[Congressional Record Volume 151, Number 13 (Wednesday, February 9, 2005)]
[House]
[Pages H422-H430]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
HONORING THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and
agree to the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 26) honoring the
Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery in fighting for our freedom in World
War II, and for their contribution in creating an integrated United
States Air Force.
The Clerk read as follows:
H. Con. Res. 26
Whereas the United States is currently combating terrorism
around the world and is highly dependent on the global reach
and presence provided by the Air Force;
Whereas these operations require the highest skill and
devotion to duty from all Air Force personnel involved;
Whereas the Tuskegee Airmen proved that such skill and
devotion, and not skin color, are the determining factors in
aviation;
Whereas the Tuskegee Airmen served honorably in the Second
World War struggle against global fascism; and
Whereas the example of the Tuskegee Airmen has encouraged
millions of Americans of every race to pursue careers in air
and space technology: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate
concurring), That it is the sense of Congress that the
United States Air Force should continue to honor and learn
from the example provided by the Tuskegee Airmen as it faces
the challenges of the 21st century and the war on terror.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to the rule, the gentleman from
Alabama (Mr. Rogers) and the gentleman from North Carolina (Mr.
Butterfield) each will control 20 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers).
General Leave
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that
all Members may have 5 legislative days within which to revise and
extend their remarks on H. Con. Res. 26.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the
gentleman from Alabama?
There was no objection.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I
may consume.
Madam Speaker, in March of 1942, five young men at a rural Army
airbase in Tuskegee, Alabama, graduated from aviation cadet class in
the Army Air Corps. These men, like other World War II fighter pilots,
accepted extraordinary risks to carry out their missions. They were
brave and patriotic. Hailing from towns and cities across America,
these young soldiers came to Tuskegee, Alabama, with the dream of
serving our Nation in the air. They would graduate with honors as
captains and lieutenants.
From 1942 to 1946, 992 fighter pilots would graduate from this rural
Army airbase in central Alabama. Their missions would be over enemy
territory in Italy and North Africa, some of the
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most challenging assignments of the war, and some of them would not
return. Yet many did. Those who did survive those battles lived to
claim unprecedented records of success and high honors for their
bravery.
But we all know World War II was not their only battle. These proud
soldiers, the Tuskegee Airmen, were the first African Americans ever to
serve our Nation as Army fighter pilots. They were true leaders, men
who battled our enemies oversees while fighting bigotry and racism at
home.
Madam Speaker, as we debate today's resolution honoring the Tuskegee
Airmen, we will hear of their struggles. We will hear their stories of
being turned away at the officers' clubs because of their race, and we
will hear of the prejudices they faced overseas.
Yet they did not give up. They persevered, and along with others from
our greatest generation, joined with our allies across the globe and
helped defeat the forces of tyranny.
The Tuskegee Airmen are symbols of America, Madam Speaker, strong
through difficult times and courageous in the face of adversity.
In the month when our Nation celebrates the contributions of African
Americans to our Nation's history, it is important we take this time to
honor their bravery. Their courage and persistence are examples for all
of us to follow. We have much to learn from their service and much to
honor for their contributions to our civil rights legacy.
As our military continues to fight the war on terror overseas, we
should pause to remember the battles fought long ago by these proud
Americans. Not only is our world freer because of their courage, but
our Nation is stronger because of their sacrifices.
I want to thank my colleagues for being here today to honor the
Tuskegee Airmen, and I look forward to doing what I can to keep their
legacy strong so future generations may also share in their
accomplishments.
I would also like to add, Madam Speaker, that as part of my efforts
to honor the Tuskegee Airmen, I have been leading an initiative to help
build a National Park Service museum in Tuskegee, Alabama, to
memorialize these brave Americans.
Obviously, on this important occasion I would welcome any and all
support from Members that would join me in this initiative, and would
answer any questions later.
Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may
consume.
Madam Speaker, I rise today in support of House Concurrent Resolution
26, introduced by the gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers). This
resolution recognizes the Tuskegee Airmen for their brave and honorable
service during World War II.
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is a phenomenal story, and it
highlights the Tuskegee Airmen as shining examples of the perseverance
and strength of the U.S. Air Corps as they faced the challenges of 21st
century. It is fitting that we recognize such an outstanding group of
individuals who were pioneers in integrating the Army Air Corps and,
eventually, the Air Force as we celebrate Black History Month.
The Tuskegee Airmen overcame prejudice and discrimination to become
some of the most highly respected airmen of World War II. Until 1941,
African Americans were denied the opportunity to become leaders in the
military and they were prohibited from flying because it was believed
that African Americans lacked the qualifications for such noble combat
duty.
African Americans have played a significant role in the history of
our military over the past 300 years, and it was absurd to suggest that
the ability was lacking. African Americans soldiers have fought in
every war and have contributed so much of themselves to ensure this
country's reputation as a superpower. The refusal to allow for black
pilots was simply rank racism.
It was the unshakeable belief by so many that this obvious bigotry
was wrong that finally gave way to the historical beginning of the
integrated United States Air Force. Distinguished men such as Booker T.
Washington and General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., came to Macon County,
Alabama, and reality created the legend that we know today.
Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute, which
established a well-respected aeronautical engineering program; and
thousands of students, including student officer Captain Benjamin
Davis, who was in the first pilot class, went through the institute's
flight program and became known as the Tuskegee Airmen.
The Tuskegee Airmen included not only over 1,000 fighter pilots, but
they also included navigators, bombardiers and maintenance and support
personnel that ultimately comprised the famed 99th Fighter Squadron and
the 332nd Fighter Group.
During World War II, the 99th Fighter Squadron, led by the late
General Benjamin Davis, was originally sent to North Africa, but moved
to the European continent and flew over Italy in 1944. The 99th held
the record of 200 combat missions without losing a single bomber to
enemy fire, a record for a squadron.
It is therefore only fitting, Madam Speaker, that the Congress takes
the time today to appropriately recognize the men who participated in
the Tuskegee Experiment. No standards were lowered for the pilots or
any of the others who trained in operations, in meteorology, in
intelligence, in engineering, medicine or any of the other officer
fields.
The Tuskegee Airmen proved without a doubt that loyalty, bravery and
sacrifice were not based on the ethnicity of an individual, but on
their individual motivation, determination and devotion to duty. The
men who participated in this great experiment were dedicated young men,
possessing the strong personal desire to serve the United States of
America at their best. They enlisted at a time when this country was
engaged in enormous conflict, but they took on the challenge and they
took on the responsibility and served with distinction.
Today we honor their achievements and all of those who have taken the
oath to defend this great country.
Madam Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support this resolution.
Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the my
friend, the distinguished gentleman from the First District of Alabama
(Mr. Bonner).
Mr. BONNER. Madam Speaker, I thank my friend from Alabama, and I want
to give my sincerest congratulations to him for providing this
leadership in bringing this issue, this discussion, to the American
people today.
Madam Speaker, as we celebrate our Nation's 79th annual Black History
Month, it is only appropriate to reflect on the accomplishments of
Alabama's Tuskegee Airmen. These brave soldiers came from every corner
of the United States with the ambition of serving their country to the
best of their ability.
The Tuskegee Airmen were committed and capable. Their success
demonstrated that a soldier's ability is determined by his skill and
persistence, not by creed or color.
