    [Senate Hearing 119-426]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                                                            S. Hrg. 119-426

                           NOMINATION TO THE NATIONAL
                    TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD, THE OFFICE
                       OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY,
                      AND THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   before the

                             COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
                          SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
                              UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION
                                   __________

                               SEPTEMBER 17, 2025
                                   __________

        Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
                                 Transportation

                  [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                    Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov
                                    ______

                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

    63-889 PDF                 WASHINGTON : 2026

           SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

                        ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                           TED CRUZ, Texas, Chairman
    JOHN THUNE, South Dakota             MARIA CANTWELL, Washington,
    ROGER WICKER, Mississippi              Ranking
    DEB FISCHER, Nebraska                AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota
    JERRY MORAN, Kansas                  BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii
    DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska                 EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts
    MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee          GARY PETERS, Michigan
    TODD YOUNG, Indiana                  TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin
    TED BUDD, North Carolina             TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois
    ERIC SCHMITT, Missouri               JACKY ROSEN, Nevada
    JOHN CURTIS, Utah                    BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico
    BERNIE MORENO, Ohio                  JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado
    TIM SHEEHY, Montana                  JOHN FETTERMAN, Pennsylvania
    SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia  ANDY KIM, New Jersey
    CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming              LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER, Delaware
                     Brad Grantz, Republican Staff Director
               Nicole Christus, Republican Deputy Staff Director
                       Lila Harper Helms, Staff Director
                     Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page
    Hearing held on September 17, 2025...............................     1
    Statement of Senator Cruz........................................     1
    Statement of Senator Cantwell....................................     2
    Statement of Senator Moreno......................................    57
        Letter dated September 17, 2025 to Senator Ted Cruz and
          Senator Maria Cantwell from James A. Viola, President and
          CEO, General Aviation Manufacturers Association............    60
        Letter dated September 25, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.
          Maria Cantwell from The Board of Governors, Air Charter
          Safety Foundation..........................................    61
        Letter dated September 9, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.
          Maria Cantwell from Laura Chace, President and CEO,
          Intelligent Transportation Society of America..............    61
        Letter dated September 16, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon
          Maria Cantwell from Gary Shapiro, CEO and Vice Chair,
          Consumer Technology Association and Kinsey Fabrizio,
          President, Consumer Technology Association.................    62
        Letter dated September 16, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon
          Maria Cantwell from Scott Corley, Executive Director, The
          Task Force on American Innovation..........................    62
        Letter dated April 29, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria
          Cantwell from Michael Robbins, President and CEO,
          Association for Uncrewed Vehicle Systems International
          (AUVSI)....................................................    63
        Letter dated September 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.
          Maria Cantwell from Cade Clark, Chief Government Affairs
          Officer, Vertical Aviation International...................    64
        Letter dated September 15, 2025 to Senator Ted Cruz and
          Senator Maria Cantwell from Ed Bolen, President and CEO,
          National Business Aviation Association.....................    65
        Letter dated September 17, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon.
          Maria Cantwell from Ross Nodurft, Executive Director,
          Alliance for Digital Innovation............................    66
    Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................    51
    Statement of Senator Young.......................................    54
    Statement of Senator Peters......................................    55

                                   Witnesses

    Michael Graham, Nominee to be a Member, National Transportation
      Safety Board...................................................     3
        Prepared statement...........................................     5
        Biographical information.....................................     5
    Dr. Ethan A. Klein, Nominee for Associate Director, Office of
      Science and Technology Policy..................................    18
        Prepared statement...........................................    19
        Biographical information.....................................    21
    Joyce Meyer, Nominee for Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic
      Affairs, U.S. Department of Commerce...........................    30
        Prepared statement...........................................    31
        Biographical information.....................................    32

                                    Appendix

    Response to written questions submitted to Michael Graham by:
        Hon. Ted Cruz................................................    67
        Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................    68
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................    68
        Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................    72
        Hon. Jacky Rosen.............................................    72
        Hon. Ben Ray Lujan...........................................    73
        Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................    74
        Hon. John Fetterman..........................................    74
    Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Ethan A. Klein by:
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................    75
        Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................    78
        Hon. Ben Ray Lujan...........................................    78
        Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................    79
        Hon. John Fetterman..........................................    80
    Response to written questions submitted to Joyce Meyer by:
        Hon. Eric Schmitt............................................    80
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................    81
        Hon. Gary Peters.............................................    82
        Hon. Jacky Rosen.............................................    83
        Hon. Ben Ray Lujan...........................................    84
        Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................    84
        Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................    85

                           NOMINATION TO THE NATIONAL
                          TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD,
                           THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND
                           TECHNOLOGY POLICY, AND THE
                          U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

                                  ----------

                         WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 2025

                                           U.S. Senate,
            Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:15 a.m., in
    room SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman of the Committee, presiding.
        Present: Senators Cruz [presiding], Thune, Wicker, Fischer,
    Moran, Sullivan, Blackburn, Young, Budd, Moreno, Sheehy,
    Cantwell, Peters, and Rosen.

                  OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TED CRUZ,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS

        The Chairman. We are going to start this morning's
    nomination hearing. And when we have a quorum present, we will
    recess the hearing and move to voting out the nominees, but we
    will go ahead and start the hearing while we are waiting for
    other members to pull out of other committees that are meeting
    simultaneously.
        And as soon as we get a quorum, we will suspend. We now
    turn to this morning nomination hearing. With us are Michael
    Graham, nominee for Member of the National Transportation
    Safety Board; Ethan Klein, nominee for Associate Director of
    the Office of Science Technology Policy and U.S. Chief
    Technology Officer; and Joyce Meyer, nominee for Under
    Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs.
        Mr. Graham is a safety professional and aviator who began
    his career in the Navy flying combat missions in Operation
    Desert Storm. After nearly a decade of military service, he
    worked at Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and then at Textron
    Aviation, the manufacturer of the Cessna aircraft.
        Mr. Graham oversaw the safety, security, and
    standardization of all flight operations at Textron. Since
    January 2020, he has served as a Board Member on the NTSB,
    actively participating in onsite investigations, analyzing and
    approving reports, and spearheading initiatives to improve
    safety across the transportation sector. Our next nominee,
    Ethan Klein, will serve as U.S. Chief Technology Officer within
    OSTP.
        In this role, Mr. Klein will help oversee tech policy for
    the administration and promote development in emerging fields
    like artificial intelligence. We know Beijing is marshaling its
    state resources to become the global leader in AI by 2030.
    America must not fall behind.
        I was very encouraged by the administration's AI Action
    Plan, which OSTP helped to author, and I am confident that Mr.
    Klein will be a key player in this new era of geopolitical
    competition. An MIT-educated nuclear scientist, Mr. Klein
    served in OSTP during the first Trump administration as a
    policy advisor to now Director Michael Kratsios. He helped
    draft Executive Orders on artificial intelligence, drones, and
    biotechnology.
        And now, beyond advancing frontier research and
    development, he will drive the transfer of technology from lab
    to market not through the heavy hand of the state, as China is
    doing, but in the American way, through free enterprise.
    Finally, we have Joyce Meyer, whose decades of fiscal and
    administrative experience prepare her to oversee the census as
    Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs.
        On Capitol Hill, she served as a longtime aide to former
    Speaker of the House and noted fiscal wonk, Paul Ryan. In the
    first Trump administration, she served as the Deputy Assistant
    to the President for Legislative Affairs.
        And now, she is a Senior Advisor at the Commerce
    Department, currently detailed to the White House. Ms. Meyer,
    who holds an MBA from Georgetown, will be a steady economic
    hand amid potential changes in markets.
        I look forward to hearing from her and all of our nominees
    today. I will now turn to Ranking Member Cantwell.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON

        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Graham, Dr.
    Klein, Ms. Myers, thank you for being here. Congratulations on
    your nominations, or renominations in one case. And thank you
    your willingness to serve.
        Mr. Graham, you have been renominated to a 5-year term of
    the NTSB, which plays a vital role in investigating group
    causes of some of the most devastating transportation accidents
    in our country and identifying key areas of improvement.
        This includes disasters like the East Palestine derailment,
    which Mr. Graham deployed as the lead investigator. The NTSB
    has made 34 recommendations in response to that derailment.
    Over a year has passed since that report came out, and yet most
    of the recommendations still remain open.
        So I hope this is a moment where we can talk about some of
    those, and the Committee can work together to address those
    recommendations in a reauthorization bill. The NTSB is
    critically important in investigating the tragic midair
    collision in DCA airspace that killed 67 people in January, but
    this wasn't an isolated incident.
        The NTSB found over 15,000 near miss incidents between
    commercial aircraft and helicopters in the three years leading
    up to the crash, and controllers warned that the FAA helicopter
    routes were dangerous, but that information was dismissed by
    the agency--the FAA.
        Meanwhile, the Army has been operating 100 percent of its
    missions with ADS-B Out not transmitting. These weren't unknown
    risks. They were ignored warnings that cost lives. So Mr.
    Graham, as someone who participated in that NTSB investigation
    of the tragedy, I look forward to asking your assessment about
    the fundamental changes we need at the FAA to prevent future
    tragedies.
        I also want to point out that you were renominated one
    month after President Trump illegally fired Vice Chair Alvin
    Brown, one in a series of illegal firings across multiple
    independent boards and commissions, including most recently
    Democratic Member of the Surface Transportation Act.
        You were nominated--Mr. Klein, you were nominated to be
    Associate Director of the White House Office of Science and
    Technology and the next U.S. Chief Technology Officer. If
    confirmed, you would play a key role in executing the Nation's
    science and technology agenda, including collecting--our
    collective efforts to ensure that the United States maintains
    its leadership in AI.
        No doubt AI will change our world, but there are lots of
    areas in which the Federal Government should play a role,
    education, training in AI, and promoting American leadership,
    while also protecting consumers and children from harm.
        To be clear, I do support a Federal preemption bill, but
    only when it is paired with the appropriate Federal framework,
    which includes solid guardrails to ensure that America is the
    leader in setting AI standards and rules of the road. I look
    forward to hearing from you on those priorities and other OSTP
    priorities.
        Finally, Ms. Meyer, if confirmed, you will be the Under
    Secretary for Economic Affairs at the Department of Commerce,
    and you will be responsible for overseeing the Bureau of
    Economic Analysis. Some of the most important economic data and
    statistics that our Government produces, including GDP
    estimates and international trade deficits.
        American businesses across every industry, from housing to
    retail, to technology, to manufacturing depend on those
    accurate statistical information from the Federal Government
    that is free from political influence. Without it, businesses
    find themselves flying blind and unable to invest with
    confidence.
        So everybody, I believe, should agree on economic
    statistical agency's ability to produce that data free from
    political influence. So, I hope you will agree with that, and
    plan to ask you questions about that and your general plans for
    the integrity of economic data and what we need to do to
    continue to move forward collectively on America's commerce
    agenda.
        So, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I look forward to hearing from
    our nominees.
        The Chairman. Thank you. And we will now take the opening
    statements from the witnesses. We will start with Mr. Graham.

     STATEMENT OF MICHAEL GRAHAM, NOMINEE TO BE A MEMBER, NATIONAL
                      TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

        Mr. Graham. Thank you. Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member
    Cantwell, and members of the Committee, thank you for the
    opportunity to appear before you as I seek confirmation for
    another term as a Board Member of the National Transportation
    Safety Board, NTSB.
        I am deeply honored by President Trump's nomination, and I
    am grateful for the support and partnership this committee has
    provided both to me and to the NTSB throughout my service. I
    would like to begin by recognizing the people whose love and
    support have made it possible for me to be here today. My wife
    of more than 36 years, Lori, is here with me.
        Watching online are our sons, Matthew and Zachary, along
    with their spouses, Karinne and Crystal, and our grandson,
    Everett. I am also joined by my incredible staff, Anne Kerins
    and Brian Arata. I am truly blessed with the best family and
    support system anyone could hope for.
        Having served my country as a naval aviator for nearly a
    decade, and more recently as a Member of the Board for the past
    five and a half years, I know there is no greater privilege
    than public service. At the NTSB, that privilege also carries a
    profound responsibility of protecting the traveling public
    across every mode of transportation.
        Although I spent more than three decades in aviation before
    joining the Board, I have found that many of the same safety
    principles that guided me as an aviator apply across every mode
    of transportation.
        During my time at the NTSB, I have developed a simple
    mantra, respect the unexpected. I believe this should be a
    guiding principle for any organization, but especially for
    those entrusted with transportation safety. We cannot predict
    every outcome in transportation. Flight crews do not expect a
    door plug to separate mid-flight.
        Rail workers do not expect a train to approach at high
    speed while they are working on the track. Communities do not
    expect hazardous materials from a train derailment to be
    released into the air. And tragically, no one expects a
    helicopter to be at the same altitude as a commercial jet on
    final approach into one of the busiest airports in the country.
    Respecting the unexpected means putting systems in place that
    anticipate a wide range of scenarios and prevent tragedies
    before they occur.
        When done right, these systems empower people at every
    level of an organization to speak up, report hazards without
    fear of retaliation, and even stop operations until risks are
    addressed. Our goal is always zero accidents and zero
    fatalities, but the reality is that safety depends on
    recognizing risk and managing it responsibly.
        If confirmed, I will continue to be guided by that
    principle as I work with industry, Government, and communities
    to evaluate new technologies, advance best practices, and
    strengthen our Nation's safety record across every mode of
    transportation. I am proud of the NTSB's work and reputation,
    and if confirmed, I look forward to helping build upon both.
        Thank you again Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and
    members of the Committee for this opportunity to appear before
    you. I welcome your questions and hope to earn your continued
    trust and support in serving the American people at the NTSB.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
    Graham follow:]

          Prepared Statement of Hon. Michael E. Graham, Board Member,
                      National Transportation Safety Board
        Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the
    Committee:

        Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you as I seek
    confirmation for another term as a Board Member of the National
    Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). I am deeply honored by President
    Trump's nomination, and I am grateful for the support and partnership
    this Committee has provided both to me and to the NTSB throughout my
    service.
        I would like to begin by recognizing the people whose love and
    support have made it possible for me to be here today. My wife of more
    than 36 years, Lori, is here with me. Watching online are our sons,
    Matthew, and Zachary, along with their spouses, Karinne and Crystal,
    and our grandson, Everett. I am also joined by my incredible staff,
    Anne Kerins and Brian Arata. I am truly blessed with the best family
    and support system anyone could hope for.
        Having served my country as a Naval aviator for nearly a decade
    and, more recently, as a Member of the Board for the past five years, I
    know there is no greater privilege than public service. At the NTSB,
    that privilege also carries the profound responsibility of protecting
    the traveling public across every mode of transportation.
        I appear today on my own behalf as a nominee, and not as a
    spokesperson for the full Board. The NTSB's time-tested, data-driven
    processes have earned global respect, and for that reason I may be
    limited in what I can say regarding active investigations.
        Although I spent more than three decades in aviation before joining
    the Board, I have found that many of the same safety principles that
    guided me as an aviator apply across every mode of transportation.
    During my time at the NTSB, I have developed a simple mantra: respect
    the unexpected. I believe this should be a guiding principle for any
    organization, but especially for those entrusted with transportation
    safety.
        We cannot predict every outcome in transportation. Flight crews do
    not expect a door plug to separate mid-flight. Rail workers do not
    expect a train to approach at high speed while they are working on the
    track. Communities do not expect hazardous materials from a train
    derailment to be released into the air. And, tragically, no one expects
    a helicopter to be at the same altitude as a commercial jet on final
    approach into one of the busiest airports in the country.
        Respecting the unexpected means putting systems in place that
    anticipate a wide range of scenarios and prevent tragedies before they
    occur. When done right, these systems empower people at every level of
    an organization to speak up, report hazards without fear of
    retaliation, and even stop operations until risks are addressed.
        Our goal is always zero accidents and zero fatalities. But the
    reality is that safety depends on recognizing risk and managing it
    responsibly. If confirmed, I will continue to be guided by that
    principle as I work with industry, government, and communities to
    evaluate new technologies, advance best practices, and strengthen our
    Nation's safety record across every mode of transportation.
        I am proud of the NTSB's work and reputation, and, if confirmed, I
    look forward to helping build upon both.
        Thank you again, Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and
    Members of the Committee, for the opportunity to appear before you. I
    welcome your questions and hope to earn your continued trust and
    support in serving the American people at the NTSB.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Michael
    ``Mike'' Edward Graham.
        2. Position to which nominated: Board Member, National
    Transportation Safety Board.
        3. Date of Nomination: June 16, 2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, D.C. 20594.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: August 21, 1963: Albuquerque, NM.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Spouse: Lori Priddy Graham; Membership Director, National
            Federation of Republican Women.
            Son: Matthew Thomas Graham (34 years old), Son: Zachary John
            Graham (32 years old).

        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

            University of New Mexico, 8/1981-5/1986, BSME, May 18, 1986.

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            (a) Naval Aviator/Fleet Pilot--F/A-18, A-7E/Flight Instructor
            F/A-18--U.S. Navy; NAS Lemoore, CA, NAS Beeville, TX, NAS
            Whiting Field, FL, & NAS Pensacola, FL; 1986-1995; Division
            Leader, Training Officer, Avionics/Armament Division Officer,
            Naval Air Training and Operation Procedures Standardization
            (NATOPS) Evaluator, Navy Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA)
            Officer, Assistant Safety Officer, Scheduling Officer, Drug and
            Alcohol Program Manager, Communication Security (COMSEC)
            Officer.

            (b) F/A-18 Aircrew Instructor/Subject Matter Expert--Boeing/
            McDonnell Douglas; St. Louis, MO; 1995-1997; Integration
            Engineer and Operational Analyst.

            (c) Director, Flight Operations Safety, Security &
            Standardization--Textron Aviation, Inc. (Cessna/Hawker/
            Beechcraft); Wichita, KS; 1997-2019; Demonstration/
            Transportation/Production Flight Test & Delivery Pilot,
            Oversees Managers of Air Safety Investigation, Airport
            Operation and Control Tower, Training Supervisor.

            (d) Board Member, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB):
            Washington, D.C.: 2020-2025.

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        See Attachment 1.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age. None.
        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution.

            (a) Air Charter Safety Foundation: Chairman July 2018-2019,
            Vice Chairman July 2017-July 2018, Board of Governors 2013-
            2019.

            (b) National Business Aviation Association Safety Committee,
            Single Pilot Safety Working Group Lead, 2015-2019.

            (c) General Aviation--Information Analysis Team, 2017-2019.

        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.

            (a) Air Charter Safety Foundation, 2012-2019, Chairman, Vice
            Chairman, Member

            (b) National Business Aviation Association Safety Committee,
            2012-2019, Single Pilot Safety Working Group Chairman, Member

            (c) General Aviation--Information Analysis Team, 2017-2019,
            Member

            (d) Faith Church Kingstowne, 2021 to present, Member

            (e) Westwood Presbyterian Church, 2015-2019, Member

            (f) Eastminster Presbyterian Church, 2001-2015, Member

            (g) Ninnescah Sailing Association, 2004-2009, Member and Junior
            Sailing Chair

            (h) Republican Precinct Committeeman, 2018-2019, Kansas
            Precinct 514

            (i) American Legion Post 4 Wichita, KS, 2017 to present, Member

            (j) Sons of the American Revolution, DC Society, 2022 to
            present, Member

        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt.

            National Transportation Safety Board Member--No debt
            Republican Precinct Committeeman--No debt.

        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.

            National Transportation Safety Board Member, 2020 to present
            Republican Precinct Committeeman, 2018-March 2019, Precinct 514
            Wichita, Sedgwick County, KS

        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.
        No donations over $200.
        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.

    (a) U.S. Navy (1986-1995)
      a.  Navy Achievement Medal for OSHA Safety Program
      b.  Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation
      c.  Southwest Asia Service Medal w/Bronze Star
      d.  National Defense Service Medal
      e.  Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
      f.  Battle ``E'' Award
      g.  Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (2nd Award)
      h.  Top Eleven Award (Air Wing 11) for best landing grades on USS
            Abraham Lincoln (2 Awards), 1991

    (b) McDonnell Douglas
      a.  Quality Achievement Award, McDonnell Douglas, 1997

    (c) Cessna Aircraft Company Leading Edge Award (3 Awards), Cessna
    Aircraft Company, 2001, 2005, 2006.

    (d) Boy Scouts of America, District Award of Merit, White Buffalo
    District, 2008

    (e) Flight Safety Foundation, Business Aviation Meritorious Service
    Award, 2019

    (f) 5GAA Automotive Association, Special Recognition for Outstanding
    Contribution to C-V2X Deployment, 2025.

