[Congressional Record Volume 149, Number 41 (Thursday, March 13, 2003)]
[Senate]
[Pages S3701-S3704]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                   AMERICAN VALUES AND WAR WITH IRAQ

  Mr. KENNEDY. Madam President, the true greatness of America lies in 
the values we share as a nation.
  From America's beginning, we shared a passionate concern for the 
rights and the well-being of each individual--a concern stated 
eloquently in our founding documents, the Declaration of Independence, 
the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
  From our immigrant roots, we learned not only to tolerate others 
whose appearance, religion, and culture are different from our own, but 
to respect and welcome them, and to recognize our diversity as a source 
of great strength.
  From our religious faith and our sense of community, we gained an 
understanding of the importance of fairness and compassion for the less 
fortunate.
  In the same way that parents try to build a better life for their 
children, each generation of Americans has tried to leave a more just 
society to the next. We all know that our history includes periods when 
grave injustices were tolerated. Those dark periods in our national 
history teach us lessons we must never forget. But we have battled 
fiercely to overcome injustice, and we are a better nation for our 
willingness to fight those battles.
  Our most deeply held national values are rooted in our pursuit of 
justice for all. It urges us to ensure fair treatment for each person, 
to extend help to those in need, and to create opportunity for each 
individual to advance. Those are among the most important yardsticks by 
which we measure our success in building ``a more perfect union.''
  Now as we consider the prospect of war with Iraq, many of us have 
serious questions about whether current national policy reflects 
America's values.
  We owe it to the brave men and women of our armed forces to ensure 
that we are embarked on a just war--that the sacrifice we ask of them 
is for a cause that reflects America's basic values.
  Our men and women in uniform are working and training hard for the 
serious challenges before them. They are living in the desert, enduring 
harsh conditions, and contemplating the horrors of the approaching war.
  Their families left behind are sacrificing, too, each and every day 
here at home, wondering if their loved ones in uniform will return 
unharmed. Many--especially the families of our reservists--are 
struggling to make ends meet as their spouses are called up for months 
of duty abroad. Wives are separated from husbands. Children are 
separated from fathers and mother. Businesses and communities are 
struggling to go forward without valued employees now serving in the 
gulf.
  More than 150,000 National Guard and Reserve soldiers have been 
mobilized. Of these, 13,000 have been on active duty for at least a 
year. Others return home from deployments, only to turn around and head 
back overseas for a new tour of duty. For many of these soldiers, ``the 
expected one weekend a month, two weeks a year'' is merely a slogan, 
and does not reflect their new reality. In fact, today's reservists are 
spending thirteen times longer on active duty than they did a decade 
ago.
  A recall to active duty brings financial hardship as well. Many give 
up larger civilian salaries when they go on active duty. The law 
requires employers to take back reservists after their deployments. But 
for those who work in small firms or are self-employed, there are no 
such guarantees unless their firms are still in business.
  The families of our men and women in uniform pay a price for this 
deployment. During the Vietnam War, only 20 percent of all Army 
military personnel were married. Today over 50 percent of the military 
are married, which means enormous strain on the families who are left 
behind to worry and cope with the sudden new demands of running a 
household alone, never knowing how long their loved ones will be away.

[[Page S3702]]

  Among those on active duty, we are demanding more from our troops for 
longer periods of time. One of our aircraft carriers, the USS Abraham 
Lincoln, has been away from home port for 233 days. The crew expected 
to return for Christmas, and had made it half way home across the 
Pacific Ocean when they were given orders to turn around and head for 
the Persian Gulf. These men and women are forced to put their lives on 
hold, missing births, delaying weddings, and dealing with family crises 
by phone and e-mail.
  These men and women are well-prepared to serve their country. But in 
calling them up, we also pay the price here at home with increased 
vulnerability in our police and fire departments. A recent survey of 
8,500 fire departments by the International Association of Fire Chiefs 
showed that nearly three-fourths of them have staff in the Reserves. A 
similar survey of more than 2,100 law enforcement agencies by the 
Police Executive Research Forum found that 44 percent have lost 
personnel to call ups.
