[Congressional Record Volume 146, Number 78 (Tuesday, June 20, 2000)]
[House]
[Pages H4682-H4701]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
NONCOMMERCIAL BROADCASTING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ACT OF 2000
Mr. LINDER. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee on Rules, I
call up House Resolution 527 and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as follows:
H. Res. 527
Resolved, That upon the adoption of this resolution it
shall be in order to consider in the House the bill (H.R.
4201) to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to clarify the
service obligations of noncommercial educational broadcast
stations. The bill shall be considered as read for amendment.
The amendment recommended by the Committee on Commerce now
printed in the bill shall be considered as adopted. The
previous question shall be considered as ordered on the bill,
as amended, and on any further amendment thereto to final
passage without intervening motion except: (1) one hour of
debate on the bill, as amended, equally divided and
controlled by the chairman and ranking minority member of the
Committee on Commerce; (2) a further amendment in the nature
of a substitute printed in the Congressional Record pursuant
to clause 8 of rule XVIII, if offered by representative
Markey of Massachusetts or his designee, which shall be
considered as read and shall be separately debatable for one
hour equally divided and controlled by the proponent and an
opponent; and (3) one motion to recommit with or without
instructions.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Thornberry). The gentleman from Georgia
(Mr. Linder) is recognized for 1 hour.
Mr. LINDER. Mr. Speaker, for the purpose of debate only, I yield the
customary 30 minutes to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Hall), pending
which I yield myself such time as I may consume. During consideration
of this resolution, all time yielded is for the purpose of debate only.
Mr. Speaker, House Resolution 527 is a fair rule providing for
consideration of H.R. 4201, the Noncommercial Broadcasting Freedom of
Expression Act of 2000. H. Res. 527 provides 1 hour of general debate
equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking
[[Page H4683]]
minority member of the Committee on Commerce.
The rule provides that the amendment recommended by the Committee on
Commerce now printed in the bill shall be considered as adopted. In
addition, the rule provides for the consideration of the amendment in
the nature of a substitute, printed in the Congressional Record, if
offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) or his
designee, which shall be considered as read, debatable for 1 hour
equally divided between proponent and an opponent.
Finally, the rule provides for one motion to recommit, with or
without instructions, as is the right of the minority.
Mr. Speaker, like most Members, I have been contacted by a number of
my constituents regarding the Federal Communication Commission's ruling
on religious programming. By way of background, since 1952, the FCC has
reserved a limited number of television channels for educational
broadcasters, known as noncommercial education channels, provided that
the nonprofit groups, including religious organizations, can show that
they will devote more than half of their programming to general
education purposes.
However, in the December 29, 1999, ruling granting a noncommercial
educational television station license, the FCC included a section on
``additional guidance'' and ruled that programming largely ``devoted to
religious exhortation, proselytizing, or statements of personally held
religious views and beliefs'' would not count as educational.
I am disheartened that the FCC initially believed that religious
programs do not serve the educational, instructional, and cultural
needs of the community as defined by NCE regulations. I have no doubt
that the millions of Americans who attend and watch church services
find culture and education in the teachings of a sermon. I am pleased,
however, that the FCC has since vacated its order.
Despite the fact that the decision has been reversed, many Members
did, I know, have concerns about the FCC's interpretation of the law in
this matter. In addition, we are concerned that the FCC ruled without
the benefit of public comment, taking unilateral action without
consulting those who would be affected. Moreover, in clarifying NCE
television rules, the FCC established a new benchmark for evaluating
the content of religious broadcasts. In effect, the FCC created a
precedent that could have required the FCC to monitor and evaluate
religious programming and decide what is educational.
Mr. Speaker, I find this course of action intrusive and question a
decision that replaces programming decisions based on the community
with FCC guidance.
This is why we need to consider H.R. 4201 this morning. This bill
ensures that the FCC does not engage in regulating the content of
speech broadcast by noncommercial education stations, except by means
of a formal agency rulemaking. This is responsible legislation that
will answer the policy questions that arose following the FCC decision
on this matter.
Nonetheless, there is an amendment that deserves consideration of the
House on the House floor. In the Committee on Commerce, the gentleman
from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) offered an amendment to amend the bill,
and the rule we had before us will permit the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) the opportunity to offer his substitute
amendment.
I also want to applaud the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin), the
gentleman from Mississippi, my friend (Mr. Pickering), and the
gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Oxley), for the work on this legislation. I
encourage every Member to support this fair rule and the underlying
bill.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. HALL of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may
consume.
Mr. Speaker, I want to thank the gentleman from Georgia (Mr. Linder)
for yielding me the time. Mr. Speaker, this is a restrictive rule which
will allow for the consideration of H.R. 4201.
As my colleague, the gentleman from Georgia (Mr. Linder), has
explained, this rule provides for 1 hour of general debate to go
equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minority
member of the Committee on Commerce.
Under current rules, the Federal Communication Commission grants
noncommercial broadcasting licenses for programming that is primarily
educational in nature. This bill expands the qualifications to include
cultural or religious programming.
The bill also restricts the FCC's authority to establish requirements
on programming by noncommercial broadcasters.
The rule makes in order just one amendment that can be offered during
floor consideration of the bill. The amendment offered by the gentleman
from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) would maintain an educational
requirement to obtain a noncommercial broadcast license. No other
amendments may be offered to the bill.
I regret that the Committee on Rules approved such a restrictive
rule. I see no reason why this bill cannot receive an open rule. Also,
Members have not been given enough notice that the bill would be taken
up on the House floor and that a restrictive rule was under
consideration.
However, because the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) was
the only Member testifying at yesterday's Committee on Rules hearing in
support of an amendment and the rule does make in order that amendment,
I will not oppose the rule.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. LINDER. Mr. Speaker, I have no speakers. If the gentleman from
Ohio (Mr. Hall) is prepared to yield back, I will yield back.
Mr. HALL of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman
from New York (Mr. Owens).
(Mr. OWENS asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. OWENS. Mr. Speaker, this is a very important bill to a large
number of people in my district. I am a little surprised that it has
come up so abruptly and then we had no time to prepare for it, but I
want to register my strong support for the steps that are being taken
by the Federal Communications Commission to make broadcasting
available, the opportunity to broadcast to small and nonprofit groups.
There is a whole array of groups beyond the obvious ones that are
mentioned, the religious groups, educational groups that particularly
want to push some aspect of education to the numerous ethnic and
nationality groups in my district. There are a large number of people
who are of Caribbean descent in my district and have had a great deal
of problems with trying to get radio broadcasts which focus on their
particular interests, Haitian, Jamaican, Canadian, and numerous others.
I think it is very appropriate that we take a step in this direction
and leave it as broad and open as possible, following the general
approach of the Federal Communications Commission without any
restrictions. Indeed, the restrictions have been too great all these
years. The broadcasting is regulated by the Federal Government. It is a
form of free speech; and because it is regulated by the Federal
Government, I think efforts should have been made many years ago to
make it freer.
We have not had free speech using radio waves or free speech using
television or any of the regulated broadcast bands that the Government
is in control of.
{time} 1030
The Government is in control, and that means that all of the people
are in control; all the people should be served. It should not be a
matter of those who have the necessary capital to be able to capitalize
a radio or television station. We are talking primarily here about
radio now, which is the simplest and the cheapest way to provide some
means of broadcasting for people who do not have means.
Certainly, if we are going to have freedom of speech, freedom of
speech ought to mean that everybody has a chance to speak over the
airwaves, especially if that is regulated by government. We have
freedom of speech in terms of printed matter, and anybody who can
afford it can, of course, print matter. Of course the big newspaper
chains and people that have money are able to take advantage of that
even
[[Page H4684]]
more so. But the Government does not regulate anybody out of the print
business.
If one has the money, if one has the wherewithal, one can get into
the print business at one level or another. That may mean passing out
pamphlets, it may mean finding a newspaper, or it may mean starting a
magazine. But it is not so in the broadcast arena. One cannot, even if
one has the wherewithal, enter the broadcast arena, because that is
tightly regulated by the Government, more than it should have been all
of these years.
Mr. Speaker, we need more freedom and more opportunities, not fewer.
So I wholeheartedly support the steps that are being taken by the
Federal Communications Commission, and I think that any attempts to
restrict it in any way are steps that are moving us backwards in the
wrong direction. I think it is long overdue that we allow small groups
to have their voice, and perhaps we should look at the bill and look at
the regulations being proposed by the Federal Communications Commission
and make them broader and more liberal. The range of areas that are
covered by these nonprofit stations in many cases is too small, and we
would like to see them broadened. We would like to see efforts made to
make it even less costly to begin a nonprofit station.
Full freedom of speech means that the freedom ought to be able to be
a freedom that we can utilize over the free and regulated Federal
airwaves.
Mr. LINDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from
Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin) to clarify some information for the gentleman
from New York.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I simply want to clarify for my friend from
New York that this is not the low-power FM bill dealing with the
Commission's decision to authorize the expansion of radio broadcasting
to FM low power. This bill merely deals with the noncommercial
television and radio licenses that are already issued by the
commission. There are about 800 to 1,000 radio licenses; and there are
15 television licenses, eight more in the pipe, that are held by
religious broadcasters. And the issue today that this rule authorizes
the legislation on will be to limit the FCC's capacity to regulate the
content of the religious broadcasting that goes on these noncommercial
television and radio stations that are already on the air.
So the gentleman's concern about the FM low-power issue is obviously
a very important one, and we dealt with that issue I think several
weeks ago. This is a separate issue dealing with religious radio and
television broadcasting.
Mr. HALL of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I have no further requests for time,
and I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. LINDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time, and I
move the previous question on the resolution.
The previous question was ordered.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 527, I call up
the bill (H.R. 4201) to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to clarify
the service obligations of noncommercial educational broadcast
stations, and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Thornberry). Pursuant to House
Resolution 527, the bill is considered read for amendment.
The text of H.R. 4201 is as follows:
H.R. 4201
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Noncommercial Broadcasting
Freedom of Expression Act of 2000''.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The Congress finds the following:
(1) In the additional guidance contained in the Federal
Communication Commission's memorandum opinion and order in
WQED Pittsburgh (FCC 99-393), adopted December 15, 1999, and
released December 29, 1999, the Commission attempted to
impose content-based programming requirements on
noncommercial educational television broadcasters without the
benefit of notice and comment in a rulemaking proceeding.
(2) In doing so, the Commission did not adequately consider
the implications of its proposed guidelines on the rights of
such broadcasters under First Amendment and the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act.
(3) Noncommercial educational broadcasters should be
responsible for using the station to primarily serve an
educational, instructional, or cultural purpose in its
community of license, and for making judgments about the
types of programming that serve those purposes.
(4) The Commission should not engage in regulating the
content of speech broadcast by noncommercial educational
stations.
SEC. 3. CLARIFICATION OF SERVICE OBLIGATIONS OF NONCOMMERCIAL
EDUCATIONAL OR PUBLIC BROADCAST STATIONS.
Section 309 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.
309) is amended by adding at the end the following new
subsection:
``(m) Service Conditions on Noncommercial Educational and
Public Broadcast Stations.--
``(1) In general.--A nonprofit organization or entity shall
be eligible to hold a noncommercial educational radio or
television license if the station is used primarily to
broadcast material that the organization or entity determines
serves an educational, instructional, or cultural purpose (or
any combination of such purposes) in the station's community
of license, unless that determination is arbitrary or
unreasonable.
``(2) Additional content-based requirements prohibited.--
The Commission shall not--
``(A) impose or enforce any quantitative requirement on
noncommercial educational radio or television licenses based
on the number of hours of programming that serve educational,
instructional, or cultural purposes;
``(B) prevent religious programming, including religious
services, from being determined by an organization or entity
to serve an educational, instructional, or cultural purpose;
or
``(C) impose or enforce any other requirement on the
content of the programming broadcast by a licensee,
permittee, or applicant for a noncommercial educational radio
or television license that is not imposed and enforced on a
licensee, permittee, or applicant for a commercial radio or
television license, respectively.''.
SEC. 4. RULEMAKING.
(a) Limitation.--After the date of enactment of this Act,
the Federal Communications Commission shall not establish,
expand, or otherwise modify requirements relating to the
service obligations of noncommercial educational radio or
television stations except by means of agency rulemaking
conducted in accordance with chapter 5 of title 5, United
States Code, and other applicable law (including the
amendment made by section 3).
(b) Rulemaking Deadline.--The Federal Communications
Commission shall prescribe such revisions to its regulations
as may be necessary to comply with the amendment made by
section 3 within 270 days after the date of enactment of this
Act.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The amendment recommended by the Committee
on Commerce printed in the bill is adopted.
The text of H.R. 4201, as amended pursuant to House Resolution 527,
is as follows:
H.R. 4201
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Noncommercial Broadcasting
Freedom of Expression Act of 2000''.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The Congress finds the following:
(1) In the additional guidance contained in the Federal
Communication Commission's memorandum opinion and order in
WQED Pittsburgh (FCC 99-393), adopted December 15, 1999, and
released December 29, 1999, the Commission attempted to
impose content-based programming requirements on
noncommercial educational television broadcasters without the
benefit of notice and comment in a rulemaking proceeding.
(2) In doing so, the Commission did not adequately consider
the implications of its proposed guidelines on the rights of
such broadcasters under First Amendment and the Religious
Freedom Restoration Act.
(3) Noncommercial educational broadcasters should be
responsible for using the station to primarily serve an
educational, instructional, cultural, or religious purpose in
its community of license, and for making judgments about the
types of programming that serve those purposes.
(4) Religious programming contributes to serving the
educational and cultural needs of the public, and should be
treated by the Commission on a par with other educational and
cultural programming.
(5) Because noncommercial broadcasters are not permitted to
sell air time, they should not be required to provide free
air time to commercial entities or political candidates.
(6) The Commission should not engage in regulating the
content of speech broadcast by noncommercial educational
stations.
SEC. 3. CLARIFICATION OF SERVICE OBLIGATIONS OF NONCOMMERCIAL
EDUCATIONAL OR PUBLIC BROADCAST STATIONS.
(a) Service Conditions.--Section 309 of the Communications
Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 309) is amended by adding at the end
the following new subsection:
``(m) Service Conditions on Noncommercial Educational and
Public Broadcast Stations.--
[[Page H4685]]
``(1) In general.--A nonprofit organization shall be
eligible to hold a noncommercial educational radio or
television license if the station is used primarily to
broadcast material that the organization determines serves an
educational, instructional, cultural, or religious purpose
(or any combination of such purposes) in the station's
community of license, unless that determination is arbitrary
or unreasonable.
``(2) Additional content-based requirements prohibited.--
The Commission shall not--
``(A) impose or enforce any quantitative requirement on
noncommercial educational radio or television licenses based
on the number of hours of programming that serve educational,
instructional, cultural, or religious purposes; or
``(B) impose or enforce any other requirement on the
content of the programming broadcast by a licensee,
permittee, or applicant for a noncommercial educational radio
or television license that is not imposed and enforced on a
licensee, permittee, or applicant for a commercial radio or
television license, respectively.
``(3) Rules of construction.--Nothing in this subsection
shall be construed as affecting--
``(A) any obligation of noncommercial educational
television broadcast stations under the Children's Television
Act of 1990 (47 U.S.C. 303a, 303b); or
``(B) the requirements of section 396, 399, 399A, and 399B
of this Act.''.
