[Congressional Record Volume 141, Number 105 (Monday, June 26, 1995)]
[Senate]
[Pages S9013-S9016]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                               THE BUDGET

  Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, in recent weeks we in the Senate have been 
treated to a political pony show on the floor of the Senate by those 
who seem to think it is their duty to wake up crabby and then share 
that mood with the rest of us. They come to the floor and parade around 
in political harness day after day complaining mostly about the 
President's budget or the lack of it. But more generally, they complain 
about anything they think they can blame on Democrats--spring rains, 
high winds, new diseases, cultural disorders.
  And we have been patient in recent weeks while watching all of this 
and have been polite enough not to ask those who come to the floor, 
``Where is the budget?'' that is required to be submitted to the Senate 
by the majority party. We have not asked that question because we have 
known where their budget is. It is 71 days late, 71 days beyond when 
the law requires the Congress to have passed a budget. These folks that 
had a plan for everything in the first 100 days apparently did not have 
a plan to meet their responsibility to have a budget by April 15. So it 
is 71 days later, and we are now told that this Thursday the budget 
will come to the floor of the Senate.
  Where has it been? In conference, we are told. In conference with 
Democrats? No. Conference committees are usually between two parties. 
But not this one. This is in conference huddling behind closed doors, 
hatching new ideas about how to give the wealthy another tax cut and 
how to have the middle-income taxpayers in this country pay for it. Now 
they have figured it out, and they are going to unveil it here on the 
floor of the Senate.
  So close your eyes just for a moment while I describe it and ask 
yourself: Is this not a curtain call to a play you have seen before? It 
is the let-them-eat-cake budget. They bring to the floor a budget that 
says let us have tax cuts for the very wealthy, let us have spending 
cuts for the very poor, and let us spend more money for defense and 
spend it on things that the Secretary

[[Page S9014]]

of Defense says we do not need. This budget says we cannot afford star 
schools, but we must begin immediately building star wars. It says 
college should be made more expensive for young people and middle-
income families and health care should cost more for the elderly and 
the poor. And all of this when finished, they claim, will produce a 
balanced budget.
  Sound familiar? Well, this kind of budget represents the same old, 
tired ideas swaddled in designer clothes for the 1990's. America has 
seen this fashion show once before. It was about $4 trillion ago in 
debt. This is a budget with phony figures, bogus promises, and twisted 
priorities. I know they will explain it this week in sweet language and 
seductive promises. But as they do, remember the words of Emerson who 
said, ``The louder he talked of his honor the faster we counted our 
spoons.''
  One hundred years from now historians will look back at 1995 and none 
of us will be able to explain what we did in 1995 because we will not 
be here. But they will be able to view a little bit about how we felt, 
what we felt the priorities were in our country by what we spent the 
public resources on.
  This budget will surely cause future historians to scratch their 
heads and wonder how a country deep in debt with the wealthy getting 
wealthier and the poor getting poorer could develop a budget which says 
that the rich have too little and the poor have too much and the 
solution is to simply cut our revenue by offering tax cuts to the most 
affluent and cutting back on our commitment to kids, the veterans, and 
to the elderly.
  There is still time, it seems to me, for all of us, Republicans and 
Democrats, to have conference committees in which both parties 
conference and in which we establish real priorities that make sense 
for our country, that invest in our future, and that fight for the 
economic interests of the job creators and the workers in our country. 
We can do that. But it will not happen with the priorities established 
in the budget we are about to debate this week. This does not 
represent, sadly enough, a new direction. It is tired, failed old 
political dogma long since discredited. And we will have a lot of 
debate about this budget.


