[Congressional Record Volume 140, Number 70 (Wednesday, June 8, 1994)]
[Senate]
[Page S]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]


[Congressional Record: June 8, 1994]
From the Congressional Record Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]

 
                          AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED

                                 ______


                  FEDERAL ACQUISITION STREAMLINING ACT

                                 ______


               HATFIELD (AND PACKWOOD) AMENDMENT NO. 1753

  Mr. HATFIELD (for himself and Mr. Packwood) proposed an amendment to 
the bill (S. 1587) to revise and streamline the acquisition laws of the 
Federal Government, and for other purposes; as follows:

       At the end of the bill, add the following new title:

   TITLE X--WAIVER OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PREVAILING WAGE-SETTING 
                       REQUIREMENTS TO VOLUNTEERS

     SEC. 1001. SHORT TITLE.

       This title may be cited as the ``Community Improvement 
     Volunteer Act of 1994''.

     SEC. 1002. PURPOSE.

       It is the purpose of this title to promote and provide more 
     opportunities for people who wish to volunteer their services 
     in the construction, repair or alteration (including painting 
     and decorating) of public buildings and public works funded, 
     in whole or in part, with Federal financial assistance 
     authorized under certain Federal programs that might not 
     otherwise be possible without the use of volunteers, by 
     waiving the application of the otherwise application 
     prevailing wage-setting provisions of the Act of March 3, 
     1931 (commonly known as the ``Davis-Bacon Act'') (40 U.S.C. 
     276a et seq.) to such volunteers.

     SEC. 1003. WAIVER.

       (a) In General.--The requirement that certain laborers and 
     mechanics be paid in accordance with the wage-setting 
     provisions of the Act of March 3, 1931 (commonly known as the 
     ``Davis-Bacon Act'') (40 U.S.C. 276a et seq.) as set forth in 
     any of the Acts or provisions described in subsection (d), 
     and the provisions relating to wages, in any federally 
     assisted or insured contract or subcontract for construction, 
     shall not apply to any individual--
       (1) who volunteers--
       (A) to perform a service for a public or private entity for 
     civic, charitable, or humanitarian reasons, without promise, 
     expectation, or receipt of compensation for services rendered 
     other than expenses, reasonable benefits, or a nominal fee 
     (as defined in subsection (b)), but solely for the personal 
     purpose of pleasure of the individual; and
       (B) to provide such services freely and without pressure or 
     coercion, direct or implied, from an employer;
       (2) whose contribution of service is not for the benefit of 
     any contractor otherwise performing or seeking to perform 
     work on the same project; and
       (3) who is not otherwise employed at any time under the 
     federally assisted or insured contract or subcontract 
     involved for construction with respect to the project for 
     which the individual is volunteering.
       (b) Expenses.--Payments of expenses, reasonable benefits, 
     or a nominal fee may be provided to volunteers described in 
     subsection (a) if the Secretary of Labor determines, after an 
     examination of the total amount of payments made (relating to 
     expenses, benefits, or fees) in the context of the economic 
     realities of the specific federally assisted or insured 
     project, that such payments are appropriate. Subject to such 
     a determination--
       (1) a payment for an expense may be received by a volunteer 
     for items such as uniform allowances, protective gear and 
     clothing, reimbursement for approximate out-of-pocket 
     expenses, or for the cost or expense of meals and 
     transportation;
       (2) a reasonable benefit may include the inclusion of a 
     volunteer in a group insurance plan (such as a liability, 
     health, life, disability, or worker's compensation plan) or 
     pension plan, or the awarding of a length of service award; 
     and
       (3) a nominal fee may not be used as a substitute for 
     compensation and may not be tied to productivity.