        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available.
        Blogs and Podcasts by NTSB Board Member Michael Graham

       Collision-Avoidance Technologies Can Improve Safety for Teen
            Drivers

       NTSB Video Series Highlights Safety Benefits of Connected-
            Vehicle Technology, Raises Concern about Future of V2X

       Paying Passengers Deserve Safety on All Flights

       Improve Pipeline Leak Detection and Mitigation

       It's Time to Require Collision-Avoidance and Connected-
            Vehicle Technologies on all Vehicles

       Episode 35: School Transportation Safety

       Episode 31: Member Michael Graham

       Incentivizing Implementation of Collision Avoidance
            Technology through NCAP

        Michael Graham | NTSB Safety Compass Blog

        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.
        As an NTSB Board Member, I have performed many speeches and
    presentations as part of my duties since January 2020. Below is a link
    to the NTSB website and my speeches and presentations:
        Michael Graham
        Presentations prior to becoming an NTSB Board Member:

            2019 Air Charter Safety Symposium, March 12, 2019, NTSB
            Training Center, Ashburn, VA, ``ACSF Year-in-Review &
            Challenges Ahead''.

            National Business Aviation Association--Business Aviation
            Convention & Exhibition (NBAA-BACE) Single Pilot Safety
            Standdown, October 15, 2018, Orlando, FL, ``Moving from Safety
            Awareness to Safety Performance: Balancing Business and Flying
            Priorities'', Panel Moderator and Presenter.

            FAA InfoShare, September 20, 2018, New Orleans, LA, ``Aviation
            Safety Action Program (ASAP) Reported Wake Turbulence Event.''

            2018 Air Charter Safety Symposium, March 13, 2018, NTSB
            Training Center, Ashburn, VA, ``Aviation Safety Action Program
            (ASAP) Panel Discussion''.

            FAA InfoShare, March 22, 2013, Baltimore, MD, ``Flying in/out
            of an Uncontrolled Airport''.

            Twin Cessna Flyers Fly-In Convention, Tucson, AZ, May 18, 2017,
            ``Single Pilot Accident Data and Safety Issues''.

            FAA InfoShare, April 20, 2017, Pittsburg, PA, ``Aviation Safety
            Action Program (ASAP) at an Original Equipment Manufacturer
            (OEM)''.

            2017 Air Charter Safety Symposium, March 7, 2017, NTSB Training
            Center, Ashburn, VA, ``Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) at
            an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)''

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available.
        As an NTSB Board Member, I actively participate in formal Board
    meetings where final accident investigation reports are discussed and
    adopted, or where critical evidence is reviewed in support of ongoing
    investigations. I also frequently take part in safety advocacy events--
    many of which are hosted or sponsored by the NTSB--often serving as the
    lead representative or event host.
        In addition, I have recorded multiple public service announcements
    to promote the NTSB's key safety priorities. When deploying with the
    NTSB ``Go Team'' to the scene of a major transportation accident, a
    vital part of my role is to serve as the agency's spokesperson,
    conducting media briefings during the initial stages of the
    investigation.
        Many of these appearances are recorded and made publicly available
    on the NTSB's official YouTube channel:

            NTSBgov--YouTube

        Following these appearances, Board Members are often quoted in
    print, radio, and television coverage--especially during the early
    stages of major investigations. Due to the volume and widespread nature
    of this media coverage, it is not feasible to provide a comprehensive
    list of all instances in which I have been quoted or featured.
        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.

            LinkedIn: Mike Graham, Active,
                    https://www.linkedin.com/in/mike-graham-3a2918146/

            Facebook: Mike Graham, Dormant,
                    https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100011424901210

            X: @MikeGrahamNTSB, Active

            Twitter: Mike Graham@0989295, Dormant,
                    https://twitter.com/gra0989295

            Strava: Mike Graham, Active.

            DailyMile: Mike G., Deleted,
                    http://www.dailymile.com/people/citationdude#ref=tophd

        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony.

            NTSB Board Member confirmation hearing, Senate Commerce,
            Science and Transportation Committee, July 24, 2019.

        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        From the start of my U.S. Navy career, when I took the Uniformed
    Services Oath of Office, I have been committed to public service and
    giving back to this great country. If confirmed, it would be an honor
    and privilege to continue serving my country as a Board Member of the
    NTSB.
        The NTSB's mission is unique among Federal agencies. Its
    independence, investigative integrity, and focus on safety advocacy
    closely align with the roles I have held throughout my career. Like the
    NTSB, I have worked across departments and leadership levels to assess
    operational risks, make safety and policy recommendations, raise
    awareness, and promote collaboration across organizations and
    industries. Many of these roles required me to report independently--
    often directly to Federal agencies, including the NTSB--to ensure
    transparency and accountability.
        I have been involved with nearly every aspect of aviation
    throughout my career, and at each stage safety has been at the
    forefront of my mission. My mandate in the Navy, at Boeing/McDonnell
    Douglas, at Textron Aviation, and now at the NTSB has never changed--to
    respect the unexpected, manage the risks of operations, and reduce
    these risks to acceptable levels. As a current Board Member, I have
    been able to directly apply these principles to all modes of
    transportation that Congress has charged the NTSB with overseeing. For
    example, beyond aviation, I have championed connected vehicle
    technologies and worked to combat distracted driving, adding crucial
    layers of safety on our roadways. If confirmed, I will continue working
    with Congress on programs that advance these goals.
        Since I joined the NTSB in 2020, I have focused on the
    implementation of Safety Management Systems (SMS) across all modes of
    transportation. Given my dual experience as an Original Equipment
    Manufacturer within a large flight operation and as a military flight
    operations officer in the high-risk environment of an aircraft carrier,
    I have seen firsthand how an SMS is the most effective way of
    mitigating risk while maximizing resources. Given my involvement with
    and oversight of SMS throughout my professional career, this is just
    one of the many ways I have leveraged my experience and background to
    advance the NTSB's mission, and I would continue this focus if
    confirmed.
        I am not a lobbyist or an academic, I am an operator. My career has
    been rooted in managing risk, following the rules, and completing the
    mission. I lead by example and push organizations not just to meet
    minimum standards but to strive for world-class safety. I have worked
    within industry to drive meaningful, lasting safety improvements, and
    if confirmed, I will continue doing the same at the NTSB.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        Since joining the Board in 2020, I have been beyond impressed with
    the structure, order, and efficiency with which the staff of the NTSB
    operate. As you have seen in the Annual Reports to Congress, the agency
    stretches its resources well beyond its means to effectuate meaningful
    change across all modes of transportation. If confirmed, I will
    continue to abide by the legislative mandate of the NTSB and exercise
    appropriate controls, in coordination with the Chairman and other Board
    Members, to regularly evaluate and ensure the effectiveness and
    accountability of the agency. This includes being a good steward of the
    budget provided by Congress and meeting all requests and deadlines of
    Congressional committees.
        My management training and experience started early in my aviation
    career in the U.S. Navy. Besides being a Division Leader in Attack and
    Strike Fighter aircraft, I managed and led an avionics/armament
    division for a deployed fleet squadron on an aircraft carrier. I also
    served as Training Officer for the West Coast F/A-18 Fleet Replacement
    Squadron and Assistant Safety/OSHA Officer for over six hundred
    personnel.
        As a military contractor at Boeing/McDonnell Douglas, I helped lead
    a major avionics effort to deliver critical design changes for the new
    Strike Fighter F/A-18 E/F aircraft. I led the avionics integration
    effort as liaison between software engineers and the U.S. Navy Flight
    Test and Weapons School Community. The result was a quality product
    within price and on performance, while reducing schedule and technical
    risks to the production aircraft's software development.
        As Director of Flight Operations Safety, Security & Standardization
    at Textron Aviation, I was responsible for the safe and secure
    operations of all domestic and international flights conducted in
    support of the largest general aviation (GA) manufacturer in the world.
    During my time as Director, I successfully led the aviation safety,
    security, and standardization efforts in merging two iconic aircraft
    companies, Cessna and Beechcraft, into one company with nine separate
    and unique flight departments. I also directed the Safety Management
    System (SMS) for all flight operations which included several hundred
    personnel. In addition, I also oversaw two operating airports, a
    control tower, and one of the largest and most active aircraft accident
    air safety investigator department--second only to the NTSB.
        At Textron, I collaborated across the aviation industry to promote
    safety and awareness among single pilot operators, the charter industry
    and general aviation. As Chairman of the Single Pilot Safety Working
    Group of the National Business Aviation Association's Safety Committee,
    Chairman of the Air Charter Safety Foundation, and member of the
    General Aviation--Information Analysis Team (GA-IAT), I worked with
    other industry experts to reduce the accident rate of single pilot,
    charter and GA operators, providing best practices, awareness,
    training, tools and resources for these operators.
        Now, as a current Board Member of the NTSB, I have worked with
    hundreds of agency staff to help conduct our agency's mission. It is my
    responsibility as a Board Member to listen to the staff who are the
    experts in their respective fields, ask questions, and collaborate with
    them to ensure the NTSB retains its gold standard of safety
    investigations and analysis.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        It is no secret that it has been a difficult stretch for aviation
    safety in this country over the last 12-18 months. While many of these
    sobering cases highlight the continued need for the NTSB to fulfill
    each aspect of its Congressional mandate, there are also reasons for
    optimism such as declining roadway deaths that I believe show the
    opportunities that lie ahead for the agency to effectuate positive
    change.

                    (a) Mitigating Human Factors in All Modes of
                    Transportation.

        As the NTSB pursues investigations across all modes of
    transportation, one thread is consistently present--the influence of
    human factors. Unfortunately, human behavior is a major driver of
    transportation accidents across all modes. But unless NTSB understands
    why people do what they do, the agency cannot make proper
    recommendations to correct those behaviors.
        Transportation systems are built by humans, operated by humans, and
    maintained by humans. Consequently, human behavior, decision-making,
    and communication play central roles in nearly every accident the NTSB
    investigates. Analyzing human factors allows us to examine beyond the
    mechanical failures or environmental conditions and delve into
    cognitive, physiological, and social elements that may have
    contributed. Investigating human factors is not about assigning blame
    to individuals; rather, it is about recognizing systemic issues and
    identifying latent conditions that may compromise safety. Whether it's
    fatigue, distraction, training deficiencies, or flawed procedures,
    these insights help us craft safety recommendations that improve
    systems.
        Oftentimes, the most impactful safety changes come not from better
    equipment alone but from better understanding of how people interact
    with that equipment. In aviation, for instance, recognizing the limits
    of human-machine interaction has led to improved cockpit displays,
    better pilot training, and enhanced automation. In highway
    transportation, insights into distraction and cognitive workload have
    shaped vehicle interface standards and driver assistance technologies.
    Unfortunately, many of NTSB's investigations are not able to thoroughly
    analyze the physical, physiological, psychological, and psychosocial
    factors of those involved in the accident. Future investigations and
    reports should focus more time and effort on these human factors.
        As a former pilot myself, I view the integration of human factors
    as essential, not optional. The NTSB must continue to strengthen our
    investigative frameworks with robust human factors analysis, developing
    actionable recommendations that target real-world behaviors and
    conditions. Transportation safety is a shared responsibility, and
    understanding how human behavior impacts safety is at the core of that
    responsibility.

                    (b) Expanding Public-Private Partnership.

        The NTSB's unique party system, one of the best public-private
    partnerships that exists across government, allows it to leverage
    certain resources in private industry during the course of an
    investigation that would otherwise be difficult, expensive, or in some
    cases impossible to access with the agency's existing resources. While
    data and other evidence from major accidents are thoroughly and quickly
    analyzed, the vast majority of accidents NTSB investigates are not
    major but still require robust data analyses to help determine probable
    cause and inform our investigation.
        In recent years, the agency has improved its coordination with
    industry partners, as well as other agencies, to take advantage of
    technologies not otherwise available at NTSB labs to conduct these
    analyses. Unfortunately, significant limitations still exist, and data
    from Party Members is not always readily available or shared for a
    variety of reasons, including proprietary technology. It can also take
    a significant amount of time to redact sensitive information or conduct
    long-range qualitative or quantitative analyses of agency
    investigations, findings, recommendations, and reports.
        Many of the Party Members to an accident currently have the
    capability to download accident data on-site and the ability to start
    analyzing it immediately, but they are not always allowed to do this.
    Removing these barriers would help NTSB obtain the latest data,
    expedite investigations and safety alerts if appropriate, and improve
    macro analyses of trends across all modes of transportation. It also
    would give the Party Members the ability to address areas of concern in
    their products quicker and formulate fixes or warnings to the industry
    faster, helping to avert another accident in the same area.
        At a time when artificial intelligence and other technologies are
    rapidly advancing to reduce man hours in processing these types of
    requests, NTSB must continue to expand external relationships to remain
    at the forefront of rapid data gathering and analysis.

                    (c) Unmanned Systems.

        When I joined the Board in 2020, one of the NTSB's most pressing
    challenges was integrating unmanned vehicles into the broader
    transportation system. Today, the rapid emergence of unmanned passenger
    vehicles, aerial systems, trucks, and marine vessels is transforming
    transportation at an unprecedented pace. These technologies promise
    improved efficiency, greater access, and enhanced safety, but also
    introduce new risks to our transportation networks.
        Traditional safety oversight has focused on human performance,
    operational procedures, and physical infrastructure. In contrast,
    autonomous technologies rely heavily on algorithms, remote pilots, and
    artificial intelligence--often operating beyond the immediate control
    or awareness of those affected.
        A key challenge is the lack of standardized safety frameworks.
    Unmanned aerial systems, for example, vary widely in size, capability,
    and operational context. Safely integrating them into crowded national
    airspace demands clear flight path visibility, consistent communication
    protocols, and reliable collision avoidance. Similarly, autonomous
    vessels face challenges in situational awareness and collision
    avoidance in complex maritime environments. Self-driving vehicles raise
    concerns around system reliability, ethical decision-making, and cross-
    jurisdictional coordination.
        Human-machine interaction presents another critical issue. Even
    with semi-autonomous systems, human operators often remain confused
    about their roles. Public education, operator training, and interface
    design must evolve alongside technology.
        The NTSB must continue to rigorously investigate accidents
    involving unmanned systems, engage transparently with stakeholders, and
    issue evidence-based safety recommendations to build public trust in
    these emerging technologies.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.
        I have no financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements
    or other continuing dealings with business associates, clients or
    customers. I have a retirement account created by my former employer,
    Textron, Inc., which is a defined contribution plan. I will also
    continue to participate in Textron, Inc.'s defined benefit pension
    plan. Both plans are described in Part 3 of my Executive Branch
    Personnel Public Financial Disclosure report.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain. No.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and the NTSB's DAEO to identify
    potential conflicts of interest. These commitments constitute my ethics
    agreement as identified in the ethics regulations.
        Because I will continue to participate in Textron, Inc.'s defined
    benefit pension plan, I will not participate personally and
    substantially in any particular matter that to my knowledge has a
    direct and predictable effect on the ability or willingness of Textron,
    Inc. to provide this contractual benefit, unless I first obtain a
    written waiver, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 208(b)(1), or qualify for a
    regulatory exemption, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 208(b)(2).
        My spouse is employed by the National Federation of Republican
    Women in a position for which she receives a fixed annual salary. For
    as long as my spouse continues to work for the National Federation of
    Republican Women, I will not
        participate personally and substantially in any particular matter
    involving specific parties in which I know the National Federation of
    Republican Women is a party or represents a party, unless I am first
    authorized to participate, pursuant to 5 C.F.R. Sec. 2635.502(d).
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and the NTSB's DAEO to identify
    potential conflicts of interest. These commitments constitute my ethics
    agreement as identified in the ethics regulations. I am not aware of
    any other potential conflicts of interest.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Governmental Ethics and the NTSB's DAEO to identify
    potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest
    will be resolved in accordance with the terms of an ethics agreement
    that I have entered into with the NTSB's DAEO and that has been
    provided to this Committee. Pursuant to that agreement:

       As required by 18 U.S.C. Sec. 208(a), I will not participate
            personally and substantially in any particular matter in which
            I know that I have a financial interest directly and
            predictably affected by the matter, or in which I know that a
            person whose interests are imputed to me has a financial
            interest directly and predictably affected by the matter,
            unless I first obtain a written waiver, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
            Sec. 208(b)(1), or qualify for a regulatory exemption, pursuant
            to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 208(b)(2). I understand that the interests of
            the following persons are imputed to me: any spouse or minor
            child of mine; any general partner of a partnership in which I
            am a limited or general partner; any organization in which I
            serve as officer, director, trustee, general partner or
            employee; and any person or organization with which I am
            negotiating or have an arrangement concerning prospective
            employment.

       I participate in Textron, Inc.'s defined benefit plan.
            Because I will continue to participate in this entity's defined
            benefit pension plan, I will not participate personally and
            substantially in any particular matter that to my knowledge has
            a direct and predictable effect on the ability or willingness
            of Textron, Inc., to provide this contractual benefit, unless I
            first obtain a written waiver, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
            Sec. 208(b)(1), or qualify for a regulatory exemption, pursuant
            to 18 U.S.C. Sec. 208(b)(2).

       My spouse is employed by the National Federation of
            Republican Women in a position for which she receives a fixed
            annual salary. For as long as my spouse continues to work for
            the National Federation of Republican Women, I will not
            participate personally and substantially in any particular
            matter involving specific parties in which I know the National
            Federation of Republican Women is a party or represents a
            party, unless I am first authorized to participate, pursuant to
            5 C.F.R. Sec. 2635.502(d).

       If I have a managed account or otherwise use the services of
            an investment professional during my appointment, I will ensure
            that the account manager or investment professional obtains my
            prior approval on a case-by-case basis for the purchase of any
            assets other than cash, cash equivalents, investment funds that
            qualify for the exemption at 5 C.F.R. Sec. 2640.201(a),
            obligations of the United States, or municipal bonds.

       I will meet in person with the NTSB's DAEO or a member of
            the ethics office after my confirmation but no later than 15
            days after my appointment in order to complete the initial
            ethics briefing required under 5 C.F.R. Sec. 2638.305.

       Within 90 days of my confirmation, I will submit my
            Certification of Ethics Agreement Compliance which documents my
            compliance with this ethics agreement.

        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy. None.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or
            group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.

        No.
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain. No.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain. No.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination. None.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                     ______

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                                     ______

      Addendum to the questionnaire submitted to the Senate Committee on
    Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 119th Congress by Michael Edward
                                    Graham.
        Upon further review, I have identified additional items that are
    responsive to questions A12, Al 7, Al 9, and El on the Committee's
    questionnaire. They are:

         A.12

       (j) Sons of the American Revolution, DC Society, 2022--
            present, Member

            The Sons of the American Revolution honors our
                Revolutionary War patriot ancestors by promoting
                patriotism, serving our communities, and educating and
                inspiring future generations about the founding principles
                of our Country.

            National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution
                (NSSAR or SAR) was founded in 1889, is headquartered in
                Louisville, Kentucky, and is a Congressional Chartered
                Organization. SAR is a non-profit, non-partisan
                organization dedicated to promoting patriotism, preserving
                American history, and promoting education to our future
                generations. SAR members volunteer untold hours of service
                each year in their local communities. SAR is very active in
                assisting veterans. The organization proudly assist
                teachers with living history interpreters, lesson planning
                materials, and reenactment events for school aged youth to
                attend. SAR National Headquarters houses one of the
                Nation's premier genealogical libraries.

            As one of the largest male societies in the country,
                SAR boasts tens of thousands of active members in over 550
                chapters across the United States and internationally. Any
                male 18 years or older-regardless of race, religion, or
                ethnic background-who can prove blood lineal descent from a
                patriot of the American Revolution, is eligible for
                membership.

       I was a member of the Wichita Chapter of Team RWB before
            moving to DC to start my duties as a NTSB Board Member. When I
            moved to DC, I dissolved my local membership.

         A.17

       I have included all of my authored work during my time
            as a Board Member in my initial questionnaire response. In
            addition to those items, please see here for links to all of my
            presentations I have made during my time at the NTSB.
            Unfortunately, the agency does not have the capability or
            capacity to record all of these presentations, so many of these
            only include the presentation slides I used.

       Upon further review of my files, I did not identify any
            books, columns, letters to the editor, blog postings, or other
            publications that I authored prior to my time at the NTSB.

