[Congressional Record Volume 147, Number 101 (Thursday, July 19, 2001)]
[Senate]
[Pages S7895-S7905]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
Amendment No. 1024
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I send the managers' amendment to the desk.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will report.
The assistant legislative clerk read as follows:
The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Reid], for himself and Mr.
Domenici, proposes an amendment numbered 1024.
(The text of the amendment is printed in today's Record under
``Amendments Submitted.'')
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, the purpose of my amendment is to
address the very serious problem of shoreline erosion and sedimentation
which are adversely impacting the health of the Chesapeake Bay
watershed. There are approximately 7,325 miles of tidal shoreline along
the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. In an average year, it is
estimated that 4.7 million cubic yards of shoreline material are
deposited in the bay due to shoreline erosion. The results not only in
serious property damage, but also contributes millions of cubic yards
of sediment annually to the bay. This sediment adversely affects the
bay's water quality, destroys valuable wetlands and habitat and clogs
the bay's navigational channels.
The Army Corps of Engineers operates thirteen reservoirs on the upper
Susquehanna River and regulates the river's low and high water flows.
There are also four hydroelectric projects on the lower Susquehanna.
Under normal conditions, these reservoirs and dams serve as traps for
the harmful sediments which flow into the River. During major storms
however, they suddenly discharge tremendous amounts of built-up
sediments, severely degrading the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay,
destroying valuable habitat and killing fish and other living
resources. Scientists estimate that Tropical Storm Agnes in 1982
``aged'' the bay by more than a decade in a matter of days because of
the slug of sediments discharged from the Susquehanna River reservoirs.
There is a real danger that another major storm in the basin could
scour the sediment that has been accumulating behind these dams and
present a major set-back to our efforts to clean up the bay.
Chesapeake 2000, the new interstate Chesapeake Bay Agreement, has
identified control of sediment loads as a top priority for improving
the water quality of the bay. The agreement specifically calls for load
reductions fro sediment in each major tributary by 2001 and for
implementing strategies that prevent the loss of the sediment retention
capabilities on the lower Susquehanna River dams by 2003.
Unfortunately, our understanding of the sediment processes and
sources of sediments which feed the bay system is still very limited
and, to date, few efforts have been undertaken to address the
environmental impacts of shoreline erosion and sedimentation on the
bay. In 1990, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a study on the
feasibility of shoreline erosion protection measures which could
protect both the land and water resources of the Chesapeake Bay from
the adverse effects of continued erosion but, due to limited
authorities, no Federal construction action was recommended at the
time. However, the report recommended that the Corps pursue further
studies including developing and refining ecosystem models to provide a
better understanding of the environmental impacts of sedimentation and
sediment transport mechanisms and identifying priority deposition-
prevention areas which could lead to structural and non-structural
environmental enhancement initiatives.
On May 23, 2001, the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee,
approved a resolution which I sponsored together with Senators Warner
and Mikulski, directing the Secretary of the Army to review the
recommendations of the Army Corps of Engineers' 1990 Chesapeake Bay
Shoreline Erosion Study and other related reports and to conduct a
comprehensive study of shoreline erosion and related sediment
management measures which could be undertaken to protect the water and
land resources of the Chesapeake Bay watershed and achieve the water
quality conditions necessary to protect the bay's living resources.
The resolution called for the study to be conducted in cooperation
with other Federal agencies, the State of Maryland, the Commonwealth of
Virginia, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, their political
subdivisions and the Chesapeake Bay Program. It also directed the Corps
to evaluate structural and non-structural environmental enhancement
opportunities and other innovative protection measures in the interest
of environmental restoration, ecosystem protection, and other allied
purposes for the Chesapeake Bay.
The funding which my amendment would make available, would enable the
Corps of Engineers to initiate this study and begin to assess
alternative strategies for addressing the shoreline erosion/
sedimentation problem in the bay. As the lead Federal agency in water
resource management, the Army Corps of Engineers has an important role
to play in the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay. The results of this
study could benefit not only the overall environmental quality of the
Chesapeake Bay, but improve the Corps' dredging management program in
the bay.
I urge my colleagues to join me in supporting this amendment.
Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I rise in favor of an amendment on behalf
of myself, Senator Sarbanes and Senator Allen relating to the ongoing
effort by the Corps of Engineers, the Commonwealth of Virginia and the
State of Maryland to give new life to the Chesapeake Bay oyster.
Since 1996, the Corps of Engineers has joined with Maryland and
Virginia to provide oyster habitat in the Chesapeake Bay. This
partnership has stimulated significant financial support from
[[Page S7896]]
Virginia and Maryland, dollars from the non-profit Chesapeake Bay
Foundation, and many individuals.
The oyster, once plentiful in the Bay, has been ravaged by disease,
over-harvesting and pollution. Oyster populations in the Bay are nearly
non-existent at 99 percent of its traditional stock. In 1999, watermen
landed about 420,000 bushels--approximately 2 percent of the historic
levels.
Since the beginning of the joint federal-state Chesapeake Bay
Restoration program in 1983, we have learned that restoring healthy
oyster populations in the Bay is critical to improving water quality
and supporting other finfish and shellfish populations. According to
scientists, when oyster populations were at its height, they could
filter all of the water in the Bay in three to four days. Today, with
the depleted oyster stocks, it takes over one year.
Although it took a long time to develop, there is now consensus in
the scientific community, and among watermen and the Bay partners that
increasing oyster populations by tenfold over the next decade is a key
factor in restoring the living resources of the Bay. Using historic
oyster bed locations, owned by the Commonwealth, this federal-state
effort has built three-dimensional reefs, stocked them with oyster spat
and designated these areas as permanent sanctuaries. These protected
areas, off limits to harvesting, have shown great promise in producing
oysters that are ``disease tolerant'' which are reproducing and
building up adjacent oyster beds.
The new Chesapeake Bay 2000 Agreement, between the federal government
and the Bay states, calls for increasing oyster stocks tenfold by 2010,
using the 1994 baseline. This goal calls for constructing 20 to 25
reefs per year at dimensions where the reefs rise about the Bay bottom
so that young oysters survive and grow faster than silt can cover them.
Mr. President, with the funding provided last year to the Corps and
the additional state funds, there is now an active oyster reef
construction program underway in both Virginia and Maryland.
My amendment today recognizes the significant allocation of state
scientists and state programs that devote their time and resources to
the oysters restoration partnership. Integral to the entire project is
the state effort to map the large oyster ground areas to determine
those sites most suitable for restoration, and to provide suitable
shell stock.
For example, in Virginia the focus of the next oyster reef
construction area is on the large grounds in Tangier and Pocomoke
Sounds. State Conservation and Replenishment Department staff created
maps that were gridded and more than 3,000 acres were sampled and
evaluated. Eight sanctuary reef sites and more than 190 acres of
restorable harvest areas were identified during the oyster ground stock
assessment in this area earlier this year.
In preparation for reef construction this summer, Virginia contracted
with local watermen to clean the harvest areas and reef sites. In June
of this year, four areas were planted with 86,788 bushels of oyster
shells at a cost of $139,000 in state funds.
The State of Maryland has been equally committed to providing
resources to the Corps for the construction of reef sites in the
Maryland waters of the Bay.
Consistent with other Corps programs, my amendment permits the Corps
to recognize the strong partnership by the states to restore oyster
populations and provide credit toward the non-federal cost share for in
kind work performed by the states.
This federal-state sanctuary program is essential to restoring the
Chesapeake Bay oyster. The oyster is a national asset because it has
the capability to purify the water by filtering algae, sediments and
pollutants. Sanctuary oyster reefs also provide critical habitat to
other shellfish, finfish and migratory waterfowl.
It has been my privilege to see the construction of these sanctuary
reefs last April and I am encouraged by the success of the initial
reefs built in Virginia. I am confident that this program is the only
way to replenish--and to save--the Chesapeake Bay oyster. I
respectfully urge its adoption.
Ms. SNOWE. Mr. President, I rise to thank Senators Reid and Domenici
for including the Snowe-Collins amendment in the Fiscal Year 2002
Energy and Water Development Appropriations today to help the Town of
Ft. Fairfield, ME. My amendment should resolve a serious design problem
that has arisen in connection with the construction of a small flood
control levy project in Ft. Fairfield, which is located above the 46th
parallel in Northern Maine, where the river freezes every fall and
stays frozen well into spring.
The proper functioning of the levy is vital to the town's economic
viability and for protection against future flooding of the downtown
area. My amendment should allow the Army Corp of Engineers to assume
financial responsibility for a design deficiency in the project
relating to the interference of ice with pump operation so that there
will be no further and inappropriate cost to the Town.
