[Congressional Record Volume 141, Number 74 (Friday, May 5, 1995)]
[Senate]
[Pages S6193-S6195]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




               TRADE, ECONOMIC STRATEGY, JOBS, AND INCOME

  Mr. DORGAN. Mr. President, I indicated the other day that I intended 
to come to the floor of the Senate over a period of some weeks and 
offer some comments and observations and discuss a series of issues 
relating to trade, economic strategy, jobs, and income in our country. 
I would like to introduce that topic today. I will finish it in other 
presentations in the coming couple of weeks.
  I was a speaker at a college commencement exercise last Sunday at 
Concordia College in Moorhead, MN, where nearly 600 young men and women 
were getting their 4-year baccalaureate degrees and were getting ready 
to go out and find a job and make their way in the world. Yet, about 
half of the students that I had an opportunity to visit with indicated 
to me that they really did not yet have a job lined up. They were 
looking and had prospects here and there, but did not yet have a job 
lined up and did not yet know what they would do. That is not an 
unusual situation. It is a chronic problem in our country, even for 
college graduates, to find a good job, to find the right job that has a 
good income. [[Page S6194]] 
  No matter where you are on the economic ladder in this country, it is 
becoming more and more difficult to get a good job that pays good wages 
and has benefits. It certainly is true for those on the lowest rungs of 
the economic ladder, but it is also true increasingly for those who are 
among the most educated in our country.
  I want to give a series of addresses in the Senate exploring the 
reasons that in the United States we see fewer and fewer good jobs and 
we see less opportunity. I want to talk a little about what we can do 
about that. I want to explore the relationship of the global economy, 
international trade, and the role of international finance in pushing 
our country into an economic corner with slower growth, fewer jobs, and 
lower wages.
  I think, frankly, the root of much of the disaffection in this 
country relates to these issues. There is a great deal of anxiety, a 
great deal of political disaffection, a great deal of concern among the 
American people. And, I think it is because they see an economy that 
provides less opportunity than they are accustomed to seeing. Most 
people know that despite all of the rosy talk about news jobs and 
economic growth that they are now working harder for less money. Their 
children who graduate from college have a tough time to find a good 
job.
  Those are the realities that face families in America. It causes them 
to be anxious about the future. It causes them to be angry about lost 
opportunity. I think it causes the kind of political, social, and 
economic turmoil we have in our country today.
  I indicated on Sunday at the graduation speech just one symptom of 
this. Of course, there are a lot of reasons for what is happening in 
our economy. But I described in our country the inclination for us to 
buy and wear Chinese shirts, Mexican shorts, Malaysian shoes, watch 
television sets made in Taiwan, buy cars made in Japan, and then wonder 
where all the jobs went. Well, it is not hard to figure out where the 
good jobs went and where the good income is.
  I am going to begin by citing some data that was released about an 
hour ago by U.S. Department of Labor on wages and jobs. Today the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 28,000 more manufacturing jobs 
were lost in April in the United States. That means that generally good 
jobs, higher wage jobs--because the manufacturing jobs are normally the 
better jobs--have been lost. They have been replaced by jobs with lower 
productivity and generally lower wages often in the service industries. 
It is not that those jobs are not worthwhile in the service industry. 
They are. But the problem is that we are losing so many good jobs and 
replacing them with lower paying jobs, largely in the service sector.
  In fact, this morning's report is not surprising. I figured 
yesterday, when I knew the report was coming out this morning, that 
that is what the report would show. We would see that we would lose 
more manufacturing jobs in our country again last month because it has 
been going on and on and on for many, many years.
  We are now in the 50th month of an economic recovery cycle. Everyone 
who knows about the business cycle knows there is contraction and 
expansion, an expansion phase and an economic recovery phase. We are 
now in the 50th month of a recovery that began in March 1991. 
Unfortunately, after 50 months of economic recovery we have lost more 
good jobs than we have gained. What's more, wages are not rising but 
they are falling.
  I want to show this chart to compare what has happened in periods of 
American economic recovery following recessions. In nearly every 
circumstance in the last 35 years, we have seen a net increase in 
manufacturing jobs during the first 4 years of a recovery. There is 
just one exception, and that is now. In this, the 50th month, of this 
economic recovery, contrary to what happened to every other period in 
the last 35 years, we see over 400,000 lost manufacturing jobs. In 
other words, during an economic recovery, a period when you ought to 
have economic expansion, we are seeing a contraction in the good jobs 
in this country. We lose. And that is a symptom of the root of what is 
wrong in this country.
  In fact, since 1985, just in the past 10 years, we have lost a 
million jobs in traded industries, which is manufacturing and 
agriculture and mining and all the sectors in which we produce things 
