[Congressional Record Volume 153, Number 51 (Friday, March 23, 2007)]
[House]
[Pages H3004-H3010]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                 CELEBRATING NATIONAL AGRICULTURE WEEK

  The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Wilson of Ohio). Under the Speaker's 
announced policy of January 18, 2007, the gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. 
Smith) is recognized for 60 minutes as the designee of the minority 
leader.
  Mr. SMITH of Nebraska. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor our 
Nation's agricultural producers. U.S. agriculture is innovative, 
adaptive and certainly responsive. I am here today to celebrate 
National Ag Week which ends tomorrow, as well as celebrate National Ag 
Day, which we celebrated on Wednesday.
  It goes without saying that agriculture is tremendously important to 
my district and the Nation as a whole. I hope you join me in 
celebrating everyone who works so hard to provide nutrition for the 
world.
  I represent one of the largest agriculture districts in the country. 
My district ranks first in the value of sales of grains and oil seeds, 
second in total value of agricultural products sold, and first in 
cattle and calf inventory. According to the Nebraska Department of 
Agriculture, my State ranks first in the Nation in commercial red meat 
production as well.
  In 2005, agriculture industry cash receipts contributed more than $11 
billion to Nebraska's economy. Over 20 percent of all Nebraskans are 
employed in farm or farm-related jobs. Every dollar in agriculture 
exports generates $1.48 in additional economic activity such as 
transportation, financing, warehousing and production. Cash receipts 
from farm marketings contributed more than $11 billion to Nebraska's 
economy in 2005.
  As impressive as those facts are, I do want to make sure that the 
rural way of life is enhanced and certainly encouraged to grow. As a 
member of the House Agriculture Committee, I look forward to helping 
draft the reauthorization of the next farm bill before it expires in 
September. My goal is to create a workable, comprehensive package which 
will strengthen American agriculture and provide long-term stability 
for our Nation's producers. Any attempt to make major reforms of the 
current farm program must be in the long-term interests of American 
agriculture. We know that we need good, sustainable policy. Taxpayers 
appreciate that, markets appreciate that, and we can achieve that with 
a good, hearty discussion. We must also aggressively pursue new markets 
and break down barriers to trade with other countries.
  In doing so, we must remain mindful of other aspects of rural life, 
and that is, the shrinking communities throughout Nebraska and other 
rural areas. I serve as a member of the House Agriculture Subcommittee 
on Rural Development, as well as the House Rural Caucus, and I know we 
must do all we can to strengthen and protect our rural communities, the 
backbone of our values and way of life. I look forward to helping 
create strong, sustainable world economies and responsible tax policies 
to encourage economic development for these areas.
  As a member of the House Science and Technology Committee, I am also 
putting a priority on expanding modern technology in our district to 
support new and existing businesses, attract new employers and make our 
rural communities more competitive in the modern economy.
  So what are we really celebrating this week? National Ag Day is a day 
to recognize and celebrate the abundance provided by agriculture and 
our Nation's agriculture industry. Every year, producers, agriculture 
associations, corporations, universities, government agencies and 
countless others across America join together to recognize the 
contributions of agriculture during this week.
  This year, National Ag Day was celebrated on March 21, 2007, the 
first day of spring, and National Ag Week of course runs through the 
rest of the week. Ag Day was first celebrated in 1973, and this is the 
34th year of celebrating Ag Day on the first day of spring. I am proud 
to have this opportunity to make these remarks to take part in this 
celebration.
  The Agriculture Council of America hosts the campaign on a national 
level; however, awareness efforts in communities across America are as 
influential, if not more, than the broad scale effort. If you are 
interested, I recommend checking out www.agday.org, once again 
www.agday.org. The Web site has a tremendous amount of information, and 
I thank the ACA for letting me use their information here today.
  Ag Day is about recognizing and certainly celebrating the 
contribution of agriculture in our everyday lives. The National Ag Day 
program encourages every American to understand how food and fiber 
products are produced, to value the essential role of agriculture in 
maintaining a strong economy, appreciate the role that agriculture 
plays in providing safe, abundant and affordable products.
  Why do we celebrate agriculture? Certainly, agriculture provides 
almost everything we eat, use and wear on a daily basis, but too few 
people truly understand this contribution and certainly may 
not appreciate it as we should.

  This is particularly the case in our schools where students may only 
be exposed to agriculture if they enroll in the very specific and 
related vocational training. By building awareness, the Agriculture 
Council of America is encouraging young people to consider career 
opportunities in agriculture.
  Each American farmer feeds nearly 130 people, a dramatic increase 
from 25 people in the 1960s. Let me repeat that: each American farmer 
feeds nearly 130 people and certainly a dramatic increase from the 25 
people that each American farmer fed in the 1960s. Quite simply, 
American agriculture is doing more and doing it better; and as the 
world population soars, there is an even greater demand for the food 
and fiber produced in the United States.
  From a team of horses in the early 1900s to tractors with the power 
of 40 to 300 horses today, American farmers provide consumers with more 
and certainly better quality food than ever before. In fact, one farmer 
now supplies food, as I mentioned earlier, for about 129 people very 
specifically in the U.S. and abroad, compared to just 25.8 people in 
1960.