Tuskegee's established airfield and proven civilian pilot training
program made it an obvious choice for the location of a center to
instruct America's first African American military aviators. Upon
receipt of the contract granted by the U.S. Army Air Corps, Tuskegee
Institute began the training of America's original black aviators in
1941.
{time} 1045
The first cadets accepted their silver wings in March of 1942.
In recalling the 15,000 missions completed by the Tuskegee Airmen, we
note a distinguished record of service. The airmen destroyed over 1,000
German aircraft, one enemy destroyer, and many enemy installations.
They also boast the extraordinary record of flying over 200 bomber
escort missions over Europe without the loss of a single bomber to
enemy fire.
The accomplishments of the Tuskegee Airmen did not go unnoticed by
their peers and associates. They returned home bearing the honor they
deserved, including 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8
Purple Hearts, and 14 Bronze Stars.
Their triumphs in the air exhibited undaunted courage and capacity
that were certainly to equal that of any pilot prior to or certainly
thereafter. With the assistance of the men and
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women of the Army Air Corps, the Tuskegee Airmen made integration into
our military possible.
In 1948, President Harry Truman enacted Executive Order Number 9981,
which directed equality of treatment and opportunity in all of the
United States Armed Forces. In time, order 9981 led to the end of
racial segregation in our military.
Madam Speaker, on behalf of my constituents in Alabama, I ask my
colleagues to join me in celebrating the achievements and the legacy of
the Tuskegee Airmen. Their successful endeavor into military flight
provided inspiration to a new generation of aviators.
On March 24, 1945, the 332nd Fighter Group received the Presidential
Unit Citation for its longest bomber escort mission to Berlin, Germany.
On the 50th anniversary of such an accomplishment, I rise to honor
these men who succeeded not only in great military feats, but also in
breaking down the barriers and boundaries of racial segregation.
As Tuskegee University's President Dr. Benjamin Payton said, ``The
Tuskegee Airmen story is about much more than flying airplanes, it is
about teaching people to soar.''
Madam Speaker, I thank the gentleman who is proud to represent
Tuskegee University in his congressional district, the third district
of Alabama.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman
from Illinois (Mr. Davis).
(Mr. DAVIS of Illinois asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. DAVIS of Illinois. Madam Speaker, I rise today in support of H.
Con. Res. 26 honoring the heroic accomplishments of the Tuskegee
Airmen. At a time when race narrowed the horizons and limited the
opportunities of many Americans, the Tuskegee Airmen soared high above
the low expectations of the day.
The Tuskegee Airmen served their country with great valor and
distinction and set in motion the movement to desegregate the Armed
Forces, a crucial moment in the civil rights struggle. Black History
Month is a good time to remember the American heroes that were not
given the full recognition that they were due. The Tuskegee Airmen are
deserving of all of the praise that they will surely receive today. All
took great risks for their country and some made the ultimate
sacrifice. Americans remember our heroes and hold a special place in
their hearts for the Tuskegee Airmen.
Those that are still with us have continued to serve their country on
the home front in various ways and have received not all of the
attention. However, a friend of mine from Chicago, Rufus Hunt, who
served with the Tuskegee Airmen, has helped to keep the memory and
spirit of these brave Americans alive by serving as their chief
historian. Others have taught flying skills to underprivileged youth,
and still others have worked as mentors.
We have a great active group of Tuskegee Airmen in the City of
Chicago, the DODO Chapter, and they are still teaching young people how
to fly. They have a Young Eagles program. One of my proudest
possessions is a jacket that I have that the Tuskegee Airmen's DODO
Club has given to me.
So I join with all of us as we extol the virtues of those brave men
and now women who are members of the Tuskegee Airmen who continue the
great tradition of providing the greatest of service and tremendous
aviation.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I yield 4 minutes to the
gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. Terry), my friend and colleague.
(Mr. TERRY asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. TERRY. Madam Speaker, I rise today as a cosponsor of this
resolution, and I thank the gentleman from Alabama for offering it.
It is an honor for me to be part of this recognition of the Tuskegee
Airmen, members of the Greatest Generation who fought fascism abroad
and overcame discrimination at home to become one of our Nation's most
successful military units. Their story deserves to be told often, not
just in February, to remind all Americans how far we have come to honor
the many sacrifices made along the way.
I have the privilege of representing four Tuskegee Airmen who reside
in Nebraska's Second Congressional District: Robert Holts, Ralph
Orduna, and Charles Lane, all of Omaha and just south of Omaha in
Bellevue, Harry Tull. Another Airman, Paul Adams, lives in nearby
Lincoln.
I am especially proud to note that Colonel Lane of Omaha was the
youngest black fighter in World War II. His daughter, Karen Davis, is a
longtime member of my congressional staff and she does a wonderful job;
and Colonel Lane can be as proud of her, as we are of him.
I also want to mention Omaha native Alphonza Davis, a graduate of
Omaha Tech High School and Omaha University, who finished first in his
class at Tuskegee and was chosen squadron leader. He was killed in
combat in 1944 while over Germany. Today, the local Tuskegee Airmen
chapter is named in his honor.
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is unfortunately rooted in the
racial segregation that still existed in our country during World War
II. As a result, African Americans who wanted to fly in the military
were trained at a separate location near Tuskegee, Alabama. The
Tuskegee Airmen, or Red Tails as they were called because of the
crimson tails on their aircraft, were the first squadron of African
American combat pilots in the U.S. military. By the end of the war,
nearly 1,000 men had graduated from pilot training at Tuskegee.
Under the command of Colonel Benjamin Davis, Jr., these warriors
fought over North Africa, Sicily and Europe. By the way, Colonel Davis
would go on to be the Air Force's first African American general.
How good were these Tuskegee Airmen? In a book entitled ``Mustang
Aces of the 9th and 15th Air Forces,'' one pilot bomber recalled that
the Tuskegee pilots had earned great respect from the bomber pilots
they protected. Here is a direct quote: ``The Red Tails were always out
there when we wanted them to be,'' he said. ``We had no idea they were
black; it was the Army's best kept secret.''
Today, the Tuskegee Airmen and their record of success is no secret.
Throughout the war, not a single bomber protected by the Red Tails was
ever shot down by enemy aircraft. By the war's end, the Tuskegee Airmen
had flown over 15,000 sorties, completed over 1,500 missions, destroyed
more than 260 enemy aircraft, and more than 1,000 enemy vehicles on the
ground; and been awarded 744 Air Medals, 150 Distinguished Flying
Crosses, 14 Bronze Stars, and 8 Purple Hearts.
Of the estimated 450 who saw combat, 150 lost their lives while on
combat flights or in training, including Colonel Lane's childhood
friend, John Squires.
I join my House colleagues in saluting the Tuskegee Airmen 60 years
after they first donned the Nation's uniform. They have secured their
place in history as American heroes. We are proud of them all. We thank
them for their service to this great country. I thank the gentleman
from Alabama for his work and for this worthy tribute.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman
from New York (Mr. Towns).
(Mr. TOWNS asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. TOWNS. Madam Speaker, many people indicated earlier on that the
blacks did not have the intelligence to be able to be involved in
aviation; and, of course, after a short period of time, they were
proven wrong. I think about some of our great leaders who actually were
a part of the Tuskegee Airmen. I think about Percy Sutton who was a
great leader in the New York area and, of course, has done so many
things for people. I think it came from his involvement with the
Tuskegee Airmen and his being involved in Tuskegee University. Then
Rosco Brown, who was known as one of the world's greatest educators, a
person who headed one of our universities for a period of time; and I
think about how all of them were involved with the Tuskegee Airmen.
