[Congressional Record Volume 147, Number 21 (Wednesday, February 14, 2001)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1374-S1376]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




 LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THE WRONGFUL CONVICTION OF EARL WASHINGTON

  Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, I want to discuss the case of Earl 
Washington. Mr. Washington was released from custody Monday after more 
than 17 years in prison. In fact, of the 17 years in prison, 10 years 
of that were on death row. Virginia Governor James Gilmore pardoned 
Earl Washington on October 2, 2000, after some new DNA tests confirmed 
what earlier DNA tests had already shown--he was the wrong guy. They 
had the wrong person in prison on death row.
  I mention this case as probably the most recent that we have seen in 
the press, but we have seen a shocking number of cases in the past 2 
years in which inmates have been exonerated after long stays in prison, 
including more than 90 cases involving people who had been sentenced to 
death. Let me repeat that: more than 90 cases where people had been 
sentenced to death and they then found they had the wrong person.
  Since Earl Washington was pardoned 4 months ago, six more condemned 
prisoners in four different States have had their convictions vacated 
through exonerating evidence: William Nieves, sentenced to death in 
Pennsylvania in 1994; Michael Graham and Albert Burrell, sentenced to 
death in Louisiana in 1987; Peter Limone and Joseph Salvati, sentenced 
to death in Massachusetts in 1968; and Frank Lee Smith, sentenced to 
death in Florida in 1986.

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  There have also been other recent exonerations of inmates who were 
not sentenced to death, but were serving long terms of imprisonment. 
Just last month, the State of Texas released Chris Ochoa from prison at 
the request of the local prosecutors. The prosecutors themselves asked 
that he be released. In 1989, Ochoa pled guilty to a rape-murder he did 
not commit. Somebody may ask: Why would you plead guilty to a rape and 
murder that you did not commit? Because the authorities said they were 
going to make sure he got a death sentence if he did not plead guilty 
to the crime.
  DNA tests that were not available when he was arrested cleared Ochoa 
and his codefendant and implicated another man, who had previously 
confessed to the crime on several occasions.
  Here is how bad this case was. Chris Ochoa was arrested. He knew he 
did not commit the crime, this rape-murder. But the police basically 
told him: We are going to have you executed if we go to trial. We are 
going to prove it. We will have you executed. Of course, you can plead 
guilty and we will spare you the death penalty. He did. But then, even 
though they had the man who actually committed this heinous crime, who 
kept confessing to it, they did not pay any attention to him because it 
was easier to just keep the wrong guy locked up.
  Of course, when the DNA evidence came out--it was there in front of 
everybody--they said: Look, we have the wrong guy. This other person, 
the person who had confessed to it, is the right guy after all. Whoops, 
sorry about that. Well, we have only had you locked up for over a 
decade for a crime you did not commit.
  We must identify the cracks in the system that allowed these 
injustices to occur. DNA is a central tool in this pursuit. It has 
already led to the exoneration of more than 80 people in this country, 
including Earl Washington and others who had been sentenced to death.
  DNA testing has opened a window to give us a disturbing view of the 
defects of our criminal justice system. When DNA evidence exonerates a 
person such as Earl Washington, there is a unique opportunity to 
evaluate how the system failed that person, and perhaps even more 
importantly, to identify broader patterns of error and abuse.

