[Congressional Record Volume 141, Number 126 (Tuesday, August 1, 1995)]
[House]
[Pages H8127-H8135]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
TOBACCO AND AMERICA'S YOUTH
[Additional statements to Mr. Waxman's testimony in the Record of
Monday, July 31, 1995.]
December 31, 1970.
Dr. P.A. Eichorn.
W.L. Dunn, Jr.
Quarterly Report of Projects 1600 and 2302--October 1-
December 31, 1970.
work completed
Filter configuration preference
Some 500 smokers were interviewed in the streets and places
of business of Richmond, Virginia. They were asked to rank
order as to preference five filter ends all of which differed
in appearance. One of the five was clearly the consistently
preferred design.
Methods study
Report written. Findings: (1) The position effect is of
such great magnitude as to possibly mask any real discerned
differences between two cigarettes. (2) Differences in
preference values between POL and SEF panelists were
articulated. (3) A possible deficiency in the Marlboro smoke
was isolated.
[[Page H8128]]
SERVICE VOLUME
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Number of
tests judgments
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Descriptive panel....................... 32 385
Other panels............................ 150 8,614
Field tests completed................... 8 3,350
Field tests in progress................. 13 7,850
------------------------------------------------------------------------
work in progress
Determinants of Menthol Cigarette Preference
Data in process.
Smoking and Heart Rate
Report being typed.
Anxiety and Cigarette Smoking
Data collection completed. Analysis in process.
Bird-I
Computer problems have plagued the completion of this
study. There yet remain several computer runs before the
final report can be assembled.
Project Carib
Seventeen of 21 invitees have agreed to participate, one
has declined and three have yet to reply.
Nicotine/tar Ratio Study
We are initiating a study of the effect of systematic
variation of the nicotine/tar ratios upon smoking rate and
acceptability measures. Using the Marlboro as a base
cigarette, we will reduce the tar delivery incrementally by
filtration and increase the nicotine delivery incrementally
by adding a nicotine salt. All cigarettes will be smoked for
several days by each of a panel of 150 selected volunteers.
Smoking and Low Delivery Cigarettes
A study similar to the foregoing, but using a national
mailout panel and a wider range (5-20 mg) of tar delivery.
Nicotine Discrimination Study
Marboro type cigarettes with increments of nicotine salt
added were smoked on a handout basis by R&D volunteers.
Tentative results suggest that differences in nicotine levels
can be discriminated and then do influence acceptability
judgments. Report in progress.
Philip Morris,
Richmond, VA, September 8, 1971.
inter-office correspondence
To: Dr. P. A. Eichorn.
From: W. Dunn M. Johnston, F. Ryan, and T. Schori.
Subject: Plans for 1972.
1. We will concentrate upon the nicotine/tar ratio as a
factor in determining cigarettes acceptability. We have
established that tar nicotine levels ranged upwards from
current production the current production level of nicotine
is preferred. However the nicotine/tar ratio was not an
independent variable since the base tar delivery of 16 mg
increased absolutely with the increase of nicotine.
Subsequently we established that among combinations of three
levels of nicotine (1.2, 1.9, 2.2) and three levels of tar
(10, 16, 19) the low nicotine/high tar combination was
preferred. Note that the lowest nicotine level tested was the
current production level for flavorful filters. In a third
study which gave smokers the option of very low nicotine (0.3
mg) and production level nicotine (1.2 mg) with a constant
high tar delivery (24 mg), the preference was a function of
smoker variables, notably sex and brand smoked.
Our plans now are to concentrate upon that nicotine
delivery range between 0.3 and 1.2 mg with a systematic
manipulation of the nicotine/tar ratio at incremental
nicotine levels within this range. The nicotine/tar ratio of
.07, which is characteristic of a broad range of natural
leaf, shall be taken as the mid-point of the ratio range.
Obviously we must segment our smoking population for
establishing optimum ratio levels.
Cigarettes with the following parameters will be smoked to
determine optimal nicotine/tar regulations for cigarette
acceptability of relatively low delivery cigarettes.
[Chart omitted.]
Also, using the low nicotine tobacco (.3 mg nicotine) and
air dilution or filtration techniques, the following low
nicotine cigarettes will be evaluated in terms of their
acceptability, first in local then, where indicated, national
testing:
1. 18, 12, 5 mg tar vs. Marlboro
2. 18, 12, 5 mg tar vs. Kent
3. 18, 12, 5 mg tar vs. Cigarette gold
2. We plan to investigate the relationship between socio-
economic status and smoking behavior in terms of whether or
not the panelist smokes, type and brand smoked, quantity
smoked, and changes over time in brand and quantity smoked.
We will: investigate relations between Status Inconsistency
and Personality Characteristics; and look for SES relations
in differences between smokers and nonsmokers which have been
attributed to smoking.
3. Continuing an ongoing program in economic analyses, we
plan to:
a. Keep management apprised of the trends of tar and
nicotine deliveries of cigarettes on the market by continuing
to provide a regulate quarterly report and analysis of
weighted average tar and nicotine deliveries.
b. Provide economic forecast and information as guidance to
the corporation by continuing the annual contribution to the
Philip Morris U.S.A. Five-Year Plan.
c. Provide economic information, principally for R&D and
New York Marketing and Financial management, on selected
economic aspects of cigarettes and their sales, through the
study of such topics as:
1. the elasticity of demand for cigarettes
2. the impact of a value-added tax
3. switching patterns
4. brand image
4. We plan to complete our study of difference thresholds
for RTO and menthol. In these studies we are looking for the
just-noticeable differences which smokers can detect in these
parameters.
5. We plan to study the relationship between Sustained
Performance and Smoking:
1. On-the-job situation--Actual or simulated job situations
will be used to study the effect of smoking on worker
productivity.
b. Driver Fatigue--The effect of smoking on driving
performance will be evaluated in an actual 8-10 hour driving
task.
6. We plan to systematically observe puffing patterns
across different cigarettes using portable recorders being
developed by Engineering in order to:
a. Find standard puff profiles of a restricted group of
smokers while working at their desks, smoking preferred
cigarettes.
b. Find how standard puff profiles of this group are
changed when cigarette characteristics are changed (e.g.
switch Multifilter smokers to Marlboros, Marlboro smokers to
Multifilters).
7. We plan to hold the conference on Motivational
Mechanisms in Cigarette Smoking in January, 1972, and publish
the proceedings as expeditiously as possible. Two papers from
Philip Morris R&D will be included.
8. Major strides have been made in maximizing computer
usage in conducting our national field test program in terms
of roster maintenance, panel selection, data processing and
reporting. During the forthcoming year we shall concentrate
on rebuilding the roster by eliminating inactives and
recruiting new members. The program whose objective is to
determine the relationship between emotional state and
smoking will be aggressively pursued during the forthcoming
year. We intend to:
1. Further investigate relation between personality test
scores and predicted puff rates among college students, e.g.
anxiety and puff rate;
2. Expand shock-anxiety program to include other noxious
stimuli, e.g. loud noises.
3. Expand dependent variables measured to include puff
volume.
9. As a follow-up upon the demonstration of the preference
justification effect as a contaminating variable in our
current field test procedures, we plan to actively explore
other field tests formats which would minimize the preference
justification effect. Two such candidates have already been
developed and will be tested within the next quarter.
10. If the trend of the past 15 years continues, it will be
necessary to progressively reduce the tar delivery of our
marketed brands in the future. Anticipating this need, we
plan to address ourselves to the problem of determining the
optimum way, among the multiple possible ways, of reducing
the tar delivery of a cigarette.
Charge number: 1600.
Program title: Consumer Psychology.
Period covered: December 16-January 15, 1972.
Project title: Psychology of Smoking.
Project leader: W.L. Dunn, Jr.
The Conference on Motivation in Cigarette Smoking was held
January 12-16 St. Martin. Work has now begun on publishing
the proceedings of the conference.
Project title: Perceived Cigarette Attributes.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
This is a national mailout study designed to determine the
major cigarette characteristics as perceived by the smoker.
Ballots will go out shortly.