My amendment calls for the Secretary of the Army to investigate the
flood control project and formally determine whether the Secretary is
responsible. Since the Corps has already assumed responsibility for the
design deficiency, the Secretary will then order the design deficiency
to be corrected at 100 percent federal expense.
Once again, I thank the Chairs for their continued support for the
levy project in Ft. Fairfield over the years, and I am pleased that the
town will now have the assurance that their flooding problems are
behind them and can go forward with their economic development plans
for their downtown area.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the amendment
submitted by Senators Reid and Domenici be agreed to and the motion to
reconsider be laid upon the table.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
The amendment (No. 1024) was agreed to.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the order for the
quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Dayton). Without objection, it is so
ordered.
(The remarks of Mr. Specter are printed in today's Record under
``Morning Business.'')
Mr. SPECTER. I thank the Chair. I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to proceed as in
morning business for 4 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(The remarks of Mr. Sarbanes are located in today's Record under
``Morning Business.'')
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I yield the floor, and I suggest the
absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President, I seek permission to speak for up to 10
minutes as if in morning business.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
(The remarks of Mr. Domenici are printed in today's Record under
``Morning Business.'')
Mr. DOMENICI. I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Nelson of Nebraska). The clerk will call
the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk called the roll and the following
Senators entered the Chamber and answered to their names: Mr. Domenici,
Mr. Nelson of Nebraska, and Mr. Reid.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. A quorum is not present. The clerk will call
the names of absent Senators.
The assistant legislative clerk resumed the call of the roll.
[[Page S7897]]
Mr. REID. Therefore, Mr. President, I move to instruct the Sergeant
at Arms to request the presence of absent Senators. I ask for the yeas
and nays.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
There is a sufficient second.
The question is on agreeing to the motion of the Senator from Nevada.
The clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk called the roll.
Mr. NICKLES. I announce that the Senator from Nevada (Mr. Ensign) is
necessarily absent.
The result was announced--yeas 76, nays 23, as follows:
[Rollcall Vote No. 239 Leg.]
YEAS--76
Akaka
Baucus
Bayh
Biden
Bingaman
Boxer
Burns
Byrd
Campbell
Cantwell
Carnahan
Carper
Chafee
Cleland
Clinton
Cochran
Conrad
Corzine
Craig
Daschle
Dayton
DeWine
Dodd
Domenici
Dorgan
Durbin
Edwards
Enzi
Feingold
Feinstein
Fitzgerald
Frist
Graham
Grassley
Gregg
Hagel
Harkin
Hatch
Helms
Hollings
Hutchinson
Inouye
Jeffords
Johnson
Kennedy
Kerry
Kohl
Kyl
Landrieu
Leahy
Levin
Lieberman
Lincoln
Lugar
McConnell
Mikulski
Miller
Murray
Nelson (FL)
Nelson (NE)
Nickles
Reed
Reid
Rockefeller
Santorum
Sarbanes
Schumer
Shelby
Smith (OR)
Stabenow
Stevens
Thurmond
Torricelli
Warner
Wellstone
Wyden
NAYS--23
Allard
Allen
Bennett
Bond
Breaux
Brownback
Bunning
Collins
Crapo
Gramm
Hutchison
Inhofe
Lott
McCain
Murkowski
Roberts
Sessions
Smith (NH)
Snowe
Specter
Thomas
Thompson
Voinovich
NOT VOTING--1
Ensign
The motion was agreed to.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Corzine). A quorum is present.
The majority leader.
Mr. DASCHLE. Mr. President, for the information of our colleagues, we
are now prepared to go to third reading on the energy and water
appropriations bill. Senator Lott and I and Senator Domenici and others
have been working on what we will do following the completion of our
work on energy and water. Unless there is an objection, I think this
would be an appropriate time to complete our work on that bill. Senator
Lott and I will have further announcements as soon as we complete our
work on this particular bill.
At this time, it would be my suggestion we go to third reading and
final passage.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Nevada.
Modification to Amendment No. 1024
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the managers'
amendment be modified with the language I send to the desk.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
The modification is as follows:
On page 7, line 6, strike the period and insert the
following: ``: Provided further, That within the fund's
provision herein, $250,000 may be used for the Horseshoe
Lake, AR, feasibility study.''
At the appropriate place, insert the following: ``Provided
further, That the project for the ACF authorized by section 2
of the Rivers and Harbor Act of March 2, 1945 (Public Law 79-
14; 59 Stat. 10) and modified by the first section of the
River and Harbor Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 635, Chapter 595), is
modified to authorize the Secretary, as part of navigation
maintenance activities to develop and implement a plan to be
integrated into the long term dredged material management
plan being developed for the Corley Slough reach as required
by conditions of the State of Florida water quality
certification, for periodically removing sandy dredged
material from the disposal area known as Site 40, located at
mile 36.5 of the Apalachicola River, and from other disposal
sites that the Secretary may determine to be needed, for the
purpose of reuse of the disposal areas, by transporting and
depositing the sand for environmentally acceptable beneficial
uses in coastal areas of northwest Florida to be determined
in coordination with the State of Florida: Provided further,
That the Secretary is authorized to acquire all lands,
easements, and rights of way that may be determined by the
Secretary, in consultation with the affected state, to be
required for dredged material disposal areas to implement a
long term dredge material management plan: Provided further,
That the long term management plan shall be developed in
coordination with the State of Florida no later than 2 years
from the date of enactment of this legislation: Provided
further, That, $5,000,000 shall be made available for these
purposes and $8,173,000 shall be made available for the
Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers Navigation.''
funding for beach replenishment projects
Mr. TORRICELLI. Mr. President, I rise to ask the distinguished
managers of the bill if they would consider a request that I and my
colleague from New Jersey have concerning the conference.
Mr. REID. I would be happy to accommodate my colleagues from New
Jersey.
Mr. TORRICELLI. I thank the Senator from Nevada. Mr. President, I am
very pleased to see that the fiscal year 2002 Energy and Water
Appropriations bill makes appropriations for many important water
resources projects throughout the country. In particular, the Army
Corps of Engineers budget includes $1.57 billion in construction
funding for important dredging, flood control, and beach replenishment
projects, many of which are in my State.
We are extremely grateful that the subcommittee has provided New
Jersey with sorely needed funds. And while we understand that the
committee has appropriated projects with limited funds, we ask that
should funds be made available during conference, that they would
consider funding beach replenishment new construction starts. There are
several new start projects in my State which are in desperate need of
funding, and I would like to draw your attention to several of these
projects, and ask that the chairman and ranking member of the
subcommittee consider funding for these projects. I cannot stress how
vital these projects are to the economies of my State, the region, and
our Nation.
Mr. CORZINE. Mr. President, New Jersey's 127 miles of beaches are
wide and inviting, dotted with sand dunes and boardwalks offset by a
rollicking blue surf and white, warm sand. From Sandy Hook to Cape May
Point, one hundred and sixty million people visit New Jersey beaches
per year. These visitors generate the bulk of the tourism industry in
New Jersey, which is the backbone of my State's economy. Spending by
tourists totaled $26.1 billion in New Jersey in 1998, a 2 percent
increase from $25.6 billion in 1997. Clearly, our beaches are our
lifeblood, and their health is paramount.
This year, there are five new start beach replenishment projects that
are in critical need for Federal funding. These projects: the Lower
Cape May Meadows, the Brigantine Inlet to Great Delaware Bay
Coastline--Oakwood Beach, the Delaware Bay Coastline--Villas and
Vicinity, are vital to fighting beach erosion and protecting the
tourist economy for South Jersey. My fear is that if Federal funds are
not immediately directed to protect these beaches, they will literally
disappear in the future.
Mr. TORRICELLI. While we recognize the difficulties involved in
providing funding for new starts, we cannot stress how important the
construction phase for these projects begin as soon as possible. I
would like to note that all of these projects have been authorized by
the Water Resources Development Act.
The economy of the region depends directly upon the health of its
beaches. Unless construction begins in fiscal year 2002, I am concerned
that the economies of the beach-towns within the scope of these
projects will be seriously damaged.
Mr. REID. I thank the Senators from New Jersey and assure them that
the committee recognizes the importance of protecting our beaches
throughout the country.
jennings randolph lake project
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I would like to clarify that it is the
committee's intent that the additional $100,000 provided in the Army
Corps of Engineers' operations and maintenance account for the Jennings
Randolph Lake project will be used to develop access to the Big Bend
Recreation area on the Maryland side of the Jennings Randolph Lake
immediately downstream from the dam.
Mr. REID. The Senator is correct. The committee has provided an
additional $100,000 for planning and design work for access to the Big
Bend Recreation Area located immediately downstream of the Jennings
Randolph dam.