So there was no question about it. There were many that were
qualified to do it, and they did a magnificent job. Their performance
was unmatched, and I am so proud that this House today is recognizing
them.
I just want to say to the people who actually brought forth this
resolution, I want to commend them on H. Con.
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Res. 26, because I think the time has come when we recognize the
outstanding work of the Tuskegee Airmen. We should not just do it
during the month of February because, first of all, when we think about
their accomplishments, February is the shortest month of all. That
within itself is sort of selfish. But the point is I think we need to
do it 365 days a year, and if there is a leap year, we need to do it
366 days, because the job that they did and the things that they did on
behalf of this country is something that we should continue to talk
about daily.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my
time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman
from California (Ms. Waters).
Ms. WATERS. Madam Speaker, I thank the gentleman for yielding me this
time, and I thank the gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers) for
introducing this important legislation.
Madam Speaker, as the country celebrates Black History Month, it is
important to take time to honor the Tuskegee Airmen who, despite
significant racism targeted at African Americans, strove to serve their
country and defend its freedoms during World War II.
The story of the Tuskegee Airmen is familiar to many of us. On July
19, 1941, the U.S. Air Force began a program at the Tuskegee Army
Airfield located in Alabama to train black Americans as military
pilots. The program started with only 13 men; but by its conclusion, it
graduated nearly 1,000 men who became the Nation's first black airmen.
Many of the graduates of the Tuskegee program were sent overseas for
combat assignment, either in the 99th Pursuit Squadron or the 332nd
Fighter Group, both of which were honored for their service. In fact,
the 99th Fighter Squadron received two Presidential Unit citations for
outstanding tactical air support in aerial combat, and the 332nd
Fighter Group received one Presidential Unit citation for its longest
bomber escort mission to Berlin, Germany, where they destroyed three
German jet fighters and damaged five additional jet fighters without
losing any of the bombers or any of its own fighter aircraft to enemy
aircraft.
Unfortunately, despite their outstanding service, the Tuskegee Airmen
experienced a great deal of racism. The racism directed at the airmen
came to a head in early 1945 when black officers tried to enter the
Freeman Field Club, an officers' club in Indiana, against direct orders
for them to stay out. Madam Speaker, 103 officers were arrested,
charged with insubordination, and ordered to face court-martial.
Fortunately, the court-martial proceedings were quickly dropped
against 100 of the officers; two officers eventually had their charges
dropped; and one officer, Lieutenant Roger ``Bill'' Terry, was
convicted.
At this moment I would like to recognize my uncle, John Mosely, who
was a Tuskegee Airman and who was recently honored by his community of
Aurora, Colorado. He is one of the leading citizens of that community,
having worked for the Urban League and many other programs. I dedicate
this resolution to him and his wife, Edna Mosely.
Fifty years later, however, at the Tuskegee Airmen National
Convention in Atlanta, Georgia, 15 of the original 103 officers that
were arrested received official notification that their military
records had been purged of any reference to the Freeman Field incident.
Also, Mr. Terry's court martial conviction had been reversed and his
military record cleared. The remaining officers received instruction
for clearing their records.
Madam Speaker, the legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen is not the Freeman
Field incident; instead their legacy is that of serving their country
with distinction which helped the U.S. Armed Forces and the United
States integrate in the years following World War II.
Madam Speaker, I am pleased to support this legislation and urge all
of my colleagues to support it as well.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Madam Speaker, I continue to reserve the
balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman
from Maryland (Mr. Ruppersberger).
(Mr. RUPPERSBERGER asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks.)
{time} 1100
Mr. RUPPERSBERGER. Madam Speaker, today I rise in support of H. Con.
Res. 26, honoring the Tuskegee Airmen and their amazing contributions
during World War II, and their impact in creating an integrated United
States Air Force. I am honored for this opportunity to speak during
Black History Month on this important resolution.
As the first African American combat unit in the Army Air Corps, the
Tuskegee Airmen helped shatter stereotypes by fighting for freedom both
abroad and here at home. Their individual and collective acts of
courage helped pave the way for the desegregation of the Army in 1948.
I would also like to take this opportunity to recognize four members
of the Tuskegee Airmen with ties to the Second Maryland Congressional
District. Alfred L. Woolridge, Gordon T. Boyd, Leroy A. Battle, and
Alfred McKenzie were four individuals with separate lives and
histories. Each brought unique skills to their service and each helped
form this historic group of this Tuskegee Airmen. On behalf of a
grateful Nation, I thank them for their contribution and service.
These gentlemen exemplified the bravery of the legendary Tuskegee
Airmen. They served their country, both on the battlefield and off, and
were valuable members of their Maryland communities.
Madam Speaker, at a time of war with a new generation of service men
and women serving bravely to bring liberty to the oppressed, I think it
is only fitting that we remember these members of the greatest
generation, the Tuskegee Airmen.
Madam Speaker, today I rise in support of H. Con. Res. 417 honoring
the Tuskegee Airmen and their amazing contributions during World War II
and their impact creating an integrated United States Air Force. I am
honored for this opportunity to speak during Black History Month on
this important resolution.
As the first African-American combat unit in the Army Air Corps, the
Tuskegee Airmen helped shatter stereotypes by fighting for freedom both
abroad and here at home. Through their heroism in the skies above North
Africa and Europe, the Airmen demonstrated that African-Americans could
be effective members of the military. Completing over 500 missions
during the war, the Tuskegee Airmen destroyed over 250 enemy aircraft
without losing a single American bomber. Their individual and
collective acts of courage helped pave the way for the desegregation of
the Army in 1948.
I would also like to take this opportunity to recognize four members
of the Tuskegee Airmen with ties to my hometown of Baltimore, Maryland.
Alfred L. Woolridge, Gordon T. Boyd, Leroy A. Battle, and Alfred
McKenzie were four individuals with separate lives and histories. Each
brought unique skills to their service and each helped to form this
historic group of Tuskegee Airmen. I would like to take this
opportunity to speak briefly about each of these incredible men and
share a bit about them with you.
Mr. Alfred L. Woolridge, a Baltimore resident, joined the Tuskegee
Airmen after enlisting in the Army in 1942 and being assigned to the
Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama. A scientist with a master's degree
in chemistry and mathematics, Mr. Woolridge worked as an aircraft
engineering officer ensuring that the planes were safe to fly every
morning. After leaving the Army in 1946, Mr. Woolridge worked as an
analytical chemist in Maryland until 1974. He remained an active member
of his Baltimore community until his death in March of 1998.
After being inducted into the Army Air Corps during World War II, Mr.
Gordon T. Boyd Jr. became a bombardier and a navigator. He joined the
Tuskegee Airmen after being assigned to the Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama. Mr. Boyd ascended to the rank of first Lieutenant and is
credited with helping newer cadets adjust to military life. After being
honorably discharged in 1946, Mr. Boyd worked as a management
specialist for the U.S. Census bureau until his retirement in 1979.
Before his death on May 5, 1995, Mr. Boyd became a charter member of
the East Coast Chapter D.C. Tuskegee Airmen Inc.
