[Congressional Record Volume 144, Number 148 (Friday, October 16, 1998)]
[Extensions of Remarks]
[Pages E2213-E2215]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

[[Page E2213]]



         H.R. 901, THE AMERICAN LAND SOVEREIGNTY PROTECTION ACT

                                 ______
                                 

                             HON. DON YOUNG

                               of alaska

                    in the house of representatives

                        Friday, October 16, 1998

  Mr. YOUNG of Alaska. Mr. Speaker, I rise to once again address the 
issue of international land reserves, particularly World Heritage 
Sites. I find it necessary to emphasize, for the benefit of those who 
continue to claim otherwise, that these reserves are designated with 
little or no input from the public or local government. They are very 
unpopular.
  The Department of Interior, in cooperation with the Federal 
Interagency Panel for World Heritage has identified a shopping list of 
94 sites in 31 States and the District of Columbia that they would like 
to make World Heritage Sites. This list was compiled by the Department 
with the assistance of an ``inside'' non-governmental organization, the 
U.S. National Committee of the International Council on Monuments and 
Sites (US/ICOMOS). US/ICOMOS is also a principal advisor to the United 
Nations on the listing of cultural properties as World Heritage Sites. 
Twenty-two of the sites on the shopping list have been designated World 
Heritage Sites.
  Congress is the ultimate decision-maker in managing public lands. The 
clear and direct approval of Congress and the input of local citizens 
and public officials must be required before land can be designated for 
inclusion in international land reserves. Let's maintain sovereign 
control over lands in the United States.
  I wish to include in the Record the detailed descriptions of the 
cultural properties on the Department of Interior's list of future 
choices for World Heritage Sites. The complete list and other 
information on this important issue can be found on the Committee on 
Resources website at: http://www.house.gov/105cong/issues.htm.

Indicative Inventory of Potential Future U.S. Nominations to the World 
                   Heritage List--Cultural properties


        Prehistory and Living Communities (formerly Archaeology)

                        Post-Contract Aboriginal

       Taos Pueblo, New Mexico (36 deg. 25' N.; 105 deg. 40' W.). 
     A center of Indian culture since the 17th century, the pueblo 
     of Taos, still active today, symbolizes Indian resistance to 
     external rule. The mission of San Geronimo, one of the 
     earliest in New Mexico, was built near Taos Pueblo in the 
     early 17th century. Criteria: (v) An outstanding example of a 
     traditional human settlement which is representative of a 
     culture and which has become vulnerable under the impact of 
     irreversible change.

             Post-Contract Aboriginal/Developed Agriculture

       Pecos National Monument, New Mexico (35 deg. 35' N.; 105 
     deg. 45' W.). This site was occupied since before A.D. 900 up 
     until the 19th century. The archaeological excavations of the 
     area led to the development of a cultural sequence which in 
     turn enabled the comparative dating of southwestern U.S. 
     sites. This classification is the cornerstone of the 
     understanding of Southwestern archaeology. In addition to the 
     archaeology at Pecos, there are the foundations of a Spanish 
     mission, the ruins of an 18th-century church, and numerous 
     Pueblo Indian structural remains, including restored kivas. 
     Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique testimony to a civilization 
     which has disappeared.

