[Congressional Record Volume 148, Number 29 (Thursday, March 14, 2002)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1915-S1921]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                    NOMINATION OF CHARLES PICKERING

  Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, notwithstanding that, and after a discussion 
with Senator Daschle, I will take leader time to make some remarks 
about the vote just taken in the Judiciary Committee. I yield myself 
leader time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator has that right.
  Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, this is my 14th year in the Senate. There 
have been a lot of high moments and low moments in that tenure. I 
certainly worked very hard, and in my position as majority leader, I 
learned a lot of lessons. As you go along, sometimes you do things that 
Senators agree with, and sometimes they do not--on both sides of the 
aisle. I understand that.
  But I must say that I feel about as bad about the Senate right now as 
I have in the years that I have been watching the Senate and that I 
have been in the Senate. I think the Senate Judiciary Committee just 
participated in a miscarriage of justice. I am very much concerned 
about the effect it is going to have on the Senate, and on our 
relationship on both sides of the aisle.
  The Senate Judiciary Committee just voted against the nomination of 
Judge Charles Pickering from Mississippi to move from the Southern 
District Court of Mississippi to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. 
They voted against, as I understand, reporting out his nomination 
unfavorably, and they voted against reporting out his nomination 
without recommendation. That was not exactly the sequence, or exactly 
the motion. The fact is they have voted against the nomination of this 
very fine man.
  I think for the Judiciary Committee to take the action as they did is 
very unfortunate and very unfair to a man I have known directly and 
personally for about 40 years.
  I know him as an individual. I know his family. I have been in his 
home. I have been to football games with him. I have been to campground 
rallies with him, and I know him very well. He certainly is qualified 
and certainly deserves better treatment than he has received in this 
process. I think this is a continuation of the politics of personal 
destruction. I think his character has been smeared. I think a lot of 
incorrect information and misleading information was put out about the 
judge. That was wrong.
  Now a number of Senators are saying: Well, yes, we realize that 
information is not right but voted against him anyway. As a matter of 
fact, this judge has been very courageous and has been a moderating 
force and a leader in trying to bring about reconciliation and bringing 
people together--not drive them apart, particularly in the area of race 
relations in our State.
  I think one thing that strikes me so hard and has hurt me about this 
is because, once again, I believe this is a slap at Mississippi, my 
State. I think that some people thought: Oh, well. Good. This is a 
Federal district judge. He is a known conservative. He is a known 
Republican. He was selected on the recommendation of Trent Lott and 
Thad Cochran by President George W. Bush, and he is from Mississippi. 
This is one we can nail. He surely must have a bad record over his 
lifetime, being from that State, on race relations.
  Now, people and members of the media that had earlier been critical 
of him said: No, no, no. We didn't mean that. We never really said 
that. We take it back. Maybe he has been OK in this area, but now our 
complaint is something about his demeanor on the bench that we don't 
like.
  But I think, once again, there are people trying to use the ghosts of 
the past to keep us from rising up and looking toward the future 
together in a positive way.
  When you have African Americans, women, and just about every Democrat 
in the State saying this is a good man and he ought to be confirmed, 
you ought to begin to ask yourself something. In fact, somebody said: 
Well, the national NAACP said he shouldn't be confirmed. However, the 
local people within the NAACP who know him best say he should be 
confirmed. When asked about that, and about the response of the people 
who know him best, one of the critic's responses was: well, they were 
duped. You don't dupe a lot of people when you live in Laurel, MS, on 
issues such as race relations. Everybody knows everybody. Everybody 
knows where you were in 1967, where you were in 1980, and where you 
have been in the 1990s.
  So I take it personally. I am hurt by the attacks on this fine man. 
He does

[[Page S1916]]

feel strongly about his faith. He is a believing Christian. He is an 
active participant in the church. He was president of the Mississippi 
Baptist Association. He was president of the Mississippi Gideon 
Association.
  Is that a problem? Is that a disqualification?
  This is the second nomination I have seen this year where it has 
looked as though if you feel strongly about your faith--your Christian 
faith--that there is something suspicious about that. Whatever your 
faith is--I think if you are committed to your faith--it should not be 
a disqualification from office. One of the things I admire most about 
Joe Lieberman is that he feels strongly about his faith, and he goes to 
extra lengths to abide by it, even during the campaign.
  I remember during the campaign of 2000 when I came into National 
Airport. The campaign plane of the Vice Presidential candidate for the 
Democrats was sitting there at the airport on Saturday. Most of us were 
campaigning like crazy on Saturday. But not Joe Lieberman. He was 
fulfilling his commitment to his faith.