Mr. Leroy A. Battle was a jazz musician who played with Billie
Holliday before he was drafted into the Army in 1943. He volunteered to
join the Tuskegee Airmen and soon became a bombardier and a navigator.
On April 5, 1945, Mr. Battle along with 100 other airmen, defied orders
by attempting to desegregate the officer's club at Freeman Field in
Seymour, Indiana. The Freeman Field Incident played an important role
in African-American attempts to combat racism in the Armed Forces and
eventually paved the way for President Truman's order to desegregate
the Army in 1948. After
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being honorably discharged from the Army, Mr. Battle spent 29 years
teaching before retiring in 1978. He continues to be an active member
of this community by speaking out about his experiences as a Tuskegee
Airman.
Mr. Alfred McKenzie joined the Tuskegee Airmen after being drafted
into the Army in 1942. After completing advanced training, Mr. McKenzie
became a B-25 pilot. He was sent to Freeman Field in Indiana where he
later joined Mr. Battle and 100 other airmen in attempting to
desegregate the officer's club. After World War II ended, Mr. McKenzie
continued to fight for the cause of civil rights. After being passed
over for a promotion numerous times at the Government Printing Office,
McKenzie filed a class action law suit. The suit resulted in an order
to end discrimination in promotions and a $2.4 million award back pay
to over 300 people. He continued to work for various civil rights
causes until his death on March 30, 1998.
These gentlemen exemplified the bravery of the legendary Tuskegee
Airmen. They served their country both on the battlefield and off and
were valued members of their Maryland communities. Mr. Speaker, at a
time of war, with a new generation of servicemen and women serving
bravely to bring liberty to the oppressed, I think it is only fitting
that we remember these members of the Greatest Generation--the Tuskegee
Airmen.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield 1\1/2\ minutes to the gentleman
from Missouri (Mr. Cleaver).
Mr. CLEAVER. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of House Concurrent
Resolution 26, honoring the Tuskegee Airmen.
When Tuskegee's first school officially opened on July 4, 1881,
Booker T. Washington became the first principal and was the first of
many magnificent leaders of that institution.
Due to the rigid racial segregation in the United States during World
War II, over 966 black military aviators were trained. And one of those
men, I am proud to say, was my father's older brother, my uncle, LeRoy
Cleaver, Jr., of Wichita Falls, Texas.
My uncle and others served here at home, in North Africa, Sicily, and
Europe. They proved that they were not only some of the Air Force's
best men but the military's best men.
On October 9, 1943, Tuskegee's 99th Pursuit Squadron was paired with
the all-white 79th Fighter Group. These groups were integrated and no
longer restricted to being escorts; instead, they were assigned to the
highly hazardous duty of bombing key German strongholds.
Tuskegee Airmen destroyed over 1,000 Germany aircraft and received
some of our Nation's most prestigious military honors, including 150
Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, eight Purple Hearts, and
14 Bronze Stars; and they never lost a single ship.
On February 2, 1948, President Harry Truman of my district in
Missouri did what no previous President had dared. He announced
courageously in a special message to Congress that he had ``instructed
the Secretary of Defense to take steps to have the remaining instances
of discrimination in the armed services eliminated as rapidly as
possible.''
Even in the dark and demeaning dungeons of discrimination, the
Tuskegee Airmen served with dignity.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, how much time is remaining?
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Latham). The gentleman from Alabama (Mr.
Rogers) has 9\1/2\ minutes remaining. The gentleman from North Carolina
(Mr. Butterfield) has 6\1/2\ minutes remaining.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the
gentleman from North Carolina (Mr. Butterfield) for purposes of
control.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from
Georgia (Mr. Bishop).
(Mr. BISHOP of Georgia asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. BISHOP of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in honor of the
courageous men of the 332nd Fighting Group, the Tuskegee Airmen.
In 1940, Charles ``Chief'' Anderson led a cadre of instructors to
train an extraordinary group of African American young men led by
General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. After enduring months of training, these
men defied their critics and earned their wings to become the 99th
Pursuit Squadron and would later form the 332nd Fighter Group.
The 332nd was based out of North Africa and flew combat missions over
Italy. Most notable, on the 4th of July 1943, the New York Times
reported from North Africa that ``An American Negro fighting squadron
escorting bombers yesterday over Sicily destroyed a Focke-Wulfe 190 to
score the formation's first victory.'' In combat over Europe, the
Tuskegee Airmen shot down or damaged more than 400 German aircraft,
winning 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses and 744 Air Medals. The 332nd
was the only escort group in the U.S. Army Air Force never to lose a
bomber. Their record is as remarkable as it is renowned.
The men of the 332nd were both warriors and patriots who fought for
equality and liberty at home and abroad.
I was blessed to know several of the early Tuskegee Airmen, including
my neighbor growing up, Mr. William Gordon, Sr., a pilot, an educator,
a mentor and a distinguished businessman.
It is altogether fitting that we remember them together during Black
History Month and as our young men and women of the Air Force support
the global war on terror through the Air Force's global reach and
presence.
Today, I am proud that we salute the Tuskegee Airmen, American
heroes, for their courageous and distinguished service to this great
Nation.
Mr. Speaker, I rise today in honor of the courageous men of the 332nd
Fighter Group, the Tuskegee Airmen.
In 1940, Charles ``Chief'' Anderson, a self-taught pilot, went to the
Tuskegee Institute to train black pilots. He was the lead instructor of
an extraordinary group of African American young men led by General
Benjamin O. Davis Jr. After enduring months of training, these men
defied their critics and earned their wings to become the 99th Pursuit
Squadron. The president of Tuskegee tried to persuade the U.S. War
Department to use its airmen as combat pilots as World II loomed, but
the Army resisted, alleging that African Americans lacked the
intelligence and discipline to fly airplanes. A turning point came in
1931 when the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, visited Tuskegee and went
on an aerial tour with Chief Anderson.
Months later, the 99th Pursuit Squadron, based out of North Africa,
was flying combat missions over Italy. In their first escort mission,
the 38 fighters of the 99th held off more than 100 German attackers. On
the 4th of July 1943, the New York Times ran this article from the
Allied Headquarters, in North Africa; an American Negro fighter
squadron escorting bombers yesterday over Sicily destroyed a Focke-
Wulfe 190 to score the formations first victory. General Dwight D.
Eisenhower was on the airfield to congratulate First Lieutenant Charles
Hall of the 99th Pursuit Squadron when he returned after shooting down
the plane. In perhaps their most spectacular mission, then Colonel
Davis led the Tuskegee Airmen on a 1,600-mile escort mission to Berlin.
Until that day, the Allies had shot down only two of the new German jet
fighters. But on that day alone, Colonel Davis and his Tuskegee Airmen
downed three. In combat over Europe, the Tuskegee Airmen shot down or
damaged more than 400 German aircraft, winning 150 Distinguished Flying
Crosses and 744 Air Medals. The 332nd Fighter Group was the only escort
group of the U.S. Army Air Forces never to lose a bomber. Their record
is as remarkable as it is renowned.
The men of the 99th were both warriors and patriots who fought for
equality and liberty at home and abroad. I was blessed to know several
of the early Tuskegee Airmen, including my childhood neighbor, Mr.