for sale.
  People say, well, you may have lost those, but there were a lot of 
other jobs created. That is true. There were a lot of other jobs 
created in nontraded industries, that is, industries that are not 
subject to the competitive cycles of international trade.
  It is interesting to me; if you take a look at what has happened with 
manufacturing employment in this country and the decrease in 
manufacturing employment and the generally diminished wage opportunity, 
you understand the consequences for the American people.
  A chart was presented using Department of Labor information--
presented, incidentally, by MBG Information Services--that shows what 
happened to growth in workers' compensation in this country from 1948 
to 1973, a 25-year period, and then the growth in compensation during 
the next 22 years, up to the present, and that is the red line.
  You will see that in the first 25 years of this 50-year post-Second 
World War period we had generally robust increased wages in this 
country. And then you will see that after the first 25 years, we have 
seen generally stagnant wages since the early 1970's.
  It is not a myth. It is reality. This is what the American families 
have faced, and this is why they are so concerned about what is 
happening to their economic fortunes and opportunities for their 
families.
  We have accumulated since 1980 a $1.4 trillion trade deficit, which I 
am going to relate to these issues at some point later--over a $1 
trillion trade deficit in manufactured goods alone. Last year, this 
country suffered the single largest trade deficit in the history of the 
world.
  This chart shows you the merchandise trade deficits of our country. 
This shows that last year we had the single largest merchandise trade 
deficit in the history of the world. Now, this must be repaid with a 
lower standard of living in the United States in the future. This is 
serious. This is a crisis. And no one but no one talks about it.
  I am going to bring charts to the floor and describe how we have 
gotten to this point and why we have gotten to this point and what we 
can do about it. But it is safe to say that anyone who understands 
economics and understands what drives the American economy and what 
produces good jobs with good income understands this is a crisis. This 
is not President Clinton's fault. I am not suggesting this 
administration is at fault for these red bars or these red lines. In 
fact, this administration has been more aggressive than past 
administrations in dealing with some of these international economic 
problems, especially trade.
  Unfortunately, this administration and every other past 
administration for 30 years has embraced the exact same trade policy. 
Our economic policy, and especially our trade policy, is rooted in a 
post-Second World War notion that much of what we do internationally 
relates to foreign policy, but not sound economic policy for this 
country's interests.
  The chart on American worker compensation suggests that this Nation's 
economic policies were, fortunately, serving its citizens' interests 
during the first 25 years after World War II. But we now see evidence 
across America that our policies are contrary to America's economic 
interests, and yet we embrace the same failed international economic 
and trade strategy in which our country loses and others win.
  We must find a way to put together a much better strategy. In order 
to do that we need to begin discussing a range of issues that deal with 
jobs, with income, with international trade and international finance. 
And we must especially strip away the myths and deal with the 
realities.
  If we talk to people in this town today about trade, about economics, 
about our country's economy, you would find those whose job it is to 
sell a positive story say, ``Gee, I don't know what you are talking 
about. We are in the 50th month of an economic expansion. Our economic 
growth is robust and good. In fact, the Federal Reserve Board is 
worried about economic [[Page S6195]] growth being so high that it has 
increased interest rates seven times to bring economic growth rates 
down.''
  They would give a scenario that suggests to you: What are we thinking 
of? America is in great shape. But, of course, the real test of whether 
our country's economy is in good shape is whether our citizens are able 
to find work at decent wages. You can have a bull market on Wall 
Street, you can have economic growth at 5 or 6 percent, and you can 
have unemployment at 2 percent, but if you have falling wages and lost 
opportunity, people in this country are not going to be convinced this 
economic strategy works for them or their families or for the future of 
this country.
  We have a great deal of which to be proud and to celebrate about our 
economy in this country, about where we have been, about what we have 
done over 50 years, all over this world. We have helped; we have 
invested; we have nurtured; we have protected; we have been a part of 
what has built an enormously important private sector opportunity 
internationally that has expanded opportunity for many years.
  What has happened in the last 25 of these 50 years is that we have 
become victims of a system that helps others and hurts us. That is what 
is at the root of the political disaffection in our country, I am 
convinced.
  I noticed yesterday in the Wall Street Journal something that relates 
to what we are talking about today. Economic expansion, great 
opportunity, good times, bull market on Wall Street, and here is what 
the Wall Street Journal of Thursday, May 4, says in its feature story:

       Amid record profits companies continue to lay off 
     employees.