Project title: A Comparison of the Effects of Caffeine and
Cigarette Smoking.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
This study was designed to compare the relative effects of
caffeine and cigarette smoking on several indices of arousal
in smokers. Smokers were tested under each of three
conditions: smoking, caffine, and placebo. Automated data
acquisition was employed. Data analysis will commence
shortly.
Project title: Smoking and Low Delivery Cigarettes.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
Our specially grown low nicotine-high tar tobacco has
arrived.
Low delivery cigarettes with varying tar and nicotine
deliveries are being made with both the low nicotine tobacco
and with ordinary tobacco. These cigarettes will be used in
national mailouts to determine what combinations of tar and
nicotine make for optimal acceptability in a low delivery
cigarette.
Project title: Smoking and Low Delivery Cigarettes.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
Several attempts have been made to produce cigarettes for a
national mailout. Some difficulties have been encountered in
achieving desired tar and nicotine levels.
Project title: TPM Difference Limens.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
In this study we are attempting to determine what
constitutes a just noticeable difference in cigarette TPM.
Cigarettes at five different delivery levels will be sent to
panelists in the field. Previously, rather unsuccessfully, we
had taken a laboratory approach to this same problem.
Project title: Personality Revisited.
Project leader: T.R. Schori.
Our Tar, Nicotine, and Smoking Behavior Study disclosed
some interesting relationships between various indices of
smoking and
[[Page H8129]]
personality. We therefore tested students at two colleges to see
whether our findings might be more general. Those data are
commencing to come in.
October 5, 1972.
Dr. P.A. Eichorn.
W.L. Dunn, Jr.
Quarterly Report--Projects 1600 and 2302.
Sex-III
Twelve hundred of the original 2400 filter smokers who
participated in the SEX-I study in 1968 are, at the time of
this writing, saying butts for R&D analysis. We will be
attempting to relate change in smoke intake to other
variables, notably change in available TPM, in the cigarette
smoked.
Publication of smoking behavior: Motives and Incentives
Because of editing difficulties with one author, the volume
is now likely to be delayed until January, 1973.
Participation in Food Motors Keep-Well Campaign
The Medical Department of Ford Motor Co. will be launching
an exploratory study of a Prophylactic Program to Reduce
Cardiovascular Illness among Employees. We will collaborate
in the design and data collection. The study is in the early
planning stage.
Miller Brewing
We are providing ongoing consultation and testing services
to this subsidiary in the evaluation of its beer products.
The Schachter Studies
We are collaborating closely with this investigator and
providing technical support to the research activities in the
Psychology Dept. of Columbia University. A significant
theoretical contribution to the understanding of cigarette
smoking is believed imminent from this effort.
Puffing Behavior
We have begun gathering puffing data among student college
smoking various brands of cigarettes and little cigars.
Intake variables (puff frequency, interpuffing intervals,
puff volume, etc.) should prove related to product
preferences, FTC tar and nicotine delivery, etc. The human
smoking recorder is used to monitor the puffing while
subjects watch slides.
Personality and Puffing
We continue to observe differences in puffing behavior
related to personality variables. The effect seems clearer
among male subjects that among females.
Shock and Smoking
Data collection will resume in October at a new location
(POL). We need to develop a different stressor as fear of
shock is scaring away some of our more valuable subjects.
Sustained performance and smoking
In this two-part study, we are evaluating psychomotor
performance of smokers, deprived smokers, and nonsmokers over
time (3 hours). Part 1, concerned with complex task
performance, has been completed. The subject's task consisted
of five subtasks which had to be performed simultaneously.
These subtasks were: a meter monitoring subtask (6 meters), a
light monitoring subtask (4 lights), a visual choice reaction
time subtasks, an auditory choice reaction time subtask, and
a mental arithmetic subtask.
In terms of all five subtasks, the subjects showed
significant improvements in performance over time. No
significant differences in performance were found between the
three smoking conditions except in the auditory subtask where
smokers displayed the best performance. This latter finding
suggests the possibility that smoking enhances auditory
sensitivity and we are currently looking into this
possibility. As we had found in previous studies, smokers had
fewer significant mood changes (as measured by the Nowlis
Mood Scale--a paper and pencil device to measure transient
mood states) than did nonsmokers or deprived smokers. This
suggests that smokers are more emotionally stable in this
sort of test situation than are nonsmokers or deprived
smokers.
Multiple Discriminant Analysis: A Repeated Measures Design,
Virginia Journal of Science, 23, 62-63, Summer, 1972.
Schori, T.R., and Tindall, J.E.
Menthol Cigarette Studies
Two menthol cigarette studies are underway. The first is
designed to delineate the images possessed by various of the
menthol cigarettes currently on the market. This is a
questionnaire type study using national roster panelists.
The second type is a smoking test. It is designed to
identify nicotine and menthol parameters which make for
optimal acceptability of menthol cigarettes. This study has a
three-stage design. The first stage is designed to identify
those nicotine delivery levels which we might reasonably wish
to consider for menthol cigarettes. Having identified these
nicotine delivery levels, in stage 2 we will determine
combinations of nicotine and menthol which make for optimal
acceptability. And then in stage 3, cigarettes with these
combinations will be tested against current brands of known
quality and sales potential.
Bay Area Study
Marketing, for the past few months, has been trying to
improve the image of Multifilter in the San Francisco Bay
Area and San Jose. In this study, we are trying to determine
whether this attempt to improve Multifilter's image has been
successful. We are doing this by means of a mailout to
smokers in these areas.
Tar and Nicotine Studies
We have done a number of nicotine to tar ratio studies.
Development is continuing to try to make cigarette models
with various levels of tar and nicotine using our low
nicotine tobacco. When we get successful models, we will go
out to a national panel in an attempt to determine
combinations of tar and nicotine which make for optimal
acceptability.
In addition, a local panel of smokers will test these
cigarettes for nine weeks in order to determine the effect of
tar and nicotine on cigarette consumption when both tar and
nicotine deviate downward from that to which the smokers are
accustomed. This is a follow-up of TNT-1.
Philip Morris,
Richmond, VA, November 14, 1972.
INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
To: Dr. P.A. Eichorn.
From: W.L. Dunn.
Subject: 1600 objectives for 1973.
Objective I: To provide leads for new cigarette design and
development.
A number of studies are planned or in progress which fall
under this objective. Each study is concerned with some
discrete aspect of the cigarette or smoke product idea that
demands data for its evaluation. A brief description of each
follows:
Nicotine/tar ratio
The nicotine/tar ratio of all cigarettes of natural leaf is
.07 .01. We have no acceptability data for
nicotine/tar ratios outside this range. Since the trend in
tar delivery is downward, and since nicotine is presumed to
be that which is sought by the smoke does a cigarette with a
high nicotine/tar ratio have market potential. Three studies
of this question were executed in 1972. The critical study is
yet to be accomplished; namely, the evaluation of that matrix
of nine cigarettes representing all combinations of three
nicotine levels (.3, .8 and 1.2 mg) and three tar levels, (8,
12 and 16 mg). This study will be done in 1973.
Nicotine and menthol level variations in menthol cigarettes
What is the optimum combination of nicotine and menthol
levels? In a manner similar to that used in the nicotine/tar
ratio series, we will obtain smoker preference response to a
matrix of cigarettes varying in menthol and nicotine levels,
using black menthol smokers as principal panelists.
Optimum mode of tar reduction
Given that the market demands a 14 mg cigarette, and given
a variety of ways to reduce delivery to this level, which way
provides the most acceptable cigarette? This study has been
in the making for a year. The problem is to obtain cigarettes
at target delivery representing each of the reduction modes.
Once the cigarettes can be provided, we will execute the
study .
The influence of RTD on acceptability
In recent studies of the nicotine/tar ratio we have
observed an effect on preference attributable to differences
in RTD, RTD being a variable which we were unable to
adequately control. We plan to conduct a preference study
with cigarettes representing systematic manipulation of RTD.
The study is contingent upon obtaining the required
cigarettes, there being technical problems involved in
attempting to vary RTD independently of other factors.
