[Congressional Record Volume 140, Number 75 (Wednesday, June 15, 1994)]
[Senate]
[Page S]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]


[Congressional Record: June 15, 1994]
From the Congressional Record Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

 
                               LANDMINES

  Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, I want the Senate to know about a hearing I 
held on May 13. I held it under the auspices of the Senate 
Appropriations Committee, chaired by the distinguished President pro 
tempore, and in the Foreign Operations Subcommittee. We talked about 
landmines. In fact, this hearing was the first hearing on the problem 
of landmines in the Congress.
  Among the witnesses was an American from Boulder, CO, named Ken 
Rutherford. Last year, he was working for the International Rescue 
Committee in Somalia. Ken was in Somalia on an errand of mercy. He was 
helping the Somali people rebuild their country after years of 
devastating war. And, on December 16, just a short while before 
Christmas, he was driving along a road, a road that looked safe, when 
the vehicle he was in exploded. It exploded from a landmine that was on 
that road. Ken's right foot was torn off. Part of his leg had to be 
amputated. In fact, his left foot was so badly damaged that it was 
saved only as a result of seven surgical operations.
  Losing a foot is a horrifying experience for anybody. In his 
testimony, Ken said that in many ways he was lucky. He had a radio. He 
could call for help. He was airlifted to a hospital. He received 
excellent medical treatment. Insurance is going to cover about a 
quarter of a million dollars in the bills from this one incident.
  Ken would agree that the hundreds of thousands of people who have had 
a leg or an arm blown off by landmines are rarely so lucky. Many of 
them bleed to death on the spot--especially, and tragically, more and 
more, they are children whose bodies are less able to survive the 
blast, because landmines are being used more and more as a weapon of 
terror against civilian populations.
  Others who are injured by landmines are faced with trying to survive 
in places like Cambodia, Angola, and Nicaragua, where physical labor is 
a way of life. There is no welfare. There are no disability payments. 
Certainly, there is no insurance to pay the medical bills. In fact, 
oftentimes it is a society where the disabled are treated with 
loathing.
  Landmines kill or maim over 1,200 people every single month of the 
year. Most of the victims are innocent civilians. If a Somali had 
stepped on the mine that destroyed Ken Rutherford's leg, he or she 
would almost certainly have died.

  Think of the number--1,200 killed or maimed each month. Patrick 
Blagden, a retired British general who heads the United Nations 
demining program, testified that every 15 minutes he hits his desk and 
thinks, ``There goes another one.''
  Mr. President, I want to quote from Ken Rutherford's testimony, and 
let me tell you, when he said this, there was dead silence in that 
hearing room. He said:

       I looked down at my feet. I saw a white bone sticking out 
     where my right foot used to be. My other foot was still 
     attached. I had lost a toe and the top part of my foot, and 
     like an x-ray, I could see the bones going to the remaining 
     toes.
       I am lucky to be an American. To have the best medical 
     care, therapy and prosthetics available. What about the 
     Somalis who are hurt by landmines? Who will help them?
       When I was helping the Somalis, I made a point to say that 
     the money came from the American people. In the future, I 
     would also like to say that we--

  Americans

       were instrumental in setting the standard in the fight 
     against landmines.