Mr. SARBANES. I thank the chairman for these assurances. There is
[[Page S7898]]
great demand for additional camping, fishing, and white water rafting
opportunities particularly in the area just below the dam, known as Big
Bend, and these funds will be very helpful in developing access to this
area.
great lakes drilling study
Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, as the Senator from Nevada knows, the
Senate adopted the Stabenow-Fitzgerald-Levin-Durbin amendment which
would require an Army Corps of Engineers study on drilling in the Great
Lakes and place a moratorium on any new drilling until Congress lifts
it in the future.
It is clear that Congress has jurisdiction over Great Lakes drilling
because it constitutes interstate commerce under the commerce clause of
the Constitution. This constitutes interstate commerce under the
Commerce clause of the Constitution for several reasons. One reason is
that an environmental accident such as the release of crude oil into
the waters of one or more of the Great Lakes would negatively affect
the water quality, tourism and fishing industries and shorelines of
multiple Great Lakes states. Another reason is that oil and gas
extracted from one Great Lakes states would be transported and sold in
other states in the form of many products. It would also increase the
national supply of oil and gas.
For these reasons, there is not doubt that Congress has Federal
jurisdiction over drilling in the Great Lakes and can put a stop to it.
Would the distinguished Chairman of the Energy and Water
Subcommittee, and the author of this bill, agree with this
interpretation of the Commerce clause?
Mr. REID. I totally agree that Congress has jurisdiction over
drilling in the Great Lakes because it constitutes interstate commerce
under the commerce clause of the Constitution.
Ms. STABENOW. I thank the distinguished chairman of the subcommittee.
kootenai river sturgeon
Mr. CRAIG. Mr. President, I rise today to express my deep concern
over the control of water levels of the Kootenai River in and around
Bonners Ferry, ID, related to the Kootenai Sturgeon. The Kootenai River
is directly influenced by the operations of the Libby Dam as operated
by the Army Corps of Engineers. This area has also been defined as
critical habitat for the Kootenai Sturgeon.
Will the distinguished Senators from Nevada and New Mexico engage in
a colloquy with me concerning the Kootenai River Sturgeon?
Mr. REID. I will be pleased to engage in such a colloquy.
Mr. DOMENICI. As am I.
Mr. CRAIG. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is in the final stages
of the biological opinion reporting on the Kootenai Sturgeon. I feel
this document is severely flawed. In the assessment, the economic
impact is determined to have ``no effect'' because the area of study is
11 miles of river bottom. As there is no economic activity on the river
bottom, I understand the conclusion of the biological opinion. However,
I believe the area studied by the economic impact should be the
communities affected by any changes in the operations of the Kootenai
River.
The biological opinion states that the river should be operated above
1,758 feet to support increased flows for Kootenai Sturgeon. Various
studies exist that dispute this number as being correct. When the river
is operated above an elevation of 1,758 feet, the water table in the
surrounding area rises. As a result, farmers in the area lose crops. I
argue this action is a significant economic impact.
I feel the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service should examine a realistic
area as part of their economic impact analysis--that is the area in
which an economic impact occurs. Before decisions are made that
drastically affect communities, all of the factors should be
considered.
Mr. REID. I feel that the issues the Senator from Idaho raises are of
a concern, and I want to work with him to see that a solution is found.
Mr. DOMENICI. The Endangered Species Act has also significantly
affected areas of my State. I want to work with the Senator from Idaho
to find a solution to this issue and provide help for the affected
communities.
funding for the green brook sub-basin project
Mr. TORRICELLI. Mr. President, the fiscal year 2002 energy and water
appropriations bill provides appropriations for many important water
resources projects for the state of New Jersey. I understand that these
appropriations were made with limited funds and I am deeply grateful
for the support the Committee has provided to many of my requests.
However, there is an important New Jersey project that was not fully
appropriated and we respectfully ask the managers that if funds should
be made available during conference, that they consider fully funding
the President's budget request for the Green Brook Sub-Basin.
As you may know, flooding caused by Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused
tremendous damage to the state of New Jersey--especially to the town of
Green Brook and the surrounding region. It is estimated that the
flooding caused $6 million of damage to the region alone.
Unfortunately, the floods from Hurricane Floyd were not the first to
have struck the area. Records have shown that floods have continuously
struck this area as early 1903. Disastrous flooding to the basin in the
summer of 1971 and in the summer of 1973--in which six people were
killed.
The Green Brook Sub-Basic project, which is located in north-central
New Jersey and spans throughout three counties, began in 2000. The
project will construct flood levees and flood walls, bridge raisings,
closure structures, individual flood proofings, and buyouts. As you can
imagine, the completion of this project will provide needed relief and
bring economic revitalization to the region.
The House of Representatives has already fully funded the project for
fiscal year 1002.
Mr. CORZNE. Mr. President, I support my colleague from New Jersey's
request and on our behalf, we would like to raise an additional issue
with the project. We also urge that the Committee Report language that
directs the Secretary of the Army to implement the locally requested
plan in the western portion of Middlesex County with regards to the
Green Brook Sub-Basin projects to be included in the Energy and Water
conference report. Many of the local residents that are affected by the
Green Brook Sub-Basin project have expressed their interest in changing
the project to include buyouts for this area. The report language will
implement the change as well as provide lands for badly needed
recreation and as well as fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. We are
support this language and the House has included similar language in
their committee report.
Mr. TORRICELLI. Mr. President, I understand the difficulty the
managers will have in providing additional funds for the Green Brook
Sub-Basin project. However, the full funding of this project will
provide stability and economic revitalization to this very important
region in the state of New Jersey.
Mr. REID. I thank the Senators from New Jersey and assure him that
the committee will closely review his request.
SEWER INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING FOR MICHIGAN
Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, as the Senate considers the fiscal year
2002 appropriations Act for Energy and Water Development I wonder if
the distinguished Senator from Nevada would answer a question regarding
funding for environmental infrastructure.
I would like to know if the Senator would be willing to consider in
conference sewer infrastructure funding for Michigan projects. The need
to invest in sewer infrastructure is an urgent one facing the people of
Michigan and the Army Corps of Engineers is in a position to address
that need. The Army Corps has had many success stories throughout the
country in assisting communities in upgrading their sewer
infrastructure. I would greatly appreciate the Committee's assistance
in protecting water quality in Michigan by addressing this problem.
Mr. REID. We recognize the need to upgrade our aging infrastructure
to protect water quality throughout the Nation. I can assure my friend
that we will carefully consider his request in conference if indeed the
Conference committee is able to fund construction new starts and
environmental infrastructure projects at conference, as we have done in
the past.
[[Page S7899]]
Mr. LEVIN. I thank my friend from Nevada and the committee for their
hard work in putting together this important legislation.
south dakota water projects
Mr. JOHNSON. I thank the Senator from Nevada for his leadership and
cooperation in providing funding in the fiscal year 2002 Energy and
Water Appropriations bill for key South Dakota rural water projects and
priorities. As chairman of the Energy and Water Subcommittee, he has
provided funding above the President's request and the House approved
level for the Mni Wiconi Rural Water Project and the Mid-Dakota Rural
Water Project. Moreover, the Senator funded other important water
projects in South Dakota such as the Lewis and Clark Rural Water
System. Indeed, his commitment will benefit many South Dakotans.
Mr. REID. I say to my colleague from South Dakota that I appreciate
his efforts to work with me on this bill. As a new member of the Senate
Appropriations Committee, I know the Senator is a leader in advocating
increased investments for rural water projects in your State. I also
understand the importance of rural water projects to the citizens of
South Dakota and I look forward to continued cooperation on these and
other priorities.
Mr. JOHNSON. I thank the Senator from Nevada for his assistance and
recognition of South Dakota's rural water needs. Despite the high
priority given to provide funding for these South Dakota water
projects, two critical items remain important to me as the Senate works
to complete action on the FY02 Energy and Water Appropriations bill in
its upcoming conference with the House of Representatives.
First, the Mid-Dakota Rural Water Project is in need of an increase
in funding to ensure the timely delivery of safe, clean, and affordable
water to citizens and communities served by that project. Second, the
James River Water Development District--a subdivision of State
government in South Dakota--requires funding to complete an
Environmental Impact Statement on authorized projects along the James
River watershed before the JRWDD can commence continued channel
restoration and improvements authorized by section 401(b) of the Water
Resources Development Act of 1986 (100 Stat. 4128).
I respectfully request the Chairman's committing to review
opportunities in conference committee negotiations on the FY02 Energy
and Water Appropriations bill to consider additional funding for the
Mid-Dakota Rural Water System and to consider funding for the JRWDD to
complete an EIS.
Mr. REID. I express to Senator Johnson my desire to consider
opportunities in conference committee negotiations on the FY02 Energy
and Water Appropriations bill to increase funding for the Mid-Dakota
Rural Water Project and to fund the James River Water Development
District in South Dakota.