  So, all of this bothers me. It is an attack on my State. It is an 
attack on the nominee's religion. It is an attack on his positions on 
race, which have been inaccurately portrayed. I think this is a real 
tragedy I am so sorry to see.
  I saw a letter in a newspaper just last night from an African 
American. I think maybe it was a paper in New Jersey. The caption of 
the letter was ``The Fruit Never Falls Very Far From the Tree''. This 
was an African American talking about his run for Congress. I guess he 
was an incumbent House Member, a Democrat, and he was running in the 
primary. When he got to a particular site, he didn't really have enough 
equipment to put up his signs. When he started working and scurrying 
around trying to get it done, Congressman Charles ``Chip'' Pickering 
showed up.
  He said: We will help you. Take some of our stuff. He didn't win, but 
Charles ``Chip'' Pickering went on to win. It is a small thing. But it 
tells you a lot about a man and about a man's son.
  Charles Pickering's son worked for me. Chip Pickering is one of the 
finest young men I have known. He was a missionary behind the Iron 
Curtain. He was my legislative director, and a great legislator. He not 
only knew the substance, but he knew the art of the possible. Senator 
Fritz Hollings can tell you that we got the telecommunications bill 
passed because of the brilliance of Congressman Chip Pickering, the son 
of this nominee. This young man has now worked day and night to try to 
help his dad get through this unfair crucible--now without success.
  I feel like I failed him. I have tried to understand: Why is this 
happening? What is happening here? Is it just about this man? I don't 
think so. No. I think it is a lot bigger than that. I think it is 
really directed at future Supreme Court nominees. This is a message to 
the President. You send us a pro-life conservative man of faith for the 
Supreme Court, and we will take care that he or she does not get 
confirmed.
  That is what it is really about. But I also think it is a shot at 
this man. I think it is a personal shot at me. This is a: ``We will 
show you; you didn't always move our nominees'' payback. But, as I 
recall, the Judiciary Committee under the Republicans didn't kill a 
single nominee during the Clinton years in the committee. We did defeat 
one of them, but we first reported him out of the committee and then 
defeated him on the floor with a recorded vote. Yes, there were some 
that didn't get through the process. There were some that took a long 
time to get through.
  But again, I think this is payback. The problem with payback is, 
where does it ever end? You know: We paid you back. You pay us back. 
Now we are going to pay you back. Where does it end? Is this the way 
for the Senate to act? Is this the process which this body should use 
to confirm judges?
  Senator Joe Biden, in 1997, said: Hey, these nominees should not be 
killed in the Judiciary Committee. As he put it, ``Everyone that is 
nominated is entitled to have a shot, to have a hearing, and to have a 
shot to be heard on the floor and have a vote on the floor.''
  Where in the Constitution does it say that the Senate Judiciary 
Committee will decide on the confirmation of nominees? The Constitution 
says the Senate is to give its advice and consent. That's where Senator 
Biden was in 1997. I think a week or so ago he kind of hinted at the 
same sentiment again, particularly when you have straight party-line 
votes.
  But I think really, under any conditions, these judicial nominees 
should come to the floor for a vote. It does not take a whole lot of 
time. But maybe we need to try to find a way to work something such as 
that out.
  But in the meantime, it is obvious that this very fine judge has been 
treated very badly. I think it is beneath the Senate and its dignity 
when we do that to nominees.
  Judge Pickering will not be the loser. He is and will be revered more 
than ever in my State. Former Governor William Winter came up and 
talked about him. The sitting attorney general came up and said: We 
ought to confirm him. So did the sitting Lieutenant Governor. These are 
all Democrats.
  Again, this man's stature has gone up, not down, in the State. And 
this whole process probably greatly enhances his son's stature as a 
Congressman in the State of Mississippi. His head will be high and he 
will be a sitting judge. And he will handle himself with dignity and 
honesty, like he always has.
  No, he is not the loser. We are the loser. We have lost the services 
of a good man. And we have demeaned the institution by what has 
happened in this instance.
  Every newspaper in our State--every one--has editorialized and run 
news stories about this, saying this is wrong. And these newspapers are 
like the news media up here, they are not exactly your basic 
Republican-leaning organizations. These are Gannett newspapers, 
Thompson newspapers, the national newspaper chains. And they rip me 
regularly, as they do most Republicans and most conservatives. But 
every one of them, including the Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, MS, the Sun 
Herald on the Mississippi gulf coast and the Northeast Mississippi 
Journal have editorialized about how unfair, unfortunate, and really 
dastardly this deed has been.
  I ask unanimous consent that this editorial from the Tupelo Daily 
Journal be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

             [From the Tupelo Daily Journal, Mar. 11, 2002]

                           5th Circuit Fiasco


              attacks on pickering likely to be successful

       Twelve years ago, the U.S. Senate approved Charles 
     Pickering's nomination for a federal district court judgeship 
     unanimously. This week, it's likely that President Bush's 
     nomination of Pickering to the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of 
     Appeals won't even make it out of the Senate Judiciary 
     Committee.
       Democrats on the committee, under pressure from liberal 
     interest groups, oppose Pickering. They've either bought into 
     or allowed the grossly distorted picture of Pickering as an 
     unreconstructed, Old South segregationist to go unchallenged.
       It doesn't matter that Mississippi Attorney General Mike 
     Moore, a well-known figure in the national Democratic Party, 
     led a delegation to Washington last week in support of 
     Pickering and took him letters of support from Democratic 
     Gov. Ronnie Musgrove, Lt. Gov. Amy Tuck and former Gov. 
     William Winter, himself a respected leader in national party 
     circles.
       It doesn't matter that black political and civil rights 
     leaders in south Mississippi who have worked with Pickering 
     for decades almost uniformly support his nomination, a fact 
     confirmed when the New York Times--which editorially opposes 
     Pickering's confirmation--sent a reporter to Laurel to look 
     into his relationships with those leaders.
       It doesn't matter that the American Bar Association, hardly 
     a conservative bastion, has given Pickering its top rating of 
     ``highly qualified.''
       What matters is that Pickering is a political and judicial 
     conservative whose nomination happens to come along at a time 
     when the left is looking to send a message to the president 
     that they'll fight him--and win--on appellate court nominees, 
     including Supreme Court choices.
       No one who has been before him in the 12 years he has been 
     on the federal bench has stepped forward to say that 
     Pickering was anything but fair and unbiased. Those who know 
     Pickering know a man whose deep religious faith--an attribute 
     looked upon with suspicion by some of his opponents--has been 
     the impetus for his active role in racial reconciliation 
     efforts in Mississippi. They also know a man whose personal 
     character and

[[Page S1917]]

     integrity has never been questioned--until now, when the 
     political ends apparently justify the means in some people's 
     minds.
       When confronted with his support in Mississippi among the 
     people--Democrat and Republican, black and white--who have 
     known him longest and best, opponents have simply said that 
     those opinions don't matter, or even that Pickering has duped 
     the home folks. They know the real Pickering, they say, and 
     he's a right-wing extremist who'll turn back the clock on 
     civil rights by decades.
       This is sheer demagoguery, made all the more deplorable 
     because it exploits Mississippi's easy-mark image to smear a 
     man who doesn't deserve it. The only bright side of all this 
     is the way so many politically and racially diverse 
     Mississippians have rallied to Pickering's defense.
       Barring a political miracle, Pickering's nomination appears 
     doomed. This political mugging will say a lot more about the 
     perpetrators than about their victim.

  Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I am going to read it because it sort of 
sums up what a lot of the editorials are saying in these newspapers.
  It is entitled: ``5th Circuit Fiasco.''

       Twelve years ago, the U.S. Senate approved Charles 
     Pickering's nomination for a federal district court judgeship 
     unanimously. This week, it's likely that President Bush's 
     nomination of [Judge] Pickering to the U.S. 5th Circuit Court 
     of Appeals won't even make it out of the Senate Judiciary 
     Committee.
       Democrats on the committee, under pressure from liberal 
     interest groups, oppose Pickering. They've either brought 
     into or allowed the grossly distorted picture of Pickering as 
     an unreconstructed, Old South segregationist to go 
     unchallenged.
       It doesn't matter that Mississippi Attorney General Mike 
     Moore, a well-known figure in the national Democratic party, 
     led a delegation to Washington last week in support of 
     Pickering and took him letters of support from Democratic 
     Gov. Ronnie Musgrove, Lt. Gov. Amy Tuck and former Gov. 
     William Winter, himself a respected leader in national party 
     circles.

  Madam President, All those people have been leaders in trying to help 
move our State forward in many ways, including in race relations. Let 
me continue from the editorial.

       It doesn't matter that black political and civil rights 
     leaders in south Mississippi who have worked with Pickering 
     for decades almost uniformly support his nomination, a fact 
     confirmed when the New York Times--which editorially opposes 
     Pickering's confirmation--sent a reporter to Laurel to look 
     into his relationships with those leaders.
       It doesn't matter that the American Bar Association, hardly 
     a conservative bastion, has given Pickering its top rating of 
     ``highly qualified.''

  Madam President, this is not in the article, but I will say from my 
standpoint, that I am always concerned that the American Bar 
Association looks particularly hard to find some improper demeanor on 
the bench, or some hint of some misunderstanding of the Constitution, 
or some slight in a racial area regarding Republican nominees. But no, 
not in this instance, they found Judge Pickering highly qualified, the 
highest rating they can give a judge.
  Now reading on from the editorial:

       What matters is that Pickering is a political and judicial 
     conservative whose nomination happens to come along at a time 
     when the left is looking to send a message to the president 
     that they'll fight him--and win--on appellate court nominees, 
     including Supreme Court choices.
       No one who has been before him in the 12 years he has been 
     on the federal bench has stepped forward to say that 
     Pickering was anything but fair and unbiased. Those who know 
     Pickering know a man whose deep religious faith--an attribute 
     looked upon with suspicion by some of his opponents--has been 
     the impetus for his active role in racial reconciliation 
     efforts in Mississippi. They also know a man whose personal 
     character and integrity have never been questioned--until 
     now, when the political ends apparently justify the means in 
     some people's minds.
       When confronted with his support in Mississippi among the 
     people--Democrat and Republican, black and white--who have 
     known him longest and best, opponents have simply said that 
     those opinions don't matter, or even that Pickering has duped 
     the home folks. They know the real Pickering, they say, 
     and he's a right-wing extremist who'll turn back the clock 
     on civil rights by decades.
       This is sheer political demagoguery, made all the more 
     deplorable because it exploits Mississippi's easy-mark image 
     to smear a man who doesn't deserve it. The only bright side 
     of all this is the way so many politically and racially 
     diverse Mississippians have rallied to Pickering's defense.
       Barring a political miracle, Pickering's nomination appears 
     doomed. This political mugging will say a lot more about the 
     perpetrators than about their victim.

  Madam President, this is an editorial from a newspaper that certainly 
isn't known for endorsements, on a regular basis, of Republicans or 
conservatives. So I think it sums up very well what has happened here.
  Now, the larger question is what does it mean for the committee and 
the Senate? I am not going to let go of this. This is going to stick in 
my mind for a long time, but I am going to try to look at from a 
broader perspective.
  There are still eight nominees pending before the Judiciary Committee 
that were sent there last May--I think May 8 or 9----
  Mr. McCONNELL. Ninth.
  Mr. LOTT. May 9th for the circuit court: men, women, and minorities 
who have not even had a hearing to date.
  Now, I realize that the majority changed hands in June, but these 
were the first nominees sent up. They are some of the best 
intellectually qualified nominees to come before the Senate in a long 
time.
  Judge Pickering who was nominated later on May 25th has endured not 
one, but two hostile hearings. However, the remaining eight nominees 
from May 9th have not even their first hearings. Why not?
  It is true that district judges have moved along a little better. I 
think there are over 50 court nominees now pending before the Senate. 
This cannot continue.
  I went through the same thing when I was majority leader. And there 
were complaints on the other side. A lot of things were done by the 
other side to tie up the Senate and make it difficult to get our work 
done. And that is unfortunate. But I think that we are fixing to see 
the same thing occur from our side this time.
  We cannot let stand a plan to deny President Bush his nominees to the 
federal courts. If they are not qualified by education, by experience, 
if there are some ethical problems, opposition to them is 
understandable. Don't move them, don't vote on them, don't confirm 
them. But if we don't see marked progress in general, and if we don't 
see an end to the orchestrated character assassinations, the Senate 
will not be the same for a long time. I don't mean it as a threat. I 
mean it as a requirement, and, therefore something we should find a way 
to avoid if possible.
  It is hard for me to really express the disappointment and the 
passion I feel about this because I am so disappointed in how this 
unfair and unfounded episode has turned out. But I could not let this 
vote go unnoted or without a response this very night.
  So I wish to begin the process by offering a Sense-of-the-Senate 
resolution. It is a simple one. It basically cites the statistics of 
the nominations that are pending, the vacancies. There are 96 current 
judicial vacancies. It does talk about what has happened in previous 
administrations. And all it says is:

       It is the Sense of the Senate that, in the interests of the 
     administration of justice, the Senate Judiciary Committee 
     shall hold hearings on the nominees submitted by the 
     President on May 9, 2001, by May 9, 2002.