[[Page H3005]]

  The efficiency of the American farmer pays off in the price American 
consumers pay for food as well. The United States consumers spend 
roughly 9 percent of their income on food, compared with 11 percent in 
the United Kingdom, 17 percent in Japan, 27 percent in South Africa, 
and 53 percent in India. That is a pretty good deal.
  This great value is due in large part to improved equipment 
efficiency, enhanced crop and livestock genetics through biotechnology 
and conventional breeding, and advances in information management.
  All Americans are asked to enjoy and admire the wonders of American 
agriculture as National Agriculture Day is celebrated on the first day 
of spring as it was this last week.
  Today's farmers work nearly 3\1/2\ times more land than their 
predecessors from the 1900s. Their needs are different, the crops are 
different, and the rules governing production practices are different. 
Most American farms are still family farms. Today, almost 99 percent of 
all U.S. farms are owned by individuals, family partnerships, or family 
corporations. Less than 1 percent of America's farms and ranches are 
owned by non-family corporations according to the Census of 
Agriculture.
  Biotechnology certainly increases capacity and product quality. It is 
another factor in efficiency of American farmers in their ability to 
provide more and certainly higher quality food and livestock. 
Biotechnology provides benefits similar to traditional plant and 
livestock breeding but does so in a more controlled environment and 
with faster results.
  Advancements made in plant biotechnology provide consumers with 
better quality products in many areas, and those benefits are just 
beginning.
  There are many products in the biotechnology research pipeline that 
will provide better livestock feeding, resulting in leaner meat for 
consumers. Many of these same products will lessen the environmental 
impact of livestock production by reducing waste and/or the chemicals 
found in animal waste.
  Pharmaceutical companies are actively working with farmers to develop 
crops that can go directly from the field to pharmaceutical production, 
eliminating some of the processing steps that occur in today's 
operations. This research will significantly reduce the costs required 
to produce many life-saving drugs.
  Research and technology advancements have also resulted in new uses 
for commodity crops like corn, soybeans and various grains. Use of 
products like ethanol and soy diesel will reduce American dependence on 
fossil fuels and improve air quality throughout the United States and 
the world. Ethanol is the largest industrial use of these commodity 
crops, but soy diesel and other uses are emerging every year.
  When it comes to ethanol, America's farmers do not just produce fuel 
for our bodies. Crops such as corn and soybeans are used to produce 
fuel for our vehicles. Renewable fuels contribute to a cleaner 
environment, reduce pollution and reliance on foreign oil and 
contribute to the stability of the world farm economy by creating 
commercial markets for crops.
  With the record production of 2.81 billion gallons of ethanol in 
2003, 1 billion bushels of corn and 12 percent of the grain soybean 
crop were used to produce fuel for our vehicles. In 2003, 73 ethanol 
plants were in operation in the United States, several in my district 
and in Nebraska. In fact, according to the USDA, one in every 10 rows 
of corn went into ethanol production in 2003. In both his 2006 and 2007 
State of the Union addresses, President George Bush called for making 
renewable energy sources a national priority.

                              {time}  1345

  His recent call for 35 billion gallons of renewable fuels, including 
ethanol and biodiesel, has led to crop producers and customers alike 
asking how we will meet the challenge without disrupting traditional 
markets.
  The demand for corn, for ethanol production grew rapidly in 2006, and 
it will grow rapidly again this year. That has caused concern among 
corn and other end users, including the livestock industry and 
importers, like Japan. There is no question that a big transition is 
taking place. As producers will have to react more quickly to the 
market, so will our customers, the livestock industry, importers and 
ethanol industry.
  There are new markets for ethanol 85, or E85, as we call it. Ethanol 
today is largely a blend component with gasoline. E85 is a mix of 85 
percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. The ethanol blend adds octane 
and displaces toxics, which helps refiners meet Clean Air Act 
specifications. There are about 600 E85 refueling stations across the 
country. New market opportunities include E85 and ethanol fuel cells. 
Today there are millions of flexible fuel vehicles capable of using 
E85, but they make up less than 3 percent of the total U.S. motor 
vehicle fleet.
  A valuable coproduct of ethanol is dried distillers grain solubles, a 
high-protein feedstock. A bushel of corn used in the dry-grind ethanol 
process yields 2.8 gallons of ethanol, 17 pounds of carbon dioxide and 
16 pounds of distillers grains. Wet grains go to dairy and cattle 
rations; dry goes to hog and poultry, or when it is shipped. A majority 
of DDGs is fed to beef and dairy; however, swine and poultry 
consumption is increasing, although a very small percentage can be used 
now as the feed industry gains a better understanding of how best to 
utilize that product in those rations.
  According to commodity specialist companies, dairy accounted for 45 
percent of 2005 distillers grains consumption in North America, while 
beef accounted for 37 percent. Swine accounted for 13 percent of the 
North American distillers grains use, while poultry made up 5 percent.
  In the 2005-2006 marketing year, 8.35 million metric tons of 
distillers grains were produced. In 2006 and 2007, more than 10.8 
million metric tons will be produced. By 2011 and 2012, the industry is 
expected to produce more than 20 million metric tons.
  The supply of distillers grains has a displacement on the corn feed 
market. In 2005 and 2006, distillers grains displaced an estimated 3.89 
million bushels of corn from feed markets, making that corn available 
for other uses.
  Ethanol and biodiesel are just the beginning. Research continues to 
find new uses for agriculture commodities and waste. For example, 
livestock manure is being used to create electricity. Commodities such 
as soybean and canola are being developed as lubricants to replace 
petroleum-based products. Corn starch is replacing petroleum-based 
plastics. It's exciting to see these advancements.
  American agriculture can also be celebrated for its effort in 
environmental conservation. Farmers and ranchers provide food and 
habitat for approximately 75 percent of this Nation's wildlife. The 
current farm bill has provisions for farmers to create environmental 
habitats that will ensure protection of the land and water resources of 
this country.
  Farmers use computer and satellite technology to map the fields for 
production inputs. This increases yields and reduces crop inputs like 
fertilizer and crop-protection chemicals. With today's technology, 
farmers are better able to match seed production characteristics and 
production practices to soil type and climate conditions. The result is 
higher yields with lower input costs for more efficient use of 
chemicals, fertilizers and tillage. Ultimately, that results in more 
food at a lower cost for consumers.
  Today's farmers understand the importance of improving the quality 
and quantity of food available to the world. According to the U.S. 
Census Bureau, it is estimated that there will be 7.5 billion people in 
the world by the year 2020. We currently are at 6.2 billion. It's 
agriculture's job to find a way to feed those people.
  Advancements in crop technology, equipment technology and information 
management will make that possible. American farmers and others 
involved in the agriculture industry have met and will continue to meet 
this challenge again and again. World population growth is creating 
needs for food and fiber, obviously. World population is at 6.2 billion 
today, and expected again to reach 7.5 billion by the year 2020. There 
will be millions of new mouths to feed, many of whom rely on the United 
States' food production to meet this need.