         A.19

       Unfortunately, the NTSB does not have the capacity or
            capability to track individual Board Members' statements that
            are quoted in the press, broadcast over the radio, or replayed
            on television or podcasts. Part of my duties as a Board Member
            involve launching on our ``Go Team,'' which typically involve
            high-profile accidents that are widely covered in the press, as
            detailed in my initial questionnaire response. Since I began at
            the Board, I have launched to the following accidents, with
            subsequent press coverage of each ensuing:

            Dallas, TX Mid Air Collision--November 2022

            East Palestine, OH Norfolk Southern Train Derailment--
                February 2023

            Halloran Springs, CA Airbus ECI30 Helicopter Crash--
                February 2024

            New York, NY Mexican Navy Vessel Striking Brooklyn
                Bridge--May 2025

       Additionally, I have made the following appearances on
            podcasts since I began at the agency:

            Pilot To Pilot (S: I, E:177)--July 6, 2021

            Behind-the-Scene @ NTSB (E:31)--April 30, 2020

       Below are news articles I have been quoted in outside of
            ``Go Team'' launches or NTSB Board Meetings and Hearings (which
            are all available on NTSB's YouTube channel) since I began at
            the NTSB:

            Aviation Week--August 29, 2025

            Aviation International News April 9. 2025

            Aviation International News--October 3, 2022

            National Business Aviation Association--September/
                October 2021

       Prior to my time at the NTSB, I could not locate in my
            files records of making any public statements, outside of my
            initial testimony before Congress before my confirmation in
            2019, related to this position.

        The Chairman. Thank you very much. Dr. Klein, you are
    recognized.

                    STATEMENT OF DR. ETHAN A. KLEIN,
                    NOMINEE FOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR,
                OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

        Mr. Klein. Good morning, and thank you, Chairman Cruz,
    Ranking Member Cantwell, and other members of this esteemed
    committee for the opportunity to appear before you this
    morning. It is the honor of my life to sit before this
    committee as President Donald J. Trump's nominee for Associate
    Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
        I would like to begin today by thanking the people without
    whom I would not be here today. To my parents, Steven and
    Shoshana, thank you for instilling in me a deep appreciation
    and respect for education and lifelong learning.
        To my twin sister, Dahlia, who will be starting as a
    Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago, thank you
    for setting the example of American scientific leadership we
    seek to preserve. And to the love of my life, my incredible
    wife, Jennifer, and her family, thank you for supporting me
    every step of this journey from Government service to academia
    and back again.
        I am the luckiest man in the world to have you as my life
    partner. To my friends and family, I love you all. And of
    course, I must give thanks to my God. Our national science and
    technology ecosystem is the engine that has driven America to
    become the most innovative nation in the world, built on the
    bedrock of academia, industry, and Government working together
    in tandem.
        I am blessed to have worked across all three of these
    pillars, giving me a comprehensive perspective on how to fine
    tune their interactions to maximize impact. In the first Trump
    administration, I served as a Policy Advisor at OSTP, leading
    emerging technology initiatives in artificial intelligence,
    unmanned aircraft systems, and agricultural biotechnology. I
    witnessed the role that Government can play in laying the
    foundations of the technological revolutions defining our
    times.
        My academic journey began in the public schools of South
    Jersey and brought me to the laboratories of MIT to study
    chemistry and physics as an undergrad and nuclear engineering
    for my PhD. During my graduate work, I explored new frontiers
    of nuclear technology in collaboration with our national
    laboratories.
        Later, as an MBA student at Stanford, I saw firsthand how
    the co-location of capital and talent in Silicon Valley created
    an unparalleled innovation ecosystem. Across my roles,
    including in financial advisory and at a deep tech incubator, I
    have engaged with hundreds of technology companies, spanning
    hyperscalers to university spinouts, guiding them on how to
    engage more effectively with Government.
        OSTP will celebrate its 50th birthday in May, but the role
    of providing scientific and technical advice to the President
    is much older. Its precursor, the Office of Scientific Research
    and Development, led the Manhattan Project. And it was the
    President's Science Advisory Committee that recommended the
    creation of NASA, taking America to the Moon and victory in the
    space race.
        Today, OSTP can lead America to victory in next race to
    achieve global dominance in AI and other critical and emerging
    technologies. In a letter to OSTP Director Michael Kratsios
    earlier this year, President Trump laid out three charges for
    the office: to secure our position as the unrivaled world
    leader in critical and emerging tech, to revitalize America's
    science and technology enterprise, and to ensure that
    scientific progress and technological innovation fuel economic
    growth and better the lives of all Americans.
        Under Director Kratsios' leadership, OSTP has already taken
    significant actions to answer that charge, authoring America's
    AI Action Plan and drafting and working to assist in issuing
    Executive Orders to promote AI, accelerate nuclear energy, and
    spur advanced aviation. While much has been done, there is yet
    much to do.
        If confirmed, my mission will be to continue implementation
    of those actions and to drive new efforts aimed at removing
    unnecessary barriers to innovation, leading national science
    and technology efforts across the ecosystem, and establishing
    new models for public-private partnerships. To meet today's
    challenges, OSTP must focus further on national tech policy,
    modernizing its models for Government to partner with academia
    and the private sector, which now leads a growing share of
    technological development. That requires a forward-leaning
    approach to public-private collaboration that reflects the
    realities of 21st century innovation.
        Furthermore, technology now cuts across every domain of
    Government. Consequently, OSTP must more fully engage across
    the policymaking, operational, and implementation arms of the
    Federal Government. In addition to coordinating interagency R&D
    efforts, OSTP actions should further synchronize with national
    efforts in workforce development, infrastructure,
    manufacturing, and supply chains.
        Emerging technologies promise to expand economic
    opportunity, improve public health, and enhance national
    security. Yet in policy discussions about their governance,
    discourse has at times leaned too far toward restraint, slowing
    the pace of progress.
        As a technologist, I remain fundamentally hopeful that
    technology can improve American lives and further our Nation's
    flourishing. Thank you for your consideration, and I look
    forward to answering your questions.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
    Klein follow:]

        Prepared Statement of Dr. Ethan A. Klein, Nominee for Associate
               Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy
        Good morning and thank you, Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell,
    and other members of this esteemed committee for the opportunity to
    appear before you this morning.
        It is the honor of my life to sit before this committee as
    President Donald J. Trump's nominee for Associate Director of the
    Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).
        I would like to begin by thanking the people without whom I would
    not be here today. To my parents, Steven and Shoshana, thank you for
    instilling in me a deep appreciation and respect for education and
    lifelong learning. To my twin sister, Dahlia, who will be starting as a
    professor of physics at the University of Chicago, thank you for
    setting the example of American scientific leadership we seek to
    preserve. And to the love of my life, my incredible wife, Jennifer, and
    her family, thank you for supporting me every step of this journey,
    from government service to academia and back again. I am the luckiest
    man in the world to have you as my life partner. To my friends and
    family--I love you all. And of course, I must give thanks to my G-d.
        Our national science and technology ecosystem is the engine that
    has driven America to become the most innovative nation in the world,
    built on the bedrock of academia, industry, and government working in
    tandem. I am blessed to have worked across all three of these pillars,
    giving me a comprehensive perspective on how to fine-tune their
    interactions to maximize impact.
        In the first Trump Administration, I served as a policy advisor in
    OSTP, leading emerging technology initiatives in artificial
    intelligence, unmanned aircraft systems, and agricultural
    biotechnology. I witnessed the role the government can play in laying
    the foundations of the technological revolutions defining our times.
        My academic journey began in the public schools of South Jersey and
    brought me to the laboratories of MIT to study chemistry and physics as
    an undergraduate, and nuclear engineering for my Ph.D. During my
    graduate work, I explored new frontiers of nuclear technology in
    collaboration with our national laboratories.
        Later, as an MBA student at Stanford, I saw firsthand how the co-
    location of capital and talent in Silicon Valley created an
    unparalleled innovation ecosystem. Across my roles, including in
    financial advisory and at a deep-tech incubator, I've engaged with
    hundreds of technology companies, spanning hyperscalers to university
    spin-outs, guiding them on how to engage more effectively with
    government.
        OSTP will celebrate its 50th birthday in May, but the role of
    providing scientific and technical advice to the President is much
    older. Its precursor, the Office of Scientific Research and
    Development, led the Manhattan Project. And it was the President's
    Science Advisory Committee that recommended the creation of NASA,
    taking America to the Moon and victory in the Space Race. Today, OSTP
    can lead America to victory in the next race: to achieve global
    dominance in AI and other critical and emerging technologies.
        In a letter to OSTP Director Michael Kratsios earlier this year,
    President Trump laid out three charges for the office: (i) to secure
    our position as the unrivaled world leader in critical and emerging
    technologies; (ii) to revitalize America's science and technology
    enterprise; and (iii) to ensure that scientific progress and
    technological innovation fuel economic growth and better the lives of
    all Americans. Under Director Kratsios' leadership, OSTP has already
    taken significant actions to answer that charge: authoring America's AI
    Action Plan and assisting the President with issuing executive orders
    to promote artificial intelligence, accelerate nuclear energy, and spur
    advanced aviation.
        While much has been done, there is yet much to do. If confirmed, my
    mission will be to continue implementation of those actions and to
    drive new efforts aimed at removing unnecessary barriers to innovation,
    leading national science and technology efforts across the ecosystem,
    and establishing new models for public-private partnerships.
        To meet today's challenges, OSTP must focus further on national
    technology policy, modernizing its models for government to partner
    with academia and the private sector, which now leads a growing share
    of technological development. That requires a forward-leaning approach
    to public-private collaboration that reflects the realities of 21st
    century innovation.
        Furthermore, technology now cuts across every domain of government.
    Consequently, OSTP must more fully engage across the policymaking,
    operational, and implementation arms of the Federal Government. In
    addition to coordinating interagency R&D efforts, OSTP actions should
    further synchronize with national efforts in workforce development,
    infrastructure, manufacturing, and supply chains.
        Emerging technologies promise to expand economic opportunity,
    improve public health, and enhance national security. Yet in policy
    discussions about their governance, discourse has at times leaned too
    far toward restraint, slowing the pace of progress. As a technologist,
    I remain fundamentally hopeful that technology can improve American
    lives and further our Nation's flourishing.
        Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to answering
    your questions.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Ethan Avram
    Klein.
        2. Position to which nominated: Associate Director for Technology,
    Office of Science and Technology Policy.
        3. Date of Nomination: March 10, 2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: Information not provided.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: Philadelphia, PA, USA.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Jennifer Lily Horowitz Klein, Senior Manager, Operations &
            Strategy Maxar Technologies, Inc.

        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

            Massachusetts Institute of Technology
            S.B. Chemistry & Physics (awarded June 2015)
            Attended 08/2011-06/2015

            Massachusetts Institute of Technology
            Ph.D. Nuclear Science & Engineering (awarded September 2023)
            Graduate Certificate in Technical Leadership (awarded May 2022)
            Attended 09/2018-06/2023

            Stanford University
            MBA (expected June 2025)
            Attended 09/2023-06/2025

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            Science and Technology Policy Fellow, IDA Science and
            Technology Policy Institute, 8/2015-5/2017

            Policy Advisor for Emerging Technologies, White House Office of
            Science and Technology Policy, 5/2017-7/2018

            Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Nuclear Science and
            Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9/2018-8/
            2023

            Strategy Intern, Scale AI, 3/2021-1/2025

            Government Venture Fellow, The Engine, 11/2022-5/2023

            Summer Associate, Aerospace & Defense Group, Lazard, June 2024-
            August 2024

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        See Attachment #1.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age.

            Consultant, White House Office of Science and Technology
            Policy, 8/2018-1/2021

            Consultant, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for
            Research & Engineering, Department of Defense, 9/2020-1/2021

            Consultant, White House Office of Science and Technology
            Policy, 1/2025 to present

        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution. None.
        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.

            Delta Tau Delta Fraternity, Beta Nu Chapter
            Member, 2012-2015
            Philanthropy Chair, Alumni Chair; 2014-2015

            American Chemical Society (ACS)
            Student Member, 2012-2015

            Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
            Student Member, Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society, 2019-2023

            MIT Rowing Club
            Member, 2019-2023

            MIT Science Policy Review
            Communications Director, 2019-2020
            Chief Innovation Officer, 2020-2021

            MIT Graduate Student Council
            Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering Representative,
            2021-2022

            Stanford U.S.-Russia Forum
            Participant, Arms Control Working Group, 2019-2020
            Advisory Board Member, 2020-2021

            Stanford Young Professionals Nuclear Forum
            Member, 2020-2022

            Stanford Jewish Business Students Association
            Member, 2023-2025

            Stanford University Graduate School of Business Aerospace &
            Defense Club
            Vice President, 2024-2025

            Stanford DEFCON Tech & National Security Group
            Co-President, 2024-2025

        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt. No.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.

            Volunteer, Trump-Vance Transition, 9/2024-1/2025

        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years. None.
        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.

            National Merit Scholarship Finalist (2011)

            Fisher Prize, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute
            of Technology (2015)

            Science and Technology Policy Fellowship, Institute for Defense
            Analyses (2015-2017)

            J.D. Williams Student Paper Award, Institute of Nuclear
            Materials Management (2019)

            Arms Control Person(s) of the Year, Arms Control Association
            (2019)

            Nuclear Nonproliferation International Safeguards Fellow,
            National Nuclear Security Administration (2019-2023)

            Alpha Nu Sigma National Honor Society Inductee, American
            Nuclear Society (2020)

            Government Venture Fellow, The Engine (2022-2023)

            Defense Innovation Scholar, Stanford University Gordian Knot
            Center for National Security Innovation (2024)

        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available.

            ``A Buffer Gas Cooled Molecular Beam Apparatus for Chirped
            Pulse Millimeter Wave Spectroscopy.'' MIT SB Thesis. June 2015.
            https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/98781/921140858-
            MIT.pdf

            ``Direct Detection of Rydberg-Rydberg Millimeter-Wave
            Transitions in a Buffer Gas Cooled Molecular Beam.'' Chemical
            Physics Letters. November 1, 2015. https://
            www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S000926141500754X

            ``Examination of Plant Breeding at U.S. Academic Institutions
            and Private Companies in 2015.'' Institute for Defense
            Analyses. February 2016. https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/
            publications/e/ex/examination-of-plant-breeding-at-us-academic-
            institutions-and-private-companies-in-2015/p-5331.ashx

            ``Driving Safety & Innovation on American Roadways: An Updated
            Federal Policy on Auto Driving Systems.'' whitehouse.gov.
            September 12, 2017. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/
            articles/driving-safety-innovation-american-roadways-updated-
            federal-policy-auto-driving-systems/

            ``Technology Trends in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
            And Counter-UAS: A Five Year Outlook.'' Institute for Defense
            Analyses. November 1, 2017. https://www.ida.org/-/media/
            feature/publications/t/te/technology-trends-in-small-unmanned-
            aircraft-systems-suas-and-counter-uas-a-five-year-outlook/p-
            8823.ashx

            ``Epithermal Neutron Transmission Imaging for Nuclear Security
            Applications.'' Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the
            Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. July 14-18, 2019.
            https://resources.inmm.org/annual-meeting-proceedings/
            epithermal-neutron-transmission-imaging-nuclear-security-
            applications

            ``Feasibility Study of a Compact Neutron Resonance Transmission
            Analysis Instrument.'' AIP Advances. January 28, 2020. https://
            pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/10/1/015051/1076482

            ``Nuclear Arms Control in an Evolving World: Evaluating the
            Effects of Emerging Technologies on Strategic Stability.''
            Stanford U.S.-Russia Forum Journal. June 26, 2020. https://
            ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/surfj/article/view/1727/1337

            ``Epithermal Neutron Resonance Analysis Using a Compact DT
            Generator.'' Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the
            Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. July 12-16, 2020.
            https://resources.inmm.org/annual-meeting-proceedings/
            epithermal-neutron-resonance-analysis-using-compact-dt-
            generator

            ``Our Remaining Options for Preventing a Nuclear Iran.'' MIT
            Science Policy Review. December 21, 2020. https://
            sciencepolicyreview.org/2020/12/our-remaining-options-for-
            preventing-a-nuclear-iran/

            ``Neutron-Resonance Transmission Analysis with a Compact
            Deuterium-Tritium Neutron Generator.'' Physical Review Applied.
            May 13, 2021. https://journals.aps.org/prapplied/abstract/
            10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.054026

            ``An Interview with the Hon. Chris Fall: On Fostering
            Innovation in Federal Research & Development.'' MIT Science
            Policy Review. August 30, 2021. https://
            sciencepolicyreview.org/2021/08/chris-falll-fostering-
            innovation-federal-research/

            ``Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA) for Nuclear
            Fuel Characterization Using a Portable DT Neutron Generator.''
            Proceedings of the INMM & ESARDA Joint Virtual Annual Meeting.
            September 1, 2021. https://resources
            .inmm.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/a114.pdf

            ``Additive Manufacturing of Multimaterial Composites for
            Radiation Shielding and Thermal Management.'' ACS Applied
            Materials & Interfaces. June 8, 2023. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/
            abs/10.1021/acsami.2c22478

            ``Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis of Nuclear Material
            Using a Portable D-T Neutron Generator.'' MIT PhD Thesis.
            September 2023. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/152884

            ``Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis Prototype System for
            Thorium Fuel Cycle Safeguards.'' Nuclear Instruments and
            Methods in Physics Research Section A. May 2024. https://
            www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016
            8900224000743

        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.

            ``Assessing the Role and Impact of Geospatial Data for Wildland
            Fire Management Decisions.'' 2016 American Geophysical Union
            Fall Meeting. December 14, 2016.

            Keynote Remarks. Commercial Drone Alliance Domestic Drone
            Security Summit. November 28, 2017.

            ``Incorporating Drones and Self Driving Vehicles into
            Communities.'' 2018 Consumer Electronics Show. January 10,
            2018.

            ``74 Years of Nuclear Disarmament and the Contribution of Youth
            beyond 2020'' Panel. United Nations Headquarters. January 24,
            2020. https://disarma
            ment.unoda.org/update/74-years-of-nuclear-disarmament-
            contribution-of-youth-beyond-2020

            ``Epithermal Neutron Resonance Imaging for Nuclear
            Disarmament.'' 2020 MIT Nuclear Science & Engineering Research
            Expo. March 2020. https://web.mit
            .edu/nse/news/2020/graduate-research-expo.html

            ``Neutrons for Nuclear Security: Using Portable Neutron
            Generators to Analyze Nuclear Material.'' 2021 MIT Nuclear
            Science & Engineering Research Expo. March 19, 2021. https://
            web.mit.edu/nse/news/2021/graduate-research-expo
            .html

            ``AI and Global Competitiveness'' Panel (moderator). 2024
            Stanford Conference on Tech + National Security. November 1,
            2023.

            ``The R&D Ecosystem for Critical Technologies'' Panel
            (moderator). 2025 Stanford Conference on Tech + National
            Security. October 9, 2024. https://www.stanforddefcon.org/
            program

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available.

            ``Portable technology offers boost for nuclear security, arms
            control.'' MIT News, June 10, 2021. https://news.mit.edu/2021/
            portable-technology-offers-boost-nuclear-security-arms-control-
            0610

        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.

