[Congressional Record Volume 153, Number 14 (Wednesday, January 24, 2007)]
[House]
[Pages H903-H913]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
PERMITTING DELEGATES AND THE RESIDENT COMMISSIONER TO CAST VOTES IN THE
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution
86, I call up the resolution (H. Res. 78) amending the Rules of the
House of Representatives to permit Delegates and the Resident
Commissioner to the Congress to cast votes in the Committee of the
Whole House on the state of the Union, and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the title of the resolution.
Mr. McHENRY. Madam Speaker, I demand the question of consideration.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mrs. Tauscher). The gentleman from North
Carolina demands the question of consideration. The question is: Will
the House consider the resolution?
The question was taken; and the Speaker pro tempore announced that
the ayes appeared to have it.
Recorded Vote
Mr. McHENRY. Madam Speaker, I demand a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 224,
noes 186, not voting 24, as follows:
[Roll No. 56]
AYES--224
Ackerman
Allen
Altmire
Andrews
Arcuri
Baca
Baird
Baldwin
Barrow
Bean
Becerra
Berkley
Berman
Berry
Bishop (GA)
Bishop (NY)
Blumenauer
Boren
Boswell
Boyd (FL)
Brady (PA)
Braley (IA)
Brown, Corrine
Butterfield
Capps
Capuano
Cardoza
Carnahan
Carney
Castor
Chandler
Clarke
Clay
Cleaver
Clyburn
Cohen
Conyers
Cooper
Costa
Costello
Courtney
Cramer
Crowley
Cuellar
Cummings
Davis (AL)
Davis (CA)
Davis (IL)
Davis, Lincoln
DeFazio
DeGette
Delahunt
DeLauro
Dicks
Dingell
Doggett
Donnelly
Doyle
Edwards
Ellison
Ellsworth
Emanuel
Engel
Eshoo
Etheridge
Farr
Filner
Giffords
Gillibrand
Gonzalez
Gordon
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Grijalva
Gutierrez
Hall (NY)
Hare
Harman
Hastings (FL)
Herseth
Higgins
Hill
Hinchey
Hinojosa
Hirono
Hodes
Holden
Holt
Honda
Hooley
Hoyer
Inslee
Israel
Jackson (IL)
Jackson-Lee (TX)
Jefferson
Johnson (GA)
Jones (OH)
Kagen
Kanjorski
Kaptur
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilpatrick
Kind
Klein (FL)
Kucinich
Lampson
Langevin
Lantos
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Lee
Levin
Lewis (GA)
Lipinski
Loebsack
Lofgren, Zoe
Lowey
Lynch
Mahoney (FL)
Maloney (NY)
Markey
Marshall
Matheson
Matsui
McCarthy (NY)
McCollum (MN)
McDermott
McGovern
McIntyre
McNerney
McNulty
Meehan
Meek (FL)
Meeks (NY)
Melancon
Michaud
Millender-McDonald
Miller (NC)
Miller, George
Mitchell
Mollohan
Moore (KS)
Moore (WI)
Moran (VA)
Murphy (CT)
Murphy, Patrick
Murtha
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal (MA)
Oberstar
Obey
Olver
Ortiz
Pallone
[[Page H904]]
Pascrell
Pastor
Payne
Perlmutter
Peterson (MN)
Pomeroy
Price (NC)
Rahall
Rangel
Reyes
Rodriguez
Ross
Rothman
Roybal-Allard
Ruppersberger
Rush
Ryan (OH)
Salazar
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sarbanes
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schwartz
Scott (GA)
Scott (VA)
Serrano
Sestak
Shea-Porter
Sherman
Shuler
Sires
Skelton
Slaughter
Smith (WA)
Snyder
Solis
Space
Spratt
Stark
Stupak
Sutton
Tanner
Tauscher
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Tierney
Towns
Udall (CO)
Udall (NM)
Van Hollen
Velazquez
Visclosky
Walz (MN)
Wasserman Schultz
Waters
Watson
Watt
Waxman
Weiner
Welch (VT)
Wexler
Wilson (OH)
Woolsey
Wu
Wynn
Yarmuth
NOES--186
Aderholt
Akin
Alexander
Bachmann
Bachus
Baker
Barrett (SC)
Bartlett (MD)
Barton (TX)
Biggert
Bilbray
Bilirakis
Bishop (UT)
Blackburn
Blunt
Boehner
Bonner
Bono
Boozman
Boustany
Brady (TX)
Brown (SC)
Brown-Waite, Ginny
Buchanan
Burgess
Burton (IN)
Calvert
Camp (MI)
Campbell (CA)
Cannon
Cantor
Capito
Carter
Castle
Chabot
Coble
Cole (OK)
Conaway
Crenshaw
Culberson
Davis (KY)
Davis, David
Davis, Tom
Deal (GA)
Dent
Diaz-Balart, L.
Diaz-Balart, M.
Doolittle
Drake
Dreier
Duncan
Ehlers
Emerson
English (PA)
Fallin
Feeney
Ferguson
Flake
Forbes
Fortenberry
Fossella
Foxx
Franks (AZ)
Frelinghuysen
Gallegly
Garrett (NJ)
Gerlach
Gilchrest
Gillmor
Gingrey
Gohmert
Goode
Goodlatte
Granger
Graves
Hall (TX)
Hastert
Hastings (WA)
Hayes
Heller
Hensarling
Herger
Hobson
Hoekstra
Hulshof
Hunter
Inglis (SC)
Issa
Johnson, Sam
Jones (NC)
Keller
King (IA)
King (NY)
Kingston
Kirk
Kline (MN)
Knollenberg
LaHood
Lamborn
Latham
Lewis (CA)
Lewis (KY)
Linder
LoBiondo
Lungren, Daniel E.
Mack
Manzullo
Marchant
McCarthy (CA)
McCaul (TX)
McCotter
McCrery
McHenry
McHugh
McKeon
McMorris Rodgers
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Miller, Gary
Moran (KS)
Murphy, Tim
Myrick
Neugebauer
Nunes
Paul
Pearce
Pence
Petri
Pitts
Platts
Poe
Porter
Price (GA)
Pryce (OH)
Putnam
Ramstad
Regula
Rehberg
Reichert
Renzi
Reynolds
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Rohrabacher
Ros-Lehtinen
Roskam
Royce
Ryan (WI)
Sali
Saxton
Schmidt
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shadegg
Shays
Shimkus
Shuster
Simpson
Smith (NE)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Souder
Stearns
Sullivan
Taylor
Terry
Thornberry
Tiahrt
Tiberi
Turner
Upton
Walberg
Walden (OR)
Walsh (NY)
Wamp
Weldon (FL)
Weller
Westmoreland
Whitfield
Wicker
Wilson (NM)
Wilson (SC)
Wolf
Young (AK)
Young (FL)
NOT VOTING--24
Abercrombie
Boucher
Boyda (KS)
Buyer
Carson
Cubin
Davis, Jo Ann
Everett
Fattah
Frank (MA)
Jindal
Johnson (IL)
Johnson, E. B.
Jordan
Kuhl (NY)
LaTourette
Lucas
Musgrave
Norwood
Peterson (PA)
Pickering
Radanovich
Rogers (MI)
Tancredo
{time} 1329
Ms. LINDA T. SANCHEZ of California changed her vote from ``no'' to
``aye.''
So the question of consideration was decided in the affirmative.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
Stated against:
Mr. JORDAN of Ohio. Madam Speaker, I was absent from the House floor
during today's rollcall vote on considering House Resolution 78.
Had I been present, I would have voted ``no.''
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Clerk will re-report the title.
The Clerk read the title of the resolution.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to House Resolution 86, the
resolution is considered read.
The text of the resolution is as follows:
H. Res. 78
Resolved,
SECTION 1. VOTING BY DELEGATES AND RESIDENT COMMISSIONER IN
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.
(a) Permitting Votes To Be Cast.--Clause 3(a) of rule III
of the Rules of the House of Representatives is amended to
read as follows:
``3. (a) In a Committee of the Whole House on the state of
the Union, each Delegate and the Resident Commissioner shall
possess the same powers and privileges as Members of the
House. Each Delegate and the Resident Commissioner shall be
elected to serve on standing committees in the same manner as
Members of the House and shall possess in such committees the
same powers and privileges as the other members of the
committee.''.
(b) Appointment of Chair.--The first sentence of clause 1
of rule XVIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives is
amended by striking ``a Chairman'' and inserting ``a Member,
Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner as Chairman''.
(c) Repeating of Certain Votes.--Clause 6 of rule XVIII of
the Rules of the House of Representatives is amended by
adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(h) Whenever a recorded vote on any question has been
decided by a margin within which the votes cast by the
Delegates and the Resident Commissioner have been decisive,
the Committee of the Whole shall rise and the Speaker shall
put such question de novo without intervening motion. Upon
the announcement of the vote on that question, the Committee
of the Whole shall resume its sitting without intervening
motion.''.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. After 1 hour of debate on the resolution, it
shall be in order to consider the amendment printed in House Report
110-3, if offered by the gentleman from Illinois (Mr. Kirk), or his
designee, which shall be considered read, and shall be debatable for 20
minutes, equally divided and controlled by the proponent and an
opponent.