Puffing patterns as a function of cigarette characteristics
To what extent do cigarette parameters (tar, nicotine, RTD,
rod length, etc.) influence puffing patterns? This is a
problem that has long interested development. Several years
have been devoted to the development of a device for
recording puffing patterns. The device is now available
(though falling considerably short of the original
specifications) and observations of puffing patterns are now
in progress. We expect to report some findings in 1973.
SEX-III
This study has been executed. The report is scheduled for
early 1973. It is a replication of SEX-I (1968) using 1200 of
the original 2500 subjects of SEX-I. We will relate changes
in mean daily intake to a number of variables, with
particular interest in the influence of changes in available
tar upon intake.
Objective II: To further our understanding of the motives
and incentives in cigarette smoking
That there are many rewards in cigarette smoking is a basic
premise in our research aimed at explaining cigarette
smoking. But some rewards we believe to be more crucial than
others. Our program is aimed at identifying the crucial or
primary reward(s), i.e. the reward(s) which, if eliminated,
would lead to the discontinuation of smoking.
A second basic premise is that some people find smoking
more rewarding than others because of certain yet to be
isolated physiological or psychological characteristics. A
third premise is that these characteristics are of such a
nature as to make smoking rewarding under not all situations
but only those which induce deviation in the individual's
psychological state. Thus, smoking is rewarding for certain
people under certain circumstances. Our tasks, then, is to
identify the significant characteristic of the smoker and the
significant elements of the situation and to state how the
critical variables of the
[[Page H8130]]
person and the situation interact to reinforce the smoking act. The
following are discrete projects which share this common
objective.
Telemetered heart rate
A psychological characteristic which is of interest to us
is ``arousal level'' referring to a hypothetical state of
activity in the central nervous system. Heart rate is taken
to be an index of arousal level. We will sample heart rate
via telemetered radio signal over the course of a working day
under smoking and abstention conditions. Instrumentation
limitations and the difficulty of obtaining subjects that are
willing to abstain on demand over several weeks time compel
us to focus on a few subjects and extensive observations per
subject.
We are hypothesizing from a theoretical model that
variability in heart rate will be lower under smoking than
under abstention conditions.
Personality and puffing behavior
In this research we observe the differences in puffing
behavior under relatively nonstressed situations (subjects
evaluate the difficulty of choosing between two stimuli and
later actually make the choices) of people with different
personality characteristics. We then attempt to predict their
puffing behavior from knowledge of their personality types.
Evidence to date suggests that students with a high type V
score, determined by a composite 11 of the 20 factors
measured by the 16 PF, take many more puffs on cigarettes
than do students with a low type V score. Students with
intermediate scores take an intermediate number of puffs.
Plans for the year: (1) Extend our observations to other
puff variables by using the smoking recorder. (These
observations can be embedded in other data-gathering tasks,
such as those of the project examining effects of product
differences on smoking behavior.) (2) Improve our prediction
accuracy by increasing the number and type of personality
test items in our tests. (We'll give both the A and B forms
of the 16 PF, add items from the Maudsley scale, and
administer a portion of an intelligence test.) (3) Seek out
specific personality combinations which affect the new
dependent variables. (d) Extend our interest to the
prediction of FTC tar taken into the mouth by our local and
national panelists by relating their daily intake and average
intake per cigarette to their personality.
Anxiety and puffing behavior
In this project we will repeat an investigation conducted
earlier which suggests that subjects threatened by shock will
show differential heart rate increases associated with the
threat on days when they are allowed to smoke than on days
when they are not allowed to smoke. Our observations require
confirmation before we are ready to publish the results.
Personality and social class
Our measure of social class is that of the U.S. Census,
which has rated various occupations along a 99 point scale.
We will select a set of sample panelists from different
levels of the socioeconomic spectrum and compare their
cigarette consumption with their social class and personality
type. In addition to the general level of class, a factor we
postulate as important in determining consumption is the
relative consistency of a man's educational background,
salary, and his occupation. We reason that where these
factors are not appropriately consistent--so that the man may
be under or overtrained for his occupation, or may be under
or overpaid for his occupation we might expect him to be
operating under such stresses as would (a) affect his
personality test scores and (b) increase the likelihood of
him becoming a smoker.
Effects of product differences on smoking behavior
This project is an offshoot of the theoretical research
into states and traits which uncover differences in smoking
behavior associated with differences in people. It examines
differences in smoking behavior associated with differences
in smoking material.
Procedures: Smoking behavior is monitored while smokers
engage in a simple psychological task repeated over a series
of days, during which they smoke two samples of each of eight
products: two little cigars (Winchester, and Antonio and
Cleopatra) and 6 85mm cigarettes (Marlboro, Winston,
Multifilter, Kool, True, and Carlton). An additional two
samples of four products are also smoked during a slightly
more difficult task on the same days. Number of puffs per
cigarette and interval between puffs are monitored both by an
observer and by the desk model of the smoking recorder, which
also records puff volume and maximum flow rate.
Expectation: The puff variables will be affected by (1) Tar
and nicotine deliveries of the products and (2) General taste
acceptability of the products as measured on a rating scale.
Estimated Completion: Depending on the availability of
subjects during December and early January, when the
University has a long vacation for the first time, data
collection should end in March and a report should be
published in April, 1973.
Comment: In the expectation that further projects of this
character will be called for, we have devised a new task to
occupy the smoker's attention. The task, which involves the
comparison of artificially designed words called paralods
with other words seen before, should be repeatable on many
more occasions than is our present task. This should make it
easier for us to make repeated observations on the same
smokers and partly alleviate one of our major hangups,
finding a constant supply of new smokers for our research
activities.
Film-induced stress
Heart rate, respiration rate, galvanic skin response and
muscle potential will be recorded for all subjects as they
watch a neutral film. All subjects (nonsmokers, deprived
smokers and smokers) will be deprived during the neutral film
and for at least an hour preceding the film. Then two stress
films will be shown. During this time only the smoking group
will be permitted to smoke and the physiological measures
will again be recorded. Mood scales will also be given at
several points during the experiment. We will be looking for
possible differences between groups in terms of physiological
and/or mood changes. This will be an attempt to determine if
smoking can affect the ability to handle stress.
Spare mental capacity
In this experiment nonsmokers, smokers deprived, and
smokers will first be required to perform a tracking task. On
the basis of their performance on the tracking task, they
will be given varying amounts of other tasks to perform. The
better a subject performs, the more he will be given to do.
The object is to push every subject to his limit and
determine whether there are any differences between groups in
amount of spare mental capacity.
Sustained performance
We will analyze the data collected in two different types
of sustained performance tasks. The first task was extremely
difficult and required the subject to use a great deal of his
mental capacity. The second was a slower (one quarter the
speed) version of the first and was designed to bore the
subjects. We will look for differential effects of smoking
condition (nonsmoker, smoker deprived, and smoker) and task
difficulty on performance and on two different mood scales.
Driving efficiency and smoking
This effort is in its germanal stage. We are thinking about
the feasibility of a heavy commitment of time and money to an
extensive monitoring of the automobile driver aimed at
determining whether smoking does affect performance. Our
plans to date go only so far as to include a literature
search and a possible proposed writeup.
Objective III: To Provide Economic Analyses and Forecasts
to R&D and New York Management, as follows:
Keep management appraised of the trends in tar and nicotine
deliveries of cigarettes on the American market by continuing
to provide periodic reports and analyses of weighted average
tar and nicotine deliveries.
Provide economic forecast and analysis of the effect of
demographic and social trends as guidance to the corporation
through the annual contribution to the P.M. USA Five-Year
Plan, and in answer to specific questions posed by R&O and
New York Marketing and Financial Management regarding foreign
and domestic economic, social and demograhic trends.
Provide, through the medium of the data bank developed in
successive pollings of the POL National Roster, information
to R&O and to New York Marketing Management on the
demographic and socio-economic characteristics of users of
products of interest to Philip Morris; brand and flavor
preferences and extent of usage as related to demographic and
socio-economic characteristics; and changes over time in
brand and flavor preferences and extent of use of cohorts of
our panelists.
Objective IV: To Maintain and Where Necessary Upgrade our
Capability for Providing Consumer Product Testing Services
Toward this end we plan to do the following:
Establish a local panel of black menthol smokers
Via advertisement in the local newspaper, Afro-American, we
are recruiting a mail-out, phone-back panel of black menthol
smokers.