                         Developed Agriculture

       Moundville Site, Alabama (33 deg. 0' N.; 87 deg. 40' W.). 
     This is probably the site described by De Soto in his 
     Mississippian expedition. This site demonstrates the 
     Mesoamerican influence on the culture of the Southeast. It is 
     a ``ceremonial'' site with over twenty extant mounds and 
     burial areas. Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique testimony to a 
     civilization which has disappeared.
       Casa Grande National Monument, Arizona (33 deg. 0' N.; 111 
     deg. 30' W.). Casa Grande is a four-story tower of packed 
     earthen walls built over 600 years ago by the agricultural 
     Indians of the Gila River Valley. The site also contains 
     important Hohokam Indian remains dating from about 900 A.D. 
     Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique testimony to a civilization 
     which has disappeared.
       Hohokam Pima National Monument, Arizona (32 deg. 55' N.; 
     111 deg. 30' W.). Hohokam Pima is part of the site of 
     Snaketown, which was continuously inhabited by the Hohokam/
     Pima cultures for over 2,000 years. This site contains 
     essentially all phases of Hohokam cultural development from 
     the earliest villages established around 400 B.C. up to A.D. 
     1450. Subsequently this same site was occupied by the Pima 
     from the time of contact with the Spanish until around 1940. 
     The Hohokam Pima site clearly demonstrates the Mesoamerican 
     influence in the Southwestern U.S. The site is located on a 
     Pima reservation. Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique testimony to 
     a civilization which has disappeared.
       Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia (32 deg.50' N.; 83 
     deg.40' W.). The large mounds and surrounding villages at 
     Ocmulgee demonstrates the cultural evolution of the Indian 
     mound-builder civilization in the southern U.S. Criteria: 
     (iii) Bears an exception testimony to a civilization which 
     has disappeared.
       Poverty Point, Louisiana (32 deg.40' N.; 91 deg.25' W.). An 
     archaeological site that flourished from 1,000-600 B.C. It 
     contains a geometric earthwork complex, consisting of 11.2 
     miles of raised terraces arranged in six concentric octagons, 
     and Poverty Point Mound, a bird-shaped ceremonial structure. 
     Criteria: (iii) Bears an exception testimony to a 
     civilization which has disappeared.
       Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico (36 
     deg.10' N.; 108 deg.0' W.). This property bears testimony to 
     the first five periods of the Chacoan variant and one period 
     of the Mesa Verdean variant of the Pueblo civilization. Chaco 
     Canyon is a large canyon which contains approximately 1100 
     ruins including 13 major Pueblo Indian villages. These 
     villages consist of 3-5 story buildings which often contain 
     over 1,000 rooms. The ceremonial complex consisting of the 
     large villages is dated between A.D. 1,110 and 1,300 and 
     clearly demonstrates the cultural links between the 
     Mesoamerican cultures and the Pueblo Indians of the 
     Southwestern U.S. Criteria: (ii) Exerted great influence, 
     over a span of time and within a cultural area of the world, 
     on developments in town-planning; and (iii) bears a unique 
     testimony to a civilization which has disappeared.
       Mound City Group National Monument, Ohio (39 deg.25' N.; 83 
     deg.1' W.). Twenty-three burial mounds of Hopewell Indians 
     (200 B.C.-A.D. 500) have yielded vast quantities of artifacts 
     that give insights into the ceremonial customs of the 
     Hopewell people. Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique testimony to 
     a civilization which has disappeared.

                          Archaic/Paleo-Indian

       Cape Krusenstern Archaeological District, Alaska (67 deg.0' 
     N.; 164 deg.0' W.). Cape Krusenstern consists of a series of 
     marine beach ridges (and nearby hills) which contain evidence 
     of nearly every major cultural period in Arctic prehistory 
     and history. This area is very near the probable route taken 
     by man's first crossing into North America and is still 
     inhabited today. Due to land subsidence along the coast a 
     unique stratigraphy has formed which allows a complete dating 
     sequence in an area where few dates are available. Each ridge 
     represents approximately a 200-year time span for a total of 
     approximately 8,000 years. Criteria: (iii) Bears a unique 
     testimony to a civilization which has disappeared.
       Ventana Cave, Arizona (32 deg.25' N.; 112 deg.15' W.). 
     Ventana Cave offers a unique history of the hunter/gatherer 
     cultural development and continuity. This site has been 
     occupied continuously from 200 B.C. until the present. 
     Excavations here solidified the stratigraphic sequence dates, 
     and made a significant contribution to knowledge of the 
     development of Hohokam culture in this area. Criteria: (iii) 
     Bears a unique testimony to a civilization which has 
     disappeared.

                              Paleo-Indian

       Lindenmeir Site, Colorado (40 deg. 55'; 105 deg. 10' W.). 
     This site was one of the earliest Folsom sites to be 
     excavated by archaeologists and was instrumental in 
     establishing man's presence in North America at its current 
     early date. The site consists of a kill site marked by 
     numerous bison bones and a camp a short distance away. This 
     is one of the few early man sites where both site types were 
     found, and it gives a more complete picture of the early 
     hunters' life and cultural adaption. Criteria: (iii) Bears a 
     unique testimony to a civilization which has disappeared.

