[Congressional Record Volume 142, Number 124 (Wednesday, September 11, 1996)]
[House]
[Pages H10216-H10225]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




[[Page H10216]]



              HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

  The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Roth). Under a previous order of the 
House, the gentleman from Louisiana [Mr. Fields] is recognized for 60 
minutes.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Mr. Speaker, tonight I am joined by one of 
our colleagues, the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. Jackson], who will 
talk along with me on the subject of HBCU's, historically black 
colleges and universities.
  Mr. Speaker, on September 23 of this year, historically black 
colleges and universities all across the country will celebrate Black 
College Day, and on that day many colleges across the country will 
recognize some of the great contributions of historically black 
colleges and universities. But to put this whole discussion of HBCU's 
in the proper perspective and the proper context, I would like to talk 
about the history behind historically black colleges and universities.
  HBCU's are defined as any historically black college or university 
established prior to 1964 whose principal mission was and is the 
education of black Americans and is accredited by a nationally 
recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the 
Secretary of Education.
  There are 103, Mr. Speaker, historically black colleges and 
universities; only 3 percent of all colleges and universities in this 
country. They are located in the Southeast, in the District of 
Columbia, and the Virgin Islands. They include 41 public 4-year 
colleges and universities, 8 public 2-year universities, 46 private 4-
year schools, and 8 private schools with 2-year curriculum.
  Most of our colleges are more than 100 years old. Cheyney University 
of Pennsylvania being the oldest, founded in 1837. Historically black 
colleges and universities enroll only 16 percent of African-American 
undergraduate students, however they graduate about 30 percent of all 
African-American students nationwide.
  To show the contributions that these schools, colleges, and 
universities have had and the impact they have had to the African-
American community and to societies as a whole, with marginal resources 
HBCU's have been able to accomplish a lot. Federal moneys for research 
and development to HBCU's in 1990 was $101 million; only 1.1 percent of 
the total Federal money dedicated to research and development across 
the Nation. But yet in spite of the lack of resources, these colleges 
and universities still were able to produce doctors and lawyers and 
scientists and engineers.

  However, with limited resources, 37 percent of all the students 
attending HCBU's come from families with incomes of less than $25,000. 
Retention and graduation rates at HCBU's are higher than non-HCBU's in 
this Nation. Enrollment has grown, Mr. Speaker, at historically black 
colleges and universities from 70,000 overall in 1954 to 200,000 in 
1980, and from 239,000 in 1988 to 257,000 in 1990. So you see the trend 
of HCBU's, the enrollment rather, on these colleges and universities.
  HCBU's also noted an increase in transfer students from other 
institutions. Seventy-three percent of all transfer students in the 
fall of 1993 went to historically black colleges and universities. This 
shows the quality of these schools across the country. Many students 
are transferring to these colleges and universities across the country.
  On the graduate level, from 1977 to 1990, the amount of doctoral 
degrees awarded by HCBU's increased by 214 percent. In sciences, 44 
percent of the bachelor degrees awarded to blacks were from 
historically black colleges and universities; 41 percent of the math 
degrees awarded were awarded from HCBU's; 38 percent of the computer 
science and life sciences degrees; and 25 percent of the engineering 
degrees were awarded to blacks by HCBU's.
  In my State, Xavier University in New Orleans ranked second in 
placing black students in medical school. In fact, over the last 10 
years, 93 percent of all of Xavier graduates who entered medical school 
received their medical degrees.
  Remembering that HCBU's enroll only 17 percent of all black college 
students nationwide, this statistic is very encouraging. Moreover, 
HCBU's maintain low tuition. The average tuition with fees in 1992 and 
1993 was $5,008, less than half of the average cost of private colleges 
and universities nationally.
  Historically black colleges and universities educate almost 40 
percent of the country's black college graduates, 75 percent of all 
black Ph.D's, 46 percent of all black business executives, 50 percent 
of all black engineers, 80 percent of all black Federal judges, 50 
percent of all black attorneys, 75 percent of all black military 
officers, and 85 percent of all black doctors.

  So you see the impact of HCBU's as relates to the medical community 
and the black community as well as engineers, doctors, lawyers, and 
military officers alike.
  For example, many individuals who serve in government today, in 
public office, graduated from HCBU's. In the Congressional Black 
Caucus, for example, 16 of the Congressional Black Caucus members in 
this Congress serving today graduated from historically black colleges 
and universities.
  The gentlewoman from Florida Corrine Brown, graduated from Florida 
A&M, the gentlewoman from North Carolina, Eva Clayton, North Carolina 
A&T the gentleman from South Carolina, James Clyburn, graduated from 
South Carolina State; the gentleman from Maryland, Elijah Cummings, 
Howard University; the gentleman from Tennessee, Harold Ford, Howard 
University; the gentleman from Florida, Congressman Alcee Hastings, 
graduated from Florida A&M and Howard University; the gentleman from 
Alabama, Congressman Earl Hilliard, graduated from Morehouse College as 
well as Howard University; the honorable distinguished colleague who is 
with me tonight, the gentleman from Illinois, Jesse Jackson, Jr., 
graduated from North Carolina A&T the gentleman from Louisiana, 
Congressman William Jefferson, graduated from Southern University; the 
gentleman from Georgia, Congressman John Lewis, Fisk University; the 
gentlewoman from Florida, Congresswoman Carrie Meek, graduated from 
Florida A&M University; the gentleman from Mississippi, Congressman 
Bennie Thompson, Tougaloo College and Jackson State University; the 
gentleman from New York, Congressman Ed Towns, graduated from North 
Carolina A&T the gentleman from Maryland, Congressman Albert Wynn, 
Howard University; and, of course, I graduated from an HCBU as well. I 
graduated from Southern University in Baton Rouge, which so happens to 
be the largest historically black college in the entire country, with a 
system of over 14,000 students with colleges located in Baton Rouge, 
Shreveport and New Orleans.
  It is the largest historically black college in the country. And in a 
real sense, for all of the public HCBU's, Southern University to some 
degree set the tone in terms of what will happen to other colleges and 
universities as relates to Federal funding and as relates to State 
funding as well.
  I am pleased tonight to be joined by a very distinguished colleague 
of this House, Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr., who graduated from North 
Carolina A&T, who will enter into a colloquy with me to further talk 
about the need to preserve historically black colleges and universities 
and I yield to the gentleman.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. I thank the gentleman for yielding. Let me 
first begin by congratulating the distinguished gentleman from the 
Fourth Congressional District of Louisiana, who I had the privilege of 
meeting in 1983 while he was a student at Southern University in Baton 
Rouge, LA, and I was a student at North Carolina A&T State University.
  We prided ourselves, as aggies, in our ability to beat Southern 
University in football and every other possible athletic endeavor that 
we engaged in.
  There is a serious camaraderie that exists amongst those of us who 
are graduates of historically black institutions, and I want to take 
this opportunity as a product of those institutions to certainly engage 
in this colloquy and in this special order with the gentleman from 
Louisiana, Congressman Cleo Fields.
  Many Members of this institution probably do not know that while 
Congressman Cleo Fields is the youngest African-American to have ever 
had the privilege of serving in this institution,

[[Page H10217]]

he served the people of the Fourth Congressional District of Louisiana 
with great distinction and will not be in the 105th Congress due to 
attacks on the Voting Rights Act and gerrymandering in the State of 
Louisiana that has undermined the Fourth Congressional District of 
Louisiana.
  The people of the Fourth Congressional District of Louisiana have 
been served with great distinction. Young African-American men, 
including myself, have been inspired by the example that Congressman 
Cleo Fields has laid for all of us.
  I saw Congressman Cleo Fields during special orders, while I was the 
field director of the Rainbow Coalition, knowing that he was the 
president of the Student Government Association of Southern University 
who subsequently ran for State senate while he was a student his senior 
year, and was elected by the people of that particular district to 
serve in the State senate, having just finished his senior courses at 
Southern University.
  He served in the State legislature with great distinction and then 
subsequently earned his way on to the reapportionment committee in the 
State of Louisiana, and consistent with the 1965 Voting Rights Act, was 
able to enfranchise literally hundreds of thousands of people in the 
State of Louisiana who had been heretofore without representation.

                              {time}  1830

  So Congressman Cleo Fields, as the youngest African-American, has 
earned his place in history, but it is really a larger statement about 
the quality and the caliber of leadership that historically black 
colleges have created.
  The first African-Americans arrived in this Nation on slave ships in 
1619. There was a century's old struggle to end racism in our Nation 
and certainly racism that was legally enforced by law, the institution 
known as slavery. The very foundation of our Nation was a Civil War, a 
very bloody war between north and south over whether or not we should 
be individual States or united as a Nation.
  After the Civil War, in 1863, when President Lincoln signed the 
Emancipation Proclamation, ushered in a period known as First 
Reconstruction. During that period, 131 historically black colleges 
were founded to educate the newly freed slaves.
  I might add, Representative Fields, during First Reconstruction, 22 
African Americans were elected to serve in this institution, between 
1863 and 1896. There was a direct relationship between their 
participation in this Congress and in State legislatures all across our 
country that made it possible for African-Americans to come to 
institutions like this Congress and fight for the kind of resources 
that would educate those who had historically been denied education in 
these institutions.