            LinkedIn: ethan-a-klein (active), https://www.linkedin.com/in/
            ethan-a-klein/

            Instagram: eakleinstagram (active), https://www.instagram.com/
            eakleinstagram

            Facebook: ethanavramklein (deactivated)

            Twitter/X: realeaklein (deactivated)

        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony. Not Applicable.
        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        The Office of Science and Technology Policy plays a critically
    important role in advising the President on science and technology
    (S&T) matters and in coordinating S&T strategy across the Executive
    Branch. At a time when science and technology are central to nearly
    every dimension of national policy, from economic growth and public
    health to national defense and geostrategic competition, OSTP's role as
    a source of expert guidance and S&T policy coordination has never been
    more essential. Our country needs a U.S. Chief Technology Officer who
    has not only a strong technical background, but also an intimate
    understanding of OSTP's roles and functions, and how to make the office
    effective in practice. The role demands experience bridging academia,
    industry, and the national laboratories, and an appreciation for how
    these institutions interact to form the broader American S&T
    enterprise.
        I have had the privilege of working at the heart of the R&D
    ecosystem and believe I bring precisely the combination of experience,
    perspective, and institutional knowledge this role requires. I am
    exceedingly familiar with both the office of OSTP and the role of
    USCTO. After supporting OSTP for two years as a contractor, I served in
    OSTP for three and a half years as a policy advisor supporting the last
    USCTO. During that time, I advised on a broad portfolio of critical and
    emerging technologies and drafted numerous executive orders that were
    signed by the President.
        I was a lead author of EO 13859 ``Maintaining American Leadership
    in Artificial Intelligence,'' which increased Federal investment and
    resources for AI research and development, efforts which were codified
    into law as part of the National AI Initiative Act of 2020. I authored
    executive action establishing the FAA Unmanned Aircraft Systems
    Integration Pilot Program to increase innovative drone operations for
    commercial and public safety objectives across the country, which was
    expanded upon in the 2024 FAA Reauthorization. I also helped draft EO
    13874 ``Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural
    Biotechnology'' to increase public confidence in the biotech regulatory
    system and prevent unnecessary barriers to biotech innovation. Lastly,
    I led interagency policy development efforts on critical technologies
    like nuclear fusion, drafted guidance on Federal research and
    development budget priorities, and coordinated Presidential convenings
    on topics including ``American Leadership in Emerging Technologies''
    and ``AI for American Industry.''
        Within the government, I worked closely with my counterparts across
    the Executive Branch, Congress, and key stakeholders in industry and
    academia to advance national efforts in AI, unmanned systems,
    biotechnology, and nuclear fusion. Outside of government, I've worked
    closely with ``little tech,'' early-stage, deep technology companies
    which had spun out of research labs at leading universities and
    national labs to work at the frontier of science and engineering.
        I believe the role of Associate OSTP Director for Technology is not
    an IT position nor an R&D position, but rather requires a deep
    understanding of emerging technologies, manufacturing and industrial
    capabilities, supply chains, and the commercialization pipeline that
    turns bench-scale science into products that shape markets and serve
    the public good. I've supported tech transfer and lab commercialization
    efforts, advised startups on how to engage with Federal R&D programs,
    and worked to bridge the public-private divide. I've also worked in and
    studied the market dynamics and business challenges that tech-intensive
    firms face as they scale.
        I feel very strongly that scientists and engineers have a
    responsibility to serve, bringing their scientific and technical
    expertise to support their government and the American people.
        OSTP was created to ensure that the best scientific and technical
    advice informs the highest levels of national decision-making. That
    charge has only grown more urgent. The coming decade will be defined by
    how we manage and lead in emerging technologies and how we translate
    scientific progress into real-world impact for the American people. It
    would be an honor to bring my experience to service in the role of
    USCTO at this critical moment in our country's history.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        While OSTP is not a large agency in terms of budget or personnel,
    it plays an outsized role in shaping national science and technology
    policy and coordinating efforts across the Executive Office of the
    President and the broader Federal government. OSTP operates more like a
    strategic hub than a hierarchical bureaucracy, requiring convening,
    coordinating, and leading cross-agency initiatives and fast-moving
    tiger teams that cut across traditional silos.
        As such, effective management of the office is less about
    overseeing a large organizational chart and more about ensuring that a
    small, high-performing team is empowered, aligned, and delivering on
    the President's science and technology agenda.
        If confirmed, my responsibility would be to ensure that OSTP's
    staff, resources, and external engagements are tightly aligned with the
    Administration's priorities and that the office is operating with
    transparency, integrity, and fiscal discipline. That includes
    establishing clear expectations, fostering a collaborative environment,
    and ensuring that each advisor's work is tied to clear outcomes and
    strategic goals. It also requires diligence in budget execution, proper
    stewardship of interagency and stakeholder partnerships, and a culture
    of accountability in all aspects of policy development and public
    engagement.
        I have led diverse and interdisciplinary teams in multiple
    contexts. During my Ph.D. at MIT, I worked on large, collaborative
    projects involving national laboratories, academic researchers, and
    junior graduate students, efforts that required coordination across
    institutional boundaries and mentorship of early-career scientists. I
    found it deeply rewarding to help others succeed and to build
    environments where people could do their best work.
        In a small but high-impact office like OSTP, effective leadership
    is about setting a clear vision, aligning people to purpose, and
    ensuring that every action taken serves the public interest. I take
    that responsibility seriously and would be honored to support the
    President and the American people in advancing the Nation's scientific
    and technological leadership.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        The three priority areas of effort for the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy were articulated by President Trump in his March
    letter to OSTP Director Kratsios:

      1.  Securing the United States' position as the unrivaled world
            leader in critical and emerging technologies such as artificial
            intelligence, quantum information science, and nuclear
            technology.

      2.  Revitalizing the American science and technology enterprise by
            empowering researchers, reducing administrative burdens, and
            recommitting to the pursuit of truth; and

      3.  Ensuring that scientific progress and technological innovation
            fuel broad-based economic growth and improve the lives of all
            Americans.

        If confirmed, these pillars will shape the foundation of my work as
    U.S. Chief Technology Officers. Yet in pursuing this mission, OSTP
    faces three core challenges that must be met to fully realize this
    vision.
        First, OSTP must reassert a strong pro-innovation voice in national
    policy. The United States should not just manage technology, it must
    actively champion its development. That begins with recognizing the
    tremendous promise of emerging technologies to expand economic
    opportunity, improve public health, and enhance national security.
    While acknowledging legitimate risks, the national conversation has at
    times leaned too far toward restraint rather than progress. As a
    technologist, I am fundamentally optimistic: when stewarded with care,
    technology improves lives and advances human flourishing. If confirmed,
    I will work to secure reestablish that leadership on technological
    innovation and competitiveness, pursuing policies that accelerate the
    responsible development of emerging technologies, reduce unnecessary
    regulatory friction, promote Federal adoption of innovation, and
    strengthen the ability of American companies to export their
    technologies abroad.
        Second, OSTP must improve coordination of science and technology
    efforts across the vast Federal interagency landscape. Technology now
    cuts across every domain of government, from national security to
    economic growth. As such, OSTP must expand its role beyond traditional
    R&D coordination and more fully engage with policy, operational, and
    implementation arms of the Federal Government. Leveraging the National
    Science and Technology Council, the primary body for interagency S&T
    coordination, will be essential, but so too will deepen alignment with
    national efforts in workforce development, infrastructure,
    manufacturing, and supply chain security. As science and technology
    become more central to the operations and effectiveness of government,
    OSTP must evolve to be not just a convener of scientists, but a
    strategic integrator across disciplines and departments.
        Third, OSTP must help the Federal Government modernize its models
    for partnering with the private sector and academia, which now lead a
    growing share of technological development. Following World War II, the
    Federal Government created new institutions such as the National
    Science Foundation and the Department of Energy's national laboratories
    to form the new scientific enterprise. While these institutions remain
    essential, much of today's innovation is being driven by a new
    generation of university spin-outs, venture-backed startups, and
    industrial R&D. Yet OSTP has historically focused on advising the
    President on scientific research. To meet today's challenges, OSTP must
    also lead on national technology policy, including taking a more active
    role in promoting technological development, commercialization, and
    scale across the full breadth of the R&D ecosystem. That requires more
    dynamic partnerships with industry, support for tech transfer and lab-
    to-market pipelines, and a forward-leaning approach to public-private
    collaboration that reflects the realities of 21st century innovation.
        If confirmed, I will bring my experience across government,
    academia, and industry to help OSTP meet this moment and to ensure that
    America remains the global leader in science, technology, and
    innovation.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan. None.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain. None.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest. None.
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        Not applicable.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        My wife is currently employed as a senior manager for strategy and
    operations at Maxar Technologies, Inc. She is involved with satellite
    imagery contracts to U.S. Government customers in the Department of
    Defense and Intelligence Community. I have an ethics agreement in place
    with OSTP Office of the General Counsel. As part of the ethics
    agreement, I will recuse myself from any matters related to commercial
    satellite imagery sales to U.S. Government entities, including any
    particular matters that may have an impact on Maxar Technologies, Inc.
        OSTP's ethics counsel and the Office of Government Ethics (OGE)
    have determined that the underlying holdings in Family Trust #2 do not
    pose conflicts of interest. Please note that this is an Excepted Trust.
    Pursuant to the trust documents, I am not entitled to information about
    the underlying holdings. The trustee will not provide me information
    about the underlying holdings in the future.
        I have also completed the initial ethics briefing as soon as I
    onboarded at OSTP. I will also make sure that I receive a live ethics
    briefing from a member of the ethics office after my confirmation but
    not later than 15 days after my appointment.
        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy. None.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or
            group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.
        No.
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain. No.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain. No.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination.
        Not applicable.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                     ______

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        The Chairman. Thank you. Ms. Meyer.

                 STATEMENT OF JOYCE MEYER, NOMINEE FOR
           UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS,
                      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

        Ms. Meyer. Thank you, Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member
    Cantwell, and members of the Committee for the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I am honored to be here as President
    Trump's nominee for Under Secretary of Economic Affairs at the
    Department of Commerce, which oversees the BEA, the Bureau of
    Economic Analysis, and the Census Bureau.
        Before I begin, I would like to thank President Trump for
    nominating me to serve this great country, and Secretary
    Lutnick for his support of my nomination. I also want to
    recognize those who are supporting me today. First, my husband,
    Donald Meyer. Don and I met in college at the University of
    Wisconsin-Madison, and it has been an adventure of a lifetime
    since then.
        Our daughter Evangelina made that adventure even better.
    Ava is missing class today with approval from her professors,
    and I am beyond grateful to Don and Ava for their constant love
    and support. I appreciate too the support of my closest family
    and friends who are here today and watching online.
        I also want to recognize my late brother, Michael Yamat.
    Mikey died when we were teenagers, but his legacy continues to
    inspire me. Finally, I want to thank the first people who
    believed in me, my mom, Evelyn Yamat, a retired accountant, and
    my dad, Miguel Yamat, a retired engineer.
        My mom has entrusted to me an important family heirloom
    which I bring here today, our family's American flag. She
    received this flag when she was sworn in as a naturalized U.S.
    citizen many years ago. It has always been placed next to the
    front door of our homes, first in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
    where I was born, and again in Franklin, Wisconsin, where I
    grew up.
        It was and is a daily reminder of how blessed we are to
    live in the United States. It was also placed by the front door
    with reverence, so it could easily be retrieved in case of a
    house fire. This deep love of country is what led me to a 25-
    year career in public service. I was honored to serve in many
    roles on Capitol Hill, including as Professional Staff Member
    of the now Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
    Committee, as Staff Director of the House Ways and Means
    Committee, and as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Office of the
    Speaker of the House.
        I also had the honor of serving in President Trump's first
    White House as Deputy Assistant to the President for
    Legislative Affairs for the House. Throughout my public
    service, carrying out Constitutional responsibilities depended
    on many critical components, including accurate, reliable data
    from the BEA and the Census Bureau.
        If confirmed, I will rely on my decades of service as an
    end user of this data. I will rely on the analytical skills I
    gained earning my executive MBA at Georgetown University. I
    will rely on my extensive experience leading large, complex
    teams. And I will rely on the impressive expertise within the
    BEA and Census. In the Speaker's Office as Deputy Chief of
    Staff, overseeing the institutional responsibilities required
    careful focus to support more than 10,000 House employees in
    the D.C. area and throughout the country.
        The BEA and the Census Bureau also focuses on every area of
    the country at the local, State, regional, and national level,
    as outlined by the Constitution and statute. For example, the
    BEA data informs work on Capitol Hill, from the CBO baseline to
    the maximum annual rental rate for your home State Senate
    offices.
        And of course, BEA's calculation of the GDP informs
    decisions by policymakers and the business community. The
    Census Bureau carries out the decennial census and does vital
    work throughout each decade, including the well-known American
    Community Survey, which informs key economic indicators. If
    confirmed, I want to build upon the good work of both bureaus
    by focusing for the American people on three goals.
        First, ensuring the integrity and accuracy of data. The
    economy is always changing, with new markets emerging at a
    rapid pace. For data to be relevant, it must continue to
    accurately capture all dimensions of the economy. Second,
    leveraging technology to improve speed of data and analysis.
    Data needs to be timely and relevant. Optimizing the existing
    analytical talent will require faster data.
        And three, achieving efficiency. The Federal Government has
    multiple statistical offices. We owe it to American taxpayers
    to strive for better ways to deliver data and analysis
    efficiently, and not overlook any technological capabilities to
    do so.
        If confirmed, I look forward to these opportunities and for
    the honor to serve a country whose greatness endures as
    symbolized by our family's American flag. Thank you for the
    opportunity to be here. I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Ms.
    Meyer follow:]

       Prepared Statement of Joyce Meyer, Nominee for Under Secretary of
           Commerce for Economic Affairs, U.S. Department of Commerce
        Thank you, Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and members of
    the committee for the opportunity to appear before you today.
        I am honored to be here as President Trump's nominee for
    Undersecretary of Economic Affairs at the Department of Commerce, which
    oversees the BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis) and the Census Bureau.
        Before I begin, I would like to thank President Trump for
    nominating me to serve this great country and Secretary Lutnick for his
    support of my nomination.
        I also want to recognize those who are supporting me today:
        First, my husband, Donald Meyer. Don and I met in college at the
    University of Wisconsin-Madison and it has been an adventure of a
    lifetime since then.
        Our daughter, Evangelina, made that adventure even better. Eva is
    missing class today with approval from her professors. I am beyond
    grateful to Don and Eva for their constant love and support.
        I appreciate too the support of my family and friends who are here
    today and watching online.
        I also want to recognize my late brother, Michael Yamat. Mikey died
    when we were teenagers, but his legacy continues to inspire me.
        Finally, I want to thank the first people who believed in me--my
    mom, Evelyn Yamat, a retired accountant, and my dad, Miguel Yamat, a
    retired engineer.
        My mom has entrusted to me an important family heirloom, which I
    bring here today--our family's American flag.
        She received this flag when she was sworn in as a naturalized U.S.
    Citizen many years ago.
        It has always been placed next to the front door of our homes--
    first in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where I was born, and again in
    Franklin, Wisconsin where I grew up. It was and is a daily reminder of
    how blessed we are to live in the United States. It was also placed by
    the front door with reverence so it could easily be retrieved in case
    of a house fire.
        This deep love of country is what led me to a 25-year career in
    public service.
        I was honored to serve in many roles on Capitol Hill, including as
    a professional staff member of the now Senate Homeland Security and
    Governmental Affairs Committee; as Staff Director of the House Ways and
    Means Committee; and as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Office of the
    Speaker of the House.
        I also had the honor of serving in President Trump's first White
    House as Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs for
    the House.
        Throughout my public service, carrying out constitutional
    responsibilities depended on many critical components--including
    accurate, reliable data from the BEA and the Census Bureau.
        If confirmed, I will rely on my decades of service as an end user
    of this data. I will rely on the analytical skills I gained earning my
    Executive MBA at Georgetown University. I will rely on my extensive
    experience leading large, complex teams.
        And finally, I will rely on the impressive expertise within the BEA
    and Census.
        In the Speaker's office, as Deputy Chief of Staff, overseeing the
    institutional responsibilities required careful focus to support more
    than 10,000 House employees in the DC area and throughout the country.
        The BEA and the Census Bureau also focus on every area of the
    country at the local, state, regional, and national level, as outlined
    by the Constitution and statute.
        For example, BEA data informs work on Capitol Hill--from the CBO
    baseline to the maximum annual rental rate for your home state Senate
    offices. And, of course, BEA's calculation of the GDP informs decisions
    by policy makers and the business community.
        The Census Bureau carries out the decennial census, and does vital
    work throughout each decade, including the well-known American
    Community Survey (ACS), which informs key economic indicators.
        If confirmed, I want to build upon the good work of both bureaus by
    focusing on three goals:

      1.  Ensuring the integrity & accuracy of data: The economy is always
            changing with new markets emerging at a rapid pace. For data to
            be relevant, it must continue to accurately capture all
            dimensions of the economy.

      2.  Leveraging technology to improve speed of data and analysis: Data
            needs to be timely and relevant. Optimizing the existing
            analytical talent will require faster data.

      3.  Achieving efficiency: The Federal government has multiple
            statistical offices. We owe it to American taxpayers to strive
            for better ways to deliver data and analysis efficiently and
            not overlook any technological capabilities to do so.

        If confirmed, I look forward to these opportunities and for the
    honor to serve a country whose greatness endures as symbolized by our
    family's American flag.
        Thank you for the opportunity to be here. I look forward to your
    questions.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used):

            Joyce Yamat Meyer
            Joyce Jennifer Yamat (maiden)
            Childhood nickname: JJ

        2. Position to which nominated: Undersecretary of Economic Affairs,
    U.S. Department of Commerce.
        3. Date of Nomination: March 31, 2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: Information not provided.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: Pittsburgh, PA (USA).
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Spouse: Donald Meyer, Principal & Founder, Westfourth
            Communications LLC
            Child: Evangelina Meyer, age 21

        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

            Georgetown University McDonough School of Business (2021-2023).
            Degree: EMBA 2023

            University of Wisconsin-Madison (1989-1993)
            Degree: BA, political science and international relations 1993

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            Advisor/Detailee
            Presidential Personnel Office
            Executive Office of the President
            President Donald J. Trump
            The White House
            March 2025 to present

            Senior Advisor
            Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs
            Office of the Secretary
            Secretary Howard Lutnick
            U.S. Department of Commerce
            March 2025 to present

            Advisor
            Trump Vance 2025 Transition, Inc.
            August 2024-February 2025

            Executive Vice President of Government Relations
            American Council of Life Insurers
            January 2019-April 2024

            Senior Advisor
            Office of the Speaker
            Speaker Paul Ryan (WI)
            October 2018-January 2019

            Advisor
            House Committee on Financial Services
            Chairman Jeb Hensarling
            October 2018-January 2019

            Deputy Assistant to the President
            House Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs
            Office of Legislative Affairs
            Executive Office of the President
            President Donald J. Trump
            February 2017-October 2018

            Deputy Chief of Staff
            Office of the Speaker
            Speaker Paul Ryan (WI)
            October 2015-February 2017

            Staff Director
            House Ways and Means Committee
            Chairman Paul Ryan (WI)
            January 2015-October 2015

            Chief of Staff/AA/LD
            Washington, DC office of Rep. Paul Ryan (WI)
            January 1999-January 2015

            Advisor
            Romney-Ryan Presidential Campaign
            August 2012-November 2012

            Professional Staff Member
            Subcommittee on Oversight, Government Management and District
            of Columbia
            Committee on Governmental Affairs
            U.S. Senate
            Subcommittee Chairman Sam Brownback (KS)
            Committee Chairman Fred Thompson (TN)
            January 1997-January 1999

            Legislative Assistant/Legislative Correspondent
            Office of Rep. Scott Klug (WI)
            August 1993-January 1997

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        Please see the attached document entitled JoyceMeyer.2025
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age.

            Assistant to the Registrar (part-time)
            Grants Intern (part-time)
            University of Wisconsin Centers
            1992-1993

            Campus Tour Guide (part-time)
            Office of Admissions
            University of Wisconsin-Madison
            Summer 1992

        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution.

            Former Trustee
            Board of Trustees
            U.S. Capital Historical Society
            Washington, DC

            Former Member
            Leadership Council
            Leadership Council of Women in National Security
            Washington, DC

            Former Member
            Board of Directors
            Tax Coalition
            Washington, DC

            Co-founder
            Mary Mross Public Policy Scholarship
            Divine Savior Holy Angels High School
            Milwaukee, WI

        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.

            Member
            Cambridge Yacht Club
            2024 to present

            Member
            Army Navy Country Club
            2015 to present

            Member
            Capital Hill Club
            2015 to present

        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt.
        Not Applicable.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. Not Applicable.
        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Senator Joni Ernst (IA)                                          $1,000
    Speaker Kevin McCarthy (CA)                                      $3,300
    Chairman Jason Smith (MO)                                        $3,500
    Senator Kyrsten Sinema (AZ)                                      $3,300
    ACLI PAC                                                         $6,240
    Congressman Mike Gallagher (WI)                                  $3,300
    Majority Committee PAC                                           $5,000
    McCarthy Victory Fund                                           $15,000
    Congressman Derrick Van Orden (WI)                               $3,300
    Congressman Bryan Steil (WI)                                     $3,300
    National Republican Congressional Committee                      $3,400
    Innovation PAC                                                   $5,000
    Congressman Mike Johnson (LA)                                    $5,000
    Roger James Roth, Jr. (WI)                                         $500
    ACLI PAC                                                         $9,984
    Congressman Mike Gallagher (WI)                                  $3,500
    Congresswoman Ashley Hinson (IA)                                 $1,000
    VIEW PAC                                                         $1,000
    Congresswoman Jackie Walorski (IN)                                 $500
    Senator John Thune (SD)                                          $2,000
    Congresswoman Liz Cheney (WY)                                    $2,500
    Congressman Bryan Steil (WI)                                     $4,400
    Eye of the Tiger PAC                                             $2,500
    Senator Todd Young (IN)                                          $2,900
    Senator John Cornyn (TX)                                         $1,000
    Congresswoman Elise Stefanik (NY)                                $2,000
    Congressman Glenn Grothman (WI)                                  $2,500
    Senator Mitch McConnell                                          $2,800
    Congressman Tom Tiffany (WI)                                     $2,500
    VIEW PAC                                                         $1,000
    National Republican Congressional Committee                        $500
    Republican Party of Kentucky                                     $5,000
    Senator Joni Ernst (IA)                                          $2,800
    Madison Cawthorn (NC)                                              $500
    Senator Cory Gardner (CO)                                          $700
    Congressman Bryan Steil (WI)                                     $2,500
    Senator Thom Tillis (NC)                                           $700
    ACLI PAC                                                         $9,571
    National Republican Senatorial Committee                           $500
    Congressman Mike Gallagher (WI)                                  $2,800
    Congressman Scott Fitzgerald (WI)                                $5,000
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.