[[Page H3006]]

  The United States is best positioned to meet this growing need, as 
agriculture is America's number one export. Again, agriculture is 
America's number one export. About 17 percent of raw U.S. agriculture 
products are exported yearly.
  U.S. farmers and ranchers produce more than 200 raw commodities 
yearly for domestic and export markets. One-fourth of the world's beef 
and nearly one-fifth of the world's grain, milk and eggs are produced 
in the U.S.
  Through research and changes in production practices, today's food 
producers are providing Americans with the widest variety of foods 
ever. Research and advancements in biotechnology are now in the 
marketplace with tastier fruits and vegetables that stay fresh longer 
and are not damaged by insects. Consumers derive health benefits from 
changes in farm production, including less fat in meat, longer-lasting 
fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as tofu, a soybean product which 
has been shown to reduce the risk of some cancer and heart disease.
  Certainly technology leads the way in today's agriculture protection. 
Precision farming boosts crop yields and reduces waste by using 
satellite maps and computers to match seed, fertilizer and crop-
protection applications to local soil conditions. Sophisticated global 
positioning systems, as we call GPS, can be specifically designed for 
spraying herbicides and pesticides. A weed detector equipped with 
infrared light identifies specific plants by the different rays of 
light they reflect and then sends a signal to a pump to spray a preset 
amount of herbicide onto the weed.
  Biogenetics is another technology that is being utilized in crop 
production. A particular trait is implanted directly into the seed to 
protect the seed against certain pests. Artificial insemination of 
livestock is producing more and certainly better meat supplies.
  Farmers are utilizing four-wheel-drive tractors with up to 300 
horsepower, requiring fewer passes across fields, saving energy and 
time. Huge combines are speeding the time it takes to harvest crops. 
That leads to more efficient use of energy.
  With modern methods, 1 acre of land in the U.S. about the size of a 
football field can produce 42,000 pounds of strawberries, 11,000 heads 
of lettuce, 25,400 pounds of potatoes, 8,900 pounds of sweet corn, or 
640 pounds of cotton lint. America is producing not only more food, but 
certainly higher quality and lower costs.
  Two out of every three bushels of corn in the world originate in the 
United States. In 2001, 45 percent of the world's soybeans were grown 
in the United States. American consumers spend the lowest percentage of 
their annual income on food, just 9.3 percent. Nearly 19 billion pounds 
of pork, the most widely eaten meat, were processed in 2001. Cotton is 
by far the most dominant fiber produced in the United States, and, as 
you know, is used for apparel, home fabrics, as well as industrial 
uses.