  These are Americans who love their country. They proudly wave the 
Stars and Stripes on our national holidays. They honor and pray for 
past veterans on Memorial Day. Their children are in our schools. They 
attend our churches, our synagogues, and our mosques. We see them in 
the grocery store or at PTA meetings. They are a part of our 
communities--and a part of us. And they are willing to give their lives 
for their country. So we owe it to these men and women and their 
families--these brave Americans--to get it right.
  I am concerned that as we rush to war with Iraq, we are becoming more 
divided at home and more isolated in the world community. Instead of 
persuading the dissenters at home and abroad, the Administration by its 
harsh rhetoric is driving the wedge deeper. Never before, even in the 
Vietnam war, has America taken such bold military action with so little 
international support. It is far from clear that the United Nations 
Security Council will pass any new resolution that we can use as 
authorization for military action in Iraq. Even some strategically 
important allies, such as Turkey, who were expected to be with us, have 
backed away. The administration continues to turn a deaf ear to all of 
these voices, and single-mindedly pursues its course to war.
  Within the rising chorus of dissent have been the voices of much of 
the organized religious community in this country--Christian, Jewish 
and Muslim. Within the Christian community, opposition to war against 
Iraq includes the Roman Catholic Church, to which I belong, and many 
mainline Protestant and Orthodox churches. These are not pacifist 
groups who oppose war under all circumstances. They are religious 
leaders who say the moral case has not been made for this war at this 
time.
  War is not just another means to achieving our goals. More than any 
other option, it is dangerous, it is deadly, it is irreversible. That 
is why, whenever we resort to force in the world, there is an urgent 
need to ensure that we remain true to our values as Americans.
  Saddam Hussein is one of the most brutal tyrants on the world stage 
today. He has murdered thousands of his own people--many with chemical 
and biological weapons. He has attempted to wipe out entire 
communities. He has attacked neighboring countries. He supports 
terrorism against innocent civilians throughout the Middle East. 
Undeniably, the world would be a better place without Saddam Hussein. 
That fact, however, should not be the end of the inquiry, but only the 
beginning.
  From the perspective of our shared values, the fundamental question 
is whether this is a ``just war.'' That is not an easy question to 
answer, because some elements of a just war are clearly present.
  There are six principles that guide the determination of ``just 
war.'' They were first developed by St. Augustine in the Fifth Century 
and expanded upon by St. Thomas Aquinas in the Thirteenth Century. To 
be just a war must have a just cause, confronting a danger that is 
beyond question; it must be declared by a legitimate authority acting 
on behalf of the people; it must be driven by the right intention, not 
ulterior, self-interested motives; it must be a last resort; it must be 
proportional, so that the harm inflicted does not outweigh the good 
achieved; and it must have a reasonable chance of success.
  These are sound criteria by which to judge our impending war in Iraq.
  First, does Iraq pose a danger to us that is beyond question?
  Clearly, Iraq does pose a considerable danger, principally because of 
Saddam Hussein's biological and chemical weapons and his history of 
attempts to develop nuclear weapons. But it is not at all clear that 
the only way to protect ourselves from that threat is war. In fact, 
many of us are deeply concerned that initiating a war to remove Saddam 
Hussein will actually increase the danger to the American people.
  The biological and chemical weapons Saddam has are not new. He has 
possessed them for more than a decade. He did not use them against us 
in the gulf war and he did not use them against us in the years since 
then, because he understands that any use of them would lead to his 
certain destruction. As CIA Director George Tenet stated last year in 
testimony before Congress, the greatest danger of their use occurs if 
Saddam knows he is about to be removed from power and therefore 
perceives he has nothing left to lose.
  Iraq, to the best of our knowledge, has no nuclear weapon. If nuclear 
weapons in the hands of a rogue state are our principal concern, then 
certainly North Korea poses a much more imminent threat. And Iran--not 
Iraq--is close behind.