The gentleman from Florida (Mr. Hastings) and the gentleman from
California (Mr. Dreier) each will control 30 minutes of debate on the
resolution.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Florida.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I
may consume.
Madam Speaker, I am very proud to be bringing this bill to the House
floor today. This minor change in House rules represents a major step
forward for the nearly 5 million Americans whose voice is not currently
represented on the floor of this House. That is right, Madam Speaker, 5
million Americans go unrepresented on the floor of the people's House.
This is one of the few things we can do for the American body politic
that is not only the right thing to do, it is easy to do as well.
One of the most simple, yet eloquent and powerful statements in
support of what we will do today was made by one of our former
colleagues several years ago. Ben Blaz served in this House for 8 years
as the delegate from Guam in the mid-1980s and early 1990s.
{time} 1330
Delegate Blaz is a man of unquestioned patriotism and uncommon valor.
He retired from the Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general,
and during his time in the corps he was awarded the Legion of Merit, a
Bronze Star with Combat V and the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry.
I give you a little background on the former Delegate so that our
colleagues can have some context when I tell you what General Blaz had
to say at one time on this House floor. What the general said about his
status in the House and the faith of his fellow Guamanians was this:
``We are equal in war, but not in peace.''
So it is today, Madam Speaker. Over the past several months, and as
recently as this week, in the deserts of Iraq and Afghanistan, young
Americans from Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands
and Washington, D.C. have fought and died in defense of their country
and in service to the Nation they love. In the helicopter that crashed
last week, two from the Virgin Islands were on that helicopter and lost
their lives.
And yet our colleagues, Mr. Fortuno from Puerto Rico, Dr. Christensen
from the Virgin Islands, Mr. Faleomavaega from American Samoa, Ms.
Bordallo from Guam and Ms. Norton, from Washington, D.C., have no right
to cast a vote and be a voice for their constituents and our fellow
Americans out on the battlefield.
But, you know, Madam Speaker, I may be overstating the importance of
this modest rules change. It is, after all, more symbolism than
substance. Yes, our colleagues who I just mentioned will finally be
able to cast a vote on the House floor, but, and this should be the
clincher for my Republican friends who generally prefer to see
democracy squelched in the people's House, if a vote cast by a Delegate
or the Resident Commissioner or by them collectively amounts to the
deciding votes on a question before the
[[Page H905]]
House, then the vote is retaken without permitting them to participate.
So who could possibly be opposed to giving our colleagues, arguably
some of the most gifted and thoughtful legislators in this Chamber, the
right to cast a nondecisive vote on the House floor? I mean, that
really should be done.
Let me close for now by doing something I don't often do here, and
that is to quote the current President of the United States. Last
night, Madam Speaker, standing where you are, not 25 feet from where I
stand today, the distinguished President of the United States,
President Bush, said, ``This is a decent and honorable country.''
What we are trying to do on the House floor today, colleagues, is the
decent and honorable thing to do.
Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
(Mr. DREIER asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, I rise today in strong opposition to House
Resolution 78, which will allow the Delegates and the Resident
Commissioner to vote on the House floor.
My colleagues who support this measure will talk about how the vote
granted under this change in the House rules is merely symbolic and the
votes cast don't count. But, Madam Speaker, that analysis says that the
value of a vote is worth little more than its ability to be used in a
press release or a letter to a constituent. I value my vote. I consider
it to be an extraordinary honor to serve here, and I believe that the
Delegates and the Resident Commissioners should and would desire to
value their votes as well.
Those who advocate granting the right in the Committee of the Whole
have apparently forgotten the full name of that committee. Madam
Speaker, we are in the House right now, but when we are in the
Committee of the Whole, it is called the Committee of the Whole House
on the state of the Union. I underscore the word ``Union.'' We need to
remember that.
The Union is made up of the several States, and only Representatives
from those States may vote here on the House floor. That is what the
U.S. Constitution says.
Yes, the Committee of the Whole finds its roots in the British
Parliament, but the modern House of Representatives and the 17th
century British Parliament used the Committee of the Whole for two
vastly different purposes.
We use the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for
the purpose of allowing the House of Representatives to expedite the
amendment process and to allow for a more free-flowing debate. We do
not, and I underscore this, Madam Speaker, we do not use it to say that
we are no longer the House of Representatives, and therefore allow us
to close deliberations to emissaries of the Queen. That is not what
going into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union
is about.
Madam Speaker, my colleagues from the territories and the District of
Columbia feel disenfranchised, and I understand why. They enjoy many of
the benefits granted to the citizens of the several States. However,
with the exception of the District of Columbia, their representatives
are different. For instance, some pay income taxes differently; some
not at all. Some are subject to the recently increased minimum wage;
others are not subjected to the recently increased minimum wage.
This change in the House rules is an end run around the United States
Constitution. The court said so when it upheld the rule. Because the
Constitution limits who can wield legislative power, in order to pass
muster the rule had to make it appear that Delegates and Resident
Commissioners had none.
It is the ultimate in illusions, Madam Speaker. When your vote
counts, it doesn't count; and when it doesn't count, it counts. I will
say that again. When your vote counts, it doesn't count; and when it
doesn't count, it counts. That is really what we are doing here.
But we all know that Member voting behavior is far more subtle than
my colleagues have led on. A recent academic study of voting patterns
in the 103rd Congress showed that while the Delegate voting rule was in
place, there was a drastic increase in the number of votes retaken in
the House. While there were only three automatic revotes pursuant to
the Delegate voting rule, there were a total of 75 votes taken in the
Committee of the Whole that were retaken in the House of
Representatives.
Madam Speaker, on those revotes, the study shows there was an average
of 31 switches per vote, and that out of the 435 Members, 403 switched
their vote at least once, and that there was an average of 3.9 switches
per Member. While the Democrats will argue that the Delegate voting
rule had no effect on the switching, there is no doubt that the rule
change drastically increased the number of revotes here in the House of
Representatives.
Madam Speaker, if we want to grant the Delegates the right to vote,
we have, I clearly believe, two options: Either they need to start the
path towards statehood, or we need to change the United States
Constitution. I know full well, Madam Speaker, that both of them are
long, difficult paths, but they are clearly preferable to this parlor
trick of a rule.
Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I am very pleased at this
time to yield 4 minutes to my good friend, the gentleman from Michigan
(Mr. Conyers), the distinguished Chair of the Judiciary Committee.
(Mr. CONYERS asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. CONYERS. Madam Speaker, I want to thank the distinguished member
of the Rules Committee, and I rise, Madam Speaker, in some shock about
the strong opposition to this rule and the underlying bill.
I had never thought that I would hear a reason to deny a Member of
the House of Representatives a vote because of convenience, because of
the number of revotes that have occurred and whether or not the
switched votes that took place were because of whether Delegates were
voting or not. This is an incredible kind of an argument.
Today I commend the House leadership for bringing to the floor a
small attempt to give our Delegates a voice in the House. This rule
allows Congress to be more inclusive and integrated as it pertains to
our Delegates.
Significantly, the rule brings the Congresswoman from the District of
Columbia, Eleanor Holmes Norton, closer to a House vote for the
District, a vote that was almost realized through bipartisan efforts in
the 109th Congress.
By giving our Delegates a vote in the Committee of the Whole, we
provide these representatives with the opportunity to greater serve
their constituents. I wonder what the rest of the citizens of this
country would think would be wrong with such an opportunity for these
citizens to have a voting Representative, as our citizens do?
Delegates will now have a record that reflects their positions on the
measures that come before the House, but ultimately Delegates will be
more involved with the work of the Congress, which would, at least in
small part, become their Congress.
In recognizing our Delegates, Mr. Faleomavaega, Ms. Bordallo, Mrs.
Christensen, Mr. Fortuno and Eleanor Holmes Norton, I point out that
their contributions have been much like that of other representatives.
Our Delegates already serve and vote on committee business, they serve
in caucus and leadership positions, and they diligently represent the
interests of their constituents. It is an honor to work alongside these
Members. Why shouldn't we help them in this long, arduous struggle
toward full membership in the House?
For the Delegate from the District of Columbia, I believe that a vote
in the Committee of the Whole is a step toward achieving a vote in the
House. It is not the final step. Our work to bring democracy to the
Nation's Capital will continue after today's, what I hope will be a
success.
For over 200 years, the District residents have been disenfranchised
while assuming the responsibilities of United States citizenship. Like
both State and territory residents, District residents serve in the
Armed Forces and are currently represented in Iraq, Afghanistan and
other countries in the world. Like
[[Page H906]]
State residents, but unlike territory residents, citizens of the
District pay Federal taxes and vote in Presidential elections.
However, the District is alone in that it is denied voting
representation in the very entity that controls all aspects of the
city's legislative, executive, and judicial functions--the Congress. No
other entity--State or territory--lacks this much autonomy.