                                Hawaiian

       Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawaii (19 
     deg. 25' N.; 155 deg. 55' W.) This area (formerly known as 
     City of Refuge National Historical Park) includes sacred 
     ground, where vanquished Hawaiian warriors, noncombatants, 
     and kapu breakers were granted refuge from secular authority. 
     Prehistoric housesites, royal fishponds, and spectacular 
     shore scenery are features of the park. Criteria: (v) An 
     outstanding example of a traditional human settlement which 
     is representative of a culture and which has become 
     vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change.

              European Exploration and Colonial Settlement

       La Fortaleza-San Juan National Historical Site, Puerto Rico 
     (18 deg. 28' N.; 66 deg. 10' W.). Spanish defenses at San 
     Juan guarded their sea lanes to the Caribbean; at this site 
     they founded one of their earliest colonies in the Americas. 
     La Fortaleza, the first fortification of San Juan (built 
     1533-40), has

[[Page E2214]]

     been the residence of the island's governors since the 1620s. 
     The massive masonry citadel of El Morro was begun in 1591. 
     Criteria: (iv) An outstanding example of a type of structure 
     which illustrates a significant stage in history; and (vi) 
     directly and tangibly associated with events of outstanding 
     universal significance.
       San Xavier Del Bac, Arizona (32 deg. 10' N.; 111 deg. 0' 
     W.). ONe of the finest Spanish colonial churches in the 
     United States, having a richly ornamented baroque interior. 
     (Comparative national and international study will be 
     necessary before the United States would consider nominating 
     property representative of this important international 
     development. For example, the California and Texas mission 
     systems would be examined.) Criteria: (iv) An outstanding 
     example of a type of structure which illustrates a 
     significant stage in history.
       Savannah Historic District, Georgia. The first settlement 
     in the English colony of Georgia, which was founded with 
     philanthropic intent, Savannah has retained much of James 
     Oglethorpe's original city plan and possesses many structures 
     of architectural merit. Criteria: (ii) Has exerted great 
     influence, over a span of time, or within a cultural area of 
     the world, on developments in town-planning; and (vi) 
     directly and tangibly associated with events or with ideas of 
     outstanding universal significance.

                   Architecture: Early United States

       Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia (38 deg. 0' N.; 78 
     deg. 30' W.). Thomas Jefferson, the third American President, 
     was a popularizer of the Classic Revival architectural style. 
     In Monticello, his mansion, he combined elements of Roman, 
     Palladian, and 18th-century French design with features 
     expressing his extraordinary personal inventiveness. 
     Criteria: (i) A unique artistic achievement, a masterpiece of 
     the creative genius; and (ii) has exerted great influence, 
     over a span of time and within a cultural area of the world, 
     on developments in architecture.
       University of Virginia Historic District, Charlottesville, 
     Virginia (38 deg. 0' N.; 78 deg. 30' W.). Includes original 
     classrooms and professors' quarters housed in pavilions 
     aligned on both sides of an elongated terraced court, as well 
     as the doomed Rotunda, a scaled-down version of the Pantheon 
     which was the focal point of Thomas Jefferson's design. 
     Jefferson envisioned a community of scholars living and 
     studying in an architecturally unified complex of buildings. 
     Criteria: (i) A unique artistic achievement, a masterpiece of 
     the creative genius; and (ii) has exerted great influence, 
     over a span of time and within a cultural area of the world, 
     on developments in architecture.

                       Architecture: Modern U.S.

