[Congressional Record Volume 143, Number 84 (Tuesday, June 17, 1997)]
[Senate]
[Pages S5887-S5889]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                             HANS A. BETHE

 Mr. MOYNIHAN. Mr. President, the great Nobel physicist, Hans 
A. Bethe, is the subject of the lead article in the ``Science Times'' 
section of the New York Times. One cannot help but marvel at the life 
Dr. Bethe, a national treasure, has led. In 1935, he fled Nazi Germany, 
settling at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Within three years, 
he developed an equation to explain solar fusion which won him a Nobel 
prize in 1967.
  Hans Bethe led the Theoretical Division at Los Alamos; he was, one 
could say, present at the creation. He stood next to J. Robert 
Oppenheimer on July 16, 1945 in the New Mexico desert, a witness to the 
testing of the first atomic bomb. The scientists at the site knew that 
if the test worked it would end World War II, as it did within a month, 
and forever change the nature of warfare.
  At the moment of that explosion, a new era began. It changed us. 
Changed the world, and changed all those present. Maurice M. Shapiro, 
now chief scientist emeritus of the Laboratory for Cosmic Physics at 
the Naval Research Station, in Washington, recalled the scene in the 
New Mexico desert in an interview two years ago:


[[Page S5888]]


       At precisely 5:30 there was a blinding flash--brighter than 
     many suns--and then a flaming fireball. Within seconds a 
     churning multicolored column of gas and dust was rising. 
     Then, within it, a narrower column of debris swirled upward, 
     spreading out into an awesome mushroom-shaped apparition high 
     in the atmosphere--Maurice M. Shapiro, ``Echoes of the Big 
     Bang,'' New York Times, July 15, 1995.

  Next came ``an oppressive sense of foreboding.''
  Oppenheimer described the event as follows:

       We waited until the blast had passed, walked out of the 
     shelter and then it was extremely solemn. We knew the world 
     would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people 
     cried. Most people were silent. I remembered the line from 
     the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita: Vishnu is trying to 
     persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress 
     him he takes on his multi-armed form and says, ``Now I am 
     become Death, the destroyer of worlds,'' I suppose we all 
     thought that, one way or another.

  Hans Bethe's role in shaping United States nuclear policy had only 
just begun. For the past fifty years, he has involved himself in 
thoughtful and constructive efforts to develop responsible policies to 
deal with this technology he played such a crucial role in creating. 
The article in today's New York Times, for instance, characterizes him 
as a ``prime mover behind the first East-West arms accord, the 1963 
Limited Test Ban Treaty, which ended nuclear explosions in the 
atmosphere.'' And just a few months ago--on April 25--he wrote the 
President an historic letter which states:

       It seems that the time has come for our Nation to declare 
     that it is not working, in any way, to develop further 
     weapons of mass destruction of any kind.

  Mr. President, Dr. Bethe is one of our living treasures. It is 
entirely fitting that his many contributions to society are publicized 
and studied, and that his policy pronouncements are accorded the 
attention they so deserve, for as the author of the Times article, 
William J. Broad, states, Bethe's voice may be gentle, but his words 
are sharp. I hope that Dr. Bethe will soon complete work on his 
autobiography and share with us the breadth of his life experiences.
  I ask that the article in the New York Times, the letter from Dr. 
Bethe to the President, and the President's response be printed in the 
Record.
  The material follows:

                       [From the New York Times]

               He Lit Nuclear Fire; Now He Would Douse It

                         (By William J. Broad)