Establish a national roster of black smokers
We will select appropriate city areas from city directories
and draw names for mail invitations to join the POL panel. We
will target for an urban sample of a thousand smokers; which
should include 300 menthol smokers.
Annual (semi-annual?) dinner for R&O booth panelists with
high attendance records
We plan to institute this program to encourage more regular
participation. An annual dinner for the Descriptive Panel has
proven most effective.
A bastard descriptive panel/booth test procedure
We are in the process of evaluating an alternative
procedure for in-house product testing suggested by the
Stanford Research Institute. It combines certain of the
Descriptive Panel principles with those of booth testing.
Philip Morris U.S.A.--Research and Development
five year plan--1974-78
May, 1973
Overall objective
To support the growth goals of PM-USA, R&D management will
strive to maintain the rate of balanced technical progress
consistent with our industry leadership position. Substantial
effort will be channeled into major product and process
programs in
[[Page H8131]]
selected areas of greatest opportunity, while building the level of
technical support and biological investigation needed to
protect established domestic and international product
positions.
I. New product and product improvement programs
R&D management strategy in the area of new products and
product improvement will be to seek to anticipate the changes
in cigaret design, construction or composition which will
constitute readily-perceivable advances over present market
brands, and to develop the technology needed to accomplish
those changes.
A. Filters and filtration
The major filter effort is being directed toward
understanding fundamental filtration mechanisms and providing
a solid foundation of filter technology upon which to base
future products. The program includes selective filtration of
various smoke components, sorbtion and flow studies,
controlled release of flavors, and analysis of the
functioning of diverse filter material candidates.
Filter process development activities include plug
combining through extrusion, space-fill techniques, and the
single flush-fluted filter.
New filter products under current development include
foamed plastic filters, impaction filters, fused CA, spiral
filter, and porous polymeric filters.
B. Smoke composition and control
This long-range program is aimed at developing economical
proprietary techniques for control of those specific smoke
components which may come to be regarded as undesirable.
Achievement of the objection will necessitate identification
of the rod precursors of smoke constituents, understanding
the conditions under which the constituents are formed, and
developing techniques to alter the precursors and/or reaction
conditions beneficially.
C. Non-tobacco fillers and additives
The principal elements of this program are the designed
filler project and its supporting studies, evaluation of
competitive non-tobacco sheet materials, tobacco protein
concentrates, and the synthesis of analogs of tobacco
alkaloids.
D. Flavor and subjective response
Our long range effort is aimed at a dramatic reduction in
both nicotine and tar while maintaining subjective responses
equal to our present major brands. This complex task will
require (1) understanding more thoroughly the constituents of
smoke, (2) discovering which constituents contribute
positively to the smoker's response, and which detract or
make no contribution, (3) determining those precursor
substances in the filler and paper and those pyrolysis
conditions which produce each type of constituent, and (4)
developing means of decreasing the proportion of undesirable
constituents, increasing the desirable ones, or supplementing
them with additives.
E. Other new product concepts
Other new product models under current development include
a slim cigaret formulated for a strong masculine appeal, a
low delivery slim, and a paper-free, film-wrapped cigaret
rod.
II. Psychological and biological aspects of smoking
R&D management will continue to emphasize three areas of
investigation which are relatively long-term with respect to
commercial applications: (A) Smoker Motives and Behavior, (B)
Bioassay Methods, and (C) Physiological Effects of Smoking.
A. Smoker motives and behavior
This program comprises a number of studies expected to
provide insight leading to new cigaret designs. These include
studies of optimum nicotine/tar ratios, nicotine/menthol
relationships, puffing patterns as a function of cigaret
characteristics, influence of RTD on acceptability,
personality and anxiety factors affecting puffing behavior,
and effects of product differences on smoking behavior.
B. Bioassay methods
In order to remain abreast of, and when possible
anticipate, trends and findings in smoking and health, R&D
will continue to develop and apply rapid bioassay methods to
evaluate the effects of cigaret smoke and its constituents
upon biological systems.
C. Physiological effects of Smoking
An increased level of effort is anticipated, both
domestically and abroad, on the physiological effects of our
smoking products. R&D management recognizes the importance to
the Corporation of a rapid, informed response to challenges
in the health field, and will seek to establish a level of
preparedness commensurate with an industry leadership
position.
October 29, 1973.
Those listed.
T.S. Osdene.
5-Year plan.
Attached is a copy of the R&D Strategy 5-Year Plan. I would
be pleased if you would use this as a framework in which your
various programs and projects are supportive of this
document. In the near future you will be given your Project
Authorization sheets, and I would be pleased to receive your
plans within the next two weeks. Should you wish to discuss
this with me in some detail, please let me know.
If in your opinion, there have been any omissions or
mistakes within the broad R&D outline, please let me know so
that we can amend.
Dr. W.L. Dunn
Dr. D.A. Lowitz
Dr. F. Will
R&D Strategy Outline
i. support of established brands
A. General strategy
R&D management believes that the technical support of our
established successful cigaret brands is the foundation upon
which any future growth through new brands must be built.
Therefore, established product and profit positions will be
protected through a balanced program in the areas of cost
savings, smoking and health, brand improvement, and service
to other departments.
B. Cost savings
Primary emphasis will be on development of the leaf, stem
and sheet processing technology needed to achieve the lowest
possible materials cost for PM-USA without jeopardizing the
reputation for consistently high quality which our cigarets
enjoy.
Secondarily, R&D will be alert to possible economies in
other phases of cigaret manufacturing.
C. Smoking and health
R&D will seek to establish a level of knowledge and
preparedness which will facilitate a rapid, informed response
to challenges in the health field. This level will be
developed largely through the sponsorship of selected studies
at independent laboratories and universities. The principal
in-house effort will be the development and application of
rapid bioassay methods to evaluate the effects of cigaret
smoke and its constituents upon biological systems.
D. Improvement or established brands
To the extent that opportunities or needs for technical
improvement of established PM market brands may occasionally
become evident, whether through new technology developed by
R&D or by suppliers, through continuing R&D liaison with
Marketing or Manufacturing, or through competitor actions,
R&D will provide the technical support as needed to
accomplish the improvements.
E. Technical service to other departments
Services to other PM departments will be mainly confined to
complying with special project requests and continuing to
provide established routine services such as the CI report,
analytical support for HTI tests, etc. An important
exception, however, will be service to the International
Division, for whom R&D aggressively will seek to make
available its technology and resources to support the
continued rapid growth of that Division.
ii. new products
A. General Strategy
R&D management believes that, because of the broadcast,
advertising ban and other changes in the structure of the
cigaret market, new brands based on relatively modest product
differences can no longer be introduced successfully. The few
successful new brands in the foreseeable future mainly will
be those which embody major, readily-perceivable advances
over existing market brands.
Recognizing that the most innovative and promising cigaret
concepts for the long run will require a depth of
understanding of our product and customer which we have not
yet attained and which can only be achieved through
substantial investments in directed research, R&D management
will concentrate a large part of the resources at its
disposal in two major long-range new product programs: a
cigaret with controlled-composition mainstream smoke, and a
``full-flavor'' cigaret delivering less than ten milligrams
of FTC tar.
B. Composition control of mainstream smoke
This program is aimed at developing economical proprietary
techniques for control of those specific smoke components
which may come to be regarded as undesirable. The program
will include projects to identify the rod precursors of
unwanted smoke constituents, to understand the conditions
under which the constituents are formed, and to develop
techniques to eliminate selectively the unwanted constituents
from the smoke, either by altering the precursors and/or
reaction conditions, or by removing the constituent after it
is formed (principally by filtration).
C. Full-flavor/low delivery
This program is directed at a dramatic reduction in cigaret
tar level while maintaining subjective responses equal to our
present major brands, and is in several important ways, the
complement of the program described above. As the Composition
Control effort seeks to ``eliminate the negative,'' this
program is to ``accentuate the positive.'' The task requires
(1) understanding more thoroughly the constituents of smoke,
(2) discovering which constituents contribute positively to
the smoker's response, and which detract or make no
contribution, (3) determining those precursor substances in
the filler and paper and those pyrolysis conditions which
produce each type of constituent, and (4) developing means of
increasing the relative concentration of desirable
constituents.