  If a plane falls from the sky and crashes, we investigate the causes. 
We try to learn from the tragedy so we can avoid similar tragedies in 
the future. We should do no less when a wrongfully convicted person 
walks off death row.
  The justice system did not just fail Earl Washington; it crashed and 
burned. We have a lot to learn from this case. It highlights many of 
the problems we see over and over again in cases of wrongful 
conviction.
  These are the basic facts of the Earl Washington case. In June of 
1982, a young woman named Rebecca Williams was raped and murdered in 
Culpeper, VA. Nearly a year later, Earl Washington was arrested on an 
unrelated charge. Earlier that day, Washington had broken into the home 
of an elderly woman named Helen Weeks. But she surprised him. He hit 
her over the head with a chair and fled. At the time he was arrested, 
he was drunk and running wild through the woods.
  Earl Washington suffers from mental retardation. He has an IQ of 69, 
which puts him in the bottom 2 percent of the population. Like a child, 
he tends to answer questions in whatever way he thinks will please his 
questioners. After his arrest, he ``confessed'' to pretty much every 
unsolved crime the police asked him about.
  A police sergeant named Alan Cubbage later described the scene to the 
Washington Post. He got a call that day from the officers who were 
interrogating Earl Washington. He told the Post: ``It was almost like a 
big party. `Come on down,' '' they said, ``This guy is confessing to 
everything.''
  He was confessing to crimes he could not possibly have committed. But 
whatever it was, when they asked him if he committed the crime, he 
said: ``Yes, sir.''
  First, he confessed to the crime he had actually committed--breaking 
into Helen Weeks' home and hitting her over the head with a chair. That 
he did do. Then he confessed to raping her. Without any reason to 
suspect that Weeks had been raped, the officers interrogating 
Washington asked if he had raped her, and he gave the standard 
response, ``Yes, sir.''
  On that basis alone, they charged him with rape. Well, then Helen 
Weeks came forward and said, ``Nobody raped me. I never told the police 
I had been raped. Nobody tried to rape me.'' And they kind of tiptoed 
into court and dropped the rape charge.
  During that same interrogation session, Earl Washington went on to 
confess to four other unrelated crimes. Investigators later concluded 
that he could not have committed three of the crimes in other words, 
that his confessions were wholly unreliable. Yet with virtually no 
evidence other than the remaining confession, he was charged and 
brought to trial for the fourth crime the rape and murder of Rebecca 
Williams.
  Earl Washington almost immediately retracted his confession to the 
Williams murder, and there were no fingerprints or blood linking him to 
the crime scene. But he was convicted, and the jury recommended 
execution. He was sentenced to death, his appeals were rejected, and he 
came within a few days of being electrocuted. The whole justice system 
failed him. But science eventually came to his rescue.
  Mr. President, everybody who has been in law enforcement knows you 
get some people like Earl Washington, who are ready to confess to 
everything. When I was prosecuting cases, we had a man--he is no longer 
alive--who would read something in the paper, a horrendous crime, and 
he would immediately confess. Especially if it was cold weather, he 
would come to a warm police station and he would confess to everything. 
We could make up cases and he would confess.
  Obviously, that is one level. But with Earl Washington it was 
entirely different. He had committed a crime. He had broken into a 
woman's house, and he had hit her with a chair. But he did not rape 
her. Nobody did. She said so herself. He certainly did not murder and 
rape the woman he was charged with murdering and raping. Somebody else 
did. But with no evidence at all, except for his confession, he was 
found guilty.
  When Earl Washington was convicted in 1984, DNA testing was not 
available. By the early 1990s, DNA testing was available, although the 
technology has since improved, and tests done in 1993 and 1993--seven 
years ago--showed that Earl Washington did not rape Rebecca Williams.
  Despite these test results, the state officials still thought he 
might be guilty. Maybe there was somebody else involved. Maybe there 
were two people--notwithstanding the fact that the woman who was 
murdered, who had lived for a period of time after she was attacked, 
said very clearly that there was only one person.
  So Earl Washington remained in prison. There was so much doubt--at 
least they did not execute him--they commuted his sentence to life in 
January of 1994. But he was not pardoned. He was given life in prison, 
but still for a crime that he did not commit and more and more of the 
authorities in the State knew he did not commit and DNA tests proved he 
did not commit.
  One would think the courts would be interested in scientific 
evidence, especially of a prisoner's innocence. Normally you do not 
have to prove your innocence, but this was a case where he could prove 
his innocence. One might ask, couldn't he go to court with the new DNA 
evidence and ask for a new trial? The answer is no; Virginia has the 
shortest deadline in the country for going back to court with new 
evidence. It has to be submitted within 21 days of conviction. After 
that, the defendant is out of luck.
  Earl Washington could not submit the evidence within 21 days of 
conviction for a very simple reason: The technology for DNA testing, at 
the time of his conviction, was not available. And of course by the 
time it became available a few years later, he was in a catch-22: I've 
got DNA evidence that proves I'm innocent. Sorry, 21 days went by a 
long time ago. But they didn't have DNA evidence within 21 days of my 
conviction. I know, it is a crying shame. Stay on death row.
  Last year, a new and more precise DNA test reconfirmed what the 
earlier tests had shown: Earl Washington did not commit the crime for 
which he was sentenced to death. The tests pointed