William Gordon, Sr., a pilot, an educator and a distinguished business
man. It is fitting that we remember them today as our young men and
women of the Air Force support the Global War on Terror throughout the
Air Force's global reach and presence.
Today, I salute the Tuskegee Airmen, American heroes, for their
courageous and distinguished service to this great nation.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from
Alabama (Mr. Davis).
Mr. DAVIS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman from North
Carolina (Mr. Butterfield) for yielding me time.
Let me begin by thanking my good friend, the gentleman from the State
of Alabama (Mr. Rogers). We are both Alabama native sons. What a
testament to the Tuskegee Airmen that today a white Alabamian and a
black Alabamian stand here to pay tribute to their remarkable work.
So much has been said about their remarkable accomplishments, and I
will not repeat any of that, but something needs to be said about the
origins of these men.
[[Page H427]]
When they were born every single one of them was born in a segregated
society that was dedicated to the proposition that men and women are
unequal and created unequally. When every single one of these men was
born, they lived in a world that doubted their value, that doubted
their worth, that doubted their potential to contribute to this
country, and yet they rose above it. They worked and practiced in an
Army, for that matter, that was segregated. Yet they somehow rose above
it.
There are young men and women who are listening to us right now, Mr.
Speaker, and I hope that they will take this lesson from our standing
here and saluting these airmen today: That even if you are born in a
condition and climate that holds you back, even if you are born in
conditions of the inner city and rural parts of the South that would
seem to tell you what you cannot do, look up to the Tuskegee Airmen,
because they are an example of human beings rising to their highest
potential against all kinds of odds.
I close, Mr. Speaker, simply by saying again, as a son of Alabama,
that this is the progress that our State has made. When the history of
the last century is finally written and the history of human progress
is written, let it be said that these brave men came to my State of
Alabama to learn about serving their country and that they learned a
talent that helped keep our country free. May we draw some inspiration
from that.
I thank all of the outstanding Members who have spoken on this bill
today.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman
from Texas (Ms. Jackson-Lee).
(Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas asked and was given permission to revise
and extend her remarks.)
Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I thank the distinguished
gentleman from North Carolina (Mr. Butterfield) for yielding me time,
and I thank the sponsoring Member, the gentleman from Alabama (Mr.
Rogers) for his kindness.
Mr. Speaker, I was introduced to the Tuskegee Airmen through my
father in law, Phillip F. Lee, who spent many hours and many moments
with the family telling us about not only the history, but the
compassion and the character of these brave men.
Might I say that although we applaud the United States military for
being one of the first institutions in the United States to integrate
its services and its forces, let me try to paint for you very briefly
the kind of atmosphere that these young black men entered into.
It was an enormously segregated America, an America that had recently
come through a challenging depression, and an armed services that did
not confront them or view them as equal, yet with dignity in uniform
they stood strong. They loved their country, and they trained young
airmen who later became generals of our Armed Forces.
They were known in World War II to be the battalion that never turned
back. They joined their colleagues, irrespective of their color. They
went after those who needed to be saved and they did it with valor.
Even though they came back to the Nation as second-class citizens, they
always lived their lives as Tuskegee Airmen.
I salute the city of Tuskegee and I salute Alabama for hosting these
young families. My mother-in-law lived, of course, as a young bride in
Tuskegee, Alabama. It was that charitable atmosphere, of course, for
those young men that allowed them to be able to train and to be
excellent.
So today I rise with my colleagues to support and applaud this
resolution and to be able to say that we together now in a bipartisan
manner and, of course, with all of our diversity and our appreciation
for what America really stands for, we stand here today on February 9,
2005, united as an America that loves its United States military, but
we will never forget the brave men who, against all odds, stood as
regal Tuskegee Airmen, making a difference in this valiant effort.
Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers) for
allowing us the opportunity to debate this, but more importantly, for
cementing the history at this very important time.
Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support of the resolution currently on
the floor under suspension of the rules, H. Con. Res. 26. This bill was
introduced by our colleague from Alabama, Mr. Rogers, and the Committee
on Armed Services and honors the heroic and renowned Tuskegee Airmen
for their sacrifices in World War II as well as for their contribution
to the Civil Rights movement.
I joined our colleague from Nevada, Mr. Porter, to speak about his
resolution, H. Con. Res. 417, that honored the Tuskegee Airmen and
their contribution in creating an integrated United States Air Force.
At the time we supported that resolution, this Nation dealt with a very
serious human rights crisis that was partially perpetrated by our own
military personnel in the Iraq region. However, the Tuskegee Airmen
represented a positive example of a respect for human rights as well as
civil rights at the highest level.
Five members of the Tuskegee Airmen group visited middle and high
school students at the M. O. Campbell Educational Center in Houston's
Aldine Independent School District in conjunction with the ``Wings Over
Houston Air Show.'' That event left an indelible mark on the youths of
Houston who look up to our men and women in uniform.
Lt. Col. Lee Archer, Lt. Col. Charles McGee, Dr. Roscoe C. Brown,
Jr., Lt. Col. Herbert ``Gene'' Carter and George Watson, Sr. visited
with Leadership Officer Training Corps (LOTC) and Junior Reserve
Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) students to talk about their roles as
pilots and ground support personnel during World War II and how their
presence in the armed forces helped to break down racial barriers for
those who came after them. One of the things that stood out was a
question that Lt. Col. Charles McGee posed before leaving the students:
``Think about this, you are going to be responsible for what happens in
this country for the next 15 or so years . . . What will you contribute
to it?''
I highlighted this question because it is very applicable to the
current situation that we face in Abu Ghraib. We must be accountable
for the way we treat our brothers as well as our foreign neighbors. The
human rights element of the civil rights struggle for African Americans
can be used to guide our actions today in Iraq and every day. Because
of the fortitude and commitment shown by the Tuskegee Airmen, our Armed
Forces have the talent and skill that allows us to sleep at night
knowing that we are in the most capable hands.
A program began on July 19, 1941, in Alabama to train black Americans
as military pilots. Flight training was conducted by the Division of
Aeronautics of Tuskegee Institute, the famed school of learning founded
by Booker T. Washington in 1881. Once a cadet completed primary
training at Tuskegee's Moton Field, he was sent to nearby Tuskegee Army
Air Field for completion of flight training and for transition to
combat type aircraft. The first classes of Tuskegee airmen were trained
to be fighter pilots for the famous 99th Fighter Squadron, slated for
combat duty in North Africa. Additional pilots were assigned to the
332d Fighter Group which flew combat along with the 99th Squadron from
bases in Italy.
In September 1943, a twin-engine training program was begun at
Tuskegee to provide bomber pilots. However, World War II ended before
these men were able to get into combat. By the end of the war, 992 men
had graduated from pilot training at Tuskegee. 450 of these men were
sent overseas for combat assignment. Approximately 150 lost their lives
while in training or on combat flights. More men were trained at
Tuskegee for aircrew and ground crew duties--flight engineers, gunners,
mechanics, and armorers.
Mr. Speaker, as we move forward in the international fight against
terrorism, the spirit and tenacity of the Tuskegee Airmen must inspire
us to fight terror together as a team. The team must be comprised of
all of our international neighbors. I support this resolution and am
honored to share these words.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the
gentleman from North Carolina (Mr. Butterfield) for purposes of
control.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from
the State of Georgia (Mr. Barrow).