(b) Political Broadcasting Exemption.--Section 312(a)(7) of
the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 312(a)(7)) is
amended by inserting ``, other than a noncommercial
educational broadcast station,'' after ``use of a
broadcasting station''.
(c) Audit of Compliance With Donor Privacy Protection
Requirements.--Section 396(l)(3)(B)(ii) of the Communications
Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 396(l)(3)(B)(ii)) is amended--
(1) in subclause (I), by inserting before the semicolon the
following: ``, and shall include a determination of the
compliance of the entity with the requirements of subsection
(k)(12)''; and
(2) in subclause (II), by inserting before the semicolon
the following: ``, except that such statement shall include a
statement regarding the extent of the compliance of the
entity with the requirements of subsection (k)(12)''.
(d) Implementation.--Consistent with the requirements of
section 4 of this Act, the Federal Communications Commission
shall amend sections 73.1930 through 73.1944 of its rules (47
C.F.R. 73.1930-73.1944) to provide that those sections do not
apply to noncommercial educational broadcast stations.
SEC. 4. RULEMAKING.
(a) Limitation.--After the date of enactment of this Act,
the Federal Communications Commission shall not establish,
expand, or otherwise modify requirements relating to the
service obligations of noncommercial educational radio or
television stations except by means of agency rulemaking
conducted in accordance with chapter 5 of title 5, United
States Code, and other applicable law (including the
amendments made by section 3).
(b) Rulemaking Deadline.--The Federal Communications
Commission shall prescribe such revisions to its regulations
as may be necessary to comply with the amendment made by
section 3 within 270 days after the date of enactment of this
Act.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. After one hour of debate on the bill, as
amended, it shall be in order to consider a further amendment printed
in the Congressional Record, if offered by the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) or his designee, which shall be considered
read and shall be debated for 1 hour, equally divided and controlled by
a proponent and an opponent.
The gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin) and the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) each will control 30 minutes of debate on
the bill.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin).
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 7 minutes.
I rise in support of H.R. 4201, the Noncommercial Broadcast Freedom
of Expression Act of 2000. While this is indeed a good bill, I am
frankly disappointed that it is necessary. It is necessary to correct a
gross blunder by the FCC and to prevent it from ever happening again.
Earlier this year, in the WQED Pittsburgh station case, a television
transfer case, the FCC sought to quantify the service obligations of
noncommercial television licenses by requiring that ``more than half of
the hours of programming aired on a reserved channel must serve an
educational, instructional, or cultural purpose in the station's
community of license.'' But they went on to say that while programming
which teaches about religion would count toward that new benchmark,
programming that was ``devoted to religious exhortation, proselytizing,
or statements of personally held religious views and beliefs'' would
not. In short, the Commission was drawing substantive distinctions
between what religious message would qualify in the content of that
station's broadcasting.
Now, the FCC has licensed quite a number of religious broadcasters on
the noncommercial airwaves of America. About 800 to 1,000 radio
licenses are currently held and operated by religious broadcasters.
There are 15 television stations operated by religious broadcasters as
a noncommercial license. The FCC has never before now tried to regulate
the content of those religious messages in religious broadcasting. But
in this situation, the FCC tried to do so.
I do not have to tell my colleagues that they were met with a huge
outpouring of objections, not only from Members of Congress, but from
people across America. Indeed, the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Oxley) and
I, along with the gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. Pickering), the
gentleman from Oklahoma (Mr. Largent), the gentleman from Florida (Mr.
Stearns), and about 140 additional Members of the House, including, by
the way, the gentleman from Texas (Mr. DeLay), the gentleman from Texas
(Mr. Armey), and the gentleman from Oklahoma (Mr. Watts) all joined
forces against the commission's action.
Fortunately, in response to the collective public outcry against
these actions, the FCC wisely decided to vacate the additional
guidance, these new instructions that they were issuing in this order,
and they vacated that order by a vote of four to six.
In other words, they back-peddled quickly. They quickly tried to undo
the mistake they made. In fact, the concern that they might make that
mistake again is, unfortunately still with us, because despite this
four to one reversal, when we held a hearing at the Subcommittee on
Telecommunications of the Committee on Commerce, one of the
commissioners, Commissioner Tristani asserted, and this is a quote,
that she, ``for one, will continue to cast the vote in accordance with
the views expressed in the additional guidance.'' In other words, there
is still a sense that the commission, at least by some of the members
of the FCC, that they would like to dictate the content of religious
broadcasting in America.
Mr. Speaker, imagine that. Federal bureaucrats telling us what we can
and cannot hear on a religious broadcast station, what qualifies as a
good message and what does not. Government telling religious
broadcasters what they can and cannot say in a religious television or
radio broadcast. What a horrible notion. And yet, at least one of our
commissioners says, given the chance, she would do it again. Therefore,
this bill becomes necessary.
This bill, which we have constructed and passed out of the Committee
on Commerce and brought to the floor today, H.R. 4201 authored by the
gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. Pickering) on behalf of the gentleman
from Ohio (Mr. Oxley), myself, the gentleman from Oklahoma (Mr.
Largent), and the gentleman from Florida (Mr. Stearns), takes the
appropriate stance against what the FCC tried to do. It basically
codifies the old rule of the commission. The old rule of the
commission, which basically is encapsulated in the commission's
reversal, by which they reversed their bad decision, is as follows.
This is what the Commission said when it finally backed up and
corrected the bad mistake it made: ``In hindsight, we see the
difficulty of minting clear definitional parameters for educational,
instructional, or cultural programming. Therefore, we vacate our
additional guidance. We will defer to the editorial judgment of the
licensee unless that judgment is arbitrary or unreasonable.''
That has always been the standard. The commission has always left it
up to the licensee to decide what messages were broadcast on these
religious noncommercial airwaves. That has always been the rule; this
bill codifies that rule. In fact, the bill says that from now on, the
commission shall not have the authority to change it, to try to dictate
the content of religious broadcasting.
Now, in just a few minutes we will hear from my good friend, the
gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey), and others about their
objections to the bill. They come in two forms. One, they will argue
that the bill broadens the eligibility standard for noncommercial
educational licenses. That is not true. We simply codify the current
standards. Under current standards, the FCC, licensing over 800 to
1,000 radio stations and now, nearly
[[Page H4686]]
23 television stations, uses either a point system or a lottery system
that has nothing to do with religious affiliation and simply awards
these stations on that basis. Nothing we do changes that. But the
gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) will offer an amendment later
to try to reinsert into the bill the capacity of the FCC to determine
whether the station is educational enough; that is, again, to give it
the right to get in and dictate what messages qualify, which do not;
which religious messages are educational and which, in the opinion of
the FCC, are not.
For example, they could not tell us whether Handel's Messiah
performing in the Kennedy Center would be educational; but it would not
be educational on a religious broadcast station. We can see the
difficulty and why this amendment needs to be defeated. It was defeated
in the committee; it should be defeated on the floor.
Finally, I want to point out that the bill does exactly what the
Constitution says it ought to do when it comes to religion. It simply
provides a no-nonsense statement that instructional, educational,
cultural, and religious programming are treated exactly the same, no
difference. No preference for religion, no penalties for religious
broadcasting. In short, it literally abides by the Constitution,
protects free speech, protects religious broadcasting from government
interference. This is a good bill and we need to pass it, and we need
to defeat the Markey amendment when it is offered.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, let me begin this debate by clarifying for anyone who
may be listening what we are fighting about. In the United States, we
have two types of television stations. We have commercial television
stations. On commercial television stations people see the evening
news, Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Survivor, a whole host of programs
which are basically commercial.
Now, it is possible, and frequently it occurs, that individual
religions purchase commercial TV stations because they want to use them
as the vehicle by which they are able to communicate their message into
a community. Those are commercial television stations.
Then we have the other kind of television stations, public TV
stations. Most often we consider them to be PBS. We turn to them, we
actually consider them just to have a number, in Boston it is channel
2, WGBH; and we have another smaller public television station as well.
Those television stations are meant to serve the noncommercial,
educational needs for the entire community. Commercial: Who Wants to Be
a Millionaire, or any religion that wants to purchase a commercial
station in order to advance the goals of that religion; noncommercial
educational, a separate category, stations meant to serve the
educational needs of the entire community.
This is a debate over one of those noncommercial, educational
television stations. And the story is one which really does not deal
with whether or not religions can purchase commercial stations in order
to advance their goals within a particular community; they may continue
to do so. This debate is over whether or not if a religion gains
control over a noncommercial educational station, whether or not that
religion can use it in order to advance full time, all day long the
goals of its own religion, and not serve the noncommercial educational
needs of the entire community.
{time} 1045
That is the debate in a nutshell, should we, in other words, continue
to maintain the special purpose for which these noncommercial
educational stations have always been reserved while allowing religions
to run them if they want but under the guidelines that historically
they have always had to maintain in order to ensure that the entire
community is served.
If we allow this wall to be broken down, then we are going to wind up
in a situation where individual religions are able to move into
community after community with populations that have very diverse
religious backgrounds and to use one of these very small number of
public TV stations in a community exclusively for the religious purpose
of that one religion. I believe that that is very dangerous, very
dangerous, especially since each one of these religions has the ability
to buy a commercial TV station.
Now, as we move forward in this debate, this very important debate,
it is going to be critical for everyone to understand the historic
nature of what we are talking about here today. If in any way there is
a misunderstanding with regard to whether or not any of us believes
there should be any restrictions placed upon the ability of religious
broadcasters on commercial stations to, in fact, proselytize if they
want, then they misunderstand the nature of what it is we are
proposing.
The essence of this debate is whether or not we want to continue to
keep a distinction in place which separates public TV stations from
commercial TV stations, commercial stations from noncommercial stations
intended to educate the entire community.
So, Mr. Speaker, this is a debate which, unfortunately, has developed
connotations which do not accurately reflect the core of the debate,
the issues that are at the essence of this controversy. Our hope is
that, in the course of this couple of hours, that we are going to be
able to explain the very real differences of opinion that exist here
with the hope that we can maintain this wall that historically we have
created between the State and the establishment of religion, which I am
afraid is being broken down by the legislation which is on the floor
here today.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 minutes to the gentleman from
Mississippi (Mr. Pickering), the author of the legislation, who has
done an enormously excellent job in bringing this bill through the
committee and to the floor.
Mr. PICKERING. Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support and as a proud
sponsor of this legislation. This is a critically important debate, as
the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) indicated. Whereas,
usually we try to find common ground on the Committee on Commerce, and
I have with the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) on many
occasions found that common ground, but today we are debating something
that gives us a fundamental disagreement or provides a fundamental
disagreement.
The gentleman from Massachusetts said the wall could be or will be or
is being broken that separates church and State. He is correct. But it
is not the breaking from the religious, but it is the heavy hand of
government coming crashing down on that wall saying this is acceptable
or this is unacceptable speech. It is the hand of the government coming
in to regulate and to control and to set up a police of our speech, of
our religious freedom and expression.
It is a very critical issue. Are we going to maintain the current
tradition of our religious liberties and expression? Make no mistake,
this is not about changing our current practice at the FCC. This is
about something that the FCC did that changed, fundamentally changed,
and set a new course and a new policy for how religious broadcastings
and noncommercial licenses would be regulated, the guidelines for that.
Let me read, this is from the FCC, ``This is unacceptable speech:
Programming primarily devoted to religious exploitation, proselytizing,
or statements or personally held religious views and beliefs.'' They
went on to say, ``church services would not qualify.''
So if Martin Luther King were alive today, and he were giving a
speech or a sermon at a church, that would not be educational. It would
not be cultural. It would provide no instructional benefit to any
communities. That is the FCC's view.
So if one is Catholic or one is Protestant or African American or
serving a rural community or urban, and it is a church service where
one has moral instruction, one has cultural benefit, where one has
teachings of educational importance, under the FCC's view, no value.
This is what the debate is about. Do we value the voice of the
religious in the public square, or do we ban, do we exclude, or do we
shovel them aside? Does it have value in our culture? Should they be in
our public square?
[[Page H4687]]
Let me read a quote that I think captures this debate. ``Americans
feel that, instead of celebrating their love for God in public, they
are being forced to hide their faith behind closed doors. That is
wrong. Americans should never have to hide their faith. But some
Americans have been denied the right to express their religion, and
that has to stop. It is crucial that government does not dictate or
demand specific religious views. But equally crucial that government
does not prevent the expression of specific religious views.''
The person who said those words was Bill Clinton at an address at
James Madison High School in Vienna, Virginia. He was talking about
this issue, does the religious voice have a place in our public square?
He was making the case that it does. What is more public than our
public spectrum, our licenses that the FCC gives, the greatest way to
communicate on a broad basis.
What does this legislation do and what does it not do? Now, if one
was listening to the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) one
would think that no religious institution has had one of these
noncommercial educational licenses in the past, that they were reserved
solely and strictly for educational institutions, for the CPB or the
public stations.
The reality is that we have had a tradition and a precedent and a
practice of religious broadcasters holding these licenses. What we are
doing is not changing current practice, current precedent. We are
simply trying to prevent and prohibit the FCC from going down a
dangerous path of regulating religious speech, religious expression.
We have to do it because the FCC has tried to deem itself the holy
trinity of the Constitution. They woke up one day and said, we can
decide the establishment clause without a public comment or a public
process, we can set a legislative policy that is reserved for this
branch, not the executive branch.
So they have decided that they are both the court, the Congress, the
executive branch in one, and they try to do something that is
fundamentally unfair in a closed process that fundamentally challenged
our core beliefs of religious freedom and religious expression.
What we are saying in this legislation today is not only, must one do
everything in a public process, in a public fashion, in an open
fashion, there will be no dark of nights but we are not going to allow
one to undo the fundamental premises of our founding. We will not allow
one to come in and regulate and control the religious speech and the
religious beliefs of our people of this great Nation.
What is at stake? Do we honor our heritage? Do we say that government
has the right to discriminate against religion and control religious
speech? Should it be free of government regulation? Is the religious
voice valuable in the public square? Is there a place for the religious
voice?
With this debate, with these votes, we shall say that we will not
have government intervention, interference, and regulation of the
religious beliefs and religious views. We will find a value for the
religious voice in the public square. We will protect that. We will not
let the heavy hand of government come crashing down on the wall that
separates and protects our people from an intrusive government.
I ask my colleagues to continue to vote in support of what we are
trying to do today.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I might consume.
Mr. Speaker, just so it is very clear, if the bill being proposed
today is adopted, there will no longer ever again be a requirement that
a public television station must serve the educational needs of a
community. They will not have that requirement any longer. It is gone.
They can serve that community under this new bill as long as they are
broadcasting religion all day long. They have fulfilled a requirement
now under the new law. No education at all is required.
So here is a public television station. It has been in a community
for 50 years, it has served the educational needs of the entire
community, everyone who lives within that 1 million, 2 million, 3
million, 4 million person area, and all of a sudden it is now being run
by a religion that has absolutely no responsibility to serve the
educational needs of that community, none, zero, gone, do not have to
ever again put on a single educational program. That is their new law.
Now, how does that serve a community? Some religion comes in, it
could be a cult by the way, some cult comes in and buys a noncommercial
educational station and says we are not going to serve the local
educational needs of the community any longer. We are just going to
have our own little cult on this TV station. Under this law, that is
legal. That is legal. One cannot say anything about it.