Mr. JOHNSON. I thank the Senator.
ESTUARY RESTORATION ACT
Mr. CHAFEE. Mr. President, I would like to engage the managers of he
fiscal year 2002 Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill on
the issue of funding for the Estuary Restoration Act. Along with
Senators Warner, Lieberman, and Smith of New Hampshire, I have offered
an amendment that would provide $2 million in funding for the
implementation of the Estuary Act. Enacted last year, this bipartisan
law establishes the Estuary Habitat Restoration Program with the goal
of restoring one million acres of estuary habitat. We understand the
budgetary constraints that the Appropriations Committee is operating
under as this bill is being considered by the Senate. It is my hope
that the managers can identify funding for the implementation of the
Estuary Restoration Act during the conference with the House.
Mr. DOMENICI. I commend Senators Chafee, Warner, Lieberman, and Smith
of New Hampshire for their dedication to the issue. I will work with my
colleagues during the conference with the House to identify potential
sources of funding for the Estuary Restoration Act.
Mr. REID. I concur with Senator Domenici. There is no objection on
this side of the aisle to the Senator from Rhode Island's request.
Mr. CHAFEE. I thank the Senators and look forward to working with the
committee to provide funding for the restoration of our Nation's
important estuary environments.
Small Wind Projects
Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, I thank my colleague from Nevada,
Senator Reid, for recognizing the important role small wind projects
play in our energy future. As my colleague knows, the State of Vermont
has been looking at the use of small wind projects. I appreciate the
efforts of my colleague to provide $500,000 for a small wind project in
Vermont.
Mr. REID. Small wind projects are an important source of energy for
rural areas that often are not connected to the electricity grid. Both
Vermont and Nevada have a number of these areas that benefit from this
reliable, sustainable, clean source of energy.
Mr. JEFFORDS. To ensure that these systems, which have power
capacities of less than 100 kilowatts, continue to play an important
role, the committee recognized the need for a set aside for small wind
programs. It is correct that the committee believes that not less than
$10 million shall be made available for new and ongoing small wind
programs?
Mr. REID. This is correct. The committee believes this research is
important, and the Department of Energy should set aside no less than
$10 million for these programs.
Mr. JEFFORDS. I thank my colleague for his support of these important
small wind energy projects, and I thank him for has continued
leadership in making sure that renewable energy will be a large part of
our energy mix.
TRANSMISSION RELIABILITY
Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I rise to express my strong support for
the electric energy systems and storage program that funds transmission
reliability. Improving the reliability of our Nation's transmission
system is absolutely critical. I note that while the President's budget
request substantially cuts funding for this critical program, the
Senate has increased the funding from approximately $52 million last
year to $71 million this year. Transmission reliability is critical to
ensure that our nation's electricity supply actually reaches states
and, ultimately, the homes and businesses where it is needed. We have
seen in California, New York, and elsewhere, that when we don't have
sufficient supply and transmission capacity, we experience blackouts
and brownouts that have significant detrimental impacts on our economy.
We need to use this money to test new technologies--specifically
Composite Conductor wire--that have the ability to dramatically
increase the efficiency of existing transmission wires. This type of
wire eliminates the need for new wires, new rights-of-way, and new
construction, which eliminates siting and permitting problems and
related potential environmental impacts. We need to actually test this
wire in different climatic and weather conditions to determine the
efficacy of using this technology on a larger scale. To this end, I
would suggest to the Subcommittee that it provide funds to actually
conduct field tests to achieve these objectives.
Mr. REID. I agree that we need to conduct such field tests. I know
that the Senator from North Dakota would like a field test in North
Dakota, which would be extremely valuable, with the State's cold and
wind conditions, to help determine the effectiveness of this
technology. I will work with the Senator in conference to address his
request to test this technology in the field.
Renewable Energy Research
Mr. ALLARD. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Nevada, and I
commend him for his efforts to promote the advancement and progress of
renewable energy sources that will help to address our energy
challenges. He has been a leader of these efforts, which are bearing
real fruit.
This bill actually increases renewable energy research, development
and deployment programs for fiscal year 2002 by $60 million over last
year. These increases will help speed the deployment of these cutting-
edge technologies.
But because the House had not fully funded certain solar R&D
programs, the committee put its emphasis for solar programs on those
programs that had not fared as well in the other
[[Page S7900]]
Chamber. These programs, the Concentrating Solar Power program, and the
Solar Buildings program with its innovative Zero Energy Buildings
initiative, are now on solid footing. But the photovoltaics program,
the program that has led to dramatic advances in those solar electric
panels that we see popping up on the roofs of homes and businesses
across the country--this program was not fully funded by the Committee.
Much of this funding goes to the National Renewable Energy Lab in
Golden, Colorado.
I understand the committee hopes to accept the House number for PV
programs in conference, and I just want to give the Senator from Nevada
an opportunity to speak to this issue.
Mr. REID. I thank the Senator from Colorado. Yes, it is our intention
to seek the House funding level for photovoltaics in conference, and
push for our funding level for CSP and solar buildings. All three solar
programs deserve increases from the current fiscal year, and we intend
to see this through in conference. I thank the Senator for his work on
this issue and for being a friend of clean, renewable energy programs.
Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District
Mr. CLELAND. I thank the distinguished Senator from Nevada for his
leadership on the Appropriations Energy and Water Subcommittee. I would
like to ask the Senator from Nevada whether I am correct in my
understanding that the reason the Metropolitan North Georgia Water
Planning District, a project that was one of my highest priorities
because of its importance to the people of my State and its priority
with the Governor of Georgia, was not included in the Energy and Water
Appropriations Subcommittee report was because of the subcommittee's
policy made pursuant to budgetary constraints that new start
construction and/or environmental infrastructure water projects will
not be addressed until the Energy and Water Development Appropriations
Act is considered in conference committee?
Mr. REID. The Senator from Georgia is correct.
Mr. CLELAND. Am I also correct in my understanding that when the
Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act is considered by the
conference committee that the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning
District Project will be considered for inclusion in the conference
report?
Mr. REID. The Senator is correct that the Metropolitan North Georgia
Water Planning District project will be considered for inclusion in the
Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act conference report. I
will make every effort to accommodate my colleague.
Consortium for plant biotechnology research
Mr. CLELAND. Mr. President, is the senator from Nevada aware of an
entity called the Consortium for Plant Biotechnology Research, a
national consortium of industries, universities and federal
laboratories that together support research and technology transfers?
Mr. REID. Yes, I am aware of the consortium and am familiar with the
good work and significant achievements that the consortium has produced
for the Department of Energy in the past.
Mr. CLELAND. I understand that the committee was unable to include it
in the Solar Renewable Account during its consideration of the energy
and water development appropriations bill.
Mr. REID. Yes, I believe that is correct.
Mr. CLELAND. As the energy and water development bill moves into
conference, I hope the Senate can identify additional funds in the
Solar and Renewable Account or another appropriate research account for
the consortium so that it can continue its important work.
Mr. REID. The Senate will do all it can to find these funds for the
consortium as we work with the House conferees on the bill.
Mr. ALLARD. I commend my colleague from Georgia, Senator Cleland, for
his work on behalf of the consortium and state my support for the
allocation of funding for the consortium in the energy and water
development appropriations bill in conference. The consortium, of which
the university of Colorado is a member, has an astounding record of
obtaining private sector matching support for its research activities
and has done an amazing job of commercializing its research product.
For every dollar invested in the consortium, $2.20 worth of research
has been conducted with private sector matching funds--an impressive
120 percent private sector match. Additionally, the consortium has
managed to commercialize its research within an average of three years,
compared to an industry average of about 10 years. Again, I would like
to state my support for funding for this unique and efficient national
research institution.
Mr. REID. The committee is award of the good work the consortium has
produced with department of Energy funding over the past decade. The
Senate will do its best to try and identify funding for the consortium
while in conference with the House.
gas cooled reactor systems
Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, as some Members may be aware, I have
supported the development of gas cooled reactor systems, both small and
large, for the provision of electric power and useful heat for our
cities. As currently envisioned, gas cooled reactors will be meltdown
proof, create substantially less radioactive waste and will be more
efficient than our current generation of reactors.
Currently, the Department of Energy is funding a joint U.S.-Russian
effort to develop the Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor for the
purpose of burning up surplus Russian weapons plutonium. This
tremendously successful swords to plowshares project is making great
technical progress and employs more than 500 Russian weapons scientists
and nuclear engineers.
Although the GT-MHR unit built in Russia will be primarily for
burning plutonium, that same meltdown proof reactor type can be easily
converted into a uranium burning commercial reactor for use around the
globe. Indeed, the Appropriations Committee's report notes that ``the
United States must take full advantage of the development of this
attractive technology for a possible next generation nuclear power
reactor for United States and foreign markets''.
