[Congressional Record Volume 144, Number 151 (Wednesday, October 21, 1998)]
[Senate]
[Pages S12962-S12965]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]


                           EXECUTIVE CALENDAR

  Mr. LOTT. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate now 
go into executive session and that the Senate proceed, en bloc, to the 
following nominations on the executive calendar: Nos. 597, 718, 733, 
734, 735, 738, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 793, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 
802, 805, 806, 807, 809, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 818, 819, 820, 821, 
822, 823, 851, 852, 854, 855, 857, 861, 862, 865, 866, 867, 869, 870, 
871, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 
900, 901 through 914, 916 through 926.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The nominations considered en bloc are as follows:


                        state justice institute

       Arthur A. McGiverin, of Iowa, to be a Member of the Board 
     of Directors of the State Justice Institute for a term 
     expiring September 17, 2000.


                             the judiciary

       Jose de Jesus Rivera, of Arizona, to be United States 
     Attorney for the District of Arizona for the term of four 
     years.


                          department of state

       Bert T. Edwards, of Maryland, to be Chief Financial 
     Officer, Department of State.
       David G. Carpenter, of Virginia, to be an Assistant 
     Secretary of State.
       David G. Carpenter, of Virginia, to be Director of the 
     Office of Foreign Missions, and to have the rank of 
     Ambassador during his tenure of service.
       Mary Beth West, of the District of Columbia, a Career 
     Member of the Senior Executive Service, for the rank of 
     Ambassador during her tenure of service as Deputy Assistant 
     Secretary of State for Oceans, Fisheries, and Space.


                   executive office of the president

       Rebecca M. Blank, of Illinois, to be a Member of the 
     Council of Economic Advisers.


                             the judiciary

       Rebecca R. Pallmeyer, of Illinois, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois.
       Nora M. Manella, of California, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Central District of California.
       Jeanne E. Scott, of Illinois, to be United States District 
     Judge for the Central District of Illinois.
       David R. Herndon, of Illinois, to be United States District 
     Judge for the Southern District of Illinois.


                    environmental protection agency

       Nikki Rush Tinsely, of Maryland, to be Inspector General, 
     Environmental Protection Agency.


                             the judiciary

       Alvin K. Hellerstein, of New York, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Southern District of New York.
       Richard M. Berman, of New York, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Southern District of New York.
       Donovan W. Frank, of Minnesota, to be United States 
     District Judge for the District of Minnesota.
       Colleen McMahon, of New York, to be United States District 
     Judge for the Southern District of New York.
       William H. Pauley III, of New York, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Southern District of New York.
       Thomas J. Whelan, of California, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Southern District of California.


                         department of justice

       Robert Bruce Green, of Oklahoma, to be United States 
     Attorney for the Eastern District of Oklahoma for the term of 
     four years.
       Scott Richard Lassar, of Illinois, to be United States 
     Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois for the term 
     of four years.
       James A. Tassone, of Florida, to be United States Marshal 
     for the Southern District of Florida for the term of four 
     years.


                          department of labor

       Henry L. Solano, of Colorado, to be Solicitor of the 
     Department of Labor.


            occupational safety and health review commission

       Thomasina V. Rogers, of Maryland, to be a Member of the 
     Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission for a term 
     expiring April 27, 2003, vice Velma Montoya, term expired.


                 harry s truman scholarship foundation

       Joseph E. Stevens, Jr., of Missouri, to be a Member of the 
     Board of Trustees of the Harry S Truman Scholarship 
     foundation for a term expiring December 10, 2003. 
     (Reappointment)


                equal employment opportunity commission

       Paul M. Igasaki, of California, to be a Member of the Equal 
     Employment Opportunity Commission for a term expiring July 1, 
     2002, (Reappointment), to which position he was appointed 
     during the last recess of the Senate.
       Ida L. Catro, of New York, to be a Member of the Equal 
     Employment Opportunity Commission for a term expiring July 1, 
     2003.
       Paul Steven Miller, of California, to be a Member of the 
     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for the remainder of 
     the term expiring July 1, 1999.


