LONGSHORE AND HARBOR WORKERS' COMPENSATION ACT
LONGSHORE AND HARBOR WORKERS
111–5
Statute Compilation
United States House of Representatives
Office of the Legislative Counsel
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Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act
Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act.
1522
69
1927-03-04
LONGSHORE AND HARBOR WORKERS' COMPENSATION ACT
[As Amended Through P.L. 111–5, Enacted February 17, 2009]
[Currency: This publication is a compilation of the text of Chapter 509 of the 69th Congress. It was last amended by the public law listed in the As Amended Through note above and below at the bottom of each page of the pdf version and reflects current law through the date of the enactment of the public law listed at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/comps/]
[Note: While this publication does not represent an official version of any Federal statute, substantial efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of its contents. The official version of Federal law is found in the United States Statutes at Large and in the United States Code. The legal effect to be given to the Statutes at Large and the United States Code is established by statute (1 U.S.C. 112, 204).]

AN ACT
To provide compensation for disability or death resulting from injury to employees in certain maritime employments, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

short title
Section 1.
This Act may be cited as “Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act.”
[33 U.S.C. 901]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 1, 44 Stat. 1424; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(d), 98 Stat. 1654.

definitions
Sec. 2.
When used in this Act—
(1)
The term “person” means individual, partnership, corporation, or association.
(2)
The term “injury” means accidental injury or death arising out of and in the course of employment, and such occupational disease or infection as arises naturally out of such employment or as naturally or unavoidably results from such accidental injury, and includes an injury caused by the willful act of a third person directed against an employee because of his employment.
(3)
The term “employee” means any person engaged in maritime employment, including any longshoreman or other person engaged in longshoring operations, and any harbor-worker including a ship repairman, shipbuilder, and ship-breaker, but such term does not include—
(A)
individuals employed exclusively to perform office clerical, secretarial, security, or data processing work;
(B)
individuals employed by a club, camp, recreational operation, restaurant, museum, or retail outlet;
(C)
individuals employed by a marina and who are not engaged in construction, replacement, or expansion of such marina (except for routine maintenance);
(D)
individuals who (i) are employed by suppliers, transporters, or vendors, (ii) are temporarily doing business on the premises of an employer described in paragraph (4), and (iii) are not engaged in work normally performed by employees of that employer under this Act;
(E)
aquaculture workers;
(F)
individuals employed to build1 any recreational vessel under sixty-five feet in length, or individuals employed to repair any recreational vessel, or to dismantle any part of a recreational vessel in connection with the repair of such vessel;
^1
Section 803(1) of division A of Public Law 111–5 amends subparagraph (F) by striking “, repair or dismantle”. Such amendment probably should have included a comma after the word “repair” but was executed to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
(G)
a master or member of a crew of any vessel; or
(H)
any person engaged by a master to load or unload or repair any small vessel under eighteen tons net;
if individuals described in clauses (A) through (F) are subject to coverage under a State workers' compensation law.
(4)
The term “employer” means an employer any of whose employees are employed in maritime employment, in whole or in part, upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any adjoining pier, wharf, dry dock, terminal, building way, marine railway, or other adjoining area customarily used by an employer in loading, unloading, repairing, or building a vessel).
(5)
The term “carrier” means any person or fund authorized under section 32 to insure under this Act and includes self-insurers.
(6)
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Labor.
(7)
The term “deputy commissioner” means the deputy commissioner having jurisdiction in respect of an injury or death.
(8)
The term “State” includes a Territory and the District of Columbia.
(9)
The term “United States” when used in a geographical sense, means the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia, including the territorial waters thereof.
(10)
“Disability” means incapacity because of injury to earn the wages which the employee was receiving at the time of injury in the same or any other employment; but such term shall mean permanent impairment, determined (to the extent covered thereby) under the guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment promulgated and modified from time to time by the American Medical Association, in the case of an individual whose claim is described in section 10(d)(2).
(11)
“Death” as a basis for a right to compensation means only death resulting from an injury.
(12)
“Compensation” means the money allowance payable to an employee or to his dependents as provided for in this Act, and includes funeral benefits provided therein.
(13)
The term “wages” means the money rate at which the service rendered by an employee is compensated by an employer under the contract of hiring in force at the time of the injury, including the reasonable value of any advantage which is received from the employer and included for purposes of any withholding of tax under subtitle C of the Internal Revenue Code 1954 (relating to employment taxes). The term wages does not include fringe benefits, including (but not limited to) employer payments for or contributions to a retirement, pension, health and welfare, life insurance, training, social security or other employee or dependent benefit plan for the employee's or dependent's benefit, or any other employee's dependent entitlement.
(14)
“Child” shall include a posthumous child, a child legally adopted prior to the injury of the employee, a child in relations to whom the deceased employee stood in loco parents for at least one year prior to the time of injury, and a stepchild or acknowledged illegitimate child dependent upon the deceased, but does not include married children unless wholly dependent on him. “Grandchild” means a child as above defined of a child as above defined. “Brother” and “sister” include stepbrothers and stepsisters, half brothers and half sisters, and brothers and sisters by adoption, but does not include married brothers nor married sisters unless wholly dependent on the employee. “Child”, “grandchild”, “brother”, and “sister” include only a person who is under eighteen years of age, or who, though eighteen years of age or over, is (1) wholly dependent upon the employee and incapable of self-support by reason of mental or physical disability, or (2) a student as defined in paragraph (19) of this section.
(15)
The term “parent” includes step-parents and parents by adoption, parents-in-law, and any person who for more than three years prior to the death of the deceased employee stood in the place of a parent to him, if dependent on the injured employee.
(16)
The terms “widow or widower” includes only the decedent's wife or husband living with or dependent for support upon him or her at the time of his or her death; or living apart for justifiable cause or by reason of his or her desertion at such time.
(17)
The terms “adoption” or “adopted” means legal adoption prior to the time of the injury.
(18)
The term “student” means a person regularly pursuing a fulltime course of study or training at an institution which is—
(A)
a school or college or university operated or directly supported by the United States, or by any State or local government or political subdivision thereof,
(B)
a school or college or university which has been accredited by a State or by a State recognized or nationally recognized accrediting agency or body,
(C)
a school or college or university not so accredited but whose credits are accepted, on transfer, by not less than three institutions which are so accredited, for credit on the same basis as if transferred from an institution so accredited, or
(D)
an additional type of educational or training institution as defined by the Secretary,
but not after he reaches the age of twenty-three or has completed four years of education beyond the high school level, except that, where his twenty-third birthday occurs during a semester or other enrollment period, he shall continue to be considered a student until the end of such semester or other enrollment period. A child shall not be deemed to have ceased to be a student during any interim between school years if the interim does not exceed five months and if he shows to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the has a bona fide intention of continuing to pursue a full-time course of education or training during the semester or other enrollment period immediately following the interim or reasonable duration during which, in the judgment of the Secretary, he is prevented by factors beyond his control from pursuing his education. A child shall not be deemed to be a student under this Act during a period of service in the Armed Forces of the United States.
(19)
The term “national average weekly wage” means the national average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls.
(20)
The term “Board” shall mean the Benefits Review Board.
(21)
Unless the context requires otherwise, the term “vessel” means any vessel upon which or in connection with which any person entitled to benefits under this Act suffers injury or death arising out of this course of his employment, and said vessel's owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, operator, charter or bare boat charterer, master, officer, or crew member.
(22)
The singular includes the plural and the masculine includes the feminine and neuter.
[33 U.S.C. 902]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch 509, sec. 2, 44 Stat. 1424; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 1, 52 Stat. 1164; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, secs. 2(a), (b), 3, 5(b), 15(c), 18(b), 20(c)(1), 86 Stat. 1251, 1252, 1253, 1262, 1263, 1265; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 2(a)–(c), 5(a)(2), 27(a)(1), 98 Stat. 1639, 1640, 1641, 1654.

coverage
Sec. 3.
(a)
Except as otherwise provided in this section, compensation shall be payable under this Act in respect of disability or death of an employee, but only if the disability or death results from an injury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any adjoining pier, wharf, dry dock, terminal, building way, marine railway, or other adjoining area customarily used by an employer in loading, unloading, repairing, dismantling, or building a vessel).
(b)
No compensation shall be payable in respect of the disability or death of an officer or employee of the United States, or any agency thereof, or of any State or foreign government, or any subdivision thereof.
(c)
No compensation shall be payable if the injury was occasioned solely by the intoxication of the employee or by the willful intention of the employee to injure or kill himself or another.
(d)
(1)
No compensation shall be payable to an employee employed at a facility of an employer if, as certified by the Secretary, the facility is engaged in the business of building, repairing, or dismantling exclusively small vessels (as defined in paragraph (3) of this subsection), unless the injury occurs while upon the navigable waters of the United States or while upon any adjoining pier, wharf, dock, facility over land for launching vessels, or facility over land for hauling, lifting, or drydocking vessels.
(2)
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), compensation shall be payable to an employee—
(A)
who is employed at a facility which is used in the business of building, repairing, or dismantling small vessels if such facility receives Federal maritime subsidies; or
(B)
if the employee is not subject to coverage under a State workers' compensation law.
(3)
For purposes of this subsection, a small vessel means—
(A)
a commercial barge which is under 900 lightship displacement tons; or
(B)
a commercial tugboat, towboat, crew boat, supply boat, fishing vessel, or other work vessel which is under 1,600 tons gross as measured under section 14502 of title 46, United States Code, or an alternate tonnage measured under section 14302 of that title as prescribed by the Secretary under section 14104 of that title.
(e)
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any amounts paid to an employee for the same injury, disability, or death for which benefits are claimed under this Act pursuant to any other workers' compensation law or section 20 of the Act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat. 1185, chapter 153; 46 U.S.C. 688) (relating to recovery for injury to or death of seamen shall be credited against any liability imposed by this Act.
[33 U.S.C. 903]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 3, 44 Stat. 1426; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576 secs. 2(c), 21, 86 Stat. 1251, 1265; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 3 (a), (b), 98 Stat. 1640, 1641

liability for compensation
Sec. 4.
(a)
Every employer shall be liable for and shall secure the payment to his employees of the compensation payable under sections 7, 8, and 9. In the case of an employer who is a subcontractor, only if such subcontractor fails to secure the payment of compensation shall the contractor be liable for and be required to secure the payment of compensation. A subcontractor shall not be deemed to have failed to secure the payment of compensation if the contractor has provided insurance for such compensation for the benefit of the subcontractor.
(b)
Compensation shall be payable irrespective of fault as a cause for the injury.
[33 U.S.C. 904]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 4, 44 Stat. 1426; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 4(a), 98 Stat. 1641.

exclusiveness of remedy and third-party liability
Sec. 5.
(a)
The liability of an employer prescribed in section 4 shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of such employer to the employee, his legal representative, husband or wife, parents, dependents, next of kin, and anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages from such employer at law or in admiralty on account of such injury or death, except that if an employer fails to secure payment of compensation as required by this Act, an injured employee, or his legal representative, in case death results from the injury, may elect to claim compensation under the Act, or to maintain an action at law or in admiralty for damages on account of such injury or death. In such action the defendant may not plead as a defense that the injury was caused by the negligence of a fellow servant, or that the employee assumed the risk of his employment, or that the injury was due to the contributory negligence of the employee. For purposes of this subsection, a contractor shall be deemed the employer of a subcontractor's employees only if the subcontractor fails to secure the payment of compensation as required by section 4.
(b)
In the event of injury to a person covered under this Act caused by the negligence of a vessel, then such person, or anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages by reason thereof, may bring an action against such vessel as a third party in accordance with the provisions of section 33 of this Act, and the employer shall not be liable to the vessel for such damages directly or indirectly and any agreements or warranties to the contrary shall be void. If such person was employed by the vessel to provide stevedoring services, no such action shall be permitted if the injury was caused by the negligence of persons engaged in providing stevedoring services to the vessel. If such person was employed to provide shipbuilding, repairing, or breaking services and such person's employer was the owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, operator, or charterer of the vessel, no such action shall be permitted, in whole or in part or directly or indirectly, against the injured person's employer (in any capacity, including as the vessel's owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, operator, or charterer) or against the employees of the employer. The liability of the vessel under this subsection shall not be based upon the warranty of seaworthiness or a breach thereof at the time the injury occurred. The remedy provided in this subsection shall be exclusive of all other remedies against the vessel except remedies available under this Act.
(c)
In the event that the negligence of a vessel causes injury to a person entitled to receive benefits under this Act by virtue of section 4 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1333), then such person, or anyone otherwise entitled to recover damages by reason thereof, may bring an action against such vessel in accordance with the provisions of subsection (b) of this section. Nothing contained in subsection (b) of this section shall preclude the enforcement according to its terms of any reciprocal indemnity provision whereby the employer of a person entitled to receive benefits under this Act by virtue of section 4 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C 1333) and the vessel agree to defend and indemnify the other for cost of defense and loss or liability for damages arising out of or resulting from death or bodily injury to their employees.
[33 U.S.C. 905]
Enacted March 4, 1927, Ch. 509, sec. 5, 44 Stat. 1426; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 18(a), 86 Stat. 1263; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 4(b), 5(a)(1), 5(b), 98 Stat. 1641.

