[Congressional Record Volume 147, Number 118 (Wednesday, September 12, 2001)]
[Senate]
[Pages S9302-S9332]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




         TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES--Continued

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Hampshire.
  Mr. GREGG. Mr. President, I yield 10 minutes to the Senator from 
Oklahoma, the assistant Republican leader.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oklahoma is recognized.
  Mr. NICKLES. Mr. President, I thank my colleague. Yesterday was a 
tragic day in U.S. history. It is a tragic day for people who love 
freedom, who cherish freedom. Some may claim it was a victory for 
terrorism. I don't think so.
  This act of terrorism has brought our country together in a way that 
we haven't been able to do among ourselves. Yesterday I was with 
Democrats and Republicans who said: We are going to be united against 
this type of senseless violence. We are going to stand together and say 
it will not stand. It will not be successful.
  I compliment President Bush and his Cabinet, not only for his speech 
last night but also for the Cabinet he has assembled. He has assembled 
a Cabinet of unequaled reputation, quality, who have proven themselves 
to meet the challenge in the past, whether we are talking about Vice 
President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Colin Powell or Secretary of 
Defense Don Rumsfeld.
  In witnessing the events yesterday, it took me back to the tragedy we 
suffered 6 years ago in Oklahoma City where 168 people lost their lives 
to another act of terrorism. The most deadly act of terrorism in U.S. 
history happened in Oklahoma City that year on April 19. Until we saw 
it replaced by an even more horrendous act, an act that certainly was 
designed by people who wanted to do the maximum amount of deadly 
operations they could against the United States.
  They will not be successful in any way, shape, or form. The United 
States, under the leadership of President Bush and his administration 
and a united Congress, Democrats and Republicans, will stand up and say 
that type of violence will not stand. It will be punished.
  Our condolences go to the families, to the victims of this terror. It 
comes home to all of us in different ways. The thousands of people who 
were injured or lost their lives in the World Trade Center, the many 
people in the Pentagon, the hundreds of people who were on the 
airplanes, those were husbands, mothers, fathers, wives, children, 
grandparents. They disrupted thousands of lives. Those were friends.
  I happen to have a friend who was on one of the planes: Barbara 
Olson. She worked for me for 2 or 3 years in the Senate as my general 
counsel. Many people in the Senate got to know Barbara Olson. I got to 
know her very well. I got to admire her, to respect her. She was an 
outstanding staff member and friend, a frequent visitor on the 
television shows. I think many Americans, when they saw her face on CNN 
yesterday, realized this has an impact. This brings the real tragedy 
home.
  My prayers and condolences go to her husband and also my very dear 
friend, Ted Olson, who happens to be Solicitor General of the United 
States. What a tragic loss, the loss of life for Barbara Olson and the 
countless others, thousands of people whose lives were destroyed or 
families who were broken as a result of this terrorist activity.
  We must act together. I am confident that we will. I am confident 
that Congress will act and give the administration the tools necessary, 
both legal and financial, to rebuild, to assist in fixing the damage. 
Through FEMA and the capable leadership of Joe Allbaugh, I think we 
will do that. I know that was important in my State of Oklahoma. I am 
sure we will do that both with the Pentagon and the World Trade Center.
  It is also important that we stand together and confront terrorism. 
It is important that we combat terrorism. In

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some cases in the past our rhetoric has maybe exceeded our success. I 
don't believe we were successful in bringing the perpetrators of the 
bombings in Kenya and Tanzania to justice. I don't believe we were 
successful in bringing the perpetrators of the Khobar Towers bombing to 
justice. I don't believe we have been successful as of yet in bringing 
the perpetrators of the bombing of the USS Cole to justice and bringing 
those people and/or possibly even countries to justice and who may have 
helped finance and orchestrate and maybe even organize these terrorist 
activities.

  It is important that we do so, not just in rhetoric but in deed, not 
just today and not just in the next week but, frankly, on a continual 
battle. We must, when we say this type of terrorism won't go 
unpunished, we must mean what we say. I feel confident with this 
President we will show the resolve. Our country will show the resolve. 
Freedom-loving people all across the world will show the resolve that 
this will not go unpunished.
  Yesterday was a very sad and tragic day in our U.S. history, a very 
tragic day, one that I believe our country will pull together and say: 
This type of terrorism will not prevail. We have so many good people in 
the United States, so many people who are coming together to assist the 
victims, so many people who are coming together worldwide to assist to 
make sure this type of tragedy will not go unpunished and also to 
alleviate the pain and suffering of the innocent victims in this 
terrible tragedy. My heart, my sympathy, my prayers go out to the 
victims. Our resolve has never been stronger to stand together to fight 
this type of terrorism.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Landrieu). The Senator from Nevada is 
recognized.
  Mr. REID. There is an order in effect now that each Senator will have 
10 minutes to speak. The way the day has been going, we have 
approximately 85 Senators still wishing to speak. If we use the 10 
minutes each, we simply cannot finish and allow each Senator to speak. 
I have conferred with the minority and they are in agreement that each 
Senator should have 5 minutes, and we alternate back and forth. I 
propound a unanimous consent request that Senators be allowed to speak 
for up to 5 minutes each rather than 10 minutes.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? Without objection, it is 
so ordered.
  The Senator from Minnesota is recognized.
  Mr. REID. Will the Senator yield? I want to express on behalf of the 
majority leader and minority leader appreciation for the cooperation. 
Everyone wants an opportunity to speak. But for this unanimous consent 
agreement, that would not be possible.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minnesota.
  Mr. WELLSTONE. Madam President, as a Senator from Minnesota, I rise 
to thank the religious community, the faith community in my State--
Christians, Jews, and Muslims--for coming together and for their 
prayers for all of the men, women, and children who were murdered in 
our country. That is the very best of Minnesota. That is the very best 
of our country.
  Let me also thank and pray for all of the loved ones of our 
firefighters and law enforcement community who have lost their lives in 
trying to protect people and save people's lives.
  I believe people in our country will come together and that one 
message for these terrorists who have committed this murder on a mass 
scale is that they will not change our values. They will not change our 
way of life. They will not change who we are as Americans. We will 
never give way to the politics of hatred. We are a diverse people of 
many different colors and religions and backgrounds. We will continue 
to respect and support one another.
  President Bush is certainly right when he says we will leave no stone 
unturned in getting to the bottom of who committed this act of murder. 
As a Senator, I certainly believe we must hold them accountable.
  Most importantly, we have to do everything within our power, 
regardless of political party, to take the steps and to do what is 
necessary to make sure people in our country are safe and secure.
  Madam President, one more time, I want to finish up in the few 
minutes I have by saying that murder is never legitimate, and this was 
a mass murder of men, women, and children. I think the thing that I 
will never be able to get out of my mind is that so many innocent 
people, so many innocent Americans could be murdered in a single day in 
our country. To me, in my adult life, yesterday was the worst day for 
our country, and there are going to be many more difficult days because 
we don't even have a sense of the loss of life.
  I am absolutely convinced this will bring out the best in us. I am 
absolutely convinced that Americans will be their own best selves. I am 
absolutely convinced that these terrorists will see Americans coming 
together and I hope the whole international community that represents 
civilization will come together so these kinds of acts of murder can 
never be committed again.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Arizona is recognized.
  Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, I have no words to describe or condemn 
adequately the enormity of yesterday's attacks on the United States or 
the depravity of those who are responsible for them. All we can really 
offer now are our prayers and support for the victims and their 
families, and the assurance to our fellow citizens that America will 
recover from these atrocities, resume the life of a great nation, 
strong, resolute and free, and destroy those who seek to destroy us.
  We are greater than our enemies. We are greater because the very 
virtues our enemies revile and seek to destroy make us so. Our enemies, 
those who unleashed these attacks, and those who support them, are not 
our enemies alone. They are the enemies of freedom and independence and 
justice and peace, and they wage war on the United States because we 
are and will remain the principal guarantors of freedom for ourselves 
and for all nations who claim their right to that condition. All people 
who possess or aspire to freedom were attacked yesterday, and when we 
answer we do so in their name as well as ours. And answer we will.
  These were not just crimes, they were acts of war, and have aroused 
in this great nation a controlled fury and unity of purpose not just to 
punish but vanquish--vanquish our enemies. Americans know now that we 
are at war, and will make the sacrifices and show the resolve necessary 
to prevail. I say to our enemies, we are coming. God may show you 
mercy. We will not.
  We must break the back of this international network of terror in all 
its guises, and deprive its architects, executioners and sponsors of a 
safe harbor anywhere in this world. We will commit all necessary 
resources to its accomplishment. Our responses must be diplomatic, 
economic and military.
  Let us go to our allies, all of our allies, to ensure them of our 
resolve and to enlist them in this war against our shared values and 
security. The Atlantic Charter claims an attack on one member of NATO 
is an attack on all NATO members. We will expect our allies in NATO, 
Asia and elsewhere to respond to this attack on us as we would respond 
to an attack on their territory.
  We should make an immediate statement of our resolve that we no 
longer intend to tolerate sanction given to our enemies by any nation. 
We should demand that Afghanistan immediately extradite to the United 
States Osama bin Laden. We will know in due course if he is the 
architect of yesterday's attacks, but we already possess sufficient 
evidence to have indicted him for orchestrating the attacks on our 
embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. He has claimed responsibility for the 
1992 attempted bombing of 100 U.S. servicemen in Yemen who were there 
to assist U.N. famine relief operations in Somalia. He proudly 
announced his material and personnel support for the Somali forces that 
fought and killed American servicemen in Mogadishu. The mastermind of 
the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center was a known associate of bin 
Laden. He is a declared enemy of the United States and our allies. And 
it is long past time that we and our allies brought an end to the war 
he began.
  Should the Taliban refuse our demand, then they must know that they

[[Page S9304]]

will be treated as allies of our enemy, and thus, are themselves our 
enemies, and will suffer much for their allegiance.
  This campaign will be long and difficult, and will not end with the 
capture or destruction of Osama bin Laden alone. The American people 
must, and I am sure, will understand that we will wage this war to its 
complete resolution however long and difficult the road ahead. But they 
should not be expected to wait one day longer than necessary for our 
enemies to be vanquished, for the full measure of justice to be done, 
for freedom and righteousness to prevail.
  We will prevail. We will prevail because the foundations of our 
greatness cannot be vanquished. Our respect for Man's God-given rights 
to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness assures us of victory 
even as it has made us a target for the unjust enemies of freedom who 
have mistaken hate and depravity for power. The losses we have suffered 
are grave, and will never be forgotten. But we should take pride and 
unyielding resolve from the knowledge that we were attacked because we 
are good.
  May God bless us in this trial, comfort us, strengthen our resolve, 
and make our justice as terrible and certain as His.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator from Arizona has 
expired.
  The Senator from Iowa is recognized.
  Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, yesterday was a day that will live in all 
of our memories. America was struck by an unprecedented and unprovoked 
act of violence, so vicious and calculated that the entire world has 
reacted in horror and revulsion. In that hour when so many were taken 
from us, America did not bend or buckle. We stood strong.
  That strength is best exemplified by the police, firefighters, and 
emergency services personnel who courageously raced to the scene. When 
everyone was running away from the danger, they were running toward it. 
Here in Washington, as the U.S. Capitol was being evacuated, our 
Capitol Police were standing guard.
  All of these public servants deserve our thanks. And their families, 
especially the families of the police and firefighters in New York who 
are currently missing, should know that our prayers are with them in 
this difficult time.
  We pray for those lost and for their families. In Iowa, Doug and 
Betty Haviland, our former neighbors in Ames, IA, are going through a 
difficult time right now. Their son, Tim, worked on the 96th floor of 
the World Trade Center, and Tim is currently missing. I want Doug and 
Betty to know that my thoughts and prayers are with them today. I am 
hoping for the best.
  The sister of my long-time friend Kasey Kincaid, an attorney in Des 
Moines, Karen Kincaid, an attorney here in Washington, born in Waverly, 
a graduate of Drake Law, was on the ill-fated flight that crashed into 
the Pentagon yesterday.
  When the smoke clears, we will comfort all the families in their time 
of need. We want them to know that although their loved ones may be 
gone, they are not alone. All of America stands with them. We are 
Americans and we take care of our own. The tallest buildings may 
crumble, but no one will bring down our spirit.
  We have survived tough times before; we will do so again. Let me be 
clear. These cowardly acts against our great Nation will not stand. I 
stand with President Bush in calling on every resource of our 
Government to track down the cowards who committed these acts and to 
bring them to swift and certain justice. We will seek out not only the 
terrorists but their backers and financers as well. Americans will do 
what we have always done. We will come together, get down to work, and 
we will demand justice.
  Mr. President, when we do strike back, we must be very careful. We 
must ensure that when we train our sights on the enemy, we do not harm 
innocent people in the crossfire. I want to quote the words of Cardinal 
Theodore McCarrick, the Archbishop of Washington, who spoke at a mass 
yesterday. He made a point that we should all take to heart:

       Let us pray for those who have lost their lives or who have 
     been seriously injured in this calamity. But we must resist 
     the temptation to strike out in vengeance and revenge and, in 
     a special way, not to label any ethnic group or community for 
     this action, which certainly is just the work of a few 
     madmen. We must seek the guilty and not strike out against 
     the innocent or we become like them who are without moral 
     guide or direction.

  I could not agree more strongly. We must not use these events of 
yesterday to paint with a broad brush all Muslims, those of the Islamic 
faith or of Arabic descent. It has happened before; it should not 
happen again.
  Those who perpetrated these murders yesterday are not associated with 
Muslims or with the Islamic faith. If they claim they are on some kind 
of mission for Islam, that is just a lie. They are using the cloak of 
religion to justify the murder of innocent people. Again, we have seen 
this before.
  We must also make sure we do not fall prey to the theory that in 
order to defeat this enemy, we must become more like them. I am old 
enough to remember the McCarthy era, when there were those who said in 
order to defeat communism, we had to become a police state. There were 
reasonable voices that said: No, we do not have to; we can defeat 
communism and still maintain our freedoms. That, Mr. President, is what 
we must do.
  We as Americans respect civil rights and human rights and diversity. 
We are of diverse backgrounds and faiths. Muslims are part of the 
fabric of America, part of our strength. Let us be sure we go after the 
real enemy, and let us not paint with a broad stroke those who are of 
the Islamic faith who are Americans, who are Muslims, who are part of 
our great society.
  I thank the Chair.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Carper). The time of the Senator from Iowa 
has expired.
  The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask that the distinguished Senator from 
Wyoming be recognized.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The distinguished Senator from Wyoming is 
recognized.
  Mr. THOMAS. I thank the Chair. Mr. President, I thank the Senator 
from North Carolina.
  We all have very strong feelings at this time, and most of all those 
feelings have been expressed, eloquently I might say, and now we have 
time for the real challenge.
  Yesterday was a very sad day. The sadness, of course, continues for 
those who were injured and the families of those who were lost.
  Acts of war have been committed against our Nation. Forces of evil 
have struck at the center of our Government, our families, and our 
communities.
  There are no words that can possibly explain the devastation or 
convey sufficient sympathy for the men and women who lost their lives, 
nor even do words exist to describe our collective anger.
  It is a somber day, but our sadness will lead to resolve.
  Powerful symbols of our democracy have been destroyed, but the root 
of our strength--our personal commitment to our country and our 
families--is even stronger.
  Our focus now must be on the victims, of course, and those who still 
face the challenge of life and rescue. America will take care of its 
own.
  Let me assure people today that the functions of Government will 
continue. As you can see, Congress is meeting and most Federal agencies 
in Washington are open and doing their jobs. There is no amount of 
terror that can be committed that will throw us off our course to 
protect and serve democracy today.
  The next great test for the Government and for every American will be 
the challenge to move forward--and that is a necessary part--to comfort 
those who have lost everything in their lives and rebuild the physical 
structures that have been lost. Our democracy will continue to exist 
uninhibited and unintimidated.
  Next we must strive to devise updated security and intelligence 
measures to serve us better in the future so this will not happen 
again.
  Next, and at the appropriate time with the intelligence information 
that is required, the United States will exact a supreme measure of 
justice against the criminals who have perpetrated terror on this 
country, and

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they are not long for this world. Those terrorists should understand 
well we are coming for them and nothing will deter us from seeing that 
they are eliminated, as well as other terrorists around the world, even 
though they may not be specifically involved with this terrorism.
  We all offer our condolences and prayers to the families of the 
missing. I offer my hopes for those who are working these tragedies 
today and rescue efforts. God bless them. God bless America.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming yields back his time.
  The Senator from Washington.
  Mr. WYDEN. I thank the Chair.
  Mr. President, on Tuesday morning this Nation witnessed an attempt to 
pitch into darkness the light of American liberty. It was nothing less 
than an offensive against the freedom our Nation represents. It was 
nothing less than pure evil that cast a shadow over our country darker 
than the smoke from any explosion.
  Yesterday, fanatics challenged our Nation to war, striking at 
civilians and service members alike. Today the Senate is making it 
clear that we will not bow to this brutality. We believe passionately 
in our country in due process, in the rule of law. But the effort to 
find justice cannot be allowed to degenerate into the all-too-frequent 
endless debate. America must act decisively.
  Families across this country are in their darkest hour right now. At 
the moment, not all of the victims' names are known out of the 
thousands believed lost in the tragedy. In the coming days, they are 
going to become familiar to us, and their lives and legacies will be 
shared with the world. But we already know them. These victims are 
husbands and wives, daughters and sons, brother and sisters to every 
American.
  We honor the memory of those whom we have lost, but we also make it 
clear today that we will not allow this Nation to be sapped by terror. 
America is not going to be drained by devilish acts of rage.
  The light of hope is burning across this country. The voice of a New 
York firefighter who says he will not stop searching until the last 
stone is turned is a voice of hope.
  The courage of the Federal employees who returned to work today 
across the country is a courage ground in hope.
  Hope shines in the people willing to wait for hours to help, as we 
saw yesterday when they donated blood. It shines in the hearts of those 
who are praying today in churches and synagogues and mosques across the 
country.
  Here is my bottom line, Mr. President: The light that shines in 
America is going to be relentless when it is turned on those who have 
declared themselves our enemies. The dark forces that perpetrated these 
acts ought to make sure today that they are in their hiding places 
because we are going to come after them. The blinding beam of our 
determination and the long arm of the United States of America is going 
to expose them and extract justice.
  Our entire Congress stands united behind the President of the United 
States and against our enemies and against those who would shelter 
them. Our whole Nation stands together with a very clear intention: To 
endure.
  Our enemies should know the entire free and democratic world stands 
unmoved in its dedication to liberty for all. We speak with one voice, 
and we will move in concert to protect principles that we hold dear.
  The flame of democracy is going to be fanned even brighter. We will 
not just carry the torch, but we are going to make sure that standard 
is held higher than ever before.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon yields back his time.
  The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask that the distinguished Senator from 
New Mexico, Mr. Domenici, be recognized.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The distinguished Senator from New Mexico is 
recognized for 5 minutes.
  Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President, first, it is a pleasure to speak to the 
Senators who are present and listening.
  An era has come to an end. As many commentators have noted, most say 
it was an era of innocence. I agree. Americans now know firsthand the 
kind of mindless terrorism and brutal disregard of all concepts of 
morality that afflict our world. What will be our measure of response 
as a nation?
  Our people in the world will watch, listen, and wait, for, as 
Franklin Roosevelt said, ``We defend and we build a way of life not for 
America alone but for mankind.''
  We will, of course, support the President in every respect, provide 
any and all resources, including emergency funding for New York City, 
for Washington, DC, for Arlington, VA, sparing no expense to save our 
neighbors who need our help in this time of great distress.
  Whatever it takes--and I repeat, whatever it takes--to pursue those 
who planned, funded, aided, harbored, and carried out yesterday's 
destruction, we will go to the fullest extent possible. All the 
resources of this great nation must be brought to bear to demonstrate 
our unity and our power. We know something else now. We understand that 
the threshold of possible terrorism has gone up.
  We know more, but the terrorists know more, too. We must commit to an 
all-out effort, not just to a war against terrorism but to new weapons 
in this war. We must do everything possible to prevent the possibility 
of calamities above this threshold. The Federal Government must pursue 
every avenue. Our defense programs--our national laboratories, 
universities, and other research institutions--must take the next 
technological steps to win the war that terrorists declared yesterday 
on our people.
  Congress can do two or three things, less obvious perhaps, but more 
important in the long run. We can set aside petty bickering. We can 
unify in concrete terms by attending to the Nation's business. The 
American people can judge barbarians who committed this act of war 
yesterday, but they will judge us in Congress, too.
  We in this time of grave challenge must rise above the political 
bickering that has affected us for too long. We must quickly unify on 
the issues that have divided us, whether it is defense spending or 
energy policy. By doing so, we can show by our actions that truly 
yesterday was the end of an era.
  I am not naive. I understand politics. But now is the time to lay 
them aside and, as the American people, unite behind our President. Let 
us in Congress rise to this historic challenge by joining hands and 
hearts and doing the Nation's business now.
  A final word of advice, too, for those who committed these 
atrocities. How little you know of our Nation, for you are so cowardly 
you have no way of understanding us. No act these criminals could have 
contemplated will unify this Nation more, nor galvanize our will more 
firmly than yesterday's destruction. They have done what many feared 
perhaps could no longer be done. They have hardened this Nation's 
resolve, prompted our patriotism, and unleashed our power. They have 
committed an act of war. They have awakened a sleeping giant, and they 
will inherit the whirlwind.
  My heart goes out to all of those suffering today. I know that New 
Mexicans have suffered losses but, we understand, nothing like New 
York. I know other Americans have suffered losses. I share in their 
grief, and I hold them up in my prayers and in the prayers of our 
family.
  Let us understand if we have been awakened, as I believe we have, by 
unifying and eliminating the bickering, we can move our Nation ahead 
and we can begin to solve and get rid of terrorism here and everywhere.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Louisiana.
  Ms. LANDRIEU. Mr. President, let me begin by thanking the 
distinguished Senator from New Mexico for that eloquent comment, thank 
him for his extraordinary leadership on this particular subject, and 
for the years he has served as a leader to our Nation.
  Let me begin by thanking the many people in Louisiana, first our 
spiritual leaders, our military leaders, our elected officials at every 
level, our emergency personnel, every citizen who through prayer or 
action is engaged in helping this Nation at this time. We all 
appreciate their efforts.