                    environmental protection agency

       Romulo L. Diaz, Jr., of the District of Columbia, to be an 
     Assistant Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
     Agency.
       J. Charles Fox, of Maryland, to be an Assistant 
     Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
       Norine E. Noonan, of Florida, to be an Assistant 
     Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.


    morris k. udall sch. & excellence in natl env. policy foundation

       Terrence L. Bracy, of Virginia, to be a Member of the Board 
     of Trustees of the Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence 
     in National Environmental Policy for a term expiring October 
     6, 2004. (Reappointment)


                       department of the interior

       Charles G. Groat, of Texas, to be Director of the United 
     States Geological Survey.


                         department of defense

       Bernard Daniel Rostker, of Virginia, to be Under Secretary 
     of the Arm.


                             THE JUDICIARY

       Patricia A. Broderick, of the District of Columbia, to be 
     an Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of 
     Columbia for the term of fifteen years.


                         DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

       Kenneth Prewitt, of New York, to be Director of the Census.


                             THE JUDICIARY

       Natalia Combs Greene, of the District of Columbia, to be an 
     Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of 
     Columbia for the term of fifteen years.
       Neal E. Kravitz, of the District of Columbia, to be an 
     Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of 
     Columbia for the term of fifteen years.


                       FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION

       Michael M. Reyna, of California, to be a Member of the Farm 
     Credit Administration Board, Farm Credit Administration, for 
     a term expiring May 21, 2004.


                      DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

       Eugene A. Conti, Jr., of Maryland, to be an Assistant 
     Secretary of Transportation.
       Peter J. Basso, Jr., of Maryland, to be an Assistant 
     Secretary of Transportation.


                     NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

       Greta Joy Dicus, of Arkansas, to be a Member of the Nuclear 
     Regulatory Commission for the term of five years expiring 
     June 30, 2003. (Reappointment)
       Jeffrey S. Merrifield, of New Hampshire, to be a Member of 
     the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the term expiring June 
     30, 2002.


                          DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

       David Michaels, of New York, to be an Assistant Secretary 
     of Energy (Environment, Safety and Health).


                     department of veterans affairs

       Eligah Dane Clark, of Alabama, to be Chairman of the Board 
     of Veterans' Appeals for a term of six years.
       Edward A. Powell, Jr., of Virginia, to be an Assistant 
     Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Management).
       Leigh A. Bradley, of Virginia, to be General Counsel, 
     Department of Veterans Affairs.


                             the judiciary

       Lawrence Baskir, of Maryland, to be a Judge of the United 
     States Court of Federal Claims for a term of fifteen years.
       Robert S. Lasnik, of Washington, to be a United States 
     District Judge for the Western District of Washington.
       Yvette Kane, of Pennsylvania, to be United States District 
     Judge for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
       James M. Munley, of Pennsylvania, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
       Lynn Jeanne Bush, of the District of Columbia, to be a 
     Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims for a term 
     of fifteen years.
       David O. Carter, of California, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Central District of California.
       Francis M. Allegra, of Virginia, to be Judge of the United 
     States Court of Federal Claims for a term of fifteen years.
       Margaret B. Seymour, of South Carolina, to be United States 
     District Judge for the District of South Carolina.
       Aleta A. Trauger, of Tennessee, to be United States 
     District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee.

[[Page S12963]]

       Alex R. Munson, of the Northern Mariana Islands, to be 
     Judge for the District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands 
     for a term of ten years (Reappointment)
       Edward J. Damich, of Virginia, to be Judge of the United 
     States Court of Federal Claims for a term of fifteen years.
       Nancy B. Firestone, of Virginia, to be a Judge of the 
     United States Court of Federal Claims for a term of fifteen 
     years.
       Emily Clark Hewitt, of Massachusetts, to be a Judge of the 
     United States Court of Federal Claims for a term of fifteen 
     years.
       Norman A. Mordue, of New York, to be United States District 
     Judge for the Northern District of New York.