time for commencement of compensation
Sec. 6.
(a)
No compensation shall be allowed for the first three days of the disability, except the benefits provided for in section 7: Provided, however, That is case the injury results in disability of more than fourteen days the compensation shall be allowed from the date of the disability.
(b)
(1)
Compensation for disability or death (other than compensation for death required by this Act to be paid in a lump sum) shall not exceed an amount equal to 200 per centum of the applicable national average weekly wage, as determined by the Secretary under paragraph (3).
(2)
Compensation for total disability shall not be less than 50 per centum of the applicable national average weekly wage determined by the Secretary under paragraph (3), except that if the employee's average weekly wages as computed under section 10 are less than 50 per centum of such national average weekly wage, he shall receive his average weekly wages as compensation for total disability.
(3)
As soon as practicable after June 30 of each year, and in any event prior to October 1 of such year, the Secretary shall determine the national average weekly wage for the three consecutive calendar quarters ending June 30. Such determination shall be the applicable national average weekly wage for the period beginning with October 1 of that year and ending with September 30 of the next year. The initial determination under this paragraph shall be made as soon as practicable after the enactment of this subsection.
(c)
Determinations under subsection (b)(3) with respect to a period shall apply to employees or survivors currently receiving compensation for permanent total disability or death benefits during such period, as well as those newly awarded compensation during such period.
[33 U.S.C. 906]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 6, 44 Stat. 1426; amended June 24, 1948; P.L. 80–757, sec. 1, 62 Stat. 602; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, sec. 1, 70 Stat. 654; amended July 14, 1961, P.L. 87–87, sec. 1, 75 Stat. 203; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, secs. 4, 5(a), 86 Stat. 1252; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 6(a), (b), 98 Stat. 1641, 1642.

medical services and supplies
Sec. 7.
(a)
The employer shall furnish such medical, surgical, and other attendance or treatment, nurse and hospital service, medicine, crutches, and apparatus, for such period as the nature of the injury or the process of recovery may require.
(b)
The employee shall have the right to choose an attending physician authorized by the Secretary to provide medical care under this Act as hereinafter provided. If, due to the nature of the injury, the employee is unable to select his physician and the nature of the injury require immediate medical treatment and care, the employer shall select a physician for him. The Secretary shall actively supervise the medical care rendered to injured employees, shall require periodic reports as to the medical care being rendered to injured employees, shall have authority to determine the necessity, character, and sufficiency of any medical aid furnished or to be furnished, and may, on his own initiative or at the request of the employer, order a change of physicians or hospitals when in his judgment such change is desirable or necessary in the interest of the employee or where the charges exceed those prevailing within the community for the same or similar services or exceed the provider's customary charges. Change of physicians at the request of employees shall be permitted in accordance with regulations of the Secretary.
(c)
(1)
(A)
The Secretary shall annually prepared a list of physicians and health care providers in each compensation district who are not authorized to render medical care or provide medical services under this Act. The names of physicians and health care providers contained on the list required under this subparagraph shall be made available to employees and employers in each compensation district through posting and in such other forms as the Secretary may prescribe.
(B)
Physicians and health care providers shall be included on the list of those not authorized to provide medical care and medical services pursuant to subparagraph (A) when the Secretary determines under this section, in accordance with the procedures provided in subsection (j), that such physician or health care provider—
(i)
has knowingly and willfully made, or caused to be made, any false statement or misrepresentation of a material fact for use in a claim for compensation or claim for reimbursement of medical expenses under this Act;
(ii)
has knowingly and willfully submitted, or caused to be submitted, a bill or request for payment under this Act containing a charge which the Secretary finds to be substantially in excess of the charge for the service, appliance or supply prevailing within the community or in excess of the provider's customary charges, unless the Secretary finds there is good cause for the bill or request containing the charge;
(iii)
has knowingly and willfully furnished a service, appliance, or supply which is determined by the Secretary to be substantially in excess of the need of the recipient thereof or to be of a quality which substantially fails to meet professionally recognized standards;
(iv)
has been convicted under any criminal statute (without regard to pending appeal thereof) for fraudulent activities in connection with any Federal or State program for which payments are made to physicians or provider or similar services, appliances, or supplies; or
(v)
has otherwise been excluded from participation in such program.
(C)
Medical services provided by physicians or health care providers who are named on the list published by the Secretary pursuant to subparagraph (A) of this section shall not be reimbursable under this Act; except that the Secretary shall direct the reimbursement of medical claims for services rendered by such physicians or health care providers in cases where the services were rendered in an emergency.
(D)
A determination under subparagraph (B) shall remain in effect for a period of not less than three years and until the Secretary finds and gives notice to the public that there is reasonable assurance that the basis for the determination will not reoccur.
(E)
A provider of a service, appliance, or supply shall provide to the Secretary such information and certification as the Secretary may require to assure that this subsection is enforced.
(2)
Whenever the employer or carrier acquires knowledge of the employee's injury, through written notice or otherwise as prescribed by the Act, the employer or carrier shall forthwith authorize medical treatment and care from a physician selected by an employee pursuant to subsection (b). An employee may not select a physician who is on the list required by paragraph (1) of this subsection. An employee may not change physicians after his initial choice unless the employer, carrier, or deputy commissioner has given prior consent for such change. Such consent shall be given in cases where an employee's initial choice was not of a specialist whose services are necessary for and appropriate to the proper care and treatment of the compensable injury or disease. In all other cases, consent may be given upon a showing of good cause for change.
(d)
(1)
An employee shall not be entitled to recover any amount expended by him for medical or other treatment or services unless—
(A)
the employer shall have refused or neglected a request to furnish such services and the employee has complied with subsections (b) and (c) and the applicable regulations; or
(B)
the nature of the injury required such treatment and services and the employer or his superintendent or foreman having knowledge of such injury shall have neglected to provide or authorize same.
(2)
No claim for medical or surgical treatment shall be valid and enforceable against such employer unless, within ten days following the first treatment, the physician giving such treatment furnishes to the employer and the deputy commissioner a report of such injury or treatment, on a form prescribed by the Secretary. The Secretary may excuse the failure to furnish such report within the ten-day period whenever he finds it to be in the interest of justice to do so.
(3)
The Secretary may, upon application by a party in interest, make an award for the reasonable value of such medical or surgical treatment so obtained by the employee.
(4)
If at any time the employee unreasonably refuses to submit to medical or surgical treatment, or to an examination by a physician selected by the employer, the Secretary or administrative law judge may, by order, suspend the payment of further compensation during such time as such refusal continues, and no compensation shall be paid at any time during the period of such suspension, unless the circumstances justified the refusal.
(e)
In the event that medical questions are raised in any case, the Secretary shall have the power to cause the employee to be examined by a physician employed or selected by the Secretary and to obtain from such physician a report containing his estimate of the employee's physical impairment and such other information as may be appropriated. Any party who is dissatisfied with such report may request a review or reexamination of the employee by one or more different physicians employed or selected by the Secretary. The Secretary shall order such review or reexamination unless he finds that it is clearly unwarranted. Such views or reexamination shall be completed within two weeks from the date ordered unless the Secretary finds that because of extraordinary circumstances a longer period is required. The Secretary shall have the power in his discretion to charge the cost of examination or review under this subsection to the employer, if he is a self-insurer, or to the insurance company which is carrying the risk, in appropriate cases, or to the special fund in section 44.
(f)
An employee shall submit to a physical examination under subsection (e) at such place as the Secretary may require. The place, or places, shall be designated by the Secretary and shall be reasonably convenient for the employee. No physician selected by the employer, carrier, or employee shall be present at or participate in any manner in such examination nor shall conclusions of such physicians as to the nature or extent of impairment or the cause of impairment be available to the examining physician unless otherwise ordered, for good cause, by the Secretary. Such employer or carrier shall, upon request, be entitled to have the employee examined immediately thereafter and upon the same premises by a qualified physician or physicians in the presence of such physician as the employee may select, if any. Proceedings shall be suspended and no compensation shall be payable for any period during which the employee may refuse to submit to examination.
(g)
All fees and other charges for medical examinations, treatment, or service shall be limited to such charges as prevail in the community for such treatment, and shall be subject to regulation by the Secretary. The Secretary shall issue regulations limiting the nature and extent of medical expenses chargeable against the employer without authorization by the employer or the Secretary.
(h)
The liability of an employer for medical treatment as herein provided shall not be affected by the fact that his employee was injured through the fault or negligence of a third party not in the same employ, or that suit has been brought against such third party. The employer shall, however, have a cause of action against such third party to recover any amounts paid by him for such medical treatment in like manner as provided in section 33(b) of this Act.
(i)
Unless the parties to the claim agree, the Secretary shall not employ or select any physician for the purpose of making examinations or reviews under subsection (e) of this section who, during such employment, or during the period of two years prior to such employment, has been employed by, or accepted or participated in any fee relating to a workmen's compensation from any insurance carrier or any self-insurer.
(j)
(1)
The Secretary shall have the authority to make rules and regulations and to establish procedures not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, which are necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of subsection (c), including the nature and extent of the proof and evidence necessary for actions under this section and the methods of taking and furnishing such proof and evidence.
(2)
Any decision to take action with respect to a physician or health care provider under this section shall be based on specific findings of fact by the Secretary. The Secretary shall provide notice of these findings and an opportunity for a hearing pursuant to section 556 of title 5, United States Code, for a provider who would be affected by a decision under this section. A request for a hearing must be filed with the Secretary within thirty days after notice of the findings is received by the provider making such request. If a hearing is held, the Secretary, shall, on the basis of evidence adduced at the hearing, affirm, modify, or reverse the findings of fact and proposed action under this section.
(3)
For the purpose of any hearing, investigation, or other proceeding authorized or directed under this section, the provisions of section 9 and 10 (relating to the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and documents) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 49, 50) shall apply to the jurisdiction, powers, and duties of the Secretary or any officer designated by him.
(4)
Any physician or health care provider, after any final decision of the Secretary made after a hearing to which he was a party, irrespective of the amount in controversy, may obtain a review of such decision by a civil action commenced within sixty days after the mailing to him of notice of such decision, but the pendency of such review shall not operate as a stay upon the effect of such decision. Such action shall be brought in the court of appeals of the United States for the judicial circuit in which the plaintiff resides or has his principal place of business, or the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. As part of his answer, the Secretary shall file a certified copy of the transcript of the record of the hearing, including all evidence submitted in connection therewith. The findings of fact of the Secretary, if based on substantial evidence in the record as a whole shall be conclusive.
(k)
(1)
Nothing in this Act prevents an employee whose injury or disability has been established under this Act from relying in good faith on treatment by prayer or spiritual means alone, in accordance with the tenets and practice of a recognized church or religious denomination, by an accredited practitioner of such recognized church or religious denomination, and on nursing services rendered in accordance with such tenets and practice, without suffering loss or diminution, of the compensation or benefits under this Act. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to except an employee from all physical examinations required by this Act.
(2)
If an employee refuses to submit to medical or surgical services solely because, in adherence to the tenets and practice of a recognized church or religious denomination, the employee relies upon prayer or spiritual means alone for healing, such employee shall not be considered to have unreasonably refused medical or surgical treatment under subsection (d).
[33 U.S.C. 907]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 7, 44 Stat. 1427; amended May 26, 1934, P.L. 73–257, sec. 1, 48 Stat. 806; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, secs. 2, 3, 52 Stat. 1165; amended September 13, 1960, P.L. 86–757, sec. 1, 74 Stat. 900; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 6, 86 Stat. 1254; 1254; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 7(a)-(e), 98 Stat. 1642, 1643, 1644.