  As Representative Fields  has already indicated, more than 40 percent 
of all college graduates who are African-American still come from the 
remaining 102 or 103 institutions that presently exist. That was really 
the commitment that our Nation had made to newly freed slaves in our 
Nation. I might add that you indicated that in 1964, since 1964, that 
officially ended the period of officially designating colleges as 
historically black colleges and universities, not one historically 
black college or university has been founded since that reconstruction 
period.
  One of the reasons I commend you and commend other members of the 
Congressional Black Caucus and Progressive Caucus and Members of this 
institution who continue to fight to sustain these institutions is 
because they know that the products of these institutions, once people 
become educated and become integrated, if you will, through that 
education in the society, they can then continue the desegregation of 
the society which really was a testament to this movement.
  Sixteen Members of Congress are presently graduates of historically 
black colleges and universities. Eva Clayton and Adolphus Towns are 
graduates of North Carolina A&T, where I had the privilege of attending 
that institution. I might add, Congressman Fields, that it is really 
the mission of historically black colleges to train, to educate, and 
provide the kind of environment during the formative years of students 
through which they can learn.
  I remember I went to a predominantly white high school here in 
Washington, DC. While I had tremendous professors who worked very hard 
toward my academic development, when I went to predominantly white high 
schools, and I have nothing against predominantly white universities or 
colleges or high schools, I attended several of them myself, but for me 
as a young African-American male in this society, to have Dr. Liston as 
a psychology teacher and to have professors who were African-Americans, 
to see African-Americans who could be chancellors or universities and 
heads of math departments and Dr. Quiester Craig at North Carolina A&T 
as the head of the business department, to see Dr. Howard as a 
mathematician who worked in the business department at A&T State 
university during my formative years between 18 and 21 years old, for 
me to be able to see African-Americans who had achieved at universities 
all across this country, it really fought stereotypes in my own mind 
about what I could be. And so I set at an early age, as a result of the 
mission of those institutions really to train its leadership, to allow 
it to have the free voice to move beyond the stereotypes and say that 
we can really make it, that we can really achieve.
  This is really what the mission of historically black colleges has 
been. I would certainly hope that Members of this body would continue 
to support historically black colleges and universities. They represent 
the very best that our community has to produce. I am honored to have 
this opportunity to engage in a colloquy with the distinguished 
gentleman from Louisiana.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. I thank the gentleman for his comments. The 
gentleman is right, not only is one inspired at an HBCU or can be 
inspired at an HBCU, but taking a moment of personal privilege, it also 
builds leadership. I often wonder today, had I not had the opportunity 
to attend Southern University and had the opportunity to be freshman 
class president and president of an entire student body and had to 
manage a budget in excess of $150,000 as a young college student, or 
had the opportunity to travel abroad, representing a student body of 
10,000 students and then having the opportunity to compete to serve on 
the board of regents as the student representative, but for that 
foundation at Southern, I do not know if I would have had the 
opportunity to serve in the State senate at a very young age and serve 
now in Congress at a very young age.

  Southern, that HBCU was a place to prepare me to be a young leader or 
to be a person who was able to be elected to public office, and the 
same thing it did to you and for you and for other Members of the CBC. 
That was really my first elected office. We had to run a campaign and 
you had to be responsive to constituents, the students, and that was a 
learning place for me.
  That is why I would like to see CBC Members, you and I, as we have 
worked with the CBC, Congressional Black Caucus, to make this HBCU day, 
the 23d of this month, make it a significant day not just having a good 
program on a black college in this country but also show leadership 
among students where students register to vote in the hundreds of 
thousands across this country on September 23.
  I am glad that this gentleman decided to initiate this program with 
the Congressional Black Caucus. I am glad that members of the 
Congressional Black Caucus, through your leadership and others, will be 
on college campuses across this country on black college day and 
certainly I urge SGA presidents, for example, to participate and get 
students registered to vote, because you have a civic responsibility on 
a college campus and young people who are sitting in a classroom on a 
historically black college need to know that there is a responsibility 
that goes along with that.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, if the gentleman would yield, 
there are some intangibles that come from being a product of a 
historically black college, some things we hardly even think of. When I 
was at North Carolina A&T, to expect that an African-American could 
serve as the president of the student body, that was not like a far-
fetched idea. That was what was kind of expected, that we could run a 
student government association.

[[Page H10218]]

  On the other hand, when I went to the University of Illinois, where I 
very fortunately received my juris doctorate degree, it was not 
necessarily expected that an African-American could serve as the 
president of the SGA and be responsible for a million-dollar budget in 
terms of student activities and student fees or that we could organize 
the student body in such a way as to bring about the kind of campus 
life that we thought was acceptable to most of the students or bring 
about the kind of programs and speakers that we wanted to come to the 
university. This is an intangible.
  So I left A&T feeling that, yes, I can serve as the president of the 
SGA or, yes, I could be the chancellor of an institution. And so the 
gentleman is so correct when he says that the African-American 
historically black colleges serve as an incubator for African-American 
leadership. I look forward to traveling on September 23 to a 
historically black college either in North Carolina or certainly in my 
district or wherever it is that I am needed in order to articulate the 
significance that these institutions have had.
  But I think the gentleman raises another very interesting point, that 
there is a relationship between the education of those who have been 
historically denied, those historically black colleges, and political 
participation.

  During First Reconstruction, 22 African-Americans were elected to 
Congress and to State legislatures, all across our country, the 
byproduct of which elected officials whose students voted for at that 
time who could come and serve in these bodies and fight for more 
resources. When students do not vote, students do not participate in 
the process, they cannot elect people to representative bodies across 
this great democracy for the purpose of fighting for those resources. 
So one of the things I have encouraged students to do, whether they are 
Democrat or Republican, really it is a nonpartisan effort, not 
promoting one party over the other, in 1996, as a result of the passage 
of the motor voter law of 1993, people can simply dial 1-800-register 
and fill out the voter registration application card over the phone and 
it will be mailed to them, just dial 1-800-register and they are full 
participants in democracy.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. It is so simple now because of what this 
Congress did. It is so simple now to register to vote. There are 
organizations like Rock the Vote, for example, who travel all across 
the country and have a 1-800 number where a student in a dormitory room 
can get on the phone and dial 1-800-register and be a registered voter.
  The motor-voter law did so much to encourage participation, 
particularly young participation in the process where young people 
could register to vote. So certainly a part of our effort with the CBC 
members traveling all across the country on September 23, actually 
participating in black college day, we will urge students to register 
to vote.
  I will give you a scenario, something that happened to me when I was 
student body president at Southern.
  Southern's budget, there is so much power in the vote and that 
student vote, that vote of 10,000 students sitting idly on a college 
campus can impact not only local policy but national policy as well. 
College students, HBCU or not, all across America, young college 
students can have a serious impact on elections and the outcomes of 
elections, if they simply exercise that constitutional right to vote.
  When I was president of the student body at Southern University, 
there was a bill in the legislature to cut funding at Southern 
University by almost 20 percent. It was unbelievable and the student 
body, we had a meeting with the student senate and the student senate 
met and we all said, what we will do is we will march to the State 
capitol and in record numbers. And we will protest on the steps of the 
capitol and we will demand our legislators to come out of the session 
and speak to us and address this issue of higher education, not only at 
Southern but colleges all across Louisiana were being cut because the 
budget was tight and lawmakers saw fit to fund other areas and cut 
higher education across the board.
  So we marched, about 5,000 students, and other college campuses met 
us on the steps of the capitol. We had 7,000 students on the steps of 
the State capitol in Louisiana protesting and demanding that 
legislators come out and address our concerns and also reconsider this 
across-the-board cut on higher education. We could not get a legislator 
to come out and address us.
  And when we regrouped at the end of the day, college students and 
college presidents from all over the State, and we talked, why would 
not legislators address us, because politicians we thought look at 
three things, reelection, reelection and reelection. And then it dawned 
on us, how many of us are registered to vote? Of the 7,000 students we 
marched from all across the State to the capitol, we probably had 200 
of them registered to vote. So we were talking loud and saying nothing, 
because we failed to use the power of the vote.
  So what we decided to do was to think smart. We decided to have 
massive voter registration drives on all college campuses across the 
State of Louisiana and eventually presidents and Greek organizations, 
if they had a party, they had the party for a purpose, you had to be 
registered to vote to enter. We registered thousands upon thousands of 
students. Then it was not that easy because you had to actually take 
students, according to Louisiana law, back then to the registrar of 
voters office to actually register the student to vote.
  So we had to use resources like buses and use moneys to rent buses to 
take students to register to vote. We registered 5,000-some odd 
students just on Southern's campus alone. And then the Governor and the 
legislators started calling the SGA presidents and wanting to know what 
they wanted in the appropriations bill.