  Ken went on to tell us of sitting there with his foot in his hand 
trying to reattach it, and of the shock, the loss of blood and the 
pain. He had no warning there was a landmine or who put it there. In 
fact, to this day, he does not know who put the landmine there. But, 
really, what difference does it make? It is the horrible result that 
matters. Landmines are strewn by the thousands. They speak of sowing 
landmines as though it were a farmer in my own State of Vermont sowing 
a crop to feed people. They sow landmines by the thousands that kill 
and maim indiscriminately.
  Mr. President, there are 100 million active landmines in over 60 
countries--100 million landmines waiting to explode from the pressure 
of a footstep. What madness is this? Last year, the United Nations 
cleared a total of 75,000 landmines, at a cost of tens of millions of 
dollars. It also cost the lives of nearly 100 deminers who died in 
clearing those 75,000 landmines. Tens of millions of dollars, 100 
people dead, 75,000 cleared, but in that same period, in the former 
Yugoslavia and Cambodia alone, over 2 million new mines were laid--over 
2 million. It is like Sisyphus trying to stop this: We get rid of 
75,000 and just two countries alone lay down 2 million more.
  I have rarely met anyone as courageous and eloquent as Ken 
Rutherford. He suffered terrible injuries. He is going to live with 
these injuries for the rest of his life. But rather than lament his 
fate or harbor regrets, he asked us to act to save others from 
suffering the same fate.
  At that hearing, we also heard testimony from the U.N. High 
Commissioner for Refugees; the head of UNICEF who testified that more 
children, far more children than soldiers, are killed and maimed by 
mines--children who pick them up and think they are a toy and then have 
their hand blown off or their leg or their arm or their face, literally 
their face.
  We heard from an American veteran who lost his arm from an American 
landmine in Vietnam. I remember later watching part of the hearing on 
television when he said even if you survive, it stays with you forever, 
and then the camera moved down to the hook where his arm used to be.
  Statements were submitted by U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-
Ghali, by former President Jimmy Carter, and by Elizabeth Dole, the 
president of the American Red Cross. Each one of them called for an 
international ban on antipersonnel landmines.
  We cannot solve this problem by ourselves, Mr. President. But without 
U.S. leadership, we are going to continue to watch this slow-motion 
slaughter.
  Last year, 100 U.S. Senators--Republicans and Democrats, 
conservatives and liberals--voted for my amendment for a moratorium on 
exports of antipersonnel landmines from the United States. I want to 
tell my colleagues in this body, all of whom on this floor voted for 
that, that we set a standard, and eight countries followed our lead and 
stopped exports: Germany, France, Poland, The Netherlands, South 
Africa, Belgium, Slovakia, and Greece. Four more--Canada, Taiwan, Peru, 
and the Czech Republic--are expected to soon, following the moral 
leadership of the United States. And because of our leadership, 
negotiations have started in Geneva to seek international limits on the 
production and use of these weapons.
  This next year of negotiations is a crucial opportunity for the 
United States to show leadership. Over 50 countries produce landmines, 
some 10 million new mines every year. I will soon introduce legislation 
imposing a 1-year moratorium on the production of antipersonnel 
landmines by the United States and to authorize funds for technical 
assistance and equipment for mine clearing. It is far less than a total 
ban many are calling for. Nor does it seek to dictate what U.S. policy 
should be. That is going to be determined by our negotiators in Geneva. 
But my legislation will put the United States in a strong position to 
press other countries to follow our example. That is the only way we 
are ever going to be able to deal with a problem which the State 
Department has said may be the most toxic and widespread pollution 
facing mankind.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Ken Rutherford's 
testimony be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the testimony was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

                        Global Land Mine Crisis

 (Testimony of Ken Rutherford, International Rescue Committee, before 
           the Foreign Operations Subcommittee, May 13, 1994)

