard-
earned taxpayer dollars that we are entrusted with to spend 
responsibly, and it was the collective wisdom of Congress over that 
period of time, to spend significantly greater money. You have an 
increase of nearly 90 percent in spending over that period of time on 
that chart; and, in fact, little to no change in the achievement of the 
students in both the areas of math and reading.
  That is not to say that kids can't improve. But I think it is to say 
that the amount of money, it is clearly documented, that the amount of 
money in and of itself as being a predictor of student achievement just 
doesn't exist. That is study after study after study.
  But I want to spend just a few more moments, because when you think 
back to your school days, you always were a little anxious about 
getting your report card. You weren't quite certain whether or not that 
teacher was going to recognize the wonderful work you had done that 
would boost you into that next level. But I thought it would be helpful 
to give a report card on No Child Left Behind, the last 5 years of the 
authorization.
  So I searched around to find an objective report card, and I found 
the Heritage Foundation, which is a wonderful group of independent 
thinkers, objective thinkers, not necessarily Republican thinkers by 
any means, but objective thinkers; and they came up with kind of 
tracking in four or five different areas. I thought it might be helpful 
to share with my colleagues tonight a couple areas that they graded as 
it related to No Child Left Behind, or the reauthorization of the ESEA 
from 2002 to 2007.
  One of the things that they looked at was one of the goals that was 
cited was to constrain this remarkable Federal spending. As we have 
discussed, of course, spending increased by $23.5 billion over 2001 to 
2007, a significant increase, an increase that is well documented on 
the graphs here. So they gave the constraint of Federal spending an F. 
That is failing on constraining Federal spending.
  What about streamlining bureaucracy and decreasing red tape, one of 
the things that we always tout as the latest and the greatest for every 
Federal program; it is going to streamline the bureaucracy and decrease 
the red tape. Certainly that is one of the areas that teachers that I 
talk to back home have the greatest objection to, that it has increased 
their paperwork and increased their red tape.
  In fact, another objective organization, the Office of Management and 
Budget, has determined that the annual paperwork burden on State and 
local communities has been 7 million hours, a cost of at least $140 
million to the local and State communities in the area of education. So 
streamlining bureaucracy and red tape, what is the grade? It is another 
F, a failure.
  What about maintaining meaningful State testing? It is not that 
States haven't tried for decades to increase the performance of the 
children entrusted to them in the public education system. Many of the 
States have adopted all sorts of testing; and, in fact, what No Child 
Left Behind has done is either duplicated or usurped the ability of 
States to maintain their meaningful testing. So Heritage was relatively 
kind and gave us, the Federal Government, a C as it related to that.
  Finally, the area that I hear the most about, restoring State and 
local control. All of us know that local teachers and local communities 
and local administrators and certainly parents know best the kinds of 
activities that will allow one child and another, all children, the 
opportunity to achieve and reach their greatest potential. And 
restoring State and local control, what happened with No Child Left 
Behind, that is another F. So we can all agree that we ought to 
increase student achievement. We all believe that ought to occur.
  I would just implore my colleagues and respectfully request that we 
look at the history. Look at the charts. Look at the demonstration. 
Look at the history that has gone on in terms of Federal spending and 
student achievement.
  I would ask my colleagues to look at the history over the last 5 
years of what the increase in regulation and requirements from the 
Federal Government has been to the local communities. Have they 
increased student

[[Page H10430]]

achievement? I think an objective assessment of the situation would say 
that in fact they have not. I would ask my colleagues to look at 
whether or not removing State and local control over the issue of 
education has assisted in increasing student achievement, and I would 
suggest candidly it has not.
  That is why I am so proud to stand with my colleague from New Jersey 
tonight who has penned the LEARN Act, the bill that would allow States 
to opt out of this insanity, opt out of this merry-go-round that 
apparently by evidence tonight demonstrates that the Federal Government 
and its role in elementary and secondary education has not been 
necessarily productive in increasing student achievement, and to allow 
the States and local communities to recognize and appreciate that they 
know best how to get our young people to a level of accountability.
  All of us want them to achieve. I so strongly support my colleague 
from New Jersey in his efforts to make it so his State and my State and 
other States across this Nation, if they so desire, can opt out of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act so that those moneys can go back 
home to be utilized in the most efficient and effective manner to make 
it so our children can achieve.
  Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. I thank the gentleman from Georgia for the 
points you make and for joining me on the floor this evening and 
joining with me and other Members of Congress who are supporters of the 
LEARN Act, and who in general believe that we must do all we possibly 
can to help elevate and raise up the standards and the quality of 
education in this country.
  Sometimes the best way to do that is to allow those people closest to 
it and those people with the most interest in it, and that is the 
parents and local school and the teachers, to become involved with it.
  The gentleman from Georgia raised a couple of interesting points, and 
I want to go back and highlight some of them. One is what has been the 
result so far since No Child Left Behind has been on the books. Now my 
charts over here have shown that ever since President Lyndon Johnson 
came into office and made it one of his major legacies, and that is 
what he said it was going to be, the authorization of the Elementary 
and Secondary Education Act, which has now been on the books for 40 
years, we have seen the result in test scores over the last some-40 
years of Federal control and involvement in education, and those 
results are pretty dismal.
  If this was something in business or anywhere else and you saw a 
flat, no increase with additional spending year after year and 
additional regulation and modification on the Federal level, you would 
say something is wrong here. Well, there is because the Federal 
Government has become involved and has taken away some of the 
accountability and authority that should rest back at home with the 
local community.
  Since No Child Left Behind passed the first time, the first report 
came out I believe in the beginning of 2006 with regard to No Child 
Left Behind and the results from that. In essence, the proponents of 
NCLB jumped and said it is working. We are seeing a slight improvement, 
and they said that is all because of NCLB. Then you have to sit back 
and think: NCLB was passed in 2002 with an effective date of 2003. 
Portions as far as the implementations didn't begin until 2004 and 
2005. Here this report was coming out in the beginning of 2006. So you 
realize at the end of the day that NCLB wasn't having any of those 
positive impacts. These were things that were just long in the books 
already, long in the course of things already that the States had 
already taken upon.