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  In the darkest hours, America has always risen to her promise. We 
find ourselves again in the very darkest of times. For only the second 
time in American history, our borders have been penetrated and 
Americans attacked.
  The greatest generation of Americans responded to the first attack, 
Pearl Harbor, with an unwavering commitment to defend the ideals of 
democracy around the globe.
  Our generation will be remembered for how we respond to this attack 
against our Nation, our liberty, and our freedom. I have no doubt our 
Nation will rise to the challenge and find light in our darkest hour.
  Through the endeavors of our people and the providence of God, our 
Nation prevailed in the struggle with the Soviet Union. It was a 
struggle lasting over 40 years, spread over every continent, costing 
this Nation the treasure of its youth and resources beyond imagination.
  After yesterday, the American people must understand that today we 
begin to undertake a task no less daunting. President Kennedy's 
inaugural address is remembered for its impact in rallying the resolve 
of our Nation at that time. I can think of no better place to turn to 
today. His eloquence is as relevant this morning as it was 40 years 
ago: Now the trumpet summons us again. Not as a call to bear arms, 
though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are, 
but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle year in and 
year out, rejoicing in hope, patient in our tribulation, a struggle 
against the common enemies of man--tyranny, poverty, disease, and war 
itself.
  Yesterday we heard the pages of history turn in explosions which 
brought down skyscrapers. The sound heard around the world was 
deafening, perhaps a fitting beginning to what we may come to know as 
the silent war; a silent war where cowardice of our enemies is their 
greatest asset. Yet no deception, no amount of subterfuge, no resort to 
villainy will protect our enemies from the righteous anger of the 
American people called to war.
  It is important for our people to know we are all being called into 
this struggle. In a silent war, we are all targets and, therefore, we 
are all combatants. Sacrifices to the unparalleled freedom that we 
enjoy, costly expenditures, and the employment of our military men and 
women may all be required before this war is over.
  Yesterday's terror may have broken the hearts of American families, 
but it will not break the American family. Yesterday's terror may have 
destroyed lives but it will not destroy this Nation's destiny. 
Yesterday's terror may have shattered buildings, but it will not 
shatter the American spirit.
  This morning, not that long ago, over the crater that used to be part 
of the Pentagon, the Sun broke and hit an American flag flying over the 
rubble. It is in that spirit America will prevail.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Nelson of Nebraska). The Senator from 
Maine is recognized.
  Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, as did all of my colleagues and all 
Americans, I woke up this morning with a broken heart but not a broken 
spirit.
  The unimaginable and horrific attack on the World Trade Center and 
the Pentagon was an attack on all Americans and against every freedom-
loving nation of the world.
  Today, our prayers and our deepest sympathies are with the families 
of those innocent victims who lost their lives, as well as those who 
were injured in these monstrous tragedies. We can scarcely comprehend 
the images that have flashed before our eyes over the past 24 hours, 
but we know that so many of our fellow Americans are grieving for lives 
cut short and possibilities ended. And so today we grieve as one 
nation, under God, indivisible.
  Our hearts are heavy but our resolve is strong. This outrageous 
attack has reverberated through every level of our society. But let 
there be no mistake, and let the word go forth from the Halls of 
Congress and from the White House and from every house across our 
indomitable Nation that we will find who is responsible, we will hold 
them accountable, and we will persevere.
  The soul of this country and the ideals upon which it was built 
cannot be torn asunder neither by war, nor by assassination, nor by the 
blunt and bloody instruments of faceless cowards. The forces of 
darkness have challenged our country's determination before. As we rose 
to the challenge then, so will we rise at this most solemn of times.
  Clearly, the attacks on our Nation were coordinated, and they were 
calculated. Yet clouded by their own twisted fanaticism--whatever brand 
of fanaticism that may prove to be --the perpetrators of this crime 
against humanity and the American people failed to understand that ours 
is a nation in which the principle of individual freedom is exceeded 
only by our commitment to protect our freedom.
  The American spirit is stronger than stone and water, tougher than 
steel and glass, and more enduring than any pain or suffering that can 
be inflicted on our national conscience. It cannot be collapsed by fire 
and terror.
  To the contrary, today we stand united behind our President and the 
entire leadership of the Congress. Today, solidarity eclipsed politics 
and partisanship. And this will remain so for every minute of every 
hour of every day that it takes to right this injustice.
  We must remain always vigilant but never fearful. We must 
relentlessly seek justice, and we must do all that is within our power 
as a free nation to prevent such catastrophic terrorist attacks both at 
home and abroad.
  There are events in our lives that will be forever etched on the 
landscape of our consciousness. We all know where we were and what we 
were doing at the precise time they happened. As we remember the 
assassination of President Kennedy and, for many of my colleagues, 
Pearl Harbor, our children will remember this day.
  We are angry as a nation, and we have every right to be angry. But 
now it is time to focus our energies on responsible actions and swift 
responses when the masterminds are found. Now is also the time to heal 
and to tend to our neighbors and families and friends.
  In typical American fashion, heroes rushed to the aid of those in 
peril, even as the sounds of blasts still echoed across Manhattan and 
our Nation's Capital.
  For the unthinkable numbers of people in New York, Virginia, 
Pennsylvania, military personnel at the Pentagon, passengers on planes 
from across America, policemen, firefighters, and emergency personnel 
who gave their lives, their memory will live on with the memory of this 
tragedy. To the families, our Nation shares in your unspeakable loss.
  America will never be the same, just as we were forever changed by 
two World Wars and numerous other conflicts throughout the world. Now 
terrorism has come to American soil on a scale most dared not imagine. 
We are changed, but we are far from broken. Ours is a nation born of 
adversity, forged by perseverance, and defined by our ability to unite 
against those who would tear us down. We must never forget that some of 
America's finest hours have followed our darkest days.
  To whomever is responsible for this tragedy, hear this loud and clear 
because America speaks with one voice: You will be found. You will be 
held accountable, and this injustice will not stand.
  Thank you, Mr. President. I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from California is recognized.
  Mrs. FEINSTEIN. Mr. President, I rise to join my colleagues. Very 
frankly, my heart is filled with a great deal of mixed emotions. On the 
one hand, I want this country to smash back. On the other, I want us to 
be sure that we are on firm ground, that we know what we are doing, and 
that we are successful in our mission.
  Yesterday was one of the darkest days I can remember. Many have 
speculated that the loss of life may well only be exceeded by the 
battle, 1-day battle at Antietam during the civil war. It will 
certainly be more than the loss at Pearl Harbor.
  One of the things that I have recognized, and what should be 
abundantly clear, I think to all of us, is that there are those out 
there without a heart who are willing to carry out this kind of attack, 
and to do it with malevolence and cunning that defies conscience and 
humanity. That is really what we are up against.
  I really consider what happened in New York and at the Pentagon to be 
a

[[Page S9307]]

declaration of war against the United States. I believe we must respond 
accordingly in a well-considered military way.
  I join the President, the congressional leadership, and particularly 
Secretary of State Colin Powell, whose remarks this morning share that 
same determination.
  Let there be no mistake. This attack was deliberately planned. It was 
planned to have the largest possible impact and to maximize the loss of 
innocent human life.
  The terrorists deliberately selected the largest planes with the 
greatest fuel loads to create the biggest explosion, to kill the most 
people, and to do it at a time of day when that would happen.
  They deliberately selected important symbols--one, the military 
headquarters of the United States, and the other a major center of 
American economic entrepreneurism.
  What is now emerging is genuine acts of heroism aboard our planes. 
Heroism aboard UAL Flight 93, which left Dulles International Airport, 
may well have prevented Flight 93 from striking the White House or the 
United States Capitol.
  Californians were aboard that plane. One Californian, Thomas Burnett 
of San Ramone, phoned his wife. He told her the flight was doomed but 
that he and two other passengers were determined to do something about 
it. ``I love you honey'' were Burnett's last words to his wife. He 
said, ``I know we are all going to die, but there are three of us who 
are going to do something about it.'' He worked for a company called 
Thoratec. He leaves three children. You might say he and others made 
the ultimate sacrifice.
  Yesterday firmly establishes in my mind that the major threat and No. 
1 national security problem facing the United States is the 
asymmetrical attack, the unconventional and unpredictable horrific act 
of terrorism.
  I don't believe America can be a paper tiger in response. I think the 
United States should spare no effort to uncover, to ferret out, and to 
destroy those who commit acts of terrorism, those who provide the 
training camps, who shelter, who finance, and who support terrorists. 
Whether that enemy is a state or an organization, those who harbor 
them, who arm them, who train them, and permit them must, in my view, 
be destroyed.
  It is interesting to note that 3 weeks ago the British press carried 
articles which said that the bin Laden operation was prepared to 
launch--and this a quote--``an unprecedented attack against the United 
States.'' We know that the organization is wanted as well for two prior 
major terrorist attacks against the United States.
  It seems to me that there is a good indication we will shortly find 
who is responsible for this act of war against our country. And then we 
must strike back against them hard.
  It is also critical that America lead an international effort that 
makes clear to all nations that countenance terrorism, that harbor 
terrorists, that aid and abet their actions, that that country is an 
enemy of the United States.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have a couple additional 
minutes.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mrs. FEINSTEIN. Thank you, Mr. President.
  All civilized nations, whether it is NATO, our European allies, 
Russia, China, the moderate Arab States, or anyone else--I received a 
call this morning from the Chinese Embassy saying the President of 
China had called our President yesterday to indicate China's solidarity 
with the United States and to offer any help. Indeed, that is a giant 
step forward. It is a beginning. I believe we must create a critical 
divide between civilized nations that will not sanction terrorism and 
spell out those that do and do something about it.
  Presently, the United States spends about $12 billion, spread among a 
number of Departments dealing with terrorism. The proposed budget will 
shortly be before the Senate. If we are to engage against this threat, 
I think we must also organize and coordinate our Government's effort. I 
speak now as chairman of the Technology and Terrorism Subcommittee of 
the Judiciary Committee and also as a member of the Intelligence 
Committee. We must see that these dollars are wisely spent, not 
frittered among more than 40 Departments. I do not believe those 
dollars are well spent at the present time.
  We must also understand that homeland defense should be our highest 
priority: coherent and carefully balanced, with trained personnel in 
every State, and an intelligence network that provides a coordination 
between all branches of Government and each of our States.
  America has at its disposal a wide array of tools, but these tools 
must be directed carefully, with a coherent policy. This is not now the 
situation. I believe we must remedy it promptly.
  We Americans are a resilient, a determined, and a patriotic nation. 
We will not lose the spirit that makes us the greatest democracy on 
Earth by going after terrorists full scale. We have always been ready 
to respond in defense of freedom. And now that challenge is before us 
in a manner, shape and form that offers unprecedented challenges. We 
must respond.
  Let me also speak a few moments as a Californian. The four planes 
that were hijacked were all going to California; three to Los Angeles, 
one to San Francisco.
  Two hundred sixty-six people died on the planes. It is certain that 
many of them have families in California. To them, I extend my 
heartfelt sorrow. But I also extend a commitment that I will do 
everything in my power as one Senator to see that these deaths were not 
in vain.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask that the able Senator from Arkansas 
be recognized.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Arkansas.
  Mr. HUTCHINSON. Mr. President, on this day of mourning and on behalf 
of all Arkansans, I offer my deepest and most sincere condolences to 
the families of the victims of the cowardly attacks on the World Trade 
Center and the Pentagon.
  I especially want to mention the Arkansas flight attendant, Sara 
Lowe, and offer my sympathy and condolences to her parents Mike and 
Bobbie, and to her sister Allison. There may well be other Arkansans 
who were aboard, but Sara served, and served well, on Flight No. 11.
  While New York bears the brunt of the pain today, I am reminded, as I 
think of Sara Lowe from Batesville, AR, that there are hundreds of 
towns and hamlets and villages all across the Nation that share in the 
grief and the suffering today. Our Nation is grief stricken but our 
Nation is strong. Our Nation is united, and our Nation is resolved to 
bring those responsible to justice.
  I honor today the courage and compassion of the rescuers in New York 
City and at the Pentagon. Your Nation is grateful and your Nation is 
indebted.
  We all woke up yesterday and prepared to go about our normal business 
in a world that looked the same as it did the day before. Today 
everything is different. The New York skyline is changed, and so is the 
geopolitical landscape of the world.
  We stand at the violent birth of a new era in international relations 
and national security. The strategic pause that we enjoyed after the 
cold war ended is over. I pray that we have used this interlude 
properly; and I fear that we may not have.
  But this needs to be clear: Any nation that harbors, shelters, or 
abets these terrorist thugs will be regarded as full participants in 
these acts of war and will be held equally accountable.
  We will devote as many resources as necessary to find and punish the 
perpetrators of these acts. We must make a national commitment to 
breaking the back of international terrorism.
  On the Armed Services Committee, I am fortunate to have served as a 
member of the Emerging Threats Subcommittee under the leadership of 
Senator Roberts from Kansas.
  As frightening and as horrific as the toll and the results of the 
incidents yesterday are, I fear that a biological or a chemical attack 
upon this country would make the tens of thousands of victims yesterday 
pale in comparison to the millions that might be the victims of such an 
attack. But the American people should be assured that we will utilize 
every resource at the disposal of our great country to protect them.

[[Page S9308]]

  We Americans will stand together, united, determined, and ultimately 
victorious.
  Thank you, Mr. President.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Georgia.
  Mr. CLELAND. Mr. President, I was sickened by the actions that were 
taken against our country yesterday. I felt very much like I was back 
in the Vietnam war in the Tet Offensive of 1968 of which I was lucky to 
survive. When I looked out my window and saw the smoke coming from the 
Pentagon, I literally felt, for the first time, that I was under attack 
in my own country. That is a terrible feeling. I think many Americans 
shared that feeling.
  My staff is still trying to recover. They still have traces of tears 
in their eyes and on their faces from the suffering that we have seen 
on television by our fellow Americans.
  For the first time, I guess certainly in a long, long time, American 
blood has been shed on American soil by a foreign enemy. That gives us 
all pause to get the most out of this historic moment. That is what I 
am trying to do in my own mind as I rise to pay tribute to those 
wonderful rescue workers who have come to the aid of our fellow 
Americans in New York and in this great city of Washington, DC.
  But I think of the families as well who have suffered forever the 
loss of a loved one. Many children will go without fathers tonight. 
Many families will go without loved ones. And that grieves me greatly. 
But what are we to do? What are we to make of this?
  As a member of the Armed Services Committee for the last 5 years, I 
have been growing impatient, and in many ways frustratingly concerned, 
about the growth of terrorism and its impact on this country. In fact, 
Senator Warner, a couple years ago, created the Emerging Threats 
Subcommittee, which the distinguished Senator from Kansas, Mr. Roberts, 
chaired for a couple years. And now Senator Mary Landrieu from 
Louisiana chairs that subcommittee.
  Without speaking for them, I can say that over the last couple years 
we have had increasing evidence in testimony before our committee that 
the real threat, the emerging threat to America was going to come 
through some terrorist act, maybe biological, maybe chemical, maybe no 
more than just an explosive in a backpack, some terrorist act below the 
radar screen, someone or something that had no return address. This has 
indeed happened. What are we to make of it?

  As a member of the Armed Services Committee, I feel this challenge 
very personally, to make something of this worthwhile for our Nation 
and for our country, to come to terms with what we ought to do about 
it.
  In the wake of Pearl Harbor, I know there was a board of inquiry set 
up to find out what happened. Admiral Kimmel there in Hawaii got blamed 
for the attack, probably wrongfully so. Those of us on the Armed 
Services Committee, those of us in this great body, do have some 
responsibility, maybe through the regular committee structure, to find 
out what happened, find out what the recommendations from our best 
professionals are, and then go about the business of making sure this 
never happens to our country again.
  My heart is sickened at the loss of life. I would be even more 
sickened by the loss of this incredible opportunity, this spur for 
action, this spur for greater knowledge about where we are in our 
intelligence community. Do we not have the resources? Do we not have 
the human intelligence? Do we not have the people? Have we not been 
mindful of the real threats to this country as evidence upon evidence, 
testimony upon testimony continues to grow, as we hear increasing 
evidence in background briefings from our intelligence community that 
these are the kinds of threats we can expect not only now but in the 
future?
  Are we underfunding some aspect of our homeland defense? Are we 
overmatched and undercoordinated in our ability to respond? Are we 
forever to live from crisis to crisis under threat of terrorist attack? 
I don't think that is the way Americans are supposed to live or were 
born to live.
  My mind recalls the great words of F.D.R. that launched the greatest 
generation on its great crusade, World War II, the four freedoms, 
Roosevelt's famous speech. What are the four freedoms that Americans 
have an inherent right to enjoy? First, freedom of expression, the 
ability to talk in this great Chamber and express our opinion and the 
ability of any American to express the same; second, freedom of 
religion, which unquestionably is part of our national Bill of Rights; 
third, freedom from want; all of us feel this country is, as Lincoln 
said, the last best hope of Earth; finally, as F.D.R. put it in 1941, 
freedom from fear.
  Many Americans are fearful today. They are fearful for the future of 
their homeland, their communities, their families. We do not deserve to 
live in fear.
  I dedicate myself, as a Member of this body, as an American, as 
someone who has seen combat and who has lived in fear, to make sure 
that I rededicate myself to the task remaining before us: That we will 
work out, with the President of the United States and this 
administration, every aspect of a plan to rid ourselves of 
international terrorism and to work with other nations, other civilized 
nations, other nations committed to democracy and opportunity that 
believe in the four freedoms as we do, to work out with them, in 
coordination with them, an assault on terrorism.
  Yesterday was a declaration of war by terrorists on this country. 
This resolution we pass today in a unanimous fashion is, in my opinion, 
a resolution of guts and courage that this body sends forth, that we 
declare war on international terrorism.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I yield to the able Senator from Kansas, 
Mr. Roberts.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Kansas.
  Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. President, I join my colleagues in expressing 
support for this resolution, a resolution of the Senate of the United 
States expressing our very prayerful condolences to those who lost 
their lives as a result of this heinous crime, not only against 
themselves but against America and, just as important, against 
democracy and freedom.
  First, let me say this Congress stands behind our President and his 
determination to punish those who harbor terrorists as well as the 
terrorists themselves.
  Second, our fight against terrorism will necessitate more cooperation 
than we have ever seen or experienced from our allies and other 
governments. I am a little encouraged. They know we are not alone. 
Several Arab state leaders, long American allies, have expressed 
support. I understand that similar expressions have come from Russia. 
This will take an unprecedented diplomatic and foreign policy 
undertaking.
  As we determine how best to address this ongoing threat, it will not 
be necessary to start anew or to reinvent the antiterrorism wheel. I 
have had the privilege, as some have said, of serving for 3 years as 
the chairman of the newly created Subcommittee on Emerging Threats. 
That is a subcommittee created by our distinguished former chairman, 
John Warner. The committee is now ably chaired by Senator Mary 
Landrieu.
  Our subcommittee is now compiling the testimony of the many witnesses 
we have had over the past 3 years and the recommendations we have made 
which we will make available to the administration, to the Pentagon, to 
the American public, and, yes, to the 46 Federal agencies that have 
claimed jurisdiction of one kind or another with regard to homeland 
security.
  In this respect, I ask unanimous consent to print in the Record a 
letter that five Senators representing the Senate Armed Services, 
Intelligence, and Appropriations Committees and two subcommittees, 
including the Emerging Threats Subcommittee, sent to Vice President 
Cheney as of last July.
  There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the 
Record, as follows:

                                                  U.S. Senate,

                                    Washington, DC, July 13, 2001.
     Hon. Richard B. Cheney,
     Vice President of the United States,
     Washington, DC.
       Dear Mr. Vice President: The hearings conducted by the 
     Senate on May 8, 9 and 10, 2001 demonstrated that some 
     Federal agencies do not have a firm grasp of their roles and 
     responsibilities for preventing, preparing for, and 
     responding to acts of domestic terrorism. This lack of 
     clarity is due to the absence of a true, comprehensive 
     national

[[Page S9309]]

     strategy. Currently, our national policy is embodied in two 
     Presidential Decision Directives, the Attorney General's Five 
     Year Plan, and two Federal response plans, one maintained by 
     the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and one maintained 
     by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This 
     ``patchwork quilt'' approach is not a substitute for a 
     national strategy, the purpose of which would be to 
     coordinate our Federal agencies into an effective force.
       The attached report contains seven recommendations that 
     emerged during the course of the hearings. They merit your 
     strong consideration as you move toward bringing all of the 
     Federal entities involved in combating terrorism under a 
     single umbrella of clear leadership and a consolidated 
     national strategy. The recommendations identify and propose 
     actions to address weaknesses in our overall national system 
     to combat domestic terrorism.
       We hope these recommendations will be useful to you as you 
     chart a new course for this nation's domestic terrorism 
     policy. With respect to the review itself, we strongly 
     recommend that you solicit input from and incorporate the 
     worthwhile suggestions of members of the first responder 
     community, including fire, law enforcement, medical, and 
     emergency management personnel. In addition, just as you have 
     requested the assistance and support of the Director of the 
     Federal Emergency Management Agency, we urge you to also draw 
     upon the experience and expertise of the Attorney General and 
     the Department of Justice. This will ensure that you have all 
     the necessary information and resources at your disposal, and 
     that your review is balanced and thorough. We in the Senate 
     stand ready to assist you in this historic and critical 
     enterprise.
           Sincerely,
     Ted Stevens,
       Committee on Appropriations.
     John Warner,
       Committee on Armed Services.
     Richard Shelby,
       Select Committee on Intelligence.
     Pat Roberts,
       Subcommittee on Emerging Threats & Capabilities, Committee 
     on Armed Services.
     Judd Gregg,
       Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, and Judiciary, 
     Committee on Appropriations.

                      Report to the Vice President


  Findings Pursuant to the Senate Hearings on U.S. Federal Government 
               Capabilities to Combat domestic Terrorism

       I. Leadership.--During the course of the hearings, several 
     agencies announced the creation of a new position that would 
     coordinate those agencies' terrorism-related activities. HHS 
     is appointing a Special Assistant, DOD is designating an 
     Assistant Secretary of Defense, and FEMA has appointed a 
     Deputy Director. To improve coordination and centralize the 
     policy-making structure within the Department of Justice, we 
     recommend establishing in law a Deputy Attorney General for 
     Combating Domestic Terrorism (DAG-CT). The position would 
     have as its principal duty the development and coordination 
     of the department's overall policy for combating domestic 
     terrorism. The DAG-CT would report directly to the Attorney 
     General. The DAG-CT and the Deputy Director of FEMA, as Co-
     Coordinators, should share responsibility for coordinating 
     the Federal structure for combating domestic terrorism, 
     including all of the relevant agencies, and for coordinating 
     the national strategy.
       II. The National Strategy.--The Congress, the President, 
     and the National Security Advisor must be able to look to the 
     Co-Coordinators to coordinate a single national strategy to 
     safeguard this country from domestic terrorism. The national 
     strategy should establish the policies, objectives, and 
     priorities of the Federal government for preventing, 
     preparing for, and responding to domestic terrorist attacks. 
     The strategy should include specific objectives to be 
     achieved. Also, it should include a recommendation concerning 
     the role each Federal department and agency and State and 
     local government entity should perform in combating domestic 
     terrorism, as well as a recommendation concerning Federal 
     training, equipment, exercise, and grant programs. The 
     strategy should rest on four pillars: prevention/
     intelligence, preparedness, crisis management, and 
     consequence management.
       The sharing of information, especially by intelligence 
     agencies and law enforcement organizations, will be critical 
     to preventing acts of domestic terrorism. The Department of 
     State also has an important role to play in preventing 
     terrorism through its diplomatic and non-proliferation 
     activities. The Co-Coordinators should work in close 
     cooperation with the Department of State to ensure that we 
     have a unified strategy for combating both domestic and 
     international terrorism. Our level of preparedness will 
     depend on our commitment to training, equipment programs, and 
     regularly scheduled exercises which allow us to hone our 
     skills. Our ability to respond to a domestic terrorist attack 
     will require the close coordination of all entities with 
     responsibility for combating domestic terrorism. Pre-
     established guidelines outlining agencies' missions and order 
     of operations during a range of plausible threat scenarios 
     must be developed and distributed.
       The Co-Coordinators should be responsible for coordinating 
     agencies' and departments' programs and policies so that they 
     complement the national strategy. It will be the 
     responsibility of the Federal departments and agencies to 
     keep the Co-Coordinators appraised of any changes in their 
     organization, management, or budgets as they pertain to 
     combating domestic terrorism. All agencies and departments 
     involved in combating domestic terrorism should participate 
     in an annual review process coordinated by the Co-
     Coordinators, who should undertake this review on behalf of 
     the President. In conducting this review, the Co-Coordinators 
     should consult with the appropriate entities, including 
     Congress and the State and Local Advisory Group. The Co-
     Coordinators should make specific recommendations regarding 
     agencies' policies, programs, and objectives for combating 
     domestic terrorism as well as monitor their progress in 
     implementing the national strategy.
       III. Justice Reorganization.--One office within the 
     Department of Justice should oversee the work of the entire 
     Department on domestic terrorism issues. This office must 
     work on a daily basis with FEMA as well as with the FBI's 
     Counterterrorism Division. The DAG-CT, along with the Deputy 
     FEMA Director, should be nominated and confirmed by the 
     Senate. The DAG-CT would not be in any other chain of command 
     within the Department of Justice and would not be considered 
     as a successor to the Attorney General. As with the Deputy 
     FEMA Director, this position is recommended solely to address 
     domestic terrorism, and in no way should compete with the 
     present Deputy Attorney General position.
       The National Domestic Preparedness Office (NDPO), currently 
     under the FBI, should be transferred to the DAG-CT. The 
     original mission of the NDPO was to serve as a point of 
     contact for State and local governments. Because of its 
     strong ties to the emergency management community, FEMA 
     should assume the role of ``one stop shop'' for State and 
     local responders seeking information about Federal assistance 
     and training programs.
       IV. Budget Reviews.--There is currently no mechanism for 
     coordinating Federal spending for combating domestic 
     terrorism and domestic preparedness programs. There is no 
     process through which the President may determine what is 
     lacking and what is redundant in our national strategy to 
     combat domestic terrorism. A five year budget plan to 
     implement the national strategy should be coordinated by the 
     Co-Coordinators in consultation with the program managers 
     from the relevant departments and agencies. The Co-
     Coordinators should work closely with the departments and 
     agencies as they prepare their annual budget submissions.
       V. Chain of Command.--The Senate hearings demonstrated that 
     there is still a need for a coherent chain of command at the 
     Federal level during the response phase of a terrorist 
     incident. During a recent exercise, agents from the FBI and 
     Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) argued for an 
     hour over who was ``in charge'' at the scene, while actors 
     playing the part of the wounded and dying got hypothermia. 
     This confusion is the result of a poorly understood and 
     communicated chain of command.
       The Federal Response Plan (FRP) and Concept of Operations 
     Plan (CONPLAN) identify which agencies must respond at what 
     point in time and what function each agency must perform or 
     lead. These plans have not been effectively communicated to 
     responders at all levels, from local to Federal. Furthermore, 
     these plans were designed for a number of different disaster 
     scenarios. This ``one size fits all'' approach coupled with 
     the lack of detailed understanding of the plan at all levels, 
     is responsible for the confusion encountered by responders at 
     the scene.
       We recommend that the Co-Coordinators develop ``challenge 
     specific'' plans based on the FRP and CONPLAN to suit each 
     particular type of terrorist incident: nuclear, chemical, 
     biological, radiological, cyber, agricultural, and 
     conventional. The plans should focus on application of the 
     unified command structure across territorial, jurisdictional, 
     and intergovernmental lines. The resulting matrix of response 
     plans should also reflect the possibility of a simultaneous 
     attack involving two different types of weapons, particularly 
     a cyber attack.
       The purpose of creating a separate response plan for each 
     type of attack is to minimize delays in decision-making and 
     expedite action-taking. A plant that is tailored to the 
     specific response requirements of a chemical, biological, 
     nuclear, radiological, or conventional attack will provide a 
     chain of command that is automatic. We further recommend that 
     FEMA expand its efforts to provide FRP and ``challenge-
     specific plan'' training and education to Federal, State and 
     local response personnel. To this end, FEMA should support 
     and cooperate with existing DOJ training and planning efforts 
     to ensure the broadest dissemination and to avoid 
     duplication.
       VI. Risk and Threat Assessments.--Federal programs to 
     combat domestic terrorism are being initiated and expanded 
     without the benefit of a sound threat and risk assessment 
     process. Although it is not possible to reduce risk for all 
     potential targets of terrorism, a rigorous and continuous 
     assessment of risk can help ensure that training, equipment,

[[Page S9310]]

     and other safeguards are justified. Such programs must be 
     implemented based on the threat, the level of uncertainty 
     surrounding that threat, the vulnerability to attack, and the 
     criticality of assets.
       Because the threat terrorists pose is dynamic and 
     countermeasures may become outdated, risk assessments must be 
     continually updated. A multi-disciplinary team of experts 
     selected by the Co-Coordinators should generate these 
     assessments as well as a plan for ensuring their currency. 
     Regularly scheduled exercises will provide an opportunity to 
     demonstrate and validate the national strategy. This process 
     is crucial to ensuring that initiatives are based on 
     reality and are proportional to the threat.
       VII. Research and Development.--The research, development, 
     testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) of technologies to combat 
     domestic terrorism is currently under-exploited, yet holds 
     enormous potential to prevent--mainly through detection--
     domestic terrorist incidents. The United States will never be 
     able to prevent all domestic terrorist incidents, but we have 
     an obligation to do more. If we fail to prevent, then we must 
     be ready to respond. Our expertise must be more aggressively 
     focused on technologies for detecting and analyzing chemical, 
     biological, explosives, nuclear, and radiological materials.
       We recommend that the Co-Coordinators coordinate with all 
     the institutes in this country currently involved in RDT&E of 
     combating terrorism-related technologies. Among these 
     entities should be the first responders, the training 
     centers, the National Laboratories, the National Institute of 
     Justice, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
     the National Institutes of Health, the National Academy of 
     Sciences, private universities, and private industry. 
     Terrorist cells are increasingly adaptive with respect to 
     technology, and we must be able to anticipate future 
     capabilities. The Co-Coordinators should therefore be tasked 
     with coordinating a technological blueprint for the remainder 
     of the decade. This plan should be based on sound needs and 
     threat asscssments and should be set specific goals to be 
     accomplished within a defined time frame.