  This is the reality for the American families.

       Last week, Mobil Corporation posted soaring first quarter 
     earnings. This week it announced plans to eliminate 4,700 
     jobs. While corporate profits were surging to record levels 
     last year, the number of job cuts approached those seen at 
     the height of the recession.

  Corporate profits rose 11 percent in 1994, after a 13-percent rise in 
1993, according to DRI/McGraw-Hill, a Lexington, MA, economic 
consultant. Meanwhile, corporate America cut 516,069 jobs in 1994, 
according to an outplacement firm, Challenger, Gray & Christmas in 
Chicago. That is far more than in the recession year of 1990 when 
316,047 jobs were cut.
  Let me restate that because I think it is important. In 1990, when we 
were in a recession, corporate America eliminated 316,000 jobs. Last 
year, when corporate profits were at a record level, we saw 516,000 
jobs cut, eliminated, lost. Those are lost opportunities for America's 
workers.
  Again, quoting from the same story:

       For employees, the latest layoffs, coming amid good times 
     and fat profits, seem mean and arbitrary. It's the seemingly 
     relentlessness of the job losses that aggravates most. 
     Workers see this as a long-term trend that has little 
     relationship to how their company is performing. Nobody feels 
     very secure.

  The article is a long article, and I commend people to read it. But 
it describes at its roots what is happening in our country today--
record profits, fat opportunities for corporations. But, of course, 
corporations, the large corporations, are internationalists now. They 
are not American citizens who get up and say the Pledge of Allegiance 
and sing the ``Star Spangled Banner.'' It does not mean they are un-
American. It just means they are searching for international profits. 
That is their interest; that is their responsibility to their 
stockholders. And if they can produce in Indonesia and sell in 
Pittsburgh and move the jobs from Pittsburgh to Indonesia, that is 
precisely what they will do, and it is precisely what they have done.
  If their actions mean they will substantially increase America's 
trade deficit, then that is what they will do, because their interest 
is not in our trade deficit. Their interest is in their profit for 
their stockholders.
  We must, Mr. President, begin to discuss these issues, these economic 
issues, international and national economic issues, in the context of 
what works for our country, what is best for America, what produces 
jobs and good income and opportunity for our country.
  We must start thinking in those terms. We must change our thinking. 
Virtually every discussion you have about our economic policies in this 
town is a debate filled with myths. I hope in the next couple of weeks, 
in further presentations on these issues, to strip away some of those 
myths and try to talk about the economic realities. The economic 
reality is most American families sitting down to have their evening 
meal understand they are working harder, longer hours, but making less 
money.
  Why? Because of a whole range of reasons dealing with national and 
international economic strategy and issues that we largely do not 
debate on the floor of the Senate. Without a new debate, one viewpoint 
persists: Our current economic strategy is good for America, and this 
globalization of trade is just fine; works just great. We have economic 
growth and that is all that really matters.
  Well, all of the positive Government reports and news stories mean 
nothing to American families if they do not mean opportunity and do not 
mean decent jobs and do not mean decent incomes. And that is the 
dilemma.
  We are, and this year have been, talking about the budget deficit in 
our Federal budget. It is a real dilemma and we must deal with it 
because it, too, is dangerous for this country. It injures our economic 
future.
  But it is no more dangerous than this--the largest trade deficit in 
history. Or than this--in the 50th month of an economic expansion, to 
find that the numbers for last month show that we lost 28,000 
additional manufacturing jobs. That is serious. When you lose the kind 
of manufacturing jobs we have lost in this country, you lose real 
opportunity. You lose the kind of economic propellant that moves 
families up the economic ladder, that moves families into the middle 
class. It was manufacturing jobs that did that, not minimum-wage 
service jobs. This is the dilemma we face today.
  Now, I am going to bring some charts to the floor that talk about 
specifics, talk about international finance, talk about trade policy, 
talk about our trade with Japan, our trade policy with China, our trade 
policy with Mexico, and how that relates to what I am discussing here.
  But, most importantly, when I do that, I want to see if we cannot 
finally begin, all of us, to strip away the myth and talk about what 
kind of strategy in the end will boost this country's fortune. Not 
necessarily what will boost all the aggregate numbers about economic 
growth, but, in fact, boost this country's fortune in the number of 
good jobs with good incomes that it creates for American families who 
want to work.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.

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