                              {time}  2200

  For example, in certain reading areas, almost two or three dozen 
States had already instituted a reading program that NCLB later on 
would say this would be the reading program that they would encourage 
States to employ. Of course those States that are already doing it were 
ahead of the game and they skewed the numbers upwards.
  So the reports that you read in some of the press reports coming back 
from NCLB, they say NCLB is working. You have to look--at was it NCLB 
or something the teachers and parents had already instituted by 
themselves?
  Now, I can speak from personal experience on some of these topics 
because, as I indicated before, I used to be in State government before 
I came to Washington. I served on an education committee there. One of 
the things that we did in the great State of New Jersey was to come up 
with what we called the CCC, that is the ``core curriculum content'' 
standards.
  So we had already in our State realized that we needed to address 
some deficiencies in public education in the State, and one of the ways 
you can do that is by coming up with an entire spectrum, if you will, 
of topics that we want our kids in our schools to learn, and learn at a 
good level. So that was the core curriculum content standard.
  So we were going to say that all public schools would have this in 
the great State of New Jersey. They ran the gamut. They were not just 
math and reading, which is what NCLB is about, but other topics as 
well. History classes and social studies classes, literature and arts 
and art classes and technical classes as well. And on and on the list 
went. Foreign languages and the like. They were things that the people 
of the State of New Jersey said was important for our kids and our 
State in a way that we wanted them to be educated in it.
  After NCLB came into place, our State had to do what a lot of other 
States had to do as well, and that is turn from what we said, what our 
parents, what our community said was important for our children, to 
what Washington was now saying was important. Washington said that math 
and reading are important, and they are. You will get no debate with me 
on that. But when you make just two items the premier and the only 
topics that you are going to be judged on, and if you only make two 
areas the only area that you are going to be potentially funded or 
defunded on, what is the natural inclination of administrators and the 
like? It is to shift local resources away from these other programs 
like physical education, health, arts, sciences, history, shift your 
dollars away from those things, things that the local community might 
feel are very important and shift them over to what now the bureaucrats 
in Washington say are the only things that are important.
  When you think about it, there is another consequence to it as well. 
When you make that shift, you do a disservice to some of the children 
in your school or who are perhaps doing well or just getting by at 
certain levels as you focus exclusively on one area.
  Let me give you a classic example of that. We had a school in our 
district which was an exceptional school. It has been considered that 
by the State of New Jersey for many years; it has been considered that 
by the parents of the children who go to that school. It is a school 
that all the kids do well on their SATs. I think it has like nearly a 
100 percent graduation rate, just about an equal percentage of children 
going from high school on to college. By anyone's classification, 
almost anyone's classification, an exceptional school.
  NCLB comes along, and because of some difficulties in just a very 
small area with just a very small select group of children in that 
school, it rated as not performing as NCLB wanted them to perform. 
That, therefore, made a problem for the administrators in the school, 
that they would have to now shift their focus and shift their attention 
and shift their resources from what had been a successful school in the 
past to address some of these concerns on the Federal level.
  So now what do you do? You leave behind the whole idea of NCLB, No 
Child Left Behind, and now you are leaving behind the vast majority of 
children in that school
  Let me just take a moment then first to finish on a point I raised 
earlier, the problem of the race to the bottom that NCLB is causing and 
then what some of the solutions are. I think I mentioned earlier one 
example, which was Michigan. Michigan, like New Jersey, had prior to 
NCLB raised its standards because that is what the parents and the 
community and teachers all said was appropriate and what they wanted 
for their children in their school.
  Then NCLB came along with their new rubric of how things are going to 
run. What happened? By the beginning of the 2002-2003 school year, 
Michigan found itself with more failing schools than any other State. 
Obviously, if you