                              {time}  1845

  So it just goes to show you the power in the student vote. Had we not 
exercised that power to vote we still would be marching, talking about 
saying nothing.
  So you know I am just so excited that you are part of this HBCU Day 
where we encourage young college students on Black College Day, on the 
23d, not just to have a program and talk about the significance of 
black colleges and universities in this country, but have the gall to 
be willing to protect them and stand by them by registering to vote and 
using that significant power by voting in all the elections. I mean 
that is just something that students all across this Nation should and 
must do.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. If the gentleman would yield, I would like 
to share a brief story I had experienced while I was at North Carolina 
A&T State University, a story that is similar to the one that the 
distinguished gentleman from Louisiana has mentioned. I was the vice 
president along with a good friend of mine by the name of Rick Bradley 
who was the president of a group that we founded on North Carolina A&T 
State University campus called Students United for a Free South Africa 
[SUFAFSA], and one of the things that we did outside of protesting 
various banking institutions in North Carolina that were still involved 
in doing business with South Africa, fighting for disinvestment or 
divestment of these various institutions, trying to get North Carolina 
A&T and the North Carolina school systems to divest their pension funds 
from businesses that were doing business in South Africa, we did a lot 
of research on South African issues. And it was not very long before 
international focus turned to more domestic issues, when we found 
ourselves fighting against apartheid in South Africa, but also as the 
most politically astute and aware group on campus with issues that 
affected us domestically.
  Our struggle against apartheid in South Africa encouraged us and 
forced us to look at the role that our congressman, who represented 
North Carolina A&T State University at that time, was playing in South 
Africa, the free South Africa movement, and we found at that time that 
our representative did not represent the position of our organization, 
and we began registering people to vote on our campus. We would not let 
the Deltas, the Q's, the Alphas, Sigma Gamma Wu's, we would not let any 
organization on North Carolina A&T State University's campus host a 
party or an event on the campus unless they were registered to

[[Page H10219]]

vote and the students on that campus could prove that they were 
registered to vote, and as a result we registered of the 4,200 
students, of North Carolina A&T State University's campus we registered 
more than 3,600 aggies to participate in the political process. And on 
election day, while we came very close to defeating that Member of 
Congress, we were only 60 votes away in the general election, and I 
will leave the gentleman's name anonymous for the purposes of my 
discussion, but when I was sworn into the 104th Congress as the 91st 
African-American to ever have the privilege of serving in this 
institution, that Member of Congress came up to me, congratulated me 
for my electoral victory, gave me an embrace, a hug, and said, ``You 
know, I am very familiar with you. You almost beat me on that day.''
  And we were within 60 votes of beating that Member of Congress. As a 
result of that again I graduated in 1987. Students across the State of 
North Carolina were registered to vote and participate in the political 
process. The end result was a census taken in 1990, a reapportionment 
plan in 1991, the implementation of that reapportionment plan in 1992, 
and the by-product of which in 1996, the 12th Congressional district is 
now represented by Congressman Mel Watt, who represents North Carolina 
A&T as well as Winston-Salem and I believe as many as 6 other 
historically black colleges.
  So it is possible, and I will yield back to the gentleman in just 
about 30 seconds.
  Very few people know that they can register where they live. Students 
do not live in New York if they are at A&T. They do not live in Chicago 
if they are at A&T. They live in Greensboro, NC.
  According to the law, you can register wherever you spend the last 3 
nights in a row. That is home. If your name has changed, you are now an 
unregistered voter. If you just got married, your name was Smith last 
week, you married a Williams last week, you are now an unregistered 
voter because your name has changed, and as a result of efforts of many 
who fought and died in this country, Wiola Wheatson, a white woman, got 
her brains blown out at point blank range trying to register students 
to vote.
  Martin Luther King, Jr., and Bobby Kennedy and others have died 
trying to reduce the age from 21 to 18. As a result of their efforts, 
you can now dial 1-800-REGISTER and become a full participant in this 
democracy, and I might add those who are interested in doing it ought 
to do it soon because the election is approaching.

  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Absolutely, and you know this whole voter 
registration among young people is really catching on.
  I do not know if you are familiar with the shows called the Tom 
Journal Morning Show. It is a show that is on every morning on many of 
the syndicated shows on many of the ministations all across America.
  I mean I was sitting in--I was driving in the car the other day, and 
I heard Tom Journal that morning talking about how people, particularly 
young people, need to register to vote, and he started this thing: You 
know, register five people to vote and call their names in and I will 
announce them over the air. And people were actually registering people 
to vote, and he was announcing the names over the air.
  I just think that is so encouraging because a lot of people do not 
wake up in the morning, young people for example, who is about to go to 
a biology lab, who is on a college campus, not thinking about voting 
per se, interested in the future, interested in the outcome of 
elections, but not registered. As you stated, many college students, 
when they leave from Illinois and go to Los Angeles to register for 
college, they may be registered back home, but the likelihood of them 
going back to Illinois from California to vote on election day is not 
all that great. And so it is incumbent upon them to register to vote at 
that college, at that university because they are going to be there 4 
to 5 years on the average.
  So that is really home. That is where they are going to be during the 
local and State and perhaps Federal elections. So that is where they 
ought to exercise the power. They should never go powerless.
  And I was just impressed with Tom Journal. I think that is the name 
of the show, the Tom Journal Morning Show. You know, encouraging people 
to register to vote.
  I will give you an example.
  Yes, we talk about, you and I debate night and day, for student loans 
and grants, Pell grants, to make sure that those opportunities are 
available to students today as they were available to us when we were 
in college. Why is it? I mean people that asked the question why is it 
that legislators would move on college tuition and raise college 
tuition or vote to cut higher education so that schools and board of 
directors have to raise college tuition and cut Pell grants and student 
loans and things of that nature? I mean let us look at it from a 
political perspective and preserve seniors on the other hand. Let us 
look at it from a political perspective.
  If you look on the voter register rolls and you see most of the 
registered voters in this country are of the age of 55 to 65, and the 
fewest number of registered voters are between the ages of 18 and 35, 
then of course you are more likely to move on that age group than you 
are likely to move on the age group that is most registered to vote, 
but not just registered to vote, but more likely to go to the polls and 
vote on election day. Because it is one thing to register to vote, but 
it is another thing to actually go out and use the power by voting.
  So college students--I mean we can fight. You and I and other Members 
of this Congress on both sides of the aisle, we can fight night and day 
about, you know, we need to keep student loans, we need to keep 
opportunities available to elementary, secondary, and higher education, 
but if we do not have students out there--they get enough of ire 
education, they get enough of a Pell grant, they thinking enough of 
student loans, that they are not exercising a power that they 
rightfully have by going to the polls and vote, especially after we 
passed this easy, easy, easy voter registration process.
  I mean this bill that we have passed in this Congress. We passed a 
bill, as you stated, where a student government president, for example, 
can walk into a classroom and register every student. A teacher rather, 
a professor in a class at an institution, can say all right, first day 
of school, the first question:
  How many of you all are registered to vote right here at this 
college?
  And have the forms there. It is legal. OK, register to vote.
  Do not have to dictate how you register, Democrat or Republican; that 
is irrelevant for registration purposes, or how you vote or who you 
vote for. You know, I am not going to advocate teachers do that. But it 
should be part of the learning process.
  You talk about personal responsibility? One of the first basic 
personal responsibilities that individuals have is to claim citizenship 
by registering to vote, and then that teacher, that professor--I mean 
just think about if every college campus--just think about HBCU's, just 
take black colleges, for example, on Monday, the 23d. If every 
professor say, OK, what we will do this day is we will register every 
student in this class. When you walk into my class, you have the 
opportunity to register to vote the first 5 minutes, and I will 
personally turn these forms in. And the 100 percent voter registration 
on college campus, the kind of power, and not just HBCU's, historically 
black colleges, but all college students can have if they only exercise 
that constitutional right, and it is so easy to do.

  I mean some can right now in their dormitories just dial 1-800-
REGISTER and be registered to vote.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. If the gentleman would yield, and I thank 
the gentleman for yielding once again, you know this is a democracy. We 
claim to be the largest democracy in the world, the oldest democracy in 
the world, the most practicing and the most functioning democracy in 
the world, but nothing could be more tragic than to realize that fewer 
and fewer people are voting in our local, State, and national 
elections. There seems to be some kind of disconnect between the 
people's participation in this democracy and what takes place in the 
halls of this Congress and the State legislatures around our country.
  And so when one even talks about voter registration, the reality is 
we

[[Page H10220]]

have sufficient enough technology in our country today. Whenever you 
get pulled over by a police officer, get pulled over by a state trooper 
or any law enforcement official, he can take your drivers license, and 
they can determine whether or not you are guilty or wanted of a felony 
or a misdemeanor in any of the 50 States. Because many of those police 
computers are connected to Interpol, we can find out within moments 
whether or not you are wanted for an international crime including 
terrorism or some international conspiracy. And so within moments we 
can find out whether or not you are guilty or wanted of some offense 
against this Nation or any nation around the world.
  And yet to participate in this democracy there still remains so many 
barriers, including a 30-day cut off before the Federal election or the 
local election.
  One of the States in our country that has the highest participation, 
which has absolutely no registration whatsoever, is the State of North 
Dakota. There is no voter register required. You just show up on 
election day, prove that you live in the State of North Dakota, can 
vote and keep right on about your business.
  So even voter registration, which is obviously important for 
political purposes, is really an outdated method for including and 
encouraging people to participate in the political process.
  But the gentleman touched upon something else that I want to, if he 
would not mind, allow me the opportunity to talk about for a moment, 
and that is the whole issue of why vote at all? Why participate in the 
political process?
  When I was teaching political organizing classes and political 
education classes for the Rainbow Coalition before I became a Member of 
this body, I used to teach that there were really three types--two 
types of material power, but really three types of power. Spiritual 
power is obviously an important power, but it is not a material power. 
So for the purposes of this discussion we will leave spiritual power 
out; really two types of material power:
  One is economic, and the other is political, and by definition poor 
people, disenfranchised people and increasingly growing body of 
students in our Nation, because they take student loans out to go to 
school, but at the end of school they cannot find a job, they cannot 
get the kind of employment that addresses the debt that they have 
received as a result of being a student; by definition poor people and 
disenfranchised people and students do not have economic power. What is 
available to them? The alternative is available. Political power.
  And why is political power so important? Political power and the 
political system really is the distribution system for the economic 
system. It is in this institution and in State legislatures around this 
country that we determine how the economic system in our Nation is 
distributed. Some of us on one given day may talk about tax cuts; 
others may refer to them as entitlements for the poor.