       Consideration will be given to the nomination of a 
     ``thematic'' Chicago School district, including some of the 
     properties listed in this grouping.
       Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 51' 87 deg. 
     40' W.). Constructed in 1889, this building is one of the 
     most important works by Chicago School architects Dankmar 
     Adler and Louis Sullivan. Criteria: (i) A unique artistic 
     achievement, a masterpiece of creative genius; and (ii) has 
     exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within a 
     cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture.
       Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Store, Chicago, Illinois 
     (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 deg. 40' W.). A commercial establishment 
     designed by Louis Sullivan in an original and practical form, 
     Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company was his last large 
     commercial commission. An iron and steel framwork supports 
     the structure, which is most notable for its elaborate 
     ironwork ornament on the first and second floor facades. 
     Sullivan's designs combine organic and geometric shapes in 
     intricate and delicate patterns, in a type of ornament that 
     is the hallmark of his work. The addition was by Daniel H. 
     Burnham in 1904-6, Criteria: (i) A unique artistic 
     achievement, a masterpiece of creative genius; and (ii) has 
     exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within a 
     cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture.
       Leiter II Buiding, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 
     deg. 40' W.). Constructed in 1889-91, this building is the 
     masterwork of architect William Le Baron Jenny. One of the 
     earliest surviving examples of the Chicago School curtain 
     wall proto-skyscraper. Criteria: (ii) Has exerted great 
     influence, over a span of time, and within a cultural area of 
     the world, on developments in architecture.
       Marquette Building, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 
     deg. 40' W.). Architects William Holabird and Martin Roche 
     make their first decisive statement on a new concept in 
     building--steel framing. Constructed 1893-4. Criteria: (ii) 
     Has exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within 
     a cultural area of the world, on developments in 
     architecture.
       Reliance Building, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 
     deg. 40' W.). This building (1890-5) by Daniel Burnham and 
     John Root is a key monument of the ``Chicago School.'' It has 
     a steel framework and is covered with terra cotta sheating 
     except on the granite first floor. Windows form continous 
     bands and are ``Chicago windows'' large single, fixed panes 
     of glass which fill an entire bay except for narrow, movable, 
     double hung sash in the project bays. Criteria: (ii) Has 
     exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within a 
     cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture.
       Rookery Building, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 
     deg. 40' W.). One of the last great masonry structures of the 
     19th century, designed by Daniel Burnham and John W. Root. 
     Constructed in 1886-88, The Rookery is a transitional 
     structure which presaged the modern steel frame office 
     building. It combines skeletal cast-iron columns and spandrel 
     beams supporting masonry with granite and brick and terra 
     cotta. Criteria: (ii) Has exerted great influence, over a 
     span of time, and within a cultural area of the world, on 
     developments in architecture.
       South Dearborn Street-Printing House Row North Historic 
     District, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 deg. 40' W.). 
     This commercial district contains landmark structures in the 
     development of skyscraper construction and some of the finest 
     achievements of the ``Chicago School'' of architects: The 
     Manhattan Building by William Le Baron Jenny, the first 
     complete steel skeleton building, with wind bracing; the 
     Daniel Burnham-designed Fisher Building, an early curtain-
     wall structure; the Old Colony Building by Holabird and 
     Roche, using Corydon Purdy's wind bracing system; and the 
     Monadnock Building, by Burnham and Root (north section) and 
     Holabird and Roche (south section), one of the largest 
     masonry bearing-wall structures ever built. Criteria: (ii) 
     Has exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within 
     a cultural area of the world, on developments in 
     architecture.
       Prudential (Guaranty) Building, Buffalo, New York (42 deg. 
     50' N.; 78 deg. 50' W.). The last collaborative effort of 
     Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan, the 13-story Prudential, 
     constructed in 1895, is a trumpth of early skyscraper design. 
     It links two skyscraper periods and departs from the earlier 
     commercial use of elaborate ornamentation in favor of an 
     emphatically vertical appearance. Although appearing 
     rectangular in shape, it is actually U-shaped due to light 
     corridors above the first floor. Criteria: (ii) Has exerted 
     great influence, over a span of time, and within a cultural 
     area of the world, on developments in architecture.
       Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri (38 deg. 40' N.; 
     90 deg. 10' W.). Significant prototype of the modern office 
     building, constructed in 1890-91. This building represents 
     deliberate attempt to create an historical form expressive of 
     the new mass of the multistory office block. For Sullivan, 
     the potential aesthetic quality of the tall building lay in 
     its unusual height. To emphasize this height to the maximum 
     degree, he devised a system of closely ranked, pier-like 
     verticals that give the street elevations their forceful 
     thrust. Criteria: (1) Represents a unique artistic 
     achievement, a masterpiece of the creative genius; and (ii) 
     has exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within 
     a cultural area of the world, on developments in 
     architecture.