     The decision as to what constitutes a nominal fee for 
     purposes of paragraph (3) shall be made on a case-by-case 
     basis and in the context of the economic realities of the 
     situation involved.
       (c) Economic Reality.--For purposes of subsection (b), in 
     determining whether an expense, benefit, or fee described in 
     such subsection may be paid to volunteers in the context of 
     the economic realities of the particular situation, the 
     Secretary of Labor shall not approve any such expense, 
     benefit, or fee that has the effect of undermining labor 
     standards by creating downward pressure on prevailing wages 
     in the local construction industry.
       (d) Contracts Exempted.--For purposes of subsection (a), 
     the Acts or provisions described in this subsection are the 
     following:
       (1) The Library Services and Construction Act (20 U.S.C. 
     351 et seq.).
       (2) The Indian Self-Determination and Education Association 
     Act (25 U.S.C. 450 et seq.).
       (3) Section 329 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 
     254b).
       (4) Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 
     254c).

     SEC. 1004. REPORT.

       Not later than December 31, 1997, the Secretary of Labor 
     shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of 
     Congress a report that--
       (1) identifies and assesses, to the maximum extent 
     practicable--
       (A) the projects for which volunteers were permitted to 
     work under this title; and
       (B) the number of volunteers permitted to work because of 
     the compliance of entities with the provisions of this title; 
     and
       (2) contains recommendations with respect to Acts related 
     to the Davis-Bacon Act that could be addressed to permit 
     volunteer work.
                                 ______


                      GRASSLEY AMENDMENT NO. 1754

  Mr. GRASSLEY proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, supra; as 
follows:

       Strike out the heading of title IX and insert in lieu 
     thereof the following:

                    TITLE IX--MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

     SEC. 9001. LEGAL COUNSEL FOR INSPECTORS GENERAL.

       (a) Authority To Employ Counsel.--Section 3 of the 
     Inspector General Act of 1987 (5 U.S.C. App.) is amended--
       (1) in subsection (d)--
       (A) by striking out ``, and'' at the end of paragraph (1) 
     and inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon;
       (B) by striking out the period at the end of paragraph (2) 
     and inserting in lieu thereof ``; and''; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
       ``(3) appoint a legal counsel who shall have the 
     responsibility for providing the Inspector General with legal 
     advice, including formal legal opinions.''; and
       (2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
       ``(e) Each person appointed as a legal counsel to the 
     Inspector General of an establishment shall report to and be 
     under the general supervision of the Inspector General and 
     may not be required to report to, or be subject to 
     supervision by, any other official or employee of the 
     establishment. Only the Inspector General may evaluate the 
     performance of a legal counsel for official purposes.''.
       (b) Absorption of Cost for fiscal Year 1994.--In the case 
     of a department or agency referred to in paragraph (2), funds 
     available for fiscal year 1994 for the General Counsel of 
     such department or agency that would be expended for such 
     fiscal year for payment of the costs of the legal staff 
     (including support staff) made available by the General 
     Counsel of such department or agency to the Inspector General 
     of that department or agency on a permanent basis shall be 
     used for paying the costs for fiscal year 1994 for legal 
     counsel (including support staff for legal counsel) employed 
     by the Inspector General of such department or agency.
       (2) Paragraph (1) applies to the following departments and 
     agencies:
       (A) The Department of Defense.
       (B) The Department of Health and Human Services.
       (C) The Department of Transportation.
       (D) The Environmental Protection Agency.
       (E) The Federal Emergency Management Agency.

              TITLE X--EFFECTIVE DATES AND IMPLEMENTATION

       In the table of contents in section 2, strike out the item 
     relating to the heading of title IX and insert in lieu 
     thereof the following:

                    TITLE IX--MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

Sec. 9001. Authority of Inspectors General to employ legal counsel.
              TITLE X--EFFECTIVE DATES AND IMPLEMENTATION

                                 ______


                 CONRAD (AND OTHERS) AMENDMENT NO. 1755

  Mr. CONRAD (for himself, Mr. Grassley, Mr. Roth, Mr. Sasser, Mr. 
Bradley, Mr. Dorgan, and Mr. Bryan) proposed an amendment to the bill 
S. 1587, supra; as follows:

       On page 438, after line 25, insert the following:

     SEC. 2192. UNALLOWABILITY OF ENTERTAINMENT COSTS UNDER 
                   COVERED CONTRACTS.

       Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of 
     this Act, the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council shall 
     amend the cost principle in the Federal Acquisition 
     Regulation that is set out in section 31.205-14 of title 48, 
     Code of Federal Regulations, relating to unallowability of 
     entertainment costs--
       (1) by inserting in the cost principle a statement that 
     costs made specifically unallowable under that cost principle 
     are not allowable under any other cost principle; and
       (2) by striking out ``(but see 31.205-1 and 31.205-13)''.
                                 ______


             MOSELEY-BRAUN (AND OTHERS) AMENDMENT NO. 1756

  Ms. MOSELEY-BRAUN (for herself, Mr. Lautenberg, Mr. Kerry, Mr. 
Wellstone, Mrs. Hutchison, Mrs. Murray, and Mr. Kohl) proposed an 
amendment to the bill S. 1587, supra; as follows:

       On page 230, between lines 13 and 14, insert the following 
     section:

     SEC. 4105. CONTRACTING AND SUBCONTRACTING WITH WOMEN-OWNED 
                   SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS.

       (a) Establishing Goals for Contracting With Women-Owned 
     Small Business Concerns.--Section 15(g) of the Small Business 
     Act (15 U.S.C. 637(g)) is amended--
       (1) by inserting ``, small business concerns owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (1) after ``small 
     business concern'' each time it appears;
       (2) by inserting the following after the second sentence of 
     paragraph (1): ``The Government-wide goal for participation 
     by small business concerns owned by women shall be 
     established at not less than 5 percent of the combined total 
     value of all prime contracts and subcontracts awarded for 
     each fiscal year, provided that higher goals otherwise 
     established by law shall not be reduced or limited by the 
     foregoing.''
       (3) by inserting ``, small business concerns owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (2) after ``small 
     business concern'' each time it appears.
       (b) Reports.--Section 15(h) of the Small Business Act (15 
     U.S.C. 637(h)) is amended--
       (1) in inserting ``, small business concern owned and 
     controlled by women,'' after ``small business concern'' in 
     paragraph (1), (2)(A), and (2)(D); and
       (2) by adding a new paragraph (3) to read as follows:
       ``(3) Five years after the date of enactment of the Federal 
     Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, the President shall 
     include in the report required by paragraph (2) an assessment 
     of the progress made in increasing the extent of 
     participation by small business concerns owned and controlled 
     by women in procurement contracts and subcontracts of Federal 
     agencies and appropriate recommendations for action based on 
     such assessment.''
       (b) Subcontracting With Women-Owned Small Business.--
     Section 8(d) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637(d)) is 
     amended--
       (1) by inserting ``, small business concerns owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (1) after ``small 
     business concern'' each time it appears;
       (2) by deleting ``small purchase threshold'' in paragraph 
     (2) and substituting ``simplified acquisition threshold'';
       (3) by inserting ``, small business concerns owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (3)(A) and (D) after 
     ``small business concern'' each time it appears;
       (4) by inserting the following at the end of the first 
     sentence of subparagraph (3)(C): ``The term `small business 
     concern owned and controlled by women' shall mean a small 
     business concern which is at least 51 percentum owned by one 
     or more women; or in the case of a publicly owned business, 
     at least 51 percentum of the stock is owned by one or more 
     women; and whose management and daily business operations are 
     controlled by one or more of such women.''
       (5) by inserting ``, small business concerns owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (4)(D) and (E) after 
     ``small business concern'' each time it appears; and
       (6) in inserting ``, small business concern owned and 
     controlled by women,'' in paragraph (6)(A), (C) and (F) after 
     ``small business concern'' each time it appears.
                                 ______


                       McCAIN AMENDMENT NO. 1757

  Mr. ROTH (for Mr. McCain) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, 
supra; as follows:

       At the appropriate place insert the following new section:
       Sec. (  ). (a) The Administrator of the General Services 
     Administration, no later than 120 days after enactment of 
     this section, shall issue guidelines to ensure that Agencies 
     promote, encourage and facilitate the use of frequent 
     traveler programs offered by airlines, hotels and car rental 
     vendors by federal employees who engage in official air 
     travel, for the purpose of realizing to the maximum extent 
     practicable cost savings for official travel.
       (b) Any awards granted under such a frequent traveler 
     program accrued through official travel shall be used only 
     for official travel.
       (c) Within one year of enactment of this section, the 
     Administrator shall report to the Congress on efforts to 
     promote the use of frequent traveler programs by federal 
     employees.
                                 ______


                  SMITH (AND ROTH) AMENDMENT NO. 1758

  Mr. SMITH (for himself and Mr. Roth) proposed an amendment to the 
bill, S. 1587, supra; as follows:

       On page 316, line 1 insert ``(other than a construction 
     contract)'' after ``property or services''.
       On page 342, line 17, insert ``(other than a construction 
     contract)'' after ``property or services''.
                                 ______


                       HARKIN AMENDMENT NO. 1759

  Mr. LEVIN (for Mr. Harkin) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, 
supra; as follows:

       At the appropriate place in the bill insert:

     UNIFORM SUSPENSION AND DEBARMENT.

       (a) Within six months after the date of enactment of this 
     Act, regulations shall be issued providing that provisions 
     for the debarment, suspension, or other exclusion of a 
     participant in a procurement activity under the Federal 
     Acquisition Regulation, or in a nonprocurement activity under 
     regulations issued pursuant to Executive Order No. 12549, 
     shall have government-wide effect. No agency shall allow a 
     party to participate in any procurement or nonprocurement 
     activity if any agency has debarred, suspended, or otherwise 
     excluded (to the extent specified in the exclusion agreement) 
     that party from participation in a procurement or 
     nonprocurement activity.
       (b) The regulations issued pursuant to subsection (a) shall 
     provide that an agency may grant an exception permitting a 
     debarred, suspended, or otherwise excluded party to 
     participate in procurement activities of that agency to the 
     extent exceptions are authorized under the Federal 
     Acquisition Regulation, or to participate in nonprocurement 
     activities of that agency to the extent exceptions are 
     authorized under regulations issued pursuant to Executive 
     Order No. 12549.
       (c) Definitions.--For the purposes of this Part:
       (1) ``Procurement activities'' refers to all acquisition 
     programs and activities of the Federal Government, as defined 
     in the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
       (2) ``Nonprocurement activities'' refers to all programs 
     and activities involving Federal financial and nonfinancial 
     assistance and benefits, as covered by Executive Order No. 
     12549 and the Office of Management and Budget guidelines 
     implementing that order.
       (3) ``Agency'' refers to executive departments and 
     agencies.
                                 ______


                       HARKIN AMENDMENT NO. 1760

  Mr. LEVIN (for Mr. Harkin) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, 
supra; as follows:

       At the appropriate place in the bill, insert:

     SEC.   . PROMPT RESOLUTION OF AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS.

       Federal agencies shall resolve or take corrective action on 
     all Office of Inspector General audit report findings within 
     a maximum of six months after their issuance, or, in the case 
     of audits performed by non-federal auditors, six months after 
     receipt of the report by the Federal Government.
                                 ______


                      GRASSLEY AMENDMENT NO. 1761

  Mr. GRASSLEY proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, supra; as 
follows:

       Strike out the heading of title IX and insert in lieu 
     thereof the following:

                    TITLE IX--MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

     SEC. 9001. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW OF THE PROVISION OF 
                   LEGAL ADVICE FOR INSPECTORS GENERAL.

       (a) Review and Report Required.--Not later than March 1, 
     1995 the Comptroller General of the United States shall--
       (1) conduct a review of the independence of the legal 
     services being provided to Inspectors General appointed under 
     the Inspector General Act of 1978; and
       (2) submit to Congress a report on the results of the 
     review.
       (b) Matters Required for Report.--The report shall include 
     the following matters:
       (1) With respect to each department or agency of the 
     Federal Government that has an Inspector General appointed in 
     accordance with the Inspector General Act of 1978 whose only 
     or principal source of legal advice is the general counsel or 
     other chief legal officer of the department or agency, an 
     assessment of the extent of the independence of the legal 
     advisors providing advice to the Inspector General.
       (2) A comparison of the findings under the assessment 
     referred to in paragraph (1) with findings on the same 
     matters with respect to each Inspector General whose source 
     of legal advice is legal counsel accountable solely to the 
     Inspector General.

