[Congressional Record Volume 151, Number 153 (Thursday, November 17, 2005)]
[Extensions of Remarks]
[Pages E2380-E2384]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
TORTURE SHATTERS AND DEFILES GOD'S IMAGE
______
HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL
of new york
in the house of representatives
Wednesday, November 16, 2005
Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to ask that we enter into the
Congressional Record a letter written under the auspices of Rabbis for
Human Rights North America in February 2005 (corresponding to the
Hebrew Year Adar 5765) to President Bush and Members of Congress
entitled: Rabbinic Letter Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and
Degrading Treatment of Detainees. I wish to enter into the Record as
well the names of all the signatories to the letter.
This letter was written of behalf of Rabbis for Human Rights of North
America and was written ``out of a deep sense of concern about the
erosion of American's longstanding commitment that torture is
absolutely reprehensible.''
``We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle, which
results from our belief in God as Creator of the World and Parent of
all humanity, is that every human being is seen as reflecting the Image
of God. Torture shatters and defiles God's Image. The purpose of
torture is to remove a person's pride, humiliate that person, or make
his or her life so painful that the person does or says whatever the
interrogator wants. Torture `works' by attempting to deprive a human
being of will, spirit and personal dignity. The humanity of the
perpetrators, as well as the victims, is inevitably compromised by the
use of torture.''
``We are particularly appalled by the infliction of sexual
humiliation on prisoners under United States custody. Jewish tradition
upholds a high standard of personal modesty. Indeed the Bible's term
for prohibited sexual behavior is to `uncover the nakedness' of
another. However, even non-sexual acts that overpower people and
attempt to break their will and diminish their dignity are acts of
humiliation that Jewish tradition abhors.''
The Rabbinic Letter specifically calls on the U.S. Government to
state in unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical
abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation, religious
degradation or purposive humiliations of a prisoner is prohibited. This
must be the basis understanding for the treatment of any captive,
whether or not he or she originates from a country or belongs to a
group that is a signatory to the Geneva conventions.''
Despite the statements of President Bush that ``We don't torture,''
the American People know that we do. Not only have we seen the pictures
of the handcuffed, naked prisoners at Abu Ghraib and male prisoners
being sexually humiliated; not only have we been stained by the image
of the Hooded Man attached to wires at Guantanamo; not only has the
International Committee of the Red Cross reported that we subject
detainees to torture; now we learn we have a system of secret prisons
run by the F.B.I. in which we keep detainees that have been
disappeared. We don't know who they are or what has been done to them.
An article by M. Gregg Bloche, a law professor at Georgetown
University who is also a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution
and Jonathan H. Marks, a barrister in London, as well as a bioethics
fellow at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins, revealed that mostly unredacted
F.B.I. email shows that interrogation techniques used on detainees at
Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo were from the SAVE program invented by the
Red Army and used on Americans captured in Korea and in Vietnam. These
interrogation techniques are used only to break the will and spirit of
a prisoner so as to get false confessions from them. In these
techniques, truth is beside the point.
I support the McCain amendment. That amendment embodies everything
the Rabbinic Letter calls for and everything that people of faith
everywhere call for. It calls for America to renew its character and
banish the stain caused by the Bush embrace of torture.
February 2005.
Dear President Bush and Members of Congress: On behalf of
Rabbis for Human Rights North America, we write out of a deep
sense of concern about the erosion of America's longstanding
commitment that torture is absolutely reprehensible.
All of us have been shocked by the published pictures of
the behavior of some American soldiers at Abu Ghraib. We
applaud the fact that this administration is prosecuting some
of the worst offenders there as well as several soldiers who
were responsible for the deaths of Afghani prisoners under
their protection in that other theater of war.
What is most disturbing, though, is that the documents that
have been made public as these cases move forward demonstrate
that the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman and
degrading treatment had been approved at the highest levels
of the Administration, that commanders in the field have
permitted much of this behavior, that directives from the
Department of Defense appear
[[Page E2381]]
to advocate the use of torture and other abuses, and that
even today the position of the Administration is that the
members of AI-Qaeda and other terrorist groups are not
covered by the Geneva Conventions. Recent reports from the
Red Cross and from FBI agents, for example, raise new
concerns about American treatment of detainees at Guantanamo.
We are not addressing the technical legal arguments that
characterize this discussion. Rather, we want to express our
moral concerns about the human situation--concerns that stem
from the heart of America's values, the essence of democracy,
and the soul of Jewish tradition.
We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle,
which results from our belief in God as Creator of the world
and Parent of all humanity, is that every human being is seen
as reflecting the Image of God. Torture shatters and defiles
God's Image. The purpose of torture is to remove a person's
pride, humiliate that person, or make his or her life so
painful that the person does or says whatever the
interrogator wants. Torture ``works'' by attempting to
deprive a human being of will, spirit, and personal dignity.
The humanity of the perpetrators, as well as the victims, is
inevitably compromised by the use of torture.
Jewish tradition calls for humane treatment even of one's
adversaries. In the Book of Exodus (23:4), the Bible teaches,
``When you encounter an enemy's ox or donkey, you must take
it back to him.'' Here the religious test is, strikingly, not
how one would treat a friend, but how one relates to one's
enemy.
Classical Rabbinic texts are rigorous in prohibiting acts
of humiliation. In Jewish tort law, an additional penalty is
assessed against one who has physically injured another
person when it is found that the victim also suffered,
humiliation (boshet), while being wounded. Even verbal
humiliation is said to be the equivalent of shedding
blood. We are particularly appalled by the infliction of
sexual humiliation on prisoners under United States
custody. Jewish tradition upholds a high standard of
personal modesty. Indeed the Bible's term for prohibited
sexual behavior is to ``uncover the nakedness'' of
another. However, even non-sexual acts that overpower
people and attempt to break their will and diminish their
dignity are acts of humiliation that Jewish tradition
abhors. It is significant that nowhere in the 3000-year
long corpus of Jewish law is there any allowance for acts
of physical coercion in interrogations.