  Mr. ROBERTS. This letter followed 3 days of hearings in which 
bipartisan Members of Congress asked detailed questions of some 46 
Federal agencies. Senators Stevens, Warner, Shelby, Gregg, and Roberts 
offered this letter as a blueprint from which to eliminate the current 
patchwork quilt approach and renew attempts to forge a national 
strategy to combat terrorism and safeguard our national security.
  Let me warn that this act of terrorism may well be just the 
beginning. We must understand our enemy. In this regard, I quote from a 
retired Army officer and author, Ralph Peters, who warned several years 
ago:

       These warriors are made up of the true believers, those who 
     will die for a cause, whether religion, a nationalist vision, 
     or a conviction of ethnic superiority, and a desire to avenge 
     wrongs suffered whether real or imagined. Even when they are 
     our enemies, they are heroes to their own people--another 
     thing we do not understand--witness the young Palestinians 
     waving flags upon learning of the terrorist attack against 
     the United States.
       They do not deal rationally with our standards and we 
     falter when we rely on them to do so. Repeatedly, we have 
     failed to see the appeal of the upright man, perceived as 
     such by his own people, who hates us and who is willing to 
     propagate endless slaughter to drive us away and to use 
     weapons of mass destruction when required.
       This pool certainly includes the Osama bin Ladens of the 
     world.

  Again, we should not underestimate the nature and character of our 
enemies. And they are our enemies. Let me recommend to all of my 
colleagues the book by Samuel P. Huntington, ``The Clash of 
Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order.'' His book should be 
required reading for all of my colleagues and those within the national 
media and all interested in preserving democracy, freedom, and Western 
values.
  He quotes Arthur Schlesinger Jr. as stating Europe and America are 
the unique source of individual liberty, political democracy, and the 
rule of law, not to mention human rights and also cultural freedom. It 
is precisely these unique concepts that are now under attack and why we 
must have an international response.
  The principal responsibility of Western leaders, especially now, is 
not to attempt to reshape other civilizations in the image of the West, 
which is beyond our power, but to preserve, to protect, to renew the 
unique qualities of Western civilization where they have been nurtured, 
appreciated, and taken root. That responsibility overwhelmingly falls 
to the United States of America.
  That statement has foreign and national security policy ramifications 
that deserve a great deal more comment on this floor at a later time.
  I will add one other thing. Every witness before the Emerging Threats 
Subcommittee, when we asked about the threat against the United States, 
said: It is not a matter of if but when.
  When is now. The tragedy is now. It will not stand. It will not 
stand.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington is recognized.
  Mr. CANTWELL. Mr. President, yesterday's vicious terrorist attack 
left an uncounted number of Americans dead and injured, and countless 
others grieving for friends and loved ones they have lost. We offer our 
hearts and prayers to those people, who have suffered a pain so deep it 
is beyond understanding. We support them in their pain and grief, we 
also share it.
  Every American was wounded in yesterday's attack, because it was an 
attack on our freedom and fundamental values as a people. Some have 
called this attack an act of madness, but it was not. It was an act of 
war--an organized, coordinated, premeditated murder of thousands of 
Americans, designed and carried out for political advantage. We will 
not allow it to go unpunished.
  We will stand behind our President as he brings our law enforcement, 
military, and intelligence forces together to find these murderers and 
their allies. And as he takes the steps necessary to demonstrate 
clearly to all the world that terrorism against our nation will not be 
tolerated.
  Here at home we must continue to work together to bind up the wounds 
of this nation and heal the widespread injuries and anxieties that 
these acts have caused. We are profoundly grateful for the efforts and 
sacrifices made by the relief workers, police, and firefighters--and we 
deeply grieve for those heroes who lost their lives yesterday in New 
York trying to save others.
  This isn't the first time terrorists have tried to attack the United 
States--and it won't be the last. An orchestrated terrorist attack was 
stopped in Washington State when terrorists bringing explosives into 
the United States from Canada were intercepted. They intended to plant 
bombs at a New Years Eve celebration in downtown Seattle and to kill as 
many people as they could. Fortunately, that plot was uncovered and 
stopped. This time, we weren't so lucky.
  Attacking this country is not enough to defeat it. It never has been. 
This is something our enemies have discovered again and again. 
America's history is the story of a Nation, of a people, who have 
repeatedly overcome what have seemed like insurmountable challenges.
  I thank the Chair.
  Mr. President, America began as a nation by overcoming tyranny. We 
will continue by overcoming terrorism, and we will do it without 
sacrificing who we are as Americans. We will do it by supporting those 
who have been injured and giving sympathy and support to families who 
have lost loved ones. We will do it by refocusing our efforts on more 
security efforts, and we will do it by upholding the principles that we 
all believe in of ``liberty and justice for all.''
  I yield back the remainder of my time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Idaho is recognized.
  Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, as our Nation mourns, my prayers--our 
prayers--are directed to the victims and the families of the victims 
who died yesterday at the hands of world terrorism.
  As many have noted today, America finds itself at war. The question 
still must be answered: Against whom? And what exactly will be our 
response? But the fact itself cannot be doubted. At this time, most 
observers suppose that yesterday's terrorist attacks were perpetrated 
by a well-known terrorist group. My remarks will be based on that 
reasonable supposition. It is further supposed that these attacks could 
not have been mounted without state complicity. There are strong 
suspicions as to which state has primary culpability. Once that 
determination is made with reasonable certainty, the U.S. response must 
include a strategic assessment toward that regime, or possibly regimes, 
as well as tightening domestic security and reassessing our attitude 
toward terrorism as war.
  In the comments about yesterday's events, it is good to note that 
most are

[[Page S9311]]

talking about being at war rather than our usual tendency to look at 
these acts as exclusively criminal acts. For example, in past U.S. 
policy toward foreign-instigated terrorist attacks, such as the World 
Trade Center bombing in 1993, the U.S. Embassy attacks in Kenya and 
Tanzania, Khobar Towers, or the U.S.S. Cole, they have been based on 
the ``criminal model.'' This is the notion that our main task is to 
gather evidence, identify and apprehend perpetrators, and build a case 
sufficient to convict them beyond a reasonable doubt in the court.
  This criminal model obscures the strategic implications, which should 
be our main concern. The criminal model should be replaced with a 
warfare model adapted to 21st century conditions in which war no longer 
means a confrontation along a defined front between armies fielded by 
industrial states. Instead, under conditions in which the distinction 
between state and private violence is not relevant, war means 
determining within a moral certainty the responsible actors--state or 
nonstate--and delivering a devastating punitive and exemplary reprisal. 
Consideration should be given to a congressional declaration of war 
against such state and nonstate actors.

  Based on past experience, it is inevitable that part of the response 
will involve a further tightening of security procedures right here in 
this country. These measures, which almost never are removed once they 
are put in place, have little utility, except to tighten Federal 
control over Americans, and it really should be minimized. That is not 
to say we ought not look at them, consider them, and where they are 
best used, estimate their value--but not overestimate the outcome. More 
importantly, they are a measure of our failure of strategic vision.
  Instead, we should concentrate on identifying the hijackers who flew 
the airplanes to their targets, and determining how they entered the 
United States. This is what we ought to be about. Misguided efforts to 
relax bars to aliens on whom security agencies have derogatory 
information should be shelved. Border controls should be tightened.
  While targeted reprisal is a necessity, it should be accompanied by a 
comprehensive reexamination of U.S. post-cold war strategy. Currently, 
that strategy is largely based on cold war inertia, consisting 
primarily of maintaining, extending, and perpetuating our status as 
``the world's sole-surviving superpower''--in effect, exercising global 
hegemony, and preventing the emergence of any potential rival, such as 
China or Russia.
  This policy, with its focus on global dominance rather than domestic 
defense, where it should be, makes the United States more vulnerable to 
terrorist attack, not less. We have to look at global policy, but 
clearly we must focus now more than ever on domestic defense.
  This policy must be replaced by one that places a priority on the 
defense of our sovereignty, our people, and our territory. With regard 
to yesterday's attacks, our global strategy should be reexamined to 
include undermining the harboring regimes or regimes by diplomatic and 
possibly military means; adopting a more positive policy toward nearby 
countries opposed to such regimes; and pressuring countries with which 
the United States has friendly relations, but that may be supporting 
the harboring regimes, to cease that support.
  These efforts will require a thorough assessment of American policy. 
No part of it can be left out. We do not stand in a situation of 
isolation today. Our neighbors will gather around us. Let us examine 
ourselves into the 21st century. Let us use our ability in that context 
to shape a new foreign policy and resolve that what happened yesterday 
in this country shall never happen again.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Jersey is recognized.
  Mr. TORRICELLI. Mr. President, the calendar and history rarely 
perfectly coincide. It was remarked that the 20th century really began 
in August of 1914 with the commencement of European hostilities. It 
may, on reflection, prove to be true that the 21st century did not 
begin when that famous ball fell in Times Square; it began on September 
11, 2001.
  The world has now been introduced to a new and difficult struggle 
against terrorism, asymmetrical war, held along the fissure lines of 
culture, prosperity, and commitment to law.
  I regret that the front lines of this new struggle have formed 
through the communities I represent in northern New Jersey and our 
neighbors in New York City. Last night, children waited at home for 
parents who never arrived. Spouses held dinner for husbands and wives 
who never came home. The battlefield of this new war was Manhattan and 
Jersey City and Fort Lee and Queens. We are all soldiers.
  There is a temptation to accept that this new chapter in the war on 
terrorism in a new century is merely a continuum of the same. Perhaps 
the scale and the intensity is only different from Lebanon or Saudi 
Arabia or, indeed, the World Trade Center itself 8 years ago.
  By definition, it is fundamentally different. The very scale of this 
attack and the premeditation of those involved suggest that the 
organizations or the nations that planned this attack intended to 
strike at the Government of the United States itself.
  I offer these observations not because I differ from the President of 
the United States but because I offer my support and because I believe 
that, as a Congress and as Americans, we must all stand together in 
this moment when we are all tested. But I do offer a difference in my 
observation. The arbiter of this act of terrorism will never be a jury. 
It is history. It is not those who were agents in the commission of 
this crime that we seek but the organizations that are responsible.
  At the outset, it must be made clear this is not a law enforcement 
matter. It does not matter who rented the cars or even who flew the 
airplanes. They are agents of others. I will find no satisfaction in 
their indictment, whether they are alive or deceased. It is those who 
wrote the plan, harbored the conspirators, gave them sanctuary within 
their borders.
  It is not enough that we are pursuing a legal case against those who 
are responsible for this crime. It has become axiomatic to suggest an 
act of war has been committed against the United States. Those are our 
words. But our deeds are suggesting that we believe we were simply 
victims of a hijacking, that a murder was committed, a crime of large 
proportions but ordinary in concept.
  We are missing the point. If those who committed this crime wore 
uniforms or had a flag or a capital, the response of the United States 
would be clear: This operation would be run from the military, not the 
Justice Department. It would be the Air Force, not the FBI, conducting 
operations.
  I support the President of the United States, but I do believe, with 
all respect, we are not properly conceiving the magnitude of the 
moment. A fissure of history was reached yesterday, and in all of our 
sorrow and our grief, we are not yet seizing the moment.
  It is my belief the President of the United States should come to 
this Congress and ask for a declaration that since September 11, 2001, 
the U.S. Government is engaged in general hostilities against a series 
of terrorist organizations; that in these hostilities, we will not 
respect the sovereignty of those nations that give safe harbor to those 
who committed acts against our country and our people.

  I recognize that it is not possible with precision to identify every 
organization that was complicitous or involved. I also do not believe 
that it is necessary. Many of these terrorist organizations previously 
committed acts against the United States. Others are known to have 
planned such operations. Many have the intention of committing such 
acts. Together they represent a network that is a worthy and legitimate 
target of our hostilities.
  Second, I cannot return to the people of New Jersey who have lost 
hundreds or, tragically, even thousands of citizens without explaining 
the role of the U.S. Government in their defense. The scale of what 
occurred in the last 48 hours may have been unpredictable, but the 
source and the means and the targets were not.
  The American people have trusted this Government through our 
intelligence communities to defend our Nation and its people and our 
varied interests. This has not occurred. It is my

[[Page S9312]]

belief that the President of the United States should form a board of 
general inquiry to review the actions of the U.S. intelligence 
community and the failures which led to this massive loss of life and 
compromise of national security.
  It can never be enough to explain that the unforeseeable happened to 
the unprotectable because neither is the case.
  Only two decades into the 20th century, Winston Churchill remarked: 
What an extraordinary disappointment the 20th century has been.
  Here in our first year of a new century, on behalf of all those at 
home who suffer, who have dealt with unconscionable acts, let me simply 
say what a disappointment the 21st century has already been.
  I thank the Chair, and I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Arizona.
  Mr. KYL. Mr. President, today our entire Nation confronts an evil 
inflicted upon it by those who resent our values and our way of life. 
All of us address the Nation as Americans, not partisans. That is as it 
should be when we are hit by a tragedy of this magnitude.
  I first want to join my colleagues in assuring our fellow Americans 
our Government is carrying on the business of the people. Our Nation 
has not bowed and will never bow to violence and terror.
  Second, I join in expressing our love and concern for the victims of 
these evil deeds. We will never forget them.
  Third, if our words are to have effect, we have to change the way we 
deal with terrorism. Things have changed. No nation can ever be 
completely safe from threats to its security, but sadly today our 
Nation is forced to recognize what many of us have long known: that 
America is vulnerable to attack. But there are steps we can take to 
make it safer.
  As members of the Intelligence Committee, and as chairman and ranking 
member of the Senate Judiciary's Subcommittee on Terrorism, 
respectively, Senator Dianne Feinstein and I have held a series of 
hearings on recommendations about how to deal with terrorist threats. 
Some have to do with the overall organization of our Federal Government 
to deal with these threats and the aftermath of such attacks. Others 
bring Federal law into conformity with law enforcement and the 
intelligence community needs to pursue evidence and information 
necessary both to thwart terrorist attacks or to prosecute the 
perpetrators.
  Former FBI Director Louis Freeh testified before our Terrorism 
Subcommittee for several years that he needed certain legal authorities 
to investigate these kinds of crimes, including things such as trap and 
trace authority which would give the FBI greater ability to trace 
computer crimes to their source; additionally, recommendations to put 
countries on the terrorist lists that are not currently there but that 
ought to be; to make a better effort to limit fundraising of terrorist 
organizations right here in the United States; to examine the so-called 
Deutch requirements pertaining to criteria for recruiting agents--this 
cripples our efforts to infiltrate certain terrorist organizations--to 
enhance information sharing and cooperation between law enforcement and 
intelligence agencies such as the FBI and the CIA; to examine the 
safety of our airlines and our airports. Clearly, measures must be 
taken to increase security here.
  Two years ago, the major airlines at Boston's Logan Airport and the 
Port Authority were found to have committed 136 security violations. In 
the majority of incidents, screeners hired by the airlines to staff 
checkpoints in terminals routinely failed to detect test items such as 
pipe bombs and guns. These glaring security failures must be the 
subject of prompt congressional scrutiny. We must reevaluate our 
intelligence-gathering activities worldwide and devote appropriate 
resources.
  The Nation had no warning of this attack, though it was clearly long 
planned and very well coordinated. I join my colleagues in calling for 
prompt hearings to examine this failure of our intelligence network.
  We must now assess how we ascertain what information is credible 
about attacks from abroad and how we might have missed what was clearly 
an elaborate plot to undermine and demoralize the United States. In the 
process, we should recognize the information which would justify the 
action is very difficult to come by in cases such as this.
  A very important point is that our Nation must decide how it is going 
to deal with terrorists and the nations that harbor them after attacks 
of this kind. President Bush, in his statement yesterday, emphasized 
this point.
  Terrorists are frequently protected internally by certain nations or 
they are very much on the move and difficult to find. But after we have 
identified who is responsible, if the perpetrators cannot be brought to 
justice in the United States, then, as other speakers have noted, we 
must be prepared to take other appropriate action.
  The legal authority to do that could be in a new form of declaration 
of war, a war on the terrorists who engaged in this evil activity, as 
well as those who harbor and support them. In the end, the greatest way 
for us, as leaders, to confirm our commitment to the victims of this 
evil is to dedicate ourselves to a real and forceful battle against 
this terrorism. Action not words, that is the challenge before us. As 
Prime Minister Winston Churchill said in 1940, ``Let us brace ourselves 
to our duties.''
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. EDWARDS. Mr. President, we awoke yesterday to a much different 
world than the world we are required to accept today. On the most basic 
and fundamental level, we have lost the lives of heroes and victims, 
and we know that behind the devastating numbers we have all been seeing 
are real people, with real families, with real lives, with real 
accomplishments, and real hopes. We also know sadly for all of us that 
we can never, ever reclaim those lives.
  We can honor them and remember them, and in their names we can devote 
ourselves to take every action to assure that no other Americans have 
to make this supreme sacrifice.
  My Scripture teaches us to weep with them that weep and be of the 
same mind one toward another.
  I speak now to the families of those who have been taken. We in this 
Chamber cannot erase yesterday, although we wish with everything inside 
us that we could. In the difficult days and years to come, we will keep 
their lives and their names and their sacrifices in our hearts, and we 
will translate our grief and our anger into a determination to prevent 
this tragedy from ever being repeated.
  I know this is little solace for their extraordinary loss, but it is 
an important commitment that I truly believe every one of them would 
wish us to make. We will not forget, and we will act.
  For 225 years now, America has been more than a nation--state, more 
than a set of borders, more than a piece of land. America is an idea, 
and that idea is freedom: Freedom of thought, freedom of movement, 
freedom to shape our lives and our society the way we choose.
  Yesterday morning, it was not just America that came under attack. It 
was the hopes and aspirations of freedom-loving people all over this 
world.
  There is a reason America does not bow to terrorism. There is a 
reason we live by the rule of law and not the rule of the jungle. There 
is a reason we return to our homes and offices and reclaim our skies 
and our pride. There is a reason we will marshal our resources, all our 
resolve and the awesome strength of our military to catch these death 
mongers, to punish them, to make them pay for what they have done to us 
and our people because we surrender our freedom to no one.
  I commend President Bush for his leadership in this extraordinarily 
difficult time. I urge all my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to 
stand with him.
  From time to time, from issue to issue, the votes in this Chamber are 
divided, but when it comes to defeating terrorism and hate, the Senate 
will not be divided.
  Some have wondered, in the aftermath of this tragedy, whether our 
country will ever be the same. We need to make our airports safer, and 
we will. We need to make our flights more secure and their flight 
patterns more inviolate, and we will. We need to do

[[Page S9313]]

more to root out terrorism in the countries where it is tolerated, 
funded, and harbored, and the world can rest assured that we will.
  The strength of our Nation is measured not in airport scanners or in 
flight controls; it is measured in the grit and the will of our people 
when it is needed the most. By that standard, America is the strongest, 
toughest, most resilient Nation on the face of the Earth.
  Scripture also tells us ``whoever shall be great among you, let him 
be your minister; and whoever shall be chief among you, let him be your 
servant.''
  Mr. President, we glimpsed that greatness yesterday in the rescue 
efforts in New York City and at the Pentagon--policemen, firemen, 
military personnel, and so many brave volunteers putting themselves and 
their lives in harm's way to help others. Too many of them paid the 
ultimate price for their acts of courage.
  My Senate office was flooded yesterday with calls from concerned 
people in North Carolina, people who wanted to give blood, to donate 
clothes and blankets, to open their hearts in this time of solidarity. 
I am especially proud that a group of Marines from Camp LeJeune in 
Jacksonville, NC, is preparing to leave for New York now to assist in 
any way they can.
  Today, we can't help but think how fragile is the safety and security 
we have been taking for granted. But throughout our history, we have 
weathered war and pestilence; we have met every kind of disaster, both 
natural and manmade; we have mastered every challenge and conquered 
every foe.
  The spirit of America is strong. The power of freedom will overcome. 
And by reaffirming that freedom through strength, justice, and 
compassion, we will honor the memory of those who have departed and 
give renewed purpose to those of us who must now carry on.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Johnson). The Senator from Colorado.
  Mr. ALLARD. How much time remains?
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Five minutes.
  Mr. ALLARD. Mr. President, President Bush last night did what many of 
us do in times of trouble: He prayed. When we prayed last night, we did 
so not only for those who were injured or killed yesterday, but for 
what our nation and people are still to face.
  After the horror of yesterday, there are still other horrors to come. 
One of those horrors will be the casualty figures. The disaster is so 
large we don't even yet know how large it is. Some time, in the next 
few weeks, we are going to hear a number, the number of the dead and 
permanently missing. It will probably be in the thousands.
  I would like to take a moment to mention Capt. Jason M. Dahl, the 
pilot of United Airlines Flight 93. This 43-year-old Ken-Caryl Ranch, 
CO, father spent most of his workdays training others to fly Boeing 
757's and 767's. That way, according to newspaper reports, he got to 
spend more time with his wife and teenage son, Matthew. But trainers 
must fly every so often, and Dahl apparently scheduled himself on 
Flight 93. He died yesterday morning when the plane slammed down into a 
Pennsylvania field. This is one name, one short background, and there 
will be thousands more.
  But America is strong. No terrorist can undermine our country. There 
is no casualty figure that could come from this that will make us lose 
our fundamental purpose as a nation and a people. Anyone who doubts 
this only needs to look at the flags popping up on streets, the lines 
outside blood donation centers, the supplies being gathered for the 
survivors. America has long exported compassion by responding to 
African droughts and Central American hurricanes and European 
earthquakes. Now we have to deal with a massive tragedy in our own 
land, and I am sure we will do so strongly.
  I was in a meeting yesterday dealing with Middle East security when 
my Chief of Staff came in and told us that the building was being 
evacuated. It occurs to me that aspects of life in the Middle East--
terrorist attacks, public fear and public mourning, heavy domestic 
security, checkpoints, rigid airline safeguards--could quite possibly 
be incorporated into the American way of life as well. Things that we 
have seen before only on TV broadcasts from foreign lands could be 
brought home to us, right here in America.
  I trust the Nation will understand that these new measures might 
change our lives, but not our way of life. Increased security might, 
for instance, add to travel time, but not effect our ability to travel. 
Just as we learned to live with safety wrapping on store bought items 
and metal detectors in public buildings, we are going to have to learn 
with new airport and border security.
  Our Nation once also learned, through necessity, to deal with the 
potential of nuclear war. Some of the old Cold War defenses we 
incorporated into our lives were even able to assist us in this new war 
we face. The North American Areospace Defense center--NORAD--in 
Colorado Springs was monitoring the highjacked airplanes yesterday.
  We in the Government are going to have to answer ``What next?'' The 
Senate has already approved supporting increased resources in the war 
to eradicate terrorism, and supporting the president in punishing the 
perpetrators of the attacks.
  The phrase ``war on terrorism'' has been used lightly before. This is 
a war. And this war cannot be fought by, as I have heard it mentioned, 
by just using cruise missiles to blow up tents in a desert.
  I thank again the thousands of personnel who have responded, in New 
York, Pennsylvania and Washington, to the crisis. Especially those 
whose response only meant that they themselves became victims of this 
hostile tragedy.
  This morning New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani said ``we are better than 
they are.'' A simple statement, but it accurately reflects a truth. 
America is better than evil terrorists, America is better than sneak 
attacks on innocent civilians, America is better than fanatics, and 
America will prevail in this crisis.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Illinois.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, today we know our duty as Americans. We 
will bury our dead, we will comfort our wounded, we will honor our 
heroes, and we will protect and defend our Nation. We will stand as one 
against the treachery visited on America on Tuesday, September 11, in 
the year 2001.
  We invite our friends and allies among the civilized nations to not 
only share our grief but also to share our determination to end the 
scourge of terrorism. The enemies of America, the enemies of freedom, 
unleashed their fury yesterday in New York and at the Pentagon in an 
effort to destroy our resolve. Our enemies have failed.
  Today our hearts are heavy for all of the innocent lives lost and 
scarred by these barbaric terrorists. But our resolve has not been 
shaken. We stand as one, committed to freedom. We stand as one, 
committed to tolerance. We stand as one against those who kill the 
innocent in the name of righteousness. We stand as one against those 
who in the name of God perpetrated godless acts.
  In the days ahead, we will undoubtedly learn of unparalleled, 
selfless courage by so many, the firefighters and police, who awakened 
yesterday as they did every day of their professional lives, pinned 
their badges and shields over their hearts, and risked their lives for 
people whose names they never knew, of the hundreds of firefighters who 
streamed into that inferno at the World Trade Center while every human 
instinct told them to flee the overwhelming danger. We will never know 
the details of their many courageous acts nor about the battles waged 
on the airliners hijacked by the terrorists. But we owe the deepest 
debt of gratitude to all of those Americans who demonstrated remarkable 
heroism at America's time of testing.