                      Architecture: Wright School

       A single, or thematic, nomination representative of this 
     group will be considered.
       Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio, Illinois (41 deg. 52' 
     N.; 87 deg. 50' W.). Wright lived and practiced here, in the 
     Shingle-style home he built for his family, during the 
     ``First Golden Age'' of his long career. Constructed 1889-98. 
     Criteria: (ii) Has exerted great influence, over a span of 
     time, and within a cultural area of the world, on 
     developments in architecture.
       Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 deg. 
     50' W.). Wright designed the Temple with a rooftop skylight, 
     rather than a steeple. Constructed in 1906 of poured 
     concrete, the Temple is basically a concrete cube with stark 
     and largely unornamented interior walls. Criteria: (ii) Has 
     exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within a 
     cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture.
       Robie House, Chicago, Illinois (41 deg. 52' N.; 87 deg. 40' 
     W.). This brick house, with its low horizontal emphasis, was 
     designed by Wright in his ``Prairie'' style, utilizing an 
     open plan focused on a large central chimney mass. He 
     continued inside walls to the exterior to tie the surrounding 
     landscape to the house. Constructed 1907-9. Criteria: (ii) 
     Has exerted great influence, over a span of time, and within 
     a cultural area of the world, on developments in 
     architecture.
       Taliesin, Wisconsin (43 deg. 10' N.; 90 deg. 10' W.). The 
     second great center of Wright's activity, this combination of 
     home, workshop, laboratory, and retreat consists of several 
     groupings of structures designed individually to suit their 
     different uses. It is the summer home and studio of the 
     Taliesin Fellowship. Criteria: (ii) Has exerted great 
     influence, over a span of time, and within a cultural area of 
     the world, on developments in architecture.
       FallingWater, Pennsylvania (39 deg. 55' N.; 90 deg. 25' 
     W.). One of the most famous of Frank Lloyd Wright's designs, 
     regarded by many as his masterwork. Criteria: (i) A unique 
     artistic achievement, a masterpiece of the creative genius.

                              Engineering

       Brooklyn Bridge, New York (40 deg. 42' N.; 73 deg. 57' W.). 
     Built by John A. and Washington A. Roebling, the Brooklyn 
     Bridge was one of the world's first wire cable suspension 
     bridges. The technical, problems faced in its construction 
     were solved by solutions that established precedents in 
     bridge building. The cables themselves are supported by two 
     massive Gothic pylons, each with two pointed arches. The main 
     span is 1595 feet. Criteria: (iv) An outstanding example of a 
     type of structure which illustrates a significant stage in 
     history.
       Eads Bridge, Illinois-St. Louis, Missouri (38 deg. 40' N.; 
     90 deg. 10' W.). The first major

[[Page E2215]]

     bridge in the world in which steel was employed in the 
     principal members. The secondary members and the tubes 
     enveloping the steel staves forming the arch ribs are of 
     wrought iron. Criteria: (iv) An outstanding example of a type 
     of structure which illustrates a significant stage in 
     history.
       Washington Monument, District of Columbia (38 deg. 52' N.; 
     77 deg. 02' W.). The hollow shaft, free of exterior 
     decoration, is the tallest free-standing masonry structure in 
     the world (555 feet). It commemorates the achievements of 
     George Washington, first President of the United States. 
     Criteria: (iv) An outstanding example of a type of structure 
     which illustrates a significant stage in history.