Consider the ruling of the Supreme Court of Israel, which
outlawed the use of torture in interrogations, despite the
fact that terrorist organizations have Israel's annihilation
as their express goal, carry out attacks that murder scores
of men, women, and children, and do not distinguish between
civilian and military targets. Despite this constant reality
of cruelty and merciless savagery, the Supreme Court of
Israel found no reason why tactics other than face-to-face
interrogation should be allowed against any prisoner. After
the. fact, if/when an interrogator is charged with a
violation, he is permitted to raise a defense of necessity--
i.e., his actions were necessary to prevent an imminent
attack endangering human life; but no permission is given
before the fact, even in a country facing life-threatening
terror.
At the conclusion of their decision, the Israeli jurists
acknowledge that forswearing inhumane means such as torture,
even for honorable ends,
``* * * is the destiny of democracy, as not all means are
acceptable to it, and not all practices employed by its
enemies are open before it. Although a democracy must fight
with one hand tied behind its back, it nonetheless has the
upper hand. Preserving the rule of law and recognition of an
individual's liberty constitutes an important component in
its understanding of security. At the end of the day, they
strengthen its spirit and its strength and allow it to
overcome its difficulties.''
First, as Jewish leaders representing all the movements of
our Jewish community, in consonance with world consensus and
with the teachings of Jewish tradition in every age, we call
for a complete repudiation and prohibition of torture and
other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment for any purpose,
in any instance. We call on the U.S. government to state in
unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical
abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation,
religious degradation or purposive humiliation of a prisoner
is prohibited. This must be a basic understanding for the
treatment of any captive, whether or not he or she originates
from a country or belongs to a group that is a signatory to
the Geneva conventions. All those in the custody of U.S.
military, military contractors, or intelligence officials
must be provided with visits by the International Committee
of the Red Cross, in accordance with U.S. obligations under
international law.
Secondly, we note that in the trial of Specialist Charles
A. Graner, Jr., his defense lawyers argued that he was simply
following the lessons he had learned in civilian life as a
prison guard. It is shocking to think that the prelude to Abu
Ghraib may have been the treatment of our people in our own
prisons. The demonstration of the administration's commitment
to human dignity must begin at home, to insure that the same
principles of human dignity we are urging the administration
to adopt regarding foreign captives be equally applied to
American prison inmates. Otherwise, we become what we claim
to abhor.
Lastly, we call for full investigation of all allegations
of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
committed in settings under United States control or
direction and for proper legal sanctions to be applied
against individuals who are found to have committed acts of
torture. We support the creation of a bipartisan commission
to investigate and report on the detention and interrogation
procedures of U.S. military and intelligence agencies and to
set a course of corrective action.
We look forward to hearing your views on this question and
hope that you will provide much needed moral leadership for
our nation.
With blessings of Shalom,
Rabbi Gerry Serotta,
Chair.
Rabbi Brian Walt,
Executive Director
RHR Honorary Advisory Council: Rabbi Brad Artson, Rabbi
Elliot Dorff, Rabbi Amy Eilberg, Rabbi Arthur Green, Rabbi
Susan Grossman, Rabbi Sid Schwarz, and Rabbi David Teutsch.
Executive Committee: Rabbi Ellen Lippmann, Rabbi Simkha
Weintraub, Rabbi Alana Suskin, Rabbi Edward Feld, Rabbi
Roberto Graetz, Rabbi Joyce Galaski, Rabbi Mordechai
Liebling, and Rabbi Arthur Waskow.
List of Signatories to Rabbinic letter
Rabbi David Ackerman, Tiferet Bet Israel, Blue Bell; Rabbi
David Adelson, East End Temple, New York; Rabbi Richard
Agler, Congregation B'nai Israel, Boca Raton; Rabbi Ron
Aigen, Congregation Dorshei Emet, Hampstead; Rabbi Morris
Allen, Beth Jacob, Mendota Heights; Rabbi Rebecca Alpert,
Temple University, Philadelphia; Rabbi Thomas Alpert, Temple
Tifereth Israel; Malden; Rabbi Renni Altman, Temple Beth-El,
Great Neck; Rabbi Sharon Cohen Anisfeld, Newton Center; Rabbi
Stephen A. Arnold, South Easton; Rabbi Melanie Aron,
Congregation Shir Hadash, Los Gatos; Rabbi Daniel Aronson,
Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Wyncote; Rabbi Bradley
Shavit Artson, Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies, Los
Angeles; Rabbi Raphael Asher, Congregation B'nai Tikvah,
Walnut Creek; Rabbi Craig Axler, Congregation Beth Or, Spring
House; Rabbi Chava Bahle, Suttons Bay; Rabbi George Barnard,
Northern Hills Synagogue, Cincinnati; Rabbi Samuel Barth,
Congregation Agudas Achim, Austin; Rabbi Lewis M. Barth,
Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Los
Angeles; Rabbi Eliot J. Baskin, Evergreen; Rabbi David Dunn
Bauer, Jewish Community of Amherst, Amherst; Rabbi Pamela
Frydman Baugh, San Francisco; Rabbi Dennis Beck-Berman,
Congregation Brith Achim, Petersburg; Rabbi Shelley Kovar
Becker, Temple Sholom, Floral Park.
Rabbi Micah Becker-Klein, Congregation Ahavas Achim, Keene;
Rabbi Leonard Beerman, Los Angeles; Rabbi Marc J. Belgrad,
Congregation Beth Am, Buffalo Grove; Rabbi Haim Beliak,
HaMifgash, Rabbi Moshe Ben Asher, Gather the People, Rabbi
Allen Bennett, Temple Israel, Alamedia; Rabbi Philip Bentley;
Rabbi Peter Berg, Temple Beth Or, Twp. of Washington; Rabbi
H. Philip Berkowitz, Rabbi Marc Berkson, Congregation Emanu-
El B'ne Jeshurun, Milwaukee; Rabbi Donald R Berlin, Temple
Oheb Shalom, Pikesville; Rabbi Sandra Berliner; Rabbi Phyllis
Berman, Philadelphia; Rabbi Marjorie Berman, Philadelphia;
Rabbi Howard A. Berman, Chicago Sinai Congregation, Jamaica
Plain; Rabbi Donna Berman, Charter Oak Cultural Center,
Hartford; Rabbi Leila Gal Berner, Congregation Bet Mishpacah,
Washington; Rabbi Amy Bernstein, Temple Israel, Duluth; Rabbi
Jonathan Biatch, Temple Sinai of Glendale, Glendale; Rabbi
Binyamin Biber, Machar, Washington+E9; Rabbi Debra Reed
Blank, Rabbi Herman Blumberg, Temple Shir Tikva, Wayland;
Rabbi Rena Blumenthal, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie; Rabbi
Elizabeth Bolton, Congregation Beit Tikvah, Baltimore; Rabbi
Stephen Booth-Nadav, B'nai Havurah: CJRF, Denver.