            Georgetown University McDonough School of Business EMBA program
            scholarship

            Distinguished Young Woman of the Year (formerly America's
            Junior Miss program) undergraduate scholarship

            Wisconsin Conservatory of Music Scholarship (classical piano)

            Most Influential People in Economic Policy (Washingtonian Media
            Inc.)

            Top Lobbyist (The Hill)

            Top Lobbyist (National Institute for Lobbying and Ethics)

            Politico's Playbook Power List (Politico)

        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available.

            ``Much to Show in the Show Me State''
            November 14, 2023
            https://impact.acli.com/much-to-show-in-the-show-me-state/

            ``Don't Take Away Benefits from Hard Working Americans!''
            September 7, 2023
            https://impact.acli.com/dont-take-away-benefits-from-hard-
            working-americans/

            Bipartisan letter condemning violent attacks against Asian
            Americans
            March 2021
            See attached document ``Bipartisan Call to Action by Senior
            Government Officials''

            Life Insurers: There for America
            August 5, 2020
            https://impact.acli.com/life-insurers-there-for-america/

            Life Insurers Invest in American Families and Businesses
            July 20, 2020
            https://impact.acli.com/life-insurers-invest-in-american-
            families-and-businesses/

            Paid Maternity Leave During COVID-19 Pandemic? Yes!
            May 27, 2020
            https://impact.acli.com/paid-maternity-leave-during-covid-19-
            pandemic-yes/

            Senior Thesis on U.S.-Philippine modern history
            Summer 1993
            Copy unavailable

        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.

            Featured Speaker. ``Customer Service,'' Congressional Institute
            (August 15, 2024). No link or recording available.

            Featured Speaker. ``Business of You'' Career Workshop (November
            15, 2024). No link or recording available.

            Featured Speaker. ``Career pivots, transferable skills,
            identity, side hustles and building your brand,'' She Said/She
            Said Podcast conversation (November 24, 2023)

            Moderator. ACLI Conference (September 28, 2022). No link or
            recording available.

            Featured Speaker. ``Lobbying from the Living Room: Adapting
            Advocacy Efforts to COVID-19,'' NAIFA Advocacy in Action Day.
            (May 20, 2022).
            https://advocacy.naifa.org/news/advocacy-in-action-lobbying-
            from-the-living-room-adapting-advocacy-efforts-to-covid-19

            Featured Speaker. ``Using Your Voice'' NAIFA DEI Impact Week
            (April 7, 2021).
            https://tdc.naifa.org/impact

            Moderator. ACLI Executive Roundtable (January 2021). No link or
            recording available.

            Featured Speaker. ``Advocating from Afar: Trends in Policy,
            Advocacy and Government Affairs'' U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
            (September 22, 2020).
            https://events.uschamber.com/LEAD2020/speaker/153751/joyce-
            meyer

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available.

            ``The little-Known Officials on Whom Trump's Agenda May Rely''
            April 5, 2017
            https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/business/dealbook/white-
            house-staffers-trump-agenda.html

            ``What They're Saying: The Protecting Innovation in Investment
            Act''
            February 6, 2024
            https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2024/2/what-they-re-saying-the-
            protecting-innovation-in-investment-act

        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.

            Instagram: @jymeyerz--active

            X: @jmAlexDC--active

            Truth Social: @jymeyer--active

            LinkedIn: @jymdc--inactive

        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony.
        Not applicable.
        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        Throughout my 30-year career, I have depended on reliable economic
    data and analysis and worked closely with analytical experts to carry
    out my responsibilities to draft public policy and advocate for the
    business community. To promote U.S. businesses and investment in
    America and in our communities, the business community needs reliable
    data and analysis to make their investment decisions. And to prioritize
    investment in America, policy makers need reliable data to make sound
    public policy and regulatory decisions.
        My experience leading large, complex organizations has prepared me
    for this role. As staff director of the House Ways and Means Committee,
    I led a team of top experts while managing multiple lines of
    negotiations and legislation with broad stakeholder input to carry out
    the agenda of the chairman and members of the committee. Formulating
    tax policy, for example, requires data, analysis and revenue estimates
    provided by the Joint Committee on Taxation, which is overseen by the
    House Ways and Means chair for the first year of each session of
    Congress.
        Building upon this experience, as Deputy Chief of Staff in the
    Speaker's office, I led a core team of 55 staffers. Just as important
    were my responsibilities overseeing the House operations team that
    supported 435 Members of Congress, 5 delegates of the House, one
    resident commissioner, more than 21 House committees and more than
    10,000 House employees in Washington, DC and in each congressional
    district throughout the country. These responsibilities included, for
    example, the House's legislative process, security, historical
    preservation and renovations of the House office buildings. My focus on
    the institution of the U.S. House of Representatives was in addition to
    my responsibilities providing leadership support to the Speaker and
    members of the Republican Conference to carry out the House Majority's
    legislative agenda.
        As a leader in a trade association for a 175-year-old, highly
    regulated industry, data and analysis were critical to make sure
    business decisions and public policy prioritize the financial security
    of American workers and retirees' life insurance and retirement
    savings.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        If confirmed, my responsibilities as Undersecretary of the Economic
    Affairs are to provide all necessary data and analysis that strengthens
    the Department of Commerce ability to carry out its mission, as
    outlined by Secretary Lutnick, ``to protect, defend and enhance
    investment in America.''
        More specifically, these responsibilities include conducting robust
    and timely economic analysis for the Secretary and Bureaus to make
    program and policy decisions; innovate the collection and value of this
    data and promote and defend the integrity of the data to serve the
    users of the data. https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices/ousea
        My experience leading complex teams and organizations in dynamic
    environments, equips me for this important role, for driving
    innovation, and for strengthening the integrity and reliability of the
    agency. The Speaker of the House is responsible for the institutional
    responsibilities of the U.S. House of Representatives. As Deputy Chief
    of Staff, day-to-day staff management and support was my
    responsibility. Each of the 435 Members of Congress, 5 House delegates
    and one resident commissioner is personally financially responsible if
    they overspend their office's annual budget amount--the Member
    Representational Allowance (MRA). It is an important accounting control
    for taxpayer dollars, but it is even more important to work closely
    with House officers like the Chief Administrative Officer to ensure no
    Member of Congress, or House committee, ever gets to this point.
    Fostering collaboration and clear lines of communication among all
    components of the House was critical to ensure that each Members of
    Congress could serve their constituents and carry out their
    constitutional responsibilities.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        The public servants of the Department of Commerce Economic Affairs
    team each day face the challenges that come with the core mission of
    providing reliable, timely data and analysis. These challenges continue
    to present opportunities and, if confirmed, I look forward to exploring
    further how we can build upon the important work of the agency.

      1.  Leveraging technology to improve speed of data and analysis:
            Collecting data for statistical sampling or enumeration takes
            time. How can we leverage technology to collect data faster and
            how can we leverage technology to support the important work of
            the public servants who provide economic analysis?

      2.  Capturing the dynamic economy: The economy is always changing.
            New industries, new consumers and new markets are constantly
            emerging. How can we ensure that the data and analysis provided
            by the Department of Commerce Economic Affairs team captures
            and reflects all dimensions of the Nation's dynamic economy?

      3.  Efficiency and integration: The Federal government has multiple
            statistical offices within other agencies. How can we
            efficiently deliver to all Americans, including American policy
            makers, the business community and academia the data and
            analysis they need?

                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.

            American Council of Life Insurers (ACLI):
            I will continue to participate in the ACLI defined contribution
            plan. The plan sponsor will not make further contributions and
            I will not make future contributions.

        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain.
        Not applicable.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    ACLI 401k

       MFS Total Return Fund Class R6 Shares (MSFKX): I will comply
            with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

       PGIM Jennison Growth Fund Class R6 Shares (PJFQX); I will
            comply with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Mid-Cap Index Fund Admiral Shares (VIMAX): I will
            comply with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.
    Roth IRA

       Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund Investor Shares (VMFXX):
            I will comply with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Target Retirement 2040 Fund Investor Class (VFORX):
            I will comply with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        I represented ACLI as their EVP of Government Relations. I will
    resolve any potential conflict of interest by complying with all ethics
    requirements as outlined by OGE.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        My spouse is the founder and principal of Westfourth
    Communications. My spouse's clients include:

       Thales USA, Inc.

       CGI Federal

       CGI Technologies and Solutions

       Partnership for Tax Compliance

       Affordable Housing Tax Credit Coalition

       Liberty Tire Recycling, Inc.

       Student Loan Servicing Alliance

       National Association for Proton Therapy

       American Psychiatric Nurses Association

       Global Peace Foundation

       National Air Carriers Association

        I will resolve any potential conflicts of interest by complying
    with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.
    Spouse Roth IRA

       Vanguard Federal Money Market: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Target Retirement 2040 Investor Class Mutual Fund:
            I will resolve any potential conflicts of interest by complying
            with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.
    Spouse WPP 401(k)

       Vanguard Wellington Fund Admiral: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Equity Income Fund: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       JPM MdCapValue R6: I will resolve any potential conflicts of
            interest by complying with all ethics requirements as outlined
            by OGE.

       AmerFundsEuroPacificGR R6: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.
    RubinMeyer Communications LLC, now Westfourth Communication LLC, 401(k)
       Vanguard Value Index ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Schwab U.S. Large-Cap Growth ETF: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Md Cap Index ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Schwab U.S. Small-Cap ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       SPDR Index PTF devel world ex-US ETF: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.

       SPDR S&P Emerging Markets ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Schwab Short-term U.S. Treasury ETF: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.

       iShares -5 year TIPS Bond ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF: I will resolve any potential
            conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics requirements
            as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard FTSE Emerging Market ETF: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.
    Invest529--Virginia College Savings Plan (for college-aged dependent)
       2024 (18+): I will resolve any potential conflicts of
            interest by complying with all ethics requirements as outlined
            by OGE.
            Harley-Davidson, Inc. (HOG) stocks: I will resolve any
            potential conflicts of interest by complying with all ethics
            requirements as outlined by OGE.
    Northwestern Mutual Whole Life Insurance
       Plan 1 (self): I will resolve any potential conflicts of
            interest by complying with all ethics requirements as outlined
            by OGE.

       Plan 2 (spouse): I will resolve any potential conflicts of
            interest by complying with all ethics requirements as outlined
            by OGE.

       Plan 3 (dependent): I will resolve any potential conflicts
            of interest by complying with all ethics requirements as
            outlined by OGE.
    Roth IRA (for Dependent)
       Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund Investor Shares: I will
            resolve any potential conflicts of interest by complying with
            all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

       Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund Investor Class Shares
            (VTIVX): I will resolve any potential conflicts of interest by
            complying with all ethics requirements as outlined by OGE.

        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy.
        I represented ACLI as their EVP of Government Relations. I will
    resolve any potential conflict of interest by complying with all ethics
    requirements as outlined by OGE.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? No.
        If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or
            group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.

        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? No.
        If so, please explain.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? No.
        If so, please explain.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? No.
        If so, please explain.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? No.
        If so, please explain.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination.
        Not applicable.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                     ______

      Addendum to the questionnaire submitted to the Senate Committee on
     Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 119th Congress by Joyce Meyer.
        Upon further review, I have identified additional asset information
    that is responsive to questions A.5, A.15 and E.1 on the Committee's
    questionnaire. They can be found in the attached documents.
        The undersigned certifies that the information contained in the
    public addendum is true and correct.

                    8/22/2025

                    X Joyce Meyer
                    Joyce Meyer

                    Signed by: JOYCE MEYER
                                     ______

    Joyce Meyer Addendum
    August 22, 2025

    A.5 Date of Birth:

    A.15 Political contributions as outlined on the August 13, 2025 e-mail
    request:

    Scalise Leadership Fund $2,500: This fund is called ``Eye of the Tiger
    PAC'' and is listed correctly under my answer for A.15. The FEC website
    incorrectly lists that I made two separate contributions to the Scalise
    Leadership Fund and to the Eye of the Tiger PAC.

    Save the Senate 2020 $2,800: This was an inadvertent omission in my
    response to A.15. I can confirm that I did make a personal contribution
    of $2,800 to Save the Senate.

    Waging Peace $3,300: My personal contribution of $3,300 was made to
    Congressman Mike Gallaghter's re-elect. It is listed correctly in my
    response to A.15. The FEC website incorrectly lists a personal
    contribution from me to Mike Gallagher's leadership PAC, which is
    called ``Waging Peace.''

    E.1. My response can be found in the attached document
    ``JMeyer.assets.xlsx.'' To ensure you can view the correct values to
    the corresponding assets, it is recommended to use the ``landscape''
    setting, which can be found under ``Page Layout'' and ``Orientation.''
                                     ______

      Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) Former Senior Government
       Officials Issue Bipartisan Call to Action Against Anti-Asian Hate
        We, the undersigned Americans of Asian and Pacific Islander (AAPI)
    descent, who served as senior officials in both Republican and
    Democratic Administrations and Congressional offices, strongly denounce
    the alarming increase in violence, rhetoric, and bigotry against the
    AAPI community. We urge Members of Congress and the Biden
    Administration to work with state and local government officials to
    address these concerns with policy solutions and proactive measures.
        Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we have seen a
    dramatic rise of anti-AAPI bias and violence. As Americans continue to
    face economic and health challenges, Asian Americans continue to face
    wrongful blame for the virus. According to STOP AAPI HATE, 2020 saw a
    150 percent increase in hate crimes against Asian Americans. Since the
    start of the pandemic, more than 3,800 anti-Asian hate incidents have
    been self-reported, and of that, 66 percent were targeted against Asian
    American women. Though many of the incidents involve bullying, racial
    epithets, and verbal abuse and harassment, an increasing number of
    incidents have involved physical violence, including death.
        On March 18th, the first Asian American woman to be appointed to
    the President's Cabinet, former U.S. Secretary of Labor and former U.S.
    Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, said in a statement, ``Such
    vicious, and unconscionable acts of violence cut at the very core of
    our country and the values on which it was founded. . .the critical
    work to combat the haunting rise of hatred against the AAPI community
    must intensify with the immediacy this latest tragedy commands.''
        On March 14th, former Washington Governor Gary Locke, the first
    Asian American governor, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce, and former
    U.S. Ambassador to China, called for an end to violence against Asian
    American communities. ``This violence against Asian Americans, and
    especially our elderly, has got to stop,'' Locke said, ``We cannot
    scapegoat [and] blame Asian Americans for this virus. Hate is a
    virus.''
        For centuries, AAPIs have contributed much to the vibrancy and
    success of this country. Yet we are sometimes still seen as ``the
    foreigner'' or ``less American'' and treated as the ``other''. Today,
    an estimated two million AAPIs serve on the front lines of our
    country's battle against the COVID-19 pandemic as healthcare workers,
    first responders, grocery store workers, and other essential roles.
    They risk their lives every day to save fellow Americans, but even they
    are not immune to this kind of bias and hate. Doctors and nurses have
    been insulted, business owners have been harassed, our churches and
    temples have been vandalized, and even the elderly have been physically
    attacked.
        For all of us, it has been a great honor and privilege to serve the
    American public at the highest levels of the Federal government,
    working for both Republicans and Democrats. What is currently happening
    in our country is alarming, and it requires that we all stand in
    solidarity to protect and support the AAPI community. We call on our
    political leaders to: denounce violence and hateful rhetoric against
    AAPIs; to work with local, state, and national leaders and law
    enforcement agencies to better protect AAPIs; and to pass and fund
    legislation that will better support the needs of the AAPI community.
    #StopAsianHate.
                Signed,

                (DEMOCRATS)                         (REPUBLICANS)