                          Science and Industry

       McCormick Farm and Workshop, Virginia (37 deg. 40' N.; 79 
     deg. 35' W.). of the inventions that revolutionized 
     agriculture during the first half of the 19th century, the 
     mechanical reaper (1834), was probably the most important. 
     The well-preserved farmhouse and workshop of Cyrus McCormick, 
     its inventor, are included within this property. Criteria: 
     (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with events of 
     outstanding universal significance.
       Original Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York (40 deg.45' 
     N.; 74 deg. 0' W.). From 1898 to 1967, America's largest 
     industrial research laboratory, responsible for numerous 
     contributions to pure science and pioneering work in 
     telecommunications technology. Criteria: (vi) Directly and 
     tangibly associated with events of outstanding universal 
     significance.
       General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New York 
     (42 deg. 50' N.; 73 deg. 55' W.). A three-building complex 
     recognized as the first industrial research facility in the 
     United States. Since its construction in 1900, work at the 
     laboratory has made many contributions to scientific 
     knowledge, especially in the areas of physics and chemistry. 
     Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with events 
     of outstanding universal significance.
       Goddard Rocket Launching Site, Massachusetts (42 deg. 12' 
     N.; 71 deg. 50' W.). At this site, on March 16, 1926, Dr. 
     Robert H. Goddard launched the World's first liquid 
     propellant rocket, an event that set the course for future 
     developments in rocketry. Criteria: (vi) Directly and 
     tangibly associated with events of outstanding universal 
     significance.
       Lowell Observatory, Arizona (35 deg. 12' N.; 111 deg. 40' 
     W.). Astronomical research conducted at this observatory, 
     founded by Dr. Percival Lowell, has greatly enhanced man's 
     knowledge of the Universe. Most significant of the 
     observatory's discoveries was the first observable evidence 
     of the expanding universe, made by Dr. V. M. Slipher in 1912. 
     The observatory is also noted for intensive studies of Mars, 
     the discovery of Pluto, and research in zodiacal light and 
     sunspot phenomena. The 24-inch Lowell refracting telescope, 
     installed in 1896, is in operation in its original housing. 
     Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with events 
     of outstanding universal significance.
       Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University, New York 
     (40 deg. 45' N.; 73 deg. 58' W.). Enrico Fermi conducted his 
     initial experiments on the fission of uranium in these 
     laboratories. In addition, the uranium atom was split here on 
     January 25, 1939, 10 days after the world's first splitting 
     in Copenhagen. The cyclotron control room contains the table 
     which held the instruments used on that night. The United 
     States would consider nominating this site only if the 
     Copenhagen location is no longer extant. Criteria: (vi) 
     Directly and tangibly associated with events of outstanding 
     universal significance.
       Trinity site, New Mexico (33 deg. 45' N.; 106 deg. 25' W.). 
     The world's first nuclear device was exploded here in July 
     1945. Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with an 
     event of outstanding universal significance.

                Humanitarian Endeavor and Social Reform

       New Harmony Historic District, Indiana (38 deg. 08' N.; 87 
     deg. 55' W.). Founded by the Rappite religious sect in 1815, 
     New Harmony was purchased in 1825 by British visionary and 
     socialist reformer Robert Owen, who sought to alleviate evils 
     spawned by the factory system. Some 35 structures from the 
     Rappite-Harmonist period survive. This property will be 
     compared to Owenite remains in the United Kingdom and to 
     other communal societies in the U.S. Criteria: (vi) Directly 
     and tangibly associated with events of outstanding universal 
     significance.
       Chapel Hall, Gallaudet College, District of Columbia. This 
     large Gothic Revival structure (1867-70) is the earliest 
     major building at the college, the only institution of higher 
     learning specifically devoted to the education of the deaf. 
     Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with events 
     or ideas of outstanding universal significance.
       Warm Springs Historic District, Georgia (32 deg. 50' N.; 84 
     deg. 40' W.). The National Foundation for Infantile 
     Paralysis, which grew out of the Warm Springs Foundation 
     established by Franklin D. Roosevelt, became one of the 
     leading charitable institutions of the 20th century. Warm 
     Springs Hospital was the major international center for the 
     treatment of infantile paralysis (polio); the research that 
     led to the development of the preventive vaccines had its 
     roots here. Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated 
     with events of outstanding universal significance.

                         International Affairs

       Aleutian Islands Unit of the Alaska Maritime National 
     Wildlife Refuge (Fur Seal Rookeries), Alaska (57 deg. 30' N.; 
     170 deg. 30' W.). Originally frequented by the native peoples 
     of Alaska, these islands have lured Russian, British, French, 
     Spanish, and American fur hunters since the 18th century. The 
     seal herds have several times been threatened with extinction 
     due to indiscriminate hunting, but a notable 1911 convention 
     between the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia (USSR), 
     and Japan has provided them with international protection and 
     management. Today's flourishing herds illustrate the 
     international application of conservation principles. 
     Criteria: (vi) Directly and tangibly associated with events 
     of outstanding universal significance.
       Statue of Liberty National Monument, New Jersey-New York 
     (40 deg. 37' N.; 74 deg. 03' W.). French historian Edouard 
     Laboulaye suggested the presentation of this statue to the 
     United States, commemorating the alliance of France and the 
     United States during the American Revolution. The cooper 
     colossus was designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and 
     erected according to plans by Gustave Eiffel. The national 
     monument also includes Ellis Island, the depot through which 
     many millions of immigrants and emigrants passed. Criteria: 
     (iv) An outstanding example of type of structure which 
     illustrates a significant stage in history, and (vi) directly 
     and tangibly associated with events of outstanding universal 
     significance.

     

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