compensation for disability
Sec. 8.
Compensation for disability shall be paid to the employee as follows:
(a)
Permanent total disability: In case of total disability adjudged to be permanent 66⅔ per centum of the average weekly wages shall be paid to the employee during the continuance of such total disability. Loss of both hands, or both arms, or both feet, or both legs or both eyes, or of any two thereof shall, in the absence of conclusive proof to the contrary, constitute permanent total disability. In all other cases permanent total disability shall be determined in accordance with the facts.
(b)
Temporary total disability: In case of disability total in character but temporary in quality 66⅔ per centum of the average weekly wages shall be paid to the employee during the continuance thereof.
(c)
Permanent partial disability: In case of disability partial in character but permanent in quality the compensation shall be 66⅔ per centum of the average weekly wages, which shall be in addition to compensation for temporary total disability or temporary partial disability paid in accordance with subdivision (b) or subdivision (e) of this section, respectively, and shall be paid to the employee, as follows:
(1)
Arm lost, three hundred and twelve weeks' compensation.
(2)
Leg lost, two hundred and eighty-eight weeks' compensation.
(3)
Hand lost, two hundred and forty-four weeks' compensation.
(4)
Foot lost, two hundred and five weeks' compensation.
(5)
Eye lost, one hundred and sixty weeks' compensation.
(6)
Thumb lost, seventy-five weeks' compensation.
(7)
First finger lost, forty-six weeks' compensation.
(8)
Great toe lost, thirty-eight weeks' compensation.
(9)
Second finger lost, thirty weeks' compensation.
(10)
Third finger lost, twenty-five weeks' compensation.
(11)
Toe other than great toe lost, sixteen weeks' compensation.
(12)
Fourth finger lost, fifteen weeks' compensation.
(13)
Loss of hearing:
(A)
Compensation for loss of hearing in one ear, fifty-two weeks.
(B)
Compensation for loss of hearing in both ears, two-hundred weeks.
(C)
An audiogram shall be presumptive evidence of the amount of hearing loss sustained as of the date thereof, only if (i) such audiogram was administered by a licensed or certified audiologist, or a physician who is certified in otolaryngology, (ii) such audiogram, with the report thereon, was provided to the employee at the time it was administered, and (iii) no contrary audiogram made at that time is produced.
(D)
The time for filing a notice of injury, under section 12 of this Act, or a claim for compensation, under section 13 of this Act, shall not begin to run in connection with any claim for loss of hearing under this section, until the employee has received an audiogram, with the accompanying report thereon, which indicates that the employee has suffered a loss of hearing.
(E)
Determinations of loss of hearing shall be made in accordance with the guides for the evaluation of permanent impairment as promulgated and modified from time to time by the American Medical Association.
(14)
Phalanges: Compensation for loss of more than one phalange of a digit shall be the same as for loss of the entire digit. Compensation for loss of the first phalange shall be one-half of the compensation for loss of the entire digit.
(15)
Amputated arm or leg: Compensation for an arm or a leg, if amputated at or above the elbow or the knee, shall be the same as for a loss of the arm or leg; but, if amputated between the elbow and the wrist or the knee and the ankle, shall be the same as for loss of a hand or foot.
(16)
Binocular vision or per centum of vision: Compensation for loss of binocular vision or for 80 per centum or more of the vision of an eye shall be the same as for loss of the eye.
(17)
Two or more digits: Compensation for loss of two or more digits, or one or more phalanges of two or more digits, of a hand or foot may be proportioned to the loss of use of the hand or foot occasioned thereby, but shall not exceed the compensation for loss of a hand or foot.
(18)
Total loss of use: Compensation for permanent total loss of use of a member shall be the same as for loss of the member.
(19)
Partial loss or partial loss of use: Compensation for permanent partial loss or loss of use of a member may be for proportionate loss or loss of use of the member.
(20)
Disfigurement: Proper and equitable compensation not to exceed $7,500 shall be awarded for serious disfigurement of the face, head, or neck or of other normally exposed areas likely to handicap the employee in securing or maintaining employment.
(21)
Other cases: In all other cases in the class of disability, the compensation shall be 66⅔ per centum of the difference between the average weekly wages of the employee and the employee's wage-earning capacity thereafter in the same employment or otherwise, payable during the continuance of partial disability.
(22)
In any case in which there shall be a loss of, or loss of use of, more than one member or parts of more than one member set forth in paragraphs (1) to (19) of this subdivision, not amounting to permanent total disability, the award of compensation shall be for the loss of, or loss of use of, each such member or part thereof, which awards shall run consecutively, except that where the injury affects only two or more digits of the same hand or foot, paragraph (17) of this subdivision shall apply.
(23)
Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (22), with respect to a claim for permanent partial disability for which the average weekly wages are determined under section 10(d)(2), the compensation shall be 66⅔ per centum of such average weekly wages multiplied by the percentage of permanent impairment, as determined under the guides referred to in section 2(10), payable during the continuance of such impairment.
(d)
(1)
If an employee who is receiving compensation for permanent partial disability pursuant to section 8(c)(1)–(20) dies from causes other than the injury, the total amount of the award unpaid at the time of death shall be payable to or for the benefit of his survivors, as follows:
(A)
if the employee is survived only by a widow or widower, such unpaid amount of the award shall be payable to such widow or widower,
(B)
if the employee is survived only by a child or children, such unpaid amount of the award shall be paid to such child or children in equal shares,
(C)
if the employee is survived by a widow or widower and a child or children, such unpaid amount of the award shall be payable to such survivors in equal shares,
(D)
if there be no widow or widower and no surviving child or children, such unpaid amount of the award shall be paid to the survivors specified in section 9(d) (other than a wife, husband, or child); and the amount to be paid each such survivor shall be determined by multiplying such unpaid amount of the award by the appropriate percentage specified in section 9(d), but if the aggregate amount to which all such survivors are entitled, as so determined, is less than such unpaid amount of the award, the excess amount shall be divided among such survivors pro rata according to the amount otherwise payable to each under this subparagraph.
(2)
Notwithstanding any other limitation in section 9, the total amount of any award for permanent partial disability pursuant to section 8(c)(1)–(20) unpaid at time of death shall be payable in full in the appropriate distribution.
(3)
An award for disability may be made after the death of the injured employee. Except where compensation is payable under section 8(c)(21), if there be no survivors as prescribed in this section, then the compensation payable under this subsection shall be paid to the special fund established under section 44(a) of this Act.
(e)
Temporary partial disability: In case of temporary partial disability resulting in decrease of earning capacity the compensation shall be two-thirds of the difference between the injured employee's average weekly wages before the injury and his wage-earning capacity after the injury in the same or another employment, to be paid during the continuance of such disability, but shall not be paid for a period exceeding five years.
(f)
Injury increasing disability: (1) In any case in which an employee having an existing permanent partial disability suffers injury, the employer shall provide compensation for such disability as is found to be attributable to that injury based upon the average weekly wages to the employee at the time of the injury. If following an injury falling within the provisions of section 8(c)(1)–(20), the employee is totally and permanently disabled, and the disability if found not to be due solely to that injury, the employer shall provide compensation for the applicable prescribed period of weeks provided for in that section for the subsequent injury, or for one hundred and four weeks, whichever is the greater, except that, in the case of an injury falling within the provisions of section 8(c)(13), the employer shall provide compensation for the lesser of such periods. In all of other cases of total permanent disability or of death, found not to be due solely to that injury, or an employee having an existing permanent partial disability, the employer shall provide in addition to compensation under paragraphs (b) and (e) of this section, compensation payments or death benefits for one hundred and four weeks only. If following an injury falling within the provisions of 8(c)(1)–(20), the employee has a permanent partial disability and the disability is found not to be due solely to that injury, and such disability is materially and substantially greater than that which would have resulted from the subsequent injury alone, the employer shall provide compensation for the applicable period of weeks provided for in that section for the subsequent injury, or for one hundred and four weeks, whichever is the greater, except that, in the case of an injury falling within the provisions of section 8(c)(13), the employer shall provide compensation for the lesser of such periods.
In all other cases in which the employee has permanent partial disability, found not to be due solely to that injury, and such disability is materially and substantially greater than that which would have resulted from the subsequent injury alone, the employer shall provide in addition to compensation under paragraphs (b) and (e) of this section, compensation for one hundred and four weeks only.
(2)
(A)
After cessation of the payments for the period of weeks provided for herein, the employee or his survivor entitled to benefits shall be paid the remainder of the compensation that would be due out of the special fund established in section 44, except that the special fund shall not assume responsibility with respect to such benefits (and such payments shall not be subject to cessation) in the case of any employer who fails to comply with section 32(a).
(B)
After cessation of payments for the period of weeks provided for in the subsection, the employer or carrier responsible for payment of compensation shall remain a party to the claim, retain access to all records relating to the claim, and in all other respects retain all rights granted under this Act prior to cessation of such payments.
(3)
Any request filed after the date of enactment of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Amendments of 1984, for apportionment of liability to the special fund established under section 44 of this Act for the payment of compensation benefits, and a statement of the grounds therefore, shall be presented to the deputy commissioner prior to the consideration of the claim by the deputy commissioner. Failure to present such request prior to such consideration shall be an absolute defense to the special fund's liability for the payment of any benefits in connection with such claim, unless the employer could not have reasonably anticipated the liability of the special fund prior to the issuance of a compensation order.
(g)
Maintenance for employees undergoing vocational rehabilitation: An employee who as a result of injury is or may be expected to be totally or partially incapacitated for a remunerative occupation and who, under the direction of the commission as provided by section 39 (c) of this Act, is being rendered fit to engage in a remunerative occupation, shall receive additional compensation necessary for his maintenance, but such additional compensation shall not exceed a week. The expense shall be paid out of the special fund established in section 44.
(h)
The wage-earning capacity of an injured employee in cases of partial disability under subdivision (c) (21) of this section or under subdivision (e) of this section shall be determined by his actual earnings if such actual earnings fairly and reasonably represent his wage-earning capacity: Provided, however, That if the employee has no actual earnings or his actual earnings do not fairly and reasonably represent his wage-earning capacity, the deputy commissioner may, in the interest of justice, fix such wage-earning capacity as shall be reasonable, having due regard to the nature of his injury, the degree of physical impairment, his usual employment, and any other factors or circumstances in the case which may affect his capacity to earn wages in his disabled condition, including the effect of disability as it may naturally extend into the future.
(i)
(1)
Whenever the parties to any claim for compensation under this Act, including survivors benefits, agree to a settlement, the deputy commissioner or administrative law judge shall approve the settlement within thirty days unless it is found to be inadequate or procured by duress. Such settlement may include future medical benefits if the parties so agree. No liability of any employer, carrier, or both for medical, disability, or death benefits shall be discharged unless the application for settlement is approved by the deputy commissioner or administrative law judge. If the parties to the settlement are represented by counsel, then agreements shall be deemed approved unless specifically disapproved within thirty days after submission for approval.
(2)
If the deputy commissioner disapproves an application for settlement under paragraph (1), the deputy commissioner shall issue a written statement within thirty days containing the reasons for disapproval. Any party to the settlement may request a hearing before an administrative law judge in the manner prescribed by this Act. Following such hearing, the administrative law judge shall enter an order approving or rejecting the settlement.
(3)
A settlement approved under this section shall discharge the liability of the employer or carrier, or both. Settlements may be agreed upon at any stage of the proceeding including after entry of a final compensation order.
(4)
The special fund shall not be liable for reimbursement of any sums paid or payable to an employee or any beneficiary under such settlement, or otherwise voluntarily paid prior to such settlement by the employer or carrier, or both.
(j)
(1)
The employer may inform a disabled employee of his obligation to report to the employer not less than semiannually any earnings from employment or self-employment, on such forms as the Secretary shall specify in regulations.
(2)
An employee who—
(A)
fails to report the employee's earnings under paragraph (1) when requested, or
(B)
knowingly and willfully omits or understates any part of such earnings,
and who is determined by the deputy commissioner to have violated clause (A) or (B) of this paragraph, forfeits his right to compensation with respect to any period during which the employee was required to file such report.
(3)
Compensation forfeited under this subsection, if already paid, shall be recovered by a deduction from the compensation payable to the employee in any amount and on such schedule as determined by the deputy commissioner.
[33 U.S.C. 908]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 8, 44 Stat. 1427; amended May 26, 1934, P.L. 73–257, secs. 2, 3, 48 Stat. 806; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, secs. 4, 5, 52 Stat. 1165; amended June 24, 1948, P.L. 80–757, sec. 2, 62 Stat. 602; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, secs. 2, 3, 79 Stat. 655; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, secs. 5(c), 7, 9, 20(a), 86 Stat. 1253, 1255, 1257, 1264; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 8(a)-(h), 98 Stat. 1644, 1645, 1646.

compensation for death
Sec. 9.
If the injury causes death, the compensation therefore shall be known as a death benefit and shall be payable in the amount and to or for the benefit of the persons following:
(a)
Reasonable funeral expenses not exceeding $3,000.
(b)
If there be a widow or widower and no child of the deceased, to such widow or widower 50 per centum of the average wages of the deceased, during widowhood, or dependent widowerhood, with two years' compensation in one sum upon remarriage; and if there be a surviving child or children of the deceased, the additional amount of 16⅔ per centum of such wages for each such child; in case of the death or remarriage of such widow or widower, if there be one surviving child of the deceased employee, such child shall have his compensation increased to 50 per centum of such wages, and if there be more than one surviving child of the deceased employee, to such children, in equal parts, 50 per centum of such wages increased by 16⅔ per centum of such wages for each child in excess of one: Provided, That the total amount payable shall in no case exceed 66⅔ per centum of such wages. The deputy commissioner having jurisdiction over the claim may, in his discretion, require the appointment of a guardian for the purpose of receiving the compensation of a minor child. In the absence of such a requirement the appointment of a guardian for such purposes shall not be necessary.
(c)
If there be one surviving child of the deceased, but no widow or widower, then for the support of such child 50 per centum of the wages of the deceased; and if there be more than one surviving child of the deceased, but no widow or dependent husband, then for the support of such children, in equal parts 50 per centum of such wages increased by 16⅔ per centum of such wages for each child in excess of one: Provided, That the total amount payable shall in no case exceed 66⅔ per centum of such wages.
(d)
If there be no surviving wife or husband or child, or if the amount payable, to a surviving wife or husband and to children shall be less in the aggregate than 66⅔ per centum of the average wages of the deceased; then for the support of grandchildren or brothers and sisters, if dependent upon the deceased at the time of the injury, and any other persons who satisfy the definition of the term “dependent” in section 152 of title 26 of the United States Code, but are not otherwise eligible under this section, 20 per centum of such wages for the support of each such person during such dependency and for the support of each parent, or grandparent, of the deceased if dependent upon him at the time of the injury, 25 per centum of such wages during such dependency. But in no case shall the aggregate amount payable under this subdivision exceed the difference between 66⅔ per centum of such wages and the amount payable as hereinbefore provided to widow or widower and for the support of surviving child or children.
(e)
In computing death benefits, the average weekly wages of the deceased shall not be less than the national average weekly wage as prescribed in section 6(b), but—
(1)
the total weekly benefits shall not exceed the lesser of the average weekly wages of the deceased or the benefit which the deceased employee would have been eligible to receive under section 6(b)(1); and
(2)
in the case of a claim based on death due to occupational disease for which the time of injury (as determined under section 10(i)) occurs after the employee has retired, the total weekly benefits shall not exceed one fifty-second part of the employee's average annual earnings during the 52-week period preceding retirement.
(f)
All questions of dependency shall be determined as of the time of the injury.
(g)
Aliens: Compensation under this chapter to aliens not residents (or about to become nonresidents) of the United States or Canada shall be the same in amount as provided for residents, except that dependents in any foreign country shall be limited to surviving wife and child or children, or if there be no surviving wife or child or children, to surviving father or mother whom the employee has supported, either wholly or in part, for the period of one year prior to the date of the injury, and except that the Secretary may, at its option or upon the application of the insurance carrier shall, commute all future installments of compensation to be paid to such aliens by paying or causing to be paid to them one-half of the commuted amount of such future installments of compensation as determined by the Secretary.
[33 U.S.C. 909]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 9, 44 Stat. 1429; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 6, 52 Stat. 1166; amended June 24, 1948, P.L. 80–757, sec. 3, 62 Stat. 602; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, sec. 4, 70 Stat. 655; amended July 14, 1961, P.L. 87–87, sec. 2, 75 Stat. 203; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, secs. 5(d), 10, 20(c)(2), 86 Stat. 1253, 1257, 1265; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 9(a)–(c), 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1647, 1654.