  Isn't a year long enough to at least have a hearing? That is all it 
says, just a hearing.
  I do want to take a minute to thank President Bush for nominating a 
fine jurist in Charles Pickering and for sticking by him. I really 
appreciated the fact he had a press conference yesterday and commenting 
how fine a man he is and that he should be confirmed. The President 
also said it is not about this one man; it is about a quality system of 
justice in our Federal judiciary. That is what has suffered here.


                           Amendment No. 3028

  Mr. LOTT. I ask unanimous consent that the pending amendment be set 
aside, and I send an amendment to the desk.
  Mr. REID. Reserving the right to object.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Cantwell). The Senator from Nevada.
  Mr. REID. Madam President, I was present in a conversation that the 
majority leader and minority leader had just a short time ago. It is my 
understanding that the distinguished Senator from Mississippi will 
allow, if Senator Daschle chooses, to offer a second-degree amendment 
at some subsequent time. The majority leader has not yet decided.
  Mr. LOTT. Madam President, I certainly would have no objection to 
that. That was my understanding. I think we ought to have a full 
debate. I assume the Democrats are going to vote for the resolution I 
have offered. If they have

[[Page S1918]]

something else they want to offer, fine. Let's have a full debate on 
it. Maybe that will begin a process that will lead to some changes in 
the way we are doing things. I hope for the best.
  Mr. REID. Continuing my reservation, the majority leader has 
indicated to me and to the minority leader that he has not decided 
whether he wants to offer a second-degree amendment. The courtesy of 
the Senator from Mississippi is appreciated.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered. The clerk 
will report.
  The assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

       The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. Lott] proposes an 
     amendment numbered 3028:
       At the appropriate place, add the following:

     ``SEC.   . FAIR TREATMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL JUDICIAL NOMINEES.

       (a) Findings.--The Senate finds that--
       (1) the Senate Judiciary Committee's pace in acting on 
     judicial nominees thus far in this Congress has caused the 
     number of judges confirmed by the Senate to fall below the 
     number of judges who have retired during the same period, 
     such that the 67 judicial vacancies that existed when 
     Congress adjourned under President Clinton's last term in 
     office in 2000 have now grown to 96 judicial vacancies, which 
     represents an increase from 7.9 percent to 11 percent in the 
     total number of Federal judgeships that are currently vacant;
       (2) thirty one of the 96 current judicial vacancies are on 
     the United States Courts of Appeals, representing a 17.3 
     percent vacancy rate for such seats;
       (3) seventeen of the 31 vacancies on the Courts of Appeals 
     have been declared ``judicial emergencies'' by the 
     Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts;
       (4) during the first 2 years of President Reagan's first 
     term, 19 of the 20 circuit court nominations that he 
     submitted to the Senate were confirmed; and during the first 
     2 years of President George H. W. Bush's term, 22 of the 23 
     circuit court nominations that he submitted to the Senate 
     were confirmed; and during the first 2 years of President 
     Clinton's first term, 19 of the 22 circuit court nominations 
     that he submitted to the Senate were confirmed; and
       (5) only 7 of President George W. Bush's 29 circuit court 
     nominees have been confirmed to date, representing just 24 
     percent of such nominations submitted to the Senate.
       (b) Sense of the Senate.--It is the Sense of the Senate 
     that, in the interests of the administration of justice, the 
     Senate Judiciary Committee shall hold hearings on the 
     nominees submitted by the President on May 9, 2001, by May 9, 
     2002.

  Mr. LOTT. Madam President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Illinois.
  Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, I would like to respond very briefly to 
the minority leader's comments.
  I am a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Let me say at the 
outset that one of the most painful assignments I have found serving in 
Congress, particularly in the Senate, is to stand in judgment of 
another person. We are called on to do that regularly in the advice and 
consent process. It is never easy, particularly when there is 
controversy and particularly when you end up voting against that person 
for whatever reason.
  I cannot appreciate the pain that the minority leader feels at this 
moment. A good and close friend of his has not been successful before 
the Senate Judiciary Committee, and his words, I am sure, were 
heartfelt about his love for Judge Pickering and his close friendship. 
Whatever I am about to say I hope will in no way reflect negatively on 
what is clearly a strong personal friendship between the minority 
leader and Judge Pickering. But there are two or three points which I 
would like to make so that they are clear on the record.
  I have served on the Senate Judiciary Committee for 4 of the 6 years 
now that I have been in the Senate. I have witnessed the Senate 
Judiciary Committee under the control of Republicans, and I have seen 
it for the 8 months that the Democrats have been in control. I can tell 
you that the courtesies that were extended to Judge Pickering in terms 
of a timely hearing were extraordinary.
  They were extraordinary because his first hearing was in October of 
last year, when this Capitol complex was virtually closed down for 
security reasons. Exceptional efforts were made to keep our word to 
Judge Pickering that he would have a full hearing. It was impossible to 
use the ordinary buildings we use, so the hearing was held in the 
Capitol Building. Many of us stayed over to give him his opportunity 
for testimony.