       My name is Ken Rutherford. I am employed by the 
     International Rescue Committee (IRC). My hometown is Boulder, 
     Colorado. I am an amputee as a result of a land mine accident 
     in Somalia.
       First, I would like to thank you for your support for 
     Operation Restore Hope. It did just that and more. It not 
     only restored the hope of the Somali people, but also saved 
     tens of thousands of their lives. For that many will be 
     eternally grateful. No other country in the world's history 
     has ever attempted such a humanitarian operation.
       Second, I gladly accept your invitation to testify before 
     you. I hope that I can accurately reflect the pain and 
     suffering of tens of thousands of land mine victims, both 
     dead and alive, around the world. Today, I will be expressing 
     to you a real life land mine nightmare. I feel privileged to 
     have this opportunity because I'm an American and alive. 
     Unfortunately, all other Americans who hit land mines in 
     Somalia are no longer with us.
       You know the statistics. You know the facts. How long does 
     the parade of victims have to be? Please help make the world 
     safer for all of us. I hope that my loss prevents a similar 
     story.
       Last December 16th, my life was changed forever. We had 
     received over 80 donkey cart applications at the Lugh credit 
     union. We wanted to support the donkey cart operations since 
     that is the main water supply. By funding these operations we 
     hoped to reduce the price of water so that the recently 
     returned refugees and poor would be able to afford it. The 
     day before we had posted a notice in the town for all donkey 
     cart applicants to come to the credit union at 8 a.m. the 
     next morning, the purpose being that we wanted to match each 
     application with the applicant and donkey cart.
       The applicants came in slowly. The staff recommended that 
     we wait longer since we would be causing more problems for 
     ourselves by not allowing enough time for the other donkey 
     cart owners to appear. To make good use of this down time, we 
     decided to conduct site visits to the four approved lime 
     producers whose manufacturing locations were several miles 
     outside the town. The applicants got in the land rover back 
     seat, while the union manager and Abdulahi Farah Ali got in 
     the far rear seats. I sat in the front seat between my IRC 
     driver and Duale, an IRC colleague.
       About 10 minutes into our excursion, the land rover lurched 
     forward a little, and the inside filled with dust. I slowly 
     looked at Duale, whose face was covered with dust, then down 
     to my feet. I saw a white bone sticking out where my right 
     foot used to be. At first, I wondered if that was my bone or 
     Duale's. It was mine.
       My first instinct was to get out of the land rover. But, my 
     lower legs were not working. I grabbed the steering wheel to 
     pull myself out of the car hitting the ground with my back. 
     The radio landed several feet from me.
       Fortunately, before getting in the land rover at the credit 
     union, I had attached my radio to my belt, rather than the 
     usual practice of carrying it in my book-bag at the base of 
     my feet.
       I crawled for the radio, whereupon Abdulahi handed it to 
     me. I said, ``Kilo Romeo for Kilo Tango'' (Kilo Romeo was my 
     call sign, while Kilo Tango is the call sign for Ken Turk, 
     IRC Lugh Team Leader) ``I've run over a land mine. I'm 
     bleeding. I'm ``O'' positive. Send for an airplane.''
       I crawled the few feet back to the car and used my arms to 
     place my legs on the seat. Abdulahi adjusted my legs on the 
     seat then tied tourniquets around both my ankles. A bone was 
     sticking out where my right foot used to be. The actual foot 
     itself was hanging by stretched skin toward my knee. Twice I 
     did a partial situp so that I could reach up and hit the 
     bottom of my foot with the back of my hand hoping that it 
     would flip up and over onto the protruding bone. It kept on 
     falling back down.
       My left foot was still attached. I had lost the fourth toe 
     and top part of my foot. Like an X-ray, I could see the bones 
     going to the remaining toes.
       Abdulahi, unhurt, stayed with me the whole time. At the 
     time I wasn't feeling any pain, just uncomfortable. I knew 
     that I was in a serious accident and that my right foot was 
     gone forever.
       Up to this point I never thought about dying, but I was 
     thinking what a blessed life that I've had. Great parents. 
     The best of friends. The realization of a dream that I did 
     the things that I wanted to do. And that even what I was 
     doing in Somalia was a dream. How many people have the 
     opportunity to do what they've wanted to do since being a 
     kid? What could be a better feeling than helping and 
     assisting people start their lives again after a civil war? I 
     enjoyed having the opportunity to physically visit each 
     applicant's project site, and help them. Some days I couldn't 
     believe that I was getting paid for what I was doing.
       Soon I spit up blood, and then I thought, due to possible 
     internal injuries, I could be dying, and that every breath I 
     took could be my last. The only sad thought I had was that I 
     wouldn't be able to marry Kim, my fiance of two months. 
     That we wouldn't have children, whom, I believe and hope, 
     would make a positive contribution to this world. I then 
     resolved in myself that if I could pace my strength, 
     energy and mind until I reached medical care, then I would 
     live. I started breathing slowly, and calming myself down.
       I looked up at Abdulahi and my other IRC Somali staff and 
     said that I had enjoyed working with them and that we did our 
     best.
       Help arrived 15-20 minutes later. The first ``rescuer'' 
     down the ridge was Ken Turk. I asked him if he could put my 
     right foot back on. I meant it in a humorous way because I 
     already realized that it would be nearly impossible to have a 
     normal foot again, and that it hurt too much to cry.
       He and the Somali rescuers picked me up in a cradle 
     position and, then, placed me in the back of a pick up truck 
     with my head on the lap of an Islamic Fundamentalist soldier. 
     He held my head and his machine gun at the same time. My left 
     hand was held by another soldier sitting on the side of the 
     pick up truck with both of us squeezing each other's hands. 
     Ken was trying to keep my right foot on the leg while trying 
     to maintain his balance in the bouncing truck.
       I remember thinking how great it was that Somali Islamic 
     Fundamentalists were trying to save my life. Only several 