  I say to the families of those fallen heroes and to all of those who 
suffered a loss from this violence: This Nation will stand by you as 
you rebuild your community and your life.
  I say to our friends in Israel: This attack on America was an attack 
on our alliance and our common values.
  The terrorists set out to bring America to its knees. Instead, they 
have brought America to its feet, stronger than ever in our alliance 
with Israel and more understanding of the price terrorism exacts from 
the heart and soul of people.

[[Page S9314]]

  A word of caution to all of us: As we identify the sources of 
terrorism, it is possible we will look to an Arab person, or a group of 
Arab people, or those of the Muslim faith. We should never allow those 
facts, if they turn out to be true, to cloud our judgment when it comes 
to our fellow Arab Americans and those who believe and practice the 
Muslim faith. Many of them share with us the pain and sorrow of 
yesterday's tragedy.
  Let me bring this tragedy very close to home. During the course of 
the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln came to Washington as the new President. 
The States began to divide into the Confederacy and the Union. When he 
arrived, this Capitol dome which you see outside was under 
construction. Many people went to the President and said: Mr. 
President, we can't afford to wage a war and build this Capitol dome. 
He said: Yes, we can, because that Capitol dome represents the unity of 
this country and what we will be after this war. During the Civil War, 
he continued the construction of that great dome we see today. And 
Lincoln was right.
  We should a take lesson from that. As we talk about security in 
America, we should understand that one of the prime targets is the 
building I speak from--this Nation's Capitol, which attracts millions 
of visitors every single year. We owe those visitors, their families, 
and the thousands of people who work here the security and peace of 
mind of knowing that we have done everything we can to protect them in 
this age of terrorism. That means building a national visitors center, 
one which provides the security they deserve. This beautiful 19th 
century building should have 21st century security. I am happy to say 
that Senator Bennett of Utah as well as leaders on both sides of the 
aisle believe this is the moment when we should make that commitment to 
the national visitors center.
  The last item to which I will make reference is a small one, but it 
is especially irritating. Yesterday in my home State of Illinois, after 
this tragedy was reported in New York, many gas stations across our 
State raised the price of gasoline dramatically to as high as $5 a 
gallon. Profiteering in a time of national crisis is the lowest form of 
citizenship. It is little better than looting during a national 
tragedy. I have called on the residents of Illinois to report to me 
those stations that did it. They should be ashamed. And we will report 
their findings and their stories to the investigation of the unfair 
gasoline prices we have seen in the Midwest.
  Let me close by saying this: America will be tested now. We will be 
tested because of this tragedy yesterday. Some people said if we can 
just identify that one person who is the leader of this terrorist group 
and somehow capture or take him away, we will end the terrorism. That 
is so naive. Cutting off the head of one serpent doesn't clear a 
viper's nest. This is a network of terrorism throughout the world that 
really threatens every civilized nation, and we have to understand the 
complexity of the challenge we face.
  In closing, I am reminded of the comments of Winston Churchill in the 
House of Commons on October 8, 1940:

       Death and sorrow will be the companions of our journey; 
     hardship our garment; constancy and valor our only shield. We 
     must be united, we must be undaunted, we must be inflexible.

  Thank you, Mr. President.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Alaska.
  Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, perhaps because I represent the State 
that has the youngest age population in the country, I approach this 
subject from a different point of view.
  Many have said that this terrible, cowardly attack against our 
country by terrorists is similar to the experience we had at Pearl 
Harbor. I think perhaps Senator Inouye and Senator Akaka might have had 
similar experiences. But those of us who were alive and part of the 
younger generation then did not have the experiences that our young 
people had yesterday as they watched and were just mesmerized by the 
live coverage as two great buildings collapsed, of people jumping from 
those buildings, of the knowledge of how many people were killed and 
injured, of seeing our Pentagon struck.
  This vividness has affected the young people of our country much more 
than Pearl Harbor affected us. We had been acculturated to the fact 
that we were going to war. We had watched in the newsreels in 1939, in 
1940, and 1941 the Germans marching across Europe and the Japanese 
raping Nanking. Such things came at us in a small bite, as we might 
call it today, with a little exposure here and there.
  If our generation truly is the greatest generation, it is because of 
our parents and our guardians and our teachers. They prepared us for 
what we knew would be our duty to fight a war to restore freedom in the 
world.
  Our young people yesterday saw just this total exposure to death and 
the effects of terrorism. I think we have to be aware of that. They 
have not been prepared as young people in this period of time, when 
they have all of these freedoms to the exposure through so many means 
of communication and acquisition and knowledge. I believe our young 
people are in a state of shock. It is time we thought about that and 
what it means to America to have this sudden awareness by so many 
people, particularly young children and the younger generation, 
becoming exposed to the visible impact of terrorist activity.
  We don't live in a country like Israel where they have been attacked 
on the streets and they have seen bombing every day. We have really 
been living the life of luxury in terms of not being exposed to this 
type of activity. But it is here now. We were exposed to it yesterday. 
I don't think it is over.
  I call on the Senate and the Congress and the President. I hope we 
think about the young people. I hope we take the time to explain to 
them why we are going to retaliate. I hope we take the time to explain 
to them why we are going to change some of the security procedures of 
our country in terms of getting on and off interstate and even local 
transportation. I hope we explain to them why there are no people in 
the gallery here today--which I object to, by the way.
  But I think it is incumbent on those of us who are mature to try to 
guide these people toward the goal we hope they will pursue with us; 
that is, the goal of pursuing the perpetrators of these vicious 
terrorist attacks against the United States, and to support us in what 
we have to do. We should take time to understand their feelings. We 
should take the time to try to explain to them why we may not react the 
same way they would.
  I had calls from all over the country yesterday. I don't know if 
everyone else did. I assume so. I certainly had an enormous number of 
calls from home. They were asking if I was safe and if my family and my 
staff were safe. And the totality of the experience they had, people 
around the country, in viewing what went on--I have to say myself, I 
was totally shocked when I saw that first tower come down. And then 
when the second one came down, I just felt a lump in my stomach.

  The point is, I hope we act in terms of understanding that we have a 
job to lead the country, to have people understand what we are going to 
do in the future. If I have anything to do with it, we will finish our 
work here very quickly. I think we should bury our differences, find a 
way to move the appropriations bills, deal with the subjects we have to 
deal with, and go back to our homes to try to assist people in 
understanding why we are going to act as we must act; that is, we must 
deliver the most fierce retaliation against these people that the world 
has ever seen, because if we do not--if we do not--we are going to have 
some copycats around the world who think they, too, can take a crack at 
this country. That is something I would not like to see.
  But I hope we all keep in mind and think of the young people, think 
of the children, and try to explain to them what they saw and why we 
are going to do what we must do.
  Mr. President, II Corinthians, 4:8-9, states:

     We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed;
     Perplexed, but not in despair;
     Persecuted, but not abandoned;
     Struck down, but not destroyed.

  Thank you, Mr. President.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, yesterday's terrorist atrocities against 
innocent Americans were vicious and horrifying. They were acts of 
unspeakable cruelty unleashed against the American people in a shameful 
attempt

[[Page S9315]]

to spread chaos throughout our nation and instill fear in the hearts of 
our citizens. But such acts will not succeed, and they never will 
succeed.
  No American will ever forget watching a hijacked civilian aircraft 
crash into the towers of the World Trade Center, or seeing the plume of 
smoke rise from the Pentagon in the aftermath of the terrorist attack. 
No American will ever forget the sense of anger and vulnerability that 
swept our nation yesterday, when thousands of innocent lives were 
suddenly, and senselessly ended by the vicious acts.
  My heart goes out to the victims of this attack and their loved ones. 
The American people share our anger, our grief--and our resolve. We 
cannot bring back the lives of the fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, 
brothers, sisters, relatives, and friends--although we wish desperately 
that we could. We cannot yet fully answer the complex questions that 
haunt the country about this atrocity. As we search for and find the 
answers, we pray for the victims and their loves ones, and we hope that 
they will find a measure of peace and comfort from our prayers.
  This is a massive tragedy for America, and we must make clear that 
our national resolve will not be weakened. Our country has been tested 
and tried in the past, and we have always emerged stronger and wiser. 
We will do so again now. America's commitment to the values of freedom 
and justice has not been shaken in the past. It will not be shaken by 
these acts of terrorism.
  I commend President Bush for his strong statement last evening about 
finding and punishing the perpetrators of this atrocity. Those who 
murder American citizens must have no safe hiding place, and those who 
shelter terrorists must be punished as well. America will do everything 
possible to apprehend the perpetrators and to identify and punish those 
who give them aid and comfort.
  Like December 7, 1941, September 11, 2001 will be remembered as a day 
that will live in infamy. Just as the Pearl Harbor attack galvanized 
the American people in their resolve to prevail in the war against 
fascism and tyranny, I am confident that yesterday's attack on the 
American people will galvanize our citizens and strengthen our spirit 
to prevail in the ongoing war against global terrorism.
  It is tragic that these criminals were able to succeed in carrying 
out the most brutal terrorist attack in history on American soil. I 
pledge to work with the President, the Congress, and the families of 
the victims to seek answers to the many questions that exist, and to do 
all we can to strengthen the security of our people and to prevent such 
atrocities in the future. The American flag flies high today, and so 
does our commitment to our ideals here at home and all around the 
world.
  Mr. President, I want to commend my friend from Alaska for talking 
about the impact of this extraordinary violence on children. I think 
many of us have heard about and seen, as we were getting ready to come 
to work this morning, the counseling that is being provided to 
America's parents and children about how to cope with this violence.
  As we seek to find those who perpetrated the crimes, we must also be 
resolute and sensitive to the extraordinary concerns about violence 
that will have an impact on a whole generation of children.
  We have not focused extensively on this subject in the hours that we 
have discussed this resolution, but I thank the Senator for bringing 
this up. He is active in supporting the interests of children, and I 
think his point is extremely well taken.
  This resolution was overwhelmingly supported by all Members. It is 
what we can do today. There will be other opportunities to support 
activities to address this tragedy.
  The resolution recognizes the extraordinary suffering and the losses 
that have been experienced by so many families in America today. I 
think the focus, rightfully so, has been on New York, Pennsylvania, and 
also the Pentagon. But in my own State of Massachusetts, we have 39 
parents who will not be returning home this evening. We have dozens of 
children who will be missing one parent, and in some instances, even 
two parents. There are scores of people who worked in the World Trade 
Center who were from Massachusetts as well. And that has been generally 
true about so many other States.
  Although the targets were in New York and the Pentagon--and Lord only 
knows where the other plane was headed--all families feel an 
extraordinary threat to their lives and well-being and to the lives and 
well-being of their children. So we all reach out to them.
  I can remember very well the extraordinary way people came together 
in my State when five extraordinary firefighters perished in a fire in 
Worcester, MA, just a little over a year ago. They were brave 
volunteers, who sought to save two homeless people, and we now know 
that the homeless people had left after the fire had started. Because 
of the concern for the two homeless people, they volunteered and went 
in, and all of them perished. I remember the impact that this had not 
only on Worcester but on our State.
  When I heard, for the first time yesterday, of the loss of some 225 
firefighters, more than 50 police officers, and scores of rescue 
workers, it is something that families in my State felt very deeply 
about. I know Americans across this country feel very deeply about it.
  We say our prayers for the victims and their families. We reach out 
to them. We feel, to the greatest extent that we possibly can, the 
senselessness of this violence. And we resolve with them to bring to 
justice the perpetrators.
  I support this resolution because it commits this Nation to bring the 
perpetrators of the terrorism to justice. We have all heard the 
speeches here, and we are all resolute in this.
  I join with my colleagues who hope that we will have the opportunity 
for resolution. It appears from the briefings we have received that we 
have had good fortune in moving the investigation forward, and I hope 
that we will be able to identify those who perpetrated the crimes and 
those that supported them. There is some indication for that hope, as 
we have heard over the last days. But as has been pointed out, we will 
need to be resolute in this undertaking.
  We have 13 families in Massachusetts who lost relatives Pan Am Flight 
103. Yet, it was only a few months ago that many of our colleagues were 
talking about lifting the sanctions. Many of our European allies, many 
of our oldest friends in Europe wanted to abolish those sanctions.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent for 1 more minute.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. KENNEDY. I can still name the names of those families who lost 
people on Pan Am flight 103.
  Years after the Pan Am flight, if we are interested in combating 
terrorism, we are going to have to stay the course, stay resolute, 
persevere, and stay consistent.
  Finally, I hope at this time we will not look for scapegoats. I hope 
that we are going to be careful, particularly with regard to our Arab-
American friends. I hope that we will free ourselves from scapegoating 
and from the kind of conduct which would be helpful to terrorists who 
are interested in dividing this Nation in so many different ways.
  We reject that. We must stick with the facts and follow them where 
they lead us and not involve ourselves in that kind of activity.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon.
  Mr. SMITH of Oregon. Mr. President, I think all of us who have an 
election certificate and who have been called upon to represent the 
citizens of our State feel an obligation today to come together as 
Americans, not as Republicans and Democrats but to come together in a 
way that says symbolically and in reality to our constituents that our 
ship of state is still on course.
  Yesterday, America was called to endure yet another day of infamy. 
And in times of infamy, in times of tragedy, I find it helpful for us 
to refocus on the fundamentals that make us a great nation and a great 
people.
  So I say to my friends, my constituents of the great State of Oregon, 
that this is a time to come together as a country the way the U.S. 
Senate today is showing it can.
  Indeed, it is time, as individuals, to reach out to our neighbors, to 
love them better, to hold our families closer, and to serve our country 
with more

[[Page S9316]]

determination than ever in the way we live our lives.
  Yesterday I was, like all, shaken beyond words at this tragedy and 
was soon hustled into a room--a secure room--where I was in the 
presence of Senator Daschle, Senator Lott, Senator Nickles, Senator 
Reid, Tom DeLay of the House, and a number of others.
  It was not a large group, but it was a group that normally has daily 
differences. Those differences melted away, and what remained were 
Americans determined to seek the greatest good of our country.
  That is the kind of unity that has preserved America through days of 
infamy of the past and can sustain us yet again today and in the 
future.
  When I spoke about focusing on fundamentals, this morning I got out 
my little copy of the Constitution. The preamble is worth reading, as 
we, Members of this body, consider our responsibilities:

       We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more 
     perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic 
     Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the 
     general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to 
     ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this 
     Constitution for the United States of America.

  That preamble, that set of values, brought people of diverse 
interests together to make of States united States and the United 
States the leader of the free world. Freedom is not free. America knows 
that now in a renewed fashion.
  Our duty in this Senate, in this Congress, and in this country is now 
to rescue what victims remain alive and to comfort the families of 
those victims who have perished. It is to restore our institutions and 
set aright the shaken confidence many feel.
  Then it is to seek retribution that is careful but certain and as 
swift as possible. When I say that freedom is not free, I believe the 
American people will expect of us a heightened sense of security, but 
the balance, we must remember, is that as we seek security we not 
trample on liberty.
  The great test of our time in this tragedy, as one who supports 
without reservation the State of Israel, is how we treat our Arab 
brothers and sisters who are citizens of this land. We must not repeat 
the mistakes of the past. We must be careful.
  We are the leader of the free world. We must not trample on freedom, 
as we continue to lead. We are the leader of the civilized world. Our 
retribution must not target in any way innocent civilians. They are the 
leaders of the uncivilized world, and we saw their work yesterday. 
America is called to lead in a different way. We are called to lead the 
civilized and the free.
  I say, God bless our fellow citizens who perished yesterday. I say, 
God bless America.
  I take this opportunity to recognize some Oregonians who are doing 
their part to respond to this tragedy. The Oregon Disaster Medical 
Assistance Team has assembled and is prepared for immediate deployment 
by the Office of Emergency Preparedness. Many of their colleagues have 
already been deployed; the Oregon team is still on the ground awaiting 
availability of air transport. Their courage and willingness to serve 
is one of many bright lights that have brightened this dark day.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Connecticut.
  Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, I rise to support this resolution.
  Yesterday was a terrible day of terror. Today to me seems even worse. 
Yesterday, perhaps because the acts of war that were carried out 
against our people were so horrific, we responded. We moved forward. 
But it all seemed unreal. Today when I awoke, it seemed painfully real. 
It reminded me of terrible days in my personal life when I have 
experienced a loss of a loved one. You cope, and then you wake up with 
the reality and the pain is deeper.
  We all feel that today, and we can only imagine, therefore, how deep 
and pervasive is the pain of those many families whose lives have been 
devastated by the acts of terror that were carried out yesterday.
  I pray that God will be with them and the souls of their loved ones 
who are gone, that they will find comfort in good memories and strength 
from their faith in God.
  I have been very proud to be a Member of the Senate over these last 
few days. And it continues today, as I listen to the statements we have 
heard in this Chamber which should leave no doubt of our resolve nor 
our unity in holding accountable those who attacked us yesterday and 
sought to destroy our Nation.
  Today we are filled with the deepest feelings of anger and outrage. 
We want retaliation, and we will have it. We will not rest until we 
know who perpetrated these evils, and we will then respond with the 
full force of the righteous might that President Roosevelt summoned in 
1941.
  We must be careful not to mistake swift punishment for lasting peace. 
We are at war. That is true. But this war is dramatically different 
from the one we engaged in after Pearl Harbor. In this struggle, 
vengeance is not victory. Retaliation for yesterday's atrocities is 
only the end of the beginning of what should be our response, not the 
beginning of the end of that response.
  If, in fact, as this resolution says, we are acknowledging that we 
are in a war against terrorism, then we must understand that this war 
is not against a single known enemy but a broad and elusive threat from 
the forces of terror. And if we are to win this war, if we are to 
protect our security and freedom, we must adapt both offensively and 
defensively to the true nature of this threat and commit ourselves to a 
long and difficult struggle.
  We have several challenges ahead of us. First, of course, we must 
identify and punish the perpetrators. We must also honestly then assess 
our vulnerability here at home and then take swift and strong action to 
fortify the security of our critical national infrastructure from 
attack and to improve the ability of national and State and local 
authorities to respond to such attacks. We must consider with renewed 
purpose the proposals that have been made to create a new agency with 
responsibility for defense of our homeland, for the decades of security 
that our two oceans have given us are over. Our enemies can strike at 
us with terrorism, with cyberattacks, or with ballistic missiles. We 
must raise our guard here at home to those attacks.
  We have been warned by many experts that the threats we will face in 
the 21st century would be different and more diffuse than those we had 
faced over the last half century. That is why we have embarked on a 
path of transforming our military and other Government agencies to 
better prepare to wage and defend this new warfare.
  We must now move, after yesterday, with far greater urgency, for our 
enemies will not wait. They will not delay. They will continue to work 
with single-minded determination to find our points of weakness and 
strike at them.
  We must match and exceed their focus and determination. In doing so, 
we must not work and fight alone. This is not just our war. This is a 
war against democracy itself. In defending against those attacks, the 
world's other democratic nations must join together with us.
  I am grateful for the decision by the North Atlantic Council today to 
find the acts of yesterday essentially acts, under article 5, acts of 
war against us which are acts of war against all of them.
  If we are truly involved in a war against terrorism, then our allies 
in Europe and elsewhere must come to our side as we came to theirs in 
World War II and not tolerate and deal with and maintain normal 
relations of commerce or diplomacy with nations that harbor terrorists. 
We must convince them that they will either be allies of allies or 
allies of our enemies.
  History rarely offers respite to victors. We won a magnificent 
triumph in the cold war. After World War II, we were once again at the 
pinnacle of power. But, once again, we face a new form of tyranny. I am 
confident that we can and will rise to defeat this new challenge just 
as we defeated the communism that rose to face us after World War II. 
Our love of liberty has not diminished, nor has our common sense of 
purpose in protecting it.
  Succeed we can and succeed we must. The lives of our people, the 
security of our society, and the strength of our democracy depend on 
it.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming is recognized.