  At that hearing, it was established that he had some 1,000 or 1,200 
unpublished opinions as a Federal district court judge, and we made it 
clear we wanted to review those before making a final decision. So a 
second hearing was scheduled. And as soon as those had been reviewed, 
that hearing was held in February. The hearing went on for the better 
part of a day under the chairmanship at the time of Senator Feinstein 
of California.
  Judge Pickering was given complete opportunity to explain his point 
of view and to answer all questions--another timely hearing. That led 
to the decision today on Judge Pickering's nomination to the Fifth 
Circuit Court of Appeals.
  I could go into detail, but I will not, about why I voted against 
Judge Pickering. There was one point that was raised by Senator Lott as 
minority leader which I must address. It is a point that, frankly, 
should not be left unresolved on the floor of the Senate. Until Senator 
Lott came to the floor and announced the religious affiliation of Judge 
Pickering, I had no idea what it was. No question was ever asked of 
Judge Pickering about his religious affiliation--none whatsoever. Nor 
in any private conversation with any member of the committee was that 
subject ever raised. To suggest that anyone on this committee voted 
against Judge Pickering because of his religious belief is just wrong.
  I will say this: If anyone ever raises that issue concerning any 
nominee, I hope they will join me in protesting questioning a person's 
religious belief, which should have nothing whatsoever to do with the 
qualifications to serve this country.
  That issue never came up. To suggest he was rejected for that reason 
is just wrong. There were many questions that were raised. Those can be 
addressed tomorrow, and I am certain they will be by Senator Patrick 
Leahy, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and others who will 
comment on the activities of the committee. I will leave that to them 
entirely.
  I do want to make clear for the record one last point. The Fifth 
Circuit has been a controversial circuit--it is a circuit that includes 
the States of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi--controversial in that 
since 1994, no vacancy had been filled in the Fifth Circuit until last 
year when President Clinton submitted the names of three judges to fill 
vacancies to that Fifth Circuit. Not a single one of his nominees was 
even given the courtesy of a hearing. Those judges were pending before 
the Judiciary Committee under the control of the Republican Party for 
an extraordinarily long period of time. Let me be specific.
  Jorge Rangel, nominated in July of 1997, was returned in October of 
1998. It sat before the Senate Judiciary Committee under the direction 
of the Republican Party for 15 months with no action taken. An effort 
to fill this vacancy in the Fifth Circuit and the nominee was never 
even given the courtesy of a hearing.
  Enrique Mareno, nominated by President Clinton in September of 1999, 
renominated in January of 2001, was finally withdrawn in March of 2001; 
17 months pending before the Senate Judiciary Committee; never given 
the courtesy of a hearing.
  Alston Johnson, nominated April of 1999, finally, his name was 
withdrawn 23 months later--never even given the courtesy of a hearing 
in the same Fifth Circuit. Now, the minority leader comes before us and 
says all of the nominees of President Bush as of last year have to 
receive immediate hearings before this committee.
  Well, let the record reflect that the action taken today on Judge 
Pickering was the 43rd Federal judge who has been considered by the 
Senate Judiciary Committee since control of the Senate passed to the 
Democrats. More Federal judges have been reported out of the Senate 
Judiciary Committee under Chairman Pat Leahy, a Democrat, with a 
Republican President in the White House, than in 4 of the years that 
the Republicans controlled the Senate Judiciary Committee and President 
Clinton, a Democrat, was in the White House.
  To suggest we are blocking and stopping the efforts of the President 
to fill judicial vacancies is just wrong and not supported by the 
facts.

[[Page S1919]]

  Let me add one last thing. To suggest this is some discriminatory 
action against people who live in the Fifth Circuit is wrong as well. 
The fact that Judge Pickering was from Mississippi, frankly, had no 
relevance as far as I was concerned. Just last year, Judge Edith 
Clement of Louisiana, nominated by President Bush to fill a spot on the 
Fifth Circuit, was approved in record time by a unanimous vote on the 
Senate Judiciary Committee and a unanimous vote on the floor of the 
Senate.
  For the record, so there is no doubt about it, Judge Edith Clement 
was conservative, a Republican, and a member of the Federalist Society, 
and none of those things slowed down the consideration of her 
nomination by the Judiciary Committee. We gave Judge Clement her 
opportunity to serve, and we gave President Bush his nominee in record 
time. We extended courtesies to Judge Clement which were denied 
consistently by the same Committee under Republican leadership when 
President Clinton was in the White House.
  So I think the record has to be clear in terms of where we stand and 
where we are going. I am troubled that we have reached this impasse, 
and I hope we can find our way through it. But I hope the record will 
be clear as we go through this consideration. For those who have argued 
that someone called Judge Pickering a racist, I have not heard that 
word used in reference to Judge Pickering, and repeatedly, on both 
sides of the table, Democrat and Republican, today in the Senate 
Judiciary Committee, that conclusion was rejected. I personally reject 
it. I don't believe Judge Pickering is a racist. I believe if you look 
at his personal history, you will find he did things in the fifties and 
sixties in Mississippi which he personally regrets, and said as much to 
the committee.
  Let me be honest. We have all done things in our lives that we 
regret. It should not be held against him, and it wasn't.
  He has also done exceptionally good things in the area of civil 
rights, and that was made a part of the record as well. Judge Pickering 
was judged on the basis of his service on the Federal district court 
bench. Good people can reach different conclusions about whether or not 
his service merited a promotion to the appellate court. A majority of 
the Judiciary Committee today adjudged that it did not.
  I am not going to take any more time, other than to say it is an 
unfortunate outcome for a close friend of the minority leader, but I 
think the committee treated him with courtesy, treated his nomination 
with dispatch, and gave him every opportunity to present his point of 
view. He was given better treatment by this committee than many of the 
nominees submitted by the Clinton White House. I think that shows we 
are going to start a new day when it comes to the Judiciary Committee. 
We want to work with the White House so that people who have excellent 
legal and academic credentials, of the highest integrity and with 
moderate political views, have a chance to serve.