Rabbi Jill Borodin, Har Zion Temple, Narbeth; Rabbi Neal L.
Borovitz, Temple Sholom, River Edge; Rabbi Barbara Borts,
Temple Adath Yeshurun, Manchester; Rabbi Daniel Brenner,
Director of the Center for Multifaith Education Auburn
Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Daniel Bridge, Seattle;
Rabbi Deborah Brin, Grinnel College, Grinwell; Rabbi Herb
Brockman, Congregation Mishkan Israel, Hamden; Rabbi Caryn
Broitman, Martha's Vineyard Hebrew Center, Vineyard Haven;
Rabbi Bruce Bromberg, Smith and Amherst Colleges,
Northampton; Rabbi Lester B. Bronstein, Bet Am Shalom
Synagogue, White Plains; Rabbi Deborah Bronstein,
Congregation Har HaShem; Rabbi Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus,
Wheaton College, Norton; Rabbi David Brusin, Rabbi Janet
Burden, West Central Liberal Synagogue, London; Rabbi John
Bush, JD, Temple Anshe Hesed, Erie; Rabbi Debra Cantor,
Congregation B'nai Sholom, Newington; Rabbi Kenneth Carr,
Rabbi Carie Carter, Park Slope Jewish Center, Brooklyn; Rabbi
Susan Bulba Carvutto, Temple Beth El, Augusta; Rabbi Donald
Cashman, Albany; Rabbi Joshua Chasan, Ohavi Zedek Synagogue,
Burlington; Rabbi Kenneth Chasen, Leo Baeck Temple, Los
Angeles; Rabbi Carl Choper, Temple Beth Shalom,
Mechanicsburg; Rabbi Jonathan Cohen, Mishkan Torah,
Greenbelt; Rabbi Debrah Cohen, The Abramson Center for Jewish
Life, North Wales.
[[Page E2382]]
Rabbi Ayelet S. Cohen, Congregation Beth Simchat Torah, New
York; Rabbi Alan Cohen, Congregation Beth Shalom, Kansas
City; Rabbi Michael Cohen, Israel Congregation, Manchester
Center; Rabbi Heidi Cohen, Temple Beth Sholom, Santa Ana;
Rabbi Howard Cohen, Congregation Beth El, Rabbi Hillel Cohn,
Rabbi Emeritus, Congregation Emanu El, Rabbi, Adat Ari E.,
Las Vegas, NV, San Bernadino; Rabbi Neil Comess-Daniels, Beth
Shir Sholom, Santa Monica; Rabbi Steven Conn, Congregation
Beth Shalom, New York City; Rabbi David J. Cooper, Kehilla
Community Synagogue, Berkeley; Rabbi Howard Cooper,
Finchley Reform Synagogue, London; Rabbi Fredi Cooper,
Jewish Reconstructionist Federation, Elkins Park; Rabbi
Mychal Copeland, Hillel at Stanford, Atherton; Rabbi Scott
Corngold, Temple Emanu-El of Lynbrook, Lynbrook; Rabbi
Laurie Coskey, Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice,
San Diego; Rabbi Rachel Cowan, Institute for Jewish
Spirituality, Morristown; Rabbi Jonathan Crane, University
of Toronto, Toronto; Rabbi Meryl M. Crean, Martins Run
Senior Community, Media; Rabbi Menachem Creditor, Temple
Israel of Sharon, Sharon; Rabbi Eric Cytryn, Beth El
Temple, Harrisburg; Rabbi Julie Hilton Danan, Congregation
Beth Israel, Chico; Rabbi Justin David, Congregation B'nai
Israel, Northampton; Rabbi Braham David; Rabbi Jerome
Davidson, HUC-JIR, Great Neck; Rabbi Joshua Michael
Davidson, Temple Beth El, Chappaqua; Rabbi Geoffrey
Dennis, Flower Mound.
Rabbi Lavey Derby, Cong. Kol Shofar, Tiburon; Rabbi
Shoshanah Devorah, Congregation Kol HaEmek, Redwood Valley;
Rabbi James S. Diamond, Center for Jewish Life at Princeton
University, Princeton; Rabbi Barry Diamond, Temple Emanu-El,
Dallas; Rabbi Robert Dobrusin, Beth Israel Congregation, Ann
Arbor; Rabbi Art Donsky, Ohav Shalom, Allison Park; Rabbi
Elliot N. Dorff, University of Judaism, Bel Air; Rabbi Ellen
W. Dreyfus, B'nai Yehuda Beth Sholom, Homewood; Rabbi George
B. Driesen, Bethesda; Rabbi Joseph A. Edelheit, Hopkins;
Rabbi Laurence Edwards, Congregation Or Chadash, Chicago;
Rabbi Lisa Edwards, Beth Chayim Chadashim, Los Angeles; Rabbi
Dan Ehrenkrantz, Rabbi Amy Eilberg, Yedida Center for Jewish
Spiritual Direction, Medota Heights; Rabbi Colin Eimer,
Senior Rabbi: Southgate & District Reform Synagogue Finchley
Reform Synagogue; Rabbi Serena Eisenberg, Community Jewish
Youth Foundation of the East Bay, San Francisco; Rabbi
Richard Eisenberg, Orange; Rabbi Jeffrey Eisenstat, JRF,
Gladwyne; Rabbi Ed Elkin, First Narayever Congregation,
Toronto; Rabbi Sue Levi Elwell, Union of Reform Judaism,
Philadelphia; Rabbi Daniel Epstein, Fair Lawn; Rabbi Lewis
Eron, Jewish Geriatric Home, Cherry Hill; Rabbi Theodore G.
Falcon, Bet Alef Meditative Synagogue, Seattle; Rabbi David
Feder, Tree of Life Congregation, Morgantown.