                           U.S. Trade Policy

  But let me go beyond the budget to the source of our Federal budget. 
Even more important than the way we spend our public resources is the 
kind of economy America has with which to produce these public 
resources. What kind of a private sector, what kind of initiatives that 
create jobs and opportunities and economic growth in our country, can 
produce a country that advances our Nation and its people?
  During the 50 years since World War II we have seen it in two 
distinct economic stories in America. The first 25 years after the 
Second World War we saw a country in which opportunities were abundant 
in America for working families. America saw its working families' 
incomes grow, real growth; opportunities expand, real opportunities.
  So for 25 years people in this country received the fruit of an 
economy that worked and expanded. In the second 25 years we have seen a 
different kind of story. We have struggled as international competition 
has become tough and sharper.
  We have seen in the last 20 years that the American families now have 
less income than they had 20 years ago, if you adjust for inflation. 
They have fewer opportunities than they had before.
  Why is all of that happening? Because there is another deficit no one 
is talking about: the trade deficit. This nation has a record trade 
deficit; last year it was the highest deficit in human history.
  What does that mean? It means American jobs going overseas, 
opportunity leaving our country. Frankly, there have not been more than 
two or three of us in this Chamber regularly talking about this trade 
deficit which shrinks opportunity in America.
  You can make the case--not necessarily accurately--that a budget 
deficit is simply money we owe to ourselves, but you cannot make the 
same case on the trade deficit because the trade deficit must be repaid 
with a lower standard of living in our country.
  It is interesting that today, on Monday, the stock market is at 
record highs, corporate profits at record levels, and last week the 
U.S. Department of Labor reported that real hourly wages dropped by 3 
percent in 1994. A record decline in hourly compensation in this 
Nation.
  Is it not interesting, the disconnection here?
  They are having a high old time on Wall Street; corporate profits are 
doing fine. There is happiness in the boardroom. But what about around 
the dinner table with the American family whose real wages are 
decreasing? And the question today is: Why? What causes that 
disconnection?
  I would like to go through a few charts that show what is happening 
in this country. First of all, our trade policy is a trade policy that 
injures our country from within and ships American jobs overseas.
  I am not someone who believes we ought to erect walls around our 
country, but I do believe we ought to protect our economic base with 
good jobs, with good income, and expanded opportunities abroad.
  Here are the trade deficits. All you have to do is look at the red 
lines, our trade losses, and these lines represent jobs. You will see 
where we are headed--the largest trade deficit in human history last 
year in this country.
  Who are these deficits with? Well, I brought a chart to show what is 
happening with bilateral trade balances.
  Everything on this side of the chart is a deficit, and we have a few 
surpluses with very small trading partners. Japan: big deficit; China: 
big deficit; Canada: big deficit; Germany, Taiwan, Italy, Venezuela. 
Over a $160 billion merchandise trade deficit last year.
  Who do we have a surplus with? Well, the Netherlands, Argentina, 
Belgium--all very small surpluses. But the fact is we are being 
buffeted by very large trade deficits. In fact, these are last year's 
numbers. The first quarter of this year showed an all-time record high 
trade deficit--$45 billion in the first quarter.
  Now, it is not an accident that these trade deficits are exploding. 
Our manufacturing and other productive sectors are withering. Good jobs 
are being replaced. Americans are working for less.
  Why is that happening? It is happening because more and more 
corporations, the artificial persons we recognize in law, are 
interested in international, global profits, not American profits.
  How do you do that? You simply find a foreign location where it is 
cheap to produce and send your products here. Produce your shoes in 
Indonesia and sell them in Pittsburgh. Produce your shirts in China and 
sell them in Bismarck.
  That is the disconnection that is happening in this country, a 
wholesale movement of American jobs overseas to produce where it is 
dirt cheap, produce where you can hire 12-year-old kids to work for 12 
cents an hour for 12 hours a day and then ship your product back into 
our marketplace, back into America.
  I ask you, is that fair competition for an American business to have 
to compete with? The answer is no. Is that fair competition for any 
American worker to have to compete with? The answer is no.
  We fought for 50 years in this country for higher standards, saying 
you ought to have to pay a living wage; you ought to have a safe 
workplace for your workers; you ought not to dump pollution into the 
air and chemicals into the water.
  Those are battles we have had, and we have put them behind us in our 
country. We have a minimum wage; we have a safe workplace; we have 
OSHA; we have pollution laws; and, yes, they are a nuisance, but the 
fact is we now have cleaner air and cleaner water than 20 years ago. 
Why? Because we succeeded.
  However, those who control our economic output, the agents of 
production, all too often say, well, that is fine, but if that is the 
way you want to be, if you want to force us to pay living wages to 
people, if you want to force us not to degrade the environment, if you 
want to force us to have safe workplaces, then we will go elsewhere 
where we are not encumbered, where we are not a nuisance. And the plant 
leaves America and a job goes somewhere else and an American family is 
out of work. But the plant produces a product that then comes back to 
America and undercuts the manufacturer who stayed