Mr. BARROW. Mr. Speaker, I rise this afternoon to speak of bravery,
of courage, and of a war that was fought on two fronts, at home and
abroad.
Over 60 years ago America was at war with totalitarianism and fascist
forces spreading across Europe and the Pacific. And here at home, our
country was training and building an army to answer the call, an army
with a history of excluding African Americans from aviation training.
That was the case until just 3 months after the attack on Pearl
Harbor, when a class of five aviation candidates finished training at
the Tuskegee Army Airfield on the campus of the Tuskegee
[[Page H428]]
Institute in Alabama, soon becoming the Nation's first African American
fighter pilots. They were George S. Roberts, Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.,
Charles H. BeBow, Jr., Mac Ross, and Lemuel R. Custis.
These were the original five Tuskegee Airmen, pilots who entered into
combat at a critical part of the war and was instrumental in helping to
turn the tide.
Between 1941 and 1945, over 1,000 aviators trained at the Tuskegee
Army Airfield. Together, fighting alongside hundreds of thousands of
their fellow citizens, they helped defeat the threat of fascism,
proving that America is strongest when they are not divided by bigotry,
prejudice, or racism.
The military record of these distinguished airmen speaks for itself,
15,500 missions completed, 260 enemy aircraft destroyed, one enemy
destroyer sunk, an unprecedented record of flying more than 200 bomber
escort missions without the loss of a single bomber to enemy aircraft.
The Tuskegee Airmen returned home with Distinguished Flying Crosses,
Legions of Merit, Purple Hearts and Silver Stars, but beyond the medals
and accolades, these men paved the way to an important and long-overdue
victory, the full integration of the U.S. military. That is the lesson
of the Tuskegee Airmen, that love of country, skill, and daring are
qualities that transcend race or skin color.
Today, as we face new threats from abroad, let us learn from the
courage and example set by the Tuskegee Airmen. Let us recommit
ourselves to putting old and inexcusable divisions behind us. America's
strength lies in our unity, and to move forward, we must work together
as one nation, whether it be on foreign battlefields or in our local
communities.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may
consume to the gentleman from Texas (Mr. Burgess.)
Mr. BURGESS. Mr. Speaker, I also want to make a few remarks on this
legislation before us, the Tuskegee Airmen Act, and I want to speak on
that because this is so personal to me. My mayor of Highland Village,
Texas, a city that is central to my district, my mayor, Bill Lawrence,
is the son of one of the original Tuskegee Airmen.
Today, I will be happy to vote for this legislation honoring a proud
group of African American heroes of World War II. The House of
Representatives should pass H. Con. Res. 26 to honor the Tuskegee
Airmen for their bravery in fighting for our freedom in World War II
and for their contribution in creating an integrated U.S. Air Force.
The Tuskegee Airmen are the fighter pilots of the 99th Pursuit
Squadron, which was later incorporated into the 332nd Fighter Group,
who fought during World War II in the U.S. Army Air Corps and were
trained at Tuskegee Army Field in Tuskegee, Alabama. No better time
exists than during Black History Month to put forth such outstanding
legislation.
Mr. Speaker, 2 weeks ago, I was in the country of Iraq and, in fact,
visited with the current 332nd Fighter Group, the original Tuskegee
Airmen; and there is a mural honoring their proud heritage displayed at
their base.
This group is so important to our current activity in Iraq, this is
the group at Blaad Air Force Base that transfers injured soldiers from
the field in stable intensive care environments back to Ramstein,
Germany, and then back to the United States. This outstanding group of
men and women serving today have transferred over 19,000 patients with
only one intertransfer death, truly an outstanding record.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers) has
3\1/2\ minutes remaining. The gentleman from North Carolina (Mr.
Butterfield) has 4\1/2\ minutes remaining.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. BUTTERFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may
consume.
Mr. Speaker, I want to first of all thank the gentleman from Alabama
(Mr. Rogers) for bringing forward this resolution and for sharing his
time during this debate and discussion today.
Mr. Speaker, of the Tuskegee Airmen deserve every accolade that this
body can possibly extend. I want to say to the Tuskegee Airmen, if you
are watching this by television, to the families of the Tuskegee
Airmen, this country owes to each of you a great, great debt of
gratitude.
{time} 1115
May God continue to bless each one of you and may God bless your
families.
Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.
announcement by the speaker pro tempore
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Latham). The gentleman is reminded to
address his comments to the Chair rather than the viewing audience.
MR. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I would also like to thank the
gentleman from North Carolina for his participation and the kind words
from all of those who spoke here today about this very important
recognition.
Mr. LARSON of Connecticut. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of H.
Con. Res. 26 to honor and pay tribute to the valiant efforts of the
Tuskegee Airmen of World War II, who defended the freedom of the United
States and the World while breaking down the racial barriers of the
U.S. military.
In the midst of World War II, the U.S. Army Air Corps began a program
to expand the role of African Americans in the military. In July 1941,
13 men started the first aviation cadet class at Tuskegee Army Field in
Tuskegee, Alabama. After 9 months of vigorous flight training, five men
successfully completed the program and graduated from the Tuskegee
Flying School. These five airmen included Captain Lemuel R. Custis of
my home State of Connecticut, who went on to become one of the first
members of the 99th Fighter Squadron. The United States sent the 99th
Fighter Squadron to North Africa and later Europe, where the Tuskegee
Airmen proved to be valuable to the Allied Forces. By the end of the
war, 992 men had graduated from pilot training at Tuskegee, of which,
450 were assigned to combat oversea. In total, the Tuskegee Airmen of
the 99th, 100th, 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons distinguished
themselves with 1,578 missions. The 332nd earned a Presidential Unit
Citation for ``outstanding courage, aggressiveness, and combat
technique'' while escorting heavy bombers over Germany.
Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to join me today in honoring the
outstanding record of the Tuskegee Airmen who proudly defended our
Nation and paved the way for full integration of the U.S. military.
Their achievements and bravery represent the best qualities of America,
and we all owe them our appreciation for their valiant contribution to
this county.
Mr. PORTER. Mr. Speaker, the storied history of our Nation's Armed
Forces was written by the great men and women who served our country
with honor and bravery.
Among the most courageous was a group of men who defied both fascism
abroad and racism at home while establishing a record as one of the
most successful fighting units in American history.
Mr. Speaker, in the 108th Congress I was honored to sponsor House
Concurrent Resolution 417 honoring the Tuskegee Airmen and I am again
delighted to stand here today in support of House Concurrent Resolution
26 honoring the Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery and sacrifice.
My first experience with the Tuskegee Airmen occurred through one of
my former staff members, Traci Scott. Her father, Captain Jesse H.
Scott was an original member of the Airmen and was so eager to join
that he even lied about his age to be accepted into the Tuskegee
Airmen.
I also had the opportunity to meet with Mr. George Sherman, a former
Tuskegee Airman that currently resides in Las Vegas. I was privileged
to hear first hand accounts and see photos that provided a glimpse of
what it must have been like to be a Tuskegee Airman.
The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of dedicated and determined young
men who enlisted to become America's first African-American airmen.
These airmen were trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Tuskegee,
Alabama beginning in 1941.
The airmen trained at Tuskegee received two Presidential Unit
Citations for outstanding tactical air support and aerial combat, and
they established the incredible and unprecedented record of flying more
than 200 bomber escort missions without the loss of a single bomber to
enemy aircraft.