D. Other new product technology
R&D management recognizes that, despite the importance of
the two new product programs described above, these alone
will not
[[Page H8132]]
provide sufficient breadth of technology to enable the Company to
become the undisputed industry leader by 1980.
[1.] Accordingly, additional programs will be maintained
with two broad objectives:
[2.] To develop cigaret features and processes which can
find application in a possible new brand, although the
features and processes may not be sufficient justification by
themselves for a new brand or brand extension.
To improve our understanding of how and why smokers
actually smoke cigarets, to provide leads for other major new
product concepts.
Strategically, R&D management wishes to maintain a large
number of projects of these two types, sufficiently diverse
to cover all of the important elements of the product and its
use. Although the projects in the aggregate will represent a
major investment of R&D resources, the expenditure level on
any single project will be relatively low.
Charge number: 1600.
Program title: Smoker Psychology.
Project leader: W.L. Dunn, Jr.
Period covered: April 1-30, 1974.
Date of report: May 9, 1974.
Project title: Aloha Brain Waves and Smoking.
Written by: W.L. Dunn.
Nearing completion of data collection.
Project title: Controlling Smoke Inhalation Post-Puff.
Written by: W.L. Dunn.
Still in instrumentation phase.
Project title: Puffing Behavior.
Written by: F.J. Ryan.
When 16 students smoked 85 mm Marlboros or Salems cut to
different lengths, we observed that (1) first puffs were
strikingly similar in volume, flow, and duration, whether
taken on an 85, 78, 71, 65, or 59 mm rod; (2) second puffs
were strikingly similar, too, whether at 78, 71, 65, 59, or
52 mm; (3) later-than-second puffs had volumes which were
determined by rod length, rather than puff number. In this
study puffs were taken at 60-second intervals. But smokers
are normally free to take puffs at any time, so that it is
inappropriate to use puff number alone to categorize volumes.
A third puff taken when an 85 mm rod is 71 mm long will have
a different volume than a third puff taken when a rod is 40
mm long. Interpuff interval and static burn rate must be
taken into account.
Some summarizing and grouping of the data in several recent
studies suggests that puff volume is dependent on the weight
of the smoker. Our nine heaviest student smokers had
considerably larger volumes per puff than our nine lighter
smokers. Most of the volume increase is attributable to
differences in flow rate, but there are differences in puff
duration, too. Whether this is due to general strength and
vigor, to generally greater appetite, to lung capacity, or to
some other factor is unknown. If we take smoke volume per
puff, body weight, and puff by puff tar and nicotine
deliveries into account, finding mg tar (or nicotine) per
puff per kg of body weight--then the group differences
disappear.
This suggests some type of dose hypothesis in controlling
smoke volume intake.
Project title: Smoking, Arousal, and Mood Change.
Written by: T.R. Schori.
Data collection continues. We had hoped to be able to
obtain good heart rate data using a cassette-type recording
system. That now seems unlikely based upon the many
difficulties we have experienced with that system. However,
these data are only a nonessential minor part of this study.
Project title: Miscellaneous.
Written by: T.R. Schori.
SEF is nearly ready to go out with an RP\3\ test of our DL-
2 cigarettes. One of the menthol cigarettes for MN-3 is being
remade.
Project title: Regression Analysis.
Written by: T.R. Schori.
Having done a number of studies (JND-1, JND-2, TNT-3, TNT-
4) in which we have systematically manipulated tar and
nicotine parameters of cigarettes, we are trying to see if we
can make any overall conclusion. Specifically, we are trying
to predict nicotine/tar ratios for optimal cigarette
acceptability at differing tar deliveries.
Philip Morris U.S.A.,
Research Center,
October 1995.
Report Title: Low Delivery Cigarettes and Increased Nicotine/
Tar Ratios, A Replication.
Written by: Barbara Jones, Willie Houck, Peggy Martin.
Approved by: William L. Dunn, Jr. and Leo F. Meyer.
Distribution: H. Wakeham, F. Resnik, T. Osdene, R. Thomson,
W. Gannon, R. Fagan, F. Daylor, J. Osmalov, H. Daniel, W.
Claflin, P. Gauvin, M. Johnston, F. Ryan, C. Levy, F.
Reynolds, Indexer Day File (2), Central File (2).
Abstract
This study provides evidence that the optimum nicotine to
tar (N/T) ratio for a 10 mg tar cigarette is somewhat higher
than that occurring in smoke from the natural state of
tobacco, namely, .07.01.
Three low delivery cigarettes (10 mg tar) differing in
terms of N/T ratio (.06, .09 and .12) were rated in terms of
subjective strength and acceptability by 235 regular filter
smokers. Two packs of each were provided each respondent plus
two packs of a control Marlboro.
The .09 N/T ratio experimental cigarette was equal in
acceptability to the Marlboro control. The .06 and .12 N/T
ratio cigarettes were both judged less acceptable.
All four cigarettes were judged to be different from one
another in terms of strength in the following ascending
order: .06, .09, control, .12.
One can infer from these results that nicotine does
contribute to the perceived strength of cigarette smoke, and
that the optimum N/T ratio for a 10 mg tar cigarette is
somewhat higher than that occurring in smoke from the natural
state of tobacco, namely, .07.01.
We plan to use these finding as guidelines in conducting
another N/T ratio study using the National POL panel.
introduction
It appears that aims of research in the area of low
delivery cigarettes need to be twofold. One goal is to come
up with a low delivery cigarette that will appeal to current
low delivery cigarette smokers. It seems logical that such a
cigarette can look like a low delivery cigarette, i.e.,
possibly having unconventional tipping paper and an unusual
appearing filter. It may even be suggested that a cigarette
will be acceptable to many current low delivery smokers only
if it has the taste characteristics that they associate with
a ``healthy cigarette'' e.g. low in flavor, strength and
impact. One study (Schori, 1972) indicated that a large
national sample of smokers did not perceive any cigarette
then on the market as being low in delivery and high in
flavor.
Another objective, providing the impetus behind the present
study, is the development of a low delivery cigarette that
will both look and taste like a regular filter cigarette and
thus will appeal to current regular filter smokers. The idea
behind this is that some of these smokers would possibly
smoke a low delivery cigarette but they consider the low
delivery cigarettes currently on the market as too
flavorless, too weak and too low in impact. If a low delivery
cigarette with impact and flavor were developed, it may cause
the segment of current regular filter smokers who are
concerned about their health but demand a flavorful cigarette
to voluntarily switch to the low delivery cigarettes. This
may seem at first to be a senseless venture since it might
result in Marlboro smokers switching to this low delivery
cigarette. However, we must recognize the possibility that if
we do not develop such a cigarette, it may be developed by
another tobacco company. Having developed such a cigarette
would also give us an advantage in the event that the
government imposes delivery restrictions. Furthermore, some
portion of current low delivery smokers may desire to switch
to a more flavorful cigarette and others may follow as
consumer experience results in changing the image of low
delivery cigarettes so that smokers believe a flavorful
cigarette can really be ``healthy.''
It was hypothesized in an earlier study that increasing
nicotine to tar (N/T) ratios\1\ from the 107 ratio of most
cigarettes currently on the market might increase the
subjective strength of low delivery cigarettes and thus their
acceptability among regular filter smokers. Therefore, three
low delivery cigarettes in the 10 mg tar range with varying
N/T ratios were compared to a Marlboro control. (Schori &
Martin, 1974b) The results of that study (DL-1) indicated
that the 10.7 mg tar, .12 nicotine to tar (N/T) ratio
cigarette was comparable to the Marlboro in terms of both
subjective acceptability and strength. Although cigarettes in
this tar delivery range had previously achieved parity with
Marlboro in acceptability (Schori & Martin, 1974a), the DL-1
study was the first time that such a cigarette achieved
parity in both acceptability and strength.