However, the committee's bill does not explicitly provide any dollars
for the commercialization of the GT-MHR design.
The senior Senator from New Mexico is a leader in nuclear energy and
research. I want to ask my good friend, the Ranking Member of the
Energy and Water Subcommittee, the following question regarding the
commercialization of the GT-MHR: the ``Nuclear Energy Technologies''
account in the bill provides $7 million for Generation IV reactor
development and for further research on small, modular nuclear
reactors. Given that the federal government is already making a
substantial investment on the GT-MHR for non-proliferation purposes,
and given the near-term promise of this reactor, doesn't it make sense
that at least one-half of the $7 million provided be used by the
Department of Energy for GT-MHR commercialization efforts?
Mr. DOMENICI. I thank my friend from Alaska for his observations and
for his question. As the Senator knows, I too am a great fan of the
development of the GT-MHR in Russia and indeed, I was the Senator that
initiated the first Federal funding for this program. The question is a
fair one and I will have to say that his observations and the
conclusion he draws from them are correct. I agree that a substantial
portion of the $7 million in funding should indeed be put to good use
in commercializing the GT-MHR which is being designed with great cost-
effectiveness and success in Russia.
Mr. STEVENS. I thank my good friend from New Mexico for his response.
Small modular reactors which are of great potential importance to rural
areas and hence of great interest to me. Last year, at my request,
Congress provided $1 million for the Department of Energy to study the
feasibility of small modular nuclear reactors for deployment in remote
locations. That report is now done and in brief, the Department of
Energy has concluded that such reactors are not only feasible, but may
eventually be a very desirable alternative for many remote communities
without access to clean, affordable power sources.
Importantly, one of the most desirable remote reactor types the
Department examined was a reduced sized
[[Page S7901]]
version of the GT-MHR called the Remote Site Modular Helium Reactor.
Given the outstanding characteristics of this remote reactor as
identified in the Department's report and given that the Department is
already developing the basic technology via the Russian program, I
believe the Department of Energy should focus on further developing the
RS-MHR in the upcoming year.
I thank the Senator from New Mexico.
NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY HARBOR NAVIGATION
Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, there are currently three major federally
authorized and sponsored navigation projects under construction in the
Port of New York and New Jersey and a fourth in the preconstruction,
engineering, and design phase. The projects that would deepen the
Arthur Kill Channel to 41 feet, the Kill van Kull Channel to 45 feet,
the Port Jersey and New York Harbor channels to 41 feet, are being
built. An overarching project called the New York-New Jersey Harbor
Navigation project which would take these channels to 50-feet depths is
in PED.
These projects are staggered in this fashion only because of the
order in which they were authorized. I would ask my colleague from New
Jersey if there is any other reason for this segmentation.
Mr. TORRICELLI. There certainly is no policy reason. In fact, each
constituent project has passed a cost-benefit analysis, each has been
shown to be in the federal interest, and each is subject to the
appropriate cost-share consistent with Water Resource Development Act
policy. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey will fund the
non-Federal share of each of these projects.
Since the Harbor Navigation Project was authorized last year, the
Army Corps and the Port Authority have been working to formulate a plan
that would allow these projects to be managed as one in order to
provide time and cost savings. They have recently concluded that doing
this could result in as much as $400 million in savings to the Federal
Treasury.
But in order to achieve that savings, it is important that we begin
looking at joint management of these projects as soon as possible. I
ask the distinguished Chairman, if Senators Corzine, Clinton, Schumer
and myself can demonstrate that the Army Corps could achieve
substantial future Federal savings by jointly managing all four of
these projects, would he assist us in our efforts to secure conference
report language that would allow the Corps to manage these projects in
this manner?
Mr. REID. I would say to my friends, the Senators from New York and
New Jersey, that I am appreciative of their desire to reduce the cost
of major Army Corps projects. They know as well as I do that the Corps
has a $40 plus billion backlog of authorized projects. I am concerned
about a few aspects of this request, however. I am concerned that this
request would have effects on the WRDA cost-share policy, which
requires greater non-federal contributions for navigation projects that
go deeper than 45 feet. I would not want the Army Corps to conclude
that it could apply the cost-shares for the Kill van Kull, Arthur Kill,
or Port Jersey project to the effort to bring about 50-foot channel
depths, which require a larger non-federal contribution. I hope the
Senators would understand that, as a member of the Senate Environment
and Public Works Committee, I could not support appropriations language
that would undermine the WRDA policy or the committee's jurisdiction.
Mr. SCHUMER. I would respond to my friend, the distinguished
chairman, that the report language we seek will be consistent with the
WRDA policy regarding the appropriate cost-share for navigation
project. I would also say that we intend to secure the Army Corps'
support as well as that of the Senate Environment and Public Works
Committee Chairman. We are merely raising this issue tonight because we
have not been able to settle this matter yet, and need some additional
time.
Mr. REID. In the interest of constructing these projects as quickly
as possible and with the greatest savings to the American taxpayer, I
would respond to my colleague that we will be happy to consider any
such conference report language. I urge him to get it to us as soon as
possible.
Mr. TORRICELLI. On behalf myself and the Senator from New York, I
thank the chairman.
mixed oxide fuel
Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I drafted an amendment to the FY02
Energy and Water Subcommittee to delay plutonium shipments to the
Savannah River Site until the administration solidifies its commitment
to South Carolina to treat weapons-grade material and move them off-
site. I understand this may be viewed as an extreme measure, but the
result of budget cuts to Fissile Materials Disposition programs by DOE
forced the NNSA to abandon a concurrent dual track approach for
plutonium disposition and to substitute a risky ``layered'' approach.
Despite administration briefings and testimony before Congress, there
remain serious concerns about the disposition strategy contemplated by
DOE and significant risk to South Carolina to store these materials for
an extended duration, maybe indefinitely, before they are processed.
I fully understand the DOE-wide implications of delaying the closing
of Rocky Flats and empathize with my colleague from Colorado's keen
interest in closing the site. South Carolina, and other DOE-site
states, have been instrumental in assisting Colorado in meeting DOE
milestone to close the site ahead of schedule. South Carolina should
have a definite timetable for treating waste on site and an identified
pathway out, too, just like Colorado. I am pleased to have the
commitment of my colleagues from the Armed Services Committee to assist
in addressing the outstanding issues with the fissile materials
disposition program. I look forward to working with my colleagues on
this issue.
Mr. THURMOND. I join my colleague, Senator Hollings, and express my
concern regarding recent developments in the Plutonium Disposition
Program. I thank him for bringing this discussion to the floor today.
The Plutonium Disposition Program, particularly the Mixed Oxide Fuel
Program is of critical importance to our Nation. There are invaluable
national security aspects, including the counter-proliferation mission.
In addition, the MOX program can be an important factor in addressing
our Nation's energy needs.
I have had many conversations with administration officials on this
matter. I received personal assurances from the Secretary of Energy,
who stated MOX is his ``highest nonproliferation priority.'' Yet I am
still concerned the administration is not fully committed to the
Plutonium Disposition Program, leaving South Carolina as a dumping
ground for our Nation's surplus nuclear weapons material.
Mr. HOLLINGS. I thank the Senator for his remarks. I would appreciate
Senator Thurmond's views on MOX as a primary option for plutonium
disposition. Would you also agree that South Carolina should also be
provided a concurrent back-up option to MOX?
Mr. THURMOND. I thank the Senator for his question. While MOX should
be the primary disposition option, I do agree there should be a backup
plan for disposing surplus plutonium. I will work with my colleagues to
require the administration to guarantee a back-up plan.
Mr. HOLLINGS. I thank the Senator. I would inquire of my colleague on
his views on the cost of not proceeding. Would the Senator agree that
not dealing with the existing stockpiles of nuclear materials and
oxides found at DOE industrial and research sites will ultimately cost
more than the construction of the MOX facility and the Plutonium
Immobilization Plant?
Mr. THURMOND. The Senator is correct, the status quo simply does not
make fiscal sense. It is my understanding that the cost of the two
plants together is less than the cost of current storage requirements,
over a comparable time period. In fact, according to a November 1996
DOE report entitled ``Technical Summary for Long Term Storage of
Weapons-Useable Fissile Materials,'' building and operating the MOX
plant over a 50-year period, is over $1 billion less than the costs of
maintaining the current infrastructure.