  The President must explain why war with Iraq will not distract us 
from the more immediate and graver danger posed by North Korea. 
Something is wrong at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue if we rush to war with a 
country that poses no nuclear threat, but will not even talk to a 
country that brandishes its nuclear power right now. Any nuclear threat 
from Iraq, we are told, is probably 5 years into the future. But the 
threat from North Korea exists today.
  Desperate and strapped for cash, North Korea is the greatest current 
nuclear danger to the United States, and it is clearly taking advantage 
of the situation in Iraq. It is the country most likely to sell nuclear 
material to terrorists. It may well have a long-range missile that can 
strike our soil.
  War with Iraq will clearly undermine our ability to deal with this 
rapidly escalating danger. But our options are not limited to invading 
Iraq or ignoring Iraq. No responsible person suggests that we ignore 
the Iraqi threat.
  The presence of U.N. inspectors on the ground in Iraq, coupled with 
our own significant surveillance capacity, make it extremely unlikely 
that Iraq can pursue any substantial weapons development program 
without detection. If we can effectively immobilize Saddam's activity, 
the danger his regime poses can be minimized without war.
  Above all, we cannot allow differences over Iraq to shatter the very 
coalition we depend upon in order to effectively combat the far greater 
and more imminent threat posed by the al-Qaida terrorists. Close 
international cooperation is what led to the recent arrest in Pakistan 
of the planner of the 9/11 attack.
  Second, has the war been declared by a legitimate authority acting on 
behalf of the people?
  When Congress voted last October, most Members believed that the use 
of force by America would have United Nations backing. Such backing is 
now highly unlikely. Last October, no international inspectors had been 
in Iraq for 5 years. Now, U.N. inspectors are on the ground engaged in 
disarming Saddam.
  No war by America can be successfully waged if it lacks the strong 
support of our people. And America remains divided on an invasion of 
Iraq without United Nations approval. The reason for that lack of 
support today is clear. The administration has not made a convincing 
case that war is necessary, nor have they credibly answered crucial 
questions about the cost of the war in lives and dollars, how long 
American troops will remain in Iraq, and what type of Iraqi government 
will replace Saddam.
  In his address last week on a post-war Iraq, President Bush failed to 
give adequate answers to the key questions on the minds of the American 
people about the war and its aftermath. He painted a simplistic picture 
of the

[[Page S3703]]

brightest possible future--with democracy flourishing in Iraq, peace 
emerging among all nations in the Middle East, and the terrorists with 
no base of support there. In a dangerous world, the fundamental 
decision on war or peace cannot be made on rosy and unrealistic 
scenarios.
  Third, any war must be driven by the right intention.
  I do not question the President's motive in pursuing this policy, but 
I seriously question his judgment.
  The Bush administration was wrong to allow the anti-Iraq zealots in 
its ranks to exploit the 9/11 tragedy by using it to make war against 
Iraq a higher priority than the war against terrorism.
  Al-Qaida--not Iraq--is the most imminent threat to our national 
security. Our citizens are asked to protect themselves from al-Qaida 
with plastic sheeting and duct tape, while the administration prepares 
to send our armed forces to war against Iraq. Those priorities are 
wrong.
  In a desperate effort to justify its focus on Iraq, the 
administration has long asserted that there are ties between Osama and 
Saddam--a theory with no proof that is widely doubted by intelligence 
experts. Two weeks after 9/11, Secretary Rumsfeld claimed that we had 
``bulletproof'' evidence of the link. But a year later, CIA Director 
Tenet conceded in a letter to the Senate Intelligence Committee that 
the Administration's understanding of the link was still ``evolving'' 
and was based on ``sources of varying reliability.'' In fact, the link 
is so widely doubted that intelligence experts have expressed their 
concern that intelligence is being politicized to support the rush to 
war.