determination of pay
Sec. 10.
Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the average weekly wage of the injured employee at the time of the injury shall be taken as the basis upon which to compute compensation and shall be determined as follows:
(a)
If the injured employee shall have worked in the employment in which he was working at the time of the injury, whether for the same or another employer, during substantially the whole of the year immediately preceding his injury, his average annual earnings shall consist of three hundred times the average daily wage or salary for a six-day worker and two hundred and sixty times the average daily wage or salary for a five-day worker, which he shall have earned in such employment during the days when so employed.
(b)
If the injured employee shall not have worked in such employment during substantially the whole of such year, his average annual earnings, if a six-day worker, shall consist of three hundred times the average daily wage or salary, and, if a five-day worker, two hundred and sixty times the average daily wage or salary, which an employee of the same class working substantially the whole of such immediately preceding year in the same or in similar employment in the same or a neighboring place shall have earned in such employment during the days when so employed.
(c)
If either of the foregoing methods of arriving at the average annual earnings of the injured employee cannot reasonably and fairy be applied, such average annual earnings shall be such sum as, having regard to the previous earnings of the injured employee in the employment in which he was working at the time of the injury, and of other employees of the same or most similar class working in the same or most similar employment in the same or neighboring locality, or other employment of such employee, including the reasonable value of the services of the employee if engaged in self-employment, shall reasonably represent the annual earning capacity of the injured employee.
(d)
(1)
The average weekly wages of am employee shall be one fifty-second part of his average annual earnings.
(2)
Notwithstanding paragraph (1), with respect to any claim based on a death or disability due to an occupational disease for which the time of injury (as determined under subsection (i)) occurs—
(A)
within the first year after the employee has retired, the average weekly wages shall be one fifty-second part of his average annual earnings during the 52-week period preceding retirement; or
(B)
more than one year after the employee has retired, the average weekly wage shall be deemed to be the national average weekly wage (as determined by the Secretary pursuant to section 6(b)) applicable at the time of the injury.
(e)
If it be established that the injured employee was a minor when injured, and that under normal conditions his wages should be expected to increase during the period of disability the fact may be considered in arriving at his average weekly wages.
(f)
Effective October 1 of each year, the compensation or death benefits payable for permanent total disability or death arising out of injuries subject to this Act shall be increased by the lesser of—
(1)
a percentage equal to the percentage (if any) by which the applicable national weekly wage for the period beginning on such October 1, as determined under section 6(b), exceeds the applicable national average weekly wage, as so determined, for the period beginning with the preceding October 1; or
(2)
5 per centum.
(g)
The weekly compensation after adjustment under subsection (f) shall be fixed at the nearest dollar. No adjustment of less than $1 shall be made, but in no event shall compensation or death benefits be reduced.
(h)
(1)
Not later than ninety days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the compensation to which an employee or his survivor is entitled due to total permanent disability or death which commenced or occurred prior to enactment of this subsection shall be adjusted. The amount of such adjustment shall be determined in accordance with regulations of the Secretary by designating as the employee's average weekly wage the applicable national average weekly wage determined under section 6(b) and (A) computing the compensation to which such employee or survivor would be entitled if the disabling injury or death had occurred on the day following such enactment date and (B) subtracting therefrom the compensation to which such employee or survivor was entitled on such enactment date; except that no such employee or survivor shall receive total compensation amounting to less than that to which he was entitled on such enactment date. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, where an employee or his survivor was awarded compensation as the result of death or permanent total disability at less than the maximum rate that was provided in this Act at the time of the injury which resulted in the death or disability, then his average weekly wage shall be determined by increasing his average weekly wage at the time of such injury by the percentage which the applicable national average weekly wage has increased between the year in which the injury occurred and the first day of the first month following the enactment of this section. Where such injury occurred prior to 1947, the Secretary shall determine, on the basis of such economic data as he deems relevant, the amount by which the employee's average weekly wage shall be increased for the pre-1977 period.
(2)
Fifty per centum of any additional compensation or death benefit paid as a result of the adjustment required by paragraphs (1) and (3) of this subsection shall be paid out of the special fund established under section 44 of this Act, and 50 per centum shall be paid from appropriations.
(3)
For the purposes of subsections (f) and (g) an injury which resulted in permanent total disability or death which occurred prior to the date of enactment of this subsection shall be considered to have occurred on the day following such enactment date.
(i)
For purposes of this section with respect to a claim for compensation for death or disability due to an occupational disease which does not immediately result in death or disability, the time of injury shall be deemed to be the date on which the employee or claimant becomes aware, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the death or disability.
[33 U.S.C. 910]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 10, 44 Stat 1431; amended June 24, 1948, P.L. 80–758, sec. 4, 62 Stat. 603; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 11, 86 Stat. 1258; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426,sec. 10(a), (b), 98 Stat. 1647, 1648.

guardian for minor or incompetent
Sec. 11.
The deputy commissioner may require the appointment by a court of competent jurisdiction, for any person who is mentally incompetent or a minor, of a guardian or other representative to receive compensation payable to such person under this Act and to exercise the powers granted to or to perform the duties required of such person under this Act.
[33 U.S.C. 911]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 11, 44 Stat. 1431.

notice of injury or death
Sec. 12.
(a)
Notice of an injury or death in respect of which compensation is payable under this Act shall be given within thirty days after the date of such injury or death, or thirty days after the employee or beneficiary is aware, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of a relationship between the injury or death and the employment, except that in the case of an occupational disease which does not immediately result in a disability or death, such notice shall be given within one year after the employee or claimant becomes aware, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the death or disability. Notice shall be given (1) to the deputy commissioner in the compensation district in which the injury or death occurred, and (2) to the employer.
(b)
Such notice shall be in writing, shall contain the name and address of the employee and a statement of the time, place, nature, and cause of the injury or death, and shall be signed by the employee or by some person on his behalf, or in case of death, by any person claiming to be entitled to compensation for such death or by a person on his behalf.
(c)
Notice shall be given to the deputy commissioner by delivering it to him or sending it by mail addressed to his office, and to the employer by delivering it to him or by sending it by mail addressed to him at his last known place of business. If the employer is a partnership, such notice may be given to any partner, or if a corporation, such notice may be given to any agent or officer thereof upon whom legal process may be served or who is in charge of the business in the place where the injury occurred. Each employer shall designate those agents or other responsible officials to receive such notice, except that the employer shall designate as its representatives individuals among first line supervisors, local plant management, and personnel office officials. Such designations shall be made in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary and the employer shall notify his employees and the Secretary of such designation in a manner prescribed by the Secretary in regulations.
(d)
Failure to give such notice shall not bar any claim under this Act (1) if the employer (or his agent or agents or other responsible official or officials designated by the employer pursuant to subsection (c)) or the carrier had knowledge of the injury or death, (2) the deputy commissioner determines that the employer or carrier has not been prejudiced by failure to give such notice, or (3) if the deputy commissioner excuses such failure on the ground that (i) notice, while not given to a responsible official designated by the employer pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, was given to an official of the employer or the employer's insurance carrier, and that the employer or carrier was not prejudiced due to the failure to provide notice to a responsible official designated by the employer pursuant to subsection (c), or (ii) for some satisfactory reason such notice could not be given; nor unless objection to such failure is raised before the deputy commissioner at the first hearing of a claim for compensation in respect of such injury or death.
[33 U.S.C. 912]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 12, 44 Stat. 1431; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 12(a), 86 Stat. 1259; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 11(a)–(c), 98 Stat. 1648, 1649.

time for filing of claims
Sec. 13.
(a)
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the right to compensation for disability or death under this Act shall be barred unless a claim therefore is filed within one year after the injury or death. If payment of compensation has been made without an award on account of such injury or death, a claim may be filed within one year after the date of the last payment. Such claim shall be filed with the deputy commissioner in the compensation district in which such injury or death occurred. The time for filing a claim shall not begin to run until the employee or beneficiary is aware, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been aware, of the relationship between the injury or death and the employment.
(b)
(1)
Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (a) failure to file a claim within the period prescribed in such subdivision shall not be a bar to such right unless objection to such failure is made at the first hearing of such claim in which all parties in interest are given reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard.
(2)
Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), a claim for compensation for death or disability due to an occupational disease which does not immediately result in such death or disability shall be timely if filed within two years after the employee or claimant becomes aware, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence or by reason of medical advice should have been aware, of the relationship between the employment, the disease, and the death or disability, or within one year of the date of the last payment of compensation, whichever is later.
(c)
If a person who is entitled to compensation under this Act is mentally incompetent or a minor, the provisions of subdivision (a) shall not be applicable so long as such person has no guardian or other authorized representative, but shall be applicable in the case of a person who is mentally incompetent or a minor from the date of appointment of such guardian or other representative, or in the case of a minor, if no guardian is appointed before he becomes of age, from the date he becomes of age.
(d)
Where recovery is denied to any person, in a suit brought at law or in admiralty to recover damages in respect of injury or death, on the ground that such person was an employee and that the defendant was an employer within the meaning of this Act and that such employer had secured compensation to such employee under this Act, the limitation of time prescribed in subdivision (a) shall begin to run only from the date of termination of such suit.
[33 U.S.C. 913]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 13, 44 Stat. 1432; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 12(b), 86 Stat. 1259; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 12, 98 Stat. 1649.

payment of compensation
Sec. 14.
(a)
Compensation under this Act shall be paid periodically, promptly, and directly to the person entitled thereto, without an award, except where liability to pay compensation is controverted by the employer.
(b)
The first installment of compensation shall become due on the fourteenth day after the employer has been notified pursuant to section 12, or the employer has knowledge of the injury or death on which date all compensation then due shall be paid. Thereafter compensation shall be paid in installments, semimonthly, except where the deputy commissioner determines that payment in installments should be made monthly or at some other period.
(c)
Upon making the first payment, and upon suspension of payment for any cause, the employer shall immediately notify the deputy commissioner, in accordance with a form prescribed by the Secretary, that payment of compensation has begun or has been suspended, as the case may be,
(d)
If the employer controverts the right to compensation he shall file with the deputy commissioner on or before the fourteenth day after he has knowledge of the alleged injury or death, a notice in accordance with a form prescribed by the Secretary, stating that the right to compensation is controverted, the name of the claimant, the name of the employer, the date of the alleged injury or death, and the ground upon which the right to compensation is controverted.
(e)
if any installment of compensation payable without an award is not paid within fourteen days after it becomes due, as provided in subdivision (b) of this section there shall be added to such unpaid installment an amount equal to 10 per centum thereof, which shall be paid at the same time as, but in addition to, such installment, unless notice is filed under subdivision (d) of this section, or unless such nonpayment is excused by the deputy commissioner after a showing by the employer that owing to conditions over which he had no control such installment could not be paid within the period prescribed for the payment.
(f)
If any compensation, payable under the terms of an award is not paid within ten days after it becomes due, there shall be added to such unpaid compensation an amount equal to 20 per centum thereof, which shall be paid at the same time as, but in addition to, such compensation, unless review of the compensation order making such award is had as provided in section 21 and an order staying payment has been issued by the Board or court.
(g)
Within sixteen days after final payment of compensation has been made, the employer shall send to the deputy commissioner a notice, in accordance with a form prescribed by the Secretary, stating that such final payment has been made, the total amount of compensation paid, the name of the employee and of any other person to whom compensation has been paid, the date of the injury or death, and the date to which compensation has been paid. If the employer fails to so notify the deputy commissioner within such time the Secretary shall assess against such employer a civil penalty in the amount of $100.
(h)
The deputy commissioner (1) may upon his own initiative at any time in a case in which payments are being made without an award, and (2) shall in any case where right to compensation is controverted, or where payment of compensation have been stopped or suspended, upon receipt of notice from any person entitled to compensation, or from the employer, that the right to compensation is controverted, or that payments of compensation have been stopped or suspended, make such investigations, cause such medical examinations to be made, or hold such hearings, and take such further action as he considers will properly protect the rights of all parties.
(i)
Whenever the deputy commissioner deems it advisable he may require any employer to make a deposit with the Treasurer of the United States to secure the prompt an convenient payment of such compensation, and payments therefrom upon any awards shall be made upon order of the deputy commissioner.
(j)
If the employer has made advance payments of compensation, he shall be entitled to be reimbursed out of any unpaid installment or installments of compensation due.
(k)
An injured employee, or in case of death his dependents or personal representative, shall give receipts for payment of compensation to the employer paying the same and such employer shall produce the same for inspection by the deputy commissioner, whenever required.
[33 U.S.C. 914]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509,sec. 14, 44 Stat. 1432; amended May 26, 1934, P.L. 73–257,sec. 4, 48 Stat. 807; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727,sec. 7, 52 Stat. 167; amended June 24, 1948, P.L. 80–757,sec. 5, 62 Stat. 603; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803,sec. 5, 70 Stat. 655; amended July 14, 1961, P.L. 87–87,sec. 3, 75 Stat. 203; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, secs. 5(e), 15(d), 86 Stat. 1254, 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 13(a), (b), 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1649, 1654.

invalid agreements
Sec. 15.
(a)
No agreement by an employee to pay any portion of premium paid by his employer to a carrier or to contribute to a benefit fund or department maintained by such employer for the purpose of providing compensation or medical services and supplies as required by this Act shall be valid, and any employer who makes a deduction for such purpose from the pay of any employee entitled to the benefits of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000.
(b)
No agreement by an employee to waive his right to compensation under this Act shall be valid.
[33 U.S.C. 915]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 15, 44 Stat. 1434.

assignment and exemption from claims of creditors
Sec. 16.
No assignment, release, or commutation of compensation or benefits due or payable under this Act, except as provided by this Act, shall be valid, and such compensation and benefits shall be exempt from all claims of creditors and from levy, execution, and attachment or other remedy for recovery or collection of a debt, which exemption may not be waived.
[33 U.S.C. 916]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 16, 44 Stat. 1434.