[[Page S9317]]

  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, yesterday was a day of great darkness, the 
likes of which we have never seen before. Yesterday we saw the face of 
evil in a cowardly and reprehensible act against the United States. The 
tragic events were a grave reminder of our Nation's vulnerability.
  Sadly, the light of a new day has continued to show us that the 
horror of yesterday was all too real. Our worst nightmare has come 
true.
  We all lost something yesterday, something very precious and 
something very real. I don't think we will ever again look at the 
footage of terrorist activities overseas quite the same way again. The 
comforting thought that protected us in the past, ``It can't happen 
here'' is no longer comforting, because it has been shown to us in very 
real and stark terms--it can happen here.
  President Bush has stated his resolve to find those responsible for 
this attack and bring them to justice. I support him in this effort and 
I am confident that President Bush, together with the members of 
Congress and the people of America will come together in the next days 
and weeks as we mourn our dead and honor the memory of those who died 
in the attacks or subsequent rescue efforts.
  Yesterday threatens to increase the anger we already feel in our 
hearts and make us cry out for revenge against someone, anyone.
  We will not allow that to happen. We all know the real goal of 
terrorism is to turn neighbor against neighbor to make us fear and 
mistrust the people of our communities. With God's strength and 
support, and our faith and trust in Him, we can show that we are bigger 
and stronger than that.
  Our strength as a nation comes from the different backgrounds, 
cultures, talents and abilities of our people. E Pluribus Unum, One out 
of many, is our Nation's motto for a reason. Yesterday we saw people of 
every race, religion and creed working together as Americans to help 
those affected by yesterday's attacks.
  We will continue that work in the coming weeks, and, as we do, we 
will do something we have not had to do for many, many years. The task 
of cleaning up, repairing and building that looms before us is great, 
even for the greatest nation on earth.
  Yesterday's events will raise a lot of questions that will need to be 
answered as we do our work. How did it happen? Why did it happen? What 
can we do to ensure it does not happen again?
  They are all good questions and they will be investigated and 
answered. Vice President Cheney has already been working on ways to 
improve and increase our intelligence gathering efforts. Now these 
improvements must be given the highest priority. As the Ranking Member 
of the International Operations and Terrorism Subcommittee of the 
Foreign Relations Committee, I pledge my time and my efforts to work 
with Members on both sides of the aisle and the Administration to 
address all the issues raised by these cowardly attacks.
  As do most Americans, I find it difficult to understand how someone 
could plan and carry out an attack such as the one we witnessed 
yesterday. Part of our work will be to review and reconsider our 
foreign policies and to increase our awareness and sensitivity to the 
fact that our actions abroad are not always supported by some members 
of the international community. We need to be aware that there are 
those who hate the United States for who we are and what we represent 
in the world. There are those who view our nation and the freedom we 
represent as a threat to themselves and their way of life.
  We will rebuild our cities, we will refresh our spirit, and we will 
renew our commitment to the principles upon which our country was 
founded. As Mayor Giuliani said this morning, as we roll up our sleeves 
and get to work, we will emerge stronger than ever and face the future 
with a renewed spirit, united more strongly as one nation under God 
than we ever have been before.
  It is time for us to reassure each other, to reach out to our 
neighbors, and to console our children that the world isn't a bad 
place, although there are bad people who live in it to be sure.
  As we prepared to go to bed last night, I thought about the days 
years ago when I, as a father, would listen to my children say their 
prayers before they went to sleep at night. ``And now I lay me down to 
sleep. I pray the Lord my soul to keep. If I should die before I wake, 
I pray the Lord my soul to take.''
  I thought about our children all over this country and around this 
world who went to bed last night who said those words and found a 
terrifying and frightening new meaning in them. They will all need the 
calm and reassuring touch of their mothers and fathers to assure them 
that they are safe and we are there to protect them.
  Those that are responsible for this act of terrorism tried to take 
our spirit just as certainly as they tried to take as many lives as 
they could. They acted without regard for those in their path, just as 
they acted without regard for our freedoms or our way of life.
  There is a price that will be paid for their actions. Maybe not today 
or tomorrow, but we will soon know who is responsible for these 
terrible acts of violence and they will be held accountable.
  There will be a time for that, someday in the future. As the Bible 
tells us, there is a time for everything and a season for all things.
  Now is the time to find the facts, develop a plan and make sure that 
every step we take in these next few days is warranted and necessary. 
For we are the most powerful nation on earth, and that brings with it a 
certain responsibility. The world looks to us now to see what we will 
do next, how we will handle the leadership the world has seen us 
exercise so well for so many years.
  Now is also a time for healing and rebirth--for coming together in 
pride as Americans. Now is the time to renew our commitment to freedom 
and the principles upon which we are founded. Now is the time to reach 
out in prayer to God and to each other.
  But for those who hear the sound of my voice and think we may falter 
in our commitment to America and our way of life, make no mistake. The 
light of freedom may flicker from time to time, but it always returns 
to a brilliance and luster just like the torch held proudly aloft by 
the Statue of Liberty.
  One thing the terrorists never understood is that we are a nation of 
more than just symbols, and landmarks and monuments, though they are 
all important and beloved by us all. We are a nation of strength and 
spirit and freedom and we will never yield our commitment to our 
principles, to each other and to our shared future.
  Last night, today, and for a long time to come, people in Wyoming, in 
Washington, in New York and all over the country will be holding prayer 
vigils, attending Church services, and reaching out to one another in 
an embrace of faith, hope and love. That is how we will continue, one 
people, one step at a time, to assure each other of our support for 
each other and to ensure that this terrible tragedy never happens 
again.
  We also join in prayer for the victims of this tragedy, for their 
families, friends and loved ones. We proudly recognize the efforts of 
our brave firemen, police and rescue workers who risked their lives to 
help those in need. Your efforts were greatly appreciated. You will 
never be forgotten.
  Yesterday we witnessed both chambers of this great Congress come 
together as one, united in plan, purpose and resolve. May we continue 
to work together to make our nation stronger and the world a better 
place for us all. It won't be easy, but that never has not and never 
will stop us. May God bless and keep us all firm in our resolve.
  Mr. CONRAD. Mr. President, I rise today not as a Democrat or as a 
Republican, but as an American. The vicious, premeditated terrorist 
attack on our country cannot stand. We are joined in common purpose to 
defend our Nation and to strike back against those who have committed 
these crimes against humanity. Operating under the cloak of secrecy, 
they destroyed the lives of thousands of men, women, and children who 
were completely innocent.
  Those innocents were not combatants in any cause. They were merely 
traveling to rejoin their families, or going to work, or heading for a 
holiday. They were harming no one. But terrorists bent on destruction 
transformed airliners into flying bombs and attacked them, attacked us, 
and attacked America.

[[Page S9318]]

  Let the word go out that we will not be deterred, we will not be 
defeated, we will not be denied basic justice. These evil perpetrators 
of mindless violence will be pursued and found, and they will be held 
to account.
  Let these adversaries understand that they have aroused the awful 
wrath of a mighty nation. We are united, we are determined, we are 
committed, and we will prevail. God bless America.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wisconsin is recognized.
  Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, let me, on behalf of the people of the 
State of Wisconsin, express our condolences to all those who have lost 
loved ones and, of course, offer our expressions of concern to those 
who are injured, and all the family members and friends who are 
suffering today from this tremendous tragedy.
  I want to join with others who have thanked the courageous 
individuals in New York and Washington and elsewhere who are helping to 
try to save whomever they can. And, of course, I share the intense 
feeling of rage and resolution when it comes to these acts. I had the 
same reaction a lot of other people did when I heard the news. It 
happened when, for the first time in my life, during the recess I had a 
chance to visit Pearl Harbor and tour with the admiral there and get a 
sense of just how terrible and surprising that attack was.
  For many of us, that is why this action yesterday was so reminiscent 
of Pearl Harbor. It was an attack on our territory. It was an evil act. 
So when some of us make the comparison, that is not to suggest which 
situation was more dangerous or what was a greater sacrifice. Really, 
what it is about is an expression of gratitude and love across the 
generations but at different times in our history. Whether it be Pearl 
Harbor or yesterday's attack, the American people are asked to do 
extraordinary things --to defend our freedom.
  In that context, I want to mention two elements of resolve and two 
cautions. The first resolve is that, obviously, this situation is 
almost certain to require military action. As a number of people have 
said today, this is not about simply bringing people to trial or 
finding a legal standard. I agree with those who say that these were 
``acts of war.''
  As one who has frequently questioned our military intervention and 
the wisdom--for example, our intervention in Kosovo and Bosnia, whether 
we really went about it the right way--this situation is different. It 
requires a strong and aggressive military response when we are able to 
determine exactly who we should be going after, and I understand we are 
pretty close to being certain of that.
  One reporter already asked me if what we did today constituted 
something similar to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. Of course not. It 
is not a blank check.
  We as Americans are all united on this issue. We can respect article 
I of the Constitution if we are talking about a declaration of war. We 
can respect the War Powers Act. We can act together as an executive and 
as a Congress to be sure we are unified, not just emotionally, but as a 
government and a country when the necessary acts have to be taken to 
retaliate against those who have committed these deeds.
  The second resolve relates to the suggestion by some that perhaps the 
American people will grow weary of our involvement in the Middle East 
and our concern about the Middle East. We will not retreat from our 
commitment to peace in the Middle East and, more specifically, we will 
not reward these terrorists by reducing one iota our support for the 
State of Israel, which is the only democracy in the Middle East, which 
is our steadfast ally militarily and otherwise. If those who committed 
these deeds believe this is the way to destroy Israel or destroy the 
link between our two nations, they have just made a very large mistake.
  Let me also mention two cautions, and others have already done this 
today, but it is important to express this. One is, as we look for 
answers and we look for solutions and we look for the things we must 
do, domestically as well as externally, we must continue to respect our 
Constitution and our civil liberties in this country. I am the chairman 
of the Constitution Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee. I 
recognize this is a different world with different technologies, 
different issues, and different threats, but we must examine every item 
that is proposed in response to these events to be sure we are not 
rewarding these terrorists by giving up our cherished freedoms that 
they do not believe in and that they would like to destroy.
  Finally, the other caution, which has been mentioned by so many, 
particularly eloquently by Senator Schumer, the senior Senator from New 
York, this should not be an occasion for ill-treatment of Arab 
Americans, Muslim Americans, South Asians, or others in this country. 
It is wrong. They are as patriotic as any other Americans and are 
feeling extremely stressed as a result of this situation. I have 
already heard some reports of some acts, and I roundly condemn them. We 
must stand together, all Americans of all backgrounds, to condemn these 
actions.
  Let me finally say, already in the middle of this enormous sadness, I 
can already see our country responding. I can already feel from the 
contacts we have had back home and the comments and actions of our 
colleagues here that we are responding in the best possible way to this 
unprecedented challenge.
  I thank all my colleagues for the way in which things have been 
handled in the last day, and I look forward to working together to make 
sure our enemies understand that we will not stand back and we will 
remember this, we will remember it every day until we have rooted out 
those who perpetrated these vicious actions against our country. I 
yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. Murray). The Senator from Kansas is 
recognized.
  Mr. BROWNBACK. I thank the Chair.
  Madam President, I appreciate the words of my colleagues on such a 
serious matter before this body. I, as an American, as a Kansan, and a 
Member of the Senate, am deeply saddened at the loss and tragedy our 
Nation has suffered, the shock of which still stuns us today.
  I also express the complete unity of all of us in the Congress in our 
absolute determination to respond to this atrocity quickly, wisely, and 
forcefully. We will rescue survivors, bury our dead, rebuild our 
centers of commerce, and find the killers. Already there is order; soon 
there will be justice.
  Kansans and Americans must be assured that our country will remain 
strong and will become stronger through this trial. Every hour I hear 
of new reports of Americans volunteering their time, their medical 
experience, their resources, and their blood to help their fellow 
citizens. We are responding to the evil of terrorism with the best of 
human nature, and I thank everyone who has sacrificed to help those in 
need in Washington and New York. The unsung heroes and untold stories 
are the bright lights in this dark sky.
  We will not only help the hurting, but we will seek out and find 
those killers. To terrorists and the nations that harbor them, we have 
this to say: We will find you, and we will deal with you as you 
deserve. Justice will be done.
  If there are rogue nations or terrorist groups that think they can 
intimidate our country, they are mistaken. I strongly agree with 
President Bush's statement that:

       America and our friends and allies join with all those who 
     want peace and security [and that]. . . .We will make no 
     distinction between the terrorists who committed these 
     acts and those who harbor them.

  I hope, from this dastardly act of terrorism, we will find support 
coming from many quarters of the world to fight this global scourge of 
terrorism. Already I have been in touch with people in several 
countries and spoken with them about their need to help us and found 
their quick statements of willingness to help us in support.
  I have spoken with Jordan's King Abdullah, who is vigorously 
assisting the United States, and also there are other Arab countries, 
to encourage calm and reason in the Middle East and to support us in 
finding those who have conducted these heinous acts. We appreciate the 
efforts of Jordan and thank her people and her King.
  There is another point that needs to be made. The culprits are 
terrorists, not the Arab people or those of the Muslim faith generally 
or any other group. Individuals are guilty of crimes,

[[Page S9319]]

not classes of people. In this instance, as always, we should reject 
unfair characterizations or generalizations targeted at groups of 
people.
  We had already been investigating reports on another matter in our 
State associated with gasoline price gouging. We are confident that the 
problems will be resolved in short order. Oil supply channels remain 
open. Measures are being taken to ensure the uninterrupted flow of oil, 
and anyone who does engage in the disgusting practice of price gouging 
in a time of tragedy will be prosecuted.
  I encourage my fellow citizens to contact offices in their States and 
public authorities if there is any way we can be of assistance in 
dealing with this matter.
  The Congress will be convening in both joint and special sessions 
throughout the remainder of this week. That is an important statement 
of our resolve to continue to conduct business, even though it is not 
business as usual. I certainly intend to be at every session and 
meeting that involves our current national crisis.
  I assure every American, particularly Kansans back home, that we are 
united, we are resolved, and we will seek justice to be done, swift and 
sure.
  I ask for your prayers for all the victims and their families and 
offer my deepest condolences to the families and appreciation for the 
many prayers that have been offered and the help that has already 
flowed so richly to those who need it.
  I finally note, in the weeks and months ensuing, we will be a changed 
nation. There are many things with which we will need to deal. We will 
need to deal with this battle, this war that we are in with terrorism, 
and we are going to have to fight it much more aggressively. It is an 
insidious conflict. We are going to have to get at it at its roots 
around the world, and we are going to need much help from many 
corridors. We will seek that, and we will fight and win this battle 
even though it is different from any other we have fought. We will pull 
together as a nation and do it. This will not be a Republican or a 
Democrat issue; this will be an American issue, as wars have been in 
the past, and we will wage it successfully.
  I pray we will continue and we will grow from this experience. May 
God keep the souls of those who have lost their lives. May God save 
those who at this hour await rescue. May God lift the weighted hearts 
of the families of the missing and the dead. May God preserve all those 
who love freedom in this world. May God bless the United States of 
America.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from South Dakota is recognized.
  Mr. JOHNSON. Madam President, not since December 7, 1941, has the 
United States suffered such a damaging blow on our own soil as the 
cowardly and hateful terrorist attack our Nation sustained on what will 
become, I am certain, a new day of infamy: September 11, 2001.
  While our enemy may not be another nation in the traditional sense, 
the strike against America was, in fact, an act of war. Our Nation now 
needs to demonstrate the same kind of moral clarity and courage that 
characterized the World War II generation. Three immediate steps need 
to be taken.
  First, of course, is that our Nation extends its prayers and its 
assistance to the victims of this monstrous and shameful attack. I am 
proud that South Dakotans have overwhelmingly responded with offers of 
blood and other assistance.
  While our Dakota homes may not often be at direct risk from attacks 
of this nature, we fully understand the strike against New York and 
Washington was a strike against all Americans, wherever we might live.
  The numbers are staggering, but we recognize in those numbers are 
real lives and real people, real children who have lost their parents, 
real parents who have lost their children. The people of South Dakota 
are grateful to the heroes who did so much to save so many, many of 
whom gave their own lives in the course of that effort. We share the 
sorrow of the rest of the Nation for those lives that were lost, those 
families who have forever been devastated by this hateful and shameful 
attack.
  Second, we recognize we must respond in a spirit not of revenge but 
of justice. Our enemies, however, must understand that justice can be 
severe indeed. We must make careful but swift determinations about the 
guilt of our enemy and make it very clear we will not distinguish 
between terrorists and those who attempt to provide a safe harbor for 
terrorists.

  Anything short of the capture and punishment of these people will 
only serve to encourage more terrorism against the United States and 
against all other liberty-loving nations throughout the world.
  Third, the United States, in conjunction with its democratic allies 
all over the world, needs to make substantial improvements in our 
antiterrorist strategies. That means far better intelligence gathering 
and infiltration of terrorist cells so that plans for violence against 
innocent people, wherever they may be, can be intercepted before they 
are carried out. It means far better air transportation security 
efforts than anything, frankly, that has yet been developed.
  As a new member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, I vow I will 
do all I can to work with this administration to make certain that 
adequate financial resources are made available for all of these 
efforts.
  Make no mistake, the recent attack against the United States of 
America was intended as an attack against the principles of democracy, 
of personal liberty, and of religious tolerance. Our security is at 
stake, but even more importantly our fundamental values are under 
siege.
  American citizens, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, have denounced this 
terrible violence. It is important we condemn the guilty but recognize 
that our American principles, the principles of our Constitution, keep 
us from unfairly stereotyping any ethnic or religious group. We need 
now, more than ever, to remain united as Americans, to put aside 
partisan politics, in this new war against the evil forces of hatred, 
intolerance, and barbarism.
  God bless our Nation, and on this very difficult day, God bless the 
families who have lost so much. God bless our effort for renewed vigor 
in maintaining the principles of our democracy.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oklahoma is recognized.
  Mr. INHOFE. Madam President, I have heard so many sincere speeches by 
Members of the House and Members of the Senate, and I have heard a lot 
of redundancy. We certainly have the resolve to do all we can to go 
after those who were responsible.
  The one question I have heard over and over again is: Did we receive 
a warning? Were we warned this was going to happen? I look at this in a 
little different context in that this should serve as a warning to us. 
It is time to get something on the record in the Senate as to what this 
means and what it really could mean in the future.
  Ironically, at the time this happened I was on the ninth floor of the 
Hart Building in the Nation's Capitol complex, and I was looking out 
the window as I was speaking to a group. The last phrase of my speech 
was the same as it has been since 1995, and that is: We in the United 
States are in the most vulnerable and threatened position now as a 
nation than we have ever been in this Nation's history. As I said that, 
it happened to be right at 9:30 and I saw this billowing smoke come up 
from the area of the Pentagon, to find out later the tragedy really 
took place.
  We are vulnerable, and we are vulnerable in three areas, certainly in 
conventional forces being one-half the force strength we were in 1991. 
We have to understand this; the American people have to understand 
this: We deployed our very rare resources to places where we should 
never have sent an American, such as Bosnia or such as Kosovo.
  More than any other reason our vulnerability is that we had the 
opportunity to have a missile defense system in place by fiscal year 
1998, and I say this criticizing the previous administration because 
they did not realize the threat was out there, the threat was real. We 
have veto messages from President Clinton that said: I will veto any 
bill that has money in it for a national missile defense system because 
the threat is not there. In fact, a threat is there. So in looking back 
at what

[[Page S9320]]

happened yesterday, I think we should have that as a warning to us of 
what could be even more devastating than what we witnessed yesterday.
  I mention what I consider to be six incontrovertible facts. First of 
all, we are facing enemies who have the weapons and the skills and the 
mentality to strike without warning. We know that.
  No. 2, they are willing and able to target innocent civilians within 
our borders.
  No. 3, virtually all countries have weapons of mass destruction 
today, biological or chemical or nuclear.
  No. 4, at least three countries--I say at least because we know North 
Korea, Russia, and China have ICBMs that will reach the United States 
from anyplace in the world but we do not know for sure that they are 
the only three countries because we do know China has been trading 
systems and technology with countries such as Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, 
and Pakistan. So we do not really know how many there are, but we know 
at least they exist out there.
  No. 5, we have absolutely no defense. I hope Americans understand 
that if a missile came over from anyplace in the world, we would be 
totally naked. We have no defense against an incoming ICBM.
  No. 6, the will is out there. No one can question that the will is 
there. We can remember even China saying back during the Taiwan Straits 
demonstration: We are not concerned about America coming to the aid of 
Taipei because they would rather defend Los Angeles than Taipei. Then 
we remember what Saddam Hussein said in 1991: If we had waited just 10 
years to go into Kuwait, the Americans would not have come because we 
would have had the ability to launch a missile. And here it is, 10 
years later.

  I hope no one has any doubt, there should not be one Member of the 
Senate that has any doubt--of the fact that if someone is willing to 
drive an airplane into those towers, they would deploy a missile to the 
United States of America.
  I, like everybody else, watched TV. I watched that skyline and the 
devastation in New York. I saw the skyline of New York City and the two 
towers imploding. If that weapon had been, instead of an airplane, a 
nuclear warhead, we would be looking at a cinder. It would not be 
10,000, 20,000 or 30,000 people who lost their lives; it would be 
everybody in that area. We would be talking millions. It is a very real 
threat. The ultimate weapon of a terrorist is a missile with a nuclear 
warhead. We now know that. We have been warned.
  We should make our No. 1 priority not just to go to our intelligence 
system and our conventional forces but to immediately get busy on being 
able to deploy a system at least to defend America against a limited 
missile attack. This should be our No. 1 priority. We are now warned. 
The ultimate weapon of a terrorist could become a reality very soon.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Hawaii.
  Mr. AKAKA. Mr. President, no words can ever convey our regrets, our 
sadness, our shock, our loss from the great tragedy of September 11, 
2001. The newness of the century, of a millennium, has been tarnished 
forever by the blood of innocent victims shed by anonymous assassins, 
terrorists whose only motivation is an evil hatred.
  All our prayers are with the victims and their families and friends. 
When the final list of casualties is known, I am certain that every 
state, and perhaps every nation in the world, will have been touched by 
this calamity. Our prayers will be with them forever. We will remember 
each and everyone as long as we live and then our descendants will 
remember them too. It will be their memories that guide us in the 
difficult days ahead.
  Their deaths have reminded us of our common humanity, that what we 
share is greater than what separates us, and that the fabric of beliefs 
which makes us Americans is strong enough to resist any cowardly act by 
terrorists. Where one American falls, another will stand. Each of us 
shine as a beacon of our shared beliefs in freedom, liberty and 
justice. In the dawn after this dark day we will all shine. Those who 
expect us to be weakened will be sadly mistaken.
  Those who think Americans are soft and fearful will be astonished by 
our strength and determination. I was a young man when Pearl Harbor was 
attacked. I witnessed the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese torpedo 
and bomber planes from my dormitory in the hills above Pearl Harbor. 
Then we knew our enemy and he thought our will could be shattered by 
one frightful day of disaster. Instead our enemies in Europe and the 
Pacific learned that where we had been broken, we healed and became 
stronger.
  Today we begin to become stronger. We begin by mourning our dead 
brothers and sisters. We begin by comforting the survivors. And as we 
pick up the bricks and the steel and sweep away the glass and dust, we 
begin to identify our enemies and design the strategy for defeating 
them.
  There will be no place that our enemies can hide, no sanctuary for 
them to cower in. We will seek them out and justice will be done. It 
will be a long process but it will be thorough. We have come brutally 
to understand that terrorism is an evil beyond our borders that still 
threatens our homeland. We have come to understand that our enemies 
want to extinguish the light of freedom which shines from America. We 
have come to understand that the only way to resist the darkness of 
hatred is to spread that beacon of light even farther from our shores. 
From this battle we hope will come not just a stronger, safer America, 
but a better, more secure, freer world.
  May God bless America.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Texas is recognized.
  Mr. GRAMM. Madam President, yesterday, terrorists attacked the temple 
of American capitalism and the center of American democracy. With all 
of their terrible sophistication, they naively have seemed to believe, 
by destroying buildings and killing our people, that they can kill an 
idea. Capitalism and democracy are the most powerful ideas in the 
world. They are the crowning achievement of mankind on this Earth and 
they are not going to be destroyed by terrorists.
  Our task today is to find out with certainty who did these terrible 
deeds, and then it is our obligation to make war on them. I am not 
talking about criminal justice. We are not going to be reading anybody 
their rights. No one is covered by Miranda. Any country, any city, any 
region, and any person who makes common cause with those who make war 
against America is making war against America, and the wages of sin is 
death. I believe these people have a hate that we cannot comprehend or 
understand. We are only going to be safe when these people are captured 
or killed.
  We are hearing a lot of talk today about what we can do to be safer. 
I want to be safe. But let me make it clear: I don't want to change our 
way of life. I want to change their way of life. If we start infringing 
on our own freedom, if we start limiting our own freedom to move about 
our country and engage in our business and live our lives, then we are 
giving up what this war is about. We want to change their lives. We 
want to hunt them down in any dark corner, in any hiding place on this 
Earth.
  We want to be relentless, and we don't want to be constrained.
  I believe it is important that the people who did this terrible thing 
pay for it. I think if they pay for it, then we can make the world 
safer.
  Finally, let me say that any American who watched the bravery of 
ordinary citizens in New York and in Washington, who watched police 
officers and firemen risk their lives, had to be proud of what 
Americans did yesterday. I have never been more proud to be a citizen 
of America than I was yesterday--ordinary people doing extraordinary 
things under terrible circumstances.
  I know when we start getting the names of people, especially in New 
York and here at the Pentagon, who were killed, there are going to be 
many people on that list who we know. I knew Barbara Olson who was 
killed on the airliner that crashed into the Pentagon. She was a 
staffer here--a dedicated, brilliant woman. She called her husband, Ted 
Olson, our Solicitor General, and even facing death was talking about 
what she could do to try to resist. I am not surprised that she was 
brave because I knew her. My heart goes out to her and to everyone else 
who suffered.