       ``For the things I do, it's accurate enough,'' Dr. Hans A. 
     Bethe said as he rummaged through his briefcase and pulled 
     out a slide rule, a relic from the days before computers took 
     over tedious number-crunching for most scientists. It's 
     battered case told of considerable use.
       What Dr. Bethe does at the age of 90, and has done for more 
     than seven decades, is ponder such riddles of nature as how 
     stars live and die. It is his passion. Once it won him a 
     Nobel Prize in Physics and now it keeps him excited and in 
     his office at Cornell University, where he arrived more than 
     60 years ago after fleeing Nazi Germany.
       A combination lock on a metal cabinet hints at what else he 
     does, his sideline, as he puts it, an avocation of more than 
     a half century that helped change history. The atomic bomb.
       Dr. Bethe knows how it lives--having overseen its birth 
     during the World War II, having felt its blistering heat 
     across miles of desert sand, having watched its progeny fill 
     superpower arsenals--and now he is working hard to make it 
     die.
       In April, he wrote a letter to President Clinton that some 
     advocates of arms control regard as historic. As the most 
     senior of the living scientists who begat the atomic age, Dr. 
     Bethe called on the United States to declare that it would 
     forgo all work to devise new kinds of weapons of mass 
     destruction.
       But his dream, it turns out, is larger than that, much 
     larger. In an interview last week, Dr. Bethe said that a 
     concerted push by the world's nations and people might yet 
     cut nuclear arsenals down from their current levels of 
     thousands of arms to perhaps 100 in the East, 100 in the West 
     and few in between.
       ``Then,'' added this survivor of Hitler and Mussolini, his 
     voice gentle but words sharp, ``even if statesmen go crazy 
     again, as they used to be, the use of these weapons will not 
     destroy civilization.''
       Eventually, perhaps late next century, Dr. Bethe said, the 
     right social conditions may finally arise so that the bomb is 
     no more, so that no nation on earth will want to wield the 
     threat of nuclear annihilation. The nightmare will be over.
       He paused.
       ``That is my hope,'' he said. ``My fear is that we stay 
     where we are,'' with each side keeping thousands of nuclear 
     arms poised to fly at a moment's notice. ``And if we stay 
     where we are, then additional countries will get nuclear 
     weapons'' and the earth may yet blaze with thermonuclear 
     fire, the kind that powers stars and destroys most everything 
     in its path.
       Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced BAY-ta) was born on July 2, 
     1906, in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine. His father, a 
     physiologist at the university there, was Protestant and his 
     mother Jewish. Hans was their only child.
       Displaying an early genius for mathematics, he excelled in 
     school and received a Ph.D. in physics in 1928 at the 
     University of Munich, graduating summa cum laude. He fled 
     Germany after Hitler came to power, going first to England 
     and then to America, arriving at Cornell in 1935.
       While helping to found the field of atomic physics, he 
     became fascinated by nature's extremes. In 1938 he penned the 
     equations that explain how the Sun shines and how stars in 
     the prime of life feed their nuclear fires. In 1967 he won a 
     Nobel Prize for the discovery.
       From 1943 to 1945 he headed the theoretical division of Los 
     Alamos, the top-secret laboratory in New Mexico where 
     thousands of scientists and technicians, fearful that Hitler 
     might do it first, labored day and night to unlock the atom's 
     power.
       Dr. Bethe coaxed some of world's brightest and most 
     idiosyncratic experts to success as they toiled behind rows 
     of barbed wire. Their atomic bomb shook the New Mexican 
     desert on July 16, 1945. The next month the American military 
     dropped similar ones on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and 
     Nagasaki.
       After the war, Dr. Bethe devoted himself not only to 
     nuclear science but to the social dangers posed by that 
     knowledge, in particular to keeping the bomb from ever 
     killing people again.
       He advised the Federal Government on matters of weapons and 
     arms limitation, becoming a prime mover behind the first 
     East-West arms accord, the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, 
     which ended nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and 
     permitted them only beneath the earth.
       That stopped the rain of radioactive fallout that had 
     raised the risk of cancer and birth defects among many 
     people. But Dr. Bethe wanted more. He campaigned for a 
     complete cessation to all testing, contrary to Pentagon 
     planners and politicians intent on redoubling the size of the 
     nation's nuclear arsenal.
       The development of new types of nuclear arms requires 
     numerous test firings and, as flaws inevitably come to light, 
     design improvements. The absence of explosive testing sharply 
     increases the odds of failure and virtually rules out the 
     possibility of perfecting new designs.
       In the 1980's, Dr. Bethe was on the losing side of the 
     political war over nuclear-arms development as the Reagan 
     Administration pressed ahead with dozens of underground 
     explosions. One series aimed at perfecting a new generation 
     of bombs that fired deadly beams.
       In the 1990's, he was on the winning side as President 
     Clinton signed, and the United Nations endorsed, the 
     Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Its goal is to halt the 
     development of new weapons of mass destruction by imposing a 
     global ban on nuclear detonations.
       A remaining trouble, as Dr. Bethe sees it, is that the 
     United States over the decades has become so good at 
     designing nuclear arms that it still might make progress 
     despite the ban. Indeed, the Clinton Administration recently 
     began a $4-billion-a-year program of bomb maintenance that is 
     endowing the weapons laboratories with all kinds of new tools 
     and test equipment, including a $2.2 billion laser the size 
     of the Rose Bowl that is to ignite tiny thermonuclear 
     explosions.
       Critics fear the custodians might get carried away, 
     begetting new designs and perhaps even new classes of nuclear 
     arms.
       So it was that Dr. Bethe wrote President Clinton in April, 
     asking for a pledge of no new weapons.
       ``The time has come for our nation to declare that it is 
     not working, in any way, to develop further weapons of mass 
     destruction,'' he wrote.
       The United States ``needs no more,'' Dr. Bethe stressed. 
     ``Further, it is our own splendid weapons laboratories that 
     are, by far and without question, the most likely to succeed 
     in such nuclear inventions. Since any new types of weapons 
     would, in time, spread to others and present a threat to us, 
     it is logical for us not to pioneer further in this field.''
       In the interview, Dr. Bethe waxed philosophic about the 
     odds that his personal appeal might engender new Federal 
     policy. ``It's a big step for the President to say so, but 
     it's a small step for me,'' he mused. ``Maybe the 
     laboratories will feel that my letter was useful and maybe 
     they'll even follow my advice. I think that's all one can 
     expect.''
       The issue is important, he added. If the community of 
     nations comes to view the United States as a nuclear 
     hypocrite, whether true or not, that perception could 
     threaten to undermine the new treaty and its ratification 
     around the world. Instead, Dr. Bethe said, the United States 
     must be seen as striving to obey the letter of the law.
       Dr. Bethe's face comes alive as the topic turns to his 
     current scientific research: how a single aging star can 
     suddenly explode with the power and brilliance of an entire 
     galaxy of 100 billion stars.
       It seems like pure poetry given the light he himself is now 
     shedding in his final years.
       ``I want to understand just how the mechanism works,'' Dr. 
     Bethe said, ``how you get a