  Fertilizer and pesticides contribute to increases in production, as 
crop-production products have tripled the output of resource-intensive 
food like cooking oil, meat, fruits and vegetables. Crop-production 
products have doubled the production of world food calories since 1960. 
Without synthetic crop-production chemicals, American farmers certainly 
cannot feed the world.
  Farmers are good stewards of the land's environment as well. Farmers 
and ranchers are the first environmentalists, maintaining and improving 
the soil and natural resources to pass on to the future generations. 
Farmers use reduced tillage practices on more than 72 million acres to 
prevent erosion. Farmers maintain over 1.3 million acres of grass 
waterways, allowing water to flow naturally from crops without eroding 
soil. Contour farming, planting crops, which is planting crops on 
hillsides instead of up and down, keeps soil from washing away. About 
26 million acres in the United States are managed this way. Cattle 
ranchers and others control water run-off with sod waterways and 
diversions, erosion-control structures and catch basins.
  Just as urban families recycle grass, newspaper and aluminum, farm 
families have practiced recycling for a long time by applying manure to 
fields to replace nutrients in the soil. Food service food scraps are 
used to make animal feed. Agriculture land provides habitat, again, for 
75 percent of the Nation's wildlife.
  Let's discuss the profile of the farmer. More than 3 million people 
farm or ranch in the United States. Individuals, family partnerships or 
family corporations operate almost 99 percent of U.S. farms. Over 22 
million people are employed in farm or farm-related jobs, including 
production agriculture, farm inputs, processing and marketing, and 
wholesale and retail sales.
  According to the 2002 Census of Agriculture, 50 percent of the 
farmers are 55 years of age or older, up only 3 percent from 1997. The 
average age of the principal operator is 55.3 years. Forty-one percent 
of U.S. total land area is farmland. In 1900, the average farm size was 
147 acres, compared to 441 acres today.
  The top five agriculture commodities are cattle and calves, dairy 
products, broilers, corn and soybeans. U.S. farmers produce 46 percent 
of the world's soybeans, 41 percent of the world's corn, 20.5 percent 
of the world's cotton and 13 percent of the world's wheat.
  Let me repeat that, because I believe that we are losing sight of how 
important these markets are. U.S. farmers produce 46 percent of the 
world's soybeans, 41 percent of the world's corn, 20.5 percent of the 
world's cotton and 13 percent of the world's wheat.
  Farmers and ranchers are independent business people who provide for 
their families by growing and producing food and fiber. Farmers and 
ranchers are producing meat lower in fat and cholesterol. This has 
resulted in retail cuts that are 15 percent leaner, giving consumers 
better value for their dollar. For example, a pork tenderloin now has 
only one more gram of fat than a skinless chicken breast, one of the 
true fat lightweights, so to speak. Also much leaner beef cuts are 
being produced much more now than 20 years ago, resulting in 27 percent 
less fat reaching the retail case than in 1985.
  Research and advancements in biotechnology are now in the marketplace 
with better fruit and vegetables that stay fresh longer and are not 
damaged by insects. A new technology called precision farming boosts 
the crop yields and reduces waste by using satellite maps in computers 
to match seed, fertilizer and crop-protection applications to local 
soil conditions.
  As the amount of mechanization and horsepower and farm machinery has 
increased, the time needed to complete tasks has decreased. Combines, 
these huge machines used to harvest grains such as corn, soybeans and 
wheat, have dramatically changed agriculture. In the 1930s, before the 
machines were available, a farmer could harvest an average of 100 
bushels of corn by hand in a 9-hour day. Today's combines can harvest 
900 bushels of corn per hour, or 100 bushels of corn in under 7 
minutes.
  The efficiency of U.S. farmers benefits the United States consumer in 
the pocketbook. Americans spend less on food than any other developed 
Nation in the world. On average, again, in 2004, Americans spent only 2 
percent of their disposable income on meat and poultry compared to 4.1 
percent in 1970.
  I think it's important, as we reflect on all of these numbers, it can 
be a little overwhelming. But it's important to reflect the importance 
of agriculture, as we look at National Agriculture Week, and certainly 
as we look to the future. Hopefully we can learn from our past, the 
policies that, perhaps, discourage trade or policies that come down in 
a Draconian manner on farmers and ranchers. I will get to more of that 
in a few minutes.
  Meanwhile, I would like to yield to my friend from Iowa, as he would 
like to discuss American agriculture as well.
  Mr. KING of Iowa. I thank the gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. Smith) for 
bringing the highlight on agriculture here, because this is Agriculture 
Week. I am confident there have been some Agriculture Weeks go by here 
in this Congress without mention of such an important event.
  I would like to take this discussion, if I could, I would like to 
take this discussion to a broader point, an overall point over the 
components that Mr. Smith has laid out here and try to put it into a 
perspective of where we are today in agriculture, and what it means for 
the future of agriculture, and what it means for the future of the 
world.

[[Page H3007]]