  Fourth, war must always be a last resort.
  That is why all options must be pursued. Inspections still have a 
chance to work in Iraq. Progress is difficult. No one said it would be 
easy. But as long as inspectors are on the ground and making progress, 
we must give peace a chance.
  But before resorting to war, it is extremely important to reach 
agreement that there is no alternative. Nations that have been among 
our closest allies oppose us now because they do not believe that the 
alternatives to war have been exhausted. Many of them believe that an 
invasion of Iraq could destabilize the entire Middle East.
  Many of them believe that instead of subduing terrorism, war with 
Iraq will increase support and sympathy in the Islamic world for 
terrorism against the West. We cannot cavalierly dismiss these concerns 
of our allies.
  War with Iraq runs the very serious risk of inflaming the Middle East 
and provoking a massive new wave of anti-Americanism that may well 
strengthen the terrorists, especially if we act without the support of 
the world community.
  A year ago, The Wall Street Journal quoted a dissident in Saudi 
Arabia who has turned his focus from his own government to the U.S. 
Government. He said: [The main enemy of the Muslims and the Arabs is 
America--and we don't want it to impose things on us. We would rather 
tolerate dictatorship in our countries than import reforms from 
America.]
  The war against al-Qaida is far from over, and the war against Iraq 
may make it worse.
  After 9/11 we witnessed an unprecedented rallying of the world 
community to our side. That international unity was our strongest 
weapon against terrorism. It denied terrorists sanctuary, it led to a 
vital sharing of intelligence, and it helped to cut off the flow of 
financial resources to al-Qaida. We cannot allow that international 
cooperation to shatter over our differences on Iraq. We cannot be a 
bully in the world school yard and still expect friendship and support 
from the rest of the world.
  Fifth, any war must be proportional, so that the harm inflicted does 
not outweigh the good achieved.
  If there is a war, we all pray that it will be brief, and that 
casualties will be few. But there is no assurance of that. Certainly, 
we have the military power to occupy Iraq. But that may only be the 
beginning. Our troops may be confronted by urban guerilla warfare from 
forces still loyal to Saddam or simply anti-Western. The war may be far 
more brutal than we anticipate.
  In such a conflict, innocent civilian casualties could also be high. 
We cannot let Saddam hide behind innocent human shields if there is a 
war. But that large risk makes it all the more imperative for war to be 
only a last resort.
  We have been told that an attack on Iraq will begin with an enormous 
cruise missile assault to destroy their infrastructure, strike fear and 
awe in the hearts of the enemy, and undermine their will to resist. We 
know that thousands of cruise missiles will be fired in the first 48 
hours of the war, more than were launched in the entire 40 days of the 
gulf war. Such a massive assault will unavoidably produce a very 
substantial number of civilian casualties. That harsh reality adds 
greatly to the burden that must be overcome by those who argue that war 
is the proper response now. It is a burden they have not met.
  One of the highest and worst costs of war may be the humanitarian 
costs. Sixty percent of Iraq's people rely on the United Nations' Oil-
for-Food Program for their daily survival. Food is distributed through 
46,000 government distributors supplied by a network of food storage 
barns. A war with Iraq will disrupt this network. Many Iraqis, 
especially poor families, have no other source of food. Women and 
children will be the most vulnerable victims. According to recent 
reports, 500,000 Iraqi children already suffer from malnutrition.
  And what are the costs to America? We all know there is an increased 
risk of another domestic terrorist attack. The war will make it a more 
dangerous time on the American homefront.
  There will also be a very substantial financial cost to the war The 
short-term cost is likely to exceed $100 billion. The long-term cost, 
depending on how long our troops must remain in Iraq, will be far more. 
If our national security were at stake, we would spare no expense to 
protect American lives. But the administration owes the nation a more 
honest discussion about the war costs we are about to face, especially 
if America has to remain in Iraq for many years, with little support 
from other nations.
  The sixth element of a just war is that it must have a reasonable 
chance of success.