                   [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        The Chairman. Thank you. Mr. Graham, we will start with
    you. ADS-B is a technology that can receive or transmit
    location, altitude, velocity to air traffic control and other
    nearby aircraft faster than radar or other transponders.
        Unfortunately, the Army Black Hawk helicopter involved in
    the mid-air collision above the Potomac earlier this year was
    not transmitting ADS-B, despite operating in congested airspace
    with civilian aircraft. This meant the Blackhawk, which should
    have never been flying in that area in the first place, was
    completely dark to airplanes arriving at DCA.
        In July, I introduced the ROTOR Act, which would require
    all aircraft, commercial, business, general aviation, and
    military, to transmit their locations via ADS-B. Widespread
    adoption of ADS-B In will improve aviation safety, as noted by
    your colleague NTSB Chair, Jennifer Homendy.
        The NTSB has long called for broader use of ADS-B. Mr.
    Graham, should virtually all aircraft be required to transmit
    their locations via ADS-B and to receive ADS-B signals from
    nearby aircraft?
        Mr. Graham. Chairman Cruz, thank you for that question.
    First of all, as far as ADS-B goes with respect to the
    accident, it would be inappropriate for me to draw any
    conclusions at that point because it hasn't been presented to
    the Board as a final report with probable cause and
    conclusions, findings, recommendations.
        But as far ADS-B technology goes, it has an incredible
    safety potential if implemented correctly. I think it has great
    benefit for the future of being able to--for airports that
    don't have ground radar or any other kind of radar. I think
    those systems that are called the SAI Initiative that the FAA
    is putting in, in control towers, I thinks it is great.
        The problem they have right now is they haven't put any
    warning or caution systems, either audio or visual, for the
    controllers to alert the controller that there might be an
    impending incursion.
        I have seen some of the technology that some of avionics
    manufacturers are using it for--in the cockpit, which is one of
    our recommendations that go back to 2000, that we ask for not
    just the control towers to have this data and be able to see
    aircraft, but also in the cockpits so pilots can start reacting
    quicker than waiting for a controller to tell them.
        So, I believe in ADS-B technology in the future, and I do
    think, especially in Class B airspace, in my personal opinion,
    all aircraft should have that on and--when they are operating
    in that area.
        The Chairman. In your professional judgment, would the
    flying public be safer if the ROTOR Act were passed and ADS-B
    In and Out were required for aircraft in commercial airspace?
        Mr. Graham. Thank you, Chairman Cruz, for that question.
    First of all, the NTSB, we don't normally endorse any
    legislation, but we do look at our recommendations that have
    been out there for some time, and I notice some of those are
    included in the ROTOR Act. We are always trying to have our
    recommendations either implemented by the regulator or
    legislatively by this body.
        The Chairman. OK, let me just try for a straightforward
    answer. Would the flying public be safer if ADS-B In and Out
    were required?
        Mr. Graham. Yes.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Mr. Klein, in your role at OSTP
    during the first Trump administration, you advanced the
    Nation's AI strategy through the American AI Initiative and
    helped establish the tenets outlined in the 2020 National
    Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act. Some of those tenets
    were abused by the Biden administration.
        For instance, the Biden Administration diverted NIST from
    its job of developing technical standards, to policing what
    they call disinformation and stereotyping in AI, both of which
    were masked up censorship.
        As stakeholders and lawmakers talk about wanting to more
    tightly regulate AI, they should keep in mind that the last
    time Congress authorized AI standards-related activity, the
    American AI Initiative ended up being used by woke leftists in
    the Biden administration to guard against supposed harms like
    misgendering on ChatGPT, or ChatGPT downplaying climate change.
        Thankfully, the Trump administration has put a stop to this
    nonsense and is stamping out woke AI. Why do you think the core
    tenets of the 2020 National AI Initiative Act, based on OSTP's
    earlier work, were implemented in unexpected ways during the
    Biden administration? Was that a departure from the statute, or
    a result of the law's open-ended language, and how can we guard
    against it moving forward?
        Mr. Klein. Chairman Cruz, thank you for your question. I
    had been involved in drafting of the 2019 Executive Order,
    which was the first ever signed by a President on artificial
    intelligence. And the language that we had used at that time
    was seeking to reduce barriers to safe testing and deployment
    that would help enable an industry adoption and ensure public
    trust in these technologies.
        In my personal belief, I think NIST, as a former National
    Bureau of Standards, is an excellent place to do use case and
    sector-specific standards that can help enable industry
    adoption and enable public trust.
        I think that the position of this administration is very
    much focused on that in terms of the America's AI Action Plan
    and the tasks specifically given to the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy in issuing an RFI that will seek to identify
    those kinds of barriers and places where we may need either
    deregulatory action, greater use exemptions, waivers, or
    regulatory sandboxing, or places where we may actually need
    more regulatory clarity to, again, ensure industry adoption and
    public trust in this technology.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Ranking Member Cantwell.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. To go back to
    this ADS-B In and Out issue. Mr. Graham, you are aware that,
    because you mentioned the time period, that this recommendation
    for mandating this was made a long time ago. So, the point is,
    you support that recommendation, correct?
        Mr. Graham. Absolutely, I do.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. So the issue is, why wasn't it
    adopted? And the question is, in the FAA safety bill, we tried
    to get a larger role played by NTSB in getting an annual report
    on the highest risks that need to be addressed. And that has
    been implemented. And my guess is that you would say that this
    is one of the highest risk, if it is not implemented.
        Mr. Graham. I believe it is one of the higher risk, yes.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. So the point is, what else do you
    think that NTSB can do--this is a gap, right? This is the gap
    between a safety organization that has to spend all its time on
    the details and a regulatory agency that seems to, in the last
    decade plus, try to ignore those recommendations. What else can
    we do to further get this implementation as a priority? What
    more can NTSB do?
        Mr. Graham. I think at this point, we can just, all we can
    do--it reminds me of positive train control. We advocated for
    that for 50 years. This is 20-some years into this now with
    ADS-B In technology. All we can from the NTSB is continue to
    advocate for our recommendations and hope the regulator or this
    body does something and ask for the regulator to go ahead and
    make it regulatory in this case.
        Senator Cantwell. Well, the problem is our regulator hasn't
    been doing it. That is the big problem. And this, you know, on
    ground incursion--basically, it was the Chair who I purposely
    made come to a hearing and sat right next to the then-acting
    Administrator to call him out on why he hadn't implemented that
    recommendation.
        So, and then finally, he held a Forum two days later and
    said, ``oh yes, we should implement this''. So in this case,
    you know, sure, I called the Chair before a committee and had
    her asking the question, but why does that have to happen? Why
    can't we, you know--we needed an aggressive NTSB. I get it. I
    get it. We are trying to change a big bureaucracy here for
    sure.
        But at the same time, we need--the answers to Senator
    Cruz's questions made it seem like you were hesitant to
    advocate for this technology, and you may not want to advocate
    for an actual implementation in a bill, because you may or may
    not know the details of various implementations.
        Senator Cruz and I disagree right now on--we want it
    implemented. We are like, this is way too long. We want it
    implemented now. So I get it, but at the same time I need a
    more aggressive NTSB on calling out the lack of implementation
    by the FAA. We just do. We Just do.
        And I am sorry that that is the case. I wish we had a more
    aggressive FAA, but apparently we have people there that are
    right now rewriting the rules, trying to be more light touch
    again, so.
        Mr. Graham. If I could answer that, Senator. It is not that
    I am hesitant. What I am hesitating about is talking about
    anything as ADS-B's role in the DCA mid-air accident. I do not
    want to influence that investigation. We need to stay----
        Senator Cantwell. OK. I get it. I get it. OK. Did you see
    anything wrong----
        Mr. Graham. But I am totally--I am totally into it----
        Senator Cantwell. --did you see anything wrong with Alvin
    Brown? Do you think he--did you see anything wrong with his
    behavior at NTSB?
        Mr. Graham. Senator, all board members serve at the
    pleasure of the President, no matter who the President is.
        Senator Cantwell. I asked you if you saw anything wrong?
        Mr. Graham. From my standpoint, Senator, I have very little
    interaction with most of the other board members because the
    way our board is set up, the way we rule on things. So I had
    very little interactions with him.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. Thank you. Dr. Klein, we have to go
    to--I mean, I disagree with his firing. Dr. Kline, tell me
    about quantum, and do you believe that we need a National
    Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act? This is something
    Senators Young, Durbin, Danes, and I have worked on. I plan to
    reintroduce it this Congress, but do you think we need a broad
    initiative here to be aggressive?
        Mr. Klein. Senator, thank you for your question. And
    certainly, quantum, to me--there is a lot of discussion about
    AI right now, and I think rightfully so, but quantum is
    something that I don't think is talked about enough. And I know
    that this committee has been very much involved in that space.
        The National Quantum Initiative that was signed into law
    under the first Trump administration was a priority then, and I
    know that these actions to both further the R&D for quantum but
    more so move toward commercialization and applications is a
    critically important matter at this time, and something that if
    confirmed, I would be very happy to work with your staff and
    this committee on.
        Senator Cantwell. And could you, for the record, answer a
    question related to that on fusion, too? Could you, for the
    record, put something in what you think we should be doing on
    fusion? And Ms. Meyer, if you could--my time has expired, but
    if you could, for record.
        The Bureau of Economic Analysis, you mentioned a lot of
    things in your testimony about things that you would--you think
    that we need to be broader on. We cannot have disagreement
    about statistics. I don't think we should have disagreements
    about science. I mean, science is science.
        We should listen to scientists. We should listen to
    engineers like your dad who was a Boeing engineer. We should
    listen to these people. But in this case, I want you to outline
    how you prevent the administration from undermining the
    statistics?
        So my time has expired so you will have to do it for the
    record, but thank you so much for your willingness to address
    that. Thank you
        Senator Moreno. Senator Sullivan.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I want to
    thank the witnesses, nominees, for their service and their
    family members. I always appreciate the opening statements that
    focus on patriotism, and service, and family. So, well done to
    all three of you. Off to a good start.
        Let me start with you, Dr. Klein. You did a reference,
    actually, to the space race with the Soviet Union, which is a
    high point in American science. And it was important that we
    won that race, which we did. Why is it similarly important that
    we win the AI race with the Chinese Communist Party?
        Mr. Klein. Senator, thank you for your question. It is
    incredibly important, because what we do in the United States
    will impact how the world adopts artificial intelligence,
    whether other countries will be built on an American AI stack
    or a Chinese AI stack.
        And along with that goes technical standards and everything
    that is going to set the future of applications across a range
    of sectors. Artificial intelligence is not confined, you know,
    to anyone, you know, sector. It is something that will be
    adopted across medicine, across transportation, agriculture.
    These are things we are already seeing today.
        Senator Sullivan. And national security as well, right? And
    national security, right?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly.
        Senator Sullivan. If China wins the AI race, their ability
    to have a more lethal military starts to raise its ugly head
    too. Is that correct?
        Mr. Klein. Absolutely. I think it is critically important
    that we focus not just on the research and development aspects,
    but also the adoption both by industry, by our own Government,
    and that includes national security, yes.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. Let me ask another question that
    often gets missed on the AI race. So it is a lot about energy.
    It is a lot about electrons. The Biden administration, when
    they were in power, you know, they were all about shutting down
    American energy, especially in places like my state.
        Alaska suffered through 70 Executive Orders by Joe Biden to
    singularly shut down Alaska. We were sanctioned more than Iran
    and Venezuela, and those are terrorist states, just because we
    produced energy in the Biden administration--and like American
    energy. So tell me about the importance of having American
    energy produced as part of the AI race?
        Mr. Klein. Well, absolutely, Senator. Energy is something
    that we hear more about from the technology companies than the
    technology itself, in truth. And it is a shame if that would be
    a bottleneck for our ability to innovate and to adopt this
    technology.
        Senator Sullivan. When we have more energy than any other--
    you think we have more energy in China? Hell yes. We need to
    unleash it, not shut it down. And don't you think that's
    important for the winning of the AI race?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly. And actually, pillar two of the AI
    Action Plan is exactly focused on that. It is focused on the
    infrastructure, and that includes both the data centers that
    will be needed, but also all the underlying energy
    infrastructure. And this administration, under President Trump,
    has taken a number of different Executive Orders seeking to
    unleash that energy. In one area that I know very personally,
    in terms of nuclear energy, we have had just an incredible
    opportunity now to enable that testing, enable quicker
    deployment of, you know, these reactors for commercial
    deployment and also for Government use.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. Yes, one of the first EOs President
    Trump signed on his first day in office was an Executive Order
    called, ``Unleashing Alaska's Extraordinary Resource
    Potential'', which, of course, I appreciated. But that is good
    not just for Alaska, good for Americans, and it is good for the
    AI race. Mr. Graham, let me commend you on your service, your
    Naval Aviator service, which I think is wonderful.
        I notice the Chairman, Chair Homendy is in the audience
    here, so we appreciate her wonderful service. She is doing a
    great job. You know, we have the highest crash rates in
    aviation in Alaska for a whole host of reasons.
        The NTSB put out a study on this a number of years ago,
    which launched the FAA Alaska Safety Initiative, what we call
    the FASI Initiative. And one of the things that I want to work
    with you on, and I would like your commitment on, is that we
    have non-FAA service providers that can develop more precise,
    lower minimum procedures for using GPS-based technology, but
    they don't receive Federal support and often can't publish
    procedures for public use under current FAA policies.
        You know, one of our challenges in Alaska is we don't have
    basic infrastructure at our many, many airports that the lower
    48 airports do. So can I work with you on this? The Chair, the
    Secretary, they are all very focused on advancing this FASI
    Initiative so we can bring down the crash rates and the death
    rates in Alaska aviation, which is the highest in the country.
        Mr. Graham. Senator, absolutely, yes. You have my
    commitment to work with you. And I am sure the Board has had a
    long history of working with the Alaska community and trying to
    make it safer. We understand how important aviation is to your
    state.
        Senator Sullivan. Thank you. And finally, Ms. Meyer, I do
    appreciate the flag. That is a great opening statement you had
    there. But I will follow up on Senator Cantwell's question. You
    know, the Bureau of Labor Statistics revised its job estimates
    between April 2024 and March 2025 by almost a million fewer
    jobs. That was the largest downward revision in almost a
    quarter century. What is going on there and how can we fix
    that? That is a disaster for people who rely on that important
    data.
        Ms. Meyer. Thank you. Thank you very much, Senator. I
    really appreciate the important question. I will start first by
    saying BLS is not--it is at the Department of Labor. It is not
    currently under Commerce.
        I don't have visibility into the work that BLS has done,
    but I very much appreciate your question because an important
    part of the integrity and accuracy of data is the transparency
    that comes with revisions. If confirmed, I look forward to
    continuing the good work that is done at Census and Bureau to
    place priority on accuracy and integrity.
        Revisions are part of the process, I know, particularly
    with the data that they do. And I think it is important to
    continue that--to continue to look at ways to ensure that as
    data comes in, it is reflecting an accurate measure of the
    economy or the specific sector it is focused on.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. Good. Thank you very much. Thank
    you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Moreno. Thank you to my colleague from Alaska. I am
    disappointed that there was no questions about AI's application
    to fishing, but we will have to do that for the second round. I
    recognize Senator Young.
        Senator Sullivan. There are applications, by the way.

                     STATEMENT OF HON. TODD YOUNG,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA

        Senator Young. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Congratulations to
    our three nominees. It is good to see each of you. Dr. Klein, I
    know it was several months ago now that we visited in my
    office, and we talked about the development, commercialization,
    and deployment of all sorts of emerging technologies.
        And I thought it was especially beneficial to discuss with
    you our role as Congress in this process of facilitating
    public-private partnerships so that we can make sure we sustain
    our ecosystem of basic research, pathways to commercialization,
    and the elimination of unnecessary barriers.
        As you know, I am working relatedly on an initiative for
    quantum computing and quantum more generally, National Quantum
    Initiative Reauthorization Act. And our effort here is to
    attempt to continue the acceleration of quantum computing,
    development, and deployment here in the United States.
        And I think your assistance in this role that you have been
    nominated for could greatly assist Congress in moving this
    legislation across the finish line, creating predictability,
    and ensuring we have the authorities to win the quantum race,
    as we are calling it. Can you speak to why Congress must act
    and foster programs to accelerate basic research and
    commercialization of quantum?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly, and thank you for your question,
    Senator, and I very much enjoyed our discussion several months
    ago. As I had mentioned to Senator Cantwell, quantum is an
    incredibly important priority for this Nation. It will have
    incredible applications across not only science, but national
    security as well.
        And while there has been a lot of investment and focus on
    the research and development piece, and we certainly need to
    continue to invest in that basic research, there is also a role
    to play for the Federal Government in moving toward that
    commercialization and moving toward applications of quantum.
        That is if we want to build out a domestic industry here
    that includes everything from the infrastructure, the supply
    chains, and the workforce that is going to be required. Both
    those high-skilled STEM PhDs that we would love to see more
    Americans going--taking that path. And also a technically
    skilled workforce that is going to be able to have quantum jobs
    here in America.
        Senator Young. And can the administration do it all by
    itself or is Congressional action required? This is what we
    call a leading question in the business.
        Mr. Klein. Yes, Senator. Certainly it requires both the
    Legislative and the Executive branches to work together. And if
    confirmed, I would be very excited to work on this topic with
    you.
        Senator Young. Likewise. Thank you. Let me move on, Dr.
    Klein, so that we might discuss another tech vector in which
    you have deep expertise, and that is drone technology. I
    represent the most manufacturing intensive state in the
    country, as my colleagues are tired of hearing.
        I understand the importance and the economic opportunities
    of increased commercialization of our technologies, including
    drones. But I also understand the challenges associated with
    deployment. Scaling production isn't straightforward,
    especially for systems as complex as unmanned aerial vehicles.
    Dr. Klein, where do you see the most pressing opportunities for
    Congress to support the mass manufacture of US-made drones?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly. I think from a Congressional
    perspective, the drone industrial base, there is a few
    different levers that can be used to ensure American dominance
    in this area, which was the subject of a recent Presidential
    Executive Order.
        I believe both Federal procurement preferences for secure
    U.S. made drones, supply chain and standards setting in this
    area, is another critical area. And this is something that we
    have seen truly an explosion of interest in across industries
    and across sectors.
        From the first Trump administration, we worked on some of
    that initial kind of deregulatory action, regulatory
    sandboxing, which I think today has kind of led toward this
    continued integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the
    national airspace system.
        So on the industrial base, certainly toward standard
    setting, toward procurement, and toward incentivizing the
    growth of a domestic manufacturing base, are incredibly
    important.
        Senator Young. Goodness--30 seconds left. Are there any
    remaining obstacles that are top of mind for you as it relates
    to drone deployment? Key obstacles that stand in the way of
    creating an environment that supports not just innovation and
    design, we are pretty good at that, but actually getting drones
    out into the field?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly. I think one important part is, again,
    the regulatory sandboxing. There is recently announcement on an
    EVTOL Integration Pilot Program in the spirit of the Unmanned
    Aircraft System Pilot Program that occurred under the first
    Trump administration.
        The publishing of publication and hopefully soon use of a
    beyond visual line of sight rule is another first step in being
    able to expand the set of safe operations for drones. And I
    think as we are able to get additional regulatory clarity,
    additional use of these drones across sectors, it will provide
    for a stronger kind of draw for a domestic industrial base.
        Senator Young. Thanks again, doctor. Congrats to all our
    nominees. Chair.
        Senator Moreno. Thank you. I recognize Senator Peters.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. GARY PETERS,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN

        Senator Peters. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. To each of our
    nominees, congratulations on your nomination. Ms. Meyer, the
    2030 census will determine how communities across the country
    are going to receive millions of dollars in Federal funding for
    roads, for hospitals and bridges, as well as determine the
    political representation that they have here in Congress.
        It is absolutely essential, and I believe you know this
    from our discussion earlier, that the Census Bureau prepare so
    that the 2030 count is accurate, timely, and reliable. That is
    a lot of work between now and then. And the next step to
    prepare for the 2030 count is to conduct a test run of the
    census in 2026 at six sites around the country.
        I am concerned about the status of the preparation for this
    2026 census test, and I understand that the Bureau has not yet
    even begun hiring, which is behind the curve of what we have
    seen in the past.
        And also, the Census Bureau has refused to provide updates
    to me on the status of preparation for this test. So my
    question for you is first off, do you commit to prioritizing
    preparation and hiring for the 2026 Census if you are indeed
    confirmed?
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, thank you very much for the question.
    Thanks, too, for taking the time, you and your team. I very
    much appreciated our discussion. And thanks too for
    highlighting the important work of the Census. As we know, this
    is a core responsibility, particularly from--as outlined by the
    Constitution.
        And incidentally, today is National Constitution Day--287
    years ago the Constitution was signed. So, I think it is
    particularly timely. And with the work that is focused in
    preparation for 2030, as you know, I am not in the role, so I
    can't speak to any specifics.
        But what I can tell you is that if confirmed, I commit to
    working with you and the Committee, and also keeping a focus on
    the appropriate levels of staffing and resources that will be
    required.
        Senator Peters. So I know you, as from our discussion, you
    know that this is a big responsibility, and it is going take a
    considerable amount of your efforts going forward. Could you
    tell the Committee what steps you are thinking about right now
    of taking to prepare for this census test? I am sure you have
    given it some thought. Could you share some of those ideas with
    us, please?
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, thank you. And I know this is a very
    important issue, particularly given your role and the important
    focus you and your team have put into the census.
        As I mentioned, I am not in the role, but I do look forward
    to, if confirmed, exploring ways to ensure that there are no,
    for example, technological capabilities that would be
    overlooked in order to support the good work of the census in
    preparation for 2030.
        I also look forward to exploring and making sure that there
    are ways to apply any takeaways from previous experiences,
    previous census, and also making sure the data that continues
    to be analyzed informs the next steps in regards to the census
    for 2030.
        Senator Peters. Ms. Meyer, this summer, President Trump
    called on the Department of Commerce to conduct a new census to
    take place immediately that excludes non-citizens. No law
    permits the President from unilaterally conducting a whole new
    census at this point between censuses.
        Any change to the census would require amending the Census
    Act and approval from Congress. So my question for you is, do
    you agree that the President is unable to conduct a new census
    now unless Congress passes a law to actually authorize it?
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, thanks again for the continued focus
    and opportunity to respond on this very topic, this important
    topic of the census. In regards to, as I am not in the role, I
    have not been part of--I don't have any decisionmaking
    authority or have not been a part of the discussions.
        If confirmed, I do look forward to complying with the law
    and ensuring that all of the steps that are taken as you
    outlined, particularly in preparation for 2030, I look forward
    to carrying that out and joining alongside those who work at
    the Census.
        Senator Peters. So do you agree that a law needs to be
    passed? I didn't hear that in your answer, I apologize.
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, in regards to this, I am not in the
    role, but if confirmed, I do look forward to continuing to work
    with you and the Committee in regards to these issues.
        Senator Peters. Very good. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. BERNIE MORENO,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM OHIO