                              {time}  1400

  And I look back upon some of the great movements that have taken 
place in the history of humanity. And those movements being, for 
example, we go back to the stone age, and then from the stone age we 
move into the bronze age, and then the iron age, and then the 
industrial age.
  In the industrial age we figured out how we could have labor that 
would be compartmentalized in its approach so that it wasn't one person 
that made all the components of a machine and put it together, but it 
was mass production. And in the industrial era, when we took to mass 
production, we raised the level of the standard of our living and 
raised the level of our technology dramatically. That was the 
Industrial Revolution.
  And then we came along into the information age, where we figured out 
with the invention of the microchip that we could store and transfer 
information faster and more efficiently than ever before. And it took 
both the industrial era and the information age, took our society, took 
our culture to a higher level. A quantum leap in our economy.
  Well, agriculture has really sat here, and since the inception of 
agriculture, the first time I think it was a cavewoman, planted some 
seeds outside the cave or recognized that they were growing, and they 
figured out how to cultivate crops thousands of years ago. What 
agriculture has done for thousands of years has just produced food and 
fiber. Produced it a lot better than they ever did before, more 
efficiently than ever before, as Mr. Smith has articulated very well 
about the increase in our production and our production capability, 
nearly an entire semi-load in a single hour today. But it is still food 
and fiber. Food and fiber for thousands of years the foundation of 
agriculture. But today we are going the next level up. We are food, 
fiber, and renewable fuels. A third level now for agriculture.
  And I believe that the fuel components, the ethanol, the biodiesel in 
particular, and then the way we are able to render animal fats back 
into biodiesel, so now we have taken this next level not just for 
energy and not just for fuel, but at the same time where biotech has 
moved agriculture up to another level to where we are really in the 
middle of science at the same time.
  But I think that agriculture has gone from that level of food and 
fiber and has taken the kind of quantum leap up into food, fiber, 
renewable fuel, and biotech products, the same kind of quantum leap 
that our society took when we went into the information age or when we 
went into the Industrial Revolution. Those are huge, huge things that 
we need to contemplate here, the efficiencies that have come into 
agriculture and the technology.
  So today I have the privilege of representing one of the top ethanol 
production and biodiesel, actually wind generation of electricity 
production, renewable fuels production congressional districts in 
America. And I have watched that capital be invested. Private capital 
last year invested over $1 billion in infrastructure to produce 
renewable energy just in my congressional district, one out of 435 
congressional districts, Mr. Speaker. And that is a huge investment, 
but it also says a lot about an industry that is being developed and an 
industry that is growing, and it is making us less dependent on Middle 
Eastern oil.
  And as we move forward into cellulosic, and we are very confident 
that we can develop the technology to produce cellulosic ethanol, that 
opens up vast acres for the production of cellulose that has not been 
used in that kind of an efficient fashion before. And, again, that will 
produce a significantly larger portion of our ethanol that will go then 
to reduce our dependency on Middle Eastern gas.
  But that is the energy side of this. And I talk about the energy side 
a lot, and I would like to maybe stretch our minds a little bit on what 
can happen with the biotech side, what is happening with the biotech 
side.
  For example, there is biotech research that recognizes that there are 
25 million little babies in the world each year that die unnecessarily 
due to the dehydration that is associated with diarrhea. And if the 
lactopheron, the component of mother's milk, can get into that little 
baby, that little baby that is on its last gasp and if we can put 
lactopheron in that baby, within 3 to 4 days that baby has its health 
back, its vigor back, and the baby is ready to go home with its mother. 
Well, we can't find enough and produce enough lactopheron by going to 
the mothers to extract it from their milk. But what we have done with 
biotech is spliced that lactopheron genetic chain into rice; and so 
then when we harvest the rice, we bring the rice back in and we extract 
the lactopheron, that genetic chain of lactopheron from the rice, and 
turn it into a little powder lactopheron that is a little piece of 
powder in a packet like maybe the sugar you put in your coffee. You 
tear that, drop that into a little vial of water, stir it up, warm it a 
little, give it to that baby that would be dead in a few hours, and 
that baby springs back to life and in 3 to 4 days that baby is ready to 
go home. That is science and technology.
  And today we can save the lives of 6 million babies on 60 acres of 
rice. And we are extracting that lactopheron up there in our 
neighborhood, not very far from the Missouri River, I would add, Mr. 
Smith. It is on my side. That is one of the great things that we can do 
and are doing with science.
  Another one is trypsin, and that is a component that you find in your 
tears. And as those tears wash across the eyeball, they are an 
antiseptic that keeps your eyes from getting infection in them, and one 
of the things from that would be pink eye. So we have also learned how 
to synthesize trypsin. And you see the pictures, especially Africa and 
in poor countries, of flies walking across little children's eyeballs. 
Well, the trypsin cures the blindness that comes from that kind of an 
affliction. That is another piece of biotech science that we have going 
on.
  Another one, and I would say, Mr. Speaker, this is the most 
impressive and fantastic development and I am going to call it also 
agriculture. Of all the presentations that I have heard, of all the 
briefings that I have had the privilege to receive, this one is I 
believe the most impressive and has tremendous implications for all of 
humanity, and that is that today we have spliced through transgenics, 
and we can clone and use transgenics in the same operation, and it goes 
on thousands of times a day in America, at least the attempts to do, 
but splice through transgenics the human immune system into that of a 
hog. Now, we raise a few hogs in our neighborhood, too, so we are 
paying attention to those things. But it happens that not very far from 
where I live there is only one person in the country that is, at least 
for profit, bringing pigs by cesarean in a sterile environment. And 
this is Dr. Rexanne Struve, Manning, Iowa. She is working with a doctor 
from Pennsylvania who is working out of Blacksburg, Virginia, Virginia 
Tech University. And there they have spliced the immune genetics from a 
baboon into that of a hog, and raised that hog up until the hog was of 
adequate size that they could go in and harvest the heart from that hog 
and transplant it into a baboon.
  Now this being an experiment, the baboon lived for 6 months. Now, 
that is a little better than the first human heart transplant; I think 
significantly better.

  But what they have proven now is that they are confident that they 
can transplant through transgenics this human immune system into a hog. 
And in doing so, and we are only 3 years, maybe 4 years away from being 
able to do this effectively, they can also custom build the organ 
rejection genetics. There are 12 major indicators, and they can put 
together the configuration of those 12 major indicators so they have 
the highest possibility of organ acceptance on a transplant and the 
lowest possibility of rejection for an organ transplant. So we will be 
able to very soon custom raise human organs in hogs. And today we are 
transplanting out of hogs anterior cruciate ligaments, knee ligaments, 
Mr. Speaker, and also heart valves. And we have done that for years. 
And the reason we can do that is that cartilage, and so there is not a 
rejection factor for cartilage.
  But organs themselves; so I brought up we can raise in hogs 28 
different organs. Not just hearts, but lungs, esophagus, stomach, 
bladder. One of the important ones, kidneys, pancreas, liver. Name your 
organ. Except for the brain;