I encourage my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to join me in
recognizing the accomplishments of this unique group of American
heroes.
As our nation engages in combating terrorism around the world, we
rely upon the global reach and presence provided by our Air Force. The
example set by the Tuskegee Airmen encouraged millions of Americans of
every race to pursue careers in air and space technology. The Tuskegee
Airmen proved that
[[Page H429]]
skill and determination, not skin color, are the determining factors in
aviation.
As we celebrate Black History Month this February, it is important
that we remember not just the historical circumstances that divided our
nation, but we must also remember those individuals that helped push
the Civil Rights Movement forward. We are forever indebted to those men
who silently risked their lives to protect a country that, at the time,
did not necessarily appreciate, nor recognize, their brave sacrifice.
Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN. Mr. Speaker, I am honored and grateful for the
opportunity today to recognize the inspirational challenges that the
Tuskegee Airmen courageously embraced and surmounted as the first
African-American pilots in our Nation's distinguished Armed Forces.
I commend my colleague, Mike Rogers, for introducing H. Con. Res. 26,
that recognizes the invaluable contributions that these valiant men
made to our country and the significant example that they continue to
offer us today.
An illustrious group of men who served the United States with honor
and bravery, the Tuskegee Airmen defied both fascism abroad and racism
at home, as they proved determined to defend our families, communities,
and Nation as a whole throughout the course of the Second World War.
As the only unit ever to secure the impressive and unprecedented
record of flying over 200 escort missions without the loss of a single
bomber aircraft to the enemy, the Tuskegee Airmen confirmed, without a
doubt, that skill and determination, not skin color, are the
determining factors not only in aviation, but in anything we endeavor
to achieve yesterday and today.
The example set by these individuals encouraged millions of Americans
of every race to pursue careers in air and space technology.
But it extends even further then this.
The extraordinary feat of the Tuskegee Airmen to overcome segregation
and prejudice to go on and become one of the most highly respected
fighter groups of World War II established the possibility for all
Americans--despite race, culture, religion or gender--to achieve their
own dreams and aspirations.
Their courage to confront the constraints of American society
contributed to the courage of others to confront the dangers of the
war, and today continues to contribute to the courage of Americans to
persevere and succeed in the face of adversity and hardships.
Once again, I express my utmost sincere gratitude and admiration for
the courage of the Tuskegee Airmen and hope that our colleagues here
today will join in this much deserved recognition of their sacrifices
and contribution.
Mr. CUMMINGS. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor the Tuskegee Airmen
for their bravery and for their patriotism. The Tuskegee Airmen blazed
trails as they grazed the clouds high above the Mediterranean. They
fought on the frontlines of two wars simultaneously, and they were
victorious in both. These pilots, navigators, and bombardiers helped
save Europe from the murderous clutch of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.
They also won a crucial battle in the war for racial equality in
America.
The first African American air squadron, the Tuskegee Airmen were an
elite flight unit, known as the Red Tail Angels and as the Black Bird
Men. These fearless fighter pilots flew in 15,500 missions and
destroyed over 260 German aircraft. They were awarded for their
``extraordinary heroism'' with 850 medals, including numerous purple
hearts and silver stars.
Mr. Speaker, the Tuskegee Airmen flew under the leadership of a great
man, Ben Davis, Jr. Ben Davis knew he wanted to fight for his country
and he knew he wanted to fly. A passionate pilot, Ben Davis, Jr. made
sacrifices for his dreams. When he set his mind on attending West
Point, he was told that he would face discrimination there. Undeterred,
he decided to attend the prestigious academy anyway. Throughout his
time at the famed school, he was forced to live by himself and eat
alone.
But, Mr. Speaker, for Ben Davis, the sacrifices were worth it. As
commander of the Airmen, he never lost a single Bomber to enemy fire.
He became the first African American to hold the title of Major General
and Lieutenant General of the Armed Forces.
Mr. Speaker, when Ben Davis and the Tuskegee Airmen alighted from
their planes at the end of World War II, they returned to America as
heroes on two counts. Not only had they helped to ensure the defeat of
tyranny overseas, but they had won a decisive battle for racial
equality at home. These men were an inspiration for generations of
aspiring black soldiers. They should serve as models to the many
soldiers fighting bravely and proudly in Afghanistan and Iraq today.
Mr. TURNER. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in strong support of H. Con.
Res. 26, honoring the Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery in fighting for
our freedom in World War II, and for their contribution in creating an
integrated United States Air Force. I thank my friend and colleague,
Mike Rogers of Alabama, for introducing this legislation.
Dayton, OH, which I am proud to represent in Congress is the home of
the pioneers Orville and Wilbur Wright, and is the birthplace of
aviation. The Wright Brothers were pioneers of flight, as were the
Tuskegee Airmen. But before they could fly, the Tuskegee Airmen had to
overcome racial prejudice and segregation. And overcome they did. These
brave Americans went on to become one of the most respected fighting
units of World War II. Nicknamed the ``Red Tails'' because of the red
tail markings on their aircraft, the tenacious bomber escort cover
provided by the Tuskegee Airmen often discouraged enemy fighter pilots
from attacking bombers they escorted.
The Tuskegee Airmen passed on the lessons they learned in flight to
those who came after them: between 1941 and 1945, the Tuskegee Airmen
trained over 1,000 black aviators for the war effort. The bravery and
dedication of these airmen can be appreciated by their enviable service
record of over 15,500 missions, in which over 260 enemy aircraft were
destroyed, one enemy destroyer was sunk, and numerous enemy
installations were damaged. The Tuskegee Airmen served with distinction
and earned over 850 medals and throughout their storied history, the
Airmen did not lose a single bomber to enemy fire in more than 200
combat missions--a record that is unmatched by any other fighter group.
There is a local chapter of an organization named for the Tuskegee
Airmen at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio: The Mac Ross
Chapter of Tuskegee Airmen. The chapter is named after Mac Ross, a
Dayton native, and one of the first five African-American airmen to
become Air Corps pilots in 1942. It serves as a reminder to all of us
of the heroic tale of these airmen who fought in a world war, and at
home, for freedom.
As a proud Daytonian, I am pleased to join my colleagues in honoring
the Tuskegee Airmen, pioneers who braved prejudice at home and combat
abroad and as a result did their part in winning World War II and
creating an integrated Air Force.
Mrs. JONES of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to express my support
for H. Con. Res. 26, Honoring the Contributions of the Tuskegee Airmen.
The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of dedicated and determined young
men who enlisted to become America's first African-American Airmen and
earned their silver wings to become the Nation's first Black military
pilots in March of 1942. I would like to recognize Tuskegee Airmen
Richard Enty, Charles McGee, and Eugene Guyton who were born in
Cleveland, OH, and were among the most admired and respected African-
American pilots in the country. As we celebrate Black History Month, it
is only proper to remember the courageous and historic accomplishments
of these brave pilots.
The military selected Tuskegee Institute to train pilots because of
its commitment to aeronautical training, and between 1941 and 1945,
trained over 1,000 Black aviators for the war effort. The Tuskegee
Airmen, under the command of COL Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., flew
successful missions over Sicily, the Mediterranean, and North Africa.