  I have no doubt that we will prevail on the battlefield but what of 
the consequences for our own national security and the peace and 
security of the Middle East?
  We know that a stable government will be essential in a post-war 
Iraq. But the administration refuses to discuss in any real detail how 
it will be achieved and how long our troops will need to stay. 
President Bush assumes everything will go perfectly. But war and it's 
consequences hold enormous risks and uncertainties.
  As retired General Anthony Zinni has asked, will we do what we did in 
Afghanistan in the 1970s--drive the old Soviet Union out and let 
something arguably worse emerge in it's place?
  The vast majority of the Iraqi people may well want the end of 
Saddam's rule, but they may not welcome the United States to create a 
government in our own image. Regardless of their own internal 
disagreements, the Iraqi people still feel a strong sense of national 
identity, and could quickly reject an American occupation force that 
tramples on local cultures.
  We must recognize that from the day we occupy Iraq, we shoulder the 
responsibility to protect and care for its citizens. We are accountable 
under the Geneva Conventions for public safety in neighborhoods, for 
schools, and for meeting the basic necessities of life for 23 million 
Iraqi civilians.
  This daunting challenge has received very little attention from the 
administration. As the dust settles, the repressed tribal and religious 
differenced of the past may come to the fore--as they did in the brutal 
civil wars in the former Yugoslavia, in Rwanda, and other countries. As 
our troops bypass Basra and other Iraqi cities on their way to Baghdad, 
how will we prevent the revenge bloodletting that occurred after the 
last Gulf War, in which thousands of civilians lost their lives?
  What do we do if Kurds in northern Iraq proclaim an independent 
Kurdistan? Or the Shia in southern Iraq move toward an alliance with 
Iran, from which they have long drawn their inspiration?

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  We have told the government of Turkey that we will not support an 
independent Kurdistan, despite the fact that the Kurdish people in Iraq 
already have a high degree of US-supported autonomy and have even 
completed work on their own constitution. Do we send in our troops 
again to keep Iraq united?
  Post-War Afghanistan is not exactly the best precedent for building 
democracy in Iraq. Sixteen months after the fall of the Taliban 
government in Afghanistan, President Hamid Karzai is still referred to 
as ``the Mayor of Kabul''--because of the weak and fragile hold of his 
government on the rest of the nation. Warlords are in control of much 
of the countryside. The Afghan-Pakistani border is an area of anarchy--
and ominous al-Qaida cells.
  The U.S. military is far from equipped to handle the challenge of 
meeting the needs of a post-Saddam Iraq. Our government must have a 
plan in place to care for the population. Yet we have heard little from 
the administration on how they intend to meet this obligation. To 
succeed in winning the peace, we will need the help and support of the 
international community. That is afar less likely to happen if we do 
not have the international community with us the start.
  Before the President makes the final fateful decision to go to war in 
Iraq, his administration must answer each of these just war questions 
much more convincingly than they have so far. The American people are 
waiting for the answers. The entire world is waiting for the answers.
  We are no at a major cross-road in our history. The 9/11 attrocities 
has forced us all to think profoundly about what is great in America. 
All through our shock and grief, the people's courage never failed. 9/
11 was one of the Nation's saddest hours, but the response was one of 
our finest hours.
  That hour must not be lost. It can mark the beginning of a new era of 
common purpose--a return to policies which truly reflect America's 
values, a return to the genuine pursuit of justice. The unselfishness 
we saw in 2001 must not give way to selfishness in 2003. The noble 
caring for one another that we celebrated then must not be succeeded 
now by a retreat from our ideals.
  Yes, our country is strong but it can be stronger--not just in the 
power we hold, but in the promise we fulfill of a nation that truly 
does make better the life of the world. If we rededicate ourselves to 
that great goal, our achievements will reverberate around the globe, 
and America will be admired anew for what it must be now, in this new 
time, more than ever--``the last, best hope of earth.''
  I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mrs. DOLE. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

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