\1\Since tar was virtually constant across the three
experimental cigarettes, it would have sufficed in this study
to refer to nicotine rather than to N/T ratios. However, the
use of N/T ratios was intended to facilitate discovering
possible trends over different levels of tar. Furthermore,
this terminology makes it more readily apparent as to how the
data relate to the .07 N/T ratio that is characteristic of
most cigarettes currently on the market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
However, on the DL-1 study the variations in N/T ratios of
the low delivery cigarettes were confronted with variations
in tar delivery. Therefore, the present study was designed as
a follow-up of the DL-1 study. Three experimental low
delivery cigarettes targeted to delivery 10 mg tar with N/T
ratios of .07, .10 and .13 were compared to a Marlboro
control in terms of subjective acceptability and strength. It
was desired that the experimental cigarettes be more similar
in tar delivery than was the case in the DL-1 study.
methods
Cigarettes
The experimental cigarettes were targeted to deliver 10 mg
tar with .07, 10 and .13 N/T ratios. To obtain the two
highest ratios, it was necessary to add supplementary
nicotine in the form of nicotine citrate. The delivery levels
obtained for the three experimental cigarettes and a Marlboro
control are shown below (for complete analytic data, see
Appendix A):
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tar (mg/cigt.).............. 10.4 11.0 11.0 18.0
Nicotine (mg/cigt.)......... 0.68 0.95 1.31 1.03
Tar (mg/puff)............... 1.09 1.13 1.08 2.04
Nicotine (mg/puff).......... .07 .10 .13 .12
Nicotine/Tar Ratio.......... .06 .09 .12 .06
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inspection of the above table shows the success in
maintaining constant tar over the
[[Page H8133]]
experimental cigarettes, particularly with regard to tar/
puff.
Test procedures
The test was sent to 300 RP\3\ 85 mm regular filter
smokers, half of whom were Marlboro smokers. The panelists
received 10 packs of cigarettes; 2 packs of each of the four
coded cigarettes (the 3 experimental cigarettes and the
Marlboro control) and 2 packs of uncoded Marlboros to
complete the carton. They were instructed to smoke the
cigarettes in any order they wished as long as they filled in
the scales for one set of codes before beginning to smoke the
next set. In the event that the panelists smoke the
cigarettes in the order suggested by the order of the rating
scales on the ballot, all possible presentations of the
rating scales for the four cigarettes were used an equal
number of times. The cigarettes were rated on both an
acceptability scale and a strength scale. (1=dislike
extremely to 9=like extremely; 1=extremely weak to
9=extremely strong) The ballot is shown in Appendix B.
Data analysis
The ratings from the acceptability and strength scales were
analyzed by means of a one-way analysis of variance with
repeated measures on subjects. Individual comparisons of
means, using Duncan's Range Test, were performed in order to
assess the significance of differences between pairs of
cigarettes where overall significant differences were
detected.
results
The return rate
The return rate was 78%.
Analyses of variance
The analyses of variance for the acceptability and strength
scale ratings of the total panel are summarized below.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
.06 N/ .09 N/ .12 N/
Marlboro T T T Probability
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acceptability (N=235):
X.................... 5.77 5.32 5.65 5.26 .0034
S.D.................. 1.88 1.89 1.91 1.95 ...........
Strength (N=235):
X.................... 5.34 4.34 4.73 5.62 .0001
S.D.................. 1.28 1.67 1.46 1.50 ...........
------------------------------------------------------------------------
From this summary, it can be seen that significant
differences (p<.05) were found among cigarettes in both
acceptability and strength. A multiple range test (Duncan,
1955) was performed to make individual comparisons between
mean ratings. The results of this analysis are given below
with the mean ratings rearranged in ascending order of
magnitude. Those means not underlined by a common line are
significantly different from one another (p<.05).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
.12 N/T .06 N/T .09 N/T Marlboro
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acceptability................... 5.26 5.32 5.65 5.77
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
.06 N/T .09 N/T Marlboro .12 N/T
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strength........................ 4.34 4.73 5.34 5.62
------------------------------------------------------------------------
From these analyses it can be seen that the experimental
cigarette with the .09 N/T ratio and the Marlboro control
were equally acceptable and were more acceptable than the
other two experimental cigarettes. These other two
experimental cigarettes (.06 and .12 N/T ratio) also were not
significantly different from one another in acceptability.
Further inspection of the individual comparisons reveals
that the three experimental cigarettes and the Marlboro
control were all significantly different from one another in
strength.
discussion
In this study, three low delivery cigarettes in the 10 mg
tar range varying in nicotine N/T ratio (.06, .09 and .12)
were compared to a Marlboro control in terms of subjective
acceptability and strength. The .09 N/T ratio cigarette was
found to be equal in acceptability to the Marlboro control.
The highest N/T ratio cigarette (.12) and the proportional
reduction of tar and nicotine cigarette (.06) were less
acceptable than the control. Among the experimental
cigarettes, strength ratings went up as N/T ratio increased;
and interestingly, the 11 mg tar cigarette with .12 N/T ratio
was rated significantly higher in strength than the 18 mg tar
Marlboro control.
These data suggest that acceptability increases as N/T
ratio increases up to a certain ratio and then decreases.
Thus it seems that increasing the strength of low delivery
cigarettes by adding nicotine citrate increases the
acceptability up to a point where the cigarettes may be
perceived as too strong and acceptability decreases. Since
the two highest N/T ratio experimental cigarettes were made
by adding nicotine in the form of nicotine citrate spray,
there is a possibility that the increased citrate that
accompanied the increased nicotine is crucial in the
resulting increases in subjective strength.
The results of the DL-1 study showed overall trends that
were very similar to those of the present study. For the
experimental cigarettes, strength ratings increased as the N/
T ratio increased. However, whereas the present study found
the .12 N/T ratio cigarette to be a stronger than the
Marlboro control, the results of the DL-1 study indicated
that these cigarettes were considered equal in strength.
In regard to acceptability, the DL-1 study results
concurred with the results of the present study in that the
experimental cigarette with the moderate level of nicotine
addition was rated higher in acceptability than the
proportional reduction cigarette and equal to the Marlboro
control. Since the .12 N/T ratio cigarette in DL-1 was not
seen as stronger than the control, it seems logical that the
acceptability ratings would not decline. In fact, in the DL-1
study, both of the cigarettes with added nicotine were as
acceptable as the Marlboro.
The difference between the two .12 N/T ratio cigarettes in
the two studies that caused them to be perceived differently
in relation to the control is not obvious. The analytical
data for the cigarettes in the DL-1 study are shown in
Appendix C.
Inspection of the analytical data for the two tests reveals
that while total alkaloids decreased from DL-1 to the present
study for all other cigarettes, they increased in the .12 N/T
ratio cigarette. Another possible explanation is that there
were subtle taste differences between the .12 N/T ratio
cigarettes in the two studies that are not reflected in the
analytical data but are responsible for the difference in
strength and acceptability ratings. Unfortunately, no data on
taste differences are available.
In conclusion, the results of this study support the DL-1
findings that increasing N/T ratios from the .07 level
increases the subjective strength of low delivery cigarettes.
Additionally, there is an indication that these increases in
strength will be accompanied by increased acceptability.
However, the data suggest that caution should be exercised
such that N/T ratios are not increased to the extent that the
increases in acceptability associated with moderate increases
in N/T ratio are lost.
Further research
In order to clarify the meaning of the results of this
study, it would be beneficial to discover whether nicotine
has the same effect if added in forms other than nicotine
citrate. Perhaps nicotine and citrate interact such that
increases in both nicotine and citrate are necessary for any
differences in subjective strength.
Since RP3 is a local panel and there is a possibility
of regional differences in cigarette preferences, we propose
to conduct another study using the National POL panel. In
this study we will test two 10 mg tar cigarettes, with N/T
ratios of .07 and .11, with a Marlboro control. The .11 N/T
ratio was chosen in an attempt to make a cigarette that will
be perceived as stronger than the .09 N/T ratio cigarette in
the present study but not as strong as the .12 N/T ratio
cigarette. In other words, we are using the guidelines
suggested by this study to attempt to make a 10 mg tar
cigarette that will equal a Marlboro control in both
subjective acceptability and strength.
references
Duncan, D.B. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests.
Biometrics, 1955, 11, 1-42.