                         department of justice

       Donnie R. Marshall, of Texas, to be Deputy Administrator of 
     Drug Enforcement.
       Harry Litman, of Pennsylvania, to be United States Attorney 
     for the Western District of Pennsylvania for the term of four 
     years.
       Denise E. O'Donnell, of New York, to be United States 
     Attorney for the Western District of New York for the term of 
     four years.
       Margaret Ellen Curran, of Rhode Island, to be United States 
     Attorney for the District of Rhode Island for the term of 
     four years.
       Byron Todd Jones, of Minnesota, to be United States 
     Attorney for the District of Minnesota for the term of four 
     years.


                    environmental protection agency

       Robert W. Perciasepe, of Maryland, to be an Assistant 
     Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
     (Reappointment)


                      mississippi river commission

       William Clifford Smith, of Louisiana, to be a Member of the 
     Mississippi River Commission for a term expiring October 21, 
     2005.


             chemical safety and hazard investigation board

       Isadore Rosenthal, of Pennsylvania, to be a Member of the 
     Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board for a term of 
     five years. (New Position)
       Andrea Kidd Taylor, of Michigan, to be a Member of the 
     Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board for a term of 
     five years. (New Position)


              department of housing and urban development

       Ira G. Peppercorn, of Indiana, to be Director of the Office 
     of Multifamily Housing Assistance Restructuring. (New 
     Position)
       William C. Apgar, Jr., of Massachusetts, to be an Assistant 
     Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
       Saul N. Ramirez, Jr., of Texas, to be Deputy Secretary of 
     Housing and Urban Development.
       Cardell Cooper, of New Jersey, to be an Assistant Secretary 
     of Housing and Urban Development.
       Harold Lucas, of New Jersey, to be an Assistant Secretary 
     of Housing and Urban Development.


                department of health and human services

       Patricia T. Montoya, of New Mexico, to be Commissioner on 
     Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Health and Human 
     Services.


                       department of the treasury

       David C. Williams, of Maryland, to be Inspector General, 
     Department of the Treasury.


                   executive office of the president

       Sylvia M. Mathews, of West Virginia, to be Deputy Director 
     of the Office of Management and Budget.


                          department of energy

       Gregory H. Friedman, of Colorado, to be Inspector General 
     of the Department of Energy.


                     office of personnel management

       John U. Sepulveda, of New York, to be Deputy Director of 
     the Office of Personnel Management.


                   federal labor relations authority

       Joseph Swerdzewski, of Colorado, to be General Counsel of 
     the Federal Labor Relations Authority for a term of five 
     years. (Reappointment)


                       department of the interior

       Eljay B. Bowron, of Michigan, to be Inspector General, 
     Department of the Interior.


                         postal rate commission

       Dana Bruce Covington, Sr., of Mississippi, to be a 
     Commissioner of the Postal Rate Commission for a term 
     expiring October 14, 2004.
       Edward Jay Gleiman, of Maryland, to be a Commissioner of 
     the Postal Rate Commission for a term expiring October 14, 
     2004.


                       general accounting office

       David M. Walker, of Georgia, to be Comptroller General of 
     the United States for a term of fifteen years.


      inst. of american indian & alaska native culture & arts dev.

       D. Bambi Kraus, of the District of Columbia, to be a Member 
     of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of American Indian 
     and Alaska Native Culture and Arts Development for a term 
     expiring May 19, 2004.