Mr. ALLARD. I thank my good friend, Senator Hollings, for allowing me
to speak on matter and for compromising on his amendment regarding
plutonium disposition. As the Senator
[[Page S7902]]
knows, I was opposed to his original amendment and glad to see that a
compromise has been reached regarding this very important issue of
fissile materials disposition. The Senator's original amendment would
have prohibited any funding for the transportation of surplus U.S.
plutonium to the Savannah River Site until a final agreement was
concluded for primary and secondary disposition activities.
All members with a DOE site located in their State understand how
sensitive these issues are to our constituents. But we also understand
the importance of the nationwide integration of sites to ensure that
DOE can continue to meet all its needs and requirements.
Representing Colorado and Rocky Flats, I was concerned that this
amendment could have delayed the shipment of plutonium to SRS by at
least 1 year, delaying the scheduled 2006 closure date, costing at
least $300 million a year. As the ranking member of the Strategic
Subcommittee on the Armed Services Committee, I was concerned that this
amendment could have interrupted the delicate balance of integration
between all the sites by delaying shipments from Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Hanford, the Mound Site in Ohio to SRS, possibly
triggering a chain reaction by other sites to deny SRS waste.
However, I definitely understand South Carolina's concerns regarding
the ability of SRS to properly dispose of DOE surplus plutonium. To my
colleagues from South Carolina, I strongly support the establishment of
a Mixed Oxide Fuel facility at SRS and will do all I can to assist in
establishing some form of backup capability at the site as well.
As one member who is sensitive to these concerns, I pledge to work
with my South Carolina colleagues on this very important issue, not
only for South Carolina, but also for the sake of the entire DOE
complex.
I admire Senator Hollings' persistence on this matter and for working
with all of us who had concerns. I pledge to work not only with all
members who have a DOE site to ensure a smooth and workable integration
of sites regarding the treatment and disposal of waste. As chairman and
ranking member of the Strategic Subcommittee of the Armed Services
Committee, Senator Reed and I will have an opportunity to address the
plutonium disposition program as part of the FY02 National Defense
Authorization Bill. I again thank the Senator for this opportunity to
express my concerns and gratitude.
Mr. REED. I thank my colleagues from South Carolina for raising this
very important issue. I also want to commend my colleague from Colorado
for working with senators from South Carolina on this matter. As the
chairman of the Strategic Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee,
I am very interested in ensuring that DOE sites are closed in a timely
manner and that the waste is treated and disposed of properly. I want
to assure my colleagues that the Strategic Subcommittee will carefully
examine this issue as the Senate Armed Services Committee considers the
Fiscal Year 2002 Defense Authorization bill.
Mr. McCAIN. Mr. President, the Energy and Water Development
Appropriations bill is important to the Nation's energy resources,
improving water infrastructure, and ensuring our national security
interests. Let me first commend the managers of this bill, the
distinguished Chairman Senator Reid and Ranking Member Senator
Domenici, for their hard work in completing the Senate bill in order to
move the appropriations process forward.
The bill provides funding for critical cleanup activities at various
sites across the country and continues ongoing water infrastructure
projects managed by the Army Corp of Engineers and the Bureau of
Reclamation. The bill also increases resources for renewable energy
research and nuclear energy programs that are critical to ensuring a
diverse energy supply for this Nation.
These are all laudable and important activities, particularly given
the energy problems facing our Nation. While I have great respect for
the work of my colleagues to complete the committee recommendations for
the agencies funded in this bill, I am also disappointed that the
appropriators have once again failed to abide by a fair and responsible
budget process by inflating this bill with porkbarrel spending.
Unfortunately, my colleagues have determined that their ability to
increase energy spending is just another opportunity to increase
porkbarrel spending.
This bill is 5.8 percent higher than the level enacted in fiscal year
2001, which is greater than the 4 percent increase in discretionary
spending that the President wanted to adhere to.
In real dollars, this is $2.4 billion in additional spending above
the amount requested by the President, and $1.4 billion higher than
last year. So far this year, with just two appropriations bills
considered, spending levels have exceeded the president's budget
request by more than $3 billion.
A good amount of this increase is in the form of parochial spending
for unrequested projects. In this bill, I have identified 442 separate
earmarks totaling $732 million, which is greater than the 328 earmarks,
or $300 million, in the Senate bill passed last year.
I have no doubt that many of my colleagues will assert the need to
expend Federal dollars for their hometown Army Corps projects or to
fund development of biomass or ethanol projects in their respective
States. If these projects had been approved through a competitive,
merit-based prioritization process or if the American public had a
greater voice in determining if these projects are indeed the wisest
and best use of their tax dollars, then I would not object.
The reality is that very few people know how billions of dollars are
spent in the routine cycle of the appropriations process. No doubt, the
general public would be appalled that many of the funded projects are,
at best, questionable--or worse, unauthorized, or singled out for
special treatment because of politics.
This is truly a disservice to the American people who rely on the
Congress to utilize prudent judgement in the budget approval process.
Let me share a few examples of what the appropriators are earmarking
this year: additional $10 million for the Denali Commission, a regional
commission serving only the needs of Alaska; $200,000 to study
individual ditch systems in the state of Hawaii; earmark of $300,000
for Aunt Lydia's Cove in Massachusetts; $300,000 to remove aquatic
weeds in the Lavaca and Navidad Rivers in Texas; $3 million for a South
Dakota integrated ethanol complex; $2 million for the Sealaska ethanol
project; two separate earmarks, totaling $5 million, for gasification
of Iowa Switch Grass; additional $2.7 million to pay for electrical
power systems, bus upgrades and communications in Nevada; $500,000 to
research brine waste disposal alternatives in Arizona and Nevada; and,
$9.5 million to pay for demonstrations of erosion control in
Mississippi.
These are just a few examples from the 24-page list of objectionable
provisions I found in this bill and its accompanying report.
As I learned during the consideration of the Interior appropriations
bill when my efforts failed to cut wasteful spending for a particular
special interest project, an overwhelming majority of my colleagues
accept and embrace the practice of porkbarrel spending.
I respect the work of my colleagues on the appropriations committee.
However, I do not believe that the Congress should have absolute
discretion to tell the Army Corps or the Bureau of Reclamation how best
to spend millions of taxpayer dollars for purely parochial projects.
I repeat my conviction that our budget process should be free from
such blatant and rampant porkbarrel spending. Unfortunately, to the
detriment of American taxpayers, the practice of porkbarrel spending
has advanced at light-speed in the last decade and shows no sign of
abating.
Just look at the numbers.
We have witnessed an explosion of unrequested projects passed by
Congress in the last decade. According to the Office of Management and
Budget, there were 1,724 unrequested projects in 1993; 3,476 in 2000;
and 6,454 unrequested projects this fiscal year.
We all know the direction this spending train is going. Come October,
spending bills will be piled-up, frantic negotiations will ensue, a
grand deal will be struck, and guess what? Those spending caps we were
supposed to abide by will just fade away.
[[Page S7903]]
I hope I am wrong.
Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I rise to voice my strong support for the
Material Protection, Control, and Accounting, or MPC&A, program managed
by the Department of Energy to better secure and protect nuclear
weapons and materials in the former Soviet Union. I want to strongly
urge the House-Senate conference committee for this bill to increase
the funding for this important initiative. I call upon the Senate
conferees to join with our House colleagues in supporting a $190
million funding level for fiscal year 2002.
The MPC&A program is often referred to as the first line of defense
in safeguarding Russian nuclear materials against potential diversion
or theft. From the mundane, such as installing barbed wire fences
around sites, to more sophisticated measures like implementing
computerized material accounting systems to keep track of nuclear
materials, the MPC&A program helps ensure that rogue regimes and
terrorist groups do not have access to the most dangerous byproducts of
the cold war.
Let me make clear that this program has been considered an enormous
success. Various studies and reports have confirmed the cost
effectiveness of this program. Simply put, it benefits both Russia and
the United States, as well as all the other former members of the
Soviet Union.
But our current efforts may not be enough. A high-level bipartisan
level headed by former Majority Leader Howard Baker and Lloyd Cutler
declared earlier this year:
While the security of hundreds of tons of Russian material
has been improved under the MPC&A Program, comprehensive
security upgrades have covered only a modest fraction of the
weapons-usable material. There is no program yet in place to
provide incentives, resources, and organizational arrangement
for Russia to sustain high levels of security.
The Baker-Cutler panel goes on to recommend $5 billion in
improvements and upgrades to the MPC&A program over the next 8 to 10
years to accomplish these objectives.
That may be too ambitious an objective given our current budget
environment. At the very least, the Baker-Cutler report points to the
need to build upon, not cut back, existing funding for the MPC&A
program. In testimony before the Foreign Relations Committee in March,
Senator, and now Ambassador, Baker offered a personal concern:
I am a little short of terrified at some of the storage
facilities for nuclear material and nuclear weapons; and
relatively small investments can yield enormous improvements
in storage and security. So, from my standpoint, that is my
first priority.