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to another person who was already in prison for rape. So, 7 years after 
the initial DNA tests and more than 16 years after he was sentenced to 
be executed, Earl Washington was granted an absolute pardon for the 
rape and murder of Rebecca Williams, a rape and murder he never 
committed. After science had twice proven his innocence, the 
Commonwealth of Virginia finally acknowledged the truth.
  That is not the end of the story. He then spent another 4 months in 
prison for his attack on Hazel Weeks. That is at least a crime he 
committed. He hit her with a chair in 1983. So now, 17 years later, he 
is finishing that sentence. People sentenced for similar crimes in 
Virginia are generally paroled after 7 to 10 years in prison. They made 
Earl Washington serve twice the time that others would serve the 
maximum possible time in prison. Having unjustly condemned him, the 
Commonwealth of Virginia compounded the injustice by keeping him in 
prison until two days ago, when he became entitled to mandatory parole. 
It is almost as if they were saying: How dare you be innocent of the 
other crime we convicted you of? How dare you prove us wrong? We will 
make you pay for it.
  I had hoped to meet with Earl Washington after his release from 
prison. Congressman Bobby Scott of Virginia wrote to the Virginia 
correctional authorities 2 weeks ago and sought permission for Earl 
Washington to travel to Capitol Hill Monday under the care and 
supervision of his attorneys. We thought it was important for the 
American people to hear firsthand an account of this injustice. A good 
justice system learns from its mistakes.
  The last 17 years of Earl Washington's life have been one of the 
system's worst mistakes. We felt we owed it to Earl Washington and 
future Earl Washingtons to listen. The officials of the Commonwealth 
did not. They had a different view. They did not want Earl Washington 
to come here. They did not want him to come here even for a few hours, 
come that great distance from Virginia, which is 2 miles away. They 
didn't want him to come those extra 2 miles and tell the story.
  This case reveals the dark side of a system that is not known for 
admitting its mistakes. I am not speaking only of the Commonwealth of 
Virginia. A whole lot of other States have been just as bad at 
admitting their mistakes.
  In the Earl Washington case, state officials insisted on pursuing a 
death penalty charge despite having wholly unreliable evidence. They 
kept him in prison for years despite knowing he was falsely convicted. 
They kept him locked up, knowing he was falsely convicted. And then 
they would not even let him come here to Washington to tell the 
American people what happened.
  We need to hear from such people like Earl Washington, not hide them 
from public view. The American justice system is about the search for 
the truth: the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. As a 
former prosecutor, I understand the importance of finality in criminal 
cases, but even more important than that is the commitment to the 
truth; that has to come first.
  This case tells us we cannot sit back and assume prosecutors and 
courts will do the right thing when it comes to DNA evidence. It took 
Earl Washington years to convince prosecutors to do the very simple 
tests that would prove his innocence, and more time still to win his 
freedom.
  Some States continue to stonewall on requests for DNA testing. They 
continue to hide behind time limits and procedural default rules to 
deny prisoners the opportunity to present DNA test results in court. 
They continue to destroy DNA evidence that could set innocent people 
free.
  These practices must stop. I have long supported and I continue to 
support funding to ensure that law enforcement has access to DNA 
testing and all the other tools it needs to investigate and prosecute 
crime in our society. But if we as a society are committed to getting 
it right, and not just to getting a conviction, we need to make sure 
that DNA testing, and the ability to present DNA evidence to the 
courts, is also available to the defense. We should not pass up the 
promise of truth and justice for both sides of our adversarial system, 
and that promise is there in DNA evidence.
  We must also understand this case shows why we should not allow the 
execution of the mentally retarded. As I noted in a floor statement 
last December, people with mental retardation are more prone to make 
false confessions simply to please their interrogators, and they are 
often unable to assist their lawyers in their own defense. Earl 
Washington confessed to no less than four serious felonies which he did 
not commit and could not have committed. We should join the 
overwhelming number of nations that do not allow the execution of the 
mentally retarded.
  There are good things that may come out of this case. I know the 
Supreme Court of Virginia has proposed eliminating the 21-day rule, 
which prevented Earl Washington from getting a new trial based on the 
initial DNA tests in the early 1990s. That would be a good thing if it 
happens. But it would be just a start.
  I urge us to go forward and pass the Innocence Protection Act, 
supported by both Republicans and Democrats in this body and in the 
other body. This legislation addresses several serious problems in the 
administration of capital punishment. Most urgently, the bill would 
afford greater access to DNA testing for convicted offenders and help 
states improve the quality of legal representation in their capital 
cases. It also proposes that the United States Congress speak as the 
conscience of the Nation in condemning the execution of the mentally 
retarded.
  People of good conscience can and will disagree on the morality of 
the death penalty; but people of good conscience all share the same 
goal of preventing the execution of the innocent. People of good 
conscience should not disagree that the way the case of Earl Washington 
was handled over the past 17 years was unjust. It was completely 
unacceptable. We ought to find ways to make sure these kinds of things 
do not happen again.

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