                          judicial nominations

  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, this Congress has taken steps to 
significantly reduce the Federal judicial vacancy rate to its lowest 
level in almost a decade. As Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, I am 
proud to boast about some of the successes that have been achieved this 
Congress by the Committee and Republican Senate. I also feel compelled 
to set the record straight that the Committee and Republican Senate 
this Congress have been dedicated and productive.
  One could speculate that if the Democrats controlled the Senate, more 
Clinton nominees would have been confirmed. But then again, maybe not. 
This Congress, the Committee held hearings for 111 out of 127 judicial 
nominees. Of the 16 nominees that did not have hearings, 3 withdrew 
from consideration. The Committee held 23 judicial, and an additional 8 
non-judicial, nominations hearings for a total of 31 nominations 
hearings. In all, this Congress the Republican Senate confirmed 101 
judicial nominees, which is well above the average confirmed over the 
last five Congresses, which is 96. Indeed, notwithstanding the rhetoric 
we often heard from the other side of the aisle, according to the 
Alliance for Justice, a liberal judicial watch group, almost 50% of the 
judges confirmed by the Republican Senate have been women and/or 
members of a minority group.
  The Republican Senate, by working in a fair and orderly manner, also 
reduced the vacancy rate of the Federal Judiciary to 5.9%--the lowest 
vacancy rate since the Judiciary was expanded in 1990. While 
considering this rate, keep in mind two things: first, that the Clinton 
Administration is on record as having stated that a vacancy rate just 
over 7% is virtual full-employment of the judiciary, and second, that 
the Clinton Administration did not get around to nominating anyone for 
29 of the 50 vacant judgeships. To put it another way, this 
Administration failed to nominate anyone for almost 60% of the current 
judicial vacancies. Thus, the Republican Senate would have been 
precluded from filling every single judicial vacancy because it cannot 
confirm judges whose nominations it has not received.
  The accusation that the Republican Senate delays consideration of 
certain nominees is simply a ploy to divert attention away from the 
fact that qualified, non-controversial nominees, which constitutes the 
overwhelming majority of nominees, were confirmed promptly, usually by 
unanimous consent. Indeed, one need go no further than the high number 
of Clinton Administration nominees that were confirmed by this year's 
Republican Senate to determine whether their motives were anything but 
altruistic.
  Yes, there were some controversial nominees that did not move, and in 
fact, some of these nominees were forced to withdraw. But the 
confirmation process is not a numbers game, and I will not compromise 
the Senate's advice and consent function simply because the White House 
has sent us nominees that are either not qualified or controversial. 
There are a range of factors which make a nominee controversial or 
difficult to confirm, such as lack of experience or questionable 
information contained in materials not in the public domain or in their 
past records that may be at variance with the proper role of judges in 
society. But I assure you that gender, ethnicity, and race are not 
included in the determination.
  For me, the touchstones in evaluating the qualifications of a nominee 
are whether they are committed to upholding the rule of law and 
properly understand the limitations of the judicial role. The Senate 
has an obligation to the American people to review thoroughly the 
records of the nominees it receives to ensure that they are capable and 
qualified to serve as Federal judges and will not spend a lifetime 
career rendering politically motivated decisions. I would not, in good 
conscience, vote for the confirmation of any nominee whom I believed 
would abdicate his or her duty to interpret and enforce, and instead 
make, the laws of this Nation.
  As Committee Chairman, I take my role in the confirmation of judges 
very seriously, and would not allow irrelevant criteria to be analyzed 
in determining a nominee's fitness to sit on the Federal bench, 
practically speaking, for what amounts to life tenure. As a Senator, I 
take my role of advice and consent equally as serious and would not 
tolerate the disingenuous consideration of any nominee.
  The demagogues and naysayers can continue to impugn the purported 
secret motives of the Republicans and

[[Page S12964]]