[[Page H3008]]

we really don't plan to transplant that hog's brain in there. I think 
there are some folks in this Congress that might have had that already 
happen, Mr. Smith. At any rate, we would limit that organ. But there 
are 28 organs that we believe we can utilize in transplanting those 
organs from a hog into a human being. We had success doing that with 
anterior cruciate ligaments and with heart valves. We can surely do 
that with all the other organs.
  And one of the most important is skin transplants. The burn victims 
that we have, the burn victims coming back from Iraq, to be able to 
give them a new skin that is custom raised in the feed lot in a 
sterile, sterile environment. And then the next step after that is to 
match your identical DNA, Mr. Speaker, so you can have your own 
customized hog there that has got customized organs that are identical 
as if they happened to have been your twin brother.
  We will get there with this science, and it won't be there very long 
from now, 2 to 3 years on the first part of this matching the DNA 
chains exactly to take a sample. And raising those organs will happen 
within about, I am going to say, 12 to 15 years. But those are some of 
the things that we can do with biotechs in both the plant and animal 
science. And couple that with the renewable fuels, couple that with the 
tremendous production that we have provided. At the same time, we have 
more soil conservation, better water conservation, more fertilizer 
conservation, better land management, better processing and handling of 
our manure, for example.
  There is no better steward for the environment than the American 
farmer. No one cares more about their water quality. No one cares more 
about their air quality. They live right in the middle of that every 
day, and they care about their land. They want to hand that along to 
the next generation and the next generation. The best stewards are the 
ones in charge, and they are in Iowa, they are in Nebraska, they are 
all across the Corn Belt, all across the soybean area, and they go from 
coast to coast with the specialty crop farmers.
  This is a tremendous production system that we have in the United 
States, with outstanding and impressive people that commit their lives 
to feeding the world. And we need to honor them today on Ag Week here 
on the floor of Congress. And I certainly appreciate and respect the 
gentleman from Nebraska for raising this issue and being here tonight 
and for the opportunity to say a few words.
  Mr. SMITH of Nebraska. I thank the gentleman from Iowa (Mr. King). I 
appreciate the fact that you speak to the future. As we look at so many 
of the aspects of agriculture, I think sometimes we forget about the 
future and how far we have come.
  We have water challenges in Nebraska. And it is interesting, in the 
middle of about a 7-year drought, I don't think enough credit is given 
to the better practices that have been engaged in Nebraska relating to 
irrigation, that we are seeing record amounts of yields, record yields 
amidst about 50 percent reduction in irrigation.
  Now, there are also those critics out there, they tend to be critical 
of the fact that there aren't return flows from the former flowing of 
irrigation perhaps that many would consider waste. But it is 
interesting that as farmers become more and more efficient, they are 
also criticized along the way, and I think that that is unfortunate. 
When you talk about energy, it is absolutely vital that we realize 
that, even amidst corn prices that are strong, we have unprecedented 
costs of inputs especially related to energy, whether it is the 
fertilizer or whether it is the diesel for the tractor.
  And that is what makes me nervous about these urges to regulate 
industry even more, that it will drive up the cost. And not only 
electricity for the consumer in their residence, but it will drive up 
the cost of energy, as we see it on farms and ranches. And that will 
drive up the cost of food, plain and simple. And as I stated earlier, 
we have come a long way in terms of producing food in an affordable 
format.
  I was reading through, and I noticed part of the essay contest winner 
from the Ag Council of America, and this is the 2007 winner, LaTasha 
Cote, a 12th grader from Myrtle, Missouri Couch High School. And 
students from 7th to 12th grade submitted original essays of 450 words 
about the importance of agriculture in the United States. Under the 
theme, ``American Agriculture in 2025,'' students were encouraged to 
focus their essays on the potential landscape of American agriculture 
in 2025 based on where we are today and the opportunities that lie 
ahead. And Ms. Cote read her essay to industry representatives, Members 
of Congress, Federal agency representatives, media and others in a 
celebration of agriculture; and let me share with you just an excerpt:
  ``The alarm sounds off at about 8:00 a.m. A young man reaches over to 
turn it off, gets up, jumps in the shower, eats his breakfast, and then 
heads out the door toward the milk barn. There is no rush to get to the 
cows because they have already been milked.
  ``He begins to check the computer system to see the amount of milk 
produced from the third milking of the day. Immediately, a very precise 
chart pops up and gives the percentage of milk given per second, the 
amount of butter fat, and accurately tells the farmer the exact weight 
of the milk.
  ``Wait, where is the reality check? Well, there isn't one. This is 
only one example of how far the industry in all farms has come since 
the year of 2007.''
  And I haven't had a chance to read the entire piece, but I wanted to 
take this opportunity to congratulate Ms. Cote and every student who 
submitted an essay in the contest. I think that it may be even sooner 
than 2025 when we see these things come about, but it is great to see 
young people looking to the future.
  As we look at the big picture of agriculture, certainly globally we 
always think of trade, and I think the unfortunate situation with the 
closure of our beef, the rejection of our beef in many cases to Asia, 
but it does I think send a message to the larger issue of where we are 
at with livestock in America. It is interesting that we do find 
ourselves with a bit of a shortage of grain to feed our livestock.