                              {time}  1900

  Some of us may refer to them as welfare benefits. Others of us look 
at tax breaks for the wealthy. So it is called tax breaks if you are a 
wealthy person in this country, but if you are receiving a Federal 
benefit, it is called welfare. So even how it is labeled and what it is 
called in our society is the by-product of how we define it 
politically.
  So when people begin to see the relationship between their vote, it 
is easy to cut welfare in an election year. It is easy to attack the 
most vulnerable in an election year, because those who do not vote 
cannot defend themselves. Those who do vote will get a tax break. Those 
who do not vote will get their Federal benefits withdrawn, or even 
their constitutional rights violated or undermined, and I mean that by 
Democrats or by Republicans. We have to acknowledge that all of us, and 
many of us, have a political weakness when it comes to those vulnerable 
political, commercial type issues that could affect our reelection to 
this institution.
  So once people understand and begin to appreciate that the political 
system is really the distribution system for our economic system, I 
might add that they begin to participate in great numbers. No long ago 
one of the Presidential candidates had suggested that, for example, he 
would propose an across-the-board 15 percent tax cut.
  The next question I ask as an elected official is how is he going to 
pay for that tax cut. There is only one way to pay for it, do what 
General Powell said, eliminate the entitlement state as we know it. 
What are those entitlements? Those entitlements would be Medicare, 
Medicaid, and ending Social Security as we know it. That is really the 
only way to pay for a 15 percent across-the-board tax cut.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Or what about education?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. We talked about one of the President's plans 
to rebuild schools, the physical infrastructure, and leverage that 
money, $5 billion, leverage it four times, to $20 billion, to $23 
billion, to rebuild the infrastructure of our public school systems. 
But if in fact we are not paying what we should be paying in terms of 
taxes and making sure that those resources are not going to an over-
bloated military budget, but are being directed in a way that can help 
the average American to help change the quality of their lives, not for 
the rich but for those who are most vulnerable.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. You are a former student leader on your 
college campus. How did you and your colleagues encourage young people 
or get young people at North Carolina A&T registered to vote? Let us 
face it, there are a lot of students who are not from North Carolina, 
who really do not care about the local politics of North Carolina, some 
not even concentrating on national politics, either. They are at North 
Carolina A&T just to get an education. When I was at Southern, that was 
one of the big things I had to face, trying to encourage students to 
register to vote, though they were not from the State.
  What did you do to encourage nonresidents, so to speak, though they 
are residents once they register for school, to take an interest in 
registering to vote and actually vote on an election day?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. One of the campuses in North Carolina, right 
in front of the library has a statue, a statue of a famous North 
Carolinian. On that statue there is a placard that reads ``This Nation 
is democratic in direct proportion to its people's education.'' I 
remember that from 11 years ago when I was a student at North Carolina 
A&T. ``This Nation is democratic in direct proportion to its people's 
education.'' And guess what, the converse of that statement is also 
true: This Nation is undemocratic in direct proportion to the level of 
literacy and intelligence and education or lack of education thereof of 
its people.

  So one of the things that I found most valuable for getting students 
to participate is education. I simply tell them that they are the first 
generation of Americans who are graduating with a college degree, 
graduate with a college degree, and if they decide to go to graduate 
school, 3 years for law school or 4 to 8 years, however long it may 
take to get a medical degree, where they have so many student loans as 
a result of their college education that it fundamentally affects their 
career options and their alternatives.
  I chose public service. Fortunately, I went to North Carolina A&T 
State University. I played football for North Carolina A&T State 
University for a year or so before I received an academic scholarship. 
I left college not owing any money, so my genuine desire to become a 
public servant was directly related to me not owing $80,000 or $90,000 
in bills that are associated with my college education. Had I owed 
$100,000, $110,000, $120,000 as a result of graduating from the 
seminary and graduating from law school, I quite probably would have 
had to have assumed a role in private, in the private sector or in 
private America, just to make the kind of salary that would address 
these bills.
  I share that with students, that when they graduate from college, 
that they are the first generation of Americans who are more than 
likely moving back home with their parents. Their moving back home with 
their parents is part of the political process. Many of them who are 
incubated by their college environment, when they leave college, they 
are finding for the very first time that there are more unemployed 
people

[[Page H10221]]

in this Nation with college degrees and Master's degrees than at any 
other point in time in our Nation's history.
  They then engage the political system, and if they stop complaining 
about what they do not have and just start using what they have got, 
pick up their vote early one morning and exercise it, exercise it in an 
intelligent way, not just vote for exercise but exercise their right to 
vote and make a sound decision, this country will become more 
democratic.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman for his 
comment. There are so many creative ways we used, so many creative ways 
to register young people to vote on a college campus. We used all kinds 
of techniques. We got all the professors involved, professors 
encouraged students to get on a bus. At that time we had to take the 
bus.
  That is why I cannot even comprehend why a student is not registered 
to vote, because in 1994 when I was SU president, in 1984, rather, when 
I was SU president, you had to take students to register. I could not 
walk up to a student in Louisiana and say, or anybody, are you 
registered to vote; no, I am not. I could not register that student. 
But this Congress passed legislation where you can do that now.
  If I was SU president I would walk around with voter registration 
cards in my pocket. For every student I came in contact with, I would 
ask the question, are you registered to vote? Because they empowered me 
as their student representative on the board of regents, their student 
representative as president of the student body, to speak with force 
to legislators to protect the institution and protect higher education 
statewide. Going back to talking about it and saying nothing, we can 
always complain about the problem, but you are part of the problem if 
you are not participating.

  I was not as fortunate as you. Look at me, I am a little smaller than 
you. I could not play football, could not play many sports. I did not 
have an athletic scholarship. I had a book scholarship, a small 
academic scholarship, a book scholarship that only lasted 1 year that I 
received from the American Legion.
  My family, my mom and my dad died when I was young, 5 years old. My 
mom raised 10 of us. There were 10 of us. I could not even afford to 
take out a student loan, to even entertain the thought of taking out a 
$5,000 student loan each semester. I could not even see how one could 
pay $5,000. At the end of the day, $20,000, $30,000, $40,000 after you 
graduate, I could not understand that.
  I had the opportunity to participate in the Government's Pell Grant 
Program. I was able to get BEOG, the basic educational opportunity 
grant. Without that BEOG, quite frankly, since I did not have an 
athletic scholarship, I had a small academic scholarship that only took 
care of my books, so I do not know if I would have been able to attend 
college.
  It would have been irresponsible of me as a recipient of the BEOG, a 
Government grant for higher education to assist me, because I did not 
have the kind of resources that other students may have had, to not 
vote. I wanted to protect my BEOG. Every time I heard of fights in 
Washington, DC, about cutting the BEOG and cutting Pell grants, I 
wanted to register even more students, because I wanted to make sure 
that this program was protected, because it is a program that gave 
benefits to so many students who, through no fault of their own, just 
did not have the resources and parents did not have the resources to 
send them to school.
  Without it, I would not have gotten a higher education. Mr. Speaker, 
that is why it is so important. I am going to give a list of members of 
this Congressional Black Caucus who will attend Black College Day on 
the 23d of this month. I just think that is outstanding. I want to 
thank you for your leadership, that every member of the CBC, every 
last, every individual member of the CBC, the Congressional Black 
Caucus, will be at an HBCU on Monday, September 23, celebrating Black 
College Day, and encouraging young students to register and vote on all 
college campuses across America.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. If the gentleman will yield, Mr. Speaker, it 
is really amazing when we talk about this process. I want to thank the 
distinguished gentleman from Louisiana for his leadership, and the 
leadership that he has shown oftentimes by himself on the floor of this 
Congress, toward trying to get young people to participate in the 
process.
  Today, we passed in the U.S. Congress a bill under suspension of the 
rules called the Student Debt Reduction Act, which will go a long way 
toward reducing the debt of students who have taken out these various 
loans.
  I might add, Mr. Speaker, that we did not pass the Student Debt 
Elimination Act, which would totally wipe out the debt of every student 
who has ever had a student loan in this country. We can afford it. We 
are the richest Nation in the history of the world, we can afford it. 
If we education is a real priority, we can pass a student debt 
elimination act. But you know what, students are going to have to be 
mad enough about student loans as a collective body, a spirit is going 
to have to sweep across the Nation where students are calling for the 
elimination of debt. Because our Nation can afford to put children 
through college.

  The President has a program for 2 years, others have proposed 4-year 
programs for students who desire to go to college. We can afford it if 
we consider education to be a National Defense Act. If our country is 
democratic in direct proportion to our Nation's education, then the 
defense of this democracy, education, must be seen as the defense of 
this democracy.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Let me just tell the gentleman where many of 
our colleagues will be on September 23. The gentleman from Georgia, 
Sanford Bishop, will attend Albany State College. I just think this is 
history making, having every member of the CBC at a historically black 
college in this country to talk about, listen, it is time to not just 
have a program, but to register to vote.
  The gentlewoman from Florida, Ms. Corrine Brown, will be at Bethune 
Cookman College and Edward Waters College, as well; the gentleman from 
Missouri, Mr. William Clay, Lincoln University; the gentlewoman from 
North Carolina, Eva Clayton, Fayetteville State; the gentleman from 
Maryland, Mr. Elijah Cummings, a new Member of this body, Morgan State 
and Coppin State University; the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Mr. Chaka 
Fattah, Lincoln University; the gentleman from Florida, Mr. Alcee 
Hastings, Florida A&M the gentleman from Alabama, Mr. Earl Hilliard, 
will be at Alabama State University; the gentlewoman from the District 
of Columbia, Ms. Eleanor Holmes Norton, will be at Howard University; 
the gentleman from Louisiana, Mr. William Jefferson, Xavier University 
in New Orleans; the gentlewoman from Texas, Ms. Eddie Bernice Johnson, 
the Paul Quinn College; the gentlewoman from Texas, Ms. Sheila Jackson-
Lee, Texas Southern University; the gentleman from Georgia, Mr. John 
Lewis, AU Center; the gentlewoman from Florida, Mrs. Carrie Meek, will 
be at Florida Memorial College; the gentleman from Virginia, Mr. Bobbie 
Scott, Norfolk State University; the gentleman from Mississippi, Mr. 
Bennie Thompson, Jackson State University; the gentleman from Maryland, 
Mr. Albert Wynn, Bowie State University.
  I can go on and on. Every member of the CBC, and you are trying to 
make your alma mater, A&T, or North Carolina A&T, and a college in 
Illinois, in your district. There is so much energy among CBC members 
who want to participate, who want to be at a college on that day to get 
your people registered to vote. But the SGA presidents have a 
responsibility and the Greek presidents have a responsibility, and all 
the civic and social organizations have a responsibility. They have a 
responsibility to say, by the end of the day, we will register 100 
percent of our student body. Professors have a responsibility.