  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, if that is treating a person good, I would 
hate to see one who is treated badly, is all I can say. I am going to 
talk a little about Judge Pickering before I am through.
  I have been hearing comments about how badly the Clinton nominees 
were treated. Lately, I have heard Democrats suggesting that their 
treatment for Bush nominees is payback for how I treated Clinton 
nominees when I was chairman.
  I want to take a moment to defend my record on Clinton nominees. I 
first want to state that President Clinton got 377 Federal judges 
confirmed during the time I was either ranking member or chairman of 
the Judiciary Committee. That is a number which is only 5 short of the 
all-time record that Ronald Reagan had of 382. President Clinton would 
have had 3 more than Reagan--385--had it not been for Democrat holds 
and objections on this floor. Keep in mind President Reagan had 6 years 
of a favorable Republican Senate. President Clinton had 6 years of the 
opposition party Senate, where I was chairman, and he still got that 
many judges through.
  By the way, to talk in terms of the 2 or 3 people I have been hearing 
about all day who did not get hearings, think of the 54 who were left 
hanging when Bush I left office--54 Republicans. Terry Boyle, who has 
been renominated by President George W. Bush, has been sitting in 
committee since May 9. John Roberts, about whom I had a conversation 
with one of the Justices--and he said John Roberts is one of the two 
greatest appellate lawyers appearing before the Supreme Court today--
has been sitting there since May 9. Both were first nominated by 
President George H.W. Bush, and were 2 of the 54 nominees that the 
Democrats left hanging at the end of his Administration.
  I admit 6 nominees were put up so late that, literally, nobody could 
have gotten them through. So say 48 were left hanging. Compare that to 
when President Clinton left office. By the way, when Bush I left 
office, there were 97 vacancies, and 54 were left hanging--but we can 
reduce it to 48 because of the 6 who were probably nominated too late. 
When President Clinton left office, there were 67 vacancies--30 less 
than when the Democrats held the committee, when George Bush the first 
was President. There were 41 nominees left hanging when Clinton left 
office. Of the 41, there were 9 put up so late that it was a wash; in 
other words, it was just to make it look good. They could not have 
gotten through no matter who tried.
  In essence, there were 32 nominees left hanging at the end of the 
Clinton Administration versus 48 who were left hanging at the end of 
the first Bush Administration. Of those 48 left hanging, I can match 
the Senator from Illinois and every other Democrat person for person, 
and much more, with decent, honorable, wonderful people who just didn't 
make it through. But you haven't heard us come to the floor every day, 
or in the Judiciary Committee every day, talking about how badly they 
were treated, even though they were treated badly. People like John 
Roberts, one of the greatest appellate lawyers in the history of the 
country.
  Think of that--382 for Reagan, the all-time champion, with the 
opposition party in the minority for 6 of those years, and 377 for 
Clinton, with the opposition party in the majority for 6 of those 
years. Comparing the number confirmed to the number nominated, 
President Clinton enjoyed an 85 percent confirmation rate on the 
individuals he nominated.
  There were only 68 article III Judicial nominees who were nominated 
by President Clinton, in all of his 8 years, who did not get confirmed. 
Of those, 3 were left at the end of the 103rd Congress, when the 
Democrats controlled the Senate. That leaves 65. Of those, 12 were 
withdrawn by the President, leaving 53. Nine were nominated too late 
for the Congress and committee to act on them or they were lacking 
paperwork. That leaves 44. Now, 17 of those lacked home State support, 
which was often the result of a lack of consultation with home State 
Senators. There was no way to confirm them without ignoring the 
senatorial courtesy that we afford to home State Senators in the 
nomination process. That left 27. One nominee was defeated on the 
floor, which leaves only 26 remaining nominees.
  Of these, some had other reasons for not moving that I simply cannot 
comment on because of the security of the committee. So in all 6 years 
I chaired the committee, while President Clinton was in office, we are 
really only talking about 26 nominees who were left hanging.
  During the first Bush administration, when the Democrats controlled 
the committee, 59 nominees were not confirmed. I don't know the reasons 
for all of those. There probably were some. But if you look at those 59 
nominees and subtract the 1 who was withdrawn, that leaves 58 Bush I 
nominees who weren't confirmed over the course of 4 years. If you take 
the 65 Clinton nominees who were not confirmed over my 6 years, and 
take away the 12 who were withdrawn, that leaves 53.
  So at the end of the day, even subtracting only the withdrawn 
nominees, there were only 53 Clinton nominees the Senate didn't act on 
in the 6 years I was chairman, while the Democrats allowed 58 
nominations to perish in the committee in only 4 year's time. Do not 
tell me they were abused. That is part of the process. Some of these 
people we do not have time to get through. There are reasons why they 
cannot get

[[Page S1920]]

through--for a number of them, for instance, there is not support of 
home State Senators.