Rabbi Michael Feinberg, Executive Director, Greater New
York Labor-Religion Coalition, New York; Rabbi Charles
Feinberg, Congregation Beth Israel, Vancouver; Rabbi Dena
Feingold, Beth Hillel Temple, Kenosha; Rabbi Edward Feld,
Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Marla J.
Feldman, Union for Reform Judaism, New York; Rabbi Fern
Feldman, Kadima: A Progressive Jewish Community, Seattle;
Rabbi Susan Fendrick, Newton; Rabbi Natan Fenner, Bay Area
Jewish Healing Ctr., San Francisco; Rabbi Michael L.
Feshbach, Temple Shalom, Chevy Chase; Rabbi Michael Fessler,
Congregation B'nai Tikvah, Turnersville; Rabbi Brian Field,
Judaism Your Way, Denver; Rabbi David Fine, Shaarei Tikvah,
Atlanta; Rabbi Steven Fineblum, Temple Sinai, Cinnaminson;
Rabbi Gary Fink, Oseh Shalom Congregation, Laurel; Rabbi
Tirzah Firestone, Congregation Nevei Kodesh, Boulder; Rabbi
Reuven Firestone, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, Los Angeles; Rabbi Frank Fischer, Retired; Rabbi
Adam D. Fisher, Stony Brook; Rabbi Nancy Flam, Northampton;
Rabbi Alan Flam, Brown University; Rabbi Yael Flusberg; Rabbi
Jeffrey Foust, Spiritual Life Center Bentley College, Newton
Centre; Rabbi Bob Freedman, Israel Congregation, Manchester
Center; Rabbi John S. Friedman, Judea Reform Congregation,
Durham; Rabbi Dayle A. Friedman, Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Wycote.
Rabbi Barry Friedman, Retired, Hopatcong; Rabbi Elyse
Frishman, The Barnert Temple, Franklin Lakes; Rabbi Stephen
Lewis Fuchs, Congregation Beth Israel, West Hartford; Rabbi
Nancy Fuchs-Kreimer, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College,
Wyncote; Rabbi Ruth M. Gais, Hebrew Union College-Jewish
Institute of Religion, New York; Rabbi Joyce Galaski,
Congregation Ahavas Achim, Westfield; Rabbi Rachel Gartner,
Bnai Keshet, Montclair; Rabbi Lisa B. Gelber, Rabbi David
Gelfand, The Jewish Center of the Hamptons, East Hampton;
Rabbi Laura Geller, Temple Emanuel, Beverly Hill; Rabbi
Jonathan Gerard, Temple Covenant of Peace, Easton; Rabbi Neil
Gillman, Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Joshua
Ginsberg, Rabbi George Gittleman, Congregation Shomrei Torah,
Santa Rosa; Rabbi Gordon Gladstone, Temple Beth Am, Bayonne;
Rabbi Rosalind Glazer, Philadelphia; Rabbi Ilyse Glickman;
Rabbi Gail Glicksman, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College,
Wyncote; Rabbi Robert Gluck, University at Albany, Albany;
Rabbi Shai Gluskin, Jewish Reconstructionist Federation,
Elkins Park; Rabbi Neal Gold, Anshe Emeth Memorial Temple,
New Brunswick; Rabbi Rosalind Gold, Retired, Reston; Rabbi
Laura Gold, New York; Rabbi Michael Goldberg, Shir Shalom,
Sonoma; Rabbi Dan Goldblatt, Beth Chaim Congregation,
Danville.
Rabbi Rachel Goldenberg, Temple Emanu--El, Dallas; Rabbi A.
Bruce Goldman, Center for Creative Jewish Living, New York
City; Rabbi Seth Goldstein, Temple Beth Hatfiloh, Olympia;
Rabbi Andrea Goldstein, Congregation Shaare Emeth, St. Louis;
Rabbi Rafael Goldstein, Congregation Kol Haneshama, Irvine,
California, Phoenix; Rabbi Paul Golomb, Vassar Temple,
Poughkeepsie; Rabbi Evan Goodman, Beth Israel-Judea, San
Francisco; Rabbi David Gordis, Newton; Rabbi Maralee Gordon,
McHenry County Jewish Congregation, Crystal Lake; Rabbi
Leonard Gordon, Rabbinical Assembly Social Action Committee
Chair; Rabbi Debora Gordon, Congregation Berith Sholom, Troy;
Rabbi William Gordon, Jewish Home for the Aging, Cranston;
Rabbi Mel Gottlieb; Rabbi Lynn Gottlieb; Rabbi Roberto D.
Graetz, Temple Isaiah, Lafayette; Rabbi Lina Grazier-
Zerbarini, The Slifka Center for Jewish Life, New Haven;
Rabbi Caryn Michelle Greenberg, Temple Jeremiah, Northfield;
Rabbi Fred Greene, Congregation B'nai Israel, Bridgeport;
Rabbi Ellen Greenspan, Temple Micah, Lawrenceville; Rabbi
David Greenstein, New Hyde Park Jewish Community Center, New
Hyde Park; Rabbi Suzanne B. Griffel, St. Lukes Medical
Center, Chicago; Rabbi Susan Grossman, Beth Shalom, Columbia;
Rabbi Marc A. Gruber, Central Synagogue of Nassau County,
Rockville Centre; Rabbi Eric S. Gurvis, Temple Shalom of
Newton, Newton; Rabbi Joshua J. Gutoff, Solomon Schechter
H.S. of New York, New York.
Rabbi Steve Gutow, Saint Louis; Rabbi Rebecca Gutterman;
Rabbi Fred B. Guttman, Temple Emanuel, Greensboro; Rabbi
Kevin Hale, Assiyah, Leeds; Rabbi Richard Hammerman,
Congregation B'nai Israel, Cincinnati; Rabbi Vered Harris,
Leawood; Rabbi Maurice Harris, Temple Beth Israel, Eugene;
Rabbi Abraham Havivi, University of Judaism, Los Angeles;
Rabbi Alan Henkin, Regional Director, Pacific Southwest
Council, Northridge.
Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, Former vice-president of the World
Jewish Congress; Rabbi Garson Herzfeld, Beth EI Congregation,
Hamilton; Rabbi Jay Heyman, Shalom Spiritual Resources, San
Francisco; Rabbi Aryeh Hirschfield, Congregation P'nai Or of
Portland, Portland; Rabbi Linda Holtzman, Reconstructionist
Rabbinical College, Philadelphia; Rabbi Margaret Holub,
Mendocino Coast Jewish Community, Little River; Rabbi Mark
Hurvitz, Congregation Etz Chaim of Ramona, Poway; Rabbi
Yitzhak Husbands-Hankin, Temple Beth Israel, Eugene; Rabbi
Shirley M. Idelson, HUC-JIR, New York; Rabbi Shaya Isenberg,
University of Florida, Gainesville; Rabbi Alan J. Iser,
Congregation Or Shalom, Berwyn; Rabbi Brett R. Isserow, Beth
EI Hebrew Congregation, Alexandria; Rabbi Lisa Izes,
Woodlands Community Temple; Rabbi Steven Jacobs, Woodland
Hills; Rabbi Jill Jacobs, Jewish Council on Urban Affairs,
Chicago; Rabbi Burt Jacobson, Kehilla Community Synagogue,
Berkeley.
Rabbi Devorah L. Jacobson, Jewish Geriatric Services,
Longmeadow; Rabbi Jennifer April Jaech, Temple Israel of
Northern Westchester, Croton-on-Hudson; Rabbi Norman Janis,
Harvard Hillel, Cambridge; Rabbi Beth Janus, Temple Beth El,
Aptos; Rabbi Paul Joseph, Long Beach; Rabbi Eitan Julius;
Rabbi Bruce Kadden, Temple Beth El, Tacoma; Rabbi Yoel H.
Kahn, Jewish Community Centre of San Francisco, San
Francisco; Rabbi Deborah Kahn-Harris, Rabbinic Recruitment
Officer, Leo Beack College, London; Rabbi Mark Kaiserman,
Temple Emanu-El, Livingston; Rabbi Jeremy Kalmanofsky,
Congregation Ansche Chesed, New York; Rabbi Sylvan Kamens,
Temple of Aaron, St. Paul; Rabbi Debra Kamin, Congregation Am
Yisrael, Northfield; Rabbi Shoshana Kaminsky, Beth Samel
Jewish Center, Ambridge; Rabbi Jane Kanarek, University of
Chicago, Chicago; Rabbi Susan Kanoff, Hospice, Wynnewood;
Rabbi Raphael Kanter, Tifereth Israel Congregation, New
Bedford; Rabbi Harley Karz-Wagman, Temple Beth OR, Everett;
Rabbi Peter Kasdan; Rabbi Debra Kassoff, Goldring Woldenberg
Institute of Southern Jewish Life, Jackson; Rabbi Alan Katz,
Temple Sinai, Rochester; Rabbi Amy Wallk Katz, Jewish
Federation of Greater Kansas City, Overland Park; Rabbi
Joshua Katzan; Rabbi Hillel Katzir, Temple Shalom Synagogue,
Auburn; Rabbi David Kay; Rabbi Leora Kaye, Brooklyn.
Rabbi Stuart Kelman, Congregation Netivot Shalom, Berkeley;
Rabbi Stanley Kessler, Rabbi Emeritus, Beth El Temple, West
Hartford; Rabbi Jason Kimelman-Block, PANIM: The Institute
for Jewish Leadership and Values, Rockville; Rabbi Ralph
Kingsley, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Sinai of North Dade,
Aventura; Rabbi Paul Kipnes, Congregation Or Ami, Calabasas;
Rabbi David Klatzer, Temple Ner Tamid, Peabody; Rabbi Stephen
Klein, Scarsdale Synagogue-Tremont Temple, Ardsley; Rabbi
Jason Klein, Reconstructionist Cong. Beth Emeth, Hewlett;
Rabbi Jonathan Klein, USC Hillel Foundation, Los Angeles;
Rabbi Amy Klein; Rabbi Andrew Klein, Hevreh, Great
Barrington; Rabbi Sharon Kleinbaum, Congregation Beth Simchat
Torah, New York; Rabbi Adam Kligfeld, Congregation Eitz
Chaim, Monroe; Rabbi Jonathan Kligler, Woodstock Jewish
Congregation, Woodstock; Rabbi Marc Aaron Kline, Temple Adath
Israel, Lexington; Rabbi Myriam Klotz; Rabbi Shelley Kniaz,
Teaneck; Rabbi Norman D. Koch, Temple Sholom, New Milford;
[[Page E2383]]
Rabbi Douglas Kohn, Congregation Emanu El, San Bernardino;
Rabbi Debora Kohn, Reutlinger Community for Jewish Living,
Danville; Rabbi Debra Kolodny; Rabbi David Kominsky,
Portland; Rabbi Neil Kominsky, TempleTemple Emanuel of the
Merrimack Valley, Lowell; Rabbi Ira Korinow, Temple Emanu-El,
Haverhill.
Rabbi Emily Korzenik, Rabbi Emerita of the Fellowship for
Jewish Learning, Scarsdale; Rabbi Michael Kramer, Temple
Judea, Massapequa; Rabbi Douglas Krantz, Congregation B'nai
Yisrael, Armonk; Rabbi Allen Krause, Temple Beth El of South
Orange Country, Aliso Viejo; Rabbi Leonard Kravitz, Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, New York; Rabbi
David Krishef, Congregation Ahavas Israel, Grand Rapids;
Rabbi Charles Kroloff, Past president, Central Conference of
American Rabbis, New York; Rabbi Irwin Kula, CLAL-The
National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership, New York;
Rabbi Judith Kummer, Jewish Chaplaincy Council, Newton
Centre; Rabbi Claudio Kupchik, First Hebrew Congregation,
Peekskill; Rabbi Harold S. Kushner; Natick; Rabbi Gail
Labovitz, University of Judaism, Bel Air; Rabbi Susan
Laemmle, Ph.D., University of Southern California.