The language in the bill says that, as long as one serves the
religious purpose in a nonarbitrary or reasonable way, which the FCC
would have to move in and challenge, then one is serving the entire
community.
Now, how can that be a good thing? How can it be a good thing for one
religion to move in, a cult potentially, buy one or two public
television stations in town, and just broadcast their religion all day
long.
Now, the only way in which that can be challenged is if the FCC,
under their bill, the FCC comes in and determines that there is
something wrong with this cult or that it is acting in an arbitrary or
unreasonable way; that is this cult, this religion, that is now
operating the public television station in town.
Well, let us take it a step further. Let us say two religions come
along, and each one of them wants to run this public television station
in the town. Now, who determines who gets this public television
station? Well, under the bill, the FCC has to determine which of the
two religions is more religious. Which of the two religions has the
better likelihood of serving one community on the public television
station, on potentially the only public television station available in
town.
How can that be a good thing? How can we have the FCC in determining
which religion is better, not based upon whether or not, by the way,
they are going to serve the educational needs of the community, because
there is no requirement, once this bill passes, that the educational
needs of the community is served. They do not have to do it at all.
They can, 100 percent of the time, just broadcast their religion, their
cult potentially.
The FCC determines which of the two religions or cults is the better
religion or cult to be the only religion on the public television
station in a community that had historically been served as a
noncommercial educational station, serving the entire community for the
last 30 or 40 or 50 years. This is not a good idea. This is not what we
intended noncommercial educational, that is, public television
stations, to play as a role in communities across this country.
The deeper we get into this debate, the more troubling it becomes,
because it is very evident that, at the end of the day, there will be a
small number of religions who will try their best to get ahold of these
TV stations, these public TV stations, all across the country just to
proselytize, just to run their religion into people's homes in these
individual communities.
Again, we have nothing against any religion purchasing a commercial
television station. They can do so, and they do in every single
community across this entire country. We have no problem with any
individual sect running a noncommercial public television station as
long as they fulfill the requirements that they serve the educational
needs of every child, every child who lives within that area. Every
child within a 2 million or 3 million person area is not going to be
served by one religion broadcasting its religion into the minds of
every child in that broadcasting area.
{time} 1100
That is not an educational purpose, as far as most parents are going
to be concerned. Most parents are not going to want the public
television station in their community broadcasting one religion into
the minds of their children all day long. If a religion wants to do
that, they should purchase a commercial television station. If they
want to purchase the public television station in town, they should be
required to serve every single child.
Now, some religions say by broadcasting their religion, even if 90
percent of the community is not of that religion, that they are
furthering the educational needs of that community. Well, I would
contend and maintain
[[Page H4688]]
that almost every parent is of the belief that their child is not going
to be served by listening to one religion all day long on the public
television station in their community. They are going to be of just the
opposite opinion; that their child is being misserved; that their child
should not be watching that TV station; that it is no longer an
educational TV station but it is a religious broadcasting station which
should be a commercial station.
So in every one of our hometowns we have a public television station,
and it has Sesame Street on it and it has all the rest of that
programming that children across our country watch on an ongoing basis.
Now, if this new law passes, and a particular religion gets access to
one of these public TV stations, they do not have to put on anything
except their own religion all day long. That cannot be a good idea.
That is a complete perversion of the notion that was established 50
years ago about having these public television stations, that are
public parks, in essence. They are public parks that every child, every
adult can go to. It is common ground. It is not offensive to anyone. It
is programming that everyone feels that they are benefiting from, not
just one sect, one sub part of a community.
So, my colleagues, this bill takes the public parks that are the
public television stations in our country and they turn them into
private preserves of one religion, one sub part of the community. And
if we want to play in that park, if we want to watch that public
television station, we have to assume that our children or our families
are going to be exposed continuously, 100 percent of the time, to the
religious tenets of that one religion.
Again, no one has any objection to any religion purchasing a
commercial television station. They do so by the hundreds across the
country. No one has any objection to a particular religion running a
noncommercial television station, a public television station, as long
as they abide by the rules that they are serving the entire community's
educational needs, not religious needs. One religion should not be able
to say, here is the religious programming that this one community needs
and we are going to put it on 100 percent of the time on the
educational television station in town. That is wrong, and that is why
this legislation should be defeated.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 1 minute.
My friend from Massachusetts, Mr. Speaker, made an interesting
speech, but he has it all wrong. We are not talking about the Sesame
Street stations. There are 800 to 1,000 noncommercial religious
broadcasters today on the radio. There are 23, counting the television
stations in the pipe, religious television broadcasters on television
holding noncommercial television licenses. That is the current state of
the law. We are not talking about anything different than what
currently occurs.
If those religious broadcasters were not qualified to hold those
licenses, because they are producing religious programming, they would
not hold them today. The FCC tried to take them away, in effect, by
deciding they were going to decide what programming could be on those
programs. They were going to decide what religious messages were going
to be on all those stations. This bill prevents that.
Secondly, let me point out that for years these stations have
operated as religious broadcasters. The FCC has always considered that
the religious messages they promote all day long are currently
considered primarily educational. That is the current law. The bill
incorporates the current law only.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr.
Oxley), who has been a leader in the fight to prevent the FCC from
content regulation of religious broadcasting.
(Mr. OXLEY asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. OXLEY. Mr. Speaker, let us review a little bit of history. Back
in December of last year, late December, between Christmas and New
Year's, the FCC determined, in a rather ordinary license swap that goes
on virtually every day, in this case a Pittsburgh license swap where
the religious broadcasting was changing from a commercial to a
noncommercial broadcasting license, the FCC determined at that date,
when Congress was not in session, under what would be considered to be
an ordinary license swap that the FCC would determine what would be
educational, and they would determine whether, in fact, that particular
broadcaster was broadcasting enough of what they would consider to be
educational programming in nature. This was essentially a determination
by the FCC what was educational or what was not, for the first time
basically setting up the Government as the arbiter of what was to be
considered educational broadcasting. It was a brazen attempt to force
traditional religious programming off noncommercial channels.
At that point, working with the gentleman from Mississippi (Mr.
Pickering), the gentleman from Oklahoma (Mr. Largent), the gentleman
from Florida (Mr. Stearns), we all immediately wrote a letter to the
FCC and then later introduced a bill, as soon as Congress returned,
which overturned that directive. Religious viewers and listeners
flooded Capitol Hill. I am sure many of the Members received phone
calls and letters and faxes and E-mails regarding this outrageous
decision by the FCC.
Because of the public outcry, the FCC almost immediately then vacated
the order that they had first introduced after our bill was put in the
hopper. But ultimately they never acknowledged, that is the FCC
majority, their procedural, legal, or constitutional errors. And let me
point out that the original vote, with two strong dissents from
Republican Members, was a 3 to 2 vote, basically ruling that the FCC
had that ability to determine what was educational. They quickly
retreated and that vote was a 4 to 1 vote, with Commissioner Tristani
voting in the negative to vacate the ruling.
But the interesting thing about the original decision and the
vacation of the ruling was that the FCC never acknowledged their
procedural, legal, or constitutional errors. They blamed the
controversy on ``confusion over their intent.'' I do not think there
was ever any confusion about what the intent of the majority was. One
commissioner, Commissioner Tristani, even dissented from overturning
the order, saying that she would continue to vote as if the original
directive were still in place, and she, in fact, testified to that
before the committee.
Against this backdrop we worked together to craft a bill, which is
now 4201, sponsored by the gentleman from Mississippi, which is on the
floor today. It would prevent the FCC from restricting religious
content in the future by affirmatively stating that cultural and
religious programming meet the educational mandate.
Now, I assume my friend from Massachusetts probably supported the
original decision by the FCC; and as a result, we are here today. Some
public broadcasting stations are opposing the bill. I can only conclude
that they do not want to share their free noncommercial spectrum with
religious broadcasters. But let us make one thing clear. Public
broadcasters do not have a special claim to noncommercial channels.
Indeed, if they did, C-SPAN would not be on the air. Religious
broadcasters and others have an equal right to hold such licenses.
H.R. 4201 is a measured response to the effort to single out
religious content for special scrutiny. The FCC has no business
discriminating against faith-based programming. H.R. 4201 merely spells
out that religious and cultural programming deserve the same treatment
as educational and instructional programming. Nothing more and nothing
less.
Ultimately, the issue is about freedom of religious expression and,
indeed, whether government can control content. That is the ultimate
issue. And the Constitution is pretty clear on that; that government
shall not determine content.
Now, my friend from Massachusetts is worried about a cult getting a
radio station. I would point out that the bill states that
broadcasters' determinations that their programming serve as an
educational, cultural, or religious purpose may not be arbitrary or
unreasonable. So I would say the argument is fallacious.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
The bottom line on this bill is that under current law the FCC
decides
[[Page H4689]]
whether the programming is educational. That is their job: Does, in
fact, the public TV station fulfill the educational requirement to
serve the entire community. If we adopt this bill, the FCC will have to
decide whether the programming is religious. That is its
responsibility.
Now, no one believes that it is the job of the FCC to make religious
determinations, yet that is exactly what this legislation asks it to
do. We will have turned the Federal Communication Commission into the
faith-based content commission, all the time saying that they did not
mean to. They did not mean to do that; they did not mean to have the
FCC determining whether or not this public television station had
served the religious needs of the community. But it will have to do
that.
If we support public television, we should vote against this bill. If
we support keeping Federal bureaucrats out of religion, we should vote
against this bill. But if we want the Federal Communications Commission
deciding whether a broadcast applicant is sufficiently religious to
qualify for a brand new licensing category, entitled ``primarily
religious,'' then this bill is the right bill. This takes the public
television stations across America and has the Federal Communication
Commission determining whether or not they are primarily religious;
that is, are they religious enough.
Again, there is nothing wrong with some religion running a public
television station. There is nothing wrong with them having a religious
component. Much of what can be done with a public television station
can include a lot of religious educational broadcasting. Educational.
Not proselytizing, but educational. And that occurs today. It occurs
today on a thousand radio stations across the country. It occurs on
public television stations today that are being operated by individual
religions, but it does not allow that religion to turn it into nothing
more than a sanctuary for their own religion broadcasting 24 hours a
day into the homes of every person that lives in that community.
Now, just so it is clear, there are a lot of people that oppose this
particular bill. The Interfaith Alliance opposes it, the National
Council of Churches of Christ in the United States opposes it, the
National Education Association opposes this bill, the National PTA, the
prime supporters of public television in America, especially because of
its children's television component, opposes it. The National PTA
opposes this bill. The Unitarian Universalists Association of
Congregations opposes this bill.
This should send chills up the spine of any person that really does
respect their own religion. Because rather than having a public
television station in a community any longer serving the entire
community, we are going to wind up with individual religions thinking
that they can take one of the small number of public television
stations in each community and just turning it into their own private
preserve.
Again, nothing wrong with information on a public television station
that is educational when it relates to religion, but when it turns into
something that is nothing more than a pulpit for one church, I think
there are real problems.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
{time} 1115
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I first yield myself 30 seconds to read my
colleagues a list of associations in support of this legislation: The
Christian Coalition; the American Family Association; Concerned Women
for America; Family Research Council; Home School Legal Defense
Association; American Association of Christian Schools; Justice
Fellowship; Religious Freedom Coalition; Republican Jewish Coalition;
Traditional Family Property, Inc.; Traditional Values Coalition; Vision
America.
There is huge support among the religious community for this bill.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to my friend, the gentleman from
Pennsylvania (Mr. Pitts).
Mr. PITTS. Mr. Speaker, the first amendment to our Constitution
establishes the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition for redress of
grievances.
This debate combines two of our most precious freedoms, the freedom
of speech and the freedom of religion. These freedoms are the core of
the first amendment and the Bill of Rights.
Do we really believe our Founding Fathers wanted the Federal
Government to restrict or regulate free religious speech on our
airwaves? This legislation will send a strong message to the FCC that
they cannot and should not restrict free speech of religious
broadcasters.
The Federal power to issue licenses to regulate commerce is a
powerful one. It should not be misused to restrict, control, or
regulate our freedom to speak or worship as we see fit. There is
nothing that teaches children more that something is irrelevant than to
require something be completely ignored. To require silence teaches
irrelevance. We might as well teach religious bigotry.
The FCC tried once to restrict religious speech in the public square.
This bill will make sure they will not do it again. Mr. Speaker, I urge
my colleagues to vote for the legislation and reject the amendment.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield 4\1/2\ minutes to my good friend,
the gentleman from Florida (Mr. Stearns), from the Committee on
Commerce.
(Mr. STEARNS asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. STEARNS. Mr. Speaker, I thank the distinguished chairman for
yielding me the time.
Mr. Speaker, this is a very easy bill to understand. What the
gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) wants to do is have a
government-based content bill; and what we want to do is continue the
status quo.
Now, there are five FCC commissioners who decided this ultimately in
a 4-1 decision. On the commission there are five commissioners. Two are
Republicans, and three are Democrats. They voted 4-1 in favor of what
the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin) has tried to do.
So, in this case, two Democrats on the commission who have all the
information that is necessary and understand it much better than the
gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey), perhaps better than anyone
else here, voted with the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin). They
felt the status quo and the precedent had been established and that
they did not want to have government-based content.
In my home State of Florida there are three stations, one out of Boca
Raton, Ft. Pierce, and Jacksonville, 24-hour a day with religious
broadcasting. More than 125 noncommercial television broadcasters would
be forced to completely drop their programs.
Under the amendment of the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey),
it would be almost impossible for a broadcaster to walk this line
created by his bill. In fact, we had a hearing. Ms. Tristani, who is
one of the commissioners, was asked to actually tell us if she could
determine what was educational and what was religious broadcasting. And
she admitted she could not.
In fact, I asked her during the hearing, would a TV show on
collecting comic books or wrestling magazines be educational or not.
She could not answer. Instructions on living with the Ten Commandments,
is that religious or is that educational? Shows on collecting pet
rocks. In all three cases, she had no idea whether that was educational
or religious broadcasting. And that shows the confusion that people
would have to culturally decide what is educational and what is
religious broadcasting.
Let me quote from Furchtgott-Roth, who is one of the commissioners.
He said, ``The scariest moment, the most frightening moment, the most
chilling moment'' in all of his tenure at the FCC is when his staff
asked him if he wanted to review videotapes to make the decision
whether it was educational or religious. And he went on to say, ``I
will never support any move to have the Government in a position of
deciding whether programming fits into any one pigeon hole or
another.''
So if my colleagues want more FCC regulation, then vote for the
Markey amendment. If they believe in restricting, changing the
precedent changing the status quo, then they should vote for the Markey
amendment.
[[Page H4690]]
I believe, actually, the Markey amendment is unconstitutional because
it allows the Federal Government to scrutinize and grade the content of
religious broadcasting. It would insert the word ``educational'' in
front of ``religious broadcasting,'' which would give the FCC
discretion to determine whether religious broadcasting is, in fact,
educational.
I think it creates a loophole for allowing the FCC to continue to
regulate unabashedly in this country and avoids the original intent of
H.R. 4201.
So I ask my colleagues to vote no for the Markey amendment and yes
for the Tauzin bill and understand that when they are voting for the
Tauzin bill, they are voting for the present status quo, the tradition
which has existed in this country for so many years.