[[Page S5889]]

     shock wave that propels most of the star outward, propels it 
     at very high speed.''
       Most days, he said, he spends about four hours studying the 
     nature of the exploding stars, which are known as supernovas. 
     Occasionally, he works up to six hours.
       Theoretic physics is a quintessential young man's field, 
     where geniuses often peak at the age of 30, like athletes. 
     Very few make significant contributions at 50. But at 90, Dr. 
     Bethe, a living legend among his peers, is still going 
     strong. ``Here's my latest paper,'' he said with a grin, 
     displaying it proudly on his cluttered desk. ``It has been 
     accepted by The Astrophysical Journal.'' The main point, he 
     said, ``is that it's easy to get the supernova to expel the 
     outside material,'' eliminating the problems theorists once 
     encountered.
       Dr. Bethe is not interrupting his research to write 
     memoirs. Instead, a biographer is at work. ``It's much easier 
     to have a biographer,'' he remarked, ``and he writes much 
     better than I do.''
       The back of his office door, in an easy-to-view position, 
     held a poster of the Matterhorn. For nearly a half century, a 
     small town at the foot of the great Swiss mountain has been a 
     vacation spot for Dr. Bethe and his wife, Rose Ewald, whom he 
     met in Germany and married in 1939 while the two were 
     newcomers to the United States.
       ``I couldn't live without her,'' he said.
       His hair askew, his eyes agleam, Dr. Bethe looked a bit 
     like an aged wizard on the verge of disappearing in a puff of 
     smoke. He seemed at ease with his many lives over many 
     decades and appeared to have reconciled his early work on the 
     bomb with his current push to eliminate it. For him, doing 
     the right thing in different periods of history seemed to 
     call for different kinds of actions.
       ``I am a very happy person,'' he said with a relaxed smile. 
     ``I wouldn't want to change what I did during my life.''
                                  ____