Rabbi Lynne Landsberg, Washington; Rabbi Gilah Langner;
Rabbi Alan LaPayover, Congregation Beth Am Israel, Narberth;
Rabbi Shoshana Lash, Temple Ner Tamid, Bloomfield; Rabbi
Michael Latz, Kol HaNeshamah, Seattle; Rabbi Alex Lazarus;
Rabbi Barry J. Leff, Congregation Bnai Israel, Toledo; Rabbi
Allan Lehmann; Rabbi Michele Lenke, Wellesley; Rabbi Michael
Lerner, The Tikkun Community, Berkeley; Rabbi Joshua Lesser,
Congregation Bet Haverim, Atlanta; Rabbi Sarra Lev,
Philadelphia.
Rabbi Amy Levin, Temple Torat Yisrael, Hamilton; Rabbi
Robert Levine, Cong. Rodeph Sholom, New York City; Rabbi
Joshua Levine- Grater, Pasadena Jewish Temple and Center,
Pasadena; Rabbi Yael Levy, Congregation Mishkan Shalom,
Philadelphia; Rabbi Sue Levy, Webster; Rabbi Chai Levy,
Congregation Kol Shofar, Tiburon; Rabbi Sheldon Lewis,
Congregation Kol Emeth, Palo Alto; Rabbi Justin Jaron Lewis,
Congregation Iyr HaMelech, Kingston; Rabbi Phil Lieberman,
Congregation Kol HaNeshamah, Englewood; Rabbi Elias
Lieberman, Falmouth Jewish Congregation, East Falmouth; Rabbi
Mordechai Liebling, The Shefa Fund, Philadelphia; Rabbi David
Lilienthal, Emeritus Rabbi Liberaal Joodse Gemeente
Amsterdam, Amstelveen; Rabbi Rebecca Lillian, Miami; Rabbi
Jonathan Lipnick, New York City; Rabbi Serge Lippe, Brooklyn
Heights Synagogue, Brooklyn; Rabbi Ellen R. Lippmann, Kolot
Chayeinu, Brooklyn; Rabbi Jane Litman, Congregation Beth El,
Berkeley; Rabbi Richard Litvak Temple Beth El, Aptos; Rabbi
Alan Litwak, Temple Sinai of North Dade, N. Miami Beach;
Rabbi Daveen Litwin, Northampton; Rabbi Mark Loeb, Beth El
Congregation, Baltimore; Rabbi Neal Loevinger, Temple Israel,
Swampscott; Rabbi Alan D. Londy, Temple Beth Sholom,
Smithtown; Rabbi Tamar Malino, Temple Adat Shalom, Poway;
Rabbi Jonathan Malino, Guilford College, Greensboro.
Rabbi Jonathan Maltzman, Kol Shalom, No. Bethesda; Rabbi
Harry Manhoff, Temple Beth Sholom, San Leandro; Rabbi Natan
Margalit, Cambridge; Rabbi Shana Margolin, Beth Jacob
Synagogue, Montpelier; Rabbi Marc Margolius, Kaiserman Jewish
Community Center, Wynnewood; Rabbi Bonnie Margulis, Religious
Coalition for Reproductive Choice, Washington; Rabbi Randall
Mark, Congregation Shomrei Torah, Wayne; Rabbi Jeffrey
Marker, Brooklyn; Rabbi Susan Marks, New College of Florida,
Sarasota; Rabbi Dow Marmur, Rabbi Emeritus, Holy Blossom
Temple, Toronto; Rabbi Simeon Maslin, CCAR, Philadelphia;
Rabbi J. Rolando Matalon, Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New
York; Rabbi Vivian Mayer, B'Nai Israel, Danbury; Rabbi
Paul Menitoff, Executive Vice President, Central
Conference of American Rabbis; Rabbi Andrea Merow, Rabbi
Margaret Meyer, Cincinnati; Rabbi Maurice Michaels,
SWESRS, Ilford; Rabbi Bennett Miller, Anshe Emeth Memorial
Temple, New Brunswick; Rabbi Mordecai Miller, Brith Sholom
Kneseth Israel, Santa Clarita; Rabbi Joshua Minkin, Temple
Emanu-El of Canarsie, Brooklyn; Rabbi Michelle Missaghieh,
Temple Israel of Hollywood, Los Angeles; Rabbi David
Mivasair, Vancouver; Rabbi Jack Moline, Alexandria; Rabbi
Adam Morris, Temple Micah, Denver; Rabbi Jay Moses, New
York.
Rabbi Tracy Nathan, Congregation Beth Sholom, San
Francisco; Rabbi David Nelson, Bergen County YJCC, Township
of Washington; Rabbi Daniel Nevins, Adat Shalom, Farmington
Hills; Rabbi Jeffrey Newman, Rabbinic Development Foundation,
London; Rabbi Nomi Oren, Havurah of South Florida, Rabbi Sue
Oren, Brooklyn; Rabbi David Osachy, Jacksonville; Rabbi Shaul
Osadchey, Congregation Or Ami, Houston; Rabbi Norman Patz,
Temple Sholom of West Essex, Cedar Grove; Rabbi Sheldon
Pennes, Jewish Hospice Project-LA, Los Angeles; Rabbi Barbara
Rosman Penzner, Temple Hillel B'nai Torah, West Roxbury;
Rabbi Carl Perkins, Temple Aliyah, Needham; Rabbi Michael
Pertz, South West Essex and settlement Reform Synagogue,
London; Rabbi Bruce Pfeffer, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati;
Rabbi Marsha Pik-Nathan, Philadelphia; Rabbi William Plevan,
Rabbi Jack Nusan Porter, West Newton.
Rabbi Amber Powers, Reconstructionist Rabbincal College,
Wyncote; Rabbi Marcia Prager, Philadelphia; Rabbi Sally J.
Priesand, Monmouth Reform Temple, Tinton Falls; Rabbi Sanford
Ragins, Leo Baeck Temple, Los Angeles; Rabbi Lawrence
Raphael, Sherith Israel, San Francisco; Rabbi Geela Rayzel
Raphael, Jewish Family & Childrens Services, Melrose Park;
Rabbi Paula L. Reimers, Center for American & Jewish Studies,
Waco; Rabbi Michael M. Remson, Kenosha; Rabbi Steven Reuben,
Pacific Palisades.
