[Senate Prints 107-1]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


107th Congress 
 1st Session                COMMITTEE PRINT                     S. Prt.
                                                                  107-1
_______________________________________________________________________

                                    



 
                         CORRESPONDENT BANKING:

                     A GATEWAY FOR MONEY LAUNDERING

                               __________

                              R E P O R T

                            prepared by the

                             MINORITY STAFF

                                 of the

                PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS

                                 of the

         COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE

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                            February 5, 2001


                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
69-919                      WASHINGTON : 2000




                   COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

                   FRED THOMPSON, Tennessee, Chairman
TED STEVENS, Alaska                  JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut
SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine              CARL LEVIN, Michigan
GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio            DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico         RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi            ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire            MAX CLELAND, Georgia
ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah              THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware
                                     JEAN CARNAHAN, Missouri
             Hannah S. Sistare, Staff Director and Counsel
     Joyce A. Rechtschaffen, Democratic Staff Director and Counsel
                     Darla D. Cassell, Chief Clerk

                                 ------                                

                PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS

                   SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine, Chairman
TED STEVENS, Alaska                  CARL LEVIN, Michigan
GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio            DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico         RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi            MAX CLELAND, Georgia
         Christopher A. Ford, Chief Counsel and Staff Director
      Linda J. Gustitus, Minority Chief Counsel and Staff Director
              Elise J. Bean, Minority Deputy Chief Counsel
        Robert L. Roach, Minority Counsel and Chief Investigator
                     Mary D. Robertson, Chief Clerk

                                  (II)


                            C O N T E N T S

                                 ------                                
                                                                   Page

I. Executive Summary.............................................     1

II. Minority Staff Investigation Into Correspondent Banking......     8

III. Anti-Money Laundering Obligations...........................     9

IV. Correspondent Banking Industry in the United States..........    11

    A. Correspondent Banking Products and Services...............    12
    B. Three Categories of High Risk Banks.......................    14
        Shell Banks..............................................    14
        Offshore Banks...........................................    15
        Banks in Non-Cooperating Jurisdictions...................    17
    C. Survey on Correspondent Banking...........................    18
    D. Internet Gambling.........................................    23

V. Why Correspondent Banking is Vulnerable to Money Laundering...    26
    A. Culture of Lax Due Diligence..............................    27
    B. Role of Correspondent Bankers.............................    33
    C. Nested Correspondents.....................................    35
    D. Foreign Jurisdictions with Weak Banking or Accounting 
      Practices..................................................    36
    E. Bank Secrecy..............................................    40
    F. Cross Border Difficulties.................................    41
    G. U.S. Legal Barriers to Seizing Funds in U.S. Correspondent 
      Accounts...................................................    42

VI. GHow an Offshore Bank Launders Money Through a U.S. 
  Correspondent Account: The Lessons of Guardian Bank............    44

VII. Conclusions and Recommendations.............................    57

VIII. Ten Case Histories.........................................    60

    No. 1: American International Bank...........................    60
    No. 2: Caribbean American Bank...............................    60
    No. 3: Overseas Development Bank and Trust Company...........    60
    A. THE FACTS.................................................    61
      (1) American International Bank Ownership and Management...    61
      (2) Financial Information and Primary Activities...........    61
      (3) AIB Correspondents.....................................    63
      (4) AIB Operations and Anti-Money Laundering Controls......    64
      (5) Regulatory Oversight...................................    64
      (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving AIB...............    64
      (7) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks...................    82
        (a) Bank of America......................................    83
        (b) Toronto Dominion Bank (New York Branch)..............    87
        (c) Chase Manhattan Bank.................................    88
        (d) Popular Bank of Florida (now BAC Florida Bank).......    92
        (e) Barnett Bank.........................................    95
      (8) GAIB's  Relationship with Overseas Development Bank  
      and Trust Company..........................................    97
    B. THE ISSUES................................................   107

    No. 4: British Trade and Commerce Bank.......................   118
    A. THE FACTS.................................................   118
      (1) BTCB Ownership and Management..........................   118
      (2) BTCB Financial Information.............................   123
      (3) BTCB Correspondents....................................   126
      (4) BTCB Anti-Money Laundering Controls....................   127

                                  (III)


      (5) BTCB Affiliates........................................   129
      (6) BTCB Major Lines of Business...........................   131
      (7) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving BTCB..............   138
      (8) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks...................   142
        (a) Banco Industrial de Venezuela (Miami Office).........   142
        (b) Security Bank N.A....................................   150
        (c) First Union National Bank............................   158
        (d) Other U.S. Banks.....................................   166
    B. THE ISSUES................................................   166

    No. 5: Hanover Bank..........................................   175
    A. THE FACTS.................................................   175
      (1)Hanover Bank Ownership and Management...................   175
       (2) Hanover Bank Financial Information....................   179
      (3) Hanover Bank Correspondents............................   181
      (4) Hanover Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering 
      Controls...................................................   183
      (5) Regulatory Oversight of Hanover Bank...................   189
      (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving Hanover Bank......   191
      (7) Correspondent Account at Harris Bank International.....   203
    B. THE ISSUES................................................   206

    No. 6: British Bank of Latin America.........................   210
    A. THE FACTS.................................................   210
      (1) BBLA Ownership.........................................   210
      (2) BBLA Principal Lines of Business.......................   211
      (3) BBLA Correspondents....................................   213
      (4) BBLA Management and Operations.........................   213
      (5) Money Laundering Involving BBLA........................   218
      (6) Closure of BBLA........................................   223
      (7) Correspondent Account at Bank of New York..............   223
    B. THE ISSUES................................................   226

    No. 7: European Bank.........................................   231
    A. THE FACTS.................................................   231
      (1) European Bank Ownership and Management.................   231
      (2) European Bank Financial Information and Primary 
      Activities.................................................   232
      (3) European Bank Correspondents...........................   234
      (4) European Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering 
      Controls...................................................   235
      (5) Regulatory Oversight of European Bank..................   237
      (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving European Bank.....   240
      (7) Correspondent Account at Citibank......................   245
    B. THE ISSUES................................................   250

    Nos. 8-10: Three Additional Case Studies on Correspondent 
      Banking....................................................   256

                                APPENDIX

      (1) Bank of New York Scandal...............................   257
      (2) Koop Fraud.............................................   259
      (3) Cook Fraud.............................................   267
      (4) Gold Chance Fraud......................................   272
      (5) $10 Million CD Interpleader............................   278
      (6) GOther Suspect Transactions At BTCB: KPJ Trust, Michael 
      Gendreau, Scott Brett, Global/Vector Medical Technologies..   284
      (7) Taves Fraud and the Benford Account....................   288
      (8) IPC Fraud..............................................   299

                                  (IV)



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