Schori, T.R. Perceived Attributes of Cigarettes. Philip
Morris Technical Report, June, 1972.
Schori, T.R. & Martin, P.G. Low Delivery Cigarettes and
Increased RTD. Philip Morris Technical Report, June, 1974a.
Schori, T.R. & Martin, P.G. Low Delivery Cigarettes and
Increased Nicotine/Tar Ratios (DL-1). Philip Morris Technical
Report, September, 1974b.
APPENDIX A.--ANALYTICAL DATA
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control Experimental cigarettes
Marlboro -----------------------------
85
---------- D48DK-1 D4BDL-1 D48DM-1
D4BDJ-1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Target--Tar, mg/cigt............ 10 10 10
Target--Nicotine, mg/cigt....... 0.7 1.0 1.3
Smoke:
Butt Length, mm............... 28 28 28 28
FTC Tar, mg/cigt.............. 18.0 10.4 11.0 11.0
Nicotine, mg/cigt............. 1.03 0.68 0.95 1.31
Puffs/cigt.................... 8.8 9.5 9.7 10.2
Filtration Eff., %............ 45 60 57 58
Nicotine/Tar Ratio............ .0572 .0653 .0863 .1190
Tar, mg/Puff.................. 2.04 1.09 1.13 1.08
Nicotine, mg/Puff............. .12 .07 .10 .13
Cigarette:
Total RTD, in. of H20......... 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.6
Static Burn. Time, min........ 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.8
Length, mm.................... 84.5 84.3 84.2 84.3
Circumference, mm............. 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.0
Paper:
Additive, type................ Cit. Cit. Cit. Cit.
Porosity, sec................. 20 17 19 17
Filter:
RTD, in. of H20............... 2.6 4.0 3.6 3.6
Length, mm.................... 20.8 21.0 20.9 21.0
Weight, g..................... 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.17
Tipping Paper Length, mm...... 25 25 25 25
Dilution, %................... None 19 25 26
Filler:
Total Alkaloids, %............ 1.47 1.49 1.80 2.97
Total Reducing Sugars, %...... 6.1 6.9 6.8 7.8
Wt. of Tob., g................ 0.757 0.788 0.781 0.790
Rod Density, g/cc............. 0.239 0.248 0.246 0.251
Targeted Nicotine.............
Citrate Spray, %.............. -- -- 3 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
notes on program review presentation 2/79
Last year I devoted most of my time to the rationale and
conceptualization of our program, and had little time left to
talk about what we were in fact doing. Today I'd like to be
more concert and talk about the research projects we have
underway and planned, with comments to relate the projects to
our program objectives and to the R&D Five-Year Plan.
First let me state our 3 objectives:
1. To understand the psychological reward the smoker gets
from smoking.
2. To understand the psychophysiology underlying this
reward.
3. To relate this reward to the constituents in smoke.
Our three lines of investigation:
1. The effects of nicotine and nicotine-like compounds upon
animal behavior.
2. The effects of smoke and smoke constituents upon the
electrical activity in the human brain.
[[Page H8134]]
3. The effects of changes in smoke composition upon puffing
behavior, inhalation behavior and descriptive statements by
the smoker.
Our people:
Let's first talk about Gullotta's work.
He joined us a year and a half ago. The better part of the
first year was used up in getting the EEG lab on line.
To date he has complete data collection on the first and
very crucial study of the effect of smoking on the visual
evoked response. At the moment he is working closely with the
computer group in analyzing that data.
What is the VER?
Why the VER?
Dr. Gullotta has another study underway. This is a long-
term project because of the problem of recruiting subjects.
He is attempting to catch R&D smokers who have decided to
quite before they do so. He records the EEG before they quit,
then repeats the recording at fixed intervals following
quitting. Subjects are scarce--so the study can take some
time. He has picked up 45 to date.
Hopefully, he will be able to garner some knowledge on an
old problem:
Changes that occur quitting have been cited by Jarvik
Russell as withdrawal effects. There have been no long-term
studies of abstention, so we don't know whether the observed
changes upon quitting are indeed withdrawal effects of an
enduring return to baseline. Frank's observations might be of
great help at least insofar as CNS mediated changes are
concerned.
Frank has other studies scheduled to being as the VER is
completed. If he finds from VER study that he can identify
discrete smoke induced event (i.e. a change in the after-
discharge component for example) he will proceed directly to
a comparison of those modes of nicotine administration,
inhalation and ingestion and iv injection. At the same time
that he is maintaining the EEG, he will monitor nicotine
blood level, heart rate and perhaps other peripheral or
autonomic signals.
Obviously, he will need medical collaboration. The Medical
Dept. has agreed to work with him.
Russell has pointed to a possibility that we had also come
to consider seriously about the smoker's smoking behavior. In
all the titration theorizing, it has been postulated that the
smoker is seeking to maintain a supply of nicotine at some
optimum level in the bloodstream, and we have lamented the
obstacles to getting good tracking of the level of nicotine
in the blood. As new knowledge has developed, two
observations have emerged which influence our thinking:
1. Observed smoking patterns are not consistent with the
premise of titration for a constant blood level and
2. The most probable locus of action is within the central
nervous system.
We are quite ignorant of smoke-derived nicotine's course
through the brain:
a. the conditions required for its passage across the blood
brain barrier (blood concentration, barrier permeability,
etc.)
b. threshold concentrations required at brain loci for
c. diffusion rates, selective localization
d. rate of metabolism
I think I'd best add here a little concentualizing. Until
recently we have entertained a titration hypothesis--we have
postulated that the habituated smoker is seeking to maintain
some optional level of nicotine in his bloodstream. As a
corollary we would expect to see the smoker attune intake to
blood level. Given a more diluted smoke, he would smoke more,
with more cigarettes or bigger puffs, or deeper inhalations.
With our attention increasingly drawn to CNS effects of
smoking, we are sorely frustrated by the constraints imposed
upon us in studying the human smoker. With the effects upon
manifest behavior continuing to elude us, we are limited to
the EEG.
But happily there are other organisms than human that have
CNS's which respond to nicotine. Which brings me to the
comparative psychophysiological programs of Carolyn Levy and
Gary Berntson. There is considerably greater license allowed
in obtruding upon the corpus integritum of the species white
rat than the species Homo Saprin. With apologies both to Gary
and Carolyn, I shall pointedly avoid associating study with
investigator.
We are systematically assembling a battery of behavioral
tests which can be used in the larger assay program of R&O.
Because of the sophisticated level at which the chemistry of
nicotine is being investigated, it has become imperative that
assay tools be made available to our chemists to assist them
in assessing the nicotine likeness of nicotine in its various
forms; its analogues, and other related compounds. Since our
vital interest in nicotine rests upon its presumed
psychophysiological actions, then those behavioral changes
that reflect these actions possess intrinsic assay
significance. Thus the nicotine likeness of a compound can be
expressed in terms of the degree to which it can induce those
changes induced by nicotine.
To date we have evaluated two behavioral tests for
nicotine-likeness. One has been incorporated into the assay
program. The other is still under investigation.
The stimulus discrimination technique has been described to
you already. The animal is trained to press lever A when
injected with nicotine, and lever B when injected with
saline. After being trained to a predetermined level of
correct hits, the animal is injected with Compound X. The
ratio of Lever A to Lever B presses can be construed as an
index of nicotine-likeness. We make no pretense to knowledge
of the underlying mechanisms--we do submit the method as
empirically valid.
The second technique still under study is the tail flick
test. This is a means for determining relative changes in
sensitivity to thermal pain induced by impinging focused
radiant heat upon the animal's tail. The time from stimulus
onset to the tail flick that stops the stimulus is called
tail flick latency. We have established that the latency is
increased by injected nicotine. Of course, one would expect
other compounds to increase latency, as the test is not one
of high specificity, but as part of an assay battery it has
some merit.
The nicotine-induced analgesia as reflected in the tail
flick latency increases is specific to thermal pain and
perhaps some other sources of pain, but does not generalize
to all sources. Dr. Berntson is developing a theoretical
model based upon these observations and undertaking further
research to test the model. He will be telling us about these
developments in due time.
Three other behavioral manifestations of the CNS effects of
nicotine are being or about to be evaluated for inclusion in
the behavioral assay battery.