Rabbi Yael Ridberg, West End Synagogue, New York; Rabbi
Moti Rieber, Congregation Beth Shalom, Naperville; Rabbi Seth
Riemer, Adath Israel, Middletown; Rabbi Debra Robbins, Temple
Emanu-El, Dallas; Rabbi Norman T. Roman, Temple Kol Ami, West
Bloomfield; Rabbi Brant Rosen, Jewish Reconstructionist
Congregation, Evanston; Rabbi Tracee Rosen, Congregation Kol
Ami, Salt Lake City; Rabbi James Bruce Rosenberg, Temple
Habonim, Barrington; Rabbi David Rosenn, Avodah, New York;
Rabbi Morton Rosenthal, Rabbi John L. Rosove, Temple Israel
of Hollywood, Los Angeles; Rabbi Donald Rossoff, Temple B'nai
Or, St. Louis; Rabbi Jeff Roth, Co-founder of Elat Chayyim,
New Paltz; Rabbi Sandy Roth, Kehilat HaNahar, New Hope; Rabbi
Michael Rothbaum, Reconstructionist Temple Beth Israel,
Maywood; Rabbi Sylvia Rothschild, Wimbledon Synagogue in
England, Rabbi Eliseo Rozenwasser, Morristown; Rabbi Steven
Rubenstein, Congregation Beth Shalom, Kansas City; Rabbi
Gloria Rubin, Rabbi Rachel Sabath, Hebrew Union College,
Jerusalem; Rabbi Douglas Sagal, Temple Emanu-El, Westfield;
Rabbi Joanna Samuels, Congregation Habonim, New York; Rabbi
Neil Sandler, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Reseda; Rabbi David
Saperstein, Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism,
Washington; Rabbi Marc Saperstein, George Washington
University, Washington.
Rabbi Marna Sapsowitz, Congregation Dorshei Tzedek, West
Newton; Rabbi Elizabeth Sarah, Rabbi, Brighton & Hove,
Progressive Synagogue, Brighton & Hove; Rabbis Dennis & Sandy
Sasso, Congregation Beth-EI Zedeck, Indianapolis; Rabbi Scott
B. Saulson, Jewish Family & Career Services, Atlanta; Rabbi
Julie Saxe-Taller, Congregation Sherith Israel, San
Francisco; Rabbi Rabbi Richard Schachet, Valley Outreach
Synagogue, Henderson; Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Aleph,
Boulder; Rabbi Fred Scherlinder Dobb, Adat Shalom
Reconstructionist Congregation, Bethesda; Rabbi Chaim Leib
Schneider, California Community Chevre, Santa Cruz; Rabbi
David A. Schuck, Pelham Jewish Center, Pelham; Rabbi Jeremy
Schwartz, Temple Bnal Israel, Willimantic; Rabbi Barry L.
Schwartz, Congregation M'kor Shalom, Cherry Hill; Rabbi
Arthur L. Schwartz, Kehillath Shalom Synagogue, Cold Spring
Harbor; Rabbi Sidney Schwarz, Panim, Rockville; Rabbi David
Seidenberg, Academy for Jewish Religion, Los Angeles; Rabbi
Rabbi Hugh Seid-Valencia, Reconstuctionist Rabbinical
Association, San Jose Bruce; Rabbi Bruce Bromberg Seltzer,
Smith College, Northampton; Rabbi Gerald Serotta, Temple
Sholom, Chevy Chase; Rabbi Isaac Daniel Serotta, Lakeside
Congregation for Reform Judaism, Highland Park; Rabbi
Drorah Setel, Congregation Havurah, Buffalo; Rabbi Judy B.
Shanks, Temple Isaiah, Lafayette; Rabbi Mark Shapiro,
Sinai Temple, Springfield; Rabbi Noach E. Shapiro,
Congregation Shomrei Emunah, Montcalir; Rabbi Rona
Shapiro, Ma'yan, Brooklyn; Rabbi John M. Sherwood, Temple
Emet of Woodland Hills, CA, Oxnard.
Rabbi Dan Shevitz, Congregation Mishkon Tephilo, Venice;
Rabbi David Shneyer, Am Kolel, Rockville; Rabbi Stephen
Shulman, Bronx; Rabbi Sheila Shulman, Beit Klal Yisrael,
London; Rabbi Hanna Tiferet Siegel, B'nai Or, Boston, W.
Roxbury; Rabbi Jodie Siff, RSNS, Plandome; Rabbi Reuven
Silverman, Manchester Reform Synagogue, Manchester; Rabbi
David Wolf Silverman, Princeton Jewish Center, Princeton;
Rabbi Suzanne Singer, Temple Sinai, Oakland; Rabbi Steven
Sirbu, Temple Emeth, Teaneck; Rabbi Scott Slarskey, Jewish
Community Center of San Francisco, San Francisco; Rabbi
Jonathan Slater, Institute for Jewish Spirituality, Hastings
On Hudson; Rabbi Eric Slaton, Beth Israel Synagogue, Toms
River; Rabbi Amy Small, Congregation Beth Hatikvah, Chatham;
Rabbi Joel Soffin, Temple Shalom, Succasunna; Rabbi Ruth H.
Sohn, Milken Community High School, Los Angeles; Rabbi Myra
Soifer, Temple Sinai, Reno; Rabbi Felicia L. Sol,
Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New York; Rabbi Rav A. Soloff,
Lansdale; Rabbi Eric M. Solomon, Congregation Tehillah, New
York; Rabbi Mark Solomon, Liberal Jewish Synagogue, The,
London; Rabbi Marc Soloway, Bonai Shalom, Scarsdale; Rabbi
Hesch Sommer; Rabbi Scott Sperling; Rabbi Aaron Spiegel,
Indianapolis Center for Congregations, Indianapolis.