  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. An achievable goal.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. College presidents have a responsibility. 
Most colleges, when I was going to school, we had what you call a 
convocation, and freshmen had freshmen seminars, something they had to 
attend every week. Every student had to attend convocation. You 
attended convocation.
  What would happen if a college president said, OK, at this 
convocation, for the first 15 minutes, I want every student to be 
registered to vote; pass out

[[Page H10222]]

the cards, not influencing students as to how to vote or how to 
register in terms of party affiliation, but if you choose to register, 
you have 15 minutes to do so right now.
  I passed a bill in Louisiana where registration, college 
registration, will incorporate voter registration, when the registrars 
or voters office has to be present during college registration on 
college campuses in the State of Louisiana; a way to register students 
to vote when they register for college.
  You worked when you were a kid on a piece, and I remember talking to 
you, I was at Southern and you were at A&T, talking about registering 
students to vote when they graduate from high school; if they graduated 
with a diploma in one hand and the voter registration card in the 
other. I remember that, and that worked. I went back to Louisiana and I 
tried to institute the same thing. I said, OK, when you graduate from 
high school, you have to have a diploma in one hand.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. Knowledge in one hand and empowerment in the 
other hand, that is correct.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Knowledge and power. I cannot overemphasize 
how important this is. For the 23d, it is HBCU, historical black 
colleges and universities, but listen, every college students, 
irrespective of what college they attend, ought to register to vote. 
SGA presidents have their responsibility.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. The old adage is true, if you do not vote, 
do not complain; really, do not complain if you are not voting, if you 
are not participating in the political process. The reality is that if 
you do not vote, you do vote. You vote by definition for the person you 
do not want to win. That is not a Democratic or Republican statement, 
that is just a statement of political reality. If you do not vote, you 
cannot complain. If you do not vote, you got what is coming to you that 
is coming to you, because it is coming to you.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Or if you use the excuse that I am not from 
Illinois or from Chicago, I am only here for school.

                              {time}  1915

  You live there, and you will be living there for the next 2, 3, 4 
years.
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. Nor can you use the excuse that ``I don't 
trust politicians, I don't like politicians.'' Run yourself. Come up 
here and try some of this. If you want to engage in a debate, if you 
want to engage in some discourse about the future of our Nation and the 
future of our community. Don't vote for the politician of your choice. 
You run and find out how difficult it is to talk hope into people who 
are dispirited, to talk hope into the disenfranchised, and to bring 
them into the political process and see how difficult it is.
  If I were a DJ in America, on the radio every morning talking jive, 
and you had no substance to your jive, beyond the jive that you are 
talking, there is something wrong with that, if you are just 
complaining.
  I am a graduate of Chicago Theological Seminary, and I speak in a lot 
of churches. Just about every Sunday, my pastor, the pastor of the 
Salem Baptist Church in Chicago, the Reverend James Meeks, we have 
altar call in our church. You would be surprised. I had a meeting with 
some of the people at our church who counsel members of our church. And 
I asked them some questions about what do people share with them most 
to be their problems. Some people are concerned about losing their job 
when they come to altar call, some are concerned about their illness, 
whether or not they can check into a hospital, whether or not they can 
afford to add a burden to their family. People come to altar call to 
pray for a whole lot of reasons. Many of these things are resolvable if 
they are in the political process.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Let me ask the gentleman a question. If I 
were sitting at home tonight and I wanted to register to vote, in my 
dormitory, watching television, doing whatever, washing, and I just 
want to register to vote, what is that number that I can call right now 
if I wanted to register to vote?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. I would look at that Jaguar from Southern 
University who is sitting at home.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. What is that number for my edification?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. 1-800-REGISTER. It is really simple. 1-800-
REGISTER. And ``register'' is spelled R-E-G-I-S-T-E-R. It costs you 
nothing. It is free.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. I want to make sure I am doing it right. All 
I have to do if I go back to my office right now and I wanted to 
register to vote is pick up the phone and dial 1-800-REGISTER?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. That is correct.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. That is all I have to do?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. Unless you are from the State of Illinois.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. What will happen? They will send me a 
package or something?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. It is a toll-free call where they prompt, 
they ask you for your name, address, phone number, verify who you are 
through your State Secretary of State.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. They set this up, and then I have to sign it 
or something?
  Mr. JACKSON of Illinois. That is all you have to do is sign it. It is 
postage paid, and returned to you.
  Mr. FIELDS of Louisiana. Mr. Speaker, I include the following 
material for the Record:

                  Appendix--Some Prominent HBUC Alumni

                          Leaders of the Past

       Nobel Laureate Martin Luther King, Jr. (Morehouse), Supreme 
     Court Justice Thurgood Marshall (Lincoln and Howard), 
     educators W.E.B. DuBois (Fisk), Mary McLeod Bethune (Scotia 
     Seminary [Barber-Scotia]), Lucy C. Laney ([Clark] Atlanta), 
     scientist-educator Booker T. Washington (Hampton), Urban 
     League leader Whitney Young (Kentucky State), NAACP leader 
     Walter F. White ([Clark] Atlanta), writer Ralph Ellison 
     (Tuskegee), poet-lyricist James Weldson Johnson ([Clark] 
     Atlanta), and activists Medgar Evers (Alcorn State) and Rosa 
     Parks (Alabama State).

                            And the Present

       Writers: Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison (Howard), Alice 
     Walker (Spelman), Nikki Giovanni (Fisk), the late Alex Haley 
     (Alcorn State and Elizabeth City State), and Imamu Amin 
     Baraka (Leroi Jones) (Howard). Opera singers: Jessye Morman 
     (Howard and Leonryne Price (Central State). Historians: John 
     W. Blassingame (Fort Valley State and Howard) and John Hope 
     Franklin (Fisk).
       Political leaders: Jesse Jackson (North Carolina A&T), 
     former ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Young, Jr. 
     (Dillard and Howard), former Virginia Governor Douglas Wilder 
     (Howard), former New York Mayor David Dinkins (Howard), 
     former Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson (Morehouse), former 
     Memphis mayor Willie Herenton (LeMonye-Owen), Secretary of 
     Energy Hazel O'Leary (Fisk), former Surgeon-General Joceyln 
     Elders (Philander Smith), former Secretary of Health and 
     Human Services Louis Sullivan (Morehouse), and many others 
     such as * * * and NAACP leader Benjamin Hooks (Howard).
       Enterainers: film director Spike Lee (Morehouse); actor-
     television host Oprah Winfrey (Tennessee State); actors Ossie 
     Davis (Howard), Tim Reid (Norfolk State), Phylicia Rashad 
     (Howard), director-actor Kenny Leon (Clark [Atlanta]), Esther 
     Rolle (Spelman); musicians Roberta Flack (Howard), Lionel 
     Ritchie (Tuskegee), Erskine Hawkins (Alabama State), Billy 
     Eckstine (Howard), Billy Taylor (Virginia State), and 
     Branford Marsalis (Southern).
       Also journalist Carl Rowan (Tennessee State); astronaut 
     Ronald E. McNair (North Carolina A&T); architect Tarlee Brown 
     (Tuskegee); founder of a literary journal, Charles H. Rowell 
     (Alabama A&M); kidney transplant specialist Dr. Samuel Lee 
     Kounta (University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff); president and 
     chief executive officer of Atlanta Life Insurance, Jesse 
     Hill, Jr. (Lincoln); educator Marva Collins (Clark 
     [Atlanta]); the first Black woman member of the American 
     College of Physicians, Dr. Margaret E. Grisby (Prairie View 
     A&M); jurists Joseph W. Hatchett of the U.S. Court of Appeals 
     for the Eleventh Circuit (Florida A&M) and Henry E. Frye of 
     the North Carolina Supreme Court (North Carolina A&T), and 
     coaches John Chaney (Bethune-Cookman), Clarence Gaines 
     (Morgan State), Art Shell (University of Maryland Eastern 
     Shore), and Eddie Robinson (Leland).
       Military leaders: the late Daniel James (Tuskegee), the 
     first Black four-star general; Russell C. Davis (Tuskegee), 
     first Black Air National Guard general; Dr. Marion Mann 
     (Tuskegee), medical corps general; Air Force Generals Lucius 
     Theus, Tirus Hall, James F. Hamlet, Rufus L. Billups, and 
     Charles B. Jiggets (all of Tuskegee); Army generals Eugene R. 
     Cromarie (Florida A&M), Julitis W. Becton, Jr. (Prairie View 
     A&M), Edward Honor (Southern), Guthrie L. Turner (Shaw), 
     Henry Doctor, Jr., James R. Klugh, and George Price (all of 
     South Carolina State); and Army nurses corps general Clara 
     Adams-Ender (North Carolina A&M).\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     \1\ This list, by no means comprehensive, was compiled from 
     information obtained by AAUP Committee L from the 
     institutions listed, and from Christa Brelin, ed., Who's Who 
     Among Black Americans, 1992-93 (7th ed.). Detroit: Gale 
     Research, Inc., 1993, and from Leadership and Learning, An 
     Interpretive History of Historically Black Land-Grant 
     Colleges and Universities, 99-111.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page H10223]]