compensation a lien against assets
Sec. 17.
Where a trust fund which complies with section 302(c) of the Labor-management Relations Act of 1947 (29 U.S.C. 186(c)) established pursuant to a collective-bargaining agreement in effect between an employer and an employee covered under this act has paid disability benefits to an employee which the employee is legally obligated to repay by reason of his entitlement to compensation under this Act or under a settlement, the Secretary shall authorize a lien on such compensation in favor of the trust fund for the amount of such payments.
[33 U.S.C. 917]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 17, 44 Stat. 1434; amended June 25, 1938, 75–727, sec. 8, 52 Stat. 1167; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 20(b), 86 Stat. 1264; amended November 6, 1978, title III, sec. 324, 92 Stat. 2679; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 14(1)–(3), 98 Stat. 1649.

collection of defaulted payments
Sec. 18.
(a)
In case of default by the employer in the payment of compensation due under any award of compensation for a period of thirty days after the compensation is due and payable, the person to whom such compensation is payable may, within one year after such default, make application to the deputy commissioner making the compensation order or a supplementary order declaring the amount of the default. After investigation, notice, and hearing, as provided in section 19, the deputy commissioner shall make a supplementary order, declaring the amount of the default, which shall be filed in the same manner as the compensation order. In case the payment in default in an installment of the award, the deputy commissioner may, in his discretion declare the whole of the award as the amount in default. The applicant may file a certified copy of such supplementary order with the clerk of the Federal district court for the judicial district in which the employer has his principal place of business or maintains an office, or for the judicial district in which the injury occurred. In case such principal place of business or office or place where the injury occurred is in the District of Columbia, a copy of such supplementary order may be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia2. Such supplementary order of the deputy commissioner shall be final, and the court shall upon the filing of the copy enter judgment for the among declared in default by the supplementary order if such supplementary order is in accordance with law. Review of the judgment so entered may be had as in civil suits for damages at common law. Final proceedings to execute the judgment may be had a by writ of execution in the form used by the court in suits at common law in actions of assumpsit. No fee shall be required for filing the supplementary order nor for entry of judgment thereon, and the applicant shall not be liable for costs in a proceeding for review of the judgment unless the court shall otherwise direct. The court shall modify such judgment to conform to any later compensation order upon presentation of a certified copy thereof to the court.
^2
The Act of June 25, 1936 (as amended) stated that any reference to the “Supreme Court of the District of Columbia” should be taken as referring to the “United States District Court for the District of Columbia”.
(b)
In cases where judgment cannot be satisfied by reason of the employer's insolvency or other circumstances precluding payment, the Secretary of Labor may, in his discretion and to the extent he shall determine advisable after consideration of current commitments payable from the special fund established in section 44, make payment from such fund upon any award made under this Act, and in addition, provide any necessary medical, surgical, and other treatment required by section 7 of the Act in any case of disability where there has been a default in furnishing medical treatment by reason of the insolvency of the employer. Such an employer shall be liable for payment into such fund of the amounts paid therefrom by the Secretary of Labor under this subsection; and for the purpose of enforcing this liability, the Secretary of Labor for the benefit of the fund shall be subrogated to all the rights of the person receiving such payment or benefits as against the employer and may by a proceeding in the name of the Secretary of Labor under section 18 or under subsection (c) of section 21 of this Act, or both, seek to recover the amount of the default or so much thereof as in the judgment of the Secretary is possible, or the Secretary may settle and compromise any such claim.
[33 U.S.C. 918]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 18, 44 Stat. 1434; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, sec. 6, 70 Stat. 655; amended September 28, 27(b), 98 Stat. 1654.

procedure in respect of claims
Sec. 19.
(a)
Subject to the provisions of section 13 a claim for compensation may be filed with the deputy commissioner in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary at any time after the first seven days of disability following any injury, or at any time after death, and the deputy commissioner shall have full power and authority to hear and determine all questions in respect of such claim.
(b)
Within ten days after such claim is filed the deputy commissioner, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary shall notify the employer and any other person (other than the claimant), whom the deputy commissioner considers an interested party, that a claim has been filed. Such notice may be served personally upon the employer or other person, or sent to such employer or person by registered mail.
(c)
The deputy commissioner shall make or cause to be made such investigations as he considers necessary in respect of the claim, and upon application of any interested party shall order a hearing thereon. If a hearing on such claim is ordered the deputy commissioner shall give the claimant and other interested parties at least ten days' notice of such hearing, served personally upon the claimant and other interested parties or sent to such claimant and other interested parties by registered mail, or by certified mail, and shall within twenty days after such hearing is had, by order, reject the claim or make an award in respect of the claim. If no hearing is ordered within twenty days after notice is given as provided in subdivision (b), the deputy commissioner shall, by order reject the claim or make an award in respect of the claim.
(d)
Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, any hearing held under this Act shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of section 554 of title 5 of the United States Code. Any such hearing shall be conducted by a administrative law judge qualified under section 3105 of that title. All powers, duties and responsibilities vested by this Act, on the date of enactment of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act Amendments of 1972, in the deputy commissioners with respect to such hearings shall be vested in such administrative law judges.
(e)
The order rejecting the claim or making the award (referred to in this Act as a compensation order) shall be filed in the office of the deputy commissioner, and a copy thereof shall be sent by registered mail or by certified mail to the claimant and to the employer at the last known address of each.
(f)
An award of compensation for disability may be made after the death of an injured employee.
(g)
At any time after a claim has been filed with him the deputy commissioner may, with the approval of the Secretary, transfer such case to any other deputy commissioner for the purpose of making investigation, taking testimony, making physical examinations or taking such other necessary action therein as may be directed.
(h)
An injured employee claiming or entitled to compensation shall submit to such physical examination by a medical officer of the United States or by a duly qualified physician designated or approved by the Secretary as the Deputy commissioner may require. The place or places shall be reasonably convenient for the employee. Such physician or physicians as the employee, employer, or carrier may select and pay for may participate in an examination if the employee, employer, or carrier so requests. Proceedings shall be suspended and no compensation be payable for any period during which the employee may refuse to submit to examination.
[33 U.S.C. 919]
Enacted March 4, 1927, Ch. 509, sec. 19, 44 stat. 1435, amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 9, 52 Stat. 1167; amended June 11, 1960, P.L. 86–507, sec. 1(30), (31), 74 Stat. 202; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 14, 86 Stat. 1261; amended March 27, 1978, P.L. 95–251, sec. 2(a)(10), 92 Stat. 183; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 stat. 1654.

presumptions
Sec. 20.
In any proceeding for the enforcement of a claim for compensation under this Act it shall be presumed, in the absence of substantial evidence to the contrary—
(a)
That the claim comes within the provisions of this Act.
(b)
That sufficient notice of such claim has been given.
(c)
That the injury was not occasioned solely by the intoxication of the injured employee.
(d)
That the injury was not occasioned by the willful intention of the injured employee to injure or kill himself or another.
[33 U.S.C. 920]
Enacted March 4, 1927, Ch. 509, sec. 20, 44 Stat. 1436.

review of compensation orders
Sec. 21.
(a)
A compensation order shall become effective when filed in the office of the deputy commissioner as provided in section 19, and, unless procedings for the suspension of setting aside of such order are instituted as provided in subdivision (b) of this section, shall become final at the expiration of the thirtieth day thereafter.
(b)
(1)
There is hereby established a Benefits Review Board which shall be composed of five members appointed by the Secretary from among individuals who are especially qualified to serve on such Board. The Secretary shall designate one of the members of the Board to serve as chairman. The Chairman shall have the authority, as delegated by the Secretary, to exercise all administrative functions necessary to operate the Board.
(2)
For the purpose of carrying out its functions under this Act, three members of the Board shall constitute a quorum and official action can be taken only on the affirmative vote of at least three members.
(3)
The Board shall be authorized to hear and determine appeals raising a substantial question of law or fact taken by any party in interest from decisions with respect to claims of employees under this Act and the extensions thereof. The Board's orders shall be based upon the hearing record. The findings of fact in the decision under review by the Board shall be conclusive if supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a whole. The payment of the amounts required by an award shall not be stayed pending final decision in any such proceeding unless ordered by the Board. No stay shall be issued unless irreparable injury would otherwise ensure to the employer or carrier.
(4)
The Board may, on its own motion or at the request of the Secretary, remand a case to the administrative law judge for further appropriate action. The consent of the parties in interest shall not be a prerequisite to a remand by the Board.
(5)
Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (4) upon application of the Chairman of the Board, the Secretary may designate up to four Department of Labor administrative law judges to serve on the Board temporarily, for not more than one year. The Board is authorized to delegate to panels of three members any or all of the powers which the Board may exercise. Each such panel shall have no more than one temporary member. Two members shall constitute a quorum of a panel. Official adjudicative action may be taken only on the affirmative vote of at least two members of a panel. Any party aggrieved by a decision of a panel of the Board may, within thirty days after the date of entry of the decision, petition the entire permanent Board for review of the panel's decision. Upon affirmative vote of the majority of the permanent members of the Board, the petition shall be granted. The Board shall amend its Rules of Practice to conform with this paragraph. Temporary members, while serving as members of the Board shall be compensated at the same rate of compensation as regular members.
(c)
Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by a final order of the Board may obtain a review of that order in the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the injury occurred, by filing in such court within sixty days following the issuance of such Board order a written petition praying that the order be modified or set aside. A copy of such petition shall be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of the court, to the Board, and to the other parties, and thereupon the Board shall file in the court the record in the proceedings as provided in section 2112 of title 28, United States Code. Upon such filing, the court shall have jurisdiction of the proceeding and shall have the power to give a decree affirming, modifying, or setting aside, in whole or in part, the order of the Board and enforcing same to the extent that such order is affirmed or modified. The orders, writs, and processes of the court in such proceedings may run, be served, and be returnable anywhere in the United States. The payment of the amounts required by an award shall not be stayed pending final decision in any such proceeding unless ordered by the court. No stay shall be issued unless irreparable injury would otherwise ensue to the employer or carrier. The order of the court allowing any stay shall contain a specific finding, based upon evidence submitted to the court and identified by reference thereto, that irreparable damage would result to the employer, and specifying the nature of the damage.
(d)
If any employer or his officers or agents fails to comply with a compensation order making an award, that has become final, any beneficiary of such award or the deputy commissioner making the order, may apply for the enforcement of the order to the Federal district court for the judicial district in which the injury occurred (or to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia3 if the injury occurred in the District). If the court determines that the order was made and served in accordance with law, and that such employer or his officers or agents have failed to comply therewith, the court shall enforce obedience to the order by writ of injunction or by other proper process, mandatory or otherwise, to enjoin upon such person and his officers and agents compliance with the order.
^3
The Act of June 25, 1936 (as amended) stated that any reference to the “Supreme Court of the District of Columbia” should be taken as referring to the United States District Court of the District of Columbia''.
(e)
Proceedings for suspending, setting aside, or enforcing a compensation order, whether rejecting a claim or making an award, shall not be instituted otherwise than as provided in this section and section 18.
[33 U.S.C. 921]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 21, 44 Stat. 1436; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 15(a), (b), 86 Stat. 1261, 1262; amended March 27, 1978, P.L. 95–251, sec 2(a) (10), 92 Stat. 183; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 15(1)–(4), 98 Stat. 1649, 1650.

modification of compensation cases
Sec. 22.
Upon his own initiative, or upon the application of any party in interest (including an employer or carrier which has been granted relief under section 8(f)), on the ground of a change in conditions or because of a mistake in a determination of fact by the deputy commissioner, the deputy commissioner may, at any time prior to one year after the date of the last payment of compensation, whether or not a compensation order has been issued, or at any time prior to one year after the rejection of a claim, review a compensation case (including a case under which payments are made pursuant to section 44(i)) in accordance with the procedure prescribed in respect of claims in section 19, and in accordance with such section issue a new compensation order which may terminate, continue, reinstate, increase, or decrease such compensation, or award compensation. Such new order shall not affect any compensation previously paid, except that an award increasing the compensation rate may be made effective from the date of the injury, and if any part of the compensation due or to become due is unpaid, an award decreasing the compensation rate may be made effective from the date of the injury, and any payment made prior thereto in excess of such decreased rate shall be deducted from any unpaid compensation, in such manner and by such method as may be determined by the deputy commissioner with the approval of the Secretary. This section does not authorize the modification of settlements.
[33 U.S.C. 922]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 22, 44 Stat. 1437; amended May 26, 1934, P.L. 73–257, sec. 5, 48 Stat. 807; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 10, 52 Stat. 1167; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 16(1)–(3), 98 Stat. 1650.

procedure before the deputy commissioner
Sec. 23.
(a)
In making an investigation or inquiry or conducting a hearing the deputy commissioner or Board shall not be bound by common law or statutory rules of evidence or by technical or formal rules of procedure, except as provided by this Act; but may make such investigation or inquiry or conduct such hearing in such manner as to best ascertain the rights of the parties. Declarations of a deceased employee concerning the injury in respect of which the investigation or inquiry is being made or the hearing conducted shall be received in evidence and shall, if corroborated by other evidence, be sufficient to establish the injury.
(b)
Hearings before a deputy commissioner or Board shall be open to the public and shall be stenographically reported, and the deputy commissioners, subject to the approval of the Secretary, are authorized to contract for the reporting of such hearings. The Secretary shall by regulation provide for the preparation of a record of the hearings and other proceedings before the deputy commissioners.
[33 U.S.C. 923]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 23, 44 Stat. 1437; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 15(e), 86 Stat. 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1654.