continue to malign those who exercise their Constitutional duty to 
thoroughly evaluate and review the complete record and background of 
each nominee before casting a vote in favor or in opposition thereto. 
And the Republican Senate will continue to plow ahead in the next 
Congress honorably and fairly discharging its Constitutional duties 
without wavering. However, I could not leave this Congress without 
congratulating my fellow Republican Senators, Senator Lott in 
particular, for all of their hard work and accomplishments in what, at 
times, has been a contentious atmosphere. Senator Lott has done his 
best and has acted in a fair and principled manner in processing these 
nominees. He is to be commended.
  Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, as the Senate concludes this second session 
of the 105th Congress, I want to take a moment to thank Senator Hatch, 
the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, for working with us to 
confirm judges desperately needed around the country. He pressed 
forward with three confirmation hearings in October, which resulted in 
sending another nine judicial nominees to the Senate calendar. He 
supported each of the nominees confirmed by the Senate this year and 
worked hard to clear judicial nominees reported by the Committee for 
action by the Senate. I also thank the Majority Leader for proceeding 
to consider the judicial nominations confirmed in these last days of 
the session.
  For the year, the Senate confirmed 65 federal judges to the District 
Courts and Courts of Appeals around the country and to the Court of 
International Trade. In addition, we confirmed a number of judges to 
the United States Court of Claims and to the court for the Northern 
Mariana Islands.
  Senator Hatch is fond of saying that the Senate could do better. I 
agree with him and hope that we will continue to do better next year. I 
began this year challenging the Senate to maintain that pace it 
established in the last nine months of last year. Had we done so, we 
could have confirmed 90 judges. Instead, the Senate has acted to 
confirm only 65 of the 91 nominations received for the 115 vacancies 
the federal judiciary experienced this year.
  Together with the 36 judges confirmed last year, the total number of 
article III federal judges confirmed during this Congress to a 2-year 
total of 101--the same total that was confirmed in one year when 
Democrats made up the majority of the Senate in 1994. The 104th 
Congress (1995-96) resulted in a 2-year total of only 75 judges being 
confirmed. By way of contrast, I note that during the last two years of 
the Bush Administration, even including the presidential election year 
of 1992, a Democratic Senate confirmed 124 federal judges.
  Meanwhile 50 judicial vacancies remain. This is one of the largest 
number of vacancies left unfilled at the end of a Congress. In 1983 
vacancies numbered only 16. Even after the creation of 85 new 
judgeships in 1984, the number of vacancies had been reduced to only 33 
by the end of the 99th Congress in 1986. At the end of the 100th 
Congress in 1988, which had a Democratic majority and a Republican 
president, judicial vacancies numbered only 23. In 1996 the Republican 
Senate adjourned leaving 64 judicial vacancies. This year the Senate is 
adjourning leaving 50 judicial vacancies and the number is likely to 
increase during the recess.
  Moreover, the Republican Congress has refused to consider the 
authorization of the additional judges needed by the federal judiciary 
to deal with their ever increasing workload. In 1984 and in 1990, 
Congress did respond to requests for needed judicial resources by the 
Judicial Conference. Indeed, in 1990, a Democratic majority in the 
Congress created judgeships during a Republican presidential 
administration. Last year the Judicial Conference of the United States 
requested that an additional 53 judgeships be authorized around the 
country. If Congress had passed the Federal Judgeship Act of 1997, 
S.678, as it should have, the federal judiciary would have 103 
vacancies today. That is the more accurate measure of the needs of the 
federal judiciary that have been ignored by the Congress over the past 
several years.
  In order to understand why a judicial vacancy crisis is plaguing so 
many federal courts, we need only recall how unproductive the 
Republican Senate has been over the last three years. More and more of 
the vacancies are judicial emergencies that have been left vacant for 
longer periods of time. The President has sent the Senate qualified 
nominees for 23 of the current judicial emergency vacancies, 15 of 
those nominations that are still pending as the Senate prepares to 
adjourn.
  In his 1997 Year-End Report, Chief Justice Rehnquist focussed on the 
problem of ``too few judges and too much work.'' He noted the vacancy 
crisis and the persistence of scores of judicial emergency vacancies 
and observed: ``Some current nominees have been waiting a considerable 
time for a Senate Judiciary Committee vote or a final floor vote.'' He 
went on to note: ``The Senate is surely under no obligation to confirm 
any particular nominee, but after the necessary time for inquiry it 
should vote him up or vote him down.''
  During the entire 4 years of the Bush administration there were only 
three judicial nominations that were pending before the Senate for as 
long as 9 months before being confirmed and none took as long as a 
year. In 1997 alone there were 10 judicial nominations that took more 
than 9 months before a final favorably vote and 9 of those 10 extended 
over a year to a year and one-half. Of the judges confirmed this year, 
Professor Fletcher's confirmation took 41 months--the longest-pending 
judicial nomination in the history of the United States--Hilda Tagle's 
confirmation took 32 months, Susan Oki Mollway's confirmation took 30 
months, Ann Aiken's confirmation took 26 months, Margaret McKeown's 
confirmation took 24 months, Margaret Morrow's confirmation took 21 
months, Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation took 15 months, Rebecca 
Pallmeyer's confirmation took 14 months, Dan Polster's confirmation 
took 12 months, and Victoria Roberts' confirmation took 11 months.