                              {time}  1415

  And as we try to address this shortage, certainly, I think it can be 
best if the government stays out of the way. But when I hear concerns 
of this and the livestock industry, perhaps, getting a little worried, 
it worries me, too, because the livestock industry has been absolutely 
crucial to economies of rural America. And the fact that these 
economies are not, I think, appreciated like they should be, it is 
interesting to note how further regulations of the recent past have led 
to many livestock operations having to become much, much larger. And as 
they become much larger, certainly, others become concerned about the 
livestock waste.
  And it was encouraging to me last year to finally see some 
understanding that we don't want policies that force the producer to 
get larger. We want them to have the options of getting larger should 
they pursue that. Should they feel comfortable with their current 
status, that is fine, too.
  It is interesting, though, as we see large operators, small 
operators, middle-size, medium-size operators, we have to realize that 
I believe our fundamental responsibility is to create opportunities. 
Government can create opportunities, not through a check necessarily, 
but we can create policy opportunities so that the little guy has the 
option of getting larger and can prosper and pursue the economic dreams 
that they wish to.
  And the gentleman from Iowa certainly pointed out the fact that there 
are a lot of promising scenarios out there. As I go across the Third 
District of Nebraska and I visit operators, whether they are small or 
large, it is so encouraging to see people engaged in the economy. And 
as they are engaged, whether it is at a beef cattle processing plant or 
a pork processing plant, or an ethanol plant, or whether they are even 
creating biodiesel in their garage, I think there is just tremendous 
opportunity, and that I believe it is my responsibility to maybe not 
protect that opportunity, but to expand that and to make sure that 
every producer, every taxpayer has that opportunity to grow and, 
hopefully, make a greater living, and the government won't take it all 
away from them, and they can reapply that through available capital 
back into the economy.

[[Page H3009]]

  And if the gentleman from Iowa would like to participate, go ahead.
  Mr. KING of Iowa. I appreciate the gentleman from Nebraska yielding. 
And as you discussed, the future of agriculture, and especially the 
young families, the families that are going to be raising their 
families on the farm and working in agribusiness in the towns, and it 
occurs to me that we often don't discuss about entrepreneurial 
agriculture. And it used to be that that was all we had was 
entrepreneurial agriculture. The traditional agriculture that I grew up 
with and in the middle of was purely, almost purely, entrepreneurial.
  And yet we went through the farm crisis in the 1980s, and I recall 
those days. I lived for 3\1/2\ years with a knot in my gut, Mr. 
Speaker, wondering if I was going to make it through from week to week. 
And sometimes your identity of your life's work is what you do. And I 
was in an ag-related business.
  But the point that I want to make is that I saw this happen. And I 
saw producers, our bank closed April 26, 1985, Friday afternoon, 3 
o'clock, not too far from where this clock sits right now. And the red 
tag went on the door of the bank, and the Highway Patrol guarded the 
doors. And everybody's account was frozen; my account, the accounts of 
my customers. And I had a payroll to meet, and I literally had two 
pennies in my pocket was all I had to work with. I could rub them 
together and, in fact, I did rub them together and think about the 
symbolism of what had happened.
  Also, we had pretty good balanced ag operations going on at that 
time, with a significant commitment to the livestock industry. And so 
we had row croppers there raising soybeans and corn, and also cattle, 
hogs and some turkey feeders.
  And as the new owner in the bank, which was identified over the 
weekend, began to take up the loan applications and the financial 
applications, now this is right in the middle of prime corn-planting 
time, April 26 in 1985. To have your account shut down, have your 
credit line shut down, and if you didn't have your inputs all purchased 
and delivered, no one knew if you had any credit or if they would ever 
be paid or not or how it would unfold.
  So what happened was loan applicant after applicant that had been 
financed the day before began to line up to get applications, get their 
application reconsidered by the new owners. And the new owners, being 
prudent financiers, took a look at those balance sheets and the list of 
assets, and they asked the question, where are we the most vulnerable? 
Where are we most likely to lose our money? Well, that would be the 
livestock because it can die. And what is the most liquid commodity you 
have that you can turn it into cash the most quickly? That would also 
be the livestock.
  And so the livestock was loaded up, hauled to the sale barn, ordered 
to slaughter, and farmer after farmer, neighbor after neighbor was 
taken out of the livestock business. And then they could set up so that 
these same producers could stay in the row crop business, and, because 
of the programs we had and the risk management tools that were in place 
then, and we have better ones in place today, because of that, they 
could lock them into the point where if they had a reasonable yield and 
not too much bad luck, they could stay in business another year and 
maybe another year.
  So these balanced risk-spread operations, diversified ag operations, 
became row-crop operations. Livestock went on the truck and was 
shipped. And then so went the equipment that was necessary to support 
the livestock. Often the best combine was lined up and sold, and maybe 
even the best tractor, or even the best pickup, also sold, shrunk the 
operation down to where they could stay in business.
  Now, that was a good thing to keep them in business, but we lost the 
livestock tradition. And we are rebuilding that now, and the industry 
has changed so much. But the entrepreneurialism that came with that, 
much of that disappeared at the same time, Mr. Speaker. And so what we 
need to have is people that can make a good living by taking risks and 
by investing in new ideas and new approaches.
  Now, livestock has been a traditional approach, and it has been the 
mortgage lifter for years. Especially the hog production has been the 
mortgage lifter. But then to broaden that out and to raise specialty 
crops today with some of the biotech industry we had that I mentioned a 
little bit earlier.
  Or I happened to come across, about 4 years ago, during a political 
campaign, a family in my district that had 1,300 acres. Presumably they 
were crop acres. I would suspect they were not all crop acres. But one 
of those 1,300 acres, it was all to corn that year except 1 acre, and 
that 1 acre was set aside to what I would call a glorified garden. And 
they had six kids, and these six kids must have turned out a lot of 
good, healthy development child labor. But that single acre, that acre 
of corn that that year that it went in was only penciled out at $300 an 
acre. This single acre of this glorified garden, high labor-intensive, 
highly managed type of an operation produced $27,000 worth of crop 
on that single acre. Now, they might have put $40,000 worth of child 
labor into that, but they learned a work ethic, and they learned 
marketing, and they learned rotation, and they learned irrigation, and 
they learned weed management. But $27,000 per acre.

