[Senate Prints 107-1]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
107th Congress
1st Session COMMITTEE PRINT S. Prt.
107-1
_______________________________________________________________________
CORRESPONDENT BANKING:
A GATEWAY FOR MONEY LAUNDERING
__________
R E P O R T
prepared by the
MINORITY STAFF
of the
PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS
of the
COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE
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February 5, 2001
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
69-919 WASHINGTON : 2000
COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
FRED THOMPSON, Tennessee, Chairman
TED STEVENS, Alaska JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut
SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine CARL LEVIN, Michigan
GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire MAX CLELAND, Georgia
ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware
JEAN CARNAHAN, Missouri
Hannah S. Sistare, Staff Director and Counsel
Joyce A. Rechtschaffen, Democratic Staff Director and Counsel
Darla D. Cassell, Chief Clerk
------
PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS
SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine, Chairman
TED STEVENS, Alaska CARL LEVIN, Michigan
GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi MAX CLELAND, Georgia
Christopher A. Ford, Chief Counsel and Staff Director
Linda J. Gustitus, Minority Chief Counsel and Staff Director
Elise J. Bean, Minority Deputy Chief Counsel
Robert L. Roach, Minority Counsel and Chief Investigator
Mary D. Robertson, Chief Clerk
(II)
C O N T E N T S
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Page
I. Executive Summary............................................. 1
II. Minority Staff Investigation Into Correspondent Banking...... 8
III. Anti-Money Laundering Obligations........................... 9
IV. Correspondent Banking Industry in the United States.......... 11
A. Correspondent Banking Products and Services............... 12
B. Three Categories of High Risk Banks....................... 14
Shell Banks.............................................. 14
Offshore Banks........................................... 15
Banks in Non-Cooperating Jurisdictions................... 17
C. Survey on Correspondent Banking........................... 18
D. Internet Gambling......................................... 23
V. Why Correspondent Banking is Vulnerable to Money Laundering... 26
A. Culture of Lax Due Diligence.............................. 27
B. Role of Correspondent Bankers............................. 33
C. Nested Correspondents..................................... 35
D. Foreign Jurisdictions with Weak Banking or Accounting
Practices.................................................. 36
E. Bank Secrecy.............................................. 40
F. Cross Border Difficulties................................. 41
G. U.S. Legal Barriers to Seizing Funds in U.S. Correspondent
Accounts................................................... 42
VI. GHow an Offshore Bank Launders Money Through a U.S.
Correspondent Account: The Lessons of Guardian Bank............ 44
VII. Conclusions and Recommendations............................. 57
VIII. Ten Case Histories......................................... 60
No. 1: American International Bank........................... 60
No. 2: Caribbean American Bank............................... 60
No. 3: Overseas Development Bank and Trust Company........... 60
A. THE FACTS................................................. 61
(1) American International Bank Ownership and Management... 61
(2) Financial Information and Primary Activities........... 61
(3) AIB Correspondents..................................... 63
(4) AIB Operations and Anti-Money Laundering Controls...... 64
(5) Regulatory Oversight................................... 64
(6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving AIB............... 64
(7) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks................... 82
(a) Bank of America...................................... 83
(b) Toronto Dominion Bank (New York Branch).............. 87
(c) Chase Manhattan Bank................................. 88
(d) Popular Bank of Florida (now BAC Florida Bank)....... 92
(e) Barnett Bank......................................... 95
(8) GAIB's Relationship with Overseas Development Bank
and Trust Company.......................................... 97
B. THE ISSUES................................................ 107
No. 4: British Trade and Commerce Bank....................... 118
A. THE FACTS................................................. 118
(1) BTCB Ownership and Management.......................... 118
(2) BTCB Financial Information............................. 123
(3) BTCB Correspondents.................................... 126
(4) BTCB Anti-Money Laundering Controls.................... 127
(III)
(5) BTCB Affiliates........................................ 129
(6) BTCB Major Lines of Business........................... 131
(7) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving BTCB.............. 138
(8) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks................... 142
(a) Banco Industrial de Venezuela (Miami Office)......... 142
(b) Security Bank N.A.................................... 150
(c) First Union National Bank............................ 158
(d) Other U.S. Banks..................................... 166
B. THE ISSUES................................................ 166
No. 5: Hanover Bank.......................................... 175
A. THE FACTS................................................. 175
(1)Hanover Bank Ownership and Management................... 175
(2) Hanover Bank Financial Information.................... 179
(3) Hanover Bank Correspondents............................ 181
(4) Hanover Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering
Controls................................................... 183
(5) Regulatory Oversight of Hanover Bank................... 189
(6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving Hanover Bank...... 191
(7) Correspondent Account at Harris Bank International..... 203
B. THE ISSUES................................................ 206
No. 6: British Bank of Latin America......................... 210
A. THE FACTS................................................. 210
(1) BBLA Ownership......................................... 210
(2) BBLA Principal Lines of Business....................... 211
(3) BBLA Correspondents.................................... 213
(4) BBLA Management and Operations......................... 213
(5) Money Laundering Involving BBLA........................ 218
(6) Closure of BBLA........................................ 223
(7) Correspondent Account at Bank of New York.............. 223
B. THE ISSUES................................................ 226
No. 7: European Bank......................................... 231
A. THE FACTS................................................. 231
(1) European Bank Ownership and Management................. 231
(2) European Bank Financial Information and Primary
Activities................................................. 232
(3) European Bank Correspondents........................... 234
(4) European Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering
Controls................................................... 235
(5) Regulatory Oversight of European Bank.................. 237
(6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving European Bank..... 240
(7) Correspondent Account at Citibank...................... 245
B. THE ISSUES................................................ 250
Nos. 8-10: Three Additional Case Studies on Correspondent
Banking.................................................... 256
APPENDIX
(1) Bank of New York Scandal............................... 257
(2) Koop Fraud............................................. 259
(3) Cook Fraud............................................. 267
(4) Gold Chance Fraud...................................... 272
(5) $10 Million CD Interpleader............................ 278
(6) GOther Suspect Transactions At BTCB: KPJ Trust, Michael
Gendreau, Scott Brett, Global/Vector Medical Technologies.. 284
(7) Taves Fraud and the Benford Account.................... 288
(8) IPC Fraud.............................................. 299
(IV)
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