    [Senate Prints 107-1]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

    107th Congress
     1st Session                COMMITTEE PRINT                     S. Prt.
                                                                      107-1
    _______________________________________________________________________

                             CORRESPONDENT BANKING:

                         A GATEWAY FOR MONEY LAUNDERING

                                   __________

                                  R E P O R T

                                prepared by the

                                 MINORITY STAFF

                                     of the

                    PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS

                                     of the

             COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE

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                                February 5, 2001

                        U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
    69-919                      WASHINGTON : 2000

                       COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

                       FRED THOMPSON, Tennessee, Chairman
    TED STEVENS, Alaska                  JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut
    SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine              CARL LEVIN, Michigan
    GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio            DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
    PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico         RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
    THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi            ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
    JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire            MAX CLELAND, Georgia
    ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah              THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware
                                         JEAN CARNAHAN, Missouri
                 Hannah S. Sistare, Staff Director and Counsel
         Joyce A. Rechtschaffen, Democratic Staff Director and Counsel
                         Darla D. Cassell, Chief Clerk

                                     ------

                    PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS

                       SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine, Chairman
    TED STEVENS, Alaska                  CARL LEVIN, Michigan
    GEORGE V. VOINOVICH, Ohio            DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii
    PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico         RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois
    THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi            MAX CLELAND, Georgia
             Christopher A. Ford, Chief Counsel and Staff Director
          Linda J. Gustitus, Minority Chief Counsel and Staff Director
                  Elise J. Bean, Minority Deputy Chief Counsel
            Robert L. Roach, Minority Counsel and Chief Investigator
                         Mary D. Robertson, Chief Clerk

                                      (II)

                                C O N T E N T S

                                     ------
                                                                       Page

    I. Executive Summary.............................................     1

    II. Minority Staff Investigation Into Correspondent Banking......     8

    III. Anti-Money Laundering Obligations...........................     9

    IV. Correspondent Banking Industry in the United States..........    11

        A. Correspondent Banking Products and Services...............    12
        B. Three Categories of High Risk Banks.......................    14
            Shell Banks..............................................    14
            Offshore Banks...........................................    15
            Banks in Non-Cooperating Jurisdictions...................    17
        C. Survey on Correspondent Banking...........................    18
        D. Internet Gambling.........................................    23

    V. Why Correspondent Banking is Vulnerable to Money Laundering...    26
        A. Culture of Lax Due Diligence..............................    27
        B. Role of Correspondent Bankers.............................    33
        C. Nested Correspondents.....................................    35
        D. Foreign Jurisdictions with Weak Banking or Accounting
          Practices..................................................    36
        E. Bank Secrecy..............................................    40
        F. Cross Border Difficulties.................................    41
        G. U.S. Legal Barriers to Seizing Funds in U.S. Correspondent
          Accounts...................................................    42

    VI. GHow an Offshore Bank Launders Money Through a U.S.
      Correspondent Account: The Lessons of Guardian Bank............    44

    VII. Conclusions and Recommendations.............................    57

    VIII. Ten Case Histories.........................................    60

        No. 1: American International Bank...........................    60
        No. 2: Caribbean American Bank...............................    60
        No. 3: Overseas Development Bank and Trust Company...........    60
        A. THE FACTS.................................................    61
          (1) American International Bank Ownership and Management...    61
          (2) Financial Information and Primary Activities...........    61
          (3) AIB Correspondents.....................................    63
          (4) AIB Operations and Anti-Money Laundering Controls......    64
          (5) Regulatory Oversight...................................    64
          (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving AIB...............    64
          (7) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks...................    82
            (a) Bank of America......................................    83
            (b) Toronto Dominion Bank (New York Branch)..............    87
            (c) Chase Manhattan Bank.................................    88
            (d) Popular Bank of Florida (now BAC Florida Bank).......    92
            (e) Barnett Bank.........................................    95
          (8) GAIB's  Relationship with Overseas Development Bank
          and Trust Company..........................................    97
        B. THE ISSUES................................................   107

        No. 4: British Trade and Commerce Bank.......................   118
        A. THE FACTS.................................................   118
          (1) BTCB Ownership and Management..........................   118
          (2) BTCB Financial Information.............................   123
          (3) BTCB Correspondents....................................   126
          (4) BTCB Anti-Money Laundering Controls....................   127

                                      (III)

          (5) BTCB Affiliates........................................   129
          (6) BTCB Major Lines of Business...........................   131
          (7) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving BTCB..............   138
          (8) Correspondent Accounts at U.S. Banks...................   142
            (a) Banco Industrial de Venezuela (Miami Office).........   142
            (b) Security Bank N.A....................................   150
            (c) First Union National Bank............................   158
            (d) Other U.S. Banks.....................................   166
        B. THE ISSUES................................................   166

        No. 5: Hanover Bank..........................................   175
        A. THE FACTS.................................................   175
          (1)Hanover Bank Ownership and Management...................   175
           (2) Hanover Bank Financial Information....................   179
          (3) Hanover Bank Correspondents............................   181
          (4) Hanover Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering
          Controls...................................................   183
          (5) Regulatory Oversight of Hanover Bank...................   189
          (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving Hanover Bank......   191
          (7) Correspondent Account at Harris Bank International.....   203
        B. THE ISSUES................................................   206

        No. 6: British Bank of Latin America.........................   210
        A. THE FACTS.................................................   210
          (1) BBLA Ownership.........................................   210
          (2) BBLA Principal Lines of Business.......................   211
          (3) BBLA Correspondents....................................   213
          (4) BBLA Management and Operations.........................   213
          (5) Money Laundering Involving BBLA........................   218
          (6) Closure of BBLA........................................   223
          (7) Correspondent Account at Bank of New York..............   223
        B. THE ISSUES................................................   226

        No. 7: European Bank.........................................   231
        A. THE FACTS.................................................   231
          (1) European Bank Ownership and Management.................   231
          (2) European Bank Financial Information and Primary
          Activities.................................................   232
          (3) European Bank Correspondents...........................   234
          (4) European Bank Operations and Anti-Money Laundering
          Controls...................................................   235
          (5) Regulatory Oversight of European Bank..................   237
          (6) Money Laundering and Fraud Involving European Bank.....   240
          (7) Correspondent Account at Citibank......................   245
        B. THE ISSUES................................................   250

        Nos. 8-10: Three Additional Case Studies on Correspondent
          Banking....................................................   256

                                    APPENDIX

          (1) Bank of New York Scandal...............................   257
          (2) Koop Fraud.............................................   259
          (3) Cook Fraud.............................................   267
          (4) Gold Chance Fraud......................................   272
          (5) $10 Million CD Interpleader............................   278
          (6) GOther Suspect Transactions At BTCB: KPJ Trust, Michael
          Gendreau, Scott Brett, Global/Vector Medical Technologies..   284
          (7) Taves Fraud and the Benford Account....................   288
          (8) IPC Fraud..............................................   299

                                      (IV)

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    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                                      (ALL)