I will continue to support Congresswoman Norton in her efforts to
secure a vote for the District. I pledge to work towards such a vote in
the coming weeks. This Congress is capable of a sound, bipartisan
response and in fact proved as much last Congress. Let us now address
the unfinished business of the 109th Congress and the unfinished
business of our democracy.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Madam Speaker, the distinguished chairman of the Judiciary Committee
knows I have the highest regard for him. I was simply quoting an
academic study underscoring the fact that we very much need to have a
greater opportunity for deliberation on this issue, rather than moving
without any hearings whatsoever.
Madam Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to a very hardworking member of the
Rules Committee, the gentleman from Texas (Mr. Sessions).
Mr. SESSIONS. Madam Speaker, we are here today to consider the
Democrat leadership's proposed change to the current House practices to
provide Delegates from U.S. territories with representation without
taxation.
The Democrat leadership, in a political effort to pad votes, is
willing to trample on the Constitution by allowing these Delegates to
cast votes on amendments that could affect taxpayers across the United
States of America without requiring that these residents pay taxes into
the United States Treasury. According to a 2000 census, American Samoa
had 60,000 residents, about one-tenth the size of an average
congressional district. This too undermines the fundamental
constitutional provision and principle of one man, one vote.
I encourage all of my colleagues to oppose this bad policy and
political effort by the Democrat leadership and majority to extend
representation without taxation to nontaxpayers and to dilute the votes
of the American taxpayers in the United States House of
Representatives.
{time} 1345
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. I would merely urge the gentleman to
recognize that Puerto Rico has 4 million citizens, and I don't know
what planet he is living on, but everybody in the District of Columbia
pays taxes. And I don't understand this continuing argument. I am
curious to know what would happen if Dallas, Texas, didn't have the
right to vote in the House.
I would also remind the gentleman that the United States District
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has already ruled that
this matter is not unconstitutional.
Madam Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the distinguished gentlewoman
from New York (Ms. Velazquez), my good friend and classmate who is the
Chair of the Small Business Committee.
Ms. VELAZQUEZ. Madam Speaker, I come before this House of
Representatives, and I would like to speak not only on behalf of the 4
million American citizens who live in Puerto Rico, but also on behalf
of the seven American Puerto Ricans who lost their lives in Iraq
fighting to protect our Nation.
Today I rise to remove the muzzle from the mouths in support of the
close to 5 million U.S. citizens' voices that are represented by the
Delegates of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and the
Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. I say voices
because that is all their representatives in Congress are allowed to
utter at the well of this House of Representatives. It is time to allow
them to also act on behalf of their constituents in this Chamber by
allowing them to vote in the Committee of the Whole House.
Right now these Members are allowed to fully participate, not only
debate, but also vote at the committees on which they serve with
distinction. The change proposed is very measured. It simply allows our
respected friends and colleagues to vote in an additional committee,
the Committee of the Whole House.
Why are my colleagues from the other side of the aisle so unwilling
to allow them in this committee? They do not seem to mind them in the
other committees. Madam Speaker, my Republican colleagues have even
placed the Republican Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico in several
committees, including Foreign Affairs.
My colleagues on the other side of the aisle claim that this rule may
have constitutional problems. The reality is that the courts don't
agree with this. I will tell my colleagues on the other side of the
aisle, you cannot pick and choose which court decisions you agree with
or you like. That is not how democracy works.
But as you all know, the Committee of the Whole House does not vote
on final passage of legislation. It carries out similar work as the
standing committees.
The only thing this new rule does allow is for our Delegates and
Resident Commissioner colleagues to vote in a committee. The difference
for their constituents is that this committee is not located in a small
room, but meets here in this Chamber for all to watch.
Today's debate is about whether this House believes it is right to
give these Members the opportunity to express their positions and
values through the act of voting out in the open. Openness is a strong
democratic value that all of us should support.
I want to emphasize this. These men and women are Members of this
House. Let us help them express the voices of their U.S. citizen
constituents by allowing them to vote in this committee as well.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, at this time I am happy to yield 2 minutes
to the distinguished ranking member of the Committee on Resources, the
gentleman from Fort Yukon, Alaska (Mr. Young).
(Mr. YOUNG of Alaska asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. YOUNG of Alaska. Madam Speaker, I rise to thank my distinguished
colleague from Maryland, the majority leader, for introducing this
resolution, but I am forced to oppose it.
The voting rights we are considering today are so limited in scope
that they are merely symbolic, which has been said. Under the
gentleman's resolution, the Delegates and Resident Commissioner will
never be able to cast a vote to determine the final outcome of a vote,
because if it were to be decisive, there would be an automatic revote
on which they could not participate. As odd as it may seem, when it
doesn't count, it counts. And when it counts, it doesn't count, as my
good friend from California said.
Madam Speaker, this proposal falls far short from what we should be
doing to address the way our Nation currently deals with its insular
areas, and that is why I am unable to support this legislation. As
chairman of the Resources Committee in the mid- to late 1990s, we led
an effort, we, this side, not that side, led an effort that would have
specifically addressed the question of political status of the 4
million American citizens that reside in Puerto Rico. That bill did
pass this House by one vote, but the Senate failed to act on it.
In the last Congress, my good friend and colleague from Puerto Rico,
the ranking member of the Insular Affairs Subcommittee, Resident
Commissioner Luis Fortuno, revived this effort after 5 years of
inaction. He introduced a bipartisan legislation that was followed with
the recommendations set forth by the White House Task Force on Puerto
Rico's Status Report to Congress.
Puerto Rico has been a U.S. territory with an unresolved political
status since our Nation acquired the island in 1898. Puerto Ricans have
been citizens and have honorably served in our Nation's Armed Forces
since 1917. Close to 60 of them have already paid the ultimate
sacrifice in our Nation's war against terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.
These 4 million U.S. citizens deserve more than just symbolism. They
deserve a permanent resolution to the question of their political
status.
Madam Speaker, I say respectfully, it is time we act honorably and
give them the right to vote as a State.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I am very pleased to yield 2
[[Page H907]]
minutes to the distinguished chairwoman of the Congressional Black
Caucus and my good friend from Michigan (Ms. Kilpatrick).
Ms. KILPATRICK. Madam Speaker, I rise in support of the resolution.
The Delegates vote in committees. They are assigned the task. They
spend the hours, and they deserve the vote in the full House. There is
no reason, except for an act in 1995 that caused them to lose that
right to vote in committees, Committee of the Whole, and here this
resolution talks about voting in the Committee of the Whole.
We need their vote. They are citizens of our country. They work, they
pay taxes, they fight our wars. There is no reason that they would not
be allowed, not just the Committee of the Whole, as was mentioned just
earlier, they also need that final vote on legislation. When you fight
wars, and we are in some now, and some of their people are fighting,
they ought to be represented and have a voice in this Congress.
At the same time, and I don't want anybody to mistake, the District
of Columbia, who has over 700,000 residents, more than some of our
States who have two Senators and a Congressperson, not being allowed
the right to vote? Something is very wrong with that in this country
where we live. And I believe that this is the first step to regain what
they lost earlier, but it is certainly not, I hope, the final step.
It is important as we go forward and as we acknowledge Congresswoman,
as I call her, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, my good friend,
Congresswoman Donna Christensen and the Representatives from Puerto
Rico and Guam and Samoa Islands, that they fight our wars, they pay
taxes in D.C., and they serve in our Congress. So I rise to support it,
and Members of the Congressional Black Caucus take a unanimous position
that we support this legislation. We ask for its immediate passage, and
we come back and give D.C. statehood that they have earned and should
have.
Citizens from Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto
Rico and Washington, D.C. have paid taxes and have protected the
Constitution of this country in our military. Some of our colleagues
who have been fortunate enough to serve Americans in this august body
have protected it as Members of Congress. It is now time for us to
protect the rights of those citizens to at least be able to vote in the
Committee of the Whole. It is a first step toward equity, equality and
egalitarianism for so many people who have given so much but have
received so little with regard to having a voting representative in the
United States Congress.
Right here, in Washington, D.C., citizens were not allowed to even
vote for President until the adoption of the 23rd Amendment to the
Constitution in 1961, but which actually occurred in 1964. Right here,
in Washington, D.C., citizens were not even allowed to vote for their
own Mayor or local form of government until 1974. Right here, in
Washington, D.C., as I face the setting sun, thousands of white
tombstones, honoring some of the souls of individuals from Guam,
American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Washington,
D.C. face us as immortals. These citizens, about six miles away from
where I stand at Arlington National Cemetery, have paid the highest
price for freedom any individual will ever pay. These citizens--hard-
working, women and men, some of whom have served and are still serving
our country in Afghanistan and Iraq--two centuries and thirty-one years
since the Declaration of Independence, do not have the right to full
representation in Congress. I applaud my colleagues for beginning the
process that, I hope, will ultimately allow the citizens from Guam,
American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Washington,
D.C. full voting representation in Congress. This is but a small step,
but it is a step in the right direction. It is right, it is just, and
it is time.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, at this time I am very happy to yield 2\1/
2\ minutes to my very hardworking friend from Grantville, Georgia (Mr.