[[Page S9321]]

  We cannot tolerate this act. We cannot simply go through the motions. 
We have to hunt these people down and kill them. They deserve it. They 
made war against America.
  I want people to stop talking about bringing them to justice. This is 
not about justice. This is about war. These people brought war to the 
mainland of America and killed thousands of our citizens. They have no 
rights. I think we have to hunt them down wherever they are and use 
whatever power we have in order to see that they don't do this again, 
and that no one else ever has the courage to do it again.
  Thank you, Madam President.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. MILLER. Madam President, I am pleased to have been on the floor 
to hear that speech from the senior Senator from Texas. The Senator is 
a great patriot, and his forthrightness is going to be missed.
  The victims and the loved ones of this horrible act of war should be 
in our prayers. The perpetrators and those who give them shelter should 
be in our bombsights.
  After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese remarked that the ``sleeping giant 
has been awakened.'' I pray that ``the sleeping giant'' has again been 
awakened, and that we are ready to change the way we do things.
  For too long, after terrorist attacks have happened, it seems 
America's first and foremost interest has been to please our friends, 
and then, if permitted, punish our enemies.
  After yesterday and from here on out, that must be reversed. 
America's first and foremost interest must be to punish our enemies, 
and then, if possible, please our friends.
  Our response should not only be swift but it must be sustained. As I 
said yesterday, our will as a country has been tested. Too often in the 
past terrorist attacks have not been answered as forcefully as they 
should have been. Oh, yes, there has been indignation, even outrage. 
There has been wringing of hands and sad talk. We have shaken our 
collective heads in dismay, sighed over our cocktails, then have gone 
home, had a nice dinner and got into a comfortable bed, feeling safe 
and secure that it is not going to happen here, that it is not going to 
happen to us.
  Well, it has happened to us. It has happened here. Our world has been 
turned upside down. It will never be the same again, and it shouldn't.
  We must strike the viper's nest--even if the viper is not there. We 
know that the Taliban and the Government of Afghanistan have nurtured 
Osama bin Laden for years. The diabolical plot was probably hatched 
there. Certainly similar plots have been. And it is time for us to 
respond.
  I say, bomb the hell out of them. If there is collateral damage, so 
be it. They certainly found our American civilians to be expendable.
  I also believe that we could immediately turn our attention to the 
security of our airlines. There is a large pool of willing ex-military 
personnel out there who possess the rudimentary skills to be effective, 
temporary air marshals if given a crash training course on the basic 
requirements of that job. Another option may be to have active duty 
military personnel do that job.
  We should also install ``communications hardware'' aboard each 
aircraft that would let pilots make emergency transmissions to air 
traffic controllers. With today's ``star wars'' capability, I believe 
it is possible to outfit each aircraft with an emergency transponder 
combined with an ``open mike'' type system that would be strictly for 
one-way communication from aircraft to air traffic control. The pilot 
or crew members could push a button, much similar to a silent bank 
alarm, that would instantly alert authorities. It could also serve as a 
hidden microphone in the cockpit or in the passenger cabins.
  Those are some of my thoughts today for whatever they are worth at 
this terrible time.
  To paraphrase President Roosevelt, this Nation will endure as it has 
endured, but we must change the way we do business drastically.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Alabama is recognized.
  Mr. SESSIONS. Madam President, I am honored to have the opportunity 
to say a few words today after the most terrible tragedy that we 
suffered yesterday. It was a dastardly attack on our Nation that has 
occasioned the greatest loss of life domestically I suppose in our 
Nation's history--men, women, and children, police, firemen, soldiers, 
and all of the families and friends will be with us on this Earth no 
more. Our hearts go out to those who suffered pain and injury. Our 
hearts go out to the families and friends who are grieving tonight. All 
over America, this great Nation hurts.
  My own church, just for example, the Ashland Place United Methodist 
Church, had a time of prayer yesterday for our families, our Nation, 
and its leaders. That is happening all over this country. As President 
Bush said, prayer is an important factor in providing this Nation 
strength.
  We must ask ourselves: Now what can we do? What are our 
possibilities?
  I believe we can do a better job of preventing these events. Our 
techniques work for some time, but after a period of time people learn 
how to get around them. We can improve that. We can do a very good job 
of identifying the people who commit these crimes.
  Second, in almost every single terrorist act that has involved the 
United States, this Nation has been able to identify the people who 
were behind it.
  Third, we can take steps at which we have not been so successful; 
that is, taking action against the people who perpetrate these horrible 
acts.
  We have been, to some degree I think, handicapped by seeing these 
events in terms of our criminal justice system. As a Federal 
prosecutor, I know about the difficulties that have to be overcome to 
prosecute a person and convict them beyond a reasonable doubt. You 
don't have that burden when you are in war. We are in war today, or at 
least much closer to war than we are to a criminal justice case. 
Thinking in terms of war will give us more freedom, once we identify 
who the people are, to act effectively against them. Locating them, 
however, is a difficult problem. We can identify them, but where are 
they at a given time?

  I believe it was Branch Rickey who said: Luck is merely the residue 
of design. As a prosecutor, I know in investigating cases you have to 
have some luck, but you won't have luck if you are not out there 
working. You will not have the break in the case that identifies where 
these people are until and unless you are out there shaking that tree, 
doing everything possible throughout this world to identify where they 
are. Then you make your luck.
  So that is what we have to do with regard to locating these people. 
And make no mistake, I am absolutely confident that, if we remain 
steadfast and determined, we will locate these people. Then we have to 
develop a plan to apprehend or destroy them. We have to trace them back 
to their lairs and make sure they are no longer capable of inflicting 
this kind of death and destruction on this Nation or the world.
  The Romans, a number of years ago, in the Mithridatic wars faced this 
problem. The pirates had grown in strength. They were all over the 
Mediterranean. There were tens of thousands of them. Shipping was 
threatened very seriously. They had to face a decision; and they made 
that decision. According to ``Appian's Roman History'' this is what 
happened:

       When the Romans could no longer endure the damage and 
     disgrace they made Gnaeus Pompey, who was then their man of 
     greatest reputation, commander by law for three years, with 
     absolute power over the whole sea within the Pillars of 
     Hercules, and of the land for a distance of 400 stades from 
     the coast. They sent letters to all kings, rulers, peoples 
     and cities, that they should aid Pompey in all ways. They 
     gave him power to raise troops and to collect money from the 
     provinces. . . .

  And they raised an army. And they developed a plan. They set about to 
execute that plan, and it was a brilliant plan. They killed 10,000 of 
the pirates, and the rest surrendered. It was the end, and it broke the 
back of this kind of activity.
  We have a similar time today. We simply have to be determined. We 
have to remember the friends that have been lost. And I, too, as 
Senator Gramm, remember, with so much sadness, Barbara Olson, such a 
wonderful, vivacious person who loved life and gave herself to it. It 
is just a tragedy that she will

[[Page S9322]]

not be with us, one who worked in this Senate as a staffer. So all of 
us have those whom we have lost.
  In conclusion, every single person, every group, every organization, 
every nation must know that if they perpetrate an attack on the United 
States, or they support those who attack the United States, they will 
pay a cost far more than their gain. Those individuals and groups must 
be hounded to their lairs and destroyed. We simply cannot tolerate this 
kind of activity in the future. Only in this way can we ensure that the 
lives lost yesterday will be given their full meaning. And only in this 
way can we prevent further attacks on this Nation. Because to fail to 
act effectively we will everywhere encourage more groups to attack this 
great Nation. And a great nation never encourages attacks upon itself 
but discourages attacks upon itself.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator has expired.
  Mr. SESSIONS. I thank the Chair. Our Nation will, I am confident, 
fulfill its role as the greatest nation in the world, defend its people 
and its territory, and bring justice to those who have damaged us.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Nevada.
  Mr. REID. For the information of Members, we have a prayer service 
tonight, as has been previously announced. It starts at 7:30. We are 
going to have to end business today at about 7:15 so Senators have an 
opportunity to gather here to move over there.
  I see Senator Hatch and Senator Breaux are here. I hope we will 
understand that at 7:15 we are going to end the proceedings for 
tonight. There appears to be enough time for everybody if they stick to 
the 5 minutes. There will be some time perhaps tomorrow. The leaders 
are talking about that now. Maybe in the morning, before we go to the 
appropriations bill, we could do that. Perhaps we might not, but that 
announcement will be made later.
  If everyone would do what they could to expedite matters, we will 
have another announcement later.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.
  Mr. REED. Madam President, we have suffered an egregious loss. We 
mourn for those who have perished. We pray for those who suffer. We are 
inspired by the courage and heroism of the people of New York, 
particularly the brave firefighters and police officers. We are 
inspired by the fidelity to duty of our men and women in uniform at the 
Pentagon and around the world.
  Ages ago, the Greek historian Thucydides reminded us:

       [T]he bravest are surely those who have the clearest vision 
     of what is before them, glory and danger alike, and yet 
     notwithstanding, go out to meet it.

  Yesterday we saw the bravest: firefighters and police officers who 
rushed into a burning and collapsing skyscraper, a chief of the New 
York City fire department, a deputy chief, and department chaplain who 
stayed at their posts as the building collapsed around them; soldiers, 
sailors, airmen, airwomen at the Pentagon who struggled through 
wreckage to take out survivors, and returned today to work at their 
posts; office workers in New York who carried fellow workers down 60 
flights of stairs to safety.
  Their bravery and their courage is an inspiration to all of us. And 
we are profoundly angered by those terrorists who have struck this 
devious, horrific blow against us all.
  The emotions of yesterday and today must and will coalesce into a 
steely resolve to mete out justice to the terrorists, to those who 
harbor them, to those who train them, and to those who encourage them.
  We must work with our allies to destroy the network of terrorism that 
is committed to imposing its fanatical and suicidal pathology on free 
men and women everywhere.
  Yesterday we lost what little innocence that remained in our view of 
the world. We have been bloodied. But we retain a common and constant 
faith that free men and women, committed to individual progress, and 
mindful of the dignity of all men and women, will prevail over the 
fanatic dedicated to destruction and darkness.
  Archibald MacLeish, the American poet, gave voice to many of the 
emotions we feel when he spoke of those who fell in battle:

     The young dead soldiers do not speak.
     Nevertheless, they are heard in the still houses: who has not 
           heard them?
     They have a silence that speaks for them at night and when 
           the clock counts.
     They say: We were young. We have died. Remember us.
     They say: We have done what we could but until it is finished 
           it is not done.

     They say: We have given our lives but until it is finished no 
           one can know what our lives gave.
     They say: Our deaths are not ours; they are yours; they will 
           mean what you make them.
     They say: Whether our lives and our deaths were for peace and 
           a new hope or for nothing we cannot say; it is you who 
           must say this.
     They say: We leave you our deaths. Give them their meaning.

  We will rebuild New York and the Pentagon. And although we can never 
replace the lives that were lost, we will give them their meaning. Let 
our foes everywhere know that our words are more than a lamentation; 
they are a call to action and a promise of swift and certain justice.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Utah.
  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, yesterday was one of the bloodiest days in 
American peacetime history. When suicide terrorists attacked New York 
and Washington, DC, they attacked our whole country.
  The horror we witnessed yesterday when we saw New York's proud 
skyline shattered will be with us forever. Few Americans will remain 
untouched by the mass graves of our citizens that we will now have in 
downtown New York, in the Pennsylvania countryside, and, of course, at 
our Pentagon.
  These terrorists killed innocent Americans from every part of our 
country. We were so saddened to learn that Mary Alice Wahlstrom and her 
daughter, Carolyn Beug, of Kaysville, UT, were struck down by this 
senseless violence.
  Mary Alice's husband of 52 years, Norman, described Mary Alice as the 
``happiest lady you'll meet.'' As one of the ``kids,'' she joined with 
her only daughter to help her twin 18-year old granddaughters settle in 
at art school on the East Coast. In this time of grief, we join Norman, 
her four sons, and eighteen grandchildren in hoping that our love and 
faith will continue to sustain each of us during this tragedy.
  We also were devastated to hear of the loss of Barbara Olson, who 
perished on the plane hijacked to the Pentagon. Barbara was one of the 
bright lights among conservative commentators and legal experts, and 
her passing will most certainly leave a void not easily filled. My 
deepest condolences go to her husband, Ted, our Solicitor General, at 
this terrible, terrible time. I called him yesterday. He was 
devastated. This is a terrible time for him and all of us.
  Many of us were equally grief-struck to learn that Lisa Raines, was 
on board American Airlines Flight 77. Lisa, although only 42, was a 
senior officer of Genzyme Corporation. In Congress, we recognized Lisa 
for her incredible talent, intelligence, integrity and energy. She was 
seen a key leader in the biotechnology industry and one of the most 
effective biotechnology leaders with whom I have worked. My staff and I 
will miss her terribly. We share in her family's sorrow and extend our 
prayers and deepest sympathy to Lisa's husband, Steve Push.

  The grief all Americans feel today is barely speakable. I, for one, 
cannot express in words the sorrow I feel for the thousands of families 
profoundly shattered by the acts of war perpetrated against us 
yesterday by the cowards. I commend my colleagues who have spoken so 
eloquently at such a great moment of national tragedy.
  As many of my colleagues have noted, our grief is leavened by the 
countless stories of sacrifice and heroism. News reports yesterday from 
New York said that approximately 50 percent of New York's first 
responders to the attacks on the Twin Towers are missing. These were 
the policemen, firemen and emergency personnel who rushed to the 
buildings and entered them in a race against collapse--a race that they 
lost. I hope that every American who sees a fireman or a policeman 
today thinks of the sacrifice that these everyday individuals are 
prepared to make for the good of our society, for the good of ourselves 
every day.
  There is no calamity America will withstand that will not be met 
with,

[[Page S9323]]

and overwhelmed by, the decency, courage and selflessness of Americans 
coming to the aid of their own. It will be years before we can collect 
all of these stories and I expect, we never will, because it is 
impossible to measure the courage and bravery of Americans. As John 
says in the Bible, ``Greater love hath no man than this; that a man lay 
down his life for his friends.''
  I also commend my colleagues for their unanimous support for the 
administration of President George W. Bush. Americans are not partisan 
when we are to face a common foe, nor are their representatives.
  We will face this foe together, and together we will prevail.
  At this moment, we do not know definitely or definitively who is the 
perpetrator of this calculated, coordinated and devastating attack on 
American's citizens, symbols, economy and government. And it is up for 
the administration to determine when they want to announce the 
perpetrator. I suspect that when that announcement comes, our 
retaliation will already be underway. The administration knows that 
they have the complete, unwavering support of this Senator, as the 
resolution we passed this afternoon will record the support of this 
body for the administration as it prepares its response to this act of 
war.

  President Bush was absolutely correct last night when he said that we 
would make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these 
attacks and the countries that harbor them.
  We have reached the end of ambivalence when it comes to dealing with 
terrorism.
  And while we may have a difficult battle before us, the United States 
will prevail, and the world of freedom-loving people will benefit.
  My colleagues know that I have focused a great deal of time on the 
Osama bin Laden through the years, who is widely believed to be the 
major perpetrator of this attack. While the United States government 
has made no official determination over the mastermind behind 
yesterday's barbarisms, we have previously determined that bin Laden is 
an armed and active threat against this country and its interests--and 
he has been for over a decade.
  We will have plenty of time to discuss policy in the coming days and 
weeks, but I say today that the threat of Osama bin Laden and his 
cohorts must be eliminated. And his protectors--the Taliban regime of 
Afghanistan, which has become a front for the violent, anti-American 
internationalist jihad movement that the vast majority of the Afghan 
people reject--must be removed from power. The government of Pakistan, 
a country with whom we have had many constructive relations in the 
past, must fully cooperate with us on these goals from this day on.

  I am very grateful for the expressions of support we have heard from 
around the world. But I am extremely troubled by the reports I have 
read and watched of some communities celebrating this attack against 
the U.S. The United States was attacked yesterday and thousands of our 
citizens perished. Now is the time that we note where the rest of the 
world stands, and I assure you that I will forever appreciate all of 
the support we receive from our allies and friends around the world--as 
I believe American policymakers must take note of all of those who 
offer rhetorical or other support for the attackers on America.
  The U.S. Congress will, I know, provide all of the support and 
resources the administration needs to respond to this act of war, so 
that we can pursue the perpetrators, eliminate them where we need to 
and bring them to justice where we can.
  I commend my colleagues for this resolution. Elaine and I offer our 
prayers for the victims and their families, as well as the thousands of 
brave rescue workers, including Utah's Urban Search and Rescue team. 
The team consists of fire department personnel from Salt Lake City and 
County. Our prayers go to the members of our armed forces--the greatest 
defenders of freedom a nation has ever known. And our prayers go to 
President Bush and his administration, who are dedicated to peace and 
must now respond to war.
  May God bless America.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Missouri is recognized.
  Mrs. CARNAHAN. Madam President, today--all across America and the 
world--hearts are heavy with grief.
  We mourn for the victims and families whose lives have been ripped 
apart by yesterday's horrific and unprecedented attack on innocent men, 
women and children.
  Like all Missourians, I am deeply grateful to the rescue workers and 
volunteers whose heroism saved thousands of lives.
  Tragically, many of those heroes are now among the victims.
  Their sacrificial deeds stand in sharp contrast to the barbaric acts 
we witnessed during yesterday's air attacks on peaceful people.
  The terrorists wanted to do more than destroy our buildings. They 
wanted to destroy our influence in the world, the core of who we are as 
a people, and the beliefs we stand for as a democracy.
  They will not succeed.
  I can remember as a young girl the shock and sadness we felt with the 
sneak attack on Peal Harbor.
  But I also recall the undaunted spirit of America and our resolve to 
win a victory over tyranny.
  We dropped everything we were doing and devoted our full energy and 
resources to eradicating the threat to our freedoms.
  That resolve is as firm today as it ever was.
  The pursuit of freedom is our destiny as a people.
  We will not now, or ever, flinch in the face of any aggressor or 
threat to our homeland.
  Let those who practice terrorism or harbor terrorists have no doubt 
about America's resolve. There is no hiding place.
  We will find you.
  And you will pay a heavy price for your acts against mankind.
  We have withstood worse enemies than you.
  We conquered the evil of fascism in Europe and Asia, we rescued 
democracy, and we built a better world.
  We defied communism for decades powered by the certainty that freedom 
would ultimately triumph over oppression.
  Tyrants will not take these gains from us.
  Admittedly, today's foes are different.
  They are faceless fanatics with no clear address or even purpose.
  They target innocent people, sitting in offices and airplanes.
  But they are sophisticated and well-funded.
  Their days are numbered. We will stand united against their 
aggression, and we will do so in a manner that is consistent with the 
Constitution that is the foundation of our greatness.
  During this time of national tragedy, we stand behind our President 
and our national leaders.
  We will make the necessary sacrifices, direct the necessary 
resources, and use American might, technology, and ingenuity to secure 
our homeland.
  But most of all, we will rely on America's courage and faith, knowing 
that our country has been a source of progress for humankind for over 
two centuries; knowing that peace-loving people around the world will 
join with us to eliminate this evil that plagues us all.
  To the families who grieve and the victims who suffer, I say we mourn 
with you this day.
  But there will be a dawn tomorrow and many tomorrows after that.
  There will be many dawns for America.
  We will prove again what the poet Carl Sandburg once said: ``We are 
Americans. Nothing like us ever was.''
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Tennessee.
  Mr. FRIST. Madam President, I join my colleagues in support of 
today's resolution condemning those who perpetrated these barbaric and 
godless acts against our country. Our hearts ache for those who have 
lost loved ones even as our minds struggle just to comprehend this 
unspeakable horror.
  The scope of these evil acts is breathtaking. The economic losses are 
staggering, but they pale in comparison to the loss of life that 
touches so many. The greatest and most immediate losses, of course, 
have been suffered by the tens of thousands of Americans who have lost 
family members, who have lost loved ones. Those are wounds that time 
will never heal.

[[Page S9324]]

  As a nation, we have not faced a sterner test in modern times. So I 
want to say to those responsible: Do not doubt our resolve. We will not 
stop until we find you and destroy you.
  Our country is united. I have never before seen the unity that is 
everywhere in this country. In Tennessee, all across the country, 
Americans are joined together in their commitment to the destruction of 
this evil. We invite freedom-loving people from around the world to 
join our cause. The American spirit is alive. Americans are also united 
in our desire and willingness to help. Blood banks are overwhelmed with 
donors. Special response teams from around the country are organizing 
to help. A medical group just arrived from Tennessee to assist at the 
Pentagon.
  In the coming days, those of us in Government will be making 
decisions intended to help restore the protections and the peace of 
mind that all too often we take for granted.
  This is no simple task, and I realize that America will never be the 
same after the events of September 11. As an open society with enormous 
respect for civil liberties, we are vulnerable to those who would 
target innocent civilians. Airplanes used as flying bombs have joined 
other terrorist weapons from which we have been working hard to protect 
ourselves.
  Devastating as yesterday's damage is, we are forever exposed to huge 
risks from biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. All Americans 
should know that we are rededicating our efforts to better protect 
ourselves from all of these risks, even as we strive to maintain the 
freedoms that we all hold so dear.
  President Bush will take the lead, and we in Congress will work 
closely together with him in the search for answers. Pray for us as we 
go about our work. But take comfort in knowing that even though our 
challenges are great, our commitment is greater. As the President said 
just this morning, this is a monumental struggle between good and evil, 
and good will prevail--the good of the American people and civilized 
people everywhere.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Miller). I recognize the Senator from 
Louisiana.
  Mr. BREAUX. Mr. President, for so many Americans the day began with a 
bright, sunny morning, with beautiful, clear skies. It ended with 
darkness and a profound sense of vulnerability and a profound sense of 
anger of all Americans. It will certainly be a day that we as Americans 
should, and I argue will, never forget. Our greatest sympathies go out 
to those who have suffered the greatest of losses, the death of members 
of their families, their loved ones. Especially our thoughts today are 
with those people from the New York area and also for the people from 
the greater Washington area who are most directly touched by this 
travesty.
  Indeed, all of us have been touched in our own ways by what happened 
yesterday. My own office has been working with a Louisiana constituent 
who is trying to find out the status of her husband who was attending a 
meeting yesterday at the World Trade Center. She talked with him after 
the first plane struck the first tower, but she has not been able to 
hear from him ever since.
  Mr. President, the American people want and expect us to act. They 
expect us to act quickly, they expect us to act decisively, and they 
expect us to act with great determination so that this will never 
happen to us again. President Bush and his team have given us their 
assurances, and all of us pray for his leadership and pledge our 
strong, bipartisan cooperation and support in his efforts.
  We must all act as one. We must all act as one Nation and we must all 
speak with one voice. Let us at the same time all be mindful of some 
points that I think need to be remembered. First, these perpetrators 
are not American citizens. They are not entitled to the protection of 
the U.S. Constitution. They are not entitled to a presumption of 
innocence. They are not entitled to a trial by jury of their peers, and 
they are not entitled to the services of a free attorney. They have 
themselves, in fact, chosen the field on which they will be judged, and 
the field that they have selected is clearly the battlefield and not a 
courtroom.
  I urge our Government to proceed carefully but also to proceed not as 
if we were preparing for an indictment to be followed by a trial in 
which we must prove our case beyond the shadow of a doubt. What they 
did to us was to physically invade our country and slaughter innocent 
people in the process. What they did was to declare war on the United 
States of America and the people of our country.
  We must respond in kind. Our military must be fully utilized. The 
world is watching our Nation and what we do should be remembered for 
longer than what they did. After they are removed as a cancer in this 
world, we must also address our own internal security. People in our 
country must know that they can fly without fear, that we can gather in 
large numbers and celebrate and be entertained without worry, and that 
our loved ones can live in a country in which we are all safe and also 
secure.
  That is our goal. That is our challenge. We will meet that challenge.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Florida is recognized.
  Mr. NELSON of Florida. Mr. President, this has been quite a day for 
all of us. I have the very sad duty in the State of Florida to call the 
loved ones of a number of people who were on the respective flights. 
Indeed, I have the sad duty that I will be calling the widower and the 
daughter of a mother from Boston, who also lived in Miami, who was on 
the flight from Boston to Los Angeles. And it just brings all the more 
home the poignant tragedy for all of us and for this Nation.
  Mr. President, we need to go get the perpetrators. The resolve of 
this Nation and of this Congress is clearly there. We need to find 
these people. We need to hunt them down and we need to let the message 
go forth that no terrorist act such as this will ever be tolerated in 
this country again. That goes for the terrorists and that goes for the 
people who are harboring the terrorists.
  We have experienced all too personally a new kind of warfare, and in 
the process of us exacting this justice--I say justice; I did not say 
revenge--we will protect the constitutional rights of all people; we 
will respect them.
  It is important for people in this country to rise above ethnic or 
religious prejudice because we are a nation of all peoples and all 
faiths. But we are going to get the perpetrators in the cross hairs of 
the bull's eye, and we are going after them.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair recognizes the Senator from 
Maryland.
  Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, we have all experienced a daunting 
national tragedy. It touches every single one of us. As Americans, we 
stand united behind our President, speaking with one voice as we move 
forward in the wake of this tragedy, and move forward as a nation we 
will.
  This is the time to bring to bear all of our country's formidable 
resources of heart and mind. We must reach out to those families who 
have suffered grievous loss and to the communities torn apart by this 
savage act.
  The challenge we now face will not be surmounted overnight. We must 
seek out the facts which will be the basis for our response. We must 
have a binding determination, a steely resolve to see that those 
responsible for these heinous acts will be held accountable.
  We should not fool ourselves that we will find a quick or simple 
answer, but we will persevere, and we will work in concert with 
democratic forces the world over to see that this terrible scourge, 
which has just had such devastating consequences, is eliminated 
altogether.
  I thank and praise the heroic efforts, the courage, and the sacrifice 
of our police, our firefighters, our emergency medical service 
personnel--all of the rescue workers who have been involved in 
addressing this tragic situation in New York, in Pennsylvania, and here 
in Washington.
  In fact, numerous firefighters and emergency medical service 
personnel from my own State have responded to the attack upon the 
Pentagon, and my thanks go out to all of them for their prompt efforts.
  This morning, the Baltimore Sun ran a very strong editorial entitled 
``Answer Terror with Resolution.''
  Answer terror with resolution. It went on in the course of that 
editorial to say:


[[Page S9325]]


       The Nation needs unity, clarity, purpose . . .
       Courage and steadfastness of an unremarkable, everyday 
     persevering kind, are required. A well-directed and effective 
     response from government is required. Resolve is required to 
     continue on our path to do what is right. These are the ways 
     the terrorists lose.

  We are resolved and determined that they shall lose.
  I ask unanimous consent that the full editorial from this morning's 
Baltimore Sun be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

                     [From The Sun, Sept. 12, 2001]

                     Answer Terror With Resolution


    Attacks on u.s.: nation needs unity, clarity, purpose to thwart 
                        terrorists' objectives.