  I calculate that the average number of days for those few lucky 
nominees who are finally confirmed is continuing to escalate. In 1996, 
the Republican Senate shattered the record for the average number of 
days from nomination to confirmation for judicial confirmation. The 
average rose to a record 183 days. Last year, the average number of 
days from nomination to confirmation rose dramatically yet again, and 
that was during the first year of a presidential term. From initial 
nomination to confirmation, the average time it took for Senate action 
on the 36 judges confirmed in 1997 broke the 200-day barrier for the 
first time in our history. It was 212 days. Unfortunately, that time is 
still growing and the average is still rising to the detriment of the 
administration of justice. This year the Senate will break last year's 
record. The average time from nomination to confirmation for the 65 
judges confirmed this year was over 230 days.
  In addition, nominations are being forced to sit on the Senate 
Executive Calendar for longer and longer periods of time. Unlike 
earlier days in the Senate when nominees were not made to wait for 
weeks and months on the Senate calendar before they could be 
considered, that is now becoming the rule. Margaret Morrow, Sonia 
Sotomayor, Richard Paez, Ronnie White, Patrick Murphy and Michael 
McCuskey each spent more than four months on the Senate Executive 
Calendar awaiting action.
  Further, this Congress is concluding with four judicial nominations 
that have been favorably reported by the Judiciary Committee still 
pending on the Senate Executive Calendar. Two were reported without 
objection by unanimous consent. I do not know why Justice Ronnie L. 
White and Judge William J. Hibbler, two outstanding African-American 
nominees are being held on the Senate calendar without a vote. I regret 
that the Majority Leader was unable to call up for a vote the 
nomination of Judge Richard Paez to the Ninth Circuit or the nomination 
of Timothy Dyk to the Federal Circuit.
  Most Congresses end without any judicial nominations left on the 
Senate Executive Calendar. Indeed the 99th, 101st, 102nd, and 103rd 
Congresses all ended without a single judicial nomination left on the 
Senate calendar. The Democratic Senate majority in the two Congresses 
of the Bush Administration ended both those Congresses, the 101st and 
102nd, without a single judicial

[[Page S12965]]

nomination on the calendar. By contrast, the Republican Senate majority 
in the last Congress, the 104th, left an unprecedented seven judicial 
nominations on the Senate Executive Calendar at adjournment without 
Senate action. The 105th Congress is concluding with four qualified 
judicial nominees being denied action by the Senate.
  At each step of the process, judicial nominations are being delayed 
and stalled. Judge Richard Paez, Justice Ronnie L. White, Judge William 
J. Hibbler and Timothy Dyk are being denied consideration by the 
Senate. Marsha Berzon, Anabelle Rodriquez, Clarence Sundram, and 
Matthew Kennelly were each denied a vote before the Judiciary Committee 
following a hearing. Judge James A. Beatty, Jr., Helene N. White, Jorge 
C. Rangel, Ronald M. Gould, Robert S. Raymar, Barry P. Goode, among a 
total of 13 judicial nominees, end this Congress without ever having 
received a hearing before the Judiciary Committee.
  At the conclusion of the debate on the nomination of Merrick Garland 
to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, as 
23 Republicans were preparing to vote against that exceptionally well-
qualified nominee whose confirmation had been delayed 18 months, 
Senator Hatch said ``playing politics with judges is unfair, and I am 
sick of it.'' I agree with him. I look forward to a return to the days 
when judicial nominations are treated with the respect and attention 
that they deserve.