Many of us believe the FCC should be reformed. We do not have an FCC
with the computer industry. With all the information we have coming to
Americans today, up to 250 channels through direct satellite
broadcasting, wireless, the Internet, cable, and all the myriad of new
innovations that are coming, do we need the FCC standing in the gap and
saying to Americans this is what they will watch and this is what they
will not watch?
In fact, we probably should go back to the licensing of educational
broadcasting stations and reform that because of the information that
is available.
So I urge no on the Markey amendment and yes on the Tauzin.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 minutes to the gentleman from
Michigan (Mr. Dingell).
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, I do thank my good friend from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) for yielding me the time, and I hope the
House has been listening to him.
Mr. Speaker, if my colleagues want to start the religious wars, if
they want to create all manner of trouble, if they want to put together
a piece of legislation that is going to bring the Government into real
conflict over religion, if they want to have a massive amount of
trouble at some future time when the broadcasters and the people and
the religious institutions in this country find out what we have done,
then, by all means, vote for this legislation.
First of all, this legislation is opposed by religious groups who are
smart enough to know the evil that we are sowing amongst ourselves
today. That includes the National Council of Churches of Christ in
America and a large number of other religious institutions which know
that they do not want Government in their business.
Second of all, it is fully possible for a religious broadcaster to
purchase a station which they can use for religious purposes in any
fashion they want. It is also possible for them to bid on an
educational station and to simply establish that they will provide good
educational services in addition to religious services. They are doing
that all over this country and are exercising that right. No one has
been kicked off.
The FCC, in its great folly, and I want to point out I was as
critical of the FCC on that matter as was anybody else in this Chamber,
has withdrawn the rather silly set of rules which they were proposing.
So there is no threat to religion, no threat to religious broadcasters
under practices as they exist today.
Now, I would point out that what this does is to give essentially a
situation to the American people in which, first of all, anybody who
calls himself religious or a religious institution can proceed to go
about getting one of these. And let us talk about who would receive
special preference and special treatment under this.
The World Church of the Creator, a White Supremist Institution; the
Aum Supreme Truth, that is the institution which gassed the Japanese
subways; the Branch Davidians and Mr. David Koresh; Heaven's Gate,
where there were suicides in March of 1997 outside of San Diego; the
People's Temple, run by Mr. Jim Jones, who poisoned people with Kool-
Aid. These are all subject to very special and preferential treatment
under the legislation which is presented to us today.
The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God in
Uganda, where, on March 17 of this year, some 1,000 people were killed.
Charles Manson and family, who had a religious mission we are so told.
Satanism would qualify because it is a religion. And witchcraft or the
local coven could seek to get special preference under this.
The result of this kind of situation is the FCC is shortly going to
be compelled to come forward and to hold comparative proceedings
between religious institutions. This is something which the FCC since
its creation has prudently, carefully, wisely, and successfully
avoided.
The practical result of comparative proceedings between two religious
groups or between a religious group and an educational group, without
having clear definition of what the purposes of the legislation are or
what must be the defined behavior of the applicant, is to create a
massive opportunity for real religious difficulties and troubles which
will come back to plague not only this Chamber but the people of the
United States.
I think that the amendment offered by the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey), which will shortly be before us, is perhaps
a way out of this thicket because it again restores the responsibility
of the FCC to see to it that the judgment on channels which are now
educational, and they are required under law to be educational but may
also be religious, is the way to resolve the problem to keep the FCC
and this Congress and this Government out of the business of making
selections with regard to whose religion will receive a preference in
terms of receiving a license to broadcast on airwaves which are a
public trust.
If we want to get away from that, then vote for the bill and vote
against the Markey amendment; and we are going to have all kinds of
trouble, and there are going to be lots of red faces around this place;
and lots of people who are going to be trying to lie out of what it was
they did at some prior time.
Now, I repeat, I am no defender of the FCC. I have gone after them
harder than anybody else in this institution and with excellent good
reason. And I think their original judgment in this matter was wrong.
But they have withdrawn that and that issue is no longer.
I would observe that to do what we are doing here is no correction of
anything which is wrong in broadcasting. Religion broadcasters can now
broadcast under full license of the FCC. There are no end of religious
broadcasters who are running religious and educational stations who
have gotten the right to do that under the regular practices now in
force. There is no reason to change that. And they broadcast both
educational, they broadcast cultural things, like music. And they also
broadcast religion, something which I applaud.
There is no threat to religious broadcasting in this country at this
time. The FCC has withdrawn anything which offered any peril to
religion broadcasters and to the use of our airwaves for religious
purposes. But to take this legislation and to put the FCC in a position
of having comparative hearings over the question of who is going to
broadcast should gray the hair of anybody in this Chamber.
I urge colleagues to vote against the bill, vote for the Markey
amendment, and to support the views that are held and brought forward
by responsible religious groups and religious broadcasters.
H.R. 4201 purports to correct a particularly unwise decision made by
the Federal Communications Commission last year. As many Members are
aware, I am not generally known to be a great fan of the FCC. It is an
agency that often blunders badly, and this mistake was certainly no
exception. However, what makes this FCC foul-up unusual is that the
Commission admitted its error and quickly corrected it.
So why is this bill before us? The sponsors say that legislation is
needed to make sure the FCC does not make the same mistake again down
the road. Ordinarily, I would agree. A prophylactic measure often is
called for when dealing with an agency--like the FCC--that seems to
take great sport in pushing the limits of its authority on a regular
basis.
Unfortunately, the bill before us is not a simple prophylactic
measure. It goes well beyond its stated purpose. In fact, it could not
be clearer from the text that its drafters intend to fundamentally
change the character of public broadcasting in this country.
For nearly 50 years the government has set aside specially reserved
radio and television channels for public, noncommercial use. These
channels are available to qualified organizations free of charge, with
a catch. The
[[Page H4691]]
catch is that these groups must have an educational mission, and must
broadcast some educational programming.
This bill would change all that. It would actually abolish the
educational requirement for public television programs. The bill's
sponsors seem to think that promoting education is too much to ask of
groups that receive this special license.
The fact is that the majority of Americans support public
broadcasting as we know it today. An even greater number believe that
education should be among the nation's top priorities. This bill
manages to eviscerate not one, but both of these important American
values in one fell swoop.
The bill suffers additional infirmities. It contains no definition of
``nonprofit organization'' or ``religious broadcasting'' to help
determine who is eligible to receive this special license. As a result,
any religious extremist or cult group would be eligible for a
noncommercial license--at the expense of the American taxpayer--and
program anything it sees fit, whether educational or not.
Hate speech, religious bigotry, and doomsday prophesies are all fair
game, so long as the group asserts a ``religious purpose.'' Parents who
today rely on public television as a safe haven for their children may
have nowhere to turn if this bill is enacted. Sesame Street and Mr.
Rogers' Neighborhood could be displaced by programming produced by cult
leaders like Jim Jones and David Koresh--each of whom would have been
eligible to receive a specially reserved television channel under this
bill.
The Markey amendment, which will be offered later, is an extremely
simple, but significant, improvement to this legislation that I
support. I would note a particular oddity in the underlying bill. While
it eliminates the educational requirement for public broadcasting, the
drafters still use the term ``noncommercial educational license''
throughout the text. The Markey amendment would simply restore proper
meaning to this term by requiring an educational commitment of all
public broadcasters--religious or secular--who hold this special
license.
I urge my colleagues to support the Markey amendment and oppose H.R.
4201 as reported.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 30 seconds to correct the
Record.
Mr. Speaker, nothing in this bill creates a requirement on the
commission to do comparative hearings to decide which religious
broadcaster get a station. Nothing could be further from the truth.
The current law which is incorporated in this bill has a four-point
system that is purely sectarian, has no religious connotations at all.
It deals with diversity, statewide networks, technical parameters, and
establishes local entity points that are awarded to the winner of these
licenses, totally no connection at all to whether or not this entity is
religious.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Texas (Mr.
Hall), who is in support of the legislation.
(Mr. HALL of Texas asked and was given permission to revise and
extend his remarks.)
{time} 1130
Mr. HALL of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of the
Noncommercial Broadcasting Freedom of Expression Act. It is a bill, as
has been said here many times, that will ensure that Americans are
going to continue to enjoy the broadcasting of church services and
other religious programming that is on our Nation's broadcast channels.
I have high regard for the gentleman from Michigan (Mr. Dingell) who
just spoke. He named off a group of people that really should not have
had access to the channels. They did have. But of the 12 the Master
picked, one of them was bad, that was Judas, and that is about the only
one most people can name.
This is a bill that would preserve the freedom of religion and
religious expression, and I think prevents the FCC from regulating the
content like they did some time back.
H.R. 4201 is an outgrowth of a decision by the FCC that would have
restricted religious broadcasting on television. This action, and I
think it was done without the benefit of any public comment or any
congressional input, I believe it was done December 28 or 29 when
Congress was not even in session and Congress was not even in town,
would have forced some religious television broadcasters to either
alter their programming or risk losing their licenses. The FCC ruling
was wrong from both a procedural and a constitutional standpoint. It
would have set a dangerous precedent that would have suppressed
religious broadcasting and narrowed the definition of what is
considered educational.
In response to this ruling, several of us got together and thousands
of Americans in protesting the action of the FCC and called for an
immediate reversal of this ruling. Now, something happened after we
made that calling and that insistence. The gentleman from Mississippi
(Mr. Pickering) was among those, the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Oxley),
and others of us. The FCC backed down on it. And unless they were
definitely and totally wrong not only in their action but in how they
took that action, they would not have taken that backward step. I also
joined several of my colleagues in cosponsoring the Oxley bill, the
Religious Broadcasting Freedom Act, which could have required the FCC
to follow established agency rule-making procedures.
H.R. 4201 is an outgrowth of these efforts and goes a step further by
making it a little bit easier for religious broadcasters to obtain
noncommercial educational broadcast licenses. I am pleased to join the
gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. Pickering) and others on both sides of
the aisle as a cosponsor of this important legislation.
In closing, we need this bill to ensure that there will be no erosion
of freedom of religious programming in America. Mr. Speaker, we need
this bill to ensure that Americans will continue to enjoy the religious
broadcasting that they have come to depend upon. And we need this bill
to ensure that the Federal Government does not become involved in
regulating content of our broadcast programming.
I urge my colleagues to vote to uphold freedom of expression by
voting in support of H.R. 4201 as it is now written.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume in
conclusion on this portion of the debate.
The gentleman from Louisiana contends that there will be no
comparative test that has to be put in place by the Federal
Communications Commission in order to determine which one of two
religions is better qualified for the maintenance of a particular
public television station in a particular community. But the reality is
that once his language is adopted, once a television station, a public
television station, can be primarily religious, then necessarily that
test is incorporated into the historical set of criteria which must be
looked at by the Federal Communications Commission to determine which
potential applicant is more qualified to operate a public television
station in a particular community.
In other words, Federal Communications Commission which historically
has meant Federal Communications Commission, will be changed from FCC,
Federal Communications Commission to FCC, Faith Content Commission. The
FCC will have to determine which of the two religions is better
qualified to run a public television station.
Now, do we really want the FCC to be in the business of determining
which religion is better qualified, which one is more primarily
religious in its operation of a public television station? I do not
think we really want that. I think that the historical standard of
which of the applicants will better serve the educational needs of a
community is the standard which we should maintain, it has served our
country well, and it is one which I believe once the debate moves to
the Markey amendment will be better understood by all who are watching
it, and ultimately I think, hopefully, supported so that we can
maintain that status which has served our country so well.
Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield the balance of my time to the
gentleman from California (Mr. Cox), a member of the Committee on
Commerce.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Thornberry). The gentleman from
California (Mr. Cox) is recognized for 2 minutes.
Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, I agree with essentially all of the arguments
that were advanced by the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) and
the gentleman from Michigan (Mr. Dingell) just now in opposition to
this bill
[[Page H4692]]
because everything that they said makes sense. We ought not to have the
FCC become the Faith-based Content Commission. The reason we are here
on the floor is that that is exactly what the FCC tried to do.
Six months ago, the FCC ruled that church services would not qualify
as general education programming. Six months ago, the FCC ruled that
the broadcast of religious views would not constitute educational
programming. The FCC ruled that the broadcast of religious beliefs
would not qualify as educational programming. The FCC put this out in
the form of a rule. They, not the Congress, put the word ``religion''
into the test for whether or not you could get a broadcast license. And
so this legislation is necessary to take away that discretion. So much
for the arguments made by the gentleman from Massachusetts.
The gentleman from Michigan then says, ``Well, it's not necessary to
be here on the floor because the FCC has withdrawn their stupid rule,''
and many of the minority who spoke against this bill called the FCC's
action stupid. It was withdrawn, they said, because the FCC should not
have ventured into this area. This legislation is necessary to take
away power that the FCC apparently thinks it has, but no one in the
majority or the minority wishes them to have, to adopt such a
significant policy change as they attempted to do here to take
religious broadcasting off the air without any public notice or input.
We should vote for this legislation for this reason. Here is what it
says: The Commission should not engage in regulating the content of
speech. That is what this is all about. Vote aye.
Mr. POMEROY. Mr. Speaker, I rise in opposition to H.R. 4201, the Non-
Commercial Broadcasting Freedom of Expression Act. This legislation
eliminates the educational requirement from non-commercial public radio
and television stations that receive free spectrum. This program was
created by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) nearly fifty
years ago to serve the needs of our communities and provide educational
programming to all of our families. I simply cannot watch this scarce
and valuable resource be endangered by this bill. Pressure for spectrum
is more intense than ever. I believe it is important to maintain the
longstanding commitment to programs of broad public educational
content.
As it stands, religious broadcasters are currently eligible for a
license for non-commercial educational (NCE) broadcast television
channels if they can demonstrate that their programming will be
``primarily educational'' in nature. H.R. 4201 eliminates the
requirement that programming have an educational content.
This bill would set the stage for unwelcome government interference
into religion. It would place the FCC in the untenable position of
picking between competing claims of various denominations and
religions--a dangerous precedent in which the government would be
expressing a preference of one religion over another. With this
legislation, the FCC would be forced into a position in which it must
choose between two opposing religious groups that are competing for the
same license. This is in clear violation of the First Amendment.
Moreover, the elimination of the educational requirement opens the door
to allow any fringe group in America to qualify for a free broadcast
license.
Some have said that the Non-Commercial Broadcasting Freedom of
Expression Act was spurred on by a misguided ruling on the part of the
FCC this past December. The FCC approved Cornerstone TeleVision Inc.'s
application for an NCE license with ``additional guidance'' intended to
clarify the current standards and stating that at least one-half of
Cornerstone's broadcasting needed to meet an educational purpose. The
FCC also offered guidance as to what constituted educational
programming. After a great deal of criticism from across the political
spectrum for the undue meddling of the FCC, the agency rescinded the
``additional guidance'' section of the license approval offer. The
problem had been solved. Yet, this legislation, which aims to prevent
undue government interference in the future, creates a new problem as
the FCC determines which religious organizations warrant a license and
which do not.
Mr. Speaker, the whole proposition raises many troubling questions
which leaves me convinced we are better off under present law. I fully
support religious organizations being eligible to apply for and receive
non-commercial broadcast licenses as prescribed under current statute.