              TITLE X--EFFECTIVE DATES AND IMPLEMENTATION

       In the table of contents in section 2, strike out the item 
     relating to the heading of title IX and insert in lieu 
     thereof the following:


                    TITLE IX--MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS

Sec. 9001. Comptroller General review of the provision of legal advice 
              for inspectors general.

              TITLE X--EFFECTIVE DATES AND IMPLEMENTATION

                                 ______


                      WELLSTONE AMENDMENT NO. 1762

  Mr. WELLSTONE proposed an amendment to the bill S. 1587, supra; as 
follows:

       On page 463, line 3, insert ``(a) Extension of Authority.--
     '' before ``Section 6(e)''.
       On page 463, between lines 5 and 6, insert the following:
       (b) Availability of Procedures to Small Business Government 
     Contractors.--Section 6(e) of such Act is amended by 
     inserting after the first sentence the following:
       ``In any case in which the contracting officer rejects a 
     contractor's request for alternative dispute resolution 
     proceedings, the contracting officer shall provide the 
     contractor with a written explanation, citing one or more of 
     the conditions in section 572(b) of title V, United States 
     Code, or such other specific reasons that alternative dispute 
     resolution procedures are inappropriate for the resolution of 
     the dispute.
       ``In any case in which a contractor rejects a request of an 
     agency for alternative dispute resolution proceedings, the 
     contractor shall inform the agency in writing of the 
     contractor's specific reasons for rejecting the request.
                                 ______


               WELLSTONE (AND BUMPERS) AMENDMENT NO. 1763

  Mr. WELLSTONE (for himself and Mr. Bumpers) proposed an amendment to 
the bill S. 1587, supra; as follows:

       On page 383, line 15, insert ``(other than a small business 
     concern (within the meaning of section 3(a) of the Small 
     Business Act))'' after ``No party''.
       On page 393, line 24, insert ``(other than a small business 
     concern (within the meaning of section 3(a) of the Small 
     Business Act)) after ``no party''.
                                 ______


                      HUTCHISON AMENDMENT NO. 1764

  Mr. ROTH (for Mrs. Hutchison) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 
1587, supra; as follows:

       On page 518, between lines 13 and 14, insert the following:

     SEC. 4105. DEVELOPMENT OF DEFINITIONS REGARDING CERTAIN SMALL 
                   BUSINESS CONCERNS.