I share his well-grounded fear, and I hope my colleagues in both
houses will recognize the vital benefits that the MPC&A program
contributes to our national security.
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I am pleased to rise in support of
Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act for fiscal year 2002. I
believe the Senate has addressed these very complex matters
appropriately.
As we all know, this bill funds many significant projects. Of
particular significance to me is the critical funding this bill
provides for the clean-up activities at our Nation's Department of
Energy nuclear weapons sites and more specifically the Savannah River
Site (SRS) in my hometown of Aiken, SC. I was disappointed by the
administration's proposed budget for these activities, and have
indicated so publicly on numerous occasions. At SRS alone, the fiscal
year 2002 request was almost $160 million less than the previous year.
This bill provides an additional $181 million for these crucial cleanup
activities and should ensure that SRS will stay on schedule to meet its
future regulatory commitments to the State of South Carolina as well as
the Environmental Protection Agency.
While I am supportive of most elements of this bill there were some
issues which concerned me. Specifically, the report which accompanies
this bill included a directive that the Department of Energy transfer
the Accelerator for the Production of Tritium (APT) project from the
Office of Defense Programs within the National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) to the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and
Technology for inclusion in the Advanced Accelerator Applications
office.
I disagree with this proposal and will oppose such a move. First and
foremost, this is an appropriations bill, not an authorization. The APT
program was authorized in section 3134 of the Defense Authorization Act
for fiscal year 2000 as a defense program. I wholeheartedly support
exploring additional scientific, engineering research, development and
demonstrations with this superb technology and I believe this work may
yield dramatic advances. However, APT is and should remain a Defense
Program. Last year, the Department established a new Accelerator
Development effort. This office is ``Co-Chaired'' by the NNSA's Office
of Defense Programs and the Department of Energy's Office of Nuclear
Energy, Science and Technology. I have no objections of combining
efforts at the Department of Energy where appropriate, however, the
primary mission of the APT is, as defined by law, to serve as a backup
source of tritium for our nation's strategic arsenal.
Finally, I would like to discuss the Fissile Materials Disposition
Programs as discussed in the bill. This bill correctly describes the
excess weapons grade plutonium in Russia as a ``clear and present
danger to the security of United States. . . .'' I believe it is in the
best interest of all Americans to move forward with this program
expeditiously. I am further pleased that the administration fully
funded the Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility to be constructed at
the Savannah River Site. Unfortunately, I have recently heard some
troubling stories regarding the commitment of the White House to this
important program.
The New York Times ran a story this Monday, July 16, 2001 entitled
``U.S. Review on Russia Urges Keeping Most Arms Control,'' which
greatly concerned me.
According to the article, while most of the programs initiated in the
previous Administration will be retained, ``the White House plans to
overhaul a hugely expensive effort to enable Russia and the United
States to each destroy 34 tons of stored plutonium. . . .'' Mr.
President, what the White House is discussing here is the Mixed Oxide
Fuel Program, known as MOX. This facility is planned for the Savannah
River Site.
As you likely already know, the MOX program has an invaluable
counter-proliferation mission. Thanks to an agreement with the Russian
Government, signed last year, the MOX program will help take weapons
grade plutonium out of former Soviet stockpiles, and will also divert
such materials from potentially falling into the hands of rogue
nations, terrorists, or criminal organizations. In and of itself, this
clearly makes the MOX program worth every penny. Earlier this year I
asked Secretary of Energy Abraham where he stands on this program and
he responded that MOX is his ``highest nonproliferation priority.''
Beyond the important national security aspects of this program there
are many domestic issues which must be considered in evaluating this
program. From the standpoint of providing a much needed source of
energy, MOX makes good sense. Presently, there are quite literally tons
of surplus nuclear weapons materials stored throughout the Department
of Energy (DOE) industrial complex that could be processed in our MOX
facility and reintroduced as a fuel for commercial nuclear reactors.
Here is the beauty of this program, once MOX is burned in selected
reactors it is gone for good. It cannot be used for weapons ever again
and there is no more need for storage.
Furthermore, I am convinced that not dealing with the existing
stockpiles of nuclear materials and oxides that are found at the six
DOE industrial and research sites will ultimately cost substantially
more than the construction of the MOX facility. According to the
previously mentioned news article, ``the administration insists it is
still exploring less expensive options.'' According to a November 29,
1996 DOE report entitled Technical Summary for Long Term Storage of
Weapons-Useable Fissile Materials, the costs of maintaining the current
infrastructure far exceeds the costs of building and operating the MOX
plant according to the current plan. According to the report, the cost
for storage of plutonium in constant 1996 dollars is estimated to be
approximately ``$380 million per year and the operating cost
[[Page S7904]]
for 50 years of operation at approximately $3.2 billion. The cost is
insensitive to where the plutonium is stored at any one of the four
sites.'' The status quo simply does not make fiscal sense.
Perhaps the most critical domestic consideration regarding the MOX
program is that it creates a ``path out'' for materials currently being
stored at SRS and awaiting processing as well as those materials that
could be shipped to the site and processed there in the future. South
Carolina agreed to accept nuclear materials shipments into SRS based on
the understanding that an expeditious ``pathway out'' would exist.
Canceling the Plutonium Disposition Program eliminates the ``path
out.'' Neither I nor anyone else who represents South Carolina at the
Federal or State level is willing to see the Savannah River Site become
the de facto dumping ground for the nation's nuclear materials. If the
``path out'' for these materials disappears, then the ``path in'' to
the Savannah River Site is likely to become muddy. That is bad for
cleanup nationwide.
Ambassador Howard Baker and Mr. Lloyd Cutler reached a series of
conclusions in their recent report from the Russia Task Force, any one
of which justifies aggressive support for the MOX program. However one
statement struck me as particularly poignant. Specifically, as stated
in the report, ``the national security benefits to U.S. citizens from
securing and/or neutralizing the equivalent of more than 80,000 nuclear
weapons and potential weapons would constitute the highest return on
investment in any current U.S. national security and defense program.''
I am concerned by the signals coming from the White House. I intend
to ask President Bush to publicly support this initiative and put an
end to my concerns as well as those of my colleagues and all of the
states involved.
In closing, this is a good bill and I am pleased to support it.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to print the New York Times
article in the Record.
There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in
the Record, as follows:
[From the New York Times, July 16, 2001]
U.S. Review on Russia Urges Keeping Most Arms Controls
(By Judith Miller with Michael R. Gordon)
A Bush administration review of American assistance to
Russia has concluded that most of the programs aimed at
helping Russia stop the spread of nuclear, chemical and
biological weapons are vital to American security and should
be continued, a senior administration official says. Some may
even be expanded.
But the White House wants to restructure or end two
programs: a $2.1 billion effort to dispose of hundreds of
tons of military plutonium and a program to shrink Russian
cities that were devoted to nuclear weapons development, and
to provide alternative jobs for nuclear scientists, the
official said in an interview on Friday. Both these programs
have been criticized in Congress.
The review also calls for a shift in philosophy from
``assistance to partnership'' with Russia.
To do that, the official said, Russia would have to
demonstrate a willingness to make a financial and political
commitment to stop the spread of advanced conventional
weapons and to end its sale of nuclear and other military-
related expertise and technology to Iran and other nations
unfriendly to the United States.
One administration official said the issue of how to handle
Russia's sales of sensitive technology and expertise not only
to Iran, Iraq, Libya and others hostile to America was being
considered separately by the White House. No decisions have
been made yet.
But on those issues, it would be ``hard to create a
partnership if we think that Russia is proliferating,'' this
official added. ``It's not a condition; it's a fact of
life.''
Administration officials said the recommendation to extend
most Administration officials said the recommendation to
extend most nonproliferation programs was not conditioned
upon Russian acquiescence to the administration's
determination to build a nuclear missile shield.
The review covered 30 programs with an annual outlay of
some $800 million. They are a cornerstone of America's
scientific and military relationship with Russia. The
programs, involving mostly the Pentagon, the Energy
Department and the State Department, pay for the dismantling
of weapons facilities and the strengthening of security at
sites where nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are
stored.
President Bush is expected to discuss some of these
programs when he meets with President Vladimir V. Putin next
weekend. That meeting, in Genoa, Italy, is expected to focus
on American plans to build the missile shield, which the
Americans admit would violate a longstanding treaty between
the two nations.
The administration's endorsement of most of the
nonproliferation programs begun by the Clinton administration
will not surprise most legislators, given that the
administration is now trying to avoid being portrayed as
single-minded on national security matters in its pursuit of
a missile shield, and as unresponsive to European support for
arms control.