Many of these organizations are already broadcasting educational
programming successfully and adding to our greater understanding of
faith and religion. The goal here is to preserve the integrity of a
program that brought our children high quality shows such as Sesame
Street and Mr. Roger's Neighborhood. At its very core, public
broadcasting was meant to have an educational purpose. To eliminate
that provision is to place this entire program at risk.
Mr. BLILEY. Mr. Speaker, let me start by thanking my colleagues from
the Commerce Committee, Subcommittee Chairmen Tauzin and Oxley as well
as Chip Pickering, for their hard work on this important issue.
Last December, while we were all back in our Districts for the
holidays, the FCC attempted to get into the business of determining
acceptable programming for public broadcasters.
Included a decision regarding a specific radio station in Pittsburgh,
the FCC created ``additional guidelines'' that could have had sweeping
changes to the way many broadcasters operate.
The FCC tried to claim that the changes were simple clarifications.
Further, the FCC also tried to make these changes without appropriate
notice and comment.
The fact is that some in the FCC wanted to make the statement that
religious expression is not educational and thus calling into question
the noncommercial broadcast licenses held by religious organizations.
The truth of the matter is that these changes were more than
clarifications. Beyond bad policy, the FCC's failure to allow the
general public a chance to comment is equally harmful.
And criticism of these changes was universal. In fact, the outrage
was so overwhelming that FCC rescinded their order in twenty-nine days.
The FCC knew it was in the wrong and quickly tried to get out of the
mess.
But what happens if in the future the FCC tries the same thing? What
happens if instead of an explicit policy, the proposed additional
guidance is implicitly used by staff behind closed doors?
It is now up to Congress to make sure something like this doesn't
happen again. We have a responsibility to prevent the FCC from making
content regulations for religious broadcasters using our nation's
airwaves. We can achieve this today by passing H.R. 4201.
We are here not because the Federal Communications Commission simply
made a mistake. We are here to make it abundantly clear that the FCC
shall not have authority to impose such requirements now, or in the
future.
Congress must act now and H.R. 4201 is the right legislation. I urge
all Members to support this bill.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. All time for general debate has expired.
Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute Offered by Mr. Markey
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I offer an amendment in the nature of a
substitute.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Clerk will designate the amendment in
the nature of a substitute.
The text of the amendment in the nature of a substitute is as
follows:
Amendment in the nature of a substitute offered by Mr.
Markey:
H.R. 4201
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Noncommercial Broadcasting
Freedom of Expression Act of 2000''.
SEC. 2. CLARIFICATION OF SERVICE OBLIGATIONS OF NONCOMMERCIAL
EDUCATIONAL OR PUBLIC BROADCAST STATIONS.
(a) Service Conditions.--Section 309 of the Communications
Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 309) is amended by adding at the end
the following new subsection:
``(m) Service Conditions on Noncommercial Educational and
Public Broadcast Stations.--
``(1) In general.--A nonprofit educational organization
shall be eligible to hold a noncommercial educational radio
or television license if the station is used primarily to
broadcast material that the organization determines serves an
educational, instructional, cultural, or educational
religious purpose (or any combination of such purposes) in
the station's community of license, unless that determination
is arbitrary or unreasonable.
``(2) Additional content-based requirements prohibited.--
The Commission shall not--
[[Page H4693]]
``(A) impose or enforce any quantitative requirement on
noncommercial educational radio or television licenses based
on the number of hours of programming that serve educational,
instructional, cultural, or religious purposes; or
``(B) impose or enforce any other requirement on the
content of the programming broadcast by a licensee,
permittee, or applicant for a noncommercial educational radio
or television license that is not imposed and enforced on a
licensee, permittee, or applicant for a commercial radio or
television license, respectively.
``(3) Rules of construction.--Nothing in this subsection
shall be construed as affecting--
``(A) any obligation of noncommercial educational
television broadcast stations under the Children's Television
Act of 1990 (47 U.S.C. 303a, 303b); or
``(B) the requirements of section 396, 399, 399A, and 399B
of this Act.''.
(b) Political Broadcasting Exemption.--Section 312(a)(7) of
the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 312(a)(7)) is
amended by inserting ``, other than a noncommercial
educational broadcast station,'' after ``use of a
broadcasting station''.
(c) Audit of Compliance With Donor Privacy Protection
Requirements.--Section 396(l)(3)(B)(ii) of the Communications
Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 396(l)(3)(B)(ii)) is amended--
(1) in subclause (I), by inserting before the semicolon the
following: ``, and shall include a determination of the
compliance of the entity with the requirements of subsection
(k)(12)''; and
(2) in subclause (II), by inserting before the semicolon
the following: ``, except that such statement shall include a
statement regarding the extent of the compliance of the
entity with the requirements of subsection (k)(12)''.
(d) Implementation.--Consistent with the requirements of
section 3 of this Act, the Federal Communications Commission
shall amend sections 73.1930 through 73.1944 of its rules (47
C.F.R. 73.1930-73.1944) to provide that those sections do not
apply to noncommercial educational broadcast stations.
SEC. 3. RULEMAKING.
(a) Limitation.--After the date of enactment of this Act,
the Federal Communications Commission shall not establish,
expand, or otherwise modify requirements relating to the
service obligations of noncommercial educational radio or
television stations except by means of agency rulemaking
conducted in accordance with chapter 5 of title 5, United
States Code, and other applicable law (including the
amendments made by section 2).
(b) Rulemaking Deadline.--The Federal Communications
Commission shall prescribe such revisions to its regulations
as may be necessary to comply with the amendment made by
section 2 within 270 days after the date of enactment of this
Act.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursuant to House Resolution 527, the
gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) and the gentleman from
Louisiana (Mr. Tauzin) each will control 30 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey).
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
This amendment is very straightforward and very simple. It restores the
word ``educational'' in two key areas. First, in establishing
eligibility to obtain a noncommercial educational license, a public TV
station, it stipulates that one must not merely be any nonprofit
organization but rather a nonprofit educational organization.
Secondly, it restores the educational basis for the programming by
adding the word ``educational'' before the word ``religious'' in the
underlying legislation.
The point here is that noncommercial educational licenses should have
an educational basis. If we do not pass the Markey substitute, the
underlying bill has the effect of gutting the educational basis for
public television because it would permit religious programming to
qualify for such licenses 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Now, many of us would be very happy to have religious organizations
broadcast in our communities, and many do so today under commercial
licenses. A few also do so on noncommercial educational licenses, yet
adhering to the educational requirements that such licenses hold.
Nothing in this amendment would prevent religious programming. It
simply states that in order to have a public TV license, a
noncommercial educational license, you must be primarily educational in
your programming.
I know that we have a difference of interpretation of what the
sponsors of the bill believe their bill does. The sponsors believe that
their bill does not change the eligibility requirements and operational
requirements of noncommercial educational licenses, that is, public TV
stations across the country. I continue to believe that the deletion of
the word ``educational'' from the eligibility requirements so that
noncommercial educational licenses are able to be licensed to any
nonprofit organization as well as the inclusion of the word
``religious'' as a category of broadcast material for which these
licensees must primarily serve their communities is a fundamental
change.
The FCC has indicated that some religious programming will certainly
qualify as educational. It always has. But we must remember that we
have set these broadcast licenses aside to serve the community with
educational programming. We have exempted these licenses from the
auction process.
Again, that is not to say religious organizations cannot be
noncommercial educational licensees. Many already hold such licenses
under the current licensing regime. The only question is whether we are
going to change the nature of the trusteeship of the public's spectrum.
Again, these are our public airwaves. We ought to ensure that these
licenses that have been specifically set aside to serve the community,
the entire community, with educational, noncommercial programming
serves to the maximum extent possible the educational needs of the
whole community. Religious organizations can certainly fulfill that
role. We welcome them in that role. But we do not have to change the
eligibility and operational requirements for them to effectively
participate.
Again, I believe that we tread on very dangerous ground where
sectarian messages intended for the followers of a particular religion
are licensed to displace nonsectarian educational messages intended for
the entire community. Again, I believe we go too far where the
government favors religious messages by specifically blessing them by
exempting them from spectrum auctions.
My amendment simply restores the educational focus for these
licenses, and I hope that the House supports it.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, let me first say the gentleman from Massachusetts'
amendment is not simple at all. It is not simple at all. By reinserting
the word ``educational'' in front of the word ``religious,'' what the
gentleman from Massachusetts is doing is giving the FCC the authority
to decide which religious programming is educational enough according
to their standards. That is precisely what they tried to do in
December. It is precisely the wrong, stupid action they took in
December that even my colleagues on the other side have condemned as
stupid and for which they turned around with a 4-to-1 vote and reversed
themselves. This amendment would give them the power to do it again.
And at least one of the commissioners said, given the chance, she will
do it again, she will put the commission in the business of deciding
which religious program, which religious message is educational enough
to satisfy a Federal bureaucrat.
{time} 1145
If it is not, the license can get pulled. Would that not be wonderful
in America? Would we not be really blessed to have this amendment in
the law, to give five federally appointed bureaucrats the right to say
which religious messages are okay on these noncommercial stations and
which are not?
Now, the gentleman will make us believe that there are only a few of
these stations, just a little rare exception somewhere. My friends,
there are 800 to 1,000 religious radio broadcasters holding
noncommercial licenses today in radio. All across America, there are
religious organizations and family groups who have religious
programming on these stations, and nobody until December, nobody in
Washington had the nerve, had the audacity under our Constitution to
suggest that they knew better than those programmers what was good
religious programming, what was educational enough to satisfy the
bureaucrats up here in Washington.
Like bureaucrats in Washington know the value of religion in our
homes and in our communities. Let me tell you where these stations are,
they are across America. There are 23 religious television stations in
America, 23, I say to the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey),
not just a few.
[[Page H4694]]
There is one, for example, in Takoma, Washington, the Korean American
Missions Incorporated. There is one in San Antonio, Texas, the Hispanic
Community Educational TV, Incorporated. There is one in West Milford,
New Jersey, Family Stations of New Jersey, Incorporated; The Word of
God Fellowship in Denver, Colorado. They are across America.
There are stations that own these noncommercial licenses and do
religious broadcasting for the good of this country and the good of
families all over America; and the bureaucrats in Washington would like
the right to put them off the air because their religious views are not
educational enough to satisfy whatever the standards of five
commissioners sitting at the FCC are.
For heaven's sake, do we really want to give them that power? If we
really do, adopt this amendment; that is what it does. If we want to
take the power away from the FCC to decide whether a religious message
or program or religious church service is educational enough to meet
these standards, whatever they are, then vote for this bill; that is
all it does.
It simply says for the future the FCC can no longer try to do the
stupid thing they tried to do in December and the thing they would be
allowed to do if the Markey amendment is adopted. We need to defeat
this amendment and pass this bill.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3\1/2\ minutes to the gentlewoman
from California (Ms. Eshoo).
Ms. ESHOO. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of the Markey amendment,
and I urge my colleagues to do the same. The bill we are voting on
today is quite simply an overreaction. The FCC attempted to clarify a
rule. It then made a controversial decision and subsequently withdrew
it, as they should have.
Today, my Republican friends at the behest of conservative religious
groups are seeking to make sure that the FCC can never again venture
into this area. They are seeking to use the power of the Congress to
write a statute that fences the FCC off from this area.
Now, some may think this is the way that the Congress should spend
its time. I think the FCC acknowledged that it made the mistake that it
did; but it is overreaction, because the bill goes even beyond
overreaction.
The bill is showpiece legislation for religious groups in my view. It
is unnecessary. It is very, very poorly drafted, and it creates a bad
precedent; but these are not criteria which exclude us from considering
it. It goes beyond that.
The bill contains a very dangerous constitutional flaw. It opens the
door for religions to qualify for a free noncommercial educational
license provided at taxpayer expense.
We should strike that portion of the bill, by at least passing this
amendment. Without this amendment, in my view, the legislation makes
clear that the majority intends to change the fundamental nature of
public broadcasting in America.
No longer will anyone have to prove their educational mission to
obtain an educational noncommercial television license.
That standard will be changed. It will be relaxed to require only
that a religious purpose exists. And how will the FCC define that
religious purpose? It cannot; because the Government really has no
business defining it. Therefore, anyone calling itself a religion can
qualify; anyone including cults and charlatans that have called
themselves prophets and even some that spread hate in our country,
people like David Koresh, and Jim Jones others.
I do not think the Congress wants that. I do not think the country
wants that. Mr. Speaker, without this amendment, the bill will present
the FCC with the choice of choosing between religious groups. On its
face it presents an unconstitutional predicament for the FCC.
In practice, it will allow potentially anyone to qualify for this
free license. I appreciate the intent of those that support this bill.
Many Members on the Committee on Commerce expressed what I think were
somewhat sincere views. Protecting religious expression is not only a
worthwhile objective for this Congress, it is our duty.
Remember the oath that we all took, when we were sworn in. Mr.
Speaker, we should pass this amendment, if we do not, we will be
passing legislation that will be overturned as unconstitutional. And
more importantly, if we do not, we are providing television time and
taxpayer money to underwrite religion. This is a slippery slope of
government sponsorship of religion itself.
Mr. Speaker, I urge support of this amendment. It makes sense. It is
good for the country. We do not need to be taking up the time of the
Court to strike down the unconstitutional work of the Congress.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 30 seconds.
Mr. Speaker, again, to correct the Record, without the Markey
amendment, the legislation, standing as it is, does not create any new
standards to judge these licenses. The legislation codifies the words
and the status quo, the old standard, the commission always used until
December. It simply says that they will yield to the discretion of the
religious broadcaster in its own programming, unless that discretion is
exercised in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner, and they have always
had that standard, that is, the standard in this bill.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr.
Oxley).
(Mr. OXLEY asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. OXLEY. Mr. Speaker, I rise in opposition to the Markey amendment.
It is always a good debating point to set up a straw man. In this case,
my friend from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) sets up this straw man as
being some kind of a cult that would somehow get a noncommercial
license and proselytize through that operation.
I would simply say to my friend from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey), that
the legislation that was debated in committee, now being debated on the
floor, is pretty clear, that unless it is unreasonable or arbitrary
that the decision by the broadcaster will maintain and, in fact, that
is the way it was from time immemorial until the FCC in this middle-of-
the-night decision over the holidays determined that they would use a
rather ordinary license swap to try to maintain their ability to
determine what content was in the area of religious broadcasting; and
had it not been for the Congress and Members of the Committee on
Commerce acting quickly to point out what problems that decision would
bring, had it not been for that outcry and the outcry from the people
of this country, the FCC would have never decided to rescind that
decision.
This bill makes certain that no matter who is at the FCC, no matter
who appoints an FCC in the future, that these kinds of arbitrary
decisions based on educational or cultural content basically
determining what that content is by the Government shall not maintain,
and that is really why this legislation is absolutely necessary.
If I was confident that in the future any FCC would follow the
standard procedures that they had in the past and license swaps and
decisions on licenses, I would feel a lot more comfortable. But I have
to say that we have evidence to the contrary. Three FCC commissioners,
the three Democrat FCC commissioners made the determination that they
would determine what content in religious broadcasting was all about.
We are, indeed, representatives of the people. The FCC, despite being
an independent agency, is essentially bureaucrats that interpret the
law. We write the laws, so this legislation sets us back where we were
very comfortably before understanding what the purview of the status
was and understanding the role of the FCC.