Westmoreland).
Mr. WESTMORELAND. Madam Speaker, legislation to allow Delegate voting
should have appeared on the 100-hour agenda because it would fit snugly
under the agenda's general theme of symbolism over substance.
In fact, to bolster their case, the bill's advocates insist that
Delegates' votes will be meaningless. But it is not meaningless. We
have a written Constitution that clearly outlines who receives a vote
in Congress. The principle is as clear as it is simple. The Members
will be chosen every second year by the people of the several States.
The Constitution doesn't provide exemptions to those rules in cases
where it feels good, it is seemingly irrelevant or is politically
expedient.
Residents of U.S. territories reap the benefits of the world's
biggest economy; they are protected by the greatest military in the
world, and they have coveted access to the 50 States. Yet territories,
by definition, are not States. This status comes with pros and cons. On
the one hand, they maintain a greater deal of autonomy, independent
identity and self-determination. On the other hand, territories don't
get the same representation in Congress as States do. This is a prime
example having your cake and eating it, too.
There are many reasons to oppose this legislation. For one, it makes
no sense in the people's House where representation is determined by
population for Puerto Rico's 4 million to get the same vote as American
Samoa of 57,000. It makes no sense to give Delegates a vote that
doesn't count if it counts. And it makes no sense to pretend that this
effort is anything but political opportunism.
But those aren't the most important reasons for opposing this bill.
The most important reason is that it plays fast and loose with the
constitutional limitations on who can vote on the floor of this House.
We are not members of a backyard club making up rules on who gets to
vote as we go along.
When we took this job, we swore to uphold the Constitution, and that
is what I am doing by opposing this legislation today. If supporters of
this bill think it is important to give Delegates a vote on the House
floor, I urge them to draft a constitutional amendment, not a
constitutional runaround.
I ask and I say to the majority's argument with us, it is not with
us, it is with the Founding Fathers and the writers of the
Constitution.
I ask my colleagues, and especially those from the great sovereign
State of Georgia, to oppose this legislation.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I am very pleased to yield to
a continuing champion of this subject for 3\3/4\ minutes, the
distinguished gentlewoman from the District of Columbia, most deserving
of statehood, Ms. Norton.
Ms. NORTON. Madam Speaker, I thank the gentleman for yielding and for
his gracious introduction and work on this debate.
The other side really doth protest too much. Most Delegate votes, of
course, don't carry the day, so a revote is not necessary.
If the vote doesn't count, if the vote is only symbolic, then it
certainly has not been worth 2 hours of votes to adjourn, as if the
world was coming to an end. It certainly has not been worth the insults
to the Delegates. It certainly has not been worth the disgrace to the
House of Representatives to have Members of this venerable House come
down and take to the floor to argue against the right to vote that has
been upheld by the Federal courts of the United States. It certainly
isn't worth besmirching your name in that way, and besmirching ours
because that debate has occurred here.
The matter before us is no longer subject to debate in a political
body in our political system because that matter has gone the full way
in our system. And the courts in our system, my friends, have the last
word in our system on matters of constitutional right. You have got to
understand that.
{time} 1400
Using regular order, Mr. Speaker, right after my freshman year I
wrote a memo arguing for the Committee of the whole vote. The Democrats
didn't handle this matter lightly. Nobody in 200 years had argued that
Delegates should have a vote on the House floor; they sent the memo to
outside counsel, then they subjected it to debate in the Rules. The
first day of the 103rd Congress the Republicans argued strongly against
the matter. And then they did something very unusual, they took the
House to court and lost in the district court and the court of appeals.
This is a system of laws in which we work.
They had two more times to debate in the courts, in the trial court
and in the court of appeals. They finally had their way politically.
They had their way, notwithstanding what the Federal courts had found,
and they yanked the
[[Page H908]]
authority, court-approved authority of Delegates to vote out of the
rules the moment they came to power, showing no respect for the
Delegates, and an insult to the Democrats who had tried to maximize
participation in the people's House.
I was thrilled and grateful to get that vote then, I welcome the vote
now, but it is very hard to be grateful to the House or anybody else
for a vote you are entitled to. A vote that offers so little for
Americans who have given so much should be hard even for the other side
to resist.
The test for the 110th Congress is not the Delegate vote, however.
The test is the District of Columbia House voting rights bill, where we
left off at the Judiciary Committee.
I want to thank Representative Tom Davis and the cosponsors of that
bill. I want to thank the Democrats. I can't go anywhere in my own
caucus that they don't say, when are we going to get to vote on your
full House bill?
The Democrats have devoted decades of energy to full voting rights. I
ask that the House bring forward H.R. 328 so that the House can vote on
a full House vote for the District of Columbia.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, I am going to ask unanimous consent to
yield the management of the time to my colleague from Pasco, Washington
(Mr. Hastings).
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the
gentleman from California?
There was no objection.
Mr. DREIER. Madam Speaker, as I do that, I would like to yield 2
minutes to the gentleman from Cherryville, North Carolina (Mr.
McHenry), a hardworking Member.
Mr. McHENRY. I thank my colleague.
Madam Speaker, today the House Democrats continue their abuse of
power. They are pushing forward a measure to allow the territory
Delegates, nonvoting Members of Congress traditionally, actually, not
Members of Congress on a technical basis because they don't represent
States, their constituents don't pay Federal income taxes, they are
going to allow these individuals to cast votes and even preside when
the Chamber meets. So let's have a quick Q&A on this; let's talk
questions and answers here.
Why would the Democrats do this? Because 80 percent of the territory
Delegates are, hold for an answer here, they are Democrats. They want
to cushion their numbers. Why is this an abuse of power? Well, there is
this little thing we Americans call the Constitution. It says, ``The
House shall be comprised of Members chosen by the people of the several
States,'' not territories, not mayors of cities allowed to vote on this
House floor, not any individual, but ``comprised of Members chosen by
the people of the several States,'' not non-State territories. But
plainly the Democrats are cushioning their numbers and abusing their
power.
The Democrats' power grab is a continuation of the abusive policies
and actions they have taken since day one in this institution. Since
day one they have shut down all debate. Since day one they have shut
down the committee process. They held open a vote to change the outcome
because they were losing on the vote. They ran through the Speaker's
special interest project affectionately known as TunaGate, and all
without fulfilling their pledge of working a 5-day week. In fact, in 3
weeks we only worked 40 hours in this House. That is a new Democrat
majority, that is a continuation of the abuse of power.
What we have to do today is vote down this legislation that is,
first, unconstitutional, and second, an abuse of power by the Democrat
majority.
I urge my colleagues to vote ``no'' on this measure.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the
distinguished woman from the Virgin Islands, my good friend, Dr.
Christensen.
Mrs. CHRISTENSEN. Thank you for yielding, Mr. Hastings.
Madam Speaker, I rise as a representative of the people of the U.S.
Virgin Islands, proud Americans who willingly and gladly serve this
country in every way, including the ultimate sacrifice, as I have said
on two occasions on this floor this morning, and who only seek the
fullest representation possible under the Constitution of the United
States, and that is purely and simply what H.R. 78 does. I thank the
Democratic leadership, Mr. Hastings, and my colleagues for their
support.
Just as it did in 1992, the rule granting Delegates the right to vote
in the Committee of the Whole includes a mechanism which provided for
an automatic revote in the full House of any of the amendments which
passed or failed by a margin that included the votes of the Delegates.
That rule and procedure was tested in Federal court and was upheld as
constitutional.
While this is less than perfect, as is often said, we must not let
the perfect be the enemy of the good, or, I add, the enemy of what is
the right thing to do.
Listening to the strong objections from the other side on the basis
of unconstitutionality, taxation, and others which are not relevant to
the discussion, I have to wonder if these same objections would be
raised by my Republican colleagues, an issue that is clearly one of
participation and inclusion, if there were four Republican Delegates
and one Democratic Delegate.
The one Resident Commissioner and four Delegates in the House of
Representatives are the sole congressional representatives of over 4.5
million Americans. It is apparently lost to my friends on the other
side of the aisle that these Americans have no representation
whatsoever in the U.S. Senate in addition to their Delegates being
unable to vote in the House of Representatives on legislation that has
great and enduring impact on the lives of those we represent.
During the historic debate in 2002 on the resolution authorizing the
use of military force against Iraq, for example, although I spoke on
the record, I was not able to vote ``yea'' or ``nay'' on behalf of my
constituents, many of whom I knew would soon be called upon to serve
and die for their country.
Madam Speaker, my fellow Delegates and Resident Commissioner have
worked closely with all of you at the committee level, some of us have
chaired subcommittees or will be doing so in the near future. It is
therefore fitting and proper that we be given the right to vote in the
Committee of the Whole once again. It worked well in the 103rd
Congress; it does not violate the Constitution.