  Of those 41 nominees left at the end of the 106th Congress, 1 was 
eventually confirmed in the 107th Congress. Twelve lacked home State 
support or had incomplete paperwork. That leaves only 20 nominees who 
did not go forward at the end of the Clinton administration.
  There were 41 Clinton nominees left in committee at the end of the 
106th Congress when Clinton left office. When Bush left office, there 
were 54 nominees left in committee, as I said. So the argument that 
this all began because the Republicans were unfair to Clinton nominees 
is simply untrue. We were not. I was more fair to Clinton in confirming 
nominees than the Democrats were to President George H.W. Bush.
  I also heard the allegation that Republican inaction during the 
Clinton Presidency is to blame for the current vacancy crisis. This is 
untrue. There were only 67 vacancies at the end of the 106th Congress. 
Today there are nearly 30 more vacancies; 96 after almost a year. Madam 
President, 11.2 percent of the Federal judiciary is vacant. At the end 
of my tenure as chairman during the Clinton Presidency, that rate was 
only 7.9 percent.
  We are in the middle of a circuit court vacancy crisis, and the 
Senate is doing virtually nothing whatsoever to address it.
  There were 31 vacancies in the Federal courts of appeals when 
President Bush sent us his first 11 circuit nominees on May 9 last 
year, and there are 31--the exact same number--today. We are making no 
real progress.
  Eight of President Bush's first 11 nominees have not even been 
scheduled for hearings, including John Roberts and Terry Boyle (both of 
whom were on the nomination schedule of the first President Bush but 
who did not get a hearing back then). This time around, they have been 
pending for 309 days as of today. All of these nominees received 
qualified or well-qualified ratings from the American Bar Association.
  A total of 22 circuit court nominations are now pending for those 31 
vacancies, but we have confirmed only 1 circuit judge this year and 
only 7 since President Bush took office.
  The Sixth Circuit is half-staffed, with 8 of its 16 seats vacant. 
That is a crisis. They cannot function appropriately. This crisis 
exists despite the fact we have seven Sixth Circuit nominees pending 
motionless before the Judiciary Committee right now.
  Although the Michigan Senators are blocking 3 of those nominees by 
not returning blue slips, the other 4 are completely ready to go. All 
have complete paperwork, good ratings by the ABA, and most importantly, 
the support of both home State Senators.
  The DC Circuit is two-thirds staffed with 4 of its 12 seats sitting 
vacant. This is despite the fact that President Bush nominated Miquel 
Estrada and John Roberts, who have not yet been given a hearing and 
whose nominations have not seen the light of day since they were 
nominated better than 300 days ago. There is simply no explanation for 
this situation other than stall tactics.
  The Senate Democrats are trying to create an illusion of movement by 
creating great media attention concerning a small handful of nominees 
in order to make it look like progress.
  Some try to blame the Republicans for the circuit court vacancy 
crisis. That is complete bunk. Look at the record.
  Some have suggested that 45 percent of President Clinton's circuit 
court nominees were not confirmed during his Presidency. That number is 
a bit of Enron-ization. It is inflated by double counting individuals 
who were nominated more than once.
  For example, by their numbers, Marsha Berzon, who was nominated in 
the 105th Congress and confirmed in the 106th Congress, would count as 
2 nominations and only 1 confirmation. If you remove the double 
counting and count by individuals, without counting withdrawn nominees, 
President Clinton nominated 86 individuals for the circuit courts and 
only 21 were not confirmed. That is 24 percent as opposed to 45 
percent.
  Of those 21 nominees who were not confirmed, 9 lacked home State 
support, one had incomplete paperwork, and another was nominated after 
the August recess in 2000. That leaves 10 circuit court nominees who 
did not receive action, some of which had issues I cannot discuss 
publicly.
  As I said, there are currently 31 circuit court vacancies. During 
President Clinton's first term, when Republicans controlled the 
Judiciary Committee, circuit court vacancies never exceeded 21 at the 
end of any year.
  There were only 2 circuit court nominees left pending in committee at 
the end of President Clinton's first year in office. In contrast, 23 of 
President Bush's circuit court nominees were pending in committee at 
the end of last year.
  At the end of President Clinton's second year in office, the Senate 
had confirmed 19 circuit judges, and there were only 15 circuit court 
vacancies.
  In contrast, today, in President Bush's second year, the Senate has 
confirmed only one circuit court nominee, and there are 22 pending, and 
17 of those are considered emergency positions.
  At the end of 1995, my first year as chairman, there were only 13 
circuit court vacancies left at the end of the year. At the end of 
1996, the end of President Clinton's first term and in a Presidential 
election year, there were 21 vacancies, only 1 higher than the number 
the Democrats left at the end of 1993 when they controlled the Senate 
and Clinton was President.
  Taking numbers by the end of each Congress, a Republican-controlled 
Senate has never--never--left as many circuit court vacancies as 
currently exist today. At the end of the 104th Congress, the number was 
18. At the end of the 105th Congress, that number was 14, and even at 
the end of the 106th Congress, a Presidential election year, that 
number was only 25. Today there are 31 vacancies in the circuit courts.
  Despite all the talk, and lack of action, the unmistakable fact is 
that there is a circuit court vacancy crisis of 31 vacancies, which is 
far higher than the Republicans ever let reach, and the current Senate 
leadership is doing nothing about it. Actually, I should correct 
myself. They are doing something about it. They are making it grow even 
larger. They have acted with a deliberate lack of speed, and that is 
something the American people do not deserve.
  Having said this to set the record straight, there are always a few 
nominations that have a difficult time whether the Republicans or 
Democrats are in control. I have to admit, I wish I could have gotten a 
few more through when I was the committee chairman, but everybody who 
knows, who really watched the process, knew that I pushed people 
through, against the wishes of a significant number of outside people. 
I told a number of the conservative groups to get lost because they 
were basically distorting the judicial process.
  Having said all that, let me talk about Charles Pickering because I 
am disappointed in what happened today. The real problem that many of 
the interest groups have with Charles Pickering is he does not think as 
they do. These groups want to impose an ideological litmus test on 
judicial nominees. They will mount a campaign against any nominee who 
does not agree with their position on abortion, civil rights, and a 
host of other issues, and they will try to label anyone who disagrees 
with them as an extremist who is out of the mainstream. But the key 
here is that a nominees's personal or political opinion on such issues 
is irrelevant when it comes to the confirmation process.
  The real question is whether the nominee can follow the law, and 
Judge Pickering has certainly proved that he can. Judge Pickering has 
demonstrated an ability to follow the law. This is reflected in his low 
reversal rate of a half percent during his decade-plus tenure as a 
district court judge.
  Although I have heard some of my colleagues complain about his 26 
reversals, let's put this in context. Judge Pickering in his nearly 12 
years on the Federal bench handled 4,000 to 4,500 cases.
  In all of those cases, he has been reversed only 26 times. This is a 
record to be proud of, not a reason to vote against him.
  I suspect many of my colleagues' misperceptions about Judge

[[Page S1921]]