  So when I found out about this, and I am sure there are other similar 
stories out there. It occurs to me that someplace between that, it is 
more than $300 an acre now, of course, but on that day, about $300 an 
acre for that field of corn versus $27,000 for that single acre of 
garden.
  Between those two are all kinds of alternatives that are there for 
the entrepreneurs. So if they want to go the route of a lot of hard 
stoop labor and a lot of intense management and take on that labor to 
do that and try to pull that $27,000 out of that acre, or if they want 
to add some other things like organic, or if they want to raise 
specialty crops, all of these things need to be open for the young 
producers, and that is where they will find their extra margin profit. 
Not raising so much program crops; that is a baseline income that 
maintains the value of the land. But to up the ante, take a little more 
risk, put more management skill in, more labor in, and raise these 
specialty crops that, some of which I have talked about, and the 
organics on top of that, we will see young producers take that on 
because it is more labor-intensive, and young people are usually short 
of capital, and so what can they do? Well, they have got more labor 
that they can provide. They can do the work.
  So I am looking forward to watching and hoping to provide the tools 
for the young agricultural entrepreneurs in both the crop and in the 
animal sciences for them to develop high-value commodities. And as they 
begin to feed the world, species after species, crop after crop, and we 
haven't gone anywheres near touching the surface of the things that we 
can do with biotech.
  One of the other points, this is another scientific mind-stretcher, 
and that is that about, let's see, the years now come, about 32 years 
ago there was a rather dangerous species of an Asian animal, a bovine-
related animal called a gaur, spelled G-A-U-R. And that animal had been 
in the San Diego Zoo for years. This poor gaur was getting old and had 
gone down, and it looked like it was going to die. Well, the zookeepers 
there or the scientists took a punch out of the ear of that gaur, froze 
it in liquid nitrogen at about, I think, 421 degrees below zero 
Fahrenheit, and kept that little piece of that ear of that endangered 
species animal that had died frozen for 28 years. And they picked that 
up and they sent it, then, about, oh, I am going to say 6 years ago on 
up to a town, a lab in Sioux Center, Iowa, called Trans Ova. There Dr. 
Jan Schietemann took that frozen piece of tissue, and he cloned that 
gaur animal by implanting the nucleus of that that he could take from 
that cell and cloning that into the egg of a cow, and implanted that 
embryo that was created, the cloned embryo of the gaur, into the uterus 
of the cow, where this gaur, this rare animal, kind of looks like a yak 
if you look him up on the Google image page.
  This animal then was cloned and raised up, and the cow had this calf, 
a genetic copy of the animal that had died more than 28 years earlier. 
And about a year later, they shipped that young juvenile gaur back to 
the San Diego Zoo, where I presume he is still walking around and 
living happily ever after.

[[Page H3010]]

  Now, that is a space age, Star Wars kind of a thing. But when you 
think about what we can do with that kind of science and how we can 
improve our herds, how we can improve productivity, how we can improve 
the meat quality and the feed conversion factors, how we can reduce and 
eradicate and in some cases eliminate disease, how we can work with all 
of that, at the same time opening up the field so that the ag producers 
across this country can continue to make a living and feed America is a 
very, very optimistic story. And I think we are in the best position 
right now in agriculture that we have ever been in the history of the 
United States and, in fact, the history of the world, and I am just 
sorry I am not going to be around long enough to see where it is going 
to take the next generation of humanity.
  But I wanted to express those things. And I appreciate it. And I 
yield back to the gentleman from Nebraska and thank him.
  Mr. SMITH of Nebraska. I thank the gentleman from Iowa. As I wrap 
this up, I certainly want to thank the gentleman for really focusing on 
the future, and I think the sky is the limit when we can focus on the 
benefits of agriculture and perhaps the things we take for granted.
  But as we talk about the future and younger generations engaging in 
agriculture, I find it unconscionable that the so-called death tax, or, 
in a more technical sense, the estate tax, would go back up to 55 
percent, and that a subsequent generation on a farm or ranch would have 
to come up with cash to inherit that farm or ranch. That is sad. That 
is un-American. I think it is insensitive to taxpayers, and I think it 
has an immense disregard for the future and economic impact that that 
would have.
  I think too many people think that only certain departments of the 
grocery store really come from agriculture, as we would think of it. 
But the fact is it is involved in health care, whether it is 
pharmaceutical, surgical sutures, ointments, X-ray film, latex gloves, 
gelatin for capsules and heart valves, or with construction, lumber, 
paint, brushes, tar paper, other things. And I could go on a list that 
would take much more time than I can consume here today.
  But the fact is, we have come a long way, and we can go a lot further 
as we focus on opportunities, as we look at the fact that we need each 
other. Farmers need consumers. Consumers need farmers. And in between 
those entities, there is opportunity, whether it is processing, whether 
it is research. I think we can go a lot further than we have already 
come as we look to the future.

                              {time}  1430

  Again I would like to thank the Agriculture Council of America for 
providing a lot of this information and the very hands-on approach that 
they take and certainly look forward to working with them as I serve 
the people of the Third District of Nebraska and as farmers of the 
Third District of Nebraska and farmers and ranchers continue to feed 
the world.
  Thank you, Mr. Speaker.

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