We should be given this greater degree of participation in the
forumlation of the laws that affect the lives of the people who send us
here to represent them. And then once we have passed this, we must go
on from here to give the residents of the District of Columbia full
voting rights in this body as they deserve.
I ask my colleagues to respect your fellow Americans in the District
and the territories. Do justice to your colleagues; let's get a
unanimous vote for democracy. Vote ``yes'' on H. Res. 78.
Mr. HASTINGS of Washington. Madam Speaker, I am pleased to yield 2\1/
2\ minutes to the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Garrett).
Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Madam Speaker, I rise, too, in strong
opposition to this resolution which violates the Constitution and the
fundamental intent of the Framers of the Constitution as well, and it
does so in four ways.
First, it would allow Delegates to vote, even though our Founding
Fathers intended that this legislative body represent the people of the
States. The Constitution, Article I, section 2, clause 1, states, ``The
House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen by the
people of the several States.'' By definition, Delegates do not
represent States.
Secondly, this resolution violates the principle of one person, one
vote.
The average congressional district represents approximately 650,000
people, but three of these areas have populations of less than 160,000
people, and American Samoa has residents of less than 57,000 people.
The Supreme Court has already spoken on this. In 1964, the decision
of Wesberry v. Sanders, the Supreme Court said, ``To say a vote is
worth more in one district than in another would run not only counter
to our fundamental ideas of a democrat government, but it would also
cast aside the principles of the House of Representatives elected by
the people. That was a principle tenaciously fought for and established
at the Constitutional Convention.''
Thirdly, the qualifications for these Delegates are not the same as
all the
[[Page H909]]
other Members of the House. Neither Puerto Rico, American Samoa nor the
District of Columbia requires that their Delegates be a citizen of the
United States for 7 years, as all other Members have to be.
Fourthly, the Constitution requires that all Members be elected and
``chosen every second year.'' Puerto Rico Delegates, however, hold 4-
year terms.
Finally, Madam Speaker, it was a former Democrat Speaker of the House
who said, ``It is very clear that a constitutional amendment would be
required to give Delegates a vote in the Committee of the Whole or in
the House.'' H. Res. 78 does not do this.
H. Res. 78 obviously is not a constitutional amendment; it is,
instead, an attempt to resurrect a shameful move done back in the 103rd
Congress, back in 1993.
I do not support, nor should the Members of this side of the aisle
nor any Members of this Congress, an assault on the Constitution of the
United States nor an assault on the people of this country as well.
Vote ``no'' on this resolution.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, before yielding, I would just
like for my distinguished colleague to reference two cases, Michaels v.
Anderson, and the action of the United States District Court.
And since you are so worried about the constitutionality, I would
just urge that you read those two cases; it may add clarity.
Mr. GARRETT of New Jersey. Would the gentleman yield?
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. I wish I had the time.
Madam Speaker, as a matter of fact, with your permission, how much
time do we have?
The SPEAKER pro tempore. For the majority, 8\1/2\ minutes before
yielding, and 14\1/2\ minutes for the minority.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Perhaps you can get some time from your
side.
With that in mind, I had the good fortune, Madam Speaker, of
traveling on two different occasions to American Samoa. I never met
people that were more inclined to be patriots than the people of
American Samoa. I had the good fortune of traveling there on each of
those occasions with the gentleman now that I yield 4\1/2\ minutes to,
my very good friend from American Samoa (Mr. Faleomavega).
(Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA asked and was given permission to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Madam Speaker, I have had a sleepless night in
pondering and wondering how this day's debate is going to turn out, and
it is most unfortunate that this issue has become divisive among our
colleagues this day.
Much has been said about America's insular territories and the
District of Columbia. In fact, this is probably the first time in years
that we have ever given this much attention to the privileges and
rights of the five congressional Delegates, the privileges and rights
of those of us who represent some 5 million fellow Americans that are
part and parcel of this great Nation.
Some have said that the insular areas don't pay Federal income taxes,
and therefore why are we allowing our congressional Delegates to vote
in the Committee of the Whole. In the first place, it is
constitutional; we have been through that test already 13 years ago.
The question of taxation without representation also comes to mind.
And I submit to my friends on the other side of the aisle, it seems
that at some period, at least in my humble opinion, at some period of
time, if the Congress ever works its will to have the insular areas to
pay Federal income taxes, that should we not also be allowed the right
to vote?
How ironic that here under the shadow of our Nation's Capitol some
600,000 U.S. citizens pay Federal income taxes. And my distinguished
colleague representing the District of Columbia for how many years has
pled this case, no representation without taxation, but she pays taxes.
So how ironic is it that we are talking about representation and
taxation, and yet right under the shadows of our Nation's Capitol
600,000 U.S. citizens are denied their due representation by my
distinguished friend and colleague from the District of Columbia in the
process. Where is the equity and fairness in the process, Madam
Speaker?
Much has been said about the population as a factor in this debate.
And it seems that my friends on the other side have, almost to the
point of making a mockery of the fact that I happen to have 70,000
residents of my district that I represent, I make no apologies for the
fact that I represent some 70,000 residents of the United States
territory of American Samoa. I make no apologies for the fact that nine
of my soldiers have died fighting for our country's interest in that
terrible conflict in Iraq, and about 40 or more wounded. I daresay, I
wonder if any of my colleagues have a constituency of 70,000 whose
soldiers, eight of them I have had to personally escort their remains
to my district, which is about only a 16-hour flight from here.
{time} 1415
I make no apologies for the fact that I am here because this body
passed a law some 26 years ago to allow my little territory
representation. So if my colleagues on the other side want to introduce
a bill to get rid of Delegate representation in this body, then do so.
But don't come here and make these, almost an embarrassment, to suggest
that my little constituency is less important to the fact that there
are 36 million Californians living in California. Is it any different
than the 500,000 living in Wyoming, another half million living in
Vermont, or other States of our great Nation? So let's not use
population as a factor to suggest that because I only have 70,000
residents and some 130,000 living throughout the United States, that
because of that reason we should not be here.
I submit, Madam Speaker, I am saddened that this has gotten to the
point where we are caught in the crossfire, and here the congressional
Delegates are caught in between the political movements that are going
on.
I respectfully request and ask my colleagues on both sides of the
aisle to pass this proposed resolution.
Madam Speaker. I rise today in support of H. Res. 78, amending the
Rules of the House of Representatives to permit Delegates and the
Resident Commissioner to the Congress to cast votes in the Committee of
the Whole House on the state of the Union. I thank my good friend and
colleague the gentleman from Maryland--the distinguished Majority
Leader for his initiative and leadership by introducing this resolution
now before us for consideration.
This is not the first time this proposed rule has been debated and
adopted. In 1993, the 103rd Congress amended the House Rules in the
exact manner we are discussing today. From 1993 to 1995, the House of
Representatives voted to allow the Congressional delegates of the
different territories to vote in the Committee of the Whole, with the
caveat that if the outcome of the vote was within the margin of the
number of Delegates voting, the Committee would rise and the House
would revote the question without the participation of the Delegates.
In 1995, the new Republican majority eliminated these provisions from
the House Rules and our Congressional delegates no longer voted in the
Committee of the Whole.
In the lawsuit filed by our Republican colleagues challenging these
Rules in 1993, the federal district court determined that the Rules
changes were constitutional. As the district court held, the
determining factor that rendered these proposed rules constitutional
was the revote provision that was included. In the view of the court,
this provision essentially made the vote meaningless as an exercise of
legislative power--a power that is reserved by the Constitution to the
Representatives of the States. This judgment was later affirmed by the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit.
Given that this amendment to the House Rules was adjudged to be
constitutional only because it provided what was characterized as a
meaningless vote, why are we discussing this legislation? I submit that
we are here because although the privilege extended by this change in
the Rules is meaningless as an exercise of legislative power, it is
vitally important because it provides a forum for our representatives
from Puerto Rico, DC, American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands
to participate in the democratic process.
As the Majority Leader explained on the floor of the House last
Friday when asked the purpose of this legislation, and he said and I
quote, ``the purpose is to honor democracy.'' Each of us has been
elected by our home districts to represent their interests in the U.S.
House of Representatives. Because we do not represent states we do not
vote on legislation, but we do advocate on behalf of our constituencies
nonetheless. The Rules changes contemplated here today represent a
symbolic extension of our ability as Congressional delegates to
advocate, to educate, and to inform
[[Page H910]]
our colleagues in the House of Representatives as they vote on
legislation that impacts the lives of some 5 million of our fellow
Americans who live in the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
If our goal here in Congress is to produce the best possible
legislation, would it not benefit us to consider and debate in the
Committee of the Whole the potential impact of legislation on all
Americans, including those 5 million Americans residing in the
territories? For example, given the strategic importance of Guam in the
Pacific and the billions of dollars the United States spends on our
military presence in Guam, wouldn't legislation pertaining to Guam
benefit from the perspective of Guam's representative? Also, given that
the Resident Commissioner represents nearly 4 million Americans,
shouldn't his perspective on initiatives that impact the people of
Puerto Rico at least be considered as Congress deliberates on such
issues?