              Historically Black Colleges and Universities


                                alabama

     Alabama A&M University
     Alabama State University
     Bishop State Community College
     Concordia College
     Fredd State Technical College
     Lawson State Community College
     Miles College
     Oakwood College
     Selma University
     J.F. Drake Technical College
     Stillman College
     Talladega College
     Trenholm State Technical College
     Tuskegee University


                                arkansas

     Arkansas Baptist College
     Philander Smith College
     Shorter College
     University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff


                                delaware

     Delaware State University


                          district of columbia

     Howard University
     University of the District of Columbia


                                florida

     Bethune-Cookman College
     Edward Waters College
     Florida A&M University
     Florida Memorial College


                                georgia

     Albany State College
     Clark Atlanta University
     Fort Valley State College
     Interdenominational Theological Center
     Morehouse College
     Morehouse School of Medicine
     Morris Brown College
     Paine College
     Savannah State College
     Spelman College


                                kentucky

     Kentucky State University


                               louisiana

     Dillard University
     Grambling State University
     Southern University and A&M College at Baton Rouge
     Southern University at New Orleans
     Southern University at Shreveport/Bossier City
     Xavier University


                                maryland

     Bowie State University
     Coppin State College
     Morgan State University
     University of Maryland Eastern Shore


                                michigan

     Lewis College of Business


                              mississippi

     Alcorn State University
     Coahoma Community College
     Jackson State University
     Mary Holmes College
     Mississippi Valley State University
     Rust College
     Tougaloo College


                                missouri

     Harris-Stowe State College
     Lincoln University


                             north carolina

     Barber-Scotia College
     Bennett College
     Elizabeth City State University
     Fayetteville State University
     Johnson C. Smith University
     Livingstone College
     North Carolina A&T State University
     North Carolina Central University
     Saint Augustine's College
     Shaw University
     Winston-Salem State University


                                  ohio

     Central State University
     Wilberforce University


                                oklahoma

     Langston University


                              pennsylvania

     Cheyney State University of PA
     Lincoln University


                             south carolina

     Allen University
     Benedict College
     Claflin College
     Clinton Junior College
     Denmark Technical College
     Morris College
     South Carolina State University
     Voorhees College


                               Tennessee

     Fisk University
     Knoxville College
     Lane College
     Lemoyne-Owen College
     Meharry Medical College
     Tennessee State University


                                 Texas

     Huston-Tillotson College
     Jarvis Christian College
     Paul Quinn College
     Prairie View A&M University
     Saint Phillip's College
     Southwestern Christian College
     Texas College
     Texas Southern University
     Wiley College


                                Virginia

     Hampton University
     Norfolk State University
     Saint Paul's College
     Virginia State University
     Virginia Union University


                             West Virginia

     Bluefield State College
     West Virginia State University


                          U.S. Virgin Islands

     University of the Virgin Islands

     Federal Agencies Supporting HBCUs Under Executive Order 12876

     U.S. Departments of:
       Agriculture
       Commerce
       Defense
       Education
       Energy
       Health and Human Services
       Housing and Urban Development
       The Interior
       Justice
       Labor
       State
       Transportation
       Treasury
       Veterans Affairs
     Agency for International Development
     Appalachian Regional Commission
     Central Intelligence Agency
     Environmental Protection Agency
     Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
     National Aeronautics and Space Administration
     National Credit Union Administration
     National Endowment for the Arts
     National Endowment for the Humanities
     National Science Foundation
     Nuclear Regulatory Commission
     Small Business Administration
     United States Information Agency
  


               TABLE 10.--FALL ENROLLMENT IN HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, BY INSTITUTION, CONTROL, AND SEX: 1976 TO 1990               
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                1976                  1978                  1980        
            Institution                  State           Year            Control       -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     established                          Total      Women      Total      Women      Total      Women  
1                                   2                         3   4...................          5          6          7          8          9         10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total.......................  ........           ........   ....................    222,613    117,944    227,797    123,581    233,557    127,170
                                   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Alabama A&M University..........  AL                     1875   Public 4-year.......      4,564      2,246      4,425      2,056      4,380      2,104
Alabama State University \2\......  AL                     1874   Public 4-year.......      4,153      2,455      4,794      2,844      4,066      2,416
Bishop State Community College \3\  AL                     1927   Public 2-year.......      1,649        920      1,500        956      1,425        955
C.A. Fredd State Technical College  AL                     1965   Public 2-year.......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
Carver State Technical College....  AL                     1962   Public 2-year.......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
Concordia College \4\.............  AL                     1922   Private 2-year......        137         70        228        170        243        182
Daniel Payne College, Birmingham    AL                     1889   Private 4-year......        346        165   ........   ........   ........   ........
 \5\.                                                                                                                                                   
J.F. Drake Technical College......  AL                     1961   Public 2-year.......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
Lawson State Community College \6\  AL                     1965   Public 2-year.......      1,345        870      1,271        913      1,056        728
Lomax-Hannon Junior College \7\...  AL                     1893   Private 2-year......        126         76        160         89         96         42
Miles College.....................  AL                     1905   Private 4-year......      1,469        739      1,283        704      1,014        528
Oakwood College \8\...............  AL                     1896   Private 4-year......      1,171        652      1,266        654      1,303        751
Selma University..................  AL                     1878   Private 4-year......        650        324        632        371        501        276
Stillman College \9\..............  AL                     1876   Private 4-year......        857        497        607        360        558        317
Talladega College \10\............  AL                     1867   Private 4-year......        625        406        705        481        797        576
Trenholm State Technical College..  AL                     1966   Public 2-year.......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
**Tuskegee University \11\........  AL                     1881   Private 4-year......      3,571      1,797      3,298      1,708      3,736      1,930
Arkansas Baptist College..........  AR                     1901   Private 4-year......        583        173        445        182        296        146
Philander Smith College...........  AR                     1877   Private 4-year......        592        249        550        248        590        282
Shorter College...................  AR                     1886   Private 2-year......        199         98        172         92        164         72
**University of Arkansas, Pine      AR                     1873   Public 4-year.......      3,062      1,653      2,998      1,730      3,064      1,750
 Bluff \12\.                                                                                                                                            
**Delaware State College..........  DE                     1891   Public 4-year.......      1,844        885      2,153      1,031      2,084      1,096
Howard University \13\............  DC                     1867   Private 4-year......      9,815      4,708     10,339      5,066     11,321      5,845
**University of the District of     DC                     1851   Public 4-year.......      1,322        966     13,661      7,634     13,900      7,698
 Columbia \14\.                                                                                                                                         

[[Page H10224]]