[[Page H10431]]

have the bar of your standards way up here and all the other States are 
down here in the middle someplace, you are not going to have 100 
percent efficiency up here. So they had more failing schools than any 
other State.
  So NCLB in essence was making Michigan look worse than any other 
State that had set the bar lower. How did Michigan respond to this 
embarrassment? By lowering the passing rate on its high school English 
test from 75 percent to 42 percent, which helped reduce its reported 
number of failing school from 1,500 schools to 216.
  So instead of getting the 75 that is usually like a C average in a 
school, instead of saying you needed a C in order to be passing in 
English, they say all you need is a 42 percent. When did you ever go to 
school and say a 42, which would be a D or E or something like that in 
school, was passing. That is what Michigan did in response to NCLB.
  What did other schools do? They lowered their bars as well. One of 
them did it in a more clever way. They changed what they call the 
``confidence intervals.'' That is when you take a poll. They have a 
confidence factor or margin of error of 3 or 4 percent. If you raise 
that percentage point all the way up to the point so the confidence 
factor is very small, then you can say in essence that you are changing 
the facts by statistics.
  That is what a number of schools did. Kentucky did that. By choosing 
99.5 percent confidence, they made it a very narrow range as far as 
what was within the failing range, and, therefore, all of a sudden 
their grades as far as NCLB was concerned went up. On the list goes.
  How about average yearly progress? I will talk about where that came 
from in a moment. Some of the schools have decided in order to do 
average yearly progress, they will treat it like balloon mortgages, 
something that we know about in the press right now. What that means is 
instead of saying we will do so much each year, we will only do a 
little tiny bit the first several years and really do a whole lot at 
the end. Of course you never get to the end.
  So some of those are just some of the classic examples of what are 
some of the problems with NCLB and the race to the bottom, basically 
saying that we are not doing what everybody wants. Everyone's high 
standards, whether you want to call it a national standard, world-class 
standards in the schools, everybody wants what is the best for their 
child. But when you have a system in place where the Federal Government 
is going to be sending out the money in relationship to their standards 
and allowing the flexibility for the States to have it set those 
standards, you are, as I said at the very beginning, speaking out of 
both sides of your mouth with regard to this, and you are going to have 
a failing system. That is what we have with the Federal Government's 
involvement here

  So what is the solution? Well, one of the solutions is simply this: 
do whatever you will with NCLB, and you will see a host, probably a 
hundred bills, right now in Congress to try to tweak it here or tweak 
it there, increase spending even more, as this chart shows, or take 
away the accountability here. On and on the list goes. You will see all 
that come down.
  I suggest, however, in addition to whatever Congress throws out on 
the table as far as their solution to the problem, I suggest this as 
well: allow the States, if they want to, voluntarily, so that means 
they are not forced to, to opt out of No Child Left Behind. So if your 
State says thank you very much, Washington, thank you very much, 
bureaucrats in Washington and the Department of Education, bureaucrats 
who have never seen my school building, never saw my child, never saw 
my county or town, or what have you, we do not need your assistance on 
how to hire our teachers, buy our books, develop our curriculum, teach 
our kids. We can do it ourselves. We have the competence as parent, 
teachers, administrators in the community to do it.
  We would have the ability then, if that State so desired, to opt out 
of No Child Left Behind and keep our own money here in our own State 
and not send it to Washington any more.
  That last point is an important one. Right now, if a State wanted to, 
it could opt out of No Child Left Behind, as I just described it, and 
say that we don't need your rules and regulations, thank you very much, 
Washington. But all the money would still go to Washington and that 
State would never get any money back.
  That is obviously inherently unfair to that State. Why should the 
taxpayers be sending money to Washington and see absolutely zero 
benefit from it? It makes no sense.
  So what the LEARN Act does, 3177 that I spoke to at the very 
beginning, simply says this: not only would a State, if it so desired, 
opt out of NCLB and all the vast red tape and rigamarole that comes 
with it and all the burdens that comes on the teachers and 
administrators and the burdens that it places on the kids who are no 
longer going to have high standards to live up to, not only would be 
able to opt out, but those taxpayers in that State would be able to in 
essence keep their money in their own pocket and not send it to 
Washington any more; keep the money in that State, in the taxpayers' 
pocket where it belongs so they can decide how that dollar should be 
spent on the public education in their own respective State.
  Now, mind you, some, maybe the vast majority of the States would not 
want to opt out of No Child Left Behind. Maybe you all live in one of 
those States that feels that you need Washington and the bureaucrats 
down in Washington to assist or to tell you how your local schools 
should be run. Maybe there are States, maybe there are Congress people 
who represent districts and those districts feel that they are just not 
able to decide how to run their schools, they are not able to decide 
what a quality teacher is, they are not able to decide what a violent 
school is.
  Maybe there is some school districts or some congressional district 
that just can't make a determination of how to set up a curriculum or 
set testing standards or set levels of accountability. For those 
congressional districts, they would be able to stay in the system and 
not opt out. That is the inherent benefit of a voluntary system.
  Again, I appreciate my colleagues from the various States who have 
already signed onto this and my colleagues who joined me on the floor 
this evening for discussion of NCLB and its reauthorization

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