The Airmen completed 15,500 missions, destroyed over 260 enemy
aircraft, sank one enemy destroyer, and demolished numerous enemy
installations. In addition, these brave pilots destroyed more than
1,000 German aircraft while accumulating an unprecedented record of
flying more than 200 bomber escort missions over central and southern
Europe without the loss of a single bomber to enemy aircraft. Over the
course of World War II, the Tuskegee Airmen returned home with some of
our Nation's highest military honors including 150 Distinguished Flying
Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8 Purple Hearts, and 14 Bronze Stars.
The accomplishments of the Tuskegee Airmen proved that they were
highly disciplined and capable fighters, and through their example,
millions of Americans of every race were encouraged to pursue careers
in air and space technology.
Mr. Speaker, I reiterate my strong support for H. Con. Res. 26.
Mr. SERRANO. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of the concurrent
resolution honoring the Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery in fighting
for our freedom in World War II, and for their contribution to creating
an integrated U.S. Air Force.
The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African Americans to be trained by
the U.S. Military to be pilots in the U.S. Army Air Corps. Due to the
rigid pattern of racial segregation that prevailed in the United States
during World War II, Black military aviators were forced to serve in
segregated units and not allowed to train or fight alongside their
white countrymen. Despite initial obstacles, 445 went oversees as
combat pilots in the Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean. Flying
``bomber escort'' and ground
[[Page H430]]
attack missions on 15,533 sorties and 1578 missions between May, 1943
and June 9, 1945, the Tuskegee Airmen compiled the enviable Air Force
record wherein none of the bombers they escorted was lost to enemy
fighters, they destroyed 251 enemy aircraft and won more than 850
medals. Their record was not withont losses, however, with 32 POWs and
66 Tuskegee Airmen killed in action.
Mr. Speaker, we all remember President Kennedy's famous call to all
Americans: ``Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can
do for your country.'' Some 20 years earlier this group of brave
soldiers went above and beyond that call in fighting for a country that
at the time refused to fight for them. Their heroism on the battlefield
not only helped to defeat oppression in Europe but also helped to push
their own nation to confront its crimes of oppression.
The Tuskegee airmen also known as the ``Red Tails'', because of the
bright red spinners and tails they painted on their planes, are
national heroes and therefore deserve the thanks and gratitude of this
nation. I ask my colleagues to join me in honoring the Tuskegee Airmen.
Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of H. Con. Res. 26,
honoring the Tuskegee Airmen, a courageous and pioneering group of
Americans who are appropriately being remembered, and their
contribution celebrated, today by the House of Representatives.
Before 1940, African-Americans were barred from flying for the U.S.
military. However, the great threat posed by the Nazi's, and the
demands of Black Americans for full citizenship, including the right to
fight for their country as patriots, persuaded the American Government
to provide an opportunity for African-Americans to serve, even though
in segregated units.
Soon, hundreds of young men from around the country were signing up
to become Airmen in the 332nd, the Black-only air wing created for
them. Barred from restaurants, theaters, and libraries in their
hometowns, these young men found in the skies the freedom that eluded
them on land.
The Tuskegee Airmen overcame segregation and prejudice to become one
of the most highly respected fighter groups of World War II. In so
doing, they brought the racist conceptions of their time crashing to
the ground.
Under the able command of COL Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., who himself
became the first African-American Air Force General, the Airmen of the
332nd established themselves over the skies of Sicily, the
Mediterranean, and North Africa, fighting and dying for freedom just as
their white brethren.
The Germans feared and respected the 332nd, referring to them as the
Black Birdmen. Their respect was warranted. The Airmen completed 15,500
missions, destroyed 260 enemy aircraft, sank one enemy destroyer, and
demolished numerous enemy installations.
They were also known as the ``Red Tail Angels'' by American bomber
crews because of the red paint on their planes' tails, and the
outstanding aerial protection they provided to these crews. Indeed, the
Tuskegee Airmen would have the WWII distinction of never losing a
bomber under their escort, despite flying in some of the enemies' most
heavily defended areas.
Through their World War II service, the Airmen would earn 150
Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8 Purple Hearts, and 14
Bronze Stars. At the war's end they had not only helped to defeat the
Germans, they helped to set in motion the eventual desegregation of the
Armed Services a few years later--the first real victory of the civil
rights movement.
The Tuskegee Airmen belong to a group of African-American military
heroes whose belief in themselves, and in their country, gave them the
strength to overcome incredible obstacles and reach unprecedented
heights. In so doing they have given hope and pride to the generations
that have followed them. They also gave hope to a young kid from
Harlem, as he set out to fight in Korea. The example they left served
me well in that war, and in life.
I would personally like to honor three individuals from the 15th
district of New York: Percy Sutton, Roscoe Brown, and Lee Archer. They
all served their country as Tuskegee Airmen, and they have all gone on
to make tremendous contributions to the community of Harlem.
I sincerely thank Congressman Rogers for this resolution because the
Tuskegee Airmen are a group especially deserving of our praise. John F.
Kennedy once said that, ``A nation reveals itself not only by the men
it produces, but also the men it honors, the men it remembers.'' The
Tuskegee Airmen are products of America. We honor them to today, and we
will remember them forever.
Mr. CLEAVER. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of House Concurrent
Resolution 26 honoring the Tuskegee Airmen.
When Tuskegee's first school officially opened on July 4, 1881,
Booker T. Washington became the first principal and was the first of
many Tuskegee leaders. Due to the rigid racial segregation in the
United States during World War II, over 966 Black military aviators
were trained at Tuskegee. One of these men, I am proud to say, was my
uncle, the Reverend LeRoy Cleaver, Jr.
My Uncle LeRoy and others serving in North Africa, Sicily, and Europe
proved that they were not only some of the Air Force's best men, but
the Military's best men.
On October 9, 1943, Tuskegee's 99th Pursuit Squadron was paired with
the all-White 79th Fighter Group. These groups were integrated and no
longer restricted to being escorts; instead, they were assigned to the
hugely hazardous duty of bombing key German strongholds.
Tuskegee Airmen destroyed over 1,000 German aircraft and received
some of our Nation's most prestigious military honors, including: 150
Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8 Purple Hearts, and 14
Bronze Stars.
In January 1948, President Harry S. Truman, favorite son of
Independence, Missouri and Missouri's Fifth District, decided to end
segregation in the Armed Forces and civil service, due in part to the
tremendous successes of groups like the Tuskegee Airmen. President
Truman issued Executive Order 9981, calling for ``all persons in armed
services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.''
On February 2, 1948, President Truman did what no previous President
had dared, he announced, courageously, in a special message to
Congress, that he had ``instructed the Secretary of Defense to take
steps to have the remaining instances of discrimination in the armed
services eliminated as rapidly as possible.''
The Tuskegee Airmen helped our Nation walk forward toward equality.
Today, we honor them, including my Uncle Reverend LeRoy Cleaver, Jr.,
because they remain among the best advocates, soldiers, and examples in
our Nation's history in that noble pursuit.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, I have no further requests for
time, and I yield back the balance of my time.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The question is on the motion offered by the
gentleman from Alabama (Mr. Rogers) that the House suspend the rules
and agree to the concurrent resolution, H. Con. Res. 26.
The question was taken.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. In the opinion of the Chair, two-thirds of
those present have voted in the affirmative.
Mr. ROGERS of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, on that I demand the yeas and
nays.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to clause 8 of rule XX and the
Chair's prior announcement, further proceedings on this motion will be
postponed.
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