       The American people will rise to the challenge of the most 
     depraved terrorist atrocity in history. We were all attacked. 
     We are all in it together, sharing shock, fear and grief.
       Acts of heroism and altruism amid the carnage in New York 
     and Washington were too many to be noticed, honored and 
     rewarded.
       The nation's heart goes out to the victims, the pawns, the 
     innocent chosen at random and their loved ones.
       Terrorism is war. It is also publicity stunt. Its purpose 
     is to be noticed, to spread fear, to undermine confidence and 
     to provoke the wrong responses so as to alienate more people. 
     Terrorism has little function if the cause is not known. 
     Usually the perpetrators seek recognition, as well.
       This plot showed extreme sophistication in coordinating 
     four plane hijackings, apparently inserting suicide pilots, 
     and going for targets that could be hit with weapons that 
     were not the ones against which the United States was 
     conspicuously guarding.
       All that suggests a large and well-funded operation, not a 
     lone wolf. A great deal of thought went into the terrorism. A 
     great deal of cool rational thought should go into the 
     responses.
       A civil and open society is vulnerable. But this attack 
     brought the nation and much of the world's business to a 
     standstill. Clearly, airport security for all its nuisance to 
     passengers is not as good as U.S. experts thought, and the 
     terrorists must have experimented and known how to 
     penetrate it.
       The president has vowed to find and punish the terrorists, 
     as indeed he should. Virtually all Americans must want that. 
     In this kind of war, it is important to get the identifies 
     right. To hit the wrong ones, to make people suffer who did 
     not do it or even help those who did, only archieves what the 
     terrorists want.
       Most suspicion points to Osama bin Laden and the network of 
     affinity groups linked to him. The Saudi-born, Yemenite-
     descended exile in Afghanistan has orchestrated a great deal 
     of terrorism, including the bombings of the New York World 
     Trade Center in 1993, of two U.S. embassies in Africa in 
     1998, for which he has been indicted, and of the USS Cole in 
     port in Yemen last October.
       Vows to get bin Laden have only fueled his mystique. Yet 
     knee-jerk assumptions he was behind the 1995 Oklahoma City 
     bombing were made foolish by the home-grown terrorist Timothy 
     McVeigh.
       Attacks at wrong targets would only help him. The notion of 
     a war between Islam and the United States of America is his. 
     The United States has no quarrel with Islam. Most of the 
     world's Muslims have no quarrel with the United States.
       The attacks produced all sorts of precautions across 
     Maryland and the nation. A review must examine which were 
     sensible and which were not. Certainly transportation was 
     needed to get school children and commuters home, whether 
     from Washington or the Baltimore suburbs.
       Panic, chaos, confusion and unnecessary shutdown all reward 
     the terrorist.
       Terrorism must be fought with steely resolve, but also with 
     common sense and precision.
       The United States is supposed to be the only superpower, in 
     an era of peace. Clearly the very good things about American 
     society make it vulnerable. But we are not the first people 
     to endure terrorism.
       Now Americans understand better what Israelis have been 
     living through, what British people lived through before the 
     IRA cease-fire, what ordinary law-abiding Colombians are 
     living through from FARC.
       Life, the nation's business and civil society go on. 
     Otherwise, the terrorists win.
       The policies of the nation, including the search for a just 
     peace in the Middle East, go on. Otherwise, the terrorists 
     win.
       Courage and steadfastness, of an unremarkable, everyday 
     persevering kind, are required. A well-directed and effective 
     response from government is required: Resolve is required to 
     continue on our path, to do what is right. These are the ways 
     the terrorists lose.

  Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. President, Yesterday's horrific and tragic events 
were much more than a carefully planned terrorist attack against the 
United States. The slaughter of innocent civilians, the total 
destruction of the World Trade Center, and the significant damage to 
the Pentagon by hijacked commercial airplanes were a brutal and 
outright assault on America, and all humanity.
  Make no mistake, our country is at war, and this Congress should 
consider a formal declaration. The world must understand that America 
will respond with the overwhelming force and conviction that her 
citizens demand and expect. Let me be clear: America will identify 
those responsible for yesterday's violence, and they will be destroyed. 
There shall be no mercy.
  America is at war against fanatics who appear threatened by our 
freedoms, prosperity, and respect for the rule of law. In the past, 
this war was undeclared, but undeniable. The American lives lost in the 
1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, the terrorist attacks against 
U.S. facilities in Kenya and Tanzania, and the more recent assault 
against the U.S.S. Cole serve as concrete evidence of the ongoing and 
escalating battle.
  As we sift through the rubble of buildings and comfort those whose 
lives have been shattered, America stands as a strong and united 
Nation. The shocking events of yesterday did not weaken or undermine 
the foundations of our democracy, foundations that were forged over two 
hundred years ago and have been continuously strengthened throughout 
our history. We fought for our freedoms then, and we will continue to 
defend them now. Whatever the political objectives of yesterday's 
terrorists, they have failed. And the extent of their failure will 
become abundantly clear in the coming days.
  America did not seek this conflict, but we will not shy away from our 
responsibility to protect life and liberty. Nations that harbor or 
shelter terrorists must also be treated as terrorists themselves. A 
declaration of war would make clear to the world that the United States 
will no longer stand for violence against innocent men, women, and 
children be they in midtown Manhattan or Murray, Kentucky.
  As the world's sole superpower, we bear an awesome responsibility to 
assist those democracies with shared values and strategic interests. 
These nations, in turn, bear a responsibility to support the United 
States in times of emergency. Israel, a nation long at war against some 
of the very radicals who may be responsible for yesterday's death and 
destruction, has already pledged to join arms with the U.S. in the 
struggle against fanaticism. We should embrace Israel's offer, and 
enlist the assistance of other democracies in what may be a long and 
difficult war.
  In the days, weeks, and years to come, America, alone, or with her 
allies will take action to prevent and lessen the opportunities for 
such carnage to occur in the future. These measures should include: (1) 
reassessing and improving intelligence operations and capabilities that 
must provide early warning to deter terrorist attacks at home and 
abroad; (2) identifying terrorist organizations worldwide and actively 
subverting their capabilities and very existence; (3) reassessing and 
improving airport security and the integrity of aircraft cockpits; (4) 
enhancing security and emergency response procedures for America's most 
vulnerable targets, including mass transit systems and historic or 
symbolic sights; (5) increasing citizen awareness of suspicious 
activities; (6) restricting assistance and imposing sanctions against 
those countries harboring terrorists; and, (7) investing in the 
promotion of democracy and the rule of law abroad.
  Once before in our history, America was the target of a surprise and 
deadly attack. As with Pearl Harbor, violence has been met with resolve 
and common purpose to defeat the enemies of our Nation. As in December 
1941, our Nation is led by capable and dedicated leaders who are up to 
the task of responding to terrorist attacks, both foreign and domestic. 
President Bush and the Administration know full well that they have the 
support and backing of the American people.
  On December 8, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt addressed the 
Nation on ``America's Answers to Japan's Challenge.'' His words ring 
true nearly six decades later: ``When we resort to force, as now we 
must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward 
ultimate good as well against immediate evil. We Americans are not 
destroyers, we are builders. . . . We are

[[Page S9326]]

going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows.''
  The dark minutes and hours of yesterday failed to bring our country 
to its knees. America's strength is its diverse people, just 
institutions, and shared values. No terrorist attack will ever 
extinguish the flames of freedom and democracy.
  Mr. ROCKEFELLER. Mr. President, a brutal and cowardly act of 
terrorism has taken thousands of lives, destroyed great symbols of U.S. 
power and wealth, and stolen from every one of us a measure of the joy 
and confidence that Americans take as our birthright. As the poet Yeats 
once wrote, ``everything is changed, and changed utterly.''
  In this dark hour we all stand with President Bush and the military 
and intelligence leadership of this Nation in the search for the 
propagators of this great evil, and for an appropriate and strong 
response.
  America must respond to this crime, this act of war, rapidly and 
decisively, with an intensity and determination that reflect the 
outrage every American and I feel. A response whose violence and 
magnitude makes it clear to every terrorist that their lives are in 
danger, and makes it clear to every nation that the cost of supporting 
terrorism is too high to bear. We will not hesitate to put the 
strongest military on earth to use as it was intended: to protect the 
lives, safety and property of American citizens, everywhere in the 
world.
  But we must also respond with a defiant embrace of our way of living.
  The United States must continue to make military and foreign policy 
decisions based on our understanding of what is right and what is 
wrong, and what is in the best interest of the American people and 
allies with whom we are proud to stand.
  This Nation must remain a free and open society, people of every race 
and background must be accepted and embraced without fear and without 
prejudice.
  And America must continue to prove to the world the worth of our 
beliefs and of the society we have created by remaining the most 
dynamic force for growth, creativity and opportunity this earth has 
ever seen.
  For all that must and will change, for all that has changed already, 
some things must remain constant: America must remain a moral, open and 
vital society embarked on a new era of triumph.
  Franklin Roosevelt said that ``the only thing we have to fear is fear 
itself.'' Fear is the terrorists' greatest weapon. Together, looking 
confidently ahead, we can disarm this cowardly and elusive foe.
  The Senate will be searching for the reasons behind this tragedy and 
for strategies that will prevent another, similar disaster. I will 
report to the people of West Virginia regularly, consistent with 
national security.
  Mr. NELSON of Nebraska. Mr. President, I would normally express that 
`it's at a moment like this' when words cannot suffice to express the 
anguish of yesterday's attack, but there has never been a moment quite 
`like this' in our history as a sovereign nation.
  The magnitude of the events that transpired yesterday will be 
measured in an infinite number of ways for years to come. We will mourn 
with words and photographs and stories as we try to wrap our arms 
around this tragedy and try to make sense out of that which seems so 
senseless.
  We are One Nation Under God--a God who is bigger than terrorism, who 
is bigger than hate, and who cannot be destroyed by acts against 
humanity.
  As I have listened to my colleagues today, I have been deeply moved 
by their compassion and I share their grief and sense of loss. I join 
with them in expressions of determination to hold those who are 
responsible accountable--to the fullest extent possible.
  In an effort to find hope in the midst of this pain, I have focused 
on the truth that terrorism cannot expunge the virtues on which this 
country was built. Yes, the landscape has been irrevocably changed and 
lives on Earth tragically and abruptly ended, but our composition, our 
principles and our freedom remain the same.
  We Americans are a people whose spirit of freedom and democracy will 
not be defiled by those who choose terrorism over the lives of our 
mothers and brothers and sisters and fathers.
  America's freedom and democracy--the real targets sought by the 
enemy--will never be compromised. Ever.
  Yes, those virtues can be challenged. And they have been to a most 
unconscionable degree. Make no mistake. We are at war. But this is not 
a conventional war fought by conventional means, rather this is an 
invisible war where the targets are uncertain and the attacks are 
unpredictable. There are no tanks, no troops, and no clear military 
objectives in this new war. We have worked to define and counter these 
new threats to world stability. But yesterday those new threats, which 
we have sought to define, were made real.
  But just as those threats were made real, the spirit of America was 
renewed. Firefighters and policemen in Pennsylvania and New York and 
Washington have worked--and continue to work--selflessly to salvage 
lives, as well as clues from the wreckage. These men and women are 
heroes--every one of them. Over two hundred workers have perished in 
the line of duty. Each has made the ultimate sacrifice. This display of 
courage has been an important first step toward healing.
  As we survey the emotional and physical damage, we will not brush 
aside the implications of the attack. The world is on notice. America 
is more than bricks and mortar. Her citizens are strong. I am convinced 
we will show the world how great nations stand resolute in the face of 
great adversity. The American people have responded with the will and 
the spirit that has served as the mortar in the construction of our 
country. America is back on the job, and will continue to lead the 
world.
  In the days ahead, we will investigate, pursue, prosecute and punish 
those responsible for these despicable acts. America will not be 
deterred. America will not negotiate or compromise in our pursuit of 
justice.
  Let our enemies know, and let those who harbor our enemies know, that 
we have declared this to be a new day, a new chapter in history, a time 
in which America will renew and strengthen its resolve and its 
commitment to defeat terrorism and those who give succor or shelter to 
terrorists.
  To our friends, we thank you for your expressions of sympathy, and to 
all people committed to peace, we ask for your cooperation, your 
support, and your common dedication to defeating the forces of terror 
and championing the ideals of free societies.
  So as we move forward to sustain life and freedom, we will continue 
to meet challenges with resolve and resiliency. We will learn from this 
experience and put that knowledge to good use. We will overcome this 
tragedy. But we will never forget.
  Mr. HAGEL. Mr. President, on September 11, 2001, a day that will be 
seared into our national memory, the United States was suddenly, 
deliberately and viciously attached by ruthless terrorists. Thousands 
of innocent civilians were killed in a brief, violent, and 
unprecedented massacre. They died because they were Americans.
  Through the actions of Tuesday, the United States was violently 
shaken from a post-cold-war stupor. The attacks were well planned, well 
resourced, and well coordinated by deadly warriors willing to kill 
innocent civilians. It was an act of war. From a formidable, unseen 
enemy.
  Today, in the aftermath, America sifts through the rubble and debris, 
searching for survivors, victims, evidence, and answers. While the 
smoke still billows from the Pentagon and site of the World Trade 
Center, the sickening feeling of senseless devastation places an icy 
grip on our hearts. The outrage builds in our national soul as we hear 
of the phone calls to loved ones that ended with a dead line and of 
rescuers who became victims; as we learn the identities of the lost and 
began to understand the scope of this deliberate act of war perpetrated 
on American soil.
  September 11, 2001, is likely to emerge as the deadliest day in the 
history of the United States. More than 2,400 Americans perished in the 
attack on Pearl Harbor and nearly 1,500 lost their lives on the beaches 
of Normandy during the D-Day invasion. The Battle of Antietam, the 
bloodiest day of the Civil War, resulted in more than 4,800 deaths and 
2,800 missing. The death toll

[[Page S9327]]

of Tuesday's terrorist attacks may reach the tens of thousands. The 
magnitude of these losses is unimaginable and is yet to be fully 
comprehended.
  The cold-blooded murderers who committed this act attempted to strike 
not just the twin towers of the World Trade Center but the twin pillars 
of America, our economic strength and our military might. They damaged 
the symbols of each--but they could not penetrate the essence of our 
Nation. America's indomitable spirit is undaunted. We've seen it in the 
actions of rescue workers who risked, and gave, their lives to save 
others. We've seen it in reports of brave actions attempted on the 
hijacked planes. We've seen it in the lines of volunteers outside blood 
banks and the prayer services held throughout this Nation. We've seen 
it in the steely determination of those ready to rebuild what has been 
lost. We've seen it in the resolve of a President and our military, 
ready, willing, and able to strike back at whoever we determine 
committed this horror. Our Government stands in unity. Republican and 
Democrat. House and Senate. In support of our Commander-in-Chief.
  We are at war with the scourge of our time: terrorism. This was not 
just an attack upon America. As Britain's Prime Minister Tony Blair 
commented, it was an attack upon democracy. It was a blow against the 
civilized world. Our allies and those opposed to terrorism must unite 
with resolve and commitment to rid the earth of this plague. We cannot 
deliver a glancing blow, we must go at the root and strike at the heart 
of terrorist organizations and those nations granting them safe harbor.
  America will be forever changed. As with Pearl Harbor, our very way 
of life has been threatened. We must look at whatever shortcomings in 
either intelligence or security procedures allowed this tragedy to 
happen. But we must not relinquish the freedoms that make us Americans. 
If we abandon the liberties we cherish, the terrorists will have won.
  America will stand together, as we always have when our Nation is 
threatened. We will defeat this enemy.
  As President Franklin Delano Roosevelt said on December 8, 1941:

       No matter how long it may take us to overcome this 
     premeditated invasion, the American people, in their 
     righteous might, will win through to absolute victory . . . 
     Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our 
     people, our territory, and our interests are in grave danger. 
     With confidence in our Armed Forces, with the unbounding 
     determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable 
     triumph. So help us God.

  As I arrived at the Capitol early Wednesday morning, I was greeted by 
the sounds of fighter jets and military helicopters in the air above 
Washington. But I heard something else as well, a clear sound that 
pierced the morning air, a lone trumpeter nearby played the National 
Anthem.
  God bless the United States of America.
  Mr. BAUCUS. Mr. President, America, sadly, has a new date that will 
live in infamy for the rest of our lives and generations to come.
  Today, more than 24 hours after the first terrorist strike that took 
the lives of countless U.S. civilians, we are only now beginning to 
realize that we will spend many days, weeks, months and years trying to 
come to grips with the magnitude of yesterday's attack on our freedom.
  We are left with searing images of a horror that could not be 
contained, acts of terrorism that unfolded before our eyes, gripping 
this Nation and the world in raw and vivid devastation, touching all of 
us with feelings expressed in public and in private; from panic to 
helplessness; helplessness to anger; and anger to loss.
  This morning we stand in this capital as one to condemn these 
attacks, comfort the victims and their families and commit our full 
support to bring those responsible to justice. Our heartfelt thoughts 
and fervent prayers go out to those who have been lost.
  Our response in the days ahead to the mass murderers who planned and 
carried out the attack and to any nation or nations that gave them aid 
must be as decisive as was our steadfast determination to defend our 
homeland and punish the aggressors in the immediate aftermath of a day 
that we will remember as one of the worst in American history.
  The challenge ahead will require strengthening U.S. defenses and 
intelligence at home in ways consistent with American values. Embassies 
and military bases must be better defended along with domestic airports 
and other civilian targets.
  But this does not mean that we can allow terrorists to alter the 
fundamental openness of U.S. society or the government's respect for 
civil liberties. If we do so, they will have won.
  Some have rightfully declared that yesterday's attacks amount to an 
all out declaration of war against America. If so, then we will have to 
make sacrifices by accepting greater inconvenience in public places and 
perhaps developing and cultivating a heightened sense of awareness 
common in other free nations that have come to accept terrorist 
activity as a price for openness and democracy.
  But above all, a state of war means a national bipartisan commitment 
to attack and defeat our Nation's enemies. There can be no greater 
purpose to our foreign and defense policy in the years ahead.
  This means that we must embark on an unprecedented effort that will 
take us beyond arresting individual suspects or engaging in isolated 
attacks as has been done in response to previous incidents such as the 
attack on U.S. military in the 1996 Khobar towers bombing in Saudi 
Arabia, or the 1998 bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and 
Tanzania by Osama bin Laden's network to name a few.
  In the past, the United States has failed to fully confront those 
linked to terrorist attacks against Americans. Yesterday, it was made 
clear that we can no longer afford to do so.
  The United States must now seek to assemble an international alliance 
to identify and eliminate all sources of support for the terrorist 
networks that would wage war on our nation including the identification 
and destruction of the larger networks behind these attacks.
  So many have drawn a comparison between September 11 and December 7, 
1941. And while there are differences, what President Franklin D. 
Roosevelt said after Dec. 7 in Pearl Harbor, ``a date which will live 
in infamy,'' applies to yesterday just as well. ``Always will we 
remember the character of the onslaught against us,'' Mr. Roosevelt 
said. ``No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated 
invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through 
to absolute victory. I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and 
of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to 
the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery 
shall never endanger us again.''
  Yesterday the world changed for every American. What those 
responsible for these barbaric acts will come to learn is that our 
resolve has not.
  Mr. ENSIGN. Mr. President, as a Nation we mourn the loss of so many 
Americans whose lives were tragically ended by these vicious attacks, 
the folks on the airplanes, the soldiers and civilians at the Pentagon, 
the office workers at the World Trade Center and the rescue workers who 
tried to save them. Each one of them had family, friends, and loved 
ones, and plans for the future. We cannot begin to fathom the 
incomparable grief their deaths have produced--of mothers who lost 
sons, husbands who lost wives, children who lost parents.
  While we bow our heads in prayer for those whose lives were taken, we 
remain unbowed in the face of this heinous assault on our Nation. The 
terrorists who perpetrated this crime may have succeeded in striking 
the symbols of American power, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, 
but they cannot touch the spirit of the American people or our 
commitment to defend our liberty, our democracy and our way of life.
  I have full confidence that the United States has the will and 
ability to determine which terrorist group is responsible for this 
assault on our homeland, as well as those states that are giving them 
refuge, and those entities that are providing them aid and financial 
support.
  We must deliver a punishing blow to these terrorists and those who 
aid and abet them, because terrorists only understand one language, the 
language of force.

[[Page S9328]]

  Anything less than a full response to these cowardly attacks within 
our borders would be appeasement. And history shows that appeasement 
against a determined enemy only encourages more attacks. The terrorists 
who came to our country to kill and maim its citizens, along with those 
who protect them, must be made to pay a price. And the United States 
should be ready to act with a clear conscience in its self-defense.
  Let there be no doubt: We are at war. It is not a war we choose to 
fight, but one that we will finish and win.
  The last time an act of war was committed against the U.S. on our 
soil, at Pearl Harbor, our military and economic power combined to form 
the greatest fighting force the world had ever seen. Admiral Yamamoto 
had called us a ``sleeping enemy.'' He woke us to his great regret. The 
terrorists who committed these crimes have made a similar mistake, they 
have awoken a sleeping giant. Americans are slow to anger, but once 
roused we are indomitable.
  Today, the men and women in this great chamber are not Democrats or 
Republicans, but Americans. And as Americans, we in Congress stand 
united in support of our Nation's leader, the President of the United 
States. You will not hear partisan bickering. You will not see members 
trying to lead from Capitol Hill. The United States must speak with one 
voice and act in concert for the good of our nation.
  We will stand united, because Americans always unite in the face of 
adversity. We cannot allow these acts of terrorism to divide Americans 
by race, ethnicity, or religion. If we start fighting, neighbor against 
neighbor, then the terrorists have won. We will have destroyed the very 
foundation of our country's greatness, the fact that people of all 
backgrounds can join together in the great American experiment.
  As our Nation prepares to confront the threat of terrorism, we must 
be careful not to destroy the freedom which makes this country great. 
We must not abandon civil liberties within our borders or our ability 
to act unilaterally outside our borders if we want to be safe. As 
Thomas Jefferson warned us, ``Those who desire to give up Freedom in 
order to gain Security, will not have, nor do they deserve either 
one.''
  Nevada is proud of our slogan, that we were ``Battle Born.'' It is on 
our State flag. It reflects the firmness of purpose and the willingness 
to fight for what is right that is so much a part of the character of 
the Nevadan people.
  This is as true today as it was when our state entered the Union 
during the Civil War. The nature of the challenges may have changed 
over the years, but not the nature of the Nevadans fighting to overcome 
them.
  I know that Nevadans--and, indeed, all Americans will rise to this 
challenge. We can give blood and donate to charities that are helping 
the victims like the Salvation Army and the Red Cross. We can go out to 
our front yards and proudly fly the American flag to send a signal 
across oceans that we will not be cowed by terrorists.
  The Nevadans in our Armed Forces stand ready to fight and die to 
defend their Nation. Let us pray for them, for all our men and women in 
uniform. Let us pray for President Bush our military leaders, and for 
all the rescue workers and victims. And most importantly, let us pray 
that, in this struggle between good and evil, the righteous will 
prevail.
  Mr. DAYTON. Mr. President, today, I join with my Senate colleagues in 
united support for this joint resolution. I share their horror and 
outrage at the terrible atrocities committed yesterday against our 
country and our citizens. Those criminal acts will not be forgotten, 
and they will be avenged, at the right time, against their evil 
perpetrators.
  One hundred years ago, at our Minnesota State Fair, Theodore 
Roosevelt spoke his famous words: ``Speak softly, and carry a big 
stick.'' Today is a day to speak softly and briefly. Words can barely 
describe our reactions, our revulsion, and our resolve.
  Let there be no doubt: our Nation will recover from these despicable 
acts. We will learn the painful lessons necessary to strengthen our 
domestic and foreign intelligence capabilities, our air traffic 
emergency system, and our guarantee to our citizens of their safety 
wherever they live, travel and work.
  We will support our President and his associates as they identify 
those responsible for these vicious assaults and retaliate against 
them. We will move forward and we will move ahead. No one anywhere 
should doubt our national strength and resolve; our private and public 
actions in the days and months ahead will prove it.
  Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, Americans woke up this morning a sadder 
and angrier people. It is very difficult to wrap one's mind around the 
terrible tragedy this country suffered yesterday, and still harder to 
comprehend what must have been in the hearts of the people willing to 
commit such atrocities against their fellow human beings. It is very 
hard even to find the words to speak about it.
  But speaking about it is something that we must do. The American 
people and the government of the United States of America must today 
speak with crystalline clarity. The families and friends of those 
killed or wounded in these awful terrorist attacks must know that the 
prayers of every American, and of millions upon millions of people 
around the world, are with them this day. The heroic firefighters, 
police officers, rescue workers, National Guardsmen, doctors, nurses, 
and volunteering citizens who are even now struggling to find and save 
the lives of surviving victims must know that our hearts and deepest 
gratitude are with them in their vital work. Our commander-in-chief and 
all the men and women of our armed forces, our law enforcement 
community, and our intelligence agencies must know that we stand behind 
them as perhaps never before in my lifetime, as they set about with 
grim resolution to ensure that justice is done to those responsible.
  And the evil people who planned and committed these atrocities, and 
those who may have aided and abetted them, must know that far from 
paralyzing the American people and dividing us fearfully against each 
other, what they have done instantly is to unite us into one people. We 
awoke this morning united in the solidarity of grief and commitment to 
our fellow-citizens, and utterly single-minded in our determination to 
remain unbowed and to see justice done.
  These, then, are the messages that we must send today--and that we 
must keep sending with relentless determination in the difficult weeks 
and months ahead. America lost a measure of innocence yesterday, a 
degree of that special separateness that has helped to keep our land of 
liberty safe from some of the storms that have long battered other 
peoples in an often turbulent world.
  We are clearly not as separate, nor as safe, as once we thought. But 
no one should doubt our resolve and our resilience. It is in moments 
like this that the special character or our great Republic can and 
should shine through with particular brilliance. It shines through in 
our sacrifices in helping our fellow citizens in terribly trying times. 
It shines through in our commitment, even in adversity, to the bedrock 
values that make our system of government worth protecting even as 
these values draw the murderous ire of twisted souls whose only answer 
to the discourse of liberty is a vocabulary of violence, terror, and 
death.
  As we rescue survivors and comfort the bereaved, we also will set 
about finding those responsible. We must respond to these horrors in 
ways befitting our voice as a free and united people. But let there be 
no doubt. Respond we must, and respond we shall.
  As difficult as it is to find a voice to talk about the horrors we 
experienced yesterday morning, I believe that by finding our voice 
amidst such shock, rage, and pain, we reaffirm our most cherished 
principles. With God's help, we will persevere, find comfort in our 
grief, and find strength in the days ahead.
  Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, yesterday I was in a meeting here in the 
Capitol, when I looked out the window and I saw something that I will 
never forget.
  I saw black clouds of smoke filling the sky over the Pentagon.
  Yesterday, terrorists attacked our country, our financial center, our 
military headquarters, and our sense of security. Yesterday's horrific 
pictures are fixed in our minds forever.