Another obvious benefit of this legislation would be that the votes
taken in the Committee of the Whole would establish a voting record for
our constituents to inform them of our positions on issues that affect
the lives of all of our people. While we make every effort to ensure
that those we represent here in Congress are familiar with our position
on current issues, a recorded vote would provide evidence of our
commitment to their issues of concern.
Recently, concerns have been expressed that, in my opinion, only
distract from the fundamental issue of honoring democracy by agreeing
to these Rules changes. First, this is not an issue of party
affiliation. We are here from both parties. Second, this is not an
issue of patriotism. We are all Americans--just as in your districts,
our soldiers from the territories sacrifice their lives and limbs to
protect our freedoms. Third, this is not an issue of population size.
Our populations range from 70,000 to over 3.4 million. We are each here
to represent the interest of our respective areas--territories,
district, and commonwealth.
The Rules changes being considered to allow Delegates and the
Resident Commissioner are important not because they would provide the
territorial representatives a symbolic vote, but because they would
enhance our opportunities to participate in the democratic process.
These changes have been judicially affirmed as clearly
constitutional. The passage of these rules gives Congress the potential
to enhance legislation produced in the House. H. Res. 78 would allow us
as Delegates and Resident Commissioner to better represent our
constituents by providing a voting record through which they could
evaluate our positions on national legislation.
I strongly support this legislation and I urge my colleagues to
support H. Res. 78, and allow the Delegates and the Resident
Commissioner a vote in the Committee of the Whole on the State of the
Union.
Mr. HASTINGS of Washington. Madam Speaker, I am pleased to yield 3
minutes to the gentleman from Virginia (Mr. Tom Davis).
Mr. TOM DAVIS of Virginia. Madam Speaker, I rise today in opposition
to House Resolution 78. This is an uncomfortable decision for me since
for many years I have tried to convince the Republican-controlled Rules
Committee to grant my friend, the Representative from the District of
Columbia, a vote in the Committee of the Whole.
In the beginning I did so because the right to vote in the Committee
of the Whole, which has little meaning in practice, carried important
symbolic meaning to people who had no representation at all.
Over the past 4 years, I have embarked on a journey to give D.C. a
real vote in the House of Representatives. Working with Congresswoman
Norton and numerous legal scholars and many colleagues on my side from
across the ideological spectrum, we have crafted a bill that was
politically neutral, gave real rights to the District of Columbia, and
solved Utah's special problem created in the last census to boot.
The Speaker of the House has been a cosponsor of my legislation. The
majority whip says he expects the bill to be brought up quickly this
session. It is clear that if our bill, the D.C. FAIR Act, were brought
to the floor today, it would pass with solid support from both parties.
Today's resolution muddies the waters. It fails to recognize the
fundamental difference between the District of Columbia and the
territories. It ignores the carefully constructed bipartisan compromise
we reached in the D.C. FAIR Act. It amounts, as The Washington Post
opined today, to little more than ``dithering.''
I hope this vote, which grants illusory voting rights to Delegates,
is designed to expose the strong support that exists for full D.C.
voting rights. But pardon me if I appear cynical.
To the cynic in me, this resolution smacks of obfuscation. What the
majority is doing today threatens to delay action on the real injustice
that has plagued the District for more than two centuries. I am looking
for assurances that this is not the case.
Admittedly, we could have avoided this awkward grouping of
governmental apples and oranges if the Republican leadership had
brought the bill to the floor at the end of last year. The bill was
ready. It is ready now, too. It is time for the new majority to not
just talk the talk.
What is proposed today in H. Res. 78 is not a politically neutral
solution. It adds four Democrat votes and one Republican.
Traditionally, when we have added votes in the House, we have done so
in a politically neutral manner. Worse, this resolution mixes the
interests of the District of Columbia, the Federal district, the
capital of the free world, whose residents pay Federal income taxes,
with those of the territories.
This mushy thinking is what has led to nearly 200 years of no
representation for District residents. H. Res. 78 distracts attention
and saps energy from the movement we have created behind D.C. voting
rights. It is confusing and allows Members to check a box that in
reality is not being checked.
Still it is tempting to support this, if only to get more Members of
Congress acclimated to voting to expand representation for District
residents. But this is a sham, and I am not going to be part of it. I
can't condone grandstanding and symbolism when real reform is so easily
within our grasp.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I heard someone say the vote
counts, and it doesn't count. But every time I see the scroll
indicating that another American soldier has died, that is a count that
adds up, and that count is firm. The people of, the residents of Puerto
Rico and the Delegates lose the lives of their soldiers in that count
along with those of us from the respective States.
Mr. HASTINGS of Washington. Madam Speaker, I am pleased to yield 3
minutes to the gentleman from Puerto Rico (Mr. Fortuno).
=========================== NOTE ===========================
January 24, 2007--On Page H910 the following appeared: Madam
Speaker, I am pleased to yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from
Puerto Rico (Mr. Fortuno).
The online version should be corrected to read: Mr. HASTINGS of
Washington. Madam Speaker, I am pleased to yield 3 minutes to the
gentleman from Puerto Rico (Mr. Fortuno).
========================= END NOTE =========================
(Mr. FORTUNO asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. FORTUNO. Madam Speaker, I am the only Republican afforded a vote
under H. Res. 78, and I want to thank the gentleman from Maryland (Mr.
Hoyer) for introducing this bill. Having said that, I also want to
thank the gentleman from Alaska, Resources Committee Ranking Member Don
Young, for bringing this issue to the appropriate perspective.
What the House really needs to do for the almost 4 million citizens
that I represent before the Senate, the executive branch, as well as
the House, is to authorize a process of self-determination for Puerto
Rico.
Puerto Rico has been a U.S. territory since 1898, and we still to
this day remain disenfranchised. Puerto Rican Americans have been
citizens since 1917, and we have served with distinction and valor in
our Armed Forces and have defended our Nation in every battlefield
around the world. I will say that 18,000 served in World War I. Over
65,000 served in World War II, and I must say, the oldest surviving
veteran of that war was my constituent, Mr. Emiliano Mercado, who died
today of natural causes at the tender age of 115 years.
More than 48,000 Puerto Rican Americans served in Vietnam; 430 of
them were killed and 3,000 were wounded. Close to 2,600 Puerto Rican
National Guard volunteers and U.S. Army Reserve soldiers mobilized for
Desert Storm.
So far, I have lost 56 constituents in the global war on terror. I
regularly visit our soldiers at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Every
time I visit with our soldiers, our true American heroes, I cannot help
myself but think that none of them have been able to elect their
Commander in Chief, only because they reside in a territory. If they
were to reside in one of the States, and they could because we are U.S.
citizens, they would have been able to vote
[[Page H911]]
for the Commander in Chief. This is morally wrong in the 21st century.
We are about to commemorate the 90th anniversary of Congress granting
U.S. citizenship to the people of Puerto Rico, yet we still cannot vote
for our President, nor vote in this Chamber, nor vote on legislation
that affects us.
Congress has an unfinished agenda with Puerto Rico. The 4 million
citizens that live in Puerto Rico should finally be given the
opportunity to make an educated, fair and democratic choice regarding
their final status preference.
After 108 years of territorial status and 90 years of being U.S.
citizens, we are tired of waiting. The people of Puerto Rico deserve
better, and we have earned our right to be heard.
I urge my colleagues to vote in favor of this resolution, but I bring
it back to the bottom line, and the bottom line is that we have
unfinished business with Puerto Rico as well as the U.S. territories.
Mr. HASTINGS of Washington. Madam Speaker, I yield such time as he
may consume to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Boehner), the distinguished
minority leader.
Mr. BOEHNER. Madam Speaker, let me thank my colleague from Washington
for yielding.
I remind my colleagues that when the session started, as every
session has started, we raise our right hands and we swear to uphold
and defend the Constitution of the United States. That is our solemn
obligation.
The Constitution outlines who has the right to vote here in the
House. It clearly spells out that the Members from the States have the
right to vote. Over the years as Delegates came to this House, they
were granted the privilege of voting in the committee. That is not
something spelled out in the Constitution.
I could describe what is going on here today is an outrageous grab of
power by the new majority; a breach of the trust of the Members here.
That is if it weren't such a silly idea.
To say to the Delegates that you can vote as long as it doesn't
count, but if your vote counts, we are going to revote it, I think that
diminishes the stature of the House, diminishes the stature of the
Delegates, quite frankly, to say that they have a vote, but only if it
doesn't count, because if it counts, there is an automatic revote under
this rule that is outlined today.
I think it does demean the House. I think it undermines our
responsibility to the American people. And I think that this should not
be on the floor today.
The process by which this bill came to the floor, no committee
hearings, a short Rules Committee hearing. We heard earlier today about
the problems with the rule and how it was crafted. And here we are
having this debate once again.
I was here in 1993 when this issue was brought to the House the first
time. The debate was probably more rancorous then than it is today.