        Senator Moreno. Thank you. And congratulations to all three
    of you for being nominated. It is quite an honor, and I look
    forward to serving with all of you. Let's start with you, Dr.
    Klein. I am no nuclear scientist. One of us is.
        How do you work to make certain that as we develop AI
    technology, that it filters through to help working Americans?
    That it doesn't displace them, it doesn't eliminate them, but
    rather enables them and empowers them? Like, how do we focus in
    on that?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly. And Senator, thank you for the
    question. Any action that this administration would take with
    regard to AI has to have the American worker core and center.
    It has been a big push within America's AI Action Plan, is to
    focus on ways that the Federal Government can assess, where
    there may be, you know, new job opportunities, new areas, new
    sectors that Americans should be trained up for, for jobs of
    the future, and ensuring that we are investing in any re-
    skilling or ability for American workers to include and involve
    AI in their daily work to, you know, increase efficiency and
    make their jobs, you know, more enjoyable.
        So I think that everything that we do has to be data
    informed, and I think that is one step, is to ensure that we
    have the appropriate data and information and understanding of
    how industry is adopting these technologies and how it may
    have, you know, downstream impacts. And then ensuring that we
    are training Americans from the start on these kinds of
    technologies.
        The President had signed an Executive Order focusing on the
    K through 12 AI education, of which there was a task force
    meeting just a week and a half ago. And the focus there is
    really ensuring that from the very start we are able to train
    young Americans to understand what do these technologies mean,
    how can they leverage them for, you know, education and future
    in the workforce, and ensuring that Americans already in the
    workforce are able to benefit from these technologies.
        Senator Moreno. No, that is absolutely critical. And
    obviously, what we need to do is make certain that whatever we
    do on a public policy side, that we are keeping the American
    worker in mind.
        So, thank you for that answer. I had another question.
    Obviously, huge opportunity in Government computing and
    Government services with AI because our systems, let's just
    say, are from before probably you were born. So the question
    becomes, how do we leapfrog and get back into competitiveness?
        And there are a lot of opportunities that we can use AI. I
    have one concern that I have heard anecdotally and just want to
    see if this is something that you are focused on or the office
    is focused on, is that these AI providers are not allowing the
    Government to use their AI tools for whether it is ICE or law
    enforcement.
        Do I have your commitment to look into that to see why
    these companies are not allowing the Government who is
    contracting with these companies for large sums of money, not
    to allow them to use your tools at ICE or other law enforcement
    agencies?
        Mr. Klein. Senator, thank you for the question. And while
    that likely falls outside of OSTP's specific purview, we are
    constantly engaged with individuals at the Office of Management
    and Budget, within the Office Federal CIO, and the different
    CIO Councils. And that would be certainly something where I
    would be happy to work with--if confirmed, work with you and
    the Committee to ensure that all Government services are able
    to benefit from the, you know, wealth that these technologies
    can provide.
        Senator Moreno. Yes. Because you could imagine the problem
    where you have the Government going out and contracting with
    these companies, hundreds of millions of dollars, and the
    company saying, yes, you can use it for this, but not for that.
        That is deeply concerning, and certainly would ask you to
    take a look at that when you are confirmed--be optimist here.
    The last question for you is, obviously, there is a lot of hype
    around things like Grok and ChatGPT, but can you talk just for
    the record where the real applications of AI are?
        Because again, we have had Google for a long time, and I
    view kind of those other applications as kind of an advancement
    on that, but that is not really where the action is. Can you
    kind of talk about where you see the true real applications of
    AI?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly, Senator. So again, I would focus at a
    use case and sector specific kind of level. If you are talking
    about medical diagnostics, where AI can be used to enhance and
    augment existing diagnostic capabilities for early detection of
    cancer. In the transportation space, we had the rich discussion
    there on unmanned aircraft systems.
        For example, automated driving systems as well. The
    Department of Transportation rolled out a new AV policy
    framework. These are the areas that already today we are seeing
    the benefits of AI technology. And I have one--if confirmed,
    one big priority for me in terms of what actions we take on AI
    policy should be around industry adoption at the end point
    where the American people can benefit from these technologies.
        Senator Moreno. All right, thank you. Actually, one last
    question for you, and then I will jump to the other ones. There
    is a comment made by the Ranking Member that science is fact.
    You have a PhD, and you studied undergraduate. Can you address
    that, is science fact?
        Mr. Klein. I think science is a process of understanding to
    the best of our abilities, you know, any given kind of----
        Senator Moreno. But it is never a fact. In other words, it
    is quite the opposite, right. There is never a fact. If that
    was the case, we would be believing that the world is flat
    today, because that was maybe the thought 3,000 years ago.
        So the science is ever evolving, and it is about
    exploration and learning. It is not about a conclusion that you
    sit with and say there is indisputable that this is true,
    although there are some sets of indisputable facts. Science is
    a process of learning and a journey. Is that correct?
        Mr. Klein. Certainly. Yes, Senator.
        Senator Moreno. All right. Just to make sure. And go to
    you, Mr. Graham. Obviously, the work that the NTSB does--can
    you explain just, again, for the record, clean up some of the
    questions I heard from my colleagues? The NTSB is not the FAA,
    right? Just for the record, just to make sure that we have that
    clear.
        Mr. Graham. Thank you, Senator. Yes, the NTSB is an
    independent safety organization. We do investigations. We do
    safety studies, and our products are mainly our
    recommendations. So, we are not a regulator.
        Senator Moreno. Right. So you are not making decisions as
    to what equipment goes on planes, what equipment doesn't go on
    planes. You are not in the business of passing legislation. Is
    that correct?
        Mr. Graham. Correct. We are----
        Senator Moreno. Impartial investigators----
        Mr. Graham. We are impartial. We have--what I like to say
    is we have no horse in the race. So we come in. We are
    unbiased. We let the facts guide us to where they will lead us,
    and we come up with the conclusions at that point. And our sole
    product is recommendations, which are usually very generic.
        And we leave that up to the regulator and the industry to
    determine how best to approach that recommendation and
    implement it so that we don't have another accident like that
    again.
        Senator Moreno. And thank you for your work. And thank you,
    the Chairman, for your work on that. You guys are asked to do
    enormous amount of work in a very short period of time with an
    increasingly impatient public, where social media expects you
    to resolve it in a law and order sort of way where in one hour
    the crime is committed and 60 minutes later the verdict is
    rendered, and I don't think that is reality. So, thank you for
    working and doing great impartial work.
        And Ms. Meyer, I don't want to leave you alone. And since I
    am alone up here, I am going way over my time. It is my
    prerogative here. So, the question for you is, you had some
    questions from my Democrat colleagues. Do you suspect the
    President is going to come ask you your opinion as to what his
    Executive Order should look like, or do you think that is
    probably going to be the President to look to you and the
    Secretary to implement his prerogatives?
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, thank you for the question. Thanks to
    you for the time that you and your team spent. I appreciated
    our discussion----
        Senator Moreno. So the question was, like what was your
    opinion on whether the census should be? You don't expect that
    the President is going to walk in your office and go, you know,
    I am not sure about this. Can you give me your opinion? He is
    going to expect you to implement whatever he feels is compliant
    with the law. Is that accurate?
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, in terms of this role, it is in regards
    to the data and implementing what is required, right. So, what
    you highlight is basically the role itself. The focus is on
    data. It is not on policy. And so, if confirmed, I very much
    look forward to serving.
        Senator Moreno. Yes. And data doesn't have opinions or
    feelings, right. Just make sure we are on the same page there.
    But thank you to all three of you. Thank you for your time this
    morning. Thank you, for your patience. Thank you the work that
    you have done prior to getting here.
        And again, it is a great honor to all of you that the
    President of the United States has nominated you for these
    positions. It will be our honor here, at least speaking for
    myself, to confirm all three of you in these positions.
        So Mr. Graham, Mr. Klein, and Ms. Meyer, my final question
    is required of all nominees. If confirmed, do you pledge to
    work collaboratively with this committee to provide thorough
    and timely responses to the Committee's request and to appear
    before the Committee when requested? Mr. Graham.
        Mr. Graham. Senator, yes.
        Senator Moreno. Dr. Klein.
        Mr. Klein. Senator, yes.
        Senator Moreno. Ms. Meyer.
        Ms. Meyer. Senator, yes.
        Senator Moreno. Thank you. I have six letters of support
    from various organizations for Mr. Graham's and Mr. Klein's
    nomination, and I ask unanimous consent to be inserted into the
    hearing. Hearing no objections, so ordered.
        [The information referred to follows:]

                     General Aviation Manufacturers Association
                                     Washington, DC, September 17, 2025

    Senator Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    Washington, DC.
    Senator Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Senator Cruz and Senator Cantwell,

        On behalf of the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA),
    we write to support the nomination of U.S. National Transportation
    Safety Board (NTSB) Member Michael Graham for a second term as a member
    of the board. He is recognized as a champion of aviation safety--a
    primary focus of our association.
        GAMA has worked with Member Graham since he joined the NTSB. His
    broad understanding of aviation safety builds on decades of experience
    as a Naval Aviator, leadership roles at two aircraft manufacturers, and
    work as a demonstration pilot and production flight test pilot and
    exemplifies experience that will continue to benefit the NTSB and U.S.
    transportation safety.
        We appreciate the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation
    Committee consideration of his nomination and wholeheartedly support it
    moving forward so that he can continue his important work at the NTSB.
                Sincerely,
                                                James A. Viola,
                                                     President and CEO.
                                     ______

                                  Air Charter Safety Foundation
                                                     September 15, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.

    Subject: Endorsement for Continued Service of NTSB Board Member
    Michael Graham

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        On behalf of the Board of Governors of the Air Charter Safety
    Foundation (ACSF), we are writing to express our strong support for the
    renomination and continued service of Member Michael Graham on the
    National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
        Michael Graham is a former Chair of the ACSF Board of Governors and
    has long been recognized as an incredibly qualified leader and advocate
    for aviation safety. His contributions to ACSF and the broader aviation
    community reflect his deep understanding of both operational realities
    and the importance of advancing a strong safety culture.
        Since his appointment to the NTSB, Member Graham has continued to
    exemplify these qualities, serving as a tireless advocate for safety
    across all sectors. He has consistently engaged with stakeholders,
    fostered collaboration, and reinforced the importance of adopting and
    implementing NTSB recommendations to improve safety outcomes.
        The business and charter aviation industry faces complex challenges
    as it works to strengthen safety management systems, reduce risk, and
    enhance accident prevention. Having a Board Member like Michael Graham,
    with his proven expertise, operational insight, and unwavering
    commitment to collaboration, is essential to meeting these challenges
    effectively.
        For these reasons, we respectfully urge the Committee to support
    Member Graham's continued service on the NTSB. His leadership,
    qualifications, and dedication to aviation safety will ensure continued
    progress in protecting lives and advancing safety across the industry.
                Respectfully,
                                        The Board of Governors,
                                         Air Charter Safety Foundation.
                                     ______

                  Intelligent Transportation Society of America
                                                      September 9, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    United States Senate,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    United States Senate,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        On behalf of the Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS
    America), I am writing in strong support of the confirmation of Mr.
    Michael Graham to the National Transportation Safety Board for a second
    term as Board Member. For more than 30 years, ITS America has been a
    leading organization uniting government, private industry, and academia
    to champion policies and investments that make our transportation
    systems safer, more innovative, and more efficient. The NTSB is a
    critical partner to the industry and our members in shaping policies
    and recommendations that improve the safety of our transportation
    system.
        Throughout his career, Mr. Graham has been a champion for
    transportation safety, supporting recommendations that improve the
    safety of the traveling public. His significant experience in the
    aviation industry and previous five years serving on the Board give him
    the leadership, expertise, and knowledge necessary to support a
    national transportation safety approach that improves safety outcomes
    across all modes of transportation. Mr. Graham has been a strong
    advocate for using innovative technologies to improve safety for all
    who travel, including vehicle connectivity, driver assistance systems,
    and infrastructure-based safety tools. The country would continue to
    derive great benefit from Mr. Graham's service on the Board for a
    second term given his focus on and commitment to reducing
    transportation injuries and fatalities.
        We appreciate the Committee's leadership and strong track record of
    supporting transportation safety and innovative safety technologies. We
    strongly support Mr. Graham's renomination as a Board Member at the
    NTSB and look forward to working with him upon his confirmation.
                Sincerely,
                                                   Laura Chace,
                                                     President and CEO,
                             Intelligent Transportation Society of America.

    cc: Members of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
    Transportation
                                     ______

                                Consumer Technology Association
                                      Arlington, VA, September 16, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        On behalf of the Consumer Technology Association, we support the
    nomination of Dr. Ethan Klein as Chief Technology Officer and Associate
    Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
    (OSTP), a role critical to keeping the Federal Government at the
    cutting edge of technology. Dr. Klein's background in science and
    technology makes him well suited for this post.
        CTA worked with Dr. Klein during the first Trump Administration,
    when he served as a policy advisor for emerging technologies at OSTP.
    His portfolio included autonomous and unmanned transportation, giving
    him direct experience on issues central to America's innovation
    leadership. That background will allow him to contribute from day one.
        Once confirmed, we believe Dr. Klein will continue driving critical
    technology priorities that advance U.S. leadership, support the
    workforce, and ensure prosperity and security for all Americans. This
    is a pivotal time for emerging technologies, and Dr. Klein is an
    outstanding choice for U.S. CTO and Associate Director of OSTP.
        CTA respectfully urges his swift confirmation. Thank you for your
    consideration.

                                                  Gary Shapiro,
                                                    CEO and Vice Chair,
                                           Consumer Technology Association.
                                               Kinsey Fabrizio,
                                                             President,
                                           Consumer Technology Association.
                                     ______

                              Task Force on American Innovation
                                                     September 16, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        The Task Force on American Innovation (TFAI) is honored to submit
    this letter for the record in support of the nomination of Dr. Ethan
    Klein to serve as the Associate Director of the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy (OSTP) and the United States Chief Technology
    Officer. TFAI is a coalition of STEM-related companies, scientific
    professional societies, and research institutions focused on the
    critical role played by federally funded research in the U.S.
    innovation enterprise.
        Dr. Klein's career exemplifies a steadfast dedication to the
    advancement of American science, technology, and national security.
    With a doctorate in nuclear physics from the Massachusetts Institute of
    Technology and an MBA from Stanford University, his foundation in both
    research and policy is broad and deep. He has served as a policy
    advisor at OSTP, a researcher at Lawrence Livermore National
    Laboratory, and a bridge between Silicon Valley and the Federal
    government through his leadership roles at Stanford University.
        A defining feature of Dr. Klein's approach is his profound
    understanding of the essential role that federally funded research
    plays in driving innovation, economic prosperity, and job creation
    across the United States. He recognizes that nearly every breakthrough
    shaping our lives today traces its roots to basic research, supported
    by public investment and performed in our Nation's universities and
    laboratories. From artificial intelligence and quantum computing to
    advanced nuclear reactors and border security technologies, Dr. Klein's
    career has spanned the full spectrum of foundational and applied
    science. He has consistently advocated for the public support of
    research as the engine of America's competitive advantage.
        Dr. Klein is acutely aware that our global competitors, including
    China, are dramatically increasing their national investments in
    science and technology. Their goal is to emulate the American model--
    one that for a century has yielded unprecedented economic growth,
    technological leadership, and national security. Dr. Klein's experience
    in both government and research has given him a clear-eyed appreciation
    of the strategic competition we face and the imperative to sustain and
    expand our Nation's commitment to fundamental research, lest we cede
    leadership in fields that will define the future.
        Equally important, Dr. Klein is a responsible steward of the public
    trust. He understands that every dollar allocated to science and
    technology originates from the hard work of American taxpayers. He is
    committed to ensuring that these resources are used judiciously and
    transparently, maximizing the return on investment for the American
    people while accelerating discovery and economic opportunity.
        Dr. Klein's nomination comes at a pivotal time, when bold
    leadership is needed to maintain America's preeminence in science and
    technology. His vision is unwavering: to keep the United States at the
    forefront of global innovation--not only by supporting transformative
    research today but also by laying the foundation for discoveries that
    may come decades from now. He understands that ingenuity and prosperity
    rest on our willingness to invest in new ideas, and he is dedicated to
    ensuring that America continues to lead the world in scientific
    achievement.
        For these reasons, TFAI supports Dr. Ethan Klein's nomination. His
    expertise, integrity, and commitment to public service will serve the
    Nation with distinction in the years to come.
        Thank you for the opportunity to add our enthusiastic endorsement
    to the record.
                Respectfully submitted,
                                                  Scott Corley,
                                                    Executive Director,
                                         Task Force on American Innovation.
                                     ______

         Association for Uncrewed Vehicle Systems International
                                                         April 29, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    United States Senate,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    United States Senate,
    Washington, DC.

    Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        On behalf of the Association for Uncrewed Vehicle Systems
    International (AUVSI) and our expansive membership, I write to express
    our strong support for the nomination of Dr. Ethan Klein to serve as
    the United States Chief Technology Officer (CTO). Dr. Klein's visionary
    leadership, particularly in the fields of digital infrastructure, open
    innovation, and responsible technology policy, uniquely qualifies him
    to advance our national technology strategy at this critical juncture.
    Our organization chiefly focuses on the uncrewed systems, robotics, and
    autonomy industries, and we are confident that Dr. Klein will excel in
    his new role to support American dominance in our areas of focus, and
    across all critical industries and sectors.
        AUVSI represents over four hundred corporations and 8,000
    professionals spanning industry, government, and academia in more than
    sixty countries. Our members work across the defense, civil, and
    commercial sectors, designing and operating uncrewed systems including
    drones, automated vehicles, maritime vessels, and robotics. We are
    confident that under Dr. Klein's leadership, the Federal government
    will be well positioned to enhance coordination across agencies and
    support groundbreaking technologies that are transforming how we live,
    work, and defend our Nation.
        Dr. Klein has consistently demonstrated a steadfast commitment to
    ensuring American leadership in emerging technologies. His previous
    roles as a Senior Advisor in the White House Office of Science and
    Technology Policy, along with his leadership on digital policy reform,
    underscores his strong ability to engage stakeholders across sectors
    and advance secure, forward-looking initiatives. His deep understanding
    of the evolving technological landscape makes him exceptionally well-
    suited to guide Federal innovation initiatives, ensure technological
    development, and bolster digital resilience.
        Throughout his public service career, Dr. Klein has played a
    critical role in developing policies that prioritize national security,
    promote innovation, and foster public-private collaboration--three
    important components of success in the uncrewed systems, autonomy, and
    robotics industries. His demonstrated expertise in crafting frameworks
    that balance economic growth with digital resilience will be vital in
    this era of rapidly advancing technologies where uncrewed systems are
    being increasingly utilized. We are confident he will champion policies
    that enhance domestic capabilities, strengthen supply chains, and
    accelerate the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence,
    advanced networking, and autonomous systems.
        AUVSI feels strongly that Dr. Klein's nomination is a pivotal
    opportunity to ensure the U.S. maintains global leadership in strategic
    technology domains, including autonomy and robotics. We urge the
    Committee to swiftly confirm Dr. Klein as the next CTO so he can begin
    this important work on behalf of the American people and the innovation
    community.
        Thank you for your consideration. Please do not hesitate to contact
    us if we can provide additional information in support of Dr. Klein's
    nomination.
                Sincerely,
                                               Michael Robbins,
                                                     President and CEO,
                                                                     AUVSI.
                                     ______

                                Vertical Aviation International
                                                      September 8, 2025

    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
    Washington, DC.

    Subj: Endorsement for Continued Service of NTSB Board Member Michael
                Graham

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        On behalf of Vertical Aviation International (VAI), the world's
    leading membership association dedicated to the vertical aviation
    industry, I am writing to express our strong support for the
    renomination and continued service of Member Michael Graham on the
    National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
        Since joining the Board, Member Graham has served as a tireless
    advocate for aviation safety, with dedication to the vertical flight
    sector. He has consistently engaged with our industry through
    participation in VAI events, including VERTICON, webinars, and safety
    forums. His leadership has advanced a strong safety culture,
    strengthened collaboration, and reinforced the importance of promoting
    NTSB post-accident recommendations across the industry.
        The rotorcraft industry faces complex challenges in its efforts to
    advance safety while sustaining critical missions such as air
    ambulance, firefighting, offshore energy support, law enforcement, and
    utility operations. Having a Board Member like Michael Graham, who
    understands these unique dynamics and consistently demonstrates
    leadership in promoting a culture of safety, is vital to achieving
    measurable progress in accident prevention.
        For these reasons, we respectfully urge the Committee to support
    Member Graham's continued service on the NTSB. His expertise,
    engagement, and dedication to collaboration will ensure continued
    progress in reducing accidents and strengthening aviation safety for
    all who fly.
                Respectfully,
                                                    Cade Clark,
                                      Chief Government Affairs Officer,
                                           Vertical Aviation International.
                                     ______

                         National Business Aviation Association
                                                     September 15, 2025

    Senator Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    Washington, DC.
    Senator Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell,

        I write on behalf of the National Business Aviation Association's
    (NBAA) 11,000 members to express our strong support for confirmation of
    Michael Graham for another term as a Member of the National
    Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
        Mr. Graham brings a distinguished record of leadership, safety
    expertise and aviation experience to the Board. From beginning his
    career as a Naval Fighter Pilot, where he led safety and training
    initiatives, to chairing the Air Charter Safety Foundation, leading the
    NBAA Safety Committee's Single Pilot Safety Working Group, Mr. Graham
    has demonstrated an exemplary record of safety knowledge and
    professionalism--a remarkable legacy of accomplishment the Flight
    Safety Foundation recognized in honoring Mr. Graham with its 2019
    Business Aviation Meritorious Service Award.
        During his tenure on the NTSB, Mr. Graham has consistently
    demonstrated a deep commitment to the Board's mission of advancing
    transportation safety. His extensive experience at the intersection of
    aviation operations and safety oversight is particularly valuable as
    the United States works to modernize the Nation's air traffic control
    system and ensure the safe integration of emerging technologies,
    including commercial spaceflight, unmanned aircraft systems, electric
    air taxis and autonomous vehicles.
        Mr. Graham is widely respected in the aviation community, not only
    for his technical expertise, but also for his collaborative approach to
    identifying challenges and promoting practical, safety-driven
    solutions. His continued service on the NTSB will be essential in
    helping the Board address evolving safety issues while maintaining
    America's global leadership in aerospace.
        Founded in 1947 and based in Washington, DC, NBAA is the leading
    organization for companies that rely on general aviation aircraft to
    help make their businesses more efficient, productive and successful.
    Safety has always been at the core of our mission, and the association
    provides more than 100 products and services to the business aviation
    community, including resources that advance best practices and cutting-
    edge innovations in aerospace technologies.
        As the NTSB prepares for the next phase of innovation in mobility,
    Mr. Graham will ensure America remains a leader in transportation
    safety. His commitment reflects NBAA's longstanding dedication to
    ensuring business aviation operates at the highest levels of safety and
    efficiency. We urge the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and
    Transportation and the U.S. Senate to confirm Mr. Graham's nomination
    as soon as possible.
                Sincerely,
                                                      Ed Bolen,
                                                     President and CEO,
                                    National Business Aviation Association.
                                     ______

                                Alliance for Digital Innovation
                                                     September 17, 2025
    Hon. Ted Cruz,
    Chairman,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    United States Senate
    Washington, DC.
    Hon. Maria Cantwell,
    Ranking Member,
    Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee,
    United States Senate,
    Washington, DC.