       (a) Review Required.--
       (1) Definitions to be identified.--The Administrator for 
     Federal Procurement Policy shall conduct a comprehensive 
     review of Federal laws, as in effect on November 1, 1994, to 
     identify and catalogue all of the provisions in such laws 
     that define (or describe for definitional purposes) the small 
     business concerns set forth in paragraph (2) for purposes of 
     authorizing the participation of such small business concerns 
     as prime contractors or subcontractors in--
       (A) contracts awarded directly by the Federal Government or 
     subcontracts awarded under such contracts; or
       (B) contracts and subcontracts funded, in whole or in part, 
     by Federal financial assistance under grants, cooperative 
     agreements, or other forms of Federal assistance.
       (2) Covered small business concerns.--The small business 
     concerns referred to in paragraph (1) are as follows:
       (A) Small business concerns owned and controlled by 
     socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.
       (B) Minority-owned small business concerns.
       (C) Small business concerns owned and controlled by women.
       (D) Woman-owned small business concerns.
       (b) Matters To Be Developed.--On the basis of the results 
     of the review carried out under subsection (a), the 
     Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy shall develop--
       (1) uniform definitions for the small business concerns 
     referred to in subsection (a)(2);
       (1) uniform agency certification standards and procedures 
     for--
       (A) determinations of whether a small business concern 
     qualifies as a small business concern referred to in 
     subsection (a)(2) under an applicable standard for purposes 
     contracts and subcontracts referred to in subsection (a)(1); 
     and
       (B) reciprocal recognition by an agency of a decision of 
     another agency regarding whether a small business concern 
     qualifies as a small business concern referred to in 
     subsection (a)(2) for such purposes; and
       (3) such other related recommendations as the Administrator 
     determines appropriate consistent with the review results.
       (c) Procedures and Schedule.--
       (1) Participation by certain interested parties.--The 
     Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy shall provide 
     for the participation in the review and activities under 
     subsections (a) and (b) by representatives of--
       (A) the Small Business Administration (including the Office 
     of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy);
       (B) the Minority Business Development Agency of the 
     Department of Commerce;
       (C) the Department of Transportation;
       (D) the Environmental Protection Agency; and
       (E) such other executive departments and agencies as the 
     Administrator considers appropriate.
       (2) Consultation with certain interested parties.--In 
     carrying out subsections (a) and (b), the Administrator shall 
     consult with representatives of organizations representing--
       (A) minority-owned business enterprises;
       (B) women-owned business enterprises; and
       (C) other organizations that the Administrator considers 
     appropriate.
       (3) Schedule.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the 
     enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall publish in the 
     Federal Register a notice which--
       (A) lists the provisions of law identified in the review 
     carried out under subsection (a);
       (B) describes the matters to be developed on the basis of 
     the results of the review pursuant to subsection (b);
       (C) solicits public comment regarding the matters described 
     in the notice pursuant to subparagraphs (A) and (B) for a 
     period of not less than 60 days; and
       (D) addresses such other matters as the Administrator 
     considers appropriate to ensure the comprehensiveness of the 
     review and activities under subsections (a) and (b).
       (d) Report.--Not later than May 1, 1995, the Administrator 
     for Federal Procurement Policy shall submit to the Committees 
     on Small Business of the Senate and the House of 
     Representatives a report on the results of the review carried 
     out under subsection (a) and the actions taken under 
     subsection (b). The report shall include a discussion of the 
     results of the review, a description of the consultations 
     conducted and public comments received, and the 
     Administrator's recommendations with regard to the matters 
     identified under subsection (b).
                                 ______


             VA STATE HEALTH CARE REFORM PILOT PROGRAM ACT

                                 ______


                     ROCKEFELLER AMENDMENT NO. 1765

  Mr. GLENN (for Mr. Rockefeller) proposed an amendment to the bill (S. 
1974) to authorize the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to conduct pilot 
programs in order to evaluate the feasibility of the participation of 
the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system in the health 
care systems of States that have enacted health care reform; as 
follows:

       On page 32, strike out lines 17 through 20 and insert in 
     lieu thereof the following:
       (B) Amounts deposited in the Fund pursuant to clauses (ii) 
     and (iv) shall be derived from amounts appropriated to the 
     Department of Veterans Affairs for the Veterans Health 
     Administration for medical care.
       On page 33, line 4, insert ``the'' after ``shall deposit 
     in''.
       On page 34, strike out lines 11 through 15 and insert in 
     lieu thereof the following:
       (5)(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, amounts 
     in the Fund shall be available for all expenses incurred by 
     the Veterans Health Administration in carrying out the pilot 
     programs. Subject to subparagraph (B), the health system 
     director for a State in which a pilot program is carried out 
     shall determine the expenses of the pilot program for that 
     State for purposes of this paragraph.
       On page 35, strike out lines 4 through 6 and insert in lieu 
     thereof the following:
       (C) The period of availability of amounts in an account 
     established in the Fund for a pilot program shall end on the 
     last day of the fiscal year in which the pilot program is 
     carried out.
       On page 37, between lines 6 and 7, insert the following:
       (3) Not later than 30 days after the end of any fiscal year 
     in which a pilot program is carried out under section 3, the 
     Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of 
     Congress a report describing the amounts expended from the 
     Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Reform Fund 
     established under section 3(j)(1) during that fiscal year for 
     each pilot program so carried out.

                          ____________________