Pickering's record as a district judge stem from the gross distortion 
of that record by the liberal special interest groups. For example, one 
often-cited area of concern is Judge Pickering's record on Voting 
Rights Act cases, but the bottom line is that Judge Pickering has 
decided a total of three of those cases on the merits: Fairley, Bryant, 
and Morgan. None of these cases was appealed, a step that one can 
reasonably expect a party to take if it is dissatisfied with the 
court's ruling.
  Moreover, the plaintiffs in the Fairley case, including Ken Fairley, 
former head of the Forrest County NAACP, have written letters in 
support of Judge Pickering's nomination. Judge Pickering's 
qualifications are also reflected in his ABA rating, which some members 
of the committee have referred to as the ``gold standard'' in 
evaluating judicial nominees. The ABA, of course, rated Judge Pickering 
well qualified for the Fifth Circuit.
  I also find it ironic that many of the complaints Judge Pickering's 
opponents have lodged against him pertain to events that occurred 
before he became a Federal district court judge, a position for which 
he was unanimously confirmed by both this committee and the full 
Senate.
  The way liberal special interest groups are working and have worked 
to change the ground rules on judicial confirmations is evident in the 
nomination of Charles Pickering for the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. 
This is a gentleman who had overwhelming support in his home State of 
Mississippi from Democrats and Republicans alike, from the Democrat 
attorney general of the State, and from prominent members of the 
African-American community.
  Those who know Judge Pickering well know he has worked to improve 
race relations in Mississippi. For example, he testified against the 
Imperial Wizard of the KKK for firebombing a civil rights activist in 
Mississippi in 1967, at great risk to both himself and his family. He 
hired the first African-American Republican political worker in 
Mississippi in 1976; represented a black man falsely accused of robbing 
a 16-year-old white girl in 1981 and won the case for him; chaired a 
race relations committee for Jones County, Mississippi, in 1988; served 
on the board of the Institute of Racial Reconciliation at the 
University of Mississippi since 1999; and worked with at-risk African-
American youth in Laurel, Mississippi, in 2000.
  I have to say I was pleased that my colleagues on the other side said 
they do not believe he is a racist and they do not believe that such a 
case can be made, and they were disappointed that some tried to make 
it.
  I say, in addition, Judge Pickering has compiled an impressive record 
as a Federal district court judge. During his more than 11 years on the 
bench, he has disposed of an estimated 4,000 to 4,500 cases, but he has 
been reversed only 26 times. This means his reversal rate is roughly 
one-half of 1 percentage point and is lower than the average reversal 
rate for Federal district court judges in this country.
  Despite this impressive career, Judge Pickering had become the target 
of a smear campaign instigated and perpetrated by liberal Washington 
interest groups and lobbyists with their own political agenda, some of 
whom called him, in essence, a racist. These groups painted a 
caricature of a man that bears little resemblance to reality, all in 
the name of attempting to change the ground rules for the judicial 
confirmation process and impose their political litmus test for all of 
President Bush's judicial nominees.

  We are now seeing the same thing starting with another circuit court 
of appeals nominee, D. Brooks Smith, with the same type of approaches 
they have used against Judge Pickering.
  We had a number of Senators say they voted against Judge Pickering 
because of his 26 reversals, some of which they considered questionable 
in the areas of voting rights, in the area of civil rights, in the area 
of prisoners' rights, and in the area of employment rights. We blew 
those arguments away today because we cited nearly every case about 
which they are complaining. They claim Judge Pickering did not follow 
settled law, and we showed that there was not settled law in many of 
those cases.
  We did not hear those cases really argued today from the principal 
people who argued them before. They could not. So what did we hear an 
argument on? The Swan case. Now what was the Swan case? The Swan case 
the case of a cross burning on the lawn of an African-American family.
  I might mention that is a vicious, rotten, lousy thing for anybody to 
do.
  Of the three boys who did it, one of them was a vicious racist who 
had shot into the house with a gun. Because two of them cooperated, the 
Justice Department prosecutors gave them basically a giveaway, easy 
sentence. The third was absolutely drunk at the time. He had not shot 
into the home, he had not issued any racist comments, but he was with 
them. He did not think he did anything wrong. He contested the case, 
lost, and under the mandatory minimum he had to be sentenced to 7 
years.
  The judge did not think that was right, that the other two really 
were as or more culpable, and when he looked and found out that this 
young man had never made a racist comment and he was drunk at the time, 
he thought it was a tremendous injustice. So what he did was he 
complained to one of his friends, Frank Hunger, who was with the 
Justice Department at the time, but not at the Civil Rights Division at 
the Civil Division. Swan still got a sentence of 27 months, a fairly 
long time when his two co-defendants got only home confinement and 
probation.
  Because he talked to Frank Hunger, who was with the Civil Division, 
not the Civil Rights Division, we had efforts to paint that as a 
tremendous violation of ethics. Hardly. Hunger does not even remember 
the conversation and is one of the strongest supporters of Judge 
Pickering, a Democrat from the Clinton Administration Justice 
Department. He is very disappointed with what happened to Judge 
Pickering's nomination.
  There are other things I would like to say, but I know my colleague 
would like to speak. I will close with this: I am sorely disappointed 
with the vote on Judge Pickering's nomination. I am sorely disappointed 
with the way these outside groups tried to paint Mississippi as the old 
South, prejudiced, rotten, acting in ways that fly in the face of civil 
rights, when there have been so many strides made, part of them made 
because of the efforts of Judge Charles Pickering.
  I do not understand this type of thing. In each case in which a 
nominee was stopped in Committee, I have wondered why they were 
stopped.
  I do not live in Mississippi, but I feel for the people of 
Mississippi because this action today, it seems to me, is a 
condemnation of a State that does not deserve it, and a condemnation of 
a Federal judge who went through the Senate the first time unanimously, 
who has served well for nearly 12 solid years, and who now has a 
reputation besmirched because of what I consider to be phony 
allegations which should never have been accepted.
  I am disappointed. But unfortunately, that is the way it is around 
here. I hope we do not have to put up with much more of this in the 
future.
  I notice my colleagues want to speak, so I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Nevada.
  Mr. REID. Madam President, it is my understanding the Senate is still 
on S. 517; is that right?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator is correct.
  Mr. REID. The Senator from Arizona is still present. It is my 
understanding he is not going to offer his amendment tonight. Is that 
right?
  Mr. KYL. Yes.

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