Ultimately, the FCC cannot, should not be an arbiter of what content
is in this form of broadcasting, and that is ultimately what this
decision is all about.
I do not know whether my friend from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey)
supported the original decision by the FCC or the decision to overturn
it, but I do know where he stands on this issue. This legislation is
absolutely critical.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 minutes to the gentleman from
Michigan (Mr. Dingell).
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, I have never met a group of people who so
were irked by the possibility of straw men being set up, who have
demonstrated such massive talent to create
[[Page H4695]]
a straw man, and I want to salute my good friend from Ohio for his
ability to create a straw man. His straw man is the FCC. Now, the FCC
has totally withdrawn the order. I opposed it; the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) opposed the order. The order is no longer a
reality; it is gone.
The FCC is still the skunk at the picnic. Now, I have been more
critical of the FCC than anybody in the body. I am quite delighted to
castigate them when they are wrong. The simple fact of the matter is,
they are not a factor in the debate before us.
Now, let us look at what the amendment does. It inserts the word
educational in two places in the legislation, one at page 4 and one at
page 3; and the purpose of that is to see to it that the organizations
which seek this are, in fact, setting it up for educational purposes
and that they are, in fact, educational organizations. That is what
existing law is.
Mr. Speaker, the practical effect of this is to assure that the FCC
will not be compelled to hold comparative hearings, as they must do
when there is a contest, to choose between two different religious
organizations, or between a religious organization and a secular
organization.
I think if this country wants to proceed down the path of triggering
the religious wars, which have plagued this race of men, and I am not
talking about in the United States, but in England, to set up a
situation where government is going to have to choose between
religions, between religious teachings or between applicants who might
have a religious purpose, is probably the finest way to return to the
unfortunate days of the religious wars.
Mr. Speaker, what happens if several religious organizations apply to
the FCC to get a license to broadcast under the bill as it is drawn?
Then the FCC must commence a process of comparative hearings which will
then choose. Now the only thing these applicants must do under the
legislation which is before us is to set out that their purpose is to
teach certain kinds of religion.
Mr. Speaker, I do not know which one it would be, but that would be
then the problem before the FCC, which religion? Which religious
groups? Which religious tenets must they choose?
I would note that the amendment offered by the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) generally restores existing law. It does not
make possible the FCC to return to its follies which have triggered
this sorry mess, but I would note for the benefit of my colleagues on
the other side that it prevents the FCC from making a decision on
religious grounds.
It also prevents the courts from having before them a question which
is bottomed on a religion-based application by an applicant for a
particular license and for a particular wave length.
Now, I think we ought to understand that this is not the kind of
choice that we want to have made in this country. Government must stay
out of religious matters and leave these as private judgments to the
people who wish to believe and to allow them to choose that which they
believe without any kind of government preference.
Now, it would appear that this is some question of religion against
secularism. Nothing is further from the truth. I would remind my
colleagues that there are many religious broadcasters who oppose the
legislation and who support the principles of the Markey amendment, not
the least of whom are the National Council of Churches of Christ in
America, the Interfaith Alliance, and the Unitarian Universalist
Associations of Congregations.
I would note something else. We are not without a prospering group of
religious broadcasters; there are over a thousand of them. They have a
regular program of mailing and discussing issues with Members of
Congress.
{time} 1200
I have met with my religious broadcasters; and I receive large
amounts of mail, which I respond to as courteously and carefully as I
know how. They are a valuable force in our community, and they are not
threatened by either the status quo or the Markey amendment. The
responsible ones amongst them will agree, there is no peril to them.
If you want to put government in the midst of picking religions,
picking religious broadcasters, supporting religious tenets and
teaching, and opposing to others, to vote for the bill as it is
submitted is a fine way to accomplish that purpose.
If you want to see that government stays out and that we take care of
not only religious broadcasters, as they should in a fair and proper
way, but that we take care of education, because I would remind my
colleagues, this is a raid on the educational broadcasting system, the
educational broadcasting networks and upon public broadcasting, I would
point out if this legislation is passed, you are going to find any
imaginable form of religious crank or crackpot to come forward to claim
priority in terms of religious broadcasting licenses. Reverend Koresh,
Jim Jones, any one of many, can come in and then force your government,
your agency, the FCC and this Congress, to address who is entitled to a
broadcasting license.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, the Chair is pleased to yield 5 minutes to
the gentleman from Mississippi (Mr. Pickering), the author of the
legislation.
Mr. PICKERING. Mr. Speaker, again I rise, this time in opposition to
the Markey amendment. Let me do two or three things: One, establish
what the real agenda is in this case; establish the record; and then
talk a little bit from personal experience.
One, what is the agenda? What happened in the case that was decided
in December, the license in Pittsburgh? After the guidelines came out,
the Pittsburgh station, the religious broadcaster withdrew its
application because it did not want to submit itself to the FCC
guidelines.
The real agenda here is to banish, to remove, to exclude, the
religious voice, the religious broadcasters, from non-commercial
licenses, educational licenses. The gentleman from Massachusetts has
been very clear. He sees this as public, as educational, not as
religious. They have plenty of commercial space, but they should not be
on the public and the educational. He does not see them as performing
an educational role, a cultural role or instructional role. The agenda
is clear: Banish the religious voice from the non-commercial spectrum.
If there is a public park, do not let the religious children play.
Make them go to the commercial strip mall, and that is the only place
we will let them play. But not in the public park. There is no place
for the religious voice in our park.
Now, we are all somewhat motivated and guided by our own personal
experiences. I think many on the other side look at the religious
discrimination and religious bigotry and religious bias that has
occurred in our history and they see the religious practices as
dangerous devices.
I have to admit I come to this floor with great concern and
disappointment in my heart. I have great respect for the gentleman from
Massachusetts and the gentleman from Michigan, but what has taken place
today on this floor is that they try to take the worst examples, the
David Koreshes, the Jim Joneses, and they demonize and they isolate and
they marginalize the religious voice.
They take the whole group of religious broadcasters, and there are
over 800 non-commercial religious broadcasters today on radio, and
there is not one case, not one case that they can cite of any extreme,
hate or group that has not behaved responsibly in performing their
public interest, their community service, their educational, their
cultural, their instructional roles and responsibilities in the
community. Not one example.
In the Supreme Court case, Peyote, the Supreme Court said there is no
government obligation to protect those who incite hate or who incite
violence. So if there is a David Koresh or if there is a Jim Jones who
wants this license, they will not be protected under Supreme Court
precedent and under the language of our legislation.
Look at the report language: ``. . . that the organization determines
serves an educational, instructional, cultural or religious purpose in
the station's community of license.'' The new section also mandates
that such determination by the broadcaster may not be arbitrary or
unreasonable. If it is a hate-based, extreme group, they will be viewed
as unreasonable and arbitrary. They will not be able to maintain their
license if they are those types of groups.
[[Page H4696]]
But by tainting those who are responsibly serving their community
now, I think it is frankly wrong, and it is doing exactly what those on
the other side hate. They are demonizing, they are marginalizing, they
are isolating, which then leads to discrimination.
The religious voice in the public square or in the public park is
good for our country. It has been that way from our beginning, it is
that way today, and we simply want to protect and preserve that and
prohibit the FCC from coming in and regulating and controlling and
stifling religious expression.
The gentleman from Michigan and the gentlewoman from California say
that the Markey amendment will simply return us to the past precedent,
the past practice. That is not the case. It will return us to the FCC
guidelines issued in December, which they both said was wrong, which
led to a regulatory regime of a speech police at the FCC, determining
what is and what is not acceptable or unacceptable religious speech,
what is educational in their eyes.
I urge all of my colleagues, let us not divide, let us not demonize;
let us protect our fundamental history and legacy of religious liberty.
There are those that are now performing vital roles in their
communities. Let us not prevent them from doing so in the future.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 2 minutes.
Mr. Speaker, again, let me come back to clarify once again. Under
existing law, religious broadcasters are able to operate public
television stations in the United States. However, they do so accepting
the responsibility that they must serve primarily the educational needs
of the entire community, although they are free to also broadcast their
own religious beliefs. But, primarily under existing law, they must
serve the educational needs of the entire community.
Under the bill being proposed here today, that very same religion
will now be freed up to broadcast exclusively their own religious
beliefs, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Now, that is a big change, a
big change, in the history of public broadcasting in our country.
No one has any objection to the existing religious broadcasters on
non-commercial educational broadcasting stations. No one has any
objection to the existing standards continuing to be used in order to
define whether or not they are serving the community well. But we do
object to the standard which the majority is seeking to propound here
today, which, in my opinion, will be a violation, an encroachment, on
the establishment clause of the United States Constitution, of the
first amendment, which creates a very strong line of demarcation
between the state and religion.
Here a public broadcasting station will be used by an individual
religion to propound primarily religious messages all day long on a
public broadcasting station, and I think at the end of the day that is
wrong and it is something which should be rejected, as the Markey
amendment seeks to correct it on the House floor here today.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 1 minute.
Let me point out that the problem is that the FCC got into doing
that. It got into trying to say which religious content was educational
enough to please the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) or
anyone else in this country. That is what was wrong. It basically said
a church service was not educational enough, a sermon perhaps by the
Reverend Jessie Jackson on the Ten Commandments would not be
educational enough for these commissioners, and they were going to
decide when these religious broadcasters were or were not meeting the
standards of the FCC, as to whether or not their religious beliefs,
sermons, and services were educational enough. How crazy. Thank God
they backed down from it. We need to make sure they never go back to
it. That is why the Markey amendment needs to be defeated.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 4 minutes to the gentleman from Florida (Mr.
Stearns).
(Mr. STEARNS asked and was given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. STEARNS. Mr. Speaker, what we are talking about with the Markey
amendment is the FCC deciding what the educational religious intent of
television broadcasting is. So I pose these questions for the gentleman
from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey).
Will the Christmas Mass at the Vatican be able to be broadcast under
his amendment? Obviously it is religious. Under the gentleman's
amendment, you would no longer see the Christmas Mass at the Vatican on
non-commercial TV.
What about the performance of the Messiah at the Washington National
Cathedral here? Under the gentleman's amendment, no longer shall we see
this.
The National Day of Prayer here in Congress, which is televised, many
of the non-commercial religious stations broadcast that. No longer.
Opening prayer of House and Senate. You could stretch this on and on
and on and on. Teaching the Ten Commandments. Under the Markey
amendment, all of this would be gone, and that is why two-thirds of the
Democrats who are on the commission voted to overturn their own ruling,
because they realized what they did was wrong.
What we have today is the FCC creating a category of politically
correct, government-approved religious speech. Let me repeat that. The
Markey amendment is creating a category of politically correct,
government-approved religious speech.
Interesting, as one commissioner said, ``If you believe what you are
saying about religion, you cannot say it on the non-commercial
television band; but if you don't believe what you are saying, then you
can.'' That is the paradox that the Markey amendment is providing here.
As I mentioned earlier, I think it is unconstitutional to let the FCC
have this amount of power. Many of us think the FCC as an agency could
be done away with. This whole idea of educational TV is being replaced
through the Internet, through broadband, through wireless, through the
cable. You get 250 channels through direct television. And here we are
coming down on religious broadcasting that has been around since the
start, the very start, of television broadcasting. We are totally
changing this with this amendment. It has far-reaching implications.
So I ask my colleagues, do they want to do away with religious
broadcasting completely and strip all religious broadcasting from
television? Then they should vote for the Markey amendment. If they
believe that they want to do away with the broadcasting of the
Christmas Mass at the Vatican, vote for the Markey amendment. If they
believe that the performance of the Messiah at the Washington Cathedral
is wrong and they do not want to see it on non-commercial television,
then they should vote for his amendment. In fact, simply the
instructions for proselytizing or talking about religion on television
will become history under the Markey amendment.
So I would close, Mr. Speaker, with these comments: The Markey
amendment would create an educational religious purpose and play into
the hands of those at the FCC that want to have the say over content of
religious programming. Instead of providing clarity, which the
Pickering amendment does, and protection from a hyperactive FCC, and I
think Members on both sides of the aisle would agree that the FCC is
hyperactive, instead of that, in reining in their power, we are giving
them more power, and we are creating confusion for religious
broadcasters and threatening their very existence.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 1 minute.
{time} 1215
Mr. Speaker, just so we can once again clarify, under existing law,
the way we have operated for the last 50 years in this country,
Christmas mass can be on a public television station. Handel's Messiah
can be on a public television station, as long as the operators of that
public television station are serving primarily the educational needs
of the community. However, under this amendment, Christmas mass can be
on 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, if that religion
decides that that is the only thing that they want to put on. They do
not have to any longer serve any of the educational needs of the
community at all.
Under existing law, Christmas mass is on; Handel's Messiah is on. The
educational needs are served. Under their
[[Page H4697]]
amendment, their bill, all day long, religion 24 hours a day, one
particular religion operating the public broadcasting station in town
with no requirement to serve the educational needs of the community in
any other way, shape or form. The children in the community, the local
institutions in the community, and no one else.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 1 minute to correct the
record.
Again, there are over 1,000 religious broadcasters who do religious
broadcasting all day long, today. They do not do educational
programming and also religious programming; they do religious
programming all day long. Never in the history of that broadcasting has
any government bureaucrat ever had the audacity to come in and decide
which of that religious broadcasting was educational enough for their
purposes, whether the mass was educational enough, a sermon was.
But I will tell my colleagues what this commission tried to do in
December. They tried to say that if 50 percent of it did not meet their
standards, then they are off the air. This bill will prevent that ever
happening again. The Markey amendment gives them a back door to do
exactly what they did in December, to come in and say, we decide that
50 percent of it needs to be religious broadcasting that we think is
educational enough; and if it is not, they are off the air. That is why
it needs to be defeated.
Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 minutes to the gentleman from California (Mr.
Cox).
Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman for yielding me this
time.
We are all agreed here, I think, having listened to the debate, we
are all agreed on both sides of the aisle and on all sides of this
question that the Government should not regulate the content of speech
of noncommercial broadcasters and that the Government should not
discriminate against some religious speech in favor of other religious
speech. Both sides of this argument are claiming that high ground and
saying, vote for us and we will vindicate those principles.
The legislation that is before us says, and I quote, ``the
Commission,'' referring to the Federal Communications Commission,
``should not engage in regulating the content of speech broadcasted by
noncommercial educational stations.'' That is the principle of this
bill, to keep the Government out of the business of regulating speech.
Now, the Markey amendment does something very straightforward, at
least mechanically. It inserts a word, one word, the word
``educational,'' as an adjectival modifier in front of another word,
``religious,'' so that we have an adjective on an adjective, a modifier
on a modifier, and we now have something called ``education religious
programming.'' The term ``educational religious programming'' is
nowhere defined in statute. It is nowhere defined in the rules or the
regulations of the Federal Communications Commission. I do not know
what it is, and the author of the amendment does not know what
``educational religious programming'' is.
But let us do what a judge or a court would have to do faced with
this language. A judge or a court would have to say, we have an
adjective in front of ``religious.'' That means that we have something
called ``educational religious programming,'' and presumptively
something that is not ``educational religious programming.'' Two
categories we have now created, this kind of religious programming and
that kind of religious programming. Who decides which is which?
Obviously, because of the way the statute is written and the way the
gentleman has written his amendment, the Federal Communications
Commission will decide which is educational religious programming on
the one hand and which is the other category, presumably noneducational
religious programming.