     hundred miles away, in Mogadishu,they were trying to kill 
     Americans. Here they were going over the same road that I had 
     hit a land mine on to get me to the hospital.
       Once in the truck, the pain set in fast. The hospital room 
     was full of Somali medical personnel and Tamera Morgan, an 
     American nurse with extensive trauma experience. My forehead 
     was being pressed down, and Somali men were holding down my 
     arms in a cross position to keep me from moving to much. I 
     kept struggling to deal with the pain and to try and raise 
     myself up so that I could look at my mutilated feet. I 
     couldn't believe that they were so destroyed.
       About 30 minutes later I was taken back out to where the 
     pick up truck had remained during my time in the hospital. 
     Several men transferred me from the table to the truck. 
     Before the transfer I could feel the large numbers of people 
     that had crowded into the hospital courtyard and beyond. I 
     told myself not to make a face of agony, pain, fear, or 
     suffering, but to present an appearance that everything was 
     OK--no problems. I didn't want them to think that I was just 
     another American or international relief worker leaving out 
     of fear or warning.
       Before the accident I wanted to prove that Americans and 
     Somalis could work, productively and cooperatively, together 
     to provide many with a new start in life, and that the events 
     in Mogadishu between Americans and Somalis have no influence 
     on our work. I believed that it was important for me and 
     other international relief workers, primarily Americans, to 
     show that we were there to work shoulder to shoulder for long 
     term and sustainable development.
       Lying in the back of the pick up, I remember Somalis 
     touching my legs and arms saying ``sorry.'' I thought to 
     myself ``who is going to help these people? Who is going to 
     continue the credit union work here? Is this the end? John 
     Irons, my lone American IRC counterpart, can't do it all by 
     himself.
       During the flight to Nairobi, I almost died. To keep me 
     alive both Tamera and a French doctor gave me blood from 
     their own bodies to mine by direct transfusions. I only 
     remember moaning and mumbling ``Oh my god'' so much from the 
     pain that I thought the pilot must hate me since I was 
     probably giving him headaches.
       I started begging to save my right leg, knowing very well 
     that it was gone but trying to protect my left leg. I figured 
     that if I let my right leg go easily, then it would be much 
     easier for them to cut off my left. I was twisting and 
     struggling from the pain. The hospital staff then strapped 
     both my arms stretched out to each side. The last thing I 
     remember before the operation was a nurse apologizing as he 
     cut away my maroon T-shirt--the one that I wore at the Somali 
     going away party in Colorado that my family and friends had 
     given me before my departure five months earlier.
       I woke up with the doctor's hands holding down my shoulder 
     explaining that they had to cut off my right leg to save my 
     life. I asked him if I still had my left. When he said yes I 
     started saying the first of my many thank yous to him and the 
     nurses.
       Before my departure, the nurse wheeled Dulae in. It was the 
     first time that we had seen each other, at least consciously, 
     since the accident. I stretched my left arm towards him for I 
     couldn't roll over to give him my right. He took my hand, and 
     we held each others' hands.
       What I remember most about my post-operation was that 
     whenever I woke up, there were IRC personnel by my bedside 
     offering encouragement and support.
       I was flown to Geneva on an SOS evacuation flight. In the 
     plane, I was laid on a stretcher with sheets covered by a 
     belt. Every three hours I was allowed a morphine shot. That 
     last hour went by so slowly. The pain was incredible.
       We stopped to refuel in Egypt, and I was looking out the 
     plane window at some Egyptian soldiers. I was thinking ``What 
     am I doing? I'm on a plane in Egypt; I've lost my right leg; 
     my left leg is in jeopardy * * * and yesterday I was working 
     and fine. Our lives can change in a split second--
     anybody's.
       The arrival in Geneva was at night. Out of my small window 
     I saw Kim, my father, and Steve Richards, the IRC Executive 
     Vice President, plus airport security guards and ambulance 
     personnel. Once the door opened, Kim rushed onto the plane. 
     As I saw her coming in the hatch, I took off the oxygen mask, 
     then we hugged.
       I was immediately taken in the ambulance to the hospital. 
     My first memories of the hospital were getting X-rays of my 
     foot, and then being put under. We didn't know if I would 
     come out with one foot or not. This was the first of three 
     operations in five nights in Geneva to save my left foot.
       For the next five days, I was in tremendous pain and agony. 
     My father, Kim, and Steve Richards, would visit several times 
     each day. Yet, I was so tired, and trying to cover up the 
     pain that I was feeling. Moans would unconsciously come out 
     of me. I couldn't control them.
       On December 22, 1993, I was flown to Denver, Colorado, then 
     transferred by ambulance to the Institute for Limb 
     Preservation at Presbyterian/St. Lukes Hospital. After 
     reviewing X-rays of my foot, and the actual foot itself, the 
     doctors were not optimistic. There was an 80 percent chance 
     that they would cut off my foot, or that if they saved it, it 
     would be so nonfunctional that I would request that they cut 
     it off. One doctor said that it was the worst foot that he 
     had ever seen still attached to a human body.
       Over the next six days I had three more operations. The 
     last one lasting 12 hours. The doctors had used my stomach 
     muscle to replace the lost foot tissue. They sewed the blood 
     vessels together. They also moved the pinky toe to the place 
     of my missing fourth toe.
       Thus far, I had been in four hospitals in four countries in 
     one week. Within 12 days in three countries, I had had my 
     right leg amputated and seven operations on my left foot.
       I was transferred to my fifth hospital, Boulder Community 
     Hospital Mapleton Center in mid-February. I remained there 
     for three weeks. Since that time I've continued to visit 
     Mapleton Center three to four times a week as a physical 
     therapy outpatient. I am learning how to walk, move my foot, 
     care for my stump, and get my body into shape. Initially, it 
     took two physical therapists 15 minutes to stretch my legs 