                            Federation of American Scientists,

                                   Washington, DC, April 25, 1997.
     President William J. Clinton,
     The White House, Washington, DC.
       My Dear Mr. President: As the Director of the Theoretical 
     Division at Los Alamos, I participated at the most senior 
     level in the World War II Manhattan Project that produced the 
     first atomic weapons. Now, at age 90, I am one of the few 
     remaining senior project participants. And I have followed 
     closely, and participated in, the major issues of the nuclear 
     arms race and disarmament during the last half century. I ask 
     to be permitted to express a related opinion.
       It seems that the time has come for our Nation to declare 
     that it is not working, in any way, to develop further 
     weapons of mass destruction of any kind. In particular, this 
     means not financing work looking toward the possibility of 
     new designs for nuclear weapons. And it certainly means not 
     working on new types of nuclear weapons, such as pure-fusion 
     weapons.
       The United States already possesses a very wide range of 
     different designs of nuclear weapons and needs no more. 
     Further, it is our own splendid weapons laboratories that 
     are, by far and without any question, the most likely to 
     succeed in such nuclear inventions. Since any new types of 
     weapons would, in time, spread to others and present a threat 
     to us, it is logical for us not to pioneer further in this 
     field.
       In some cases, such as pure-fusion weapons, success is 
     unlikely. But even reports of our seeking to invent them 
     could be, from a political point of view, very damaging to 
     our national image and to our effort to maintain a world-wide 
     campaign for nuclear disarmament. Do you, for example, want 
     scientists in laboratories under your Administration trying 
     to invent nuclear weapons so efficient, compared to 
     conventional weapons, that someday, if an unlikely success 
     were achieved, they would be a new option for terrorists?
       This matter is sure to be raised in conjunction with the 
     Senate's review of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, because 
     that Treaty raises the question of what experiments are, and 
     what experiments are not, permitted. In my judgment, the time 
     has come to cease all physical experiments, no matter how 
     small their yield, whose primary purpose is to design new 
     types of nuclear weapons, as opposed to developing peaceful 
     uses of nuclear energy. Indeed, if I were President, I would 
     not fund computational experiments, or even creative thought 
     designed to produce new categories of nuclear weapons. After 
     all, the big secret about the atomic bomb was that it could 
     be done. Why should taxpayers pay to learn new such secrets--
     secrets that will eventually leak--even and especially if we 
     do not plan, ourselves, to implement the secrets?
       In effect, the President of the United States, the 
     laboratory directors, and the atomic scientists in the 
     laboratories should all adopt the stance of the ``Atomic 
     Scientists' Appeal to Colleagues,'' which was promulgated two 
     years ago, to ``cease and desist from work creating, 
     developing, improving and manufacturing further nuclear 
     weapons--and, for that matter, other weapons of potential 
     mass destruction such as chemical and biological weapons.''
       I fully support the Science-based Stockpile Stewardship 
     program, which ensures that the existing nuclear weapons 
     remain fully operative. This is a challenging program to 
     fulfill in the absence of nuclear tests. But neither it nor 
     any of the other Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Safeguards 
     require the laboratories to engage in creative work or 
     physical or computational experiments on the design of new 
     types of nuclear weapons, and they should not do so.
       In particular, the basic capability to resume nuclear test 
     activities can and will be maintained, under the Stockpile 
     Stewardship program, without attempting to design new types 
     of nuclear weapons. And even if the Department of Energy is 
     charged to ``maintain capability to design, fabricate and 
     certify new warheads''--which I do not believe is necessary--
     this also would not require or justify research into new 
     types of nuclear weapons.
       The underlying purpose of a complete cessation of nuclear 
     testing mandated by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is to 
     prevent new nuclear weapons from emerging and this certainly 
     suggests doing everything we can to prevent new categories of 
     nuclear weapons from being discovered. It is in our national 
     and global interest to stand true to this underlying purpose.
       Accordingly, I hope you will review this matter personally 
     to satisfy yourself that no nuclear weapons design work is 
     being done, under the cover of your Safeguards or other 
     policies, that you would not certify as absolutely required. 
     Perhaps, in conjunction with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test 
     Ban Treaty hearings in the Senate, you might consider making 
     a suitable pronouncement along these lines, to discipline the 
     bureaucracy, and to reassure the world that America is 
     vigilant in its desire to ensure that new kinds of nuclear 
     weapons are not created.
           Sincerely,
     Hans A. Bethe.
                                  ____



                                              The White House,

                                     Washington, DC, June 2, 1997.
     Prof. Hans Bethe,
     Federation of American Scientists, Washington, DC.
       Dear Professor Bethe: Thank you for sharing your thoughts 
     on nuclear weapons with me, and for the tremendous service 
     you have rendered this nation and the world for well over 
     half a century. Your efforts to develop the atomic bomb 
     during a grave period of national emergency, and your 
     subsequent courageous and principled efforts in support of 
     international agreements to control the awesome destructive 
     power of these weapons, have made our country more secure and 
     the entire world a safer place.
       I am fully committed to securing the ratification, entry 
     into force and effective implementation of the Comprehensive 
     Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). By banning all nuclear explosions, 
     the CTBT will constrain the development and qualitative 
     improvement of nuclear weapons and end the development of 
     advanced new types of nuclear weapons. In this way, the 
     Treaty will contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament 
     and the prevention of nuclear proliferation, and it will 
     strengthen international peace and security.
       I appreciate your support for the Science-Based Stockpile 
     Stewardship Program. The objective of this program is to 
     ensure that our existing nuclear weapons remain safe and 
     reliable in the absence of nuclear testing. As you are aware, 
     my support for the CTBT is conditioned upon such a program, 
     including the conduct of a broad range of effective and 
     continuing experimental programs. I have also directed that 
     the United States maintain the basic capability to resume 
     nuclear test activities prohibited by the CTBT in the 
     unlikely event that the United States should need to withdraw 
     from this treaty. These precautions notwithstanding, I remain 
     confident that the CTBT points us toward a new century in 
     which the roles and risks of nuclear weapons can be further 
     reduced, and ultimately eliminated.
       Thank you again for sharing your views with me as we work 
     to lift the nuclear backdrop that has darkened the world's 
     stage for far too long.
           Sincerely,
     Bill Clinton.

                          ____________________