                                                                                                                                                        
Bethune-Cookman College \15\......  FL                     1904   Private 4-year......      1,517        855      1,791      1,045      1,738      1,045
Edward Waters College \16\........  FL                     1866   Private 4-year......        743        417        660        406        836        548
**Florida A&M University \17\.....  FL                     1877   Public 4-year.......      5,779      2,913      5,882      2,987      5,371      2,726
Florida Memorial College \18\.....  FL                     1879   Private 4-year......        412        177        797        428        950        502
Albany State College..............  GA                     1903   Public 4-year.......      2,222      1,289      1,750      1,066      1,555        897
Clark Atlanta University \19\.....  GA                     1989   Private 4-year......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
Atlanta University \20\...........  GA                     1865   Private 4-year......      1,177        656      1,227        658      1,371        706
Clark College \21\................  GA                     1869   Private 4-year......      1,792      1,135      1,849      1,216      2,107      1,397
**Fort Valley State College \22\..  GA                     1895   Public 4-year.......      1,869        910      1,872        973      1,814        983
Interdenominational Theological     GA                     1958   Private 4-year......        227         31        288         41        273         36
 Center.                                                                                                                                                
Morehouse College.................  GA                     1867   Private 4-year......      1,402          0      1,659          0      2,006         28
Morehouse School of Medicine \23\.  GA                     1978   Private 4-year......   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........   ........
Morris Brown College \24\.........  GA                     1881   Private 4-year......      1,579        806      1,684        950      1,611        983
Paine College.....................  GA                     1882   Private 4-year......        775        472        817        563        748        473
Savannah State College \25\.......  GA                     1890   Public 4-year.......      2,847      1,713      2,229      1,291      2,110      1,090
Spelman College \26\..............  GA                     1881   Private 4-year......      1,289      1,289      1,262      1,262      1,366      1,366
**Kentucky State University.......  KY                     1886   Public 4-year.......      2,389      1,167      2,196      1,045      2,336      1,236
Dillard University \27\...........  LA                     1869   Private 4-year......      1,186        875      1,217        891      1,208        902
Grambling State University \28\...  LA                     1901   Public 4-year.......      4,048      2,144      3,623      1,968      3,549      1,797
**Southern University and A&M       LA                     1880   Public 4-year.......      8,995      4,970      8,061      4,424      8,372      4,409
 College, Baton Rouge.                                                                                                                                  
Southern University, New Orleans..  LA                     1959   Public 4-year.......      3,311      1,928      2,710      1,748      2,574      1,733
Southern University, Shreveport-    LA                     1964   Public 2-year.......        974        580        692        481        723        507
 Bossier City Campus.                                                                                                                                   
Xavier University of Louisiana      LA                     1915   Private 4-year......      1,846      1,086      1,895      1,166      2,004      1,277
 \29\.                                                                                                                                                  
Bowie State University \30\.......  MD                     1865   Public 4-year.......      2,845      1,598      2,722      1,545      2,757      1,619
Coppin State College \31\.........  MD                     1900   Public 4-year.......      2,949      2,122      2,874      2,114      2,541      1,838
Morgan State University...........  MD                     1867   Public 4-year.......      6,254      3,333      5,209      2,891      5,050      2,851
**University of Maryland, Eastern   MD                     1886   Public 4-year.......        994        451      1,057        462      1,073        543
 Shore.                                                                                                                                                 
Lewis College of Business \32\....  MI                     1874   Private 2-year......        225        180        560        431        487        392
**Alcorn State University.........  MS                     1871   Public 4-year.......      2,603      1,476      2,296      1,365      2,341      1,346
Coahoma Community College \33\....  MS                     1949   Public 2-year.......      1,446        696      1,425        837      1,394        984
Hinds Community College, Utica      MS                     1954   Public 2-year.......        994        544        834        492      1,005        575
 Campus \34\.                                                                                                                                           
Jackson State University..........  MS                     1877   Public 4-year.......      7,928      4,283      7,646      4,274      7,099      4,078
Mary Holmes College...............  MS                     1892   Private 2-year......        624        279        655        333        422        218
Mississippi Industrial College      MS                     1905   Private 4-year......        314        162        270        150        239        139
 \35\.                                                                                                                                                  
Mississippi Valley State            MS                     1946   Public 4-year.......      3,228      1,718      2,899      1,629      2,564      1,461
 University.                                                                                                                                            
Natchez Junior College \36\.......  MS                     1884   Private 2-year......         19         16         62         56   ........   ........
Prentiss Institute \37\...........  MS                     1907   Private 2-year......        139         80         81         50        146         83
Rust College......................  MS                     1866   Private 4-year......        883        555        725        503        715        434
Tougaloo College \38\.............  MS                     1869   Private 4-year......        810        541        960        634        886        598
Harris-Stowe State College \39\...  MO                     1857   Public 4-year.......      1,248        862      1,102        827      1,175        832
**Lincoln University \40\.........  MO                     1866   Public 4-year.......      2,341      1,037      2,332      1,047      2,651      1,202
Barber-Scotia College \41\........  NC                     1867   Private 4-year......        526        289        401        247        317        191
Bennett College \42\..............  NC                     1873   Private 4-year......        618        618        614        614        620        620
Elizabeth City State University     NC                     1891   Public 4-year.......      1,651        929      1,584        908      1,488        836
 \43\.                                                                                                                                                  
Fayetteville State University \44\  NC                     1877   Public 4-year.......      1,940      1,114      2,125      1,268      2,465      1,440
Johnson College Smith University..  NC                     1867   Private 4-year......      1,599        805      1,473        766      1,379        740
Livingstone College...............  NC                     1879   Private 4-year......        909        400        921        448        879        366
**North Carolina Agricultural and   NC                     1891   Public 4-year.......      5,515      2,675      5,385      2,580      5,510      2,473
 Technical State University.                                                                                                                            
North Carolina Central University   NC                     1910   Public 4-year.......      4,782      2,849      4,810      2,919      4,910      3,013
 \45\.                                                                                                                                                  
St. Augustine's College...........  NC                     1867   Private 4-year......      1,641        997      1,762      1,003      1,861      1,063
Shaw University...................  NC                     1865   Private 4-year......      1,453        648      1,263        549      1,523        749
Winston-Salem State University      NC                     1892   Public 4-year.......      2,094      1,277      2,204      1,329      2,220      1,313
 \46\.                                                                                                                                                  
Central State University \47\.....  OH                     1887   Public 4-year.......      2,182      1,084      2,414      1,171      3,031      1,554
Wilberforce University \48\.......  OH                     1856   Private 4-year......      1,109        493      1,026        473      1,082        558
**Langston University \49\........  OK                     1897   Public 4-year.......      1,128        503        942        391      1,179        497
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania  PA                     1837   Public 4-year.......      2,848      1,289      2,637      1,345      2,426      1,249
 \50\.                                                                                                                                                  
Lincoln University \51\...........  PA                     1854   Public 4-year.......      1,104        537      1,132        513      1,294        665
Allen University \52\.............  SC                     1870   Private 4-year......        543        275        419        213        410        210
Benedict College..................  SC                     1870   Private 4-year......      1,982      1,267      1,761      1,152      1,426        914
Claflin College \53\..............  SC                     1869   Private 4-year......      1.005        640        852        560        739        481
Clinton Junior College \54\.......  SC                     1894   Private 2-year......        208         81        122         34        116         54
Denmark Technical College \55\....  SC                     1948   Public 2-year.......  .........  .........        565        239        669        317
Friendship College \56\...........  SC                     1891   Private 2-year......        193         56        166         46        343        141
Morris College....................  SC                     1908   Private 4-year......        638        368        637        386        626        372
**South Carolina State College....  SC                     1896   Public 4-year.......      3,678      2,127      3,437      1,999      3,929      2,192
Voorhees College \57\.............  SC                     1897   Private 4-year......      1,050        617        794        487        613        390
Fisk University \58\..............  TN                     1867   Private 4-year......      1,279        761      1,150        721      1,009        682
Knoxville College \59\............  TN                     1875   Private 4-year......        837        435        713        343        557        205
Lane College \60\.................  TN                     1882   Private 4-year......        701        341        673        345        757        378
LeMoyne-Owen College \61\.........  TN                     1862   Private 4-year......      1,118        677        990        637      1,063        690
Meharry Medical College \62\......  TN                     1876   Private 4-year......        886        362      1,038        445        817        298
Morristown College \63\...........  TN                     1881   Private 2-year......        176         79        149         68        114         45
**Tennessee State University \64\.  TN                     1912   Public 4-year.......      5,480      2,919      5,537      2,855      8,318      4,435
Bishop College \65\...............  TX                     1881   Private 4-year......      1,664        694      1,569        708        945        273
Huston-Tillotson College \66\.....  TX                     1876   Private 4-year......        717        268        616        271        692        290
Jarvis Christian College \67\.....  TX                     1912   Private 4-year......        526        257        480        237        619        307
Paul Quinn College \68\...........  TX                     1872   Private 4-year......        537        236        421        195        438        230
**Prairie View A&M University.....  TX                     1876   Public 4-year.......      5,118      2,660      5,101      2,667      6,592      3,542
St. Philip's College..............  TX                     1927   Public 2-year.......      6,900      2,034      6,782      2,218      6,860      2,308
Southwestern Christian College      TX                     1949   Private 4-year......        341        154        471        138        285        146
 \69\.                                                                                                                                                  
Texas College.....................  TX                     1894   Private 4-year......        725        377        468        241        476        218
Texas Southern University \70\....  TX                     1947   Public 4-year.......      9,170      4,350      8,802      4,261      8,100      3,564
Wiley College.....................  TX                     1873   Private 4-year......        599        293        615        319        664        328
Hampton University \71\...........  VA                     1868   Private 4-year......      2,805      1,714      2,808      1,738      3,230      1,930
Norfolk State University \72\.....  VA                     1935   Public 4-year.......      6,956      4,074      7,283      4,146      7,286      4,324
St. Paul's College................  VA                     1888   Private 4-year......        626        331        615        313        645        322
Virginia College \73\.............  VA                     1886   Private 2-year......        242         91        251         88  .........  .........
**Virginia State University \74\..  VA                     1882   Public 4-year.......      5,229      2,963      4,475      2,518      4,668      2,645
Virginia Union University.........  VA                     1865   Private 4-year......      1,424        704      1,178        618      1,361        682
Bluefield State College...........  WV                     1895   Public 4-year.......      1,735        774      2,283      1,173      2,742      1,456
West Virginia State College.......  WV                     1891   Public 4-year.......      4,001      1,813      3,678      1,874      4,353      2,413
**University of the Virgin          VI                     1962   Public 4-year.......      2,122      1,350      1,848      1,266      2,148      1,533
 Islands, St. Thomas Campus \75\.                                                                                                                       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Data not reported or not applicable.                                                                                                                  
**Land-grant institution.                                                                                                                               
\1\ Preliminary data.                                                                                                                                   
\2\ Founded as the Lincoln Normal School, a private institution. In 1874, became first state-supported historically black college.                      
\3\ Founded as the Alabama State Branch by Mrs. Fredericka Evans and Dr. H. Council Trenholm, President of Alabama State College. In 1936, the College  
  began offering a 2-year curriculum as part of the parent institution, Alabama State University. In 1965, the College became an independent junior     
  college and the name was changed to Mobile State Junior College. In 1971, the name of the institution was changed to honor its first President, Dr.   
  S.D. Bishop.                                                                                                                                          
\4\ Formerly called Alabama Lutheran Academy and College. In 1981 changed name to Concordia College. Affiliated with the Lutheran Church, Missouri      
  Synod.                                                                                                                                                
\5\ School closed in 1977.                                                                                                                              
\6\ In October 1973, Wenonah Vocational Trade School for Negroes (founded in 1949) and Theodore Alfred Lawson State Junior College (founded in 1963 and 
  known as the Wenonah State Technical Junior College between 1963 and 1969), merged as a result of Alabama legislation adopted June 1972.              
\7\ Prior to closing in 1984, the school was affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.                                               
\8\ Is owned and operated by the General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists.                                                                          
\9\ Affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.                                                                                                            
\10\ Was the first school in Alabama to admit students regardless of race.                                                                              
\11\ Founded by Booker T. Washington. Formerly called Tuskegee Institute.                                                                               

[[Page H10225]]