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here, undercuts the worker who toils here. And that is the dilemma.
  Let me turn to China. I wish to talk about a couple of countries and 
just take a look at what is happening with our trade with these 
countries.
  China: In 1987, we had a surplus with China; this year, a $30 billion 
deficit with China. This country has to say to China: We are sorry; you 
are friends of ours. We like you to be a trading partner, but we are 
tired of being a cash cow for hard currency for China. If you want to 
ship all your goods to America, then start buying more from America.
  Do you know that when you send wheat to China, we have to subsidize 
it below the cost of production to get the Chinese to buy it? That is 
an example of the absurd trade policy in this country. So American jobs 
are now in China. The agents of production believe they can produce 
cheaper in China and sell it back in New York and Cincinnati. And maybe 
they can. But is that fair trade? Is that what we ought to subject the 
American worker and the American business to in the name of 
competition? It is not fair where I come from.
  Mexico. Well, we just had a Mexican trade agreement called NAFTA. In 
1992, we had a big trade surplus with Mexico. This year, we are going 
to have a big deficit, more than $15 billion. The same is true with 
Canada. It seems to me that we ought to be able to win a trade 
agreement now and then. For the last 20 years have we sent our folks 
out to negotiate trade agreements, and we have lost.
  Japan: a $65 billion trade deficit. Now, the President, to his 
credit, for the first time in a long time, has stood up and said to the 
Japanese: We are sorry, but we are going to insist you open your 
markets and if you do not there will be consequences.
  I mentioned NAFTA. When we debated NAFTA here in Congress, the 
prophets of nirvana said if we just pass this NAFTA with Mexico, we 
will have all these new jobs in America. They predicted 170,000 new 
jobs in America, and some predicted many, many more. Guess what? This 
year, our trade deficit with Mexico means we will lose 200,000 jobs 
overall.
  The surge of wholesale imports from Mexico this year results in part 
because of the devaluation of the peso, but also because the trade 
agreement with Mexico was negotiated in a way that was, in my judgment, 
just fundamentally incompetent. It did not serve America's economic 
interests.
  You can see our actual experience with NAFTA on this chart. Here you 
can see the rapidly growing trade deficits in the same high-skilled 
manufacturing sectors where we were supposed to see more U.S. exports 
and more jobs. The charts show just the opposite has happened since 
NAFTA in our trade with Mexico in scientific instruments, electric 
equipment, autos, and auto parts.
  This is not as was advertised. NAFTA was advertised as a plus for 
high-skill jobs in this country. They are still low-wage jobs in 
Mexico, but they are sending to us electronics, electronics parts, 
autos, auto parts. These used to be the good jobs in our country.
  So we see the promises from all of these trade agreements. We see the 
promises about China, the promises about Japan. We see the promises 
with NAFTA, the promises with GATT, and they do not work.
  Every single year, we go deeper in debt on trade. And what does that 
mean? It means fewer jobs with less income here in this country. The 
question is, what are we going to do about it? When are we going to 
decide in this country that we are going to stand up for our economic 
interests? This issue is not about the profits of international 
corporations who produce anywhere in the world and ship their products 
here. This issue is about American jobs. The American economic engine 
runs with good jobs that pay good income. As a country we cannot 
advance by seeing corporate profits reach record highs but, at the same 
time, see the earnings and benefits of American families cut back. Last 
week I saw a memo from one of this country's larger financial 
institutions, also involved in international competition. That company 
decided to get rid of 80 percent of its clerical workers and then 
contract out to workers who will not receive benefits. If you can hire 
people without benefits, you can save a lot of money.
  Well, that is fine, but it seems to me that is a giant retreat from 
what we ought to be doing in this country. This country is not just 
about profit. It is also about advancing the standard of living of the 