witnesses
Sec. 24.
No person shall be required to attend as a witness in any proceeding before a deputy commissioner at a place outside of the State of his residence and more than one hundred miles from his place of residence, unless his lawful mileage and fee for one day's attendance shall be first paid or tendered to him; but the testimony of any witness may be taken by deposition or interrogatories according to the rules of practice of the Federal district for the judicial district in which the case is pending (or of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia4 if the case is pending in the District.)
[33 U.S.C. 924]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 24, 44 Stat. 1437.
^4
The act of June 25, 1936 (as amended) stated that any reference to the “Supreme Court of the District of Columbia” should be taken as referring to the “United States District Court for the Distict of Columbia”.

witness fees
Sec. 25.
Witnesses summoned in a proceeding before a deputy commissioner or whose depositions are taken shall receive the same fees and mileage as witnesses in courts of the United States.
[33 U.S.C. 925]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 25, 44 Stat. 1437.

costs in proceedings brought without reasonable grounds
Sec. 26.
If the court having jurisdiction of proceedings in respect of any claim or compensation order determines that the proceedings in respect of such claim or order have been instituted or continued without reasonable ground, the costs of such proceedings shall be assessed against the party who has so instituted or continued such proceedings.
[33 U.S.C. 926]
Enacted March 4, 1928, ch. 509, sec. 26, 44 Stat. 1438.

powers of deputy commissioners
Sec. 27.
(a)
The deputy commissioner or Board shall have power to preserve and enforce order during any such proceedings; to issue subpoenas for, to administer oaths to, and to compel the attendance and testimony of witnesses, or the production of books, papers, documents, and other evidence, or the taking of depositions before any designated individual competent to administer oaths; to examine witnesses; and to do all things conformable to law which may be necessary to enable him effectively to discharge the duties of his office.
(b)
If any person in proceedings before a deputy commissioner or Board disobeys or resists any lawful order or process, or misbehaves during a hearing or so near the place thereof as to obstruct the same, or neglects to produce, after having been ordered to do so, any pertinent book, paper, or document, or refuses to appear after having been subpoenaed, or upon appearing refuses to take the oath as a witness, or after having taken the oath refuses to be examined according to law, the deputy commissioner or Board shall certify the facts to the district court having jurisdiction in the place in which he is sitting (or to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia5 if his is sitting in such District) which shall thereupon in a summary manner hear the evidence as to the acts complained of, and, if the evidence so warrants, punish such person in the same manner and to the same extent as for a contempt committed before the court, or commit such person upon the same conditions as if the doing of the forbidden act had occurred with reference to the process of or in the presence of the court.
^5
The Act if June 25, 1936 (as amended) stated that any reference to the “Supreme Court of the District of Columbia” should be taken as referring to the “United States District Court for the District of Columbia”.
[33 U.S.C. 927]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 27, 44 Stat. 1438; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576 sec. 15(e), 86 Stat. 1262.

fees for services
Sec. 28.
(a)
If the employer or carrier declines to pay any compensation on or before the thirtieth day after receiving written notice of a claim for compensation having been filed from the deputy commissioner, on the ground that there is no liability for compensation within the provisions of this Act, and the person seeking benefits shall thereafter have utilized the services of an attorney at law in the successful prosecution of his claim, there shall be awarded, in addition to the award of compensation, in a compensation order, a reasonable attorney's fee against the employer or carrier in an amount approved by the deputy commissioner, Board, or court, as the case may be, which shall be paid directly by the employer or carrier to the attorney for the claimant in a lump sum after the compensation order becomes final.
(b)
If the employer or carrier pays or tenders payment of compensation without an award pursuant to section 14(a) and (b) of this Act, and thereafter a controversy develops over the amount of additional compensation, if any, to which the employee may be entitled, the deputy commissioner or Board shall set the matter for an informal conference and following such conference the deputy commissioner or Board shall recommend in writing a disposition of the controversy. If the employer or carrier refuse to accept such written recommendation, within fourteen days after its receipt by them, they shall pay or tender to the employee in writing the additional compensation, if any, to which they believe the employee is entitled. If the employee refuses to accept such payment or tender of compensation, and thereafter utilizes the services of an attorney at law, and if the compensation thereafter awarded is greater than the amount paid or tendered by the employer or carrier, a reasonable attorney's fee based solely upon the difference between the amount awarded and the amount tendered or paid shall be awarded in addition to the amount of compensation. The foregoing sentence shall not apply if the controversy relates to degree or length of disability, and if the employer or carrier offers to submit the case for evaluation by physicians employed or selected by the Secretary, as authorized in section 7(e) and offers to tender an amount of compensation based upon the degree or length of disability found by the independent medical report at such time as an evaluation of disability can be made. If the claimant is successful in review proceedings before the Board or court in any such case an award may be made in favor of the claimant and against the employer or carrier for a reasonable attorney's fee for claimant's counsel in accord with the above provisions. In all other cases any claim for legal services shall not be assessed against the employer or carrier.
(c)
In all cases fees for attorneys representing the claimant shall be approve in the manner herein provided. If any proceedings are had before the Board or any court for review of any action, award, order, or decision, the Board or court may approved an attorney's fee for the work done before it by the attorney for the claimant. An approved attorney's fee, in cases in which the obligation to pay the fee is upon the claimant, may be made a lien upon the compensation due under an award; and the deputy commissioner, Board, or court shall fix in the award approving the fee, such lien and manner of payment.
(d)
In cases where an attorney's fee is awarded against an employer or carrier there may be further assessed against such employer or carrier as costs, fees and mileage for necessary witnesses attending the hearing at the instance of claimant. Both the necessity for the witness and the reasonableness of the fees of expert witnesses must be approved by the hearing officer, the Board, or the court, as the case may be. The amounts awarded against an employer or carrier as attorney's fees, costs, fees and mileage for witnesses shall not in any respect affect or diminish the compensation payable under this Act.
(e)
A person who receives a fee, gratuity, or other consideration on account of services rendered as a representative of a claimant, unless the consideration is approved by the deputy commissioner, administrative law judge, Board, or court, or who makes it a business to solicit employment for a lawyer, or for himself, with respect to a claim or award for compensation under this Act, shall, upon conviction thereof, for each offense be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000 or be imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
[33 U.S.C. 928]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 28, 44 Stat. 1438; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 13, 86 Stat. 1259; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 17, 98 Stat. 1650.

record of injury or death
Sec. 29.
Every employer shall keep a record in respect of any injury to an employee. Such record shall contain such information of disease, other disability, or death in respect of such injury as the Secretary may by regulation require, and shall be available to inspection by the Secretary or by any State authority at such times and under such conditions as the Secretary may by regulation prescribe.
[33 U.S.C. 929]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 29, 44 Stat. 1438; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1654.

reports
Sec. 30.
(a)
Within ten days from the date of any injury, which causes loss of one or more shifts of work, or death or from the date that the employer has knowledge of a disease or infection in respect of such injury, the employer shall send to the Secretary a report setting forth (1) the name, address, and business of the employer; (2) the name, address, and occupation of the employee; (3) the cause and nature of the injury or death; (4) the year, month, day, and hour when and the particular locality where the injury or death occurred; and (5) such other information as the Secretary may require. A copy of such report shall be sent at the same time to the deputy commissioner in the compensation district in which the injury occurred. Notwithstanding the requirements of this subsection, each employer shall keep a record of each and every injury regardless of whether such injury results in the loss of one or more shifts of work.
(b)
Additional reports in respect of such injury and of the condition of such employee shall be sent by the employer to the Secretary and to such deputy commissioner at such times and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe.
(c)
Any report provided for in subdivision (a) or (b) shall not be evidence of any fact stated in such report in any proceeding in respect of such injury or death on account of which the report is made.
(d)
The mailing of any such report and copy in a stamped envelope, within the time prescribed in subdivision (a) or (b), to the Secretary and deputy commissioner, respectively, shall be a compliance with this section.
(e)
Any employer, insurance carrier, or self-insured employer who knowingly and willfully fails or refuses to send any report required by this section or knowingly or willfully makes a false statement or misrepresentation in any such report shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for each such failure, refusal, false statement, or misrepresentation.
(f)
Where the employer or the carrier has been given notice, or the employer (or his agent in charge of the business in the place where the injury occurred) or the carrier has knowledge, of any injury or death of an employee and fails, neglects, or refuses to file report thereof as required by the provisions of subdivision (a) of this section, the limitations in subdivision (a) of section 13 of this Act shall not begin to run against the claim of the injured employee or his dependents entitled to compensation, or in favor of either the employer or the carrier, until such report shall have been furnished as required by the provisions of subdivision (a) of this section.
[33 U.S.C. 930]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 30, 44 Stat. 1439; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 11, 52 Stat. 1167; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 18 (a), (b), 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1650, 1654.

penalty for misrepresentation—prosecution of claims
Sec. 31.
(a)
(1)
Any claimant or representative of a claimant who knowingly and willfully makes a false statement or representation for the purpose of obtaining a benefit or payment under this Act shall be guilty of a felony, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $10,000, by imprisonment not to exceed five years, or by both.
(2)
The United States attorney for the district in which the injury is alleged to have occurred shall make every reasonable effort to promptly investigate each complaint made under this subsection.
(b)
(1)
No representation fee of a claimant's representative shall be approved by the deputy commissioner, an administrative law judge, the Board, or a court pursuant to section 28 of this Act, if the claimant's representative is on the list of individuals who are disqualified from representing claimants under this Act maintained by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(2)
(A)
The Secretary shall annually prepare a list of those individuals in each compensation district who have represented claimants for a fee in cases under this Act and who are not authorized to represent claimants. The names of individuals contained on the list required under this subparagraph shall be made available to employees and employers in each compensation district through posting and in such other forms as the Secretary may prescribe.
(B)
Individuals shall be included on the list of those not authorized to represent claimants under this Act if the Secretary determines under this section, in accordance with the procedure provided in subsection (j) of section 7 of this Act, that such individual—
(i)
has been convicted (without regard to pending appeal) of any crime in connection with the representation of a claimant under this Act or any workers' compensation statute;
(ii)
has engaged in fraud in connection with the presentation of a claim under this or any workers' compensation statute, including, but not limited to, knowingly making false representations, concealing or attempting to conceal material facts with respect to a claim, or soliciting or otherwise procuring false testimony;
(iii)
has been prohibited from representing claimants before any other workers' compensation agency for reasons of professional misconduct which are similar in nature to those which would be grounds for disqualification under this paragraph; or
(iv)
has accepted fees for representing claimants under this Act which were not approved, or which were in excess of the amount approved pursuant to section 28.
(C)
Notwithstanding subparagraph (B), no individual who is on the list required to be maintained by the Secretary pursuant to this section shall be prohibited from presenting his or her own claim or from representing without fee, a claimant who is a spouse, mother, father, sister, brother, or child of such individual.
(D)
A determination under subparagraph (A) shall remain in effect for a period of not less than three years and until the Secretary finds and gives notice to the public that there is reasonable assurance that the basis for the determination will not reoccur.
(3)
No employee shall be liable to pay a representation fee to any representative whose fee has been disallowed by reason of the operation of this paragraph.
(4)
The Secretary shall issue such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out this section.
(c)
A person including, but not limited to, an employer, his duly authorized agent, or an employee of an insurance carrier who knowingly and willfully makes a false statement or representation for the purpose of reducing, denying, or terminating benefits to an injured employee, or his dependents pursuant to section 9 if the injury results in death, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $10,000, by imprisonment not to exceed five years, or by both.
[33 U.S.C. 931]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 31, 44 Stat. 1439; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 19, 98 Stat. 1650, 1651, 1652.

security for compensation
Sec. 32.
(a)
Every employer shall secure the payment of compensation under this Act—
(1)
By insuring and keeping insured the payment of such compensation with any stock company or mutual company or association, or with any other person, or fund, while such person or fund is authorized (A) under the laws of the United States or of any State, to insure workmen's compensation, and (B) by the Secretary, to insure payment of compensation under this Act; or
(2)
By furnishing satisfactory proof to the Secretary of his financial ability to pay such compensation and receiving an authorization from the Secretary to pay such compensation directly. The Secretary may, as a condition to such authorization, require such employer to deposit in a depository designated by the Secretary either an indemnity bond or securities (at the option of the employer) of a kind and in an amount determined by the Secretary, based on the employer's financial condition, the employer's previous record of payments, and other relevant factors, and subject to such conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, which shall include authorization to the Secretary in case of default to sell any such securities sufficient to pay compensation awards or to bring suit upon such bonds, to procure prompt payment of compensation under this Act. Any employer securing compensation in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph shall be known as a self-insurer.
(b)
In granting authorization to any carrier to insure payment of compensation under this Act the Secretary may take into consideration the recommendation of any State authority having supervision over carriers or over workmen's compensation, and may authorize any carrier to insure the payment of compensation under this Act in a limited territory. Any marine protection and indemnity mutual insurance corporation or association, authorized to write insurance against liability for loss or damage from personal injury and death, and for other losses and damages, incidental to or in respect of the ownership, operation, or chartering of vessels on a mutual assessment plan, shall be deemed a qualified carrier to insure compensation under this Act. The Secretary may suspend or revoke any such authorization for good cause shown after a hearing at which the carrier shall be entitled to be heard in person or by counsel and to present evidence. No suspension or revocation shall affect the liability of any carrier already incurred.
[33 U.S.C. 932]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 32, 44 Stat. 1439; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, Secs. 20, 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1652, 1654.