What does the bill do without his amendment? The bill, without his
amendment, simply creates a presumption. It says, and I quote,
``Religious programming contributes to serving the educational
and cultural needs of the public and should be treated by the
Commission on a par with other educational and cultural programming.''
So the FCC has no decision to make. The FCC does not decide which
religious programming is good and which religious programming is bad;
it does not run afoul of the establishment clause of the first
amendment to the Constitution as it would under the Markey amendment.
This new category that the Markey amendment would create of
educational religious programming, which as I say, I have never seen,
does not appear in statute, does not appear anywhere in the
regulations, would create a lot of confusion. It would be a legal
unicorn. Nobody having seen it before would not know quite what to make
of it, or maybe it would be more like the Loch Ness Monster of the
United States Code. We would see a vague apparition, but we would not
quite know what to make of it. One court might decide one way; another
court might decide another way.
I think that the colloquy between the gentleman from Florida and the
gentleman from Massachusetts about the broadcasting of a church service
makes the vagueness, the hopeless vagueness of this amendment's wording
very obvious. Because the author of the amendment does not really know,
at least I listened to his remarks and I inferred this much, does not
really know whether or not under his standard, the broadcast of a
church service would be acceptable or not. We ought not to put the FCC
into that kind of legal muddle.
Remember the reason that we are here is that just 6 months ago the
FCC said this, quote: ``Church services generally will not qualify as
general educational programming under our rules.'' They tried to change
the status quo. The Democrats said that was stupid, the Republicans
said that was stupid, and so the FCC quickly backed down.
Mr. Speaker, that leaves but one question. If we reject the Markey
amendment and we have this base text, why do we need this bill to make
sure the FCC does not do again what they did in December? After all,
they have backed down and that argument has been forcefully made by the
gentleman from Michigan.
The answer is that the commissioners have let it be known, certainly
one of them, that they would go forward in this course of action again,
given the opportunity. So what we are saying in this legislation is the
following: the Federal Communications Commission shall not establish,
expand or otherwise modify requirements relating to the service
obligations of noncommercial educational radio or TV stations, except
by means of agency rulemaking conducted in accordance with the law.
Because the FCC not only did something that the Democrats thought was
stupid and the Republicans agreed was stupid, a word used several times
to describe their action during the course of this debate, but they did
so without any, without any public notice or input, or any warning to
the broadcasters whose licenses were at stake. The policy change was
announced as part of an adjudicatory proceeding relating to the
transfer, as we have discussed here earlier in this debate, of a
Pittsburgh TV station. By acting in this manner, the Federal
Communications Commission circumvented the Administrative Procedure Act
which requires public review and comment before any major policy change
is adopted.
Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to vote in favor of this
legislation so that we will have a transparent process, so that we will
not have bureaucrats run amok, so that we will not find ourselves 6
months from now on the floor of this House complaining that the FCC
action directed towards broadcasters was stupid. I urge that we reject
the Markey amendment so that we do not render this legislation
unconstitutional and hopelessly vague, so that we keep the Government
out of the business of regulating religious speech.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, the underlying bill allows, allows the Federal
Communications Commission to determine that a broadcaster's
programming, which is primarily religious, is arbitrary or
unreasonable. In other words, the FCC, under the bill as written, can
step in and make judgments on religion. We are not getting away from
the FCC making content decisions. We are simply letting the FCC into
judging religious programming and whether it is sufficiently religious.
We should not allow the FCC to become the Faith Content Commission.
[[Page H4698]]
The gentleman from California referenced the bill's findings, and I
am sure Judge Scalia will appreciate the findings. However, the actual
legislative charge to the FCC goes much further in the legislation. Let
me read. It says under Service Conditions on Noncommercial Educational
and Public Broadcast Stations: ``A nonprofit organization shall be
eligible to hold a noncommercial educational radio or television
license if the station is used primarily to broadcast material that the
organization determines serves a religious purpose in the station's
community of license, unless that determination is arbitrary or
unreasonable.''
There is no requirement that the broadcaster has to have an
educational content; there is no requirement that it has to have served
the needs of the entire community. The FCC is put in a position where,
if two particular religions want one station, that they have to
determine, the Federal Communications Commission, the Faith Content
Commission, has to determine which of the two religions can better
serve a particular community without even judging whether or not either
religion is going to serve the educational needs of the community. Only
which one is sufficiently more religious.
So in fact, while the legislation's ostensible purpose is to remove
the Federal Communications Commission from content-based decisions, in
fact, what the legislation is about to do is to open wide the gates for
religions all across America to begin to lay claim to individual
educational public broadcasting stations all across America, and to
argue before the Federal Communications Commission that their religion
is more religious than another religion in taking over those public
broadcasting stations. And, as part of the test, the Federal
Communications Commission will not be able to look at whether or not
the religion serves any educational need whatsoever in the community.
Now, that may be the goal, because I know that there is a latent
hostility on the part of many Members on the other side towards the
public broadcasting system. I understand that. They have never liked
the public broadcasting system; they have never enjoyed at all their
particular mission; they do not like the fact that they, in fact, do
educate the entire community. I understand how many Members on the
other side do not like the public broadcasting system. But we are going
to have to set up an aquarium down here in the well of the House to
deal with all of the red herrings that have been spread out here on the
floor.
What, in fact, the majority is trying to do here today is to take
public broadcasting stations and turn them into religious stations,
plain and simple. That is the goal. So if you have a public television
station back in your hometown and it has historically served the
educational needs of the community, under this new language, they will
no longer have to do so, and the FCC will have to intervene in order to
determine which religion best serves the religious needs of that
religion, of that community, but will be able to go no further.
So I say to my colleagues, if ever there was an unconstitutional
piece of legislation out here on the floor, this is it. If ever there
was a piece of legislation that is going to be struck down for
violation of the establishment clause or the separation between church
and State, this is it.
{time} 1230
But for those who hate the Public Broadcasting System, this is just a
natural further extension of their attempts to undermine its historic
and thus far successful mission in every community in the United
States. It will result ultimately, without question, in a transfer of
stations over to individual religions with no educational goals
whatsoever except for the proselytizing of their own individual sect.
That should be allowed. They should be able to purchase commercial TV
stations. In fact, let us be blunt, under the existing clause, as long
as the religion does serve primarily the educational needs of a
community they can talk about their own religion on that public
broadcasting station, but they cannot do so to the exclusion of all
other educational content, of all other service to the community, of
all other service to children within that community.
Mr. Speaker, this amendment which I am propounding is one which very
simply ensures that the word ``educational'' is inserted before the
word ``religious,'' that there is an educational component to any of
this religious broadcasting which is going to be primarily broadcast on
these public television stations.
If we do not do that, there is going to be a fundamental change in
public broadcasting in our country. I know it is the goal of the
majority, but it should not be the goal either of the Members of this
House or of the American people.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, let me first let my friend, the gentleman from
Massachusetts, know that I do not particularly like characterizing
motives. I do not like it when we do this on the floor. I do not like
it when my side does it or the gentleman's side does it.
However, if the gentleman wants to ask about motives, let me explain
them. I do not think the gentleman can characterize the motives of
people regarding public broadcasting. Many like public broadcasting but
do not like the way it is being funded.
Many of us think there is enough diversity in television that we do
not necessarily have to use tax dollars to fund a separate category of
public broadcasting.
There are many who were offended when public broadcasting shared its
donor list only with Democratic organizations. Members might look at
that and see some real cause for anger and concern on this side. When a
public institution funded with taxpayer dollars decides to help one
political party to the exclusion of the other, I guess it is going to
cause a little anger and upset on this side. It well should have.
But I have not accused nor would I question the motives of the
gentleman's side in offering this amendment. I have not said the
gentleman was against religious programming. I am not suggesting that
the administration is out to shut down religious programming, or the
FCC tried to shut down religious voices on noncommercial stations.
There were some people saying that. I never said that.
What I have said, what I will continue to say, is that what the FCC
did in December was stupid. It tried to inject government decisions
into what was proper religious programming on a religious broadcast
station. We ought to put a stop to that. It ought to be the decisions
of the religious programmers themselves to decide what religious
programming they are going to put on television and radio stations
dedicated to religious programming.
Mr. Speaker, the FCC did something very different in December. Up
until December, it was always the presumption that religious
programming was presumed to be educational. I happen to think it is.
The FCC thought it was for years and years, never questioned it.
Then in December it decided it was going to set up two categories of
religious programming: educational religious programming and I guess
noneducational religious programming. If there was not enough of one or
too much of the other, they would shut them down.
What an offensive, arbitrary decision by the FCC, which is supposed
to be carrying out the law, not making up their own law, not deciding
as a matter of law what was good religious speech on television and
radio and what was unacceptable. That is wrong. That is what is wrong.
That is what is unconstitutional.
This bill will end it. It will not only say to the FCC, you cannot do
it in the dead of night without public input and proceedings; it will
say, you cannot ever do it again.
The gentleman's amendment will give them the right to do it again.
The gentleman's amendment says, exactly as the FCC wanted to say, that
there are two categories of religious broadcasting, one educational
religious, and then something else. They do not define it, do not know
what it is, and guess who defines it under the gentleman's amendment?
The same FCC that did the stupid thing they did in December.
That is the reason the gentleman's amendment needs to be defeated;
not
[[Page H4699]]
because the gentleman had bad motives, not because our side has better
or weaker motives than the gentleman, but because the amendment is
wrong. It gives the FCC the power to do the stupid thing they tried to
do in December. That amendment needs to be defeated.
Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, this issue is historic in its nature. Many on the other
side contend that they support the historic mission of the public
broadcasting stations across the United States. Yet, in their
amendment, their bill, they are going to remove the educational
requirement for public broadcasting stations across the country, remove
it.
No longer will there be a mandate that as part of the stewardship,
part of the responsibility of controlling a public broadcasting
station, that those individuals must serve the educational needs of the
entire community. They are removing that. It is without question the
core principle, the constitution that underlies the foundation of the
public broadcasting stations in our country.
That is why the national PTA opposes their bill and supports the
Markey amendment, the national PTA, the teachers, and the parents; and
the National Education Association as well, and the Unitarian
Universalist Association of Congregations, the Interfaith Alliance, the
National Council of Churches of Christ. All of them support the Markey
amendment and oppose the underlying bill.
The reason is that they have removed the educational requirement from
educational TV. They are going to allow for religion to be the only
thing which is on a public broadcasting station all day long,
regardless of whether or not it has any educational content whatsoever.
Even though we concede that under existing law, existing law, that
religious organizations are able to run and do run very well public
broadcasting stations across this country, and they include a religious
component to the maintenance of those TV stations, and that is fine.
That should continue. Whether it be Christmas mass or Handel's Messiah,
it should stay on public broadcasting TV stations. We agree with that.
Where we disagree and where the Markey amendment is so important is
that we must ensure that the religious component does not replace the
educational role as the primary responsibility of public broadcasting
stations in this country.
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield?
Mr. MARKEY. I yield to the gentleman from Michigan.
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman for yielding to me.
Mr. Speaker, I do not think anybody has really given on this side
much thought to what this legislation does. Let us take a situation
where a religious broadcaster or person who would be a religious
broadcaster puts in an application and a group of educational
broadcasters or would-be educational broadcasters put in an
application. Then we have this occurring, we have a comparative
proceeding before the FCC at which the FCC has to choose between the
educational purpose for that station and essentially a religious
purpose, with literally no real review, with no criteria whatsoever.
I challenge my friends on this side to come up with any criteria that
a religious or would-be religious broadcaster has to present to the
FCC. So we have two situations, probably a priority given to the
religious broadcasters, but certainly, in any event, a choice has to be
made then between the FCC having to decide whether they are going to
have a bona fide religious broadcaster broadcasting on that particular
wavelength or some religious group broadcasting nothing, nothing, there
is no requirement for anything but religion on that particular
wavelength.
We are setting up a most dangerous situation here. I would simply
point out to my friend, the gentleman from Louisiana, he is going to
bear the guilt of having done this to broadcasting, for having stripped
the American children of opportunities to have real educational
broadcasting.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield 30 seconds to the gentleman from
Florida (Mr. Stearns).
Mr. STEARNS. Mr. Speaker, to use a ploy to say he (Mr. Tauzin) bears
a guilt is incorrect. Remember, two-thirds of the Democrats and 100
percent of the Republicans already voted to overturn the decision. So
if the gentleman wants to point guilt, then he should point it to the
gentleman's side of the aisle--namely, Democrats where two-thirds of
the Democrats of the FCC Commission supported what we are doing today.
I point out in closing to the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr.
Markey), if the Christmas mass is broadcast at Fort Pierce, Florida, at
midnight on Christmas Eve, and then suddenly that station decides, it
wants to also broadcast it on New Year's Eve, what happens? Suddenly
the FCC is going to call them up and say, no, and using the gentleman's
words, the FCC would say there is primarily not enough educational TV
so we are going to have to stop you from broadcasting on New Year's
Eve.
Vote against the Markey amendment.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from
Oklahoma (Mr. Largent), a prime sponsor and supporter of the
legislation.
Mr. LARGENT. I thank the gentleman for yielding time to me, Mr.
Speaker.
I am afraid that some people over at the FCC have been holding their
cell phones too close to their brains, because this winter they have
come up with a decision and decided that they know what is best for the
American people, that they understand the difference between what is
religious and what is educational, so they have issued an edict.
They said, Hi, I am from the FCC. We would like to offer you
additional guidance in determining what is religious versus what is
educational, and if it is not religious, then it does not count as
educational; thus, no license. The FCC has really done this. They have
made a value statement by saying that religious broadcasting is not
educational.
It was an unprecedented move by the FCC to become the arbiter
determining what constitutes religion and what does not. Do Members
know what? The American people have rejected the decision and the help
and the additional guidance by the FCC. Today this House will reinforce
the view of the American people by rejecting the FCC's notion that they
know what is best.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, the bill that is on the floor today takes the word
``education'' out of public broadcasting. The bill that is on the floor
here today takes the word ``education'' out of nonprofit educational
television stations. The bill that is on the floor here today changes
50 years of American history with regard to the public's relationship
with public broadcasting stations and removes the word ``education'' as
a requirement, as a mandate, with regard to how the managers of a
particular public broadcasting station have to serve an individual
community.
If this bill passes, never again will there ever be a test applied by
the Federal Communications Commission that ensures that the educational
needs of the community are being served by a public broadcasting
station. Instead, they insert the word ``religious'' without any
definition, without any restrictions in terms of how many hours a day,
how many weeks out of the year, how many years in a row; the totality,
the entirety of the broadcasting can be religious on a public
broadcasting station.
Historically, religions have been able to run public broadcasting
stations, but using the guidance that they must be primarily
educational. That is what the Markey amendment does. It requires that
the educational goals that historically have been the core of public
broadcasting stations are maintained, while still allowing for there to
be a religious component, but within the larger context of educating
the entire community and not just a subpart of that community.
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, let me read the bill without the Markey amendment. It
says that these licenses are reserved to people who prove ``that their
organization serves an educational, instructional, cultural, or
religious purpose.''
[[Page H4700]]
We have not taken ``educational'' out. What the gentleman from
Massachusetts (Mr. Markey) wants to do is take ``religious'' out. He
wants to insert ``educational religious.'' The word ``educational'' is
still in. ``Educational, cultural, instructional, or religious'' is
what the bill now says.