American people.
  I am a big fan of the private sector, the private market, the free 
market. I am a big fan of those who create jobs and opportunity in this 
country. I am a big fan of those who want to wean themselves from post-
Second World War trade policies, that were largely foreign aid, and 
decide that we are going to insist, with every trading partner in this 
world--hold up a mirror--``treat us well because we are going to treat 
you like you treat us.''
  We, Uncle Sam, the United States of America, demand fair trade. We 
demand fairness for our workers. We demand fairness for our businesses. 
We are sick and tired of being pushed around, sick and tired of one-way 
free trade, sick and tired of American jobs moved overseas so the 
products of those jobs can be shipped back to us to be viewed on the 
market shelf by someone who is unemployed. That is not what I view to 
be an adequate future for our country.
  What can we do about all this? We can finally begin to decide that 
the trade policy we followed after World War II does not work any 
longer. There is nothing at all wrong with standing up for American 
economic interests. It is not inconsistent with fostering free trade or 
expanded trade to stand up for economic interests in our country. We 
should and we must decide as Americans when we expand trade agreements, 
when we expand trade opportunities, to insist with others in our world 
who are our competitors, and are skilled, true competitors, that they 
treat us fairly.
  We were perfectly able, in the first 25 years after the Second World 
War, to extend a hand of foreign aid and trade policy to Western Europe 
and the Pacific rim. When I walked to school in a town of 300 people I 
knew every single day--because it was evident all around me--that the 
United States was the biggest, the best, the most, and we won in 
international competition just by waking up in the morning.
  But it has changed. The Japanese are tough. The Germans are shrewd. 
They are good competitors. China is able to produce some things at much 
less cost than we do. So the question is, are we going to recognize 
that change and develop public policies that protect the economic 
interests of our country, or are we going to be willing to continue to 
be washed away in a sea of red trade ink that compromises American jobs 
and compromises American income?
  I indicated some weeks ago that I was going to give a series of four 
or five discussions on the floor of the Senate on the subject of trade, 
where we are and where we ought to be heading. This is the second time 
I have come to the floor to discuss this.
  You see what is happening in our country with respect to income in 
the past half century. In the first 25 years, every portion of the 
income group--the green bars on the chart--experienced significant real 
income gains; in the past 25 years, losses in real income for the 
bottom 60 percent.
  It does not take, it seems to me, someone to be out in the work force 
losing their job to understand this. The evidence is clear. It ought to 
be clear to everybody. We now see a circumstance where the American 
families have to increase the number of people in the households 
working in order to add income. The chart shows that families reached 
higher income not by individuals earning more, but by putting more 
family members into the work force. That is the only way they can add 
any income, because the income per capita per worker is declining in 
our country.
  And one last chart. This shows more graphically than any what has 
happened with respect to real income in our country, real hourly 
compensation. Income during the first 25 years after World War II, the 
green line, goes steadily up, and in the second 25 years, the red line, 
real income is down.
  If we do not wake up in this country and decide to do something about 
this, this country's economy is not going to be the economic engine 
that produces the resources to even allow us to debate priorities in a 
budget.
  Budget represents the priorities of public resources. Adequate public 
resources must come from a healthy,

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growing, vibrant economy, and it darn sure is not growing much when you 
have trade policies that move America's strength overseas.
  I will return to the floor with other presentations on trade, along 
with proposed solutions. I appreciate your indulgence.

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