[[Page S9329]]

  But today, we see something else. We see a country that's come 
together. We see a government that speaks with one voice to denounce 
terrorism. And we see people who have volunteered--to search the 
rubble, to help the injured, and to donate blood.
  These acts of terror were meant to divide us. But the truth is 
they've brought us all closer together.
  This afternoon, I want to extend my prayers to all the victims, their 
families and friends.
  I want to thank all of the emergency personnel who responded with 
such courage: including the brave men and women of our armed forces, 
police, firefighters and medical personnel.
  And I want everyone to know that our country is unified behind the 
President. We will help the injured. We will protect our citizens. And 
will punish those who committed these cowardly acts. Every resource we 
have will be made available to support the recovery effort.
  Yesterday we were attacked, but today, we stand united.
  As our work resumes, we will work together to plug the security holes 
that this attack has uncovered.
  I want all of my colleagues to know that, as chair of the 
Transportation Appropriations Subcommittee, my top priority is the 
safety of the traveling public.
  We will do what it takes to ensure the safety of our Nation's 
transportation system.
  In the coming days and weeks, we must evaluate our security system, 
our intelligence abilities and the safety of our transportation 
network.
  Out citizens have a right to feel secure at home, at work, at school, 
and on our Nation's transportation system. We are going to make sure 
Americans have the safety and security they deserve.
  Ours is a great Nation. We have withstood many challenges. We will 
learn the lessons of this challenge, and together, we will build a 
stronger country.
  So as we take stock of this unspeakable tragedy, as we learn the 
names of the victims, as we hear stories of the heroism and compassion 
in the wake of this attack, we are standing together we are speaking 
with one voice and will do everything we can to ensure our safety and 
to answer this evil act with justice.
  Mr. VOINOVICH. Mr. President, yesterday the United States of America 
suffered a horrible national tragedy the images of which will forever 
etch the date, September 11, 2001, in the collective minds of the 
American people.
  As Father Eugene Hemrick of St. Joseph's Church said this morning at 
mass, our lives will never be the same.
  As one who has lost a child, I know this is especially true for the 
families of those who were the victims of this act of war and of those 
who laid down their lives to save them. My thoughts and prayers are 
with them.
  As Members of Congress, our first responsibility, working with the 
President on a bipartisan basis, is to secure the support that the 
victims and their families will need in the days and months ahead--
their grief should not be compounded by worrying about how they will 
deal with their tragedy financially.
  We must provide the resources our country needs to guarantee that 
yesterday's tragedy will not be repeated during the lifetime of our 
children and grandchildren.
  We must prioritize how we allocate these resources including the 
money to upgrade the technology and personnel that secure our airports, 
and we must respond to the human capital needs that caused former 
Defense Secretary James Schlesinger, who now represents the U.S. 
Commission on National Security in the 21st Century, to say before the 
Oversight of Government Management Subcommittee earlier this year:

       . . . it is the Commission's view that fixing the personnel 
     problem is a precondition for fixing virtually everything 
     else that needs repair in the institutional edifice of U.S. 
     national security policy.

  We must also dedicate ourselves to meeting a number of other 
challenges, including: providing the resources that will help improve 
our signals intelligence capabilities, or, in other words, our ability 
to ``listen in'' on unfriendly nations; stepped-up law enforcement to 
prevent terrorism; coordination of effort between various Federal 
agencies such as CIA, FBI, NSA, etc.; coordination of effort between 
Federal, State and local governments and law enforcement to maximize 
our ability to stop terrorist activity; and greater use of electronic 
surveillance and satellite imagery to track the enemies of peace.
  Finally, we must identify those responsible for committing these 
cowardly acts of war as well as those who have encouraged them by 
silence, assistance or asylum and we must hold these individuals or 
Nations accountable.
  I agree with what President Bush said in his address to the Nation 
last evening:

       we will make no distinction between the terrorists who 
     committed these acts and those who harbor them.

  We must also join the President and declare war on terrorism and 
convince world religions and political leaders that terrorism is a 
threat to peace in the world and a prelude to Armageddon. We need more 
voices in the world like Pope John Paul II who said:

       . . . the ways of violence will never lead to genuine 
     solutions to humanity's problems.

  Our determination to winning the war on terrorism must have the same 
high priority that we gave to winning World War II, and we must engage 
our allies in this war.
  We should make the same preparation that we made for D-Day and the 
world's entry into the Persian Gulf war. Our actions must be ongoing 
and relentless, and be dedicated to excising the cancer of terrorism 
wherever it raises its ugly head.
  Our efforts cannot be another catharsis after a national tragedy, and 
they must not fade with time into business as usual. We owe it to 
yesterday's victims and their families, especially their children and 
grandchildren.
  Most of all, we owe it to the American people and the world community 
to bring an end to terrorism everywhere and forever.
  Mr. BINGAMAN. Mr. President, all of us share in the overwhelming 
shock and grief at the horrible events of these past 24 hours. All of 
us are struggling to find the right words to say--struggling to 
understand our own emotions--struggling to answer the question, ``Where 
do we go from here?'' Despite our uncertainties, we share a common 
bond--the deepest sorrow and sympathy we feel for those innocent people 
who have lost their lives or their loved ones in those instants of 
unspeakable inhumanity. I join with the people and leaders of the world 
in expressing my profound sadness and extending my personal condolences 
to all of those who have been victimized by these acts of terror.
  Ten years ago, the Soviet Union crumbled and the Warsaw Pact 
disappeared. The cold war, many have said, is over. The nation moved 
quickly to reduce the size of our military and to reorder our national 
priorities to attend to pressing national issues of health care, 
education, justice, and so forth. All of us celebrated the nation's new 
priorities. Hopes for the future of our nation and the evolving 
international system were high. What we were only beginning to 
understand, however, was that the end of the cold war did not mean the 
end of America's need to ensure its security in new and different ways.
  In the wake of the cold war, military experts around the country 
began to discuss their concerns about the nation's new vulnerabilities. 
The prospect of a pitched battle between heavy tanks on the fields of 
Europe was no longer the most likely threat to which our military 
forces would be asked to respond. Experts began discussing the idea of 
``asymmetric warfare''--that is, the ability of America's enemies to 
attack us where we are most vulnerable. The cold war structure of our 
military and its weaponry was designed to meet adversaries with similar 
capabilities--not to meet adversaries who chose different, often less 
sophisticated ways to get the job done.
  Slowly, too slowly, we have begun to understand the full extent of 
our country's vulnerability. Many are concerned that potential enemies 
are developing intercontinental missiles with destructive warheads and 
that we have no missile system capable of thwarting an attack of that 
kind. Others have warned that our enemies could deliver packages of 
destruction in suitcases, rental trucks, or on shipboard. Still others 
have observed our inability to

[[Page S9330]]

intercept low flying aircraft or cruise missiles heading to American 
targets. The events of the past 24 hours demonstrate another horrible 
scenario of America's vulnerability to terrorist attack, an attack that 
was indiscriminate in those who were targeted.
  Our priorities are clear at this point. First, rescue these victims 
and help those who survive, their families, their children. Second, 
resolve to identify and punish those who perpetrated these heinous 
acts. And finally, we must put in place the safeguards and protections 
so that this type of heinous act can never occur again in this country.
  My colleagues have referred to September 11th as a day of infamy--
recalling the same shock and horror the nation experienced at the news 
of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. President Roosevelt offered the 
nation some vital words on that occasion. He said:

       No matter how long it may take us to overcome this 
     premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous 
     might will win through to an absolute victory. This is a time 
     of national resolve. This is a time for us to also recall 
     President Roosevelt's directive that ``the greatest fear we 
     have, is fear itself.''

  We cannot permit ourselves to stand still, overcome by shock, in 
times such as these. We must move forward as one, resolved to seek 
justice, and solutions to our national security laid bare by this 
horrible event.
  Mr. BURNS. Mr. President, on September 11, 2001, the United States 
suffered the worst combined acts of domestic terrorism in our Nation's 
history. The world stood shocked and outraged at unprovoked acts of 
violence committed upon thousands of innocent Americans.
  President George W. Bush has ordered the Federal Government to assist 
the victims of violence, investigate these acts of terror, and take 
steps to bring those responsible for these tragedies to justice. I 
fully support President Bush's actions, and will do whatever I can to 
help him, and our country in this time of need. Terrorism cannot and 
will not be tolerated. I know the President will take all measures 
necessary to seek out and punish those who so viciously attacked 
innocent and defenseless Americans.
  As Americans, we are a strong and resilient people. We will heal and 
emerge stronger than ever. Our strength and spirit of democracy will 
shine through. We will not simply endure, we shall prevail. And we will 
send a sharp message to these cowards, showing that terrorist acts will 
not be tolerated. They will never be able to destroy our freedom and 
our way of life.
  My heartfelt thoughts and prayers go out to those who so tragically 
lost their lives and those friends and families who lost their loved 
ones. This was far more than a tragedy--it was an outrageous act of 
terrorism that killed and injured so many innocent and decent citizens 
of our country. Nothing I can say to express my sympathy for those 
suffering is enough. My outrage toward this cowardice act remains 
unwavering. For now, we must mourn those who have passed on and care 
for those injured.
  We must let the President, law enforcement, military and the 
intelligence community do their work. As a law-abiding Nation, we must 
be sure to place blame on the guilty. Taking independent action against 
the innocent and guests in our country is wrong. Many like me are 
filled with anger and an unyielding desire for revenge, but we must 
remain calm and focused. In the heat of passion fired by the outrageous 
and despicable acts of those who are guilty, our leadership must be 
calm and dispassionate in determining who is responsible and how we 
must deal with them. Have no doubt: we will find those responsible. I 
say to those responsible, ``You have no where to hide.'' Justice will 
be served swiftly and harshly.
  September 11, 2001, is another day that will forever live in infamy. 
Yesterday's acts represented a well-planned, well-financed attack on 
our freedom by a faceless and gutless enemy. Make no mistake, we are at 
war. Our military is on highest alert. Our armed forces are ready.
  I stand firmly behind our Commander-in-Chief, President Bush. There 
is no doubt of our unity and resolve to track down, root out and 
relentlessly pursue terrorists and the states that support them and 
harbor them. I stand by to support our military and intelligence 
community and fight for any and all of the resources they need to 
ensure our national security. Let us not forget this as we consider our 
funding bills.
  This is a great Nation with a strong and brave history. Americans 
have come together and triumphed through difficult times like these. We 
will again, and we will punish those responsible. America is united and 
strong. Our military might remains unchallenged. America remains 
resolved in its efforts to find those who so cowardly committed these 
horrific acts.
  To quote a few words from out Battle Hymn of the Republic, those 
responsible will soon understand the true meaning of the line, ``he 
hath loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible swift sword'' as 
America will indeed march on.
  Mr. CAMPBELL. Mr. President, first and foremost, my thoughts and 
prayers are with the hundreds of injured and the families of the lost. 
Words cannot fully describe what happened to these victims yesterday. 
But our actions in the days and months ahead must do them justice as we 
honor their ultimate sacrifices.
  I also extend my gratitude to the scores of emergency service 
providers police, firefighters, medical personnel who rushed to the 
World Trade Center and the Pentagon to save lives, only to lose their 
own. And we remember the many military and federal law enforcement 
personnel who were working in those buildings at the time of the 
attacks who also lost their lives.
  As we sort through the details of the savage terrorist attacks 
yesterday, and the wreckage left in their wake, we begin to comprehend 
more fully the scope of this tragedy in our history. On December 7, 
1941, more than 2400 lives were lost at Pearl Harbor. And, during the 
Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862 the day with the highest death 
toll on American soil--approximately 22,000 lives were lost. No matter 
what the final count will be of lives lost yesterday, what 
distinguishes us from the terrorists is the value we place on those 
lives as we learn more about the enormously sad events of this newly 
written chapter in our nation's history.
  This morning all Americans woke up to a different world. The horrific 
terrorist attacks yesterday on our economic and military institutions 
were a frontal assault not only on America, but on freedom and 
democracy enjoyed by millions of people around the world.
  We Americans learned again that our freedom comes with a cost, and 
the new battlegrounds are not on foreign soils or far away beaches. 
While we must always seek peace we, as a nation, will always defend 
ourselves from any enemy.
  America has been challenged before, and now America once again will 
rise to meet this challenge head-on.
  The terrorists who perpetrated yesterday's carnage will be held 
accountable for their senseless acts of violence. Towards that end, I 
strongly support the statement President Bush made last night to the 
nation and his commitment that ``we will make no distinction between 
the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.''
  The time has come to quit treating terrorists as mere civil 
disobedients, and begin treating their acts as acts of war.
  The time has past when renegade nations can give safe harbor to 
terrorists with impunity. The President and the U.S. military have my 
full support to strike and strike hard when the perpetrators and their 
accomplices are identified and found. For this Senator, that time can't 
come soon enough.
  Ms. MIKULSKI. Mr. President, I rise to add my voice in our united 
support for the Joint Resolution we are adopting today.
  American citizens, American aircraft, American buildings have been 
brought down by barbaric terrorist attacks. Yet the American people, we 
as their elected representatives, and our free and open society stand 
unbowed and united.
  America's spirit and resolve remain strong.
  Today, we express condolences to those who suffered unspeakable loss. 
The victims and their families are in our thoughts and prayers.
  We commend the rescuers, working even now to save lives, the brave 
firemen and police, doctors and nurses and

[[Page S9331]]

generous volunteers helping others and giving blood.
  The Federal Emergency Management Agency, which my Appropriations 
subcommittee funds and oversees, is coordinating Federal assistance. 
Director Albaugh and FEMA have mobilized urban search and rescue teams. 
A top-notch team from Montgomery County and 7 others from around the 
country are hard at work at the Pentagon and in New York. All 20 other 
teams are ready to go. FEMA has also mobilized Army medical support, 
the Army Corps of Engineers to help debris removal, and Army mortuary 
teams.
  We are cooperating to confront this tragedy with President Bush and 
the Administration, within Congress, and with allies around the world.
  We condemn these barbaric attacks.
  We are committed to tracking down the terrorists, punishing them and 
those who harbor them, and preventing future attacks.
  America is being tested by terrorism and America is rising to the 
challenge. I am proud of the American people, who are responding not 
only with shock and grief, but with unity, resolve, and generosity.
  Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I rise in support of the resolution 
condemning yesterday's terrorist attacks. These assaults were a strike 
not only against America, but against freedom itself.
  My deepest condolences go out to those who lost loved ones during 
this tragedy, and also to those rescue workers who risked, and many 
times lost, their lives in an effort to save the victims of this 
horrific event. Even as we pause to pray for the victims and their 
families, we promise to be unwavering in our pursuit of the cowards 
responsible for these acts. It is a day we will never forget, but a day 
that only strengthens our resolve to protect the freedoms that are the 
cornerstone of our society.
  Watching this tragedy unfold, I recalled the day when our sovereign 
country was violated by the attack on Pearl Harbor. Over the years, I 
hoped and prayed that our hallowed lands would never again be defiled, 
and now they have once again been attacked. This time, however, our 
enemies remain nameless. These cowardly acts of terrorism will not be 
tolerated, and those who are responsible for these atrocities will 
suffer the consequences of their actions. Let there be no mistake, we 
have faced adversity before, and the United States of America will once 
again prevail.
  If this assault was intended to weaken the American spirit, these 
cowards will be very disappointed. When speaking on the purpose and 
means of war, the military theorist Carl Clausewitz stated that the 
fighting forces of the enemy ``must be put in such a condition that 
they can no longer carry on the fight''. Mark my words, we stand united 
and prepared to use whatever means necessary to respond and destroy 
those responsible.
  The acts of heroism and generosity by Americans in New York City, 
Washington, D.C., and across the Nation has been extraordinary, but not 
surprising. It is in difficult times that we are fortified by unity, 
and this will be no exception.
  On December 8, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed 
Congress in response to Pearl Harbor. His words then inspired our 
Nation to victory. Once again, his words ring true, ``With confidence 
in our armed forces--with the unbounding determination of our people--
we will gain the inevitable triumph--so help us God.''
  Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, much has been said on the Senate floor 
about the events of the last 24 hours. I, too, want to express deep 
sadness and remorse for those that lost family and loved ones. We, as a 
Nation, share your loss. The free world shares your grief. This was an 
attack on liberty, an attack on freedom, we are all victims.
  As a veteran of the last World War, I know personally the horrors of 
war. Pearl Harbor woke us from the dream that we would not be dragged 
into World War II. Many commentators have made the parallel between 
yesterday's attack and the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. We were 
compelled to act to defend our country from an unprovoked attack.
  The events of yesterday, like those during Pearl Harbor, shattered 
our innocence and exposed our vulnerabilities as a Nation. In my view, 
yesterday's attack was worse than an act of war because, unlike Pearl 
Harbor, the enemy preyed upon unsuspecting, defenseless civilians to 
maximize the loss of innocent human life and spread terror. Our freedom 
and the openness of our society, essential virtues that define us as a 
Nation, were exploited to inflict terror upon our society. These were 
coordinated, well-organized attacks on our Nation. Unlike the wars of 
the past, today we face an enemy we cannot immediately identify and 
whose exact location is unknown. The President and his national 
security team have committed all the resources possible to find those 
who are responsible. I stand with the President and the American 
people, we must seek those who are responsible and respond with 
overwhelming force.
  While this is still an emotionally charged time, we must begin the 
process of looking forward and addressing our security vulnerabilities 
exposed by yesterday's attacks. It is important to note that as the 
events were unfolding, the Senate was debating the appropriations bill 
for the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State, the funding 
legislation that directly addresses counter-terrorism. And while it may 
not provide immediate relief for the situation that we're faced with 
today, it is one of the legislative vehicles through which we can 
impact the Nation's ability to address counter-terrorism.
  We must have better organization and coordination of our counter-
terrorism efforts. Sen. Judd Gregg and I have worked to organize an 
Office of Counter-terrorism under the Attorney General and provide 
adequate funding for the Department of Justice. As we have argued, we 
must redouble our national commitment and sustained effort to address 
counter-terrorism. It begins with a coordinated effort organized in the 
Department of Justice, it is enhanced by improved security standards, 
and it is sustained through adequate funding.
  This attack has highlighted the need for a new national security 
paradigm. It has showed us that the tools of our economic strength, 
such as civilian aircraft, can be used as instruments of destruction. 
Therefore, we must analyze the security threats associated with all 
modes of commerce. Obviously, we must take immediate action to review 
and enhance the security at our Nation's airports. Moreover, we know 
that current, inadequate security at our nation's ports makes us 
vulnerable to future attacks. With this knowledge, Senator Graham and I 
introduced a bill to address security at our ports. The legislation 
seeks to enhance security at U.S. seaports through better interagency 
coordination and more sufficient resources.
  Seaports are international borders that currently are not subject to 
any security guidelines enforced by the federal government. Drug 
smuggling, immigrant smuggling and trade fraud are prevalent crimes 
along the Nation's seaports, and the lax security measures make 
terrorist activity an imminent threat as well.
  Terrorism affects us all. We as a nation must stand together and 
state resolutely that we will not tolerate terrorism, in the United 
States or abroad. We will work in Congress to put in place the 
protections necessary to defend our country from future terrorist 
activity and uphold the liberties and freedom we hold dear. As stated 
by the Commander-in-Chief, the United States and its allies will stand 
firm and take decisive action.
  Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, yesterday a cowardly act of terrorism 
was committed against this Nation. But, today, this Nation stands 
strong and unified--a Nation of freedom and of hope, a Nation hurting, 
but resolute in our determination to stamp out terrorism, now even on 
our own shores.
  We can no longer ignore the threat that international terrorist 
groups present to other nations. Yesterday, we faced the reality of 
that threat. Until yesterday, we had rested in the belief that such an 
atrocity by foreign hand could not occur on U.S. soil, but now it has, 
and we must respond. We must safeguard our shores from further acts of 
violence. We are at war with an enemy of rogues and cowards and they 
must be crushed. We have received a rude awakening, and now we must 
act. There is a lot for us to do. More than a year ago, I was critical 
of the diversion of funds from human intelligence

[[Page S9332]]

to high tech counter-terrorism efforts. Tomorrow, we will resume that 
debate, but today is a day for national mourning.
  My prayers go out to all the victims and their families. I pray that 
God will grant a comfort and peace that is unspeakable in its depth to 
those who are hurting and for the families of the victims. I cannot 
adequately express my sympathy to those who lost loved ones in these 
tragedies, and across America we share in their grief.
  Outside of Union Station, a block from the Capitol, fly the flags of 
all 50 States. It is right that these 50 flags now fly at half mast, 
for this is a day that will directly touch millions of families across 
this Nation. We have already learned that at least one Iowan, Karen 
Kincaid, a native of Waverly, IA, was abroad the hijacked plane that 
struck the Pentagon on Tuesday morning. Our prayers go out of Karen's 
family and her loved ones. I fear that in the days to come we may 
learn of other Iowans whose lives have been destroyed by these 
tragedies. We all must look for ways to help. We can pray for peace. We 
can give blood.

  In the face of all of yesterday's evil, thousands of courageous 
Americans rose to the challenge. Men and women, filled with the basic 
decency and goodness that embodies all that is America, rushed to the 
rescue of the injured and the dying. Firefighters, police, EMTs, 
doctors and other volunteers have been working around the clock, and we 
thank them. Unfortunately, we have learned that many of these brave men 
and women have given that last full measure of devotion. We mourn for 
them and honor their sacrifice. The greatness of our people stands in 
sharp contrast to the unnamed cowards who have perpetrated this evil.
  I also want to recognize and thank Secretary Thompson for his effort 
to bring 7000 doctors, nurses, and health care professionals to New 
York.
  Now, we must go on, unified behind President Bush's leadership. 
Today's resolution demonstrates the unity of Congress to stand behind 
the President in the effort to bring the perpetrators to justice. We 
must commit ourselves to the task of preventing tragedies such as this 
from ever again happening on our shores. We are a Nation strong and 
dogged in our commitment to seek out and crush the men who committed 
these acts of violence against our country.
  Terrorism is our national enemy and we must fight it as a Nation. 
These great tragedies were perpetrated not against a particular race, 
color, religion, or creed. Yesterday's violence was born in a hatred of 
America and what it stands for. It was an open attach on all our people 
and our values. Freedom itself was under assault. Truly this was an act 
of war on America, and we must act accordingly.
  Our friends in the International community, we now ask you to work by 
our side to quash those who have engaged in these heinous acts. We will 
need your assistance to identify and punish those who are behind these 
acts.
  State sponsored terrorism is an enemy to all democracies. To see 
victory over terrorism, we must not just retaliate against the 
terrorist, but as President Bush said last night, we must also punish 
those countries who harbor and assist them. Justice must be brought to 
the terrorists and to the States from which they plan and wage their 
evil schemes.
  We must all be unified in this effort to combat terrorism. I am proud 
to be an American.
  Mr. REID. I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

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