Officials said that although cabinet officials had
discussed the review's findings, no final decisions on the
recommendations would be made until Congress reacted to the
proposals. The administration has begun arranging to brief
key legislators on the results of its review, which began in
April and was conducted by an expert on Russia on loan from
the State Department to the National Security Council office
that deals with nonproliferation strategy. That office is
headed by Bob Joseph.
In interviews, administration officials said the White
House would not overlook Russian efforts to weaken the
programs by restricting access to weapons plants or by
erecting obstacles to meeting nonproliferation commitments.
``We have a high standard for Russian behavior,'' one
official said.
The review has concluded that most of the $420 million
worth of the Pentagon's programs--called Cooperative Threat
Reduction--are ``effectively managed'' and advance American
interests.
The White House also intends to expand State Department
programs that help Russian scientists engage in peaceful work
through the Moscow-based International Science and Technology
Center, which the European Union and Japan also support, and
other institutions.
But some big-ticket programs whose budgets have already
been slashed or criticized on Capitol Hill are likely to be
shut down or ``refocused,'' the official said.
Though it is no longer very expensive, another program, the
Nuclear Cities Initiative, has already been scaled back by
Congress. It was begun in 1998 to help create nonmilitary
work for Russia's 122,000 nuclear scientists and to help
Russia downsize geographically and economically isolated
nuclear cities, where 760,000 people live.
Unhappy with both the cost and the Russian reluctance to
open these cities.
Unhappy with both the cost and the Russian reluctance to
open these cities fully to Western visitors, Congress has
repeatedly slashed money for the program. Under the Bush
review, the undefined ``positive aspects'' would be merged
into other programs, and most of the program closed.
The Clinton administration had begun the program to provide
civilian work for Russia's closed nuclear cities. The aim was
to prevent nuclear scientists there from leaving for Iraq,
Iran and other aspiring nuclear powers. Under the program,
the Russians would also have to expedite the closure of two
warhead-assembly plants and their conversion to civilian
production.
``The administration will be missing an opportunity to shut
down two warhead production plants if it abandons the Nuclear
Cities Initiative,'' said Rose Gottemoeller, a senior Energy
Department official during the Clinton administration. The
administration says Russia plans to close those two
facilities in any event.
The White House also intends to overhaul a hugely expensive
effort to enable Russia and the United States each to destroy
34 tons of stored plutonium by building facilities in Russia
and the United States. The program, as currently structured,
will cost Russia $2.1 billion and the United States $6.5
billion, at a minimum. The administration has pledged $400
million and has already appropriated $240 million.
In February 2000, the Clinton administration wrested a
promise from Russia to stop making plutonium out of fuel from
its civilian power reactors as part of a research and aid
package. While Russia was supposed to stop adding to its
estimated stockpile of 160 tons of military plutonium by
shutting down three military reactors last December, Moscow
was unable to do so because the reactors, near Tomsk and
Krasnoyarsk, provide heat and electricity to those cities.
Critics said the original program was too costly and was
not moving forward. But supporters say the Bush
administration should try harder to solicit funds from
European and other governments before shelving the effort and
walking away from the accord.
The administration insists it is still exploring less
expensive options.
The administration has also deferred a decision on a
commitment to help Russia build facilities to destroy 40,000
tons of chemical weapons, the world's such stockpile. The
first plant has been completed at Gorny, 660 miles southeast
of Moscow, but American assistance to build a second plant at
Shchuchye, 1,000 miles southeast of Moscow, has been frozen
by Congress.
Many legislators have complained that the Russian have not
fully declared the total and type of chemical weapons they
made, and that they have put up too little of their own money
for the project.
In February, however, Russia announced that it had
increased its annual budget for destroying the weapons
sixfold, to $105 million, and presented a plan to begin
operating the first of three destruction plants. The
administration official said this reflected a ``significant
change'' in Russia's attitude towards commitments that
``could have an impact on our thinking'' about the program.
[[Page S7905]]
The Russians hope to destroy their vast chemical stocks by
2012, a deadline.
The Russians hope to destroy their vast chemical stocks by
2012, a deadline that will require that they obtain a five-
year extension. But Moscow will not be able to meet even that
deferred deadline unless construction begins soon for a
destruction installation at Shchuchye.
The Clinton administration, after Congress slashed funds
for the project, lined up support from several foreign
governments.
Elisa Harris, a research fellow at the University of
Maryland and a former specialist on chemical weapons for
President Clinton's National Security Council, said the
destruction effort could falter unless the Bush
administration persuaded Congress to rescind the ban and
finally support the program.
Commenting on the review, Leon Fuerth, a visiting professor
of international affairs at George Washington University and
the national security adviser to former Vice president Al
Gore, said, ``By and large they are going to sustain what
they inherited, which is good for the country.''
But the senior Bush administration official said the review
did not endorse the Clinton approach. This administration, he
said, is determined to ``establish better and more cost-
efficient ways'' of achieving its nonproliferation goals and
integrating such programs into a comprehensive strategy
toward Russia. He said the White House planned to form a
White House steering group ``to assure that the programs are
well managed and better coordinated.''
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there further amendments?
Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President, I have no further amendments. I thank
the seven members of the staff on both sides who worked diligently on a
very complicated bill. On Senator Reid's staff: Drew Willison, Roger
Cockrell, Nancy Olkewicz; members of my staff: Tammy Perrin, Jim Crum,
Camille Anderson, and Clay Sell.
The Senator's staff has been a pleasure to work with, and I hope mine
has. I thank you for the pleasantries and the way we have been able to
work this bill out.
Mr. REID. Not only the staff has been a pleasure to work with, but
you have been a pleasure to work with.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on the engrossment of the
amendments and third reading of the bill.
The amendments were ordered to be engrossed and the bill to be read
the third time.
The bill was read the third time.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill having been read the third time, the
question is, Shall the bill pass?
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
There is a sufficient second and the clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk called the roll.
Mr. NICKLES. I announce that the Senator from Nevada (Mr. Ensign) is
necessarily absent.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there any other Senators in the Chamber
desiring to vote?
The result was announced--yeas 97, nays 2, as follows:
[Rollcall Vote No. 240 Leg.]
YEAS--97
Akaka
Allard
Allen
Baucus
Bayh
Bennett
Biden
Bingaman
Bond
Boxer
Breaux
Brownback
Bunning
Burns
Byrd
Campbell
Cantwell
Carnahan
Carper
Chafee
Cleland
Clinton
Cochran
Collins
Conrad
Corzine
Craig
Crapo
Daschle
Dayton
DeWine
Dodd
Domenici
Dorgan
Durbin
Edwards
Enzi
Feingold
Feinstein
Fitzgerald
Frist
Graham
Gramm
Grassley
Gregg
Hagel
Harkin
Hatch
Helms
Hollings
Hutchinson
Hutchison
Inhofe
Inouye
Jeffords
Johnson
Kennedy
Kerry
Kohl
Kyl
Landrieu
Leahy
Levin
Lieberman
Lincoln
Lott
Lugar
McConnell
Mikulski
Miller
Murkowski
Murray
Nelson (FL)
Nelson (NE)
Nickles
Reed
Reid
Roberts
Rockefeller
Santorum
Sarbanes
Schumer
Sessions
Shelby
Smith (NH)
Smith (OR)
Snowe
Specter
Stabenow
Stevens
Thomas
Thompson
Thurmond
Torricelli
Warner
Wellstone
Wyden
NAYS--2
McCain
Voinovich
NOT VOTING--1
Ensign
The bill (H.R. 2311), as amended, was passed.
(The bill will be printed in a future edition of the Record.)
Mr. REID. I move to reconsider the vote and I move to lay that motion
on the table.
The motion to lay on the table was agreed to.
Mr. REID. I move that the Senate insist on its amendment, request a
conference with the House, and the Chair be allowed to appoint
conferees on the part of the Senate, with no intervening action or
debate.
The motion was agreed to and the Presiding Officer (Mr. Corzine)
appointed Mr. Reid, Mr. Byrd, Mr. Hollings, Mrs. Murray, Mr. Dorgan,
Mrs. Feinstein, Mr. Harkin, Mr. Domenici, Mr. Cochran, Mr. McConnell,
Mr. Bennett, Mr. Burns, and Mr. Craig conferees on the part of the
Senate.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I asked, along with Senator Domenici, the
Chair to appoint conferees, which the Chair did. We would like to add
to the conferees Senators Inouye and Stevens. I ask unanimous consent
that Senators Inouye and Stevens be added to the list of conferees on
the energy and water appropriations bill.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. REID. It is the intention of the majority leader now to move to
the Graham nomination. The leader indicated there will be a number of
votes tonight.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the order for
the quorum call be dispensed with.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. SARBANES. Mr. President, I inquire what the parliamentary
situation is.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. There is no business pending at this time.
____________________