                                                                                                                                                        
\12\ Founded as Branch Normal College, it continued from 1927 until 1972 as Arkansas Agricultural, Mechanical, and Normal College. In 1972, it joined   
  four other campuses to comprise the University of Arkansas System.                                                                                    
\13\ Founded as a coeducational and multiracial private university in 1867 by an act of the U.S. Congress, the University is named after General Oliver 
  Otis Howard, Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau.                                                                                                   
\14\ The roots of the University of the District of Columbia, the nation's only metropolitan, land-grant institution of higher education stretch back to
  1851 when Myrtilla Miner opened a school to prepare black women to teach. In 1976, three public higher education institutions, D.C. Teachers College, 
  Federal City College, and Washington Technical Institute, were merged into the University of the District of Columbia. This merger caused the apparent
  enrollment increase in 1978.                                                                                                                          
\15\ Upon the merger in 1923 of Cookman Institute for Men, founded in 1872 by the Reverend D.S.B. Darnell, and Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute  
  for Women, founded in 1904 by Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, the institution became the Daytona Cookman Collegiate Institute and was taken over by the Board
  of Education of the Methodist Church. The name was later changed to Bethune-Cookman College.                                                          
\16\ Founded as Brown Theological Institute. Edward Waters College is the oldest historically black institute of higher learning in the State of        
  Florida. Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.                                                                                      
\17\ Designated as a land-grant institution in 1891 and became a university in 1953. Founded in 1887 as the State Normal College For Colored Students.  
\18\ Affiliated with the Baptist Church.                                                                                                                
\19\ Atlanta University and Clark College merged July 1, 1989, and became Clark Atlanta University.                                                     
\20\ In 1929, the college became an exclusively graduate and professional institution, the first with a predominantly black student body; merged with   
  Clark College in 1989.                                                                                                                                
\21\ Founded as the first Methodist-affiliated college to serve African Americans.                                                                      
\22\ The Fort Valley Normal and Industrial School merged with the Forsyth State Teachers and Agricultural College in 1939 to become Fort Valley State   
  College.                                                                                                                                              
\23\ Morehouse School of Medicine began in 1975 as a medical program within Morehouse College. In April 1985, the school was granted full accreditation 
  to award an M.D. degree.                                                                                                                              
\24\ Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church and is the only surviving college founded by blacks in Georgia.                             
\25\ Called Georgia State College until 1947, it was established as a school for the training and education of Negro youth. It served as the state land-
  grant institution for blacks until this function was transferred to Fort Valley State College. The Regents of the University System changed the name  
  to Savannah State College in 1950.                                                                                                                    
\26\ The nation's oldest undergraduate liberal arts college for black women.                                                                            
\27\ Affiliated with the United Church of Christ and the United Methodist Church.                                                                       
\28\ Founded by Charles P. Adams. Is a multi-purpose, state-supported, coeducational institution.                                                       
\29\ The only historically black institution with Catholic affiliation.                                                                                 
\30\ Bowie State University is part of the University of Maryland System. Formerly Bowie State College.                                                 
\31\ The only public senior college in the University of Maryland System.                                                                               
\32\ Founded by Dr. Violet T. Lewis to provide postsecondary business education to urban dwellers unable to obtain training from other institutions.    
  This school originated in a store front in Indianapolis, Indiana.                                                                                     
\33\ Was established as Coahoma Junior College in 1949. In 1989, the College was renamed Coahoma Community College.                                     
\34\ Founded by Dr. William H. Holtzclaw. Formerly called Utica Junior College and then Hinds Junior College.                                           
\35\ Lost accreditation in 1983 and closed in 1986. Lane College in Tennessee maintains their records.                                                  
\36\ School no longer eligible for listing.                                                                                                             
\37\ Formerly Prentiss Normal and Industrial Institute. Closed in 1990.                                                                                 
\38\ In 1869, the American Missionary Association of New York purchased a plantation of 500 acres near Jackson, Mississippi, and established on it a    
  school for the training of young people irrespective of their religion and race.                                                                      
\39\ Founded in 1857 as the first teacher education institution west of the Mississippi. Was formerly known as Harris Teachers College and Harris Stowe 
  College.                                                                                                                                              
\40\ A land-grant, comprehensive, multi-purpose institution of higher education founded by members of the 62nd and 65th U.S. Colored Infantry units as  
  Lincoln Institute in 1866.                                                                                                                            
\41\ Founded as Scotia Seminary, a preparatory for young Negro women. In 1916 changed its name to Scotia Women's College. Merged with Barber Memorial   
  College in 1930. In 1932 changed name to Barber-Scotia College and then changed to coeducational in 1954. Historically affiliated to the Presbyterian 
  Church (USA).                                                                                                                                         
\42\ Founded as a coeducational institution and reorganized as a women's college in 1926. Is affiliated with the United Methodist Church.               
\43\ Founded as a Normal School for the specific purpose of teaching and training teachers of the black race to teach in the common schools. Since 1972,
  it has been part of the 16-campus University of North Carolina System. Granted its first degrees in 1939 when it was known as Elizabeth City State    
  Teachers College.                                                                                                                                     
\44\ Began as Howard School in 1867. In 1877 its name was changed to the State Colored Normal School. It is the second oldest state-supported           
  institution in North Carolina and one of the oldest teacher education institutions in the South. In 1939, the institution began a 4-year program and  
  became Fayetteville State Teachers College marking the beginning of a 4-year curriculum. In 1972, became part of the University of North Carolina     
  System.                                                                                                                                               
\45\ Founded by Dr. James E. Shepard. In 1925, became the nation's first state-supported liberal arts college for black people.                         
\46\ Founded as Slater Industrial Academy. Became Winston-Salem Teachers College, the first black institution in the U.S. to grant degrees for teaching 
  in the elementary grades.                                                                                                                             
\47\ Originated as a separate department of Wilberforce University in 1887. Became independent in 1947.                                                 
\48\ Founded as the first coeducational college for blacks. Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.                                     
\49\ Was founded as the Colored Agricultural and Normal University. The present name was adopted in 1941.                                               
\50\ Founded by Richard Humphreys, a Philadelphia Quaker. It is the nation's oldest historically black institution of higher learning. Began as a high  
  school in 1837 and offered its first baccalaureate degree in the 1930s. Formerly known as Cheyney State College.                                      
\51\ The first institution established anywhere in the world to provide higher education in the arts and sciences for male youth of African descent. It 
  was chartered as Ashmun Institute, an all-male institution, and remained as such for almost 100 years. It graduated its first woman in 1953, but it   
  did not become fully coeducational until 1965.                                                                                                        
\52\ Founded under the auspices of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.                                                                              
\53\ Founded by two Methodist laymen from Massachusetts, William and Lee Claflin.                                                                       
\54\ School was not eligible for listing in 1988. Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.                                          
\55\ Founded as an all black trade school. In 1969, became a public 2-year branch campus of the South Carolina technical education system.              
\56\ Closed in 1982. Formerly known as Friendship Junior College.                                                                                       
\57\ Founded by Elizabeth Evelyn Wright, it is a coeducational, liberal arts college.                                                                   
\58\ Incorporated under the laws of the State of Tennessee on August 22, 1867. The purpose was the education and training of young black men and women. 
\59\ Knoxville College now has two campuses. In 1989, Morristown College merged with Knoxville College. Knoxville was founded in 1875 by the United     
  Presbyterian Church of North America.                                                                                                                 
\60\ Founded by the Colored (Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church as the C.M.E. High School, and became Lane College in 1895.                          
\61\ In 1968 LeMoyne College and Owen College merged.                                                                                                   
\62\ Founded as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College, with the mission of educating health professionals for the black population.       
  Meharry became an independent medical college in 1915. Meharry Medical College has trained close to one-third of the black physicians and dentists    
  practicing in the United States today.                                                                                                                
\63\ After closing in 1988, Morristown was annexed by Knoxville College in 1989.                                                                        
\64\ Founded in 1912 as the Tennessee Agriculture and Industrial State Normal School for Negroes. It merged with the University of Tennessee at         
  Nashville in 1979 and now has two campuses.                                                                                                           
\65\ Closed in 1988; was affiliated with the Baptist Church.                                                                                            
\66\ Was formed in 1952 by the merger of Tillotson College (founded in 1875) and Samuel Huston College (founded in 1876). Is supported by the United    
  Methodist Church and the United Church of Christ.                                                                                                     
\67\ A private coeducational college founded in 1912 and affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).                                    
\68\ Paul Quinn College began in a one room building in Austin, Texas, by a group of African Methodist Episcopal circuit riders who saw a need for a    
  trade school to teach newly freed slaves. The college moved to Dallas in 1990 to the campus formerly occupied by Bishop College which closed in 1988. 
\69\ Formerly a 2-year institution, but became a 4-year institution offering bachelor's degrees in 1984.                                                
\70\ Founded as the Houston Colored Junior College. Its successor, Houston College for Negroes was transferred to the State of Texas following passage  
  of a bill creating Texas State University for Negroes. Established as a State University in 1947. The name was changed to Texas Southern University in
  1951.                                                                                                                                                 
\71\ Founded by General Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Hampton is Virginia's only coeducational, non-denominational 4-year private college. Formerly known as
  Hampton Institute and Hampton College.                                                                                                                
\72\ Formerly known as Norfolk State College.                                                                                                           
\73\ Changed name to Virginia Seminary and College. Closed in 1980.                                                                                     
\74\ The first fully state-supported, 4-year bachelor's degree black college in America. Founded in March 1882, when the Virginia legislature passed a  
  bill to charter the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. Formerly known as Virginia State College.                                               
\75\ This is a public, coeducational, land-grant institution that was founded in 1962 by enabling legislation of the Virgin Islands Legislature.        
  Formerly known as College of Virgin Islands.                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                        
Note.--Some schools are estimated on the previous year enrollment on this table.                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                        
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), ``Fall Enrollment  
  in Colleges and Universities'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ``Fall Enrollment'' surveys. (This table was      
  prepared January 1992.)                                                                                                                               

  

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