compensation for injuries where third persons are liable
Sec. 33.
(a)
If on account of a disability or death for which compensation is payable under this Act the person entitled to such compensation determines that some person other than the employer or a person or persons in his employ is liable in damages, he need not elect whether to receive such compensation or to recover damages against such third person.
(b)
Acceptance of compensation under an award in a compensation order filed by the deputy commissioner, an administrative law judge, or the Board shall operate as an assignment to the employer of all rights of person entitled to compensation to recover damages against such third person unless such person shall commence an action against such third person within six months after such acceptance. If the employer fails to commence an action against such third person within ninety days after the cause of action is assigned under this section, the right to bring such action shall revert to the person entitled to compensation. For the purpose of this subsection, the term “award” with respect to a compensation order means a formal order issued by the deputy commissioner, an administrative law judge, or Board.
(c)
The payment of such compensation into the fund established in section 44 shall operate as an assignment to the employer of all right of the legal representative of the deceased (hereinafter referred to as “representative”) to recover damages against such third person.
(d)
Such employer on account of such assignment may either institute proceedings for the recovery of such damages or may compromise with such third person either without or after instituting such proceeding.
(e)
Any amount recovered by such employer on account of such assignment, whether or not as the result of a compromise, shall be distributed as follows:
(1)
The employer shall retain an amount equal to—
(A)
the expenses incurred by him in respect to such proceedings or compromise (including a reasonable attorney's fee as determined by the deputy commissioner or Board);
(B)
the cost of all benefits actually furnished by him to the employee under section 7;
(C)
all amounts paid as compensation;
(D)
the present value of all amounts thereafter payable as compensation, such present value to be computed in accordance with a schedule prepared by the Secretary, and the present value of the cost of all benefits thereafter to be furnished under section 7, to be estimated by the deputy commissioner, and the amounts so computed and estimated to be retained by the employer as a trust fund to pay such compensation and the cost of such benefits as they become due, and to pay any sum finally remaining in excess thereof to the person entitled to compensation or to the representative; and
(2)
The employer shall pay any excess to the person entitled to compensation or to the representative.
(f)
If the person entitled to compensation institutes proceedings within the period prescribed in section 33(b) the employer shall be required to pay as compensation under this Act a sum equal to the excess of the amount which the Secretary determines is payable on account of such injury or death over the net amount recovered against such third person. Such net amount shall be equal to the actual amount recovered less the expenses reasonably incurred by such person in respect to such proceedings (including reasonable attorneys' fees).
(g)
(1)
If the person entitled to compensation (or the person's representative) enters into a settlement with a third person referred to in subsection (a) for an amount less than the compensation to which the person (or the person's representative) would be entitled under this Act, the employer shall be liable for compensation as determined under subsection (f) only if written approval of the settlement is obtained from the employer and the employer's carrier, before the settlement is executed, and by the person entitled to compensation (or the person's representative). The approval shall be made on a form provided by the Secretary and shall be filed in the office of the deputy commissioner within thirty days after the settlement is entered into.
(2)
If no written approval of the settlement is obtained and filed as required by paragraph (1), or if the employee fails to notify the employer of any settlement obtained from or judgment rendered against a third person, all rights to compensation and medical benefits under this Act shall be terminated, regardless of whether the employer or the employer's insurer has made payments or acknowledged entitlement to benefits under this Act.
(3)
Any payments by the special fund established under section 44 shall be a lien upon the proceeds of any settlement obtained from or judgment rendered against a third person referred to under subsection (a). Notwithstanding any other provision of law, such lien shall be enforceable against such proceeds, regardless of whether the Secretary on behalf of the special fund has agreed to or has received actual notice of the settlement or judgment.
(4)
Any payments by a trust fund described in section 17 shall be a lien upon the proceeds of any settlement obtained from or judgment recorded against a third person referred to under subsection (a). Such lien shall have priority over a lien under paragraph (3) of this subsection.
(h)
Where the employer is insured and the insurance carrier has assumed the payment of the compensation, the insurance carrier shall be subrogated to all the rights of the employer under this section.
(i)
The right to compensation or benefits under this Act shall be the exclusive remedy to an employee when he is injured, or to his eligible survivors or legal representatives if he is killed, by the negligence or wrong of any other person or persons in the same employ: Provided, That this provision shall not affect the liability of a person other than an officer or employee of the employer.
[33 U.S.C. 933]
Enacted March 4, 1927, Ch. 509, sec. 33, 44 Stat. 1440; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, secs. 12, 13, 52 Stat. 1168; amended August 18, 1959, P.L. 86–171, sec. 1, 73 Stat. 391; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 15(f)–(h), 86 Stat. 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 21(a)–(d), 98 Stat. 1652, 1653.

compensation notice
Sec. 34.
Every employer who has secured compensation under the provisions of this Act shall keep posted in a conspicuous place or places in and about his place or places of business typewritten or printed notices, in accordance with a form prescribed by the Secretary, stating that such employer has secured the payment of compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Such notices shall contain the name and address of the carrier, if any, with whom the employer has secured payment of compensation and the date of the expiration of the policy.
[33 U.S.C. 934]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 34, 44 Stat. 1441; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1654.

substitution of carrier for employer
Sec. 35.
In any case where the employer is not a self-insurer, in order that the liability for compensation imposed by this Act may be most effectively discharged by the employer, and in order that the administration of this Act in respect of such liability may be facilitated, the Secretary shall by regulation provide for the discharge, by the carrier for such employer, of such obligations and duties of the employer in respect of such liability, imposed by this Act upon the employer, as it considers proper in order to effectuate the provisions of this Act. For such purposes (1) notice to or knowledge of an employer of the occurrence of the injury shall be notice to or knowledge of the carrier, (2) jurisdiction of the employer by a deputy commissioner the Board, or,6 the Secretary, or any court under this Act shall be jurisdiction of the carrier, and (3) any requirement by a deputy commissioner the Board, or,6 the Secretary, or any court under any compensation order, finding, or decision shall be binding upon the carrier in the same manner and to the same extent as upon the employer.
[33 U.S.C. 935]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 35, 44 Stat. 1441; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 15(i), 86 Stat. 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1654.
^6
So in law (P.L. 92–576).

insurance policies
Sec. 36.
(a)
Every policy or contract of insurance issued under authority of this Act shall contain (1) a provision to carry out the provisions of section 35, and (2) a provision that insolvency or bankruptcy of the employer and/or discharge therein shall not relieve the carrier from payment of compensation for disability or death sustained by an employee during the life of such policy or contract.
(b)
No contract or policy of insurance issued by a carrier under this Act shall be canceled prior to the date specified in such contract or policy for its expiration until at least thirty days have elapsed after a notice of cancellation has been sent to the deputy commissioner and to the employer in accordance with the provisions of subdivision (c) of section 12.
[33 U.S.C. 936]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 36, 44 Stat. 1441.

certificate of compliance with this act
Sec. 37.
No stevedoring firm shall be employed in any compensation district by a vessel or by hull owners until it presents to such vessel or hull owners a certificate issued by a deputy commissioner assigned to such district that it has complied with the provisions of this Act requiring the securing of compensation to its employees. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
[33 U.S.C. 937]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 37, 44 Stat. 1442.

penalty for failure to secure payment of compensation
Sec. 38.
(a)
Any employer required to secure the payment of compensation under this Act who fails to secure such compensation shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and in any case where such employer is a corporation, the president, secretary, and treasurer thereof shall be also severally liable to such fine or imprisonment as herein provided for the failure of such corporation to secure the payment of compensation; and such president, secretary, and treasurer shall be severally personally liable, jointly with such corporation, for any compensation or other benefit which may accrue under the said Act in respect to any injury which may occur to any employee of such corporation while it shall so fail to secure the payment of compensation as required by section 32 of this Act.
(b)
Any employer who knowingly transfers, sells, encumbers, assigns, or in any manner disposes of, conceals, secretes, or destroys any property belonging to such employer, after one of his employees has been injured within the purview of this Act, and with intent to avoid the payment of compensation under this Act to such employee or his dependents, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000, or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and in any case where such employer is a corporation, the president, secretary, and treasurer thereof shall be also severally liable to such penalty of imprisonment as well as jointly liable with such corporation for such fine.
(c)
This section shall not affect any other liability of the employer under this Act.
[33 U.S.C. 938]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 38, 44 Stat. 1442; amended June 25, 1938, P.L. 75–727, sec. 14, 52 Stat. 1168; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 22, 98 Stat. 1653.

administration
Sec. 39.
(a)
Except as otherwise specifically provided, the Secretary shall administer the provisions of this Act, and for such purpose the Secretary is authorized (1) to make such rules and regulations; (2) to appoint and fix the compensation of such temporary technical assistants and medical advisers, and, subject to the provisions of the civil service laws, to appoint, and, in accordance with the Classification Act of 1923,7 to fix the compensation of such deputy commissioners (except deputy commissioners appointed under subdivision (a) of section 40) and other officers and employees; and (3) to make such expenditures (including expenditures for personal services and rent at the seat of government and elsewhere, for law books, books of reference, periodicals, and for printing and binding) as may be necessary in the administration of this Act. All expenditures of the Secretary in the administration of this Act shall be allowed and paid as provided in section 45 upon the presentation of itemized vouchers therefor approved by the Secretary.
^7
The Classification Act of 1923 is presently contained in chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5.
(b)
The Secretary shall establish compensation districts, to include the high seas and the areas within the United States to which this Act applies, and shall assign to each such district one or more deputy commissioners, as the Secretary deems advisable. Judicial proceedings under sections 18 and 21 of this Act in respect of any injury or death occurring on the high seas shall be instituted in the district court within whose territorial jurisdiction is located the office of the deputy commissioner having jurisdiction is respect of such injury or death (or in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia8 if such office is located in such District).
^8
The Act of June 25, 1936 (as amended) stated that any reference to the “Supreme Court of the District of Columbia” should be taken as referring to the “United States District Court for the District of Columbia”.
(c)
(1)
The Secretary shall, upon request, provide persons covered by this Act with information and assistance relating to the Act's coverage and compensation and the procedures for obtaining such compensation and including assistance in processing a claim. The Secretary may, upon request provide persons covered by this Act with legal assistance in processing a claim. The Secretary shall also provide employees receiving compensation information on medical, manpower, and vocational rehabilitation services and assist such employees in obtaining the best such services available.
(2)
The Secretary shall direct the vocational rehabilitation of permanently disabled employees and shall arrange with the appropriate public or private agencies in States or Territories, possessions, or the District of Columbia for such rehabilitation. The Federal Board for Vocational Education shall cooperate with the Secretary in such educational work. The Secretary may in discretion furnish such prosthetic appliances or other apparatus made necessary by an injury upon which an award has been made under this Act to render a disabled employee fit to engage in a remunerative occupation. Where necessary rehabilitation services are not available otherwise, the Secretary of Labor may, in his discretion, use the fund provided for in section 44 in such amounts as may be necessary to procure such services, including necessary prosthetic appliances or other apparatus. This fund shall also be available in such amounts as may be authorized in annual appropriations for the Department of Labor for the costs of administering this subsection.
[33 U.S.C. 939]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 39, 44 Stat. 1442; amended October 28, 1949, P.L. 81–429, sec. 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, sec. 7, 70 Stat. 656; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 17, 86 Stat. 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), (c), 98 Stat. 1654.

deputy commissioners
Sec. 40.
(a)
The Secretary may appoint as deputy commissioners any member of any board, Secretary, or other agency of a State to act as deputy commissioner for any compensation district or part thereof in such State, and may make arrangements with such board, Secretary, or other agency for the use of the personnel and facilities thereof in the administration of this Act. The Secretary may make such arrangements as may be deemed advisable by it for the payment of expenses of such board, Secretary, or other agency incurred in the administration of this Act pursuant to this section, and for the payment of salaries to such board, Secretary, or other agency, or the members thereof, and may pay any amounts agreed upon to the proper officers of the State, upon vouchers approved by the Secretary.
(b)
In any Territory of the United States or in the District of Columbia a person holding an office under the United States may be appointed deputy commissioner and for services rendered as deputy commissioner may be paid compensation, in addition to that he is receiving from the United States, in an amount fixed by the Secretary in accordance with the Classification Act of 1923.9
^9
The Classification Act of 1923 is presently contained in chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5.
(c)
Deputy commissioners (except deputy commissioners appointed under subdivision (a) of this section) may be transferred from one compensation district to another and may be temporarily detailed from one compensation district for service in another in the discretion of the Secretary.
(d)
Each deputy commissioner shall maintain and keep open during reasonable business hours an office, at a place designated by the Secretary, for the transaction of business under this Act, at which office he shall keep his official records and papers. Such office shall be furnished and equipped by the Secretary, who shall also furnish the deputy commissioner with all necessary clerical and other assistants, records, books, blanks, and supplies. Wherever practicable such office shall be located in a building owned or leased by the United States; otherwise the Secretary shall rent suitable quarters.
(e)
If any deputy commissioner is removed from office, or for any reason ceases to act as such deputy commissioner, all of his official records and papers and office equipment shall be transferred to his successor in office or, if there be no successor, then to the Secretary or to a deputy commissioner designated by the Secretary.
(f)
Neither a deputy commissioner or Board member nor any business associate of a deputy commissioner or Board member shall appear as attorney in any proceeding under this Act, and no deputy commissioner or Board member shall act in any such case in which he is interested, or when he is employed by any party in interest or related to any party in interest by consanguinity or affinity within the third degree, as determined by the common law.
[33 U.S.C. 940]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 40, 44 Stat. 1443; amended October 28, 1949, P.L. 81–429, title XI, sec. 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 15(j), 86 Stat. 1262; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1654.