1. Motor activity
2. Prostration syndrome
3. Nicotine self-administration
Yet another assay candidate is the rat EEG.
This whole program of assay exploration is a two-edged
sword for us. There is basic research implicit in the
evaluation of each test, in fact, in the very selection of
those behaviors which we are monitoring for nicotine effects.
I might also point out that some of these tests have
potential for establishing dose-response curves. We have
already used one for just this purpose. We are forever
mindful of the implications of the observed effects of
nicotine for clues as to the reinforcing mechanism underlying
human smoking.
The ultimate in this program is an inventory of all the
behavioral and quasi-behavioral effects of nicotine at the
animal level and a test for each such effect reduced to a
parsimonious routine.
We can even at this early stage anticipate an extensive
list of nicotinic behavioral effects and a test routine for
each. The assay battery could rapidly become too cumbersome
from the sheer number of discrete tests available. We are
going to need a set of criteria for selecting those tests to
be retained for routine assay.
One obvious criterion is nicotine specificity--nicotine
brings the only compound known to elicit the effect.
Another criterion would be relevancy to human smoking which
would rule out such tests as tail flick or lacency--or the
tail pinch test.
I would point out again that I have not indicated where
these studies are being undertaken they may all be here, all
at Ohio State, or some at both.
We have several studies underway and beginning that are
more immediately concerned with the cigarette. Frank Ryan is
carrying out the long-term project of annual monitoring of
preferences, with which I will assure you are sufficiently
familiar. The third run is to begin within a few weeks. We
are hoping to get some clues as to whether there are trends
in cigarette preferences over 4 or 5 year time span; and, if
there are trends, what characterizes them.
Frank Ryan is also beginning a study of the nicotine/tar
ratio at the 5 mg tar delivery level. This is a study we
would have liked to have undertaken some time back, but only
recently has the technology of cigarette making made it
possible to get the range of nicotine delivery needed with a
constant car delivery.
As a corollary to this field study, Frank is doing a
classical threshold study. What size of a nicotine increment
is needed in order to be detected by the smoker? This is to
be done not only at the 5 mg tar delivery level but at the 15
mg and perhaps the 10 mg level as well. We envision a family
of curves with nicotine delivery differences plotted against:
of persons detecting difference at three tar delivery levels.
Acceptability responses will be gotten at the same time. Such
information can be timely and relevant to the recurring
expression of concern about the relative downness of N/T
ratios in P.M. products
Yet another product related study being conducted by Ryan
is the salivation study. Low tar products are often described
as ``hot and dry.'' It is possible that the perceived dryness
is attributable to a reduced salivation response, rather than
same intrinsic property of the smoke? The question has been
addressed before by this laboratory, but indirectly. We don't
know of any systematic attempts to measure saliva flow-in
response to cigarette-smoke. We judge the question to be
important enough to be explored further.
Dr. Bernston has also some human work underway which I
shall mention briefly since it is coordinated with our own
program.
He has nearly completed data analysis on a study or the
effect of smoking on automatic response to stress. He used
three stress, situations; anticipation of electric shock,
viewing autopsy slides and an cognitive task. He recorded
almost every measurable automatic response; heart rate,
muscle tension, blood flow, respiration, electrogastric
events and skin potential.
He is just beginning another study of the influence of
smoking on higher mental processes. We have, as have others,
looked for the
[[Page H8135]]
effects of smoking upon human performance over the years, without ever
discerning a straight forward effect. Or Bernston reasons
that the effect may be a subtle one which is real but
elusive. He is using a memorizing and recognition task (the
Stemberg paradigm) in such a way as to be able to partial out
the contributions to overall performance of (1) attention,
(2) memory efficiency, (3) rate of memory formation and (4)
retrieval efficiency. As a last item, we are finally moving
forward on the study of nonobtrusive monitoring of smoke
inhalation. Since Neil Nunnally joined us last year, he has
taken over the instrumentation problem and brought us to a
near on-line state.
The device is based upon the proposition that
circumfarential changes in the chest and the abdomen can be
converted to a good estimate of inspired volume.
We have good evidence that when the circumference changes
are small, volume is a linear function. The average total
lung capacity of 6 liters, the average smoke inspiration is
one liter.
Considering all the ways to measure, the mercury strain
gauge was selected, but there were problems.
The solution was to minimize the current flow-developed
circuitry that provides a 100 M amplification, and a
sophisticated method of summing the two inputs to yield a
signal that is almost linearly related to volume.
There is another candidate transducer (inductance charges
in coils about the chest and abdomen) already incorporated
into a commercially available device. On order, due to arrive
by March 1.
We will be running comparative tests of these two units,
select the better one and proceed to solving the remaining
problems:
(a) tagging the smoke-laden inhalation.
(b) incorporating a recorder into the system.
When the entire assembly is ready, I will begin a series of
studies, all designed to determine the degree to which the
smoker accommodates his intake to 1) smoke composition and 2)
need.
The Pennsylvania State University,
Department of Biobehavioral Health,
University Park, PA, July 28, 1995.
Hon. Henry A. Waxman,
House of Representatives, Rayburn House Office Building,
Washington, DC.
Dear Mr. Waxman: I have reviewed the attached data on
Benson & Hedges Filtered Cigarettes (70 mm) using standard
assumptions of inferential statistics.
The average Nicotine/Tar Ratio for the 17 measurements from
1968 to 1985 (not including the 3 measurements for 1981 SP,
1981 HP, 1983 HP) is .066 (minimum=0.58, maximum=.088,
Standard Deviation=.00738). A score of 0.20 (as was observed
in 1981) is very unlikely to come from the same population.
The probability of sampling a score at least as large as 0.20
is considerably less than 1 in 100,000 (z=18.16). Even the
ratio observed in 1983 (0.11) has a probability less than 1
in 100,000 of coming from the same population (z=12.19).
If one looks only at the years when this brand was in the 1
mg tar range (from 1978 to 1985), the average ratio for the 4
years (not including those years at issue) is 0.075
(minimum=.058, maximum=.088, Standard Deviation=.0126). The
probability of sampling a score at least as large as 0.20 is
considerably less than 1 in 100,000 (z=10.28). The
probability of sampling a score at least as large as 0.11 is
less than 4 in 1,000 of coming from the same population
(z=3.13).
These analyses support the interpretation that the
Nicotine/Tar Ratios were much larger in 1981 and 1983 than in
the other years and confirm what is readily apparent to the
naked eye when looking at the attached plot of ratios.
Sincerely,
Lynn T. Kozlowski, Ph.D.,
Professor and Head,
Department of Biobehavioral Health.
REGULAR-LENGTH (70 MM) BENSON & HEDGES FILTERED CIGARETTES
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Tar (+/-) Nicotine (+/-) Ratio
------------------------------------------------------------------------
10-68........................ 21.0 (0.5) 1.29 (0.06) 0.061
2-69........................ 20.1 (.5) 1.38 (.03) .069
10-70........................ 18.7 (.4) 1.35 (.03) .072
8-71........................ 18.4 (.3) 1.30 (.02) .071
7-72........................ 12.2 (1.1) 0.86 (.09) .070
1-73........................ 9.9 (.3) .68 (.03) .069
8-73........................ 9.8 (.4) .66 (.03) .067
3-74........................ 9.4 (.4) .61 (.03) .065
9-74........................ 9.1 (.4) .56 (.03) .062
3-75........................ 9.1 (.3) .53 (.02) .058
9-75........................ 9.3 (.4) .55 (.02) .059
4-76........................ 9.2 (.3) .53 (.02) .058
6-77........................ 9.8 (.2) .64 (.02) .065
5-78........................ 0.9 (.1) .06 (.01) .067
12-79........................ .8 (.1) .07 (.01) .088
3-81........................ .6 (.1) .12 (.01) .200
12-81........................ (\1\) ....... .10 (.02) .200
3-83........................ .9 (.2) .10 (.01) .111
2-84........................ 1.3 (.2) .09 (.01) .069
1-85........................ 1.2 (.1) .07 (.01) .058
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(\1\)Below the sensitivity of the method (i.e., <0.5)
____________________