Rabbi Adam Spilker, Mount Zion, St. Paul; Rabbi Jonathan
Spira-Savett, Forest Hills; Rabbi Toba Spitzer, Congregation
Dorshei Tzedek, Lexington; Rabbi Sonya Starr, Columbia Jewish
Congregation, Columbia; Rabbi Howard Stecker, Temple Israel,
Great Neck; Rabbi Margot Stein, Bala, Cynwyd; Rabbi Peter
Stein, Temple Sinai, Cranston; Rabbi David Steinberg, Temple
Beth Israel, Plattsburgh; Rabbi Naomi Steinberg, Temple Beth
EI, Eureka; Rabbi George M. Stern, Northwest Interfaith
Movement, Philadelphia; Rabbi Benjamin Sternman, Congregation
Beth Israel, Austin; Rabbi Jeffrey B. Stiffman, Congregation
Shaare Emeth, St. Louis; Rabbi Ira Stone, Rabbi Ariel Stone-
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Halpern, Congregation Shir Tikvah, Portland; Rabbi Michael
Strassfeld, Society for the Advancement, New York; Rabbi
Andrew F. Straus, Temple Emanuel of Tempe, Tempe; Rabbi David
Straus, Rabbi David Straus, Main Line Reform Temple Beth
Elohim, Wynnewood; Rabbi William Strongin, Kehillat Ahavat
Achim, New Paltz; Rabbi Leah Kurtz Sudran, Congregation B'nai
Israel, Petaluma; Rabbi Alvin M. Sugarman, The Temple,
Atlanta; Rabbi Yaaffa-Shira Sultan, Reconstructionist
Rabbinical College; Rabbi Jeff Sultar, Mishkan Shalom,
Philadelphia; Rabbi Alana Suskin, Adas Israel Congregation,
Washington; Rabbi Daniel Swartz, Greater Washington
Interfaith Power and Light, Takoma Park.
Rabbi Robert Tabak, Hospital of The University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Rabbi Joshua Taub, Temple
Emanuel, St. Louis; Rabbi Dov Taylor, Congregation Solel,
Highland Park; Rabbi Elliott Tepperman, Bnai Keshet,
Montclair; Rabbi David Teutsch, Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Wyncote; Rabbi Carla Theodore, Witnesses for a
Sustainable Economy, Sperryville; Rabbi Robert Traer,
Dominican University of California; Rabbi Lawrence Troster,
Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life, Teaneck; Rabbi
Theodore Tsuruoka, Temple Isaiah of Great Neck, Great Neck;
Rabbi Gordon Tucker, Temple Israel Center, White Plains;
Rabbi Jason Van Leeuwen, B'nai Tikvah Congregation, Los
Angeles; Rabbi Burton L. Visotzky, New York; Rabbi Andrew D.
Vogel, Temple Sinai, Brookline; Rabbi David Vorspan,
Conregation Shir Ami, Woodland Hills; Rabbi Moshe Waldoks,
Temple Beth Zion, Brookline; Rabbi Brian Walt, Rabbis for
Human Rights-N.A., West Tisbury; Rabbi Philip Warmflash,
Jewish Outreach Partnership of Philadelphia, Melrose Park;
Rabbi Andrew Warmflash; Rabbi Arthur Waskow, The Shalom
Center, Philadelphia; Rabbi Michael Wasserman, The New Shul,
Scottsdale; Rabbi Mira Wasserman, Congregation Beth Shalom,
Bloomington; Rabbi Pamela Wax, Kehillat Chaverim, White
Plains; Rabbi Deborah Waxman, Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Wyncote; Rabbi Joshua Waxman, Or Hadash,
Philadelphia; Rabbi Nancy Wechsler-Azen, Congregation Beth
Shalom, Carmichael; Rabbi Elyse Wechterman, Congregation
Agudas Achim, Attleboro; Rabbi Sheila Weinberg, Amherst;
Rabbi Daniel A. Weiner, Temple De Hirsch Sinai, Seattle.
Rabbi Simkha Weintraub, The National Center for Jewish
Healing, New York; Rabbi Samuel Weintraub, Kane Street
Synagogue, Brooklyn; Rabbi Mimi Weisel, Jewish Community High
School of the Bay, San Francisco; Rabbi Lew Weiss, IHC,
Indianapolis; Rabbi Zari Weiss, Rodef Tzedek, Seattle; Rabbi
Michael White, Temple Sinai of Roslyn, Roslyn; Rabbi Nancy
Wiener, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion,
New York City; Rabbi Dan Wigodsky, Riverdale; Rabbi Jeffrey
Wildstein, Temple Israel, Minneapolis; Rabbi Avi Winokur,
Society Hill Synagogue, Philadelphia; Rabbi Irvin Wise, Adath
Israel Synagogue, Boulder; Rabbi Jonathan Wittenberg, The New
North Masorti London Synagogue, London; Rabbi Jeffrey
Wohlberg, Adas Israel Congregation, Washington; Rabbi Arnold
Jacob Wolf, Rabbi Emeritus, K.A.M. Isaiah Israel
Congregation, Chicago; Rabbi Joseph Wolf, Havurah Shalom,
Portland; Rabbi Peretz Wolf-Prusan, Congregation Emanu-El,
San Francisco; Rabbi Bridget Wynne, Kehilla Community
Synagogue, Berkeley; Rabbi Moshe Yehudai; Rabbi Daniel G.
Zemel, Temple Micah, Washington; Rabbi Moshe Zemer, Director,
Institute of Progressive Halakhah, Tel Aviv Israel; Rabbi
Irwin Zeplowitz, The Community Synagogue, Port Washington;
Rabbi Shawn Zevit, Jewish Reconstructionist Federation,
Elkins Park; Rabbi Laurie Zimmerman, Congregation Shaarei
Shamayim, Madison; Rabbi Michael Zimmerman, Congregation
Kehillat Israel, Lansing; Rabbi Henry Zoob, Temple Beth
David, Westwood; Rabbi David J. Zucker, Shalom Park, Aurora.
Cantors
Cantor Shoshana Lash, Temple Ner Tamid, Bloomfield; Cantor
Barbara Ostfeld, American Conference of Cantors,
Williamsville; Cantor Jodi Schechtman, Temple Beth Am,
Framingham; Cantor Kerith Spencer-Shapiro, Congregation Adas
Emuno, Leonia; Cantor Iris Beth Weiner, Kehillat Mevakshei
Derech, Jerusalem.
Rabbinical Students
Student Susan Averbach, Kol Hadash--Society for Humanistic
Judaism, San Francisco; Student Leah Doberne-Schor, Hebrew
Union College--Jewish Institute of Religion, Brooklyn;
Student Joshua Feigelson, Riverdale; Student Daniel Friedman,
Yeshivat Chovevai Torah, New York; Student Will Friedman,
Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, Rego Park; Student Alexandria
Shuval-Weiner, Hebrew Union College--Jewish Institute of
Religion, Manhattan Beach.
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