{time} 1245
Proof it is just not so. What we are doing in the bill, what the
Markey amendment would undo, is to prevent the Commission from
qualifying which religious broadcasting is permitted.
I just attended the D-Day Museum dedication in New Orleans where we
celebrate the greatest generation, what they fought for in World War
II. They were fighting to preserve our Constitution and our freedoms.
Our Constitution says the government needs to stay out of the business
of religion in our country. Yet, this FCC tried to get into it. This
bill keeps them out. The Markey amendment lets government get back in.
We need to defeat the Markey amendment and adopt the original bill.
Mr. BLILEY. Mr. Speaker, I rise in opposition to the substitute
amendment offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts.
The substitute amendment by Mr. Markey will effectively gut the
legislation before us.
Mr. Speaker, make no mistake, the goal of the substitute amendment is
to require all public broadcasters to serve an ``educational'' purpose.
It even creates a new category of programming serving an ``educational
religious purposes.'' This sounds acceptable on its face as education
is a very high priority and I commend the public broadcasters that
focus on education.
However, a good number of public broadcasters use public television
stations to provide religious programming to their communities. And the
FCC tried quite unsuccessfully in December to restrict what type of
programming could be done. They tried to put a clamp on programming
that they viewed as not having an educational message, like church
services.
Some people within the FCC want to be in the content regulation
business. They want to be able to dictate to religious broadcasters
what religious programming is acceptable and that which is not.
Picture, if you will, several of the over 2000 bureaucrats at the FCC
watching and listening to religious programming and deciding which
parts serve an ``educational religious purpose.'' To me, this picture
is frightening and unacceptable.
This amendment would serve only to continue the confusion as to who
is eligible for noncommercial licenses.
I do not want the FCC involved in content regulation of public
television stations, especially those that provide a religious message
and content.
The substitute amendment is clearly harmful to the original intent of
the H.R. 4201 and would make the bill meaningless.
This is why I must respectfully oppose Mr. Markey's amendment and
urge all Members to do the same.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Shaw). All time has expired.
Pursuant to House Resolution 527, the previous question is ordered on
the bill and on the amendment by the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr.
Markey).
The question is on the amendment in the nature of a substitute
offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Markey).
The question was taken; and the Speaker pro tempore announced that
the noes appeared to have it.
Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on the ground that a
quorum is not present and make the point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Evidently a quorum is not present.
The Sergeant at Arms will notify absent Members.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--yeas 174,
nays 250, not voting 10, as follows:
[Roll No. 294]
YEAS--174
Abercrombie
Ackerman
Allen
Andrews
Baird
Baldacci
Baldwin
Barrett (WI)
Becerra
Bentsen
Berkley
Berman
Biggert
Blagojevich
Blumenauer
Boehlert
Bonior
Borski
Boucher
Brady (PA)
Brown (FL)
Brown (OH)
Capps
Capuano
Cardin
Carson
Clay
Clayton
Clyburn
Conyers
Coyne
Crowley
Cummings
Danner
Davis (FL)
Davis (IL)
DeFazio
DeGette
Delahunt
DeLauro
Deutsch
Dicks
Dingell
Dixon
Doggett
Dooley
Edwards
Engel
Eshoo
Etheridge
Evans
Farr
Fattah
Filner
Ford
Frank (MA)
Frost
Gejdenson
Gephardt
Gilman
Gonzalez
Gordon
Gutierrez
Hall (OH)
Hastings (FL)
Hill (IN)
Hilliard
Hinchey
Hinojosa
Hoeffel
Holt
Hooley
Horn
Hoyer
Inslee
Jackson (IL)
Jackson-Lee (TX)
Jefferson
Johnson (CT)
Johnson, E. B.
Jones (OH)
Kanjorski
Kaptur
Kennedy
Kilpatrick
Kind (WI)
Kleczka
Klink
LaFalce
Lantos
Larson
Lee
Levin
Lewis (GA)
Lofgren
Lowey
Luther
Maloney (CT)
Maloney (NY)
Markey
Mascara
Matsui
McCarthy (MO)
McCarthy (NY)
McDermott
McGovern
McKinney
McNulty
Meehan
Meek (FL)
Meeks (NY)
Menendez
Millender-McDonald
Miller, George
Minge
Mink
Moakley
Moore
Moran (VA)
Morella
Nadler
Napolitano
Neal
Oberstar
Obey
Olver
Owens
Pallone
Pascrell
Pastor
Payne
Pelosi
Pickett
Pomeroy
Porter
Price (NC)
Rangel
Rivers
Rodriguez
Rothman
Rush
Sabo
Sanchez
Sanders
Sawyer
Schakowsky
Scott
Serrano
Sherman
Slaughter
Smith (WA)
Stabenow
Stark
Stupak
Tanner
Tauscher
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Thurman
Tierney
Towns
Udall (CO)
Udall (NM)
Velazquez
Visclosky
Waters
Watt (NC)
Waxman
Weiner
Wexler
Weygand
Woolsey
Wu
Wynn
NAYS--250
Aderholt
Archer
Armey
Baca
Bachus
Baker
Ballenger
Barcia
Barr
Barrett (NE)
Bartlett
Barton
Bass
Bateman
Bereuter
Berry
Bilbray
Bilirakis
Bishop
Bliley
Blunt
Boehner
Bonilla
Bono
Boswell
Boyd
Brady (TX)
Bryant
Burr
Burton
Buyer
Callahan
Calvert
Camp
Canady
Cannon
Castle
Chabot
Chambliss
Chenoweth-Hage
Clement
Coble
Coburn
Collins
Combest
Condit
Cooksey
Costello
Cox
Cramer
Crane
Cubin
Cunningham
Davis (VA)
Deal
DeLay
DeMint
Diaz-Balart
Dickey
Doolittle
Doyle
Dreier
Duncan
Dunn
Ehlers
Ehrlich
English
Everett
Fletcher
Foley
Forbes
Fossella
Fowler
Franks (NJ)
Frelinghuysen
Gallegly
Ganske
Gekas
Gibbons
Gilchrest
Gillmor
Goode
Goodlatte
Goodling
Goss
Graham
Granger
Green (TX)
Green (WI)
Greenwood
Gutknecht
Hall (TX)
Hansen
Hastings (WA)
Hayes
Hayworth
Hefley
Herger
Hill (MT)
Hilleary
Hobson
Hoekstra
Holden
Hostettler
Houghton
Hulshof
Hunter
Hutchinson
Hyde
Isakson
Istook
Jenkins
John
Johnson, Sam
Jones (NC)
Kasich
Kelly
Kildee
King (NY)
Kingston
Knollenberg
Kolbe
Kucinich
Kuykendall
LaHood
Lampson
Largent
Latham
LaTourette
Lazio
Leach
Lewis (CA)
Lewis (KY)
Linder
Lipinski
LoBiondo
Lucas (KY)
Lucas (OK)
Manzullo
Martinez
McCrery
McHugh
McInnis
McIntyre
McKeon
Metcalf
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller, Gary
Mollohan
Moran (KS)
Murtha
Myrick
Nethercutt
Ney
Northup
Norwood
Nussle
Ortiz
Ose
Oxley
Packard
Paul
Pease
Peterson (MN)
Peterson (PA)
Petri
Phelps
Pickering
Pitts
Pombo
Portman
Pryce (OH)
Quinn
Radanovich
Rahall
Ramstad
Regula
Reyes
Reynolds
Riley
Roemer
Rogan
Rogers
Rohrabacher
Ros-Lehtinen
Roukema
Royce
Ryan (WI)
Ryun (KS)
Salmon
Sandlin
Sanford
Saxton
Scarborough
Schaffer
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shadegg
Shaw
Shays
Sherwood
Shimkus
Shows
Shuster
Simpson
Sisisky
Skeen
Skelton
Smith (MI)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Snyder
Souder
Spence
Stearns
Stenholm
Strickland
Stump
Sununu
Sweeney
Talent
Tancredo
Tauzin
Taylor (MS)
Taylor (NC)
Terry
Thomas
Thornberry
Thune
Tiahrt
Toomey
Traficant
Turner
Upton
Vitter
Walden
Walsh
Wamp
Watkins
Watts (OK)
Weldon (FL)
Weller
Whitfield
Wicker
Wilson
Wise
Wolf
Young (AK)
Young (FL)
NOT VOTING--10
Campbell
Cook
Emerson
Ewing
McCollum
McIntosh
Roybal-Allard
Spratt
Vento
Weldon (PA)
{time} 1307
Messrs. CUNNINGHAM, KUCINICH, BOSWELL, COSTELLO, and REYES changed
their vote from ``yea'' to ``nay.''
Mr. DAVIS of Florida changed his vote from ``nay'' to ``yea.''
So the amendment in the nature of a substitute was rejected.
[[Page H4701]]
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Shaw). The question is on the
engrossment and third reading of the bill.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time, and was
read the third time.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The question is on the passage of the bill.
The question was taken; and the Speaker pro tempore announced that
the ayes appeared to have it.
Recorded Vote
Mr. TAUZIN. Mr. Speaker, I demand a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic device, and there were--ayes 264,
noes 259, not voting 11, as follows:
[Roll No. 295]
AYES--264
Aderholt
Archer
Armey
Baca
Bachus
Baker
Baldacci
Ballenger
Barcia
Barr
Barrett (NE)
Bartlett
Barton
Bass
Bateman
Bereuter
Berry
Biggert
Bilbray
Bilirakis
Bishop
Bliley
Blunt
Boehner
Bonilla
Bono
Boswell
Boyd
Brady (TX)
Bryant
Burr
Burton
Buyer
Callahan
Calvert
Camp
Canady
Cannon
Castle
Chabot
Chambliss
Chenoweth-Hage
Clement
Coble
Coburn
Collins
Combest
Condit
Cooksey
Costello
Cox
Cramer
Crane
Cubin
Davis (FL)
Davis (VA)
Deal
DeLay
DeMint
Diaz-Balart
Dickey
Doolittle
Doyle
Dreier
Duncan
Dunn
Ehlers
Ehrlich
English
Etheridge
Everett
Fletcher
Foley
Forbes
Fossella
Fowler
Franks (NJ)
Frelinghuysen
Frost
Gallegly
Ganske
Gekas
Gibbons
Gilchrest
Gillmor
Goode
Goodlatte
Goodling
Gordon
Goss
Graham
Granger
Green (TX)
Green (WI)
Greenwood
Gutknecht
Hall (OH)
Hall (TX)
Hansen
Hastings (WA)
Hayes
Hayworth
Hefley
Hill (MT)
Hilleary
Hobson
Hoekstra
Holden
Hostettler
Houghton
Hulshof
Hunter
Hutchinson
Hyde
Isakson
Istook
Jackson-Lee (TX)
Jenkins
John
Johnson, Sam
Jones (NC)
Jones (OH)
Kasich
Kelly
Kildee
King (NY)
Kingston
Knollenberg
Kolbe
Kucinich
Kuykendall
LaHood
Lampson
Largent
Latham
LaTourette
Lazio
Leach
Lewis (CA)
Lewis (KY)
Linder
Lipinski
LoBiondo
Lucas (KY)
Lucas (OK)
Manzullo
Martinez
Mascara
McCrery
McHugh
McInnis
McIntyre
McKeon
Metcalf
Mica
Miller (FL)
Miller, Gary
Mollohan
Moore
Moran (KS)
Murtha
Myrick
Napolitano
Nethercutt
Ney
Northup
Norwood
Nussle
Ortiz
Ose
Oxley
Packard
Paul
Pease
Peterson (MN)
Peterson (PA)
Petri
Phelps
Pickering
Pitts
Pombo
Portman
Pryce (OH)
Quinn
Radanovich
Rahall
Ramstad
Regula
Reyes
Reynolds
Riley
Rogan
Rogers
Rohrabacher
Ros-Lehtinen
Roukema
Royce
Ryan (WI)
Ryun (KS)
Salmon
Sandlin
Sanford
Saxton
Scarborough
Schaffer
Sensenbrenner
Sessions
Shadegg
Shaw
Shays
Sherwood
Shimkus
Shows
Shuster
Simpson
Sisisky
Skeen
Skelton
Smith (MI)
Smith (NJ)
Smith (TX)
Souder
Spence
Spratt
Stearns
Stenholm
Strickland
Stump
Stupak
Sununu
Sweeney
Talent
Tancredo
Tanner
Tauzin
Taylor (MS)
Taylor (NC)
Terry
Thomas
Thornberry
Thune
Tiahrt
Toomey
Traficant
Turner
Upton
Vitter
Walden
Walsh
Wamp
Waters
Watkins
Watts (OK)
Weldon (FL)
Weldon (PA)
Weller
Weygand
Whitfield
Wicker
Wilson
Wise
Wolf
Young (AK)
Young (FL)
NOES--159
Abercrombie
Ackerman
Allen
Andrews
Baird
Baldwin
Barrett (WI)
Becerra
Bentsen
Berkley
Berman
Blagojevich
Blumenauer
Boehlert
Bonior
Borski
Boucher
Brady (PA)
Brown (FL)
Brown (OH)
Capps
Capuano
Cardin
Carson
Clay
Clayton
Clyburn
Coyne
Crowley
Cummings
Danner
Davis (IL)
DeFazio
DeGette
Delahunt
DeLauro
Deutsch
Dicks
Dingell
Dixon
Doggett
Dooley
Edwards
Engel
Eshoo
Evans
Farr
Fattah
Filner
Ford
Frank (MA)
Gejdenson
Gephardt
Gilman
Gonzalez
Gutierrez
Hastings (FL)
Hill (IN)
Hilliard
Hinchey
Hinojosa
Hoeffel
Holt
Hooley
Horn
Hoyer
Inslee
Jackson (IL)
Jefferson
Johnson (CT)
Johnson, E. B.
Kanjorski
Kaptur
Kennedy
Kilpatrick
Kind (WI)
Kleczka
Klink
LaFalce
Lantos
Larson
Lee
Levin
Lewis (GA)
Lofgren
Lowey
Luther
Maloney (CT)
Maloney (NY)
Markey
Matsui
McCarthy (MO)
McCarthy (NY)
McDermott
McGovern
McKinney
McNulty
Meehan
Meek (FL)
Meeks (NY)
Menendez
Millender-McDonald
Miller, George
Minge
Mink
Moakley
Moran (VA)
Morella
Nadler
Neal
Oberstar
Obey
Olver
Owens
Pallone
Pascrell
Pastor
Payne
Pelosi
Pickett
Pomeroy
Porter
Price (NC)
Rangel
Rivers
Rodriguez
Roemer
Rothman
Rush
Sabo
Sanchez
Sanders
Sawyer
Schakowsky
Scott
Serrano
Sherman
Slaughter
Smith (WA)
Snyder
Stabenow
Stark
Tauscher
Thompson (CA)
Thompson (MS)
Thurman
Tierney
Towns
Udall (CO)
Udall (NM)
Velazquez
Visclosky
Watt (NC)
Waxman
Weiner
Wexler
Woolsey
Wu
Wynn
NOT VOTING--11
Campbell
Conyers
Cook
Cunningham
Emerson
Ewing
Herger
McCollum
McIntosh
Roybal-Allard
Vento
{time} 1327
So the bill was passed.
The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the table.
____________________