     since they were tight from being in a bed and in a wheelchair 
     for so long. Now we work on strengthening the foot, massaging 
     to reduce swelling, and working the toes. To date I can only 
     move two of the remaining four. I also work with a therapist 
     to strengthen my spine and torso to prepare me for walking. 
     Recently, I've begun physical therapy in the swimming pool.
       The doctors state that there is no question that I will 
     require further operations. I broke, smashed, or lost 25 of 
     the 26 bones in the foot. They would like to try to fill in 
     the gaps and reset some of the bones. Additionally, the 
     plastic surgeon would like possibly to reshape my foot, 
     especially where the stomach flap is located. They say that I 
     will have pain the rest of my life. To what level they do not 
     know yet.
       The good news is that I may be able to keep my foot. That I 
     will have it the rest of my life. I will no longer be able to 
     run or jump, but I will be able to walk, play golf, and hike 
     eventually.
       But the point that I would like to make today is what about 
     the other land mine victims? I am so lucky. I am lucky to be 
     an American. To have the best medical care, therapy, and 
     prosthetics available. Thus far, medical care costs are in 
     the neighborhood of $250,000. What about the Somalis who are 
     hurt by land mines? Who is going to help them? Who is going 
     to pay for their care and therapy? There are thousands around 
     the world in places where having one's legs and arms are key 
     to economic survival. They are the farmers, herders, traders, 
     merchants, who need their limbs to work. These people do not 
     have access to any medical facilities, let alone the quality 
     of medical care that we have here.
       I was able to contact help by my hand held radio. The IRC 
     had the organizational capabilities to get me evacuated to 
     receive excellent medical treatment. Their support has been 
     instrumental in my recovery. Most do not have such blessings. 
     As you have learned, the medical consequences of my injuries 
     requires prompt and repeated surgical care, not so readily 
     available for civilians in the developing world.
       The IRC has implemented land mine awareness programs in 
     Thailand, Malawi, and Pakistan. Its purpose was to assist 
     refugees in protecting themselves from land mine risks. 
     However, it is clear, that the resources devoted to promote 
     land mine awareness and demining programs are not sufficient 
     to keep pace with the present deployment rate.
       I make my living by using my head and not by my feet. My 
     goals have always required the use of my head. I don't need 
     my feet to make a living. What about the other land mine 
     victims who do? With deaths or injuries of bread winners, 
     their families are usually left destitute. Unfortunately, as 
     you have heard today, land mines are not designed to target 
     discriminately. In most cases, the victims are civilians.
       Article 3(2) of the Land Mines Protocol prohibits the 
     direct use of mines against civilians. The 1977 Additional 
     Protocol I, article 50 states a ``civilian is anyone who is 
     not a member of the armed forces or an organized armed group 
     of a party to the conflict.'' I have never been a member of 
     the military or an armed group. Yet, unfortunately, due to 
     the indiscriminate nature of land mines, this article of the 
     Land Mines Protocol is violated on a regular basis. Thus, I 
     received no protection or consideration.
       The Protocol goes on to prohibit in Article 3(3) the 
     indiscriminate use of land mines. This is also violated 
     regularly. For example, I arrived in the Lugh area 18 months 
     after the hostilities in the area had ended. Yet now, as 
     evidenced by my accident, land mines remain even though they 
     have outlasted their military functions.
       It is obvious that the provisions of the Land Mines 
     Protocol are not adhered to seriously. Only the institution 
     of a complete prohibition can be effective. Thankfully, the 
     United States, led by the strength and tenacity of Senator 
     Leahy and others, are taking a leadership role in this area. 
     I urge you to continue your good works.
       From the moment my vehicle hit the land mine, I found 
     myself in a position that is not familiar to me in my role as 
     a relief worker. I had become a victim.
       Like so many others who have been victimized, I found 
     myself questioning, But, I have never been bitter or 
     depressed about my condition. On the contrary, I am grateful 
     to have had the opportunity to assist so many people to help 
     start their lives again after the civil war. I chose to do 
     what I loved: to assist refugees in getting on their feet 
     again.
       When processing and disbursing the loans to Somalis to 
     assist them with their lives, I made it a point to say that 
     may money came from the people of the United States of 
     America. In the future, I would also like to say that we were 
     instrumental in setting the standard in the fight against 
     land mines.
       Land mines are used as a destabilization weapon by mining 
     areas such as agricultural fields and trading routes, making 
     them economically unproductive for future generations. This 
     leads to populations being permanently displaced, economic 
     devastation, and political turmoil, all contrary to U.S. 
     strategic foreign policy objectives.
       Land mines maim and kill relief workers and their 
     constituents all too frequently--in fact at least 1,200 
     people per month. The U.S. State Department estimates that 
     there are some 100 million unexploded land mines in over 60 
     countries. Millions more are stockpiled in warehouses, 
     waiting to be deployed. The State Department also emphasizes 
     that land mines may be the most toxic and widespread 
     pollution facing mankind.
       In closing, I would like to say that there is something 
     that you can do. Many have spoken on the horrors of land 
     mines to civilian communities. Now it is for you to continue 
     to set an example to the world.
       As an American, I feel that we should promote and support a 
     complete international ban on the production, and export, and 
     deployment of land mines. It is a tremendous opportunity to 
     confirm our humanitarian principles and leadership in the 
     world.
       In the interim, a permanent ban on all United States land 
     mine development, export, and production sets the standards 
     for the behavior of nation states. It will help bring 
     international attention to the land mine problem and 
     stimulate activity toward a complete international ban.
       Thank you.

  Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, I will, during the coming weeks and months, 
speak again on this issue. I feel so very strongly about it. I felt 
that way the first time I met a victim of a landmine, a little boy who 
lost his leg in the jungle of Honduras, who was forever doomed to live 
on the handouts of others.
  I started, with the help of the distinguished Presiding Officer and 
my colleagues on the Appropriations Committee, and others, a war 
victims fund to aid these people worldwide. It has been used in over a 
dozen countries.
  We are aiding the victims--building artificial arms or legs or 
wheelchairs, or teaching them to walk again or help those who have been 
blinded. But, Mr. President, how much more we could do if we stopped it 
from happening in the first place.
  This is not a new problem. There are parts of Europe today where 
people cannot walk because of landmines from the Second World War. But 
in Third World nations where it can cost hundreds of dollars to remove 
one of these $5 or $10 mines in a country where the per capita income 
is only a couple of hundred dollars a year, you see what we face.
  So, Mr. President, I will continue to speak on this, and I thank 
those Senators who have joined me in trying to stop it.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  Mr. GRASSLEY addressed the Chair.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr. Kohl]. The Chair recognizes the Senator 
from Iowa [Mr. Grassley].
  Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that morning 
business be extended for 10 minutes, and I be allowed to speak therein 
for that period of time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

                          ____________________