    Dear Chairman Cruz and Ranking Member Cantwell:

        The Alliance for Digital Innovation (ADI) writes to support the
    confirmation of Dr. Ethan Klein as Associate Director of the Office of
    Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). ADI represents leading technology
    companies and organizations committed to advancing digital
    transformation and innovation in government.
        Dr. Klein brings a unique combination of technical expertise and
    policy experience focused on advancing emerging technologies for
    government missions. During his previous service as a policy advisor
    for emerging technologies at the White House OSTP from 2017 to 2021, he
    consistently advocated for integrating cutting-edge innovations into
    Federal operations, including artificial intelligence (AI), cloud
    computing, and quantum technologies that deliver immediate operational
    benefits. His Ph.D. in nuclear science and engineering from MIT,
    particularly his research on nuclear safeguards and international
    security, earned him the 2019 Arms Control Person of the Year Award
    from the Arms Control Association. Dr. Klein's work at Lawrence
    Livermore National Laboratory further strengthened his commitment to
    applying advanced scientific capabilities to practical government
    solutions that address real-world challenges. He also served as a
    Defense Innovation Scholar at Stanford's Gordian Knot Center for
    National Security Innovation, where he worked to bridge the gap between
    Silicon Valley and government agencies.
        This technology-forward approach is particularly relevant to OSTP's
    mission of ensuring America's competitiveness in AI, quantum computing,
    and cloud infrastructure. Dr. Klein's vision of leveraging these
    transformative technologies to strengthen government operations aligns
    with the office's role in coordinating and promoting Federal research
    and development programs that deliver tangible results for mission-
    critical functions.
        Our member companies value leadership that actively seeks to
    incorporate innovative technology into government operations rather
    than maintaining status quo approaches. Dr. Klein's commitment to
    bringing practical technological solutions into government missions,
    combined with his institutional knowledge of OSTP operations, positions
    him to effectively bridge private sector innovation with Federal agency
    needs for immediate operational improvements.
        The Alliance for Digital Innovation supports the confirmation of
    Dr. Ethan Klein as Associate Director of the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy. His technical background and policy experience
    provide excellent qualifications for advancing Federal science and
    technology initiatives.
        We respectfully encourage the Committee's consideration of his
    nomination. Thank you for your consideration of our views.
                Sincerely,
                                                  Ross Nodurft,
                                                    Executive Director,
                                           Alliance for Digital Innovation.

        Senator Moreno. Senators will have until the close of
    business September 19 to submit questions for the record. The
    nominees will have till the close of business on September 22
    to respond to those questions. That concludes today's hearing.
    The Committee stands adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 11:17 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                A P P E N D I X

          Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ted Cruz to
                                 Michael Graham
        Question 1. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), for
    nearly thirty years, has recommended Automatic Dependent Surveillance--
    Broadcast In (ADS-B In) equipage in aircraft. In July, I introduced S.
    2503 the Rotorcraft Operations Transparency and Oversight Reform
    (ROTOR) Act. The ROTOR Act if enacted makes important aviation safety
    improvements, including the requirement for all aircraft, commercial,
    general aviation, and military, to receive ADS-B In.

        a. Mr. Graham, how does the NTSB engage in advocating for
    implementation of safety recommendations, including legislation that
    implements NTSB recommendations?
        Answer. Since the NTSB does not have regulatory or enforcement
    authority and cannot mandate adoption of our recommendations, we use a
    variety of tools to advocate for their implementation--including when
    legislative or regulatory changes are required. Below are examples of
    how we engage in our advocacy.

      1.  Safety Recommendation Process--After an investigation, we issue
            safety recommendations to agencies, industry groups,
            manufacturers, labor organizations, and/or other entities we
            believe can act to enhance safety. Each recommendation is
            tracked in a public database that is fully transparent, and the
            recipient must respond with actions taken or planned. Through
            this process, we are able to constantly engage with our
            recommendation recipients to continue encouraging them to enact
            our recommendations. The public is also able to track
            progress--or lack thereof--on these recommendations to increase
            accountability.

      2.  Legislative Advocacy--NTSB frequently recommends Congress or
            state legislatures enact laws to improve safety and satisfy our
            recommendations. In certain cases, additional regulatory
            authority is needed for entities to be able to enact our
            recommendations. In these cases, the NTSB will work directly
            with legislative bodies to advocate for that authority to be
            granted to the appropriate regulator. The Board also testifies
            before congressional committees, provides technical expertise,
            and submits formal correspondence to Congress detailing our
            activities and continuing to advocate for our recommendations.

      3.  Partnership with Regulatory Agencies--Since many of our
            recommendations are directed to Federal regulators, we build
            relationships with these regulators so that we can better
            understand their abilities--and limitations--to carrying out
            our recommendations. The NTSB, as Congress designed, is not a
            punitive body, and therefore we continue to build on these
            relationships to ultimately create a safer transportation
            ecosystem.

      4.  Public Advocacy and Awareness--The NTSB strategically uses media,
            public events, and speaking engagements to raise awareness of
            recommendations that are stalled or ignored. Board Members and
            staff alike both use these forums to directly communicate with
            recommendation recipients, industry stakeholders, and the
            general public to emphasize the importance of enacting our
            recommendations.

        b. Would the widespread adoption of ADS-B In increase aviation
    safety, particularly around congested airports?
        Answer. Yes, ADS-B In technology is another layer of safety that
    can be added to improve situational awareness and safety for pilots
    flying in Class B airspace, or any congested airspace.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to
                                 Michael Graham
        Question 1. Mr. Graham, as you may know, many communities in Alaska
    rely almost entirely on aviation for year-round access to basic goods,
    services, and medical care. Yet many airports in Alaska still lack
    usable instrument flight procedures due to outdated design standards,
    excessive minimums, or multi-year backlogs in FAA approval. These
    limitations often make published instrument approaches less usable than
    visual flight rules, even in poor weather.
        Meanwhile, non-FAA service providers have shown that they can
    develop more precise, lower-minimum procedures using modern GPS-based
    technology, but they receive no Federal support and often cannot
    publish their procedures for public use under current FAA policies.

       Given your background as a pilot and your leadership role at
            the NTSB, do you believe that accelerating the availability of
            safe, modern instrument procedures--including through FAA
            collaboration with authorized third-party providers--would
            improve flight safety in regions like Alaska?
        Answer. I have been very outspoken during my first term about the
    need for all pilots--veterans and novices alike--to maintain currency
    and proficiency on instruments. Having traveled to Alaska during my
    term and discussing these issues with various stakeholders in Alaska's
    aviation community, I fully agree that we need to accelerate the
    availability of safe, modern instrument procedures to help improve
    aviation safety in Alaska. We need more instrument flight rules (IFR)
    routes and procedures instead of the current status quo that heavily
    relies on visual flight rules scud running which, more often than not,
    can put pilots into the weather without IFR options. These scenarios
    can eventually lead to an accident, which is why IFR options are so
    important.

       And if confirmed, would you be willing to look for
            opportunities to amplify that message through the NTSB's safety
            advocacy mission, so that decision-makers at FAA better
            understand the safety value of these efforts?
        Answer. I commit to working with you, your team, our team based in
    Anchorage, and any other aviation stakeholders in Alaska to amplify the
    need for improved instrument procedures and routes with the FAA or any
    other entities that need to understand the serious implications of not
    having these in place.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                                 Michael Graham
        Clear Timeline for ADS-B In Mandate. In 2008, the NTSB told the FAA
    it should mandate ADS-B In, not just ADS-B Out, for aircraft operating
    in certain types of controlled airspace. NTSB said doing so would
    ``provide an immediate and substantial contribution to safety,
    especially during operations in and around airports.'' It has been 15
    years, and aviation operators are still not required to equip with ADS-
    B In. After the tragic DCA collision exposed ADS-B loopholes, I'm
    working to mandate this critical safety technology to prevent future
    accidents.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you believe equipping aircraft with ADS-B
    In technology will improve situational awareness and safety for pilots
    flying in busy airspace near commercial airports?
        Answer. Yes, ADS-B In technology is another layer of safety that
    can be added to improve situational awareness and safety for pilots
    flying in Class B airspace, or any busy airspace, near commercial
    airports.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you agree with setting a clear compliance
    date for aviation operators to equip with ADS-B In?
        Answer. While the NTSB is not a regulator and leaves decisions on
    compliance deadlines to regulators, the FAA in this case, I would
    continue to echo the Board's longstanding recommendation to the FAA to
    satisfy our recommendation on ADS-B In as soon as possible. For those
    reasons, yes, I would agree with setting a clear compliance deadline
    for aviation operators to equip with ADS-B In.

        Question 3. How would a clear compliance date for operators to
    equip with ADS-B In help foster regulatory certainty for the aviation
    industry?
        Answer. As in any mode, in aviation the National Airspace System
    (NAS) is only as safe as the least safe operator. Clear, industry-wide
    guidance from the FAA on ADS-B In implementation will help ensure all
    operators play by the same rules on the same timeline, ultimately
    strengthening the safety of the entire NAS.

        Question 4. If confirmed, what actions would you take as a Member
    of the NTSB Board to ensure ADS-B In safety recommendations are
    implemented by FAA, in light of FAA's failure to implement the Board's
    safety recommendations in a timely manner?
        Answer. As my fellow Board Members and I have done throughout my
    first term at the NTSB, I will continue to use my vote and my voice at
    the Board to advocate for adoption of all NTSB recommendations--
    including with regulators such as the FAA. Nearly 20 years without
    satisfying this recommendation is unacceptable; however, as we saw with
    positive train control which NTSB recommended decades before its
    implementation, I believe constant advocacy and attention to this issue
    directly with the FAA--along with other industry stakeholders who will
    benefit from the technology--can ultimately achieve our shared outcome.
    I look forward to working with you, the Committee, Congress, and the
    administration to ultimately achieve an acceptable action from the FAA
    on our recommendations for ADS-B In technology.

        Rail Safety and Surface Transportation Reauthorization. You were
    the NTSB Board Member who led the response to the tragic train
    derailment in East Palestine, Ohio. You saw firsthand the impact that
    the derailment had on the community of East Palestine. Your agency made
    34 new recommendations after your investigation. Last Congress,
    Senators Brown, Fetterman, and Casey, along with now-Vice-President-
    Vance introduced the Railway Safety Act that would implement a number
    of those recommendations.

        Question 1. The NTSB made 19 recommendations to DOT; are any of the
    recommendations considered closed? If so, please specify which ones.
        Answer. The Board has not voted to close any of the recommendations
    issued to DOT, FRA, or PHMSA from our East Palestine report.

        Question 2. What is the status of the three recommendations that
    the NTSB made to the America Association of Railroads?
        Answer. One of the recommendations (R-24-020) NTSB issued to the
    American Association of Railroads (AAR) is classified ``Open--
    Acceptable Response,'' meaning the Board believes AAR is taking
    positive steps toward fulfilling the recommendation but has not fully
    addressed the recommendation. This recommendation asks the AAR to
    revise the Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, M 1002,
    Specifications for Tank Cars, to establish criteria and procedures for
    manufacturers of tank car service equipment to demonstrate
    compatibility of pressure relief devices and other AAR-approved service
    equipment with intended ladings. The response we received from AAR to
    this recommendation indicated that their Tank Car Committee is
    developing a requirement, to be included in the Manual of Standards,
    that manufacturers actually demonstrate compatibility of pressure
    relief devices and other AAR-approved service equipment with intended
    ladings; thus the Board believes AAR is working towards satisfying this
    recommendation with the development of this requirement. The Board has
    classified the other two recommendations issued to the AAR (R-24-019
    and R-24-021) as ``Open--Unacceptable Response,'' meaning the Board
    believes the AAR it not taking steps towards addressing our
    recommendations. Recommendation R-24-019 asked the AAR to develop a
    database of bearing failures and replacements and make it available to
    railroads, regulators, and investigators to help determine and address
    failure risk factors. The response we received from AAR to this
    recommendation indicated that they believe their current Umler system
    is a sufficient and appropriate database of bearing replacements
    recommended by the NTSB. The AAR also said that their Wheels, Axles,
    Bearings, and Lubrication (WABL) Committee tracks bearing failures, but
    only around 25 percent of failed bearings are reported to WABL. The
    Board has noted AAR's current database is a good starting point but is
    not expansive or robust enough to satisfy our recommendation.
    Recommendation R-24-021 asked the AAR to revise the definition of key
    train in Circular OT-55 to designate as a key train any train
    containing tank cars transporting hazardous materials that do not meet
    the DOT-117 standard. The response we received from AAR to this
    recommendation indicated that while they support a phase out of DOT-111
    tank cars for flammable liquid service, AAR does not agree with
    applying OT-55 to all trains transporting a DOT-111 tank car containing
    a hazardous material. The Board has noted our belief that revising the
    definition of key train will prevent similar potentially catastrophic
    hazardous materials releases in the future and, therefore, AAR's
    current response is unacceptable.

        Question 3. In light of the East Palestine disaster, which open
    NTSB recommendations do you think would have the greatest impact on
    rail safety and preventing a similar accident?
        Answer. As the Board Member on scene for this accident, I firmly
    believe that each of our recommendations issued in the final report is
    crucial toward ensuring this type of derailment or release of hazardous
    material can never happen again. In particular, I have been very
    outspoken about the need for accelerated removal of DOT 111 tank cars
    from flammable liquids service. The NTSB has investigated far too many
    accidents involving these cars breaching and releasing hazardous
    materials, and it should not take any further accidents for PHMSA to
    remove these tank cars from flammable liquids service. The other
    recommendation I have been outspoken about is the need for PHMSA to
    revise the definition of a high hazard flammable train. The current
    definition--a continuous block of 20 or more tank cars loaded with a
    flammable liquid or 35 or more tank cars loaded with a flammable liquid
    dispersed throughout a train--is far too broad. It only takes one of
    these cars to derail and breach for a serious situation to occur, and
    PHMSA must update this definition in order to meet current realities.

        Bipartisanship on the NTSB. The Trump Administration has, to date,
    refused to nominate any Democrats to any open seats on independent
    boards and commissions, in a marked departure from longstanding
    practice. Now, we have boards and commissions operating with vacancies.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Based on your experience at the NTSB over
    the last five years, do you believe in the importance of bipartisanship
    on independent boards and commissions?
        Answer. While I cannot speak for any other boards or commissions in
    the Federal government, I have seen the benefits of bipartisanship and
    diversity of thought during my first term at the NTSB.

        Question 2. Do you support continuing to have a bipartisan split of
    Members at the NTSB?
        Answer. Yes, I do. I believe each Board Member brings a different
    and unique perspective to the table, and those collective perspectives
    strengthen our work and product.

        Alvin Brown Firing. NTSB is an independent agency and by statute
    the President may fire a Board member only for ``inefficiency, neglect
    of duty, or malfeasance,'' not solely at ``the pleasure of the
    President'' as you asserted at the hearing. In an interview with my
    staff, you said that you were not aware of any ``inefficiency, neglect
    of duty, or malfeasance'' to justify Member Brown's firing. At the
    hearing, you told me that you had ``little interaction with most of the
    other Board Members.''

        Question 1. Yes or No: Did anyone ask you to change your answer? If
    so, please detail who gave you this instruction, and under what
    circumstances.
        Answer. No.

        Question 2. Are you personally aware of any ``inefficiency, neglect
    of duty, or malfeasance'' to justify the firing of Vice Chair Alvin
    Brown?
        Answer. While I am not personally aware of any specific
    ``inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance'' regarding former Vice
    Chair Brown, as I mentioned in the hearing, individual Board Members
    ultimately have limited interaction with each other by Congress'
    design.
        Because no more than two of us can be in a room at any time
    deliberating on matters before the Board without violating the
    Government in the Sunshine Act, we each operate our offices fairly
    independently, meaning we have limited insights into other Member's
    day-to-day operations, thought processes, or actions.

        Pipeline Safety: Aldyl-A pipeline and risks to Spokane, Washington.
    In 2023, a gas pipeline explosion killed seven people and injured 10 at
    a chocolate factory in West Reading, Pennsylvania. The NTSB found that
    Aldyl-A, a type of plastic with known safety risks, played a role in
    the disaster. As of 2023, there were over 100 miles of this pipeline in
    Spokane's natural gas distribution system.

        Question 1. What action do pipeline operators and the Department of
    Transportation need to be taking to address this risk?
        Answer. NTSB issued 18 new recommendations, along with one
    reiterated recommendation, in our final report on the UGI Corporation's
    Natural Gas-Fueled Explosion and Fire at the R.M. Palmer Company
    building in West Redding, Pennsylvania. Of those 19 recommendations,
    three to PHMSA, one to the Gas Piping Technology Committee, and one to
    UGI Corporation directly addressed the safety concerns surrounding
    Aldyl-A. To date, while these recipients are making varying degrees of
    progress towards fulfilling these recommendations, they have not
    completed our recommended actions. These recommendations include:

       For PHMSA to issue an advisory bulletin to all regulated
            natural gas distribution pipeline operators referencing
            distribution integrity management program regulations and
            encouraging those operators to:

         Complete a one-time inventory of all plastic assets
                that are located in environments that experience or are at
                risk of elevated temperatures;

         Continue, during maintenance and new construction
                projects, to identify plastic assets that are in elevated
                temperature environments; and

         Evaluate and mitigate risks to deter the degradation
                of these assets.

       For PHMSA to issue an advisory bulletin that reviews the
            details of the March 24, 2023, natural gas-fueled explosion and
            fire in West Reading and advise all regulated natural gas
            distribution pipeline operators to address the risk associated
            with Aldyl A service tees with Delrin inserts, including
            replacing or remediating them.

       For PHMSA to evaluate industry's implementation of the gas
            distribution pipeline integrity management requirements and
            develop updated guidance for improving their effectiveness. The
            evaluation should specifically consider factors that may
            increase the likelihood of failure such as age, increase the
            overall risk (including factors that simultaneously increase
            the likelihood and consequence of failure), and limit the
            effectiveness of leak management programs.

       For the Gas Piping Technology Committee to develop guidance
            for natural gas pipeline operators to ensure that their
            distribution integrity management programs appropriately assess
            and address threats to plastic pipelines posed by nearby assets
            that may elevate the temperature of the environment near the
            pipeline.

       For UGI Corporation to inventory all their plastic natural
            gas assets that may be located in elevated temperature
            environments and address the risk associated with these assets.

        PHMSA and operators need to look at these recommendations and take
    the requisite actions to address the risks posed by Aldyl-A service
    tees with Delrin inserts.

        Highway Safety and learning from the Aviation industry's safe
    system approach. Each year, nearly 40,000 people are killed and 5.1
    million are injured in car accidents across the country. In the state
    of Washington there were over 3,000 traffic accidents last year in
    which someone was seriously injured or killed. In the past 10 years,
    the number of people suffering serious injuries as the result of
    traffic incidents in the state of Washington has increased 70 percent.
        In the aviation industry, we recognize the need for a safe system
    approach that includes redundant safety measures to ensure human error
    does not cause a deadly accident.

        Question 1. What would a safe system approach to roadway safety
    mean?
        Answer. As I have championed throughout my first term at the Board,
    and even preceding my time at the Board, I believe safety management
    systems are an incredibly effective tool for any organization to
    properly manage their risk--and these can apply to roadway safety as
    well. The Department of Transportation's Safe System Approach (SSA),
    while differing from a true safety management system, is a good first
    step in my opinion to implementing a safe system approach to roadway
    safety. The six core principles of the SSA--death and serious injuries
    are unacceptable, humans make mistakes, humans are vulnerable,
    responsibility is shared, safety is proactive, and redundancy is
    crucial--lay the groundwork for how a SMS-like system can be integrated
    to our Nation's transportation systems, and I look forward to
    evaluating and partnering with DOT and Congress as this develops.

        Question 2. How can new technologies, including lane keeping
    assistance and automatic emergency braking, help prevent fatal traffic
    accidents?
        Answer. As the Board has stated many times in the past, advanced
    driver assistance systems (ADAS)--including lane departure warnings and
    automatic emergency braking--are designed to assist drivers perform
    driving tasks and detect and avoid hazards. Broader adoption of these
    technologies by automobile manufacturers