investigations by the commission
Sec. 41.
(a)
Every employer shall furnish and maintain employment and places of employment which shall be reasonably safe for his employees in all employments covered by this Act and shall install, furnish, maintain, and use such devices and safeguards with particular reference to equipment used by and working conditions established by such employers as the Secretary may determine by regulation or order to be reasonably necessary to protect the life, health, and safety of such employees, and to render safe such employment and places of employment, and to prevent injury to his employees. However, the Secretary may not make determinations by regulation or order under this section as to matters within the scope of title 52 of the Revised Statutes and Acts supplementary or amendatory thereto, the Act of June 15, 1917 (ch. 30, 40 Stat. 220), as amended, or section 4 (e) of the Act of August 7, 1953 (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462), as amended.
(b)
The Secretary, in enforcing and administering the provisions of this section, is authorized in addition to such other powers and duties as are conferred upon him—
(1)
to make studies and investigations with respect to safety provisions and the causes and prevention of injuries in employments covered by this Act, and in making such studies and investigations to cooperate with any agency of the United States or with any State agency engaged in similar work;
(2)
to utilize the services of any agency of the United States or any State agency engaged in similar work (with the consent of such agency) in connection with the administration of this section;
(3)
to promote uniformity in safety standards in employments covered by this Act through cooperative action with any agency of the United States or with any State agency engaged in similar work;
(4)
to provide for the establishment and supervision of programs for the education and training of employers and employees in the recognition, avoidance, and prevention of unsafe working conditions in employments covered by this Act, and to consult with and advise employers as to the best means of preventing injuries;
(5)
to hold such hearings, issue such orders, and make such decisions, based upon findings of fact, as are deemed to be necessary to enforce the provisions of this section, and for such purposes the Secretary and the district courts shall have the authority and jurisdiction provided by section 5 of the Act of June 30, 1936 (ch. 881, 49 Stat. 2036), as amended, and the Secretary shall be represented in any court proceedings as provided in the Act of May 4, 198210 (ch. 502, 45 Stat. 490), as amended.
^{10}
The Act of May 4, 1928 provided as follows:
``Attorneys appointed by the Secretary shall represent the Secretary, the deputy commissioner, or the Board in any court proceedings under section 21 or other provisions of this Act except for proceedings in the Supreme Court of the United States.''
(c)
The Secretary or his authorized representative may inspect such places of employment, question such employees, and investigate such conditions, practices, or matters in connection with employment subject to this Act, as he may deem appropriate to determine whether any person has violated any provision of this section, or any rule or regulation issued thereunder, or which may aid in the enforcement of the provisions of this section. No employer or other person shall refuse to admit the Secretary or his authorized representatives to any such place or shall refuse to permit any such inspection.
(d)
Any employer may request the advice of the Secretary or his authorized representative, in complying with the requirements of any rule or regulation adopted to carry out the provisions of this section. In case of practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships, the Secretary in his discretion may grant variations from any such rule or regulation, or particular provisions thereof, and permit the use of other or different devices if he finds that the purpose of the rule or regulation will be observed by the variation and the safety of employees will be equally secured thereby. Any person affected by such rule or regulation, or his agent, may request the Secretary to grant such variation, stating in writing the grounds on which his request is based. Any authorization by the Secretary of a variation shall be in writing, shall describe the conditions under which the variation shall be permitted, and shall be published as provided in section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act (ch. 324, 60 Stat. 237), as amended. A properly indexed record of all variations shall be kept in the office of the Secretary and open to public inspection.
(e)
The United States district courts, together with the District Court for the Territory of Alaska, shall have jurisdiction for cause shown, in any action brought by the Secretary, represented as provided in the Act of May 4, 1928 (ch. 502, 45 Stat. 490), as amended to restrain violations of this section or of any rule, regulation, or order of the Secretary adopted to carry out the provisions of this section.
(f)
Any employer who, willfully, violates or fails or refuses to comply with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, or with any lawful rule, regulation, or order adopted to carry out the provisions of this section, and any employer or other person who willfully interferes with, hinders, or delays the Secretary or his authorized representative in carrying out his duties under subsection (c) of this section by refusing to admit the Secretary of his authorized representative to any place, or to permit the inspection or examination of any employment or place of employment, or who willfully hinders or delays the Secretary or his authorized representative in the performance of his duties in the enforcement of this section, shall be guilty of an offense, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished for each offense by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $3,000; and in any case where such employer is a corporation, the officer who willfully permits any such violation to occur shall be guilty of an offense, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished also for each offense by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $3,000. The liability hereunder shall not affect any other liability of the employer under this Act.
(g)
(1)
The provisions of this section shall not apply in the case of any employment relating to the operations for the exploration, production, or transportation by pipeline of mineral resources upon the navigable waters of the United States, nor under the authority of the Act of August 7, 1953 (ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462), nor in the case of any employment in connection with lands (except filled in, made or reclaimed lands) beneath the navigable waters as defined in the Act of May 22, 1953 (ch. 65, 67 Stat. 29) nor in the case of any employment for which compensation in case of disability or death is provided for employees under the authority of the Act of May 17, 1928 (ch. 612, 45 Stat. 600), as amended, nor under the authority of the Act of August 16, 1941 (ch. 357, 55 Stat. 622), as amended.
(2)
The provisions of this section, with the exception of paragraph (1) of subsection (b), shall not be applied under the authority of the Act of September 7, 1916 (ch. 458, 39 Stat. 742), as amended.
[33 U.S.C. 941]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 41, 44 Stat. 1444; amended August 23, 1958, P.L. 85–742, sec. 1, 72 Stat. 835; amended December 21, 1982, P.L. 97–375, sec. 110(b), 96 Stat. 1820.

annual report
Sec. 42.
The Secretary shall make to Congress at the end of each fiscal year, a report of the administration of this Act for the preceding fiscal year, including a detailed statement of receipts of and expenditures from the fund established in section 44, together with such recommendations as the Secretary deems advisable. Such report shall include the annual report required under section 426(b) of the Black Lung Benefits Act (30 U.S.C. 936(b)) and shall be identified as the Annual Report of the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs.
[33 U.S.C. 942]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 42, 44 Stat. 1444; repealed September 6, 1966, P.L. 89–554, sec. 8(a), 80 Stat. 647; reenacted September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 23, 98 Stat. 1653; amended December 21, 1995, P.L. 104–66, sec. 1102(b)(1), 109 Stat. 722–723.
[Sec. 43.
Repealed
[33 U.S.C. 943]
Repealed November 8, 1965, P.L. 89–348, Sec. 1(15), 79 Stat. 1311.]

special fund
Sec. 44.
(a)
There is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a special fund. Such fund shall be administered by the Secretary. The Treasurer of the United States shall be the custodian of such fund, and all moneys and securities in such fund shall be held in trust by such Treasurer and shall not be money or property of the United States.
(b)
The Treasurer is authorized to disburse moneys from such fund only upon order of the Secretary. He shall be required to give bond in an amount to be fixed and with securities to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller General of the United States conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duty as custodian of such fund.
(c)
Payments into such fund shall be made as follows:
(1)
Whenever the Secretary determines that there is no person entitled under this Act to compensation for the death of an employee which would otherwise be compensable under this Act, the appropriate employer shall pay $5,000 as compensation for the death of such an employee.
(2)
At the beginning of each calendar year the Secretary shall estimate the probable expenses of the fund during that calendar year and the amount of payments required (and the schedule therefor) to maintain adequate reserves in the fund. Each carrier and self-insurer shall make payments into the fund on a prorated assessment by the Secretary determined by—
(A)
computing the ratio (expressed as a percent) of (i) the carrier's or self-insured's workers' compensation payments under this Act during the preceding calendar year, to (ii) the total of such payments by all carriers and self-insureds under this Act during such year;
(B)
computing the ratio (expressed as a percent) of (i) the payments under section 8(f) of this Act during the preceding calendar year which are attributable to the carrier or self-insured, to (ii) the total of such payments during such year attributable to all carriers and self-insureds;
(C)
dividing the sum of the percentages computed under subparagraphs (A) and (B) for the carrier or self-insured by two; and
(D)
multiplying the percent computed under subparagraph (C) by such probable expenses of the fund (as determined under the first sentence of this paragraph).
(3)
All amounts collected as fines and penalties under the provisions of this Act shall be paid into such fund.
(d)
(1)
For the purpose of making rules, regulations, and determinations under this section under and for providing enforcement thereof, the Secretary may investigate and gather appropriate data from each carrier and self-insurer. For that purpose, the Secretary may enter and inspect such places and records (and make such transcriptions thereof), question such employees, and investigate such facts, conditions, practices, or matters as he may deem necessary or appropriate.
(2)
Each carrier and self-insurer shall make, keep, and preserve such records, and make such reports and provide such additional information, as prescribed by regulation or order of the Secretary, as the Secretary deems necessary or appropriate to carry out his responsibilities under this section.
(3)
For the purpose of any hearing or investigation related to determinations or the enforcement of the provisions of this section, the provisions of sections 9 and 10 (relating to the attendance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and documents) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of September 16, 1914, as amended (U.S.C., title 15, secs. 49 and 50), are hereby made applicable to the jurisdiction, powers, and duties of the Secretary of Labor.
(e)
The Treasurer of the United States shall deposit any moneys paid into such fund into such depository banks as the Secretary may designate and may invest any portion of the funds which, in the opinion of the Secretary, is not needed for current requirements, in bonds or notes of the United States or of any Federal land bank.
(f)
Neither the United States nor the Secretary shall be liable in respect of payments authorized under section 8 in an amount greater than the money or property deposited in or belonging to such fund.
(g)
The Comptroller General of the United States shall audit the account for such fund, but the action of the Secretary in making payments from such fund shall be final and not subject to review, and the Comptroller General is authorized and directed to allow credit in the accounts of any disbursing officer of the Secretary for payments made from such fund authorized by the Secretary.
(h)
All civil penalties and unpaid assessments provided for in this Act shall be collected by civil suit brought by the Secretary.
(i)
The proceeds of this fund shall be available for payments:
(1)
Pursuant to section 10 with respect to certain initial and subsequent annual adjustments in compensation for total permanent disability or death.
(2)
Under section 8 (f) and (g), under section 18(b), and under section 39(c).
(3)
To repay the sums deposited in the fund pursuant to subsection (d).
(4)
To defray the expense of making examinations as provided in section 7(e).
(j)
The fund shall be audited annually and the results of such audit shall be included in the annual report required by section 42.
[33 U.S.C. 944]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 44, 44 Stat. 1444; amended July 26, 1956, P.L. 84–803, sec. 8, 70 Stat. 656; amended October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 8, 86 Stat. 1256; amended September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, secs. 24(a)–(e), 27(a)(2), 98 Stat. 1653, 1654.

[administration fund
Sec. 45.
Repealed
[33 U.S.C. 945]
Enacted March 4, 1927, P.L. 69–803, sec. 45, 44 Stat. 1445; repealed September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 25, 98 Stat. 1654.]

[appropriation
Sec. 46.
Repealed
[33 U.S.C. 946]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 46, 44 Stat. 1445; repealed September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 25, 98 Stat. 1654.]
[Sec. 47.
Repealed
[33 U.S.C. 947]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 47, 44 Stat. 1445; repealed September 28, 1984, P.L. 98–426, sec. 25, 98 Stat. 1654.]

laws inapplicable
Sec. 48.
Nothing in sections 4283, 4284, 4285, 4286, or 4289 of the Revised Statutes, as amended, nor in section 18 of the Act entitled “An act to remove certain burdens on the American merchant marine and encourage the American foreign carrying trade, and for other purposes,” approved June 26, 1884, as amended, shall be held to limit the amount for which recovery may be had (1) in any suit at law or in admiralty where an employer has failed to secure compensation as required by this Act, or (2) in any proceeding for compensation, any addition to compensation, or any civil penalty.
[33 U.S.C. 948]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 48, 44 Stat. 1446.

discrimination against employees who bring proceedings
Sec. 49.
It shall be unlawful for any employer or his duly authorized agent to discharge or in any other manner discriminate against an employee as to his employment because such employee has claimed or attempted to claim compensation from such employer, or because he has testified or is about to testify in a proceeding under this Act. The discharge or refusal to employ a person who has been adjudicated to have filed a fraudulent claim for compensation is not a violation of this section. Any employer who violates this section shall be liable to a penalty of not less than $1,000 or more than $5,000, as may be determined by the deputy commissioner. All such penalties shall be paid to the deputy commissioner for deposit in the special fund as described in section 44, and if not paid may be recovered in a civil action brought in the appropriate United States district court. Any employee so discriminated against shall be restored to his employment and shall be compensated by his employer for any loss of wages arising out of such discrimination: Provided, That is such employee shall cease to be qualified to perform the duties of his employment, he shall not be entitled to such restoration and compensation. The employer alone and not his carrier shall be liable for such penalties and payments. Any provision in an insurance policy undertaking to relieve the employer from the liability for such penalties and payments shall be void.
[33 U.S.C. 948a]
Added October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 19, 86 Stat. 1263.

effect of unconstitutionality
Sec. 50.
If any part of this Act is adjudged unconstitutional by the courts, and such adjudication has the effect of invalidating any payment of compensation under this Act, the period intervening between the time the injury was sustained and the time of such adjudication shall not be computed as a part of the timed prescribed by law for the commencement of any action against the employer in respect of such injury; but the amount of any compensation paid under this Act on account of such injury shall be deducted from the amount of damages awarded in such action in respect of such injury.
[33 U.S.C. 949]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 49, 44 Stat. 1446; renumbered October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 1986 Stat. 1263.

separability provision
Sec. 51.
If any provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional or the applicability thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act and the applicability and such provision to other persons and circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
[33 U.S.C. 950]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 50 44 State. 1446; renumbered October 27 1972, P.L. 92–576, sec. 19, 86 Stat. 1263.

separability provision
Sec. 52.
Sections 39 to 51, inclusive, shall become effective upon the passage of this Act, and the remainder of this Act shall become effective on July 1, 1927.
[33 U.S.C. 901nt]
Enacted March 4, 1927, ch. 509, sec. 51, 44 Stat. 1446; renumbered October 27, 1972, P.L. 92–576, Sec. 19, 86 Stat. 1263.