But it saddens me that there was no discussion about this with the
minority. There was no advance notice of it until last Friday when the
majority leader outlined the schedule for this week. So here we are, no
opportunity to have a real conversation between the majority and the
minority party about doing this.
Over the course of the last 3 weeks, and actually before that, going
into December, I have done everything I can to reach out to the Speaker
and the majority leader to try to work here in this House in a
bipartisan way on the issues the American people care about. And it
seems, though, over the last 3 weeks that more we reach out and offer
our hand of bipartisanship, it is slapped away.
It happened last night up in the Rules Committee on the rule that
brought this to the floor, and I am saddened by it. We have an
opportunity to work together. We have an opportunity to do what the
American people expect of us. But if we are going to do it together, we
need to live up to our promises, and we need to live up to our
commitments.
I don't think that what we are doing on the floor today helps that
process at all. And so while it would be easy for me to describe this
as a power grab, I could if I thought this meant something, but it
means nothing. This is symbolism at its best. And in the process of
creating symbolism for a few, I think we diminish our roles as serious
legislators here on behalf of the American people.
Mr. HASTINGS of Washington. Madam Speaker, I yield back the balance
of my time.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I yield myself 30 seconds
merely to respond to the distinguished minority leader that we offered
in the Rules Committee a motion that they denied, and that was to have
an opportunity to have a substitute. An amendment was made in order if
the gentleman had chosen to make that amendment, and he chose not to.
But I say to those who argue that there is symbolism involved here
that indeed there is. But death is more than symbolism. Death is real,
and the persons who die that come from the 5 million persons that these
Delegates and the Resident Commissioner represent are real people. They
and their families need this symbolism.
Madam Speaker, I am very pleased to yield the balance of our time to
the distinguished gentlewoman from Guam (Ms. Bordallo), my good friend.
{time} 1430
Ms. BORDALLO. Madam Speaker, I rise in full support of House
Resolution 78, which would grant a measure of symbolic participation
for the Delegates in the Committee of the Whole.
Our chairman referred to General Blaz earlier. He was a distinguished
Delegate representing Guam, and he was a member of the Republican
Party. But the participation is neither Democrat nor Republican here;
it is American.
Let me say a few words about my district, the island of Guam. Some
would point out that Guam's population is small, with only about
160,000 residents. I would point out that Guam has lost seven soldiers
in the Iraq war, far more per capita than most communities other than
maybe American Samoa. If our Nation had the same percentage of deaths
in the Iraq war as Guam, the death toll would be more than three times
the current toll. In other words, when it comes to joining the military
and dying for our country, Americans from our island have more than
contributed our share.
Some would say that Guam does not deserve this new level of
participation. I would respond that you have not met the people of Guam
who survived a brutal enemy occupation during World War II. You have
not heard their stories of loyalty to our Nation. You have not learned
of their confinement in concentration camps, of their being beaten and
beheaded. You have not seen and felt their patriotism.
Our ability to participate in the Committee of the Whole would make
these sacrifices all the more meaningful for us as Americans. It means,
Madam Speaker, that my colleagues will recognize us for who we are,
members, members of the American family.
Some would say that the test for our participation is our level of
taxation. I say that you surely misunderstand the promise of America
and the meaning of democracy. Democracy is founded on voting and
participation. Would you teach this lesson to the Iraqis? Have we
become this cynical as Americans that even symbolic participation is
tested by the taxes that we pay? Is the greatest test the willingness
to defend the Nation or the 1040s? Is the greatest sacrifice that made
by our troops and their families or that made by our tax accountants?
If you would deny your fellow Americans, the people of Guam, this
small bit of symbolic participation, the greater loss is our Nation's
loss of its promise to the world of a democracy that is inclusive and
that values all of its citizens. The loss is the ideal of American
democracy, however imperfect. The loss is the recognition of a cynical
Congress that wants to know how much taxes you have paid, not how much
sacrifice that you have made for this great land. The loss, ladies and
gentlemen, is not Guam or the territories or the District of Columbia.
It is the Nation's.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, do we have any time remaining
at all?
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from Florida has 15 seconds
remaining.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. In that 15 seconds, I would ask my friends,
the
[[Page H912]]
Delegates, if they would just stand and have America know something,
that I am getting ready to cast a vote for them. They cannot cast a
vote for themselves. How long does it take for 5 million people to be
represented in this body?
I thank my colleagues.
Ms. GINNY BROWN-WAITE of Florida. Madam Speaker, I rise today in
opposition to H. Res. 78.
This bill reverses the last 12 years of precedent and returns our
House Rules to a questionable practice of delegates voting in the
Committee of the Whole.
Our Constitution clearly states that Members of Congress should be
chosen by residents of States.
As much as we appreciate the contribution of our great territories
and the District of Columbia, they are not States.
If the other side would like to change that, they are welcome to
propose a constitutional amendment.
Instead, this bill makes an end run around the Constitution by
granting Delegates this privilege.
Opponents are arguing that the courts approved this practice as long
as the House re-votes on an issue if the Delegates make a difference in
the outcome.
We are taking time away that we could be spending on more important
issues by forcing a superfluous voting exercise on every closely
divided issue.
This was a bad idea in 1992. A Chicago Tribune article at the time
said: ``This change would subvert the Constitution to give the
territorial delegates the power to vote, but guarantee that any time
their votes really count, they won't be counted.''
And this is a bad idea today. Today's Washington Times editorial
said: ``Despite Democratic protestations to the contrary. it's hard to
see this rule change as anything other than an attempt to add four more
votes to their majority.''
Frankly, we are creating a rule today that will waste our time and
waste the American people's time.
Mr. HONDA. Madam Speaker, as chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific
American Caucus, I strongly support H. Res. 78, a resolution that would
restore the privileges of the House Delegates representing the District
of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, as well
as the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, to cast a vote in the
Committee of the Whole.
For the past 12 years, Delegates and the Resident Commissioner have
been deprived of the ability to sufficiently represent the voices of
their constituents. The time is long overdue to restore this privilege.
Of great significance to the Asian Pacific Islander community, the
resolution would give greater voice to the approximate 170,000 U.S.
citizens in Guam, and the approximate 60,000 U.S. nationals in American
Samoa.
Permitting the Delegates and the Resident Commissioner to vote in the
Committee of the Whole improves the legislative process and increases
the degree to which the House of Representatives accurately reflects
needs of American citizens and nationals. In this regard, every
American benefits with a truer democracy.
On behalf of CAPAC, I urge my colleagues to pass this measure.
Mr. HOYER. Madam Speaker, I am proud to be joined by House Democratic
Whip Clyburn, House Democratic Caucus Chair Emanuel, Vice Chair Larson,
and of course the distinguished chairwoman of the Rules Committee in
sponsoring House Resolution 78.
This measure will restore voting rights in the Committee of the Whole
for the four House Delegates and Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico.
In fact, this measure is identical in substance to the rule that
operated successfully--and constitutionally--from 1993 to 1995.
The purpose of this resolution is simple:
To honor democracy in every corner of the United States of America;
To provide that all people who are subject to the laws and
jurisdiction of the United States have a voice in their national
legislature; and
To give to the elected representatives of the District of Columbia,
the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa and Puerto Rico--
constituent parts of this country--the ability to register their views
and take a stance on issues that are considered in the most important
and representative committee of the house: the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union.
During the 103rd Congress, House Delegates, as well as the Resident
Commissioner, were granted the privilege to cast a vote in the
Committee of the Whole, a body comprised of all House Members whose
function is to expedite consideration of bills and amendments on the
House floor while ensuring that debate is fair to both sides of the
aisle.
This right is a logical extension of the Delegates' right to serve on
and vote in the House committees--a right, I must stress, that was
granted in the 1970s and to which no Member of this body whom I know
has ever objected.
The measure that we will vote on today is identical to the rule that
existed in the 103rd Congress, which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia held in 1994 was constitutional.
To ensure that the provision complies with article I of the United
States Constitution, in the event that a matter before the Committee of
the Whole is decided by the margin of the Delegates' votes, the measure
provides for an automatic re-vote in the full House, where Delegates
and the Resident Commissioner may not participate.
Now, I want to address some of the misinformation that has been
directed at this measure by opponents whose desire to defeat this
resolution is more intense than their fealty to the facts.
I have heard opponents contend that this measure confers
``representation without taxation.''
That is false.
The residents who will benefit from this measure do indeed pay taxes
in the form of Medicare and Social Security.
At a time when the President's own economic advisors predict that
these two programs will go bust if changes are not made in the next few
years, I for one believe residents of the five territories should have
a voice in shaping a bipartisan consensus that shores up the financial
health of these vital programs.
I have heard opponents contend that the average congressional
district is 630,000 and that American Samoa, with a population of
roughly 70,000 is too small to deserve even a symbolic vote.
However, opponents making this argument omit the inconvenient case of
Puerto Rico, whose population of almost 4 million would entitle it to
as many as six seats if it had full representation.
They also omit Wyoming, whose population of only 515,000 puts it well
below the average congressional district.
I have heard opponents contend that the five votes will slow down the
legislative process and distort outcomes.
According to a 1994 article in the Congressional Quarterly Almanac,
``Of the 404 times that delegates were eligible to vote during the
103rd Congress, only three times--all in 1994--did their vote prove
decisive, triggering an automatic revote.'' Twice the outcome was
reversed, proving that the rule worked.
My friends, I would submit to each and every one of you that
something magical happens when 435 Representatives from the 50 States
come to this floor to vote on behalf of their constituents.
Simply put, the genius of deliberative democracy achieves its fullest
expression.
We hear each other out on issues of the day.
We get to know one another as something more than Members.
We come to understand the needs and aspirations of one another's
districts, whatever our political leanings.
And through this process of personal interaction, we enact laws that,
when we are at our best, make our country better.
By granting a limited but important vote to five of our colleagues,
we will be honoring the deliberative democratic process.
In doing so, we will improve the legislative process and the degree
to which the House of Representatives accurately reflects the views of
the 300 million Americans who are subject to laws it passes.
In that sense, every American, as well as our democratic system of
government as a whole, stands to benefit from House Resolution 78.
I urge my colleagues to support it.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I yield back the balance of
my time.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to House Resolution 86, the
previous question is ordered on the resolution.
=========================== NOTE ===========================
January 24, 2007--On Page H912 the following appeared: ...to
House Resolution 78, the previous
The online verson should be corrected to read: ...to House
Resolution 86, the previous
========================= END NOTE =========================
The question is on the resolution.
The question was taken; and the Speaker pro tempore announced that
the noes appeared to have it.
Mr. HASTINGS of Florida. Madam Speaker, I object to the vote on the
ground that a quorum is not present and make the point of order that a
quorum is not present.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Evidently a quorum is not present.
The Sergeant at Arms will notify absent Members.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--yeas 226,
nays 191, not voting 18, as follows:
[Roll No. 57]
YEAS--226
Abercrombie
Ackerman
Allen
Altmire
Andrews
Arcuri
Baca
Baird
Baldwin
Barrow
Bean
Becerra
Berkley
Berman
Berry
[[Page H913]]
Bishop (GA)
Bishop (NY)
Blumenauer
Boren
Boswell
Boyd (FL)
Boyda (KS)
Brady (PA)
Braley (IA)
Brown, Corrine
Burton (IN)
Butterfield
Capps
Capuano
Cardoza
Carnahan
Carney
Chandler
Clarke
Clay
Cleaver
Clyburn
Cohen
Conyers
Cooper
Costello
Courtney
Cramer
Crowley
Cuellar
Cummings
Davis (AL)
Davis (CA)
Davis (IL)
Davis, Lincoln
DeFazio
DeGette
Delahunt
DeLauro
Dicks
Dingell
Doggett
Donnelly
Doyle
Edwards
Ellison
Ellsworth
Emanuel
Engel
Eshoo
Etheridge
Farr
Filner
Giffords
Gillibrand
Gonzalez
Gordon
Green, Al
Green, Gene
Grijalva
Gutierrez
Hall (NY)
Hare
Harman
Hastings (FL)
Herseth
Higgins
Hill
Hinchey
Hinojosa
Hirono
Hodes
Holden
Holt
Honda
Hooley
Hoyer
Inslee
Israel
Jackson (IL)
Jackson-Lee (TX)
Jefferson
Johnson (GA)
Johnson, E. B.
Jones (OH)
Kagen
Kanjorski
Kaptur
Kennedy
Kildee
Kilpatrick
Kind
Klein (FL)
Kucinich
Lampson
Langevin
Lantos
Larsen (WA)
Larson (CT)
Lee
Levin
Lewis (GA)
Lipinski
Loebsack
Lofgren, Zoe
Lowey
Lynch
Mahoney (FL)
Maloney (NY)
Markey
Marshall
Matheson
Matsui
McCarthy (NY)
McCollum (MN)
McDermott
McGovern
McIntyre
McNerney
McNulty
Meehan
Meek (FL)
Meeks (NY)
Melancon
Michaud
Millender-McDonald
Miller (NC)
Miller, George
Mitchell
Mollohan
Moore (KS)
Moore (WI)
Moran (VA)
Murphy (CT)
Murphy, Patrick
Murtha
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal (MA)
Oberstar
Obey
Olver
Ortiz
Pallone
Pascrell
Pastor
Payne
Pelosi
Perlmutter
Peterson (MN)
Pomeroy
Price (NC)
Rahall
Rangel
Reyes
Rodriguez
Ross
Rothman
Roybal-Allard
Ruppersberger
Rush
Ryan (OH)
Sanchez, Linda T.
Sanchez, Loretta
Sarbanes
Schakowsky
Schiff
Schwartz
Scott (GA)
Scott (VA)
Serrano
Sestak
Shea-Porter
Sherman
Shuler
Sires
Skelton
Slaughter
Smith (WA)
Snyder
Solis
Space
Spratt
Stark
Stupak
Sutton
Tanner
Tauscher
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Tierney
Towns
Udall (CO)
Udall (NM)
Van Hollen
Velazquez
Visclosky
Walz (MN)
Wasserman Schultz
Waters
Watson
Watt
Waxman
Weiner
Welch (VT)
Wexler
Wilson (OH)
Woolsey
Wu
Wynn
Yarmuth
NAYS--191
Aderholt
Akin
Alexander
Bachmann
Bachus
Baker
Barrett (SC)
Bartlett (MD)
Barton (TX)
Biggert
Bilbray
Bilirakis
Bishop (UT)
Blackburn
Blunt
Boehner
Bonner
Bono
Boozman
Boustany
Brown (SC)
Brown-Waite, Ginny
Buchanan
Burgess
Calvert
Camp (MI)
Campbell (CA)
Cannon
Cantor
Capito
Carter
Castle
Chabot
Coble
Cole (OK)
Conaway
Crenshaw
Culberson
Davis (KY)
Davis, David
Davis, Jo Ann
Davis, Tom
Deal (GA)
Dent
Diaz-Balart, L.
Diaz-Balart, M.
Doolittle
Drake
Dreier
Duncan
Ehlers
Emerson
English (PA)
Fallin
Feeney
Ferguson
Flake
Forbes
Fortenberry
Fossella
Foxx
Franks (AZ)
Frelinghuysen
Gallegly
Garrett (NJ)
Gerlach
Gilchrest
Gillmor
Gingrey
Gohmert
Goode
Goodlatte
Granger
Graves
Hall (TX)
Hastert
Hastings (WA)
Hayes
Heller
Hensarling
Hobson
Hoekstra
Hulshof
Hunter
Inglis (SC)
Issa
Johnson, Sam
Jones (NC)
Jordan
Keller
King (IA)
King (NY)
Kingston
Kirk
Kline (MN)
Knollenberg
Kuhl (NY)
LaHood
Lamborn
Latham
LaTourette
Lewis (CA)
Lewis (KY)
Linder
LoBiondo
Lungren, Daniel E.
Mack
Manzullo
Marchant
McCarthy (CA)
McCaul (TX)
McCotter
McCrery
McHenry
McHugh
McKeon
McMorris Rodgers
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller (MI)
Miller, Gary
Moran (KS)
Murphy, Tim
Musgrave
Myrick
Neugebauer
Nunes
Paul
Pearce
Pence
Peterson (PA)
Petri
Pitts
Platts
Poe
Porter
Price (GA)
Pryce (OH)
Putnam
Ramstad
Regula
Rehberg
Reichert
Renzi
Reynolds
Rogers (AL)
Rogers (KY)
Rogers (MI)
Rohrabacher
Ros-Lehtinen
Roskam
Royce
Ryan (WI)
Sali
Saxton
Schmidt
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shadegg
Shays
Shimkus
Shuster
Simpson
Smith (NE)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Souder
Stearns
Sullivan
Tancredo
Taylor
Terry
Thornberry
Tiahrt
Tiberi
Turner
Upton
Walberg
Walden (OR)
Walsh (NY)
Wamp
Weldon (FL)
Weller
Westmoreland
Whitfield
Wicker
Wilson (NM)
Wilson (SC)
Wolf
Young (AK)
Young (FL)
NOT VOTING--18
Boucher
Brady (TX)
Buyer
Carson
Castor
Costa
Cubin
Everett
Fattah
Frank (MA)
Herger
Jindal
Johnson (IL)
Lucas
Norwood
Pickering
Radanovich
Salazar
{time} 1507
Mr. CLEAVER changed his vote from ``nay'' to ``yea.''
So the resolution was agreed to.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
Stated for:
Mr. FATTAH. Madam Speaker, had I been present for the vote on H. Res.
78, I would have voted ``yea.''
Stated against:
Mr. BRADY of Texas. Madam Speaker, on rollcall No. 57 on H. Res. 78,
I am not recorded because I was absent due to illness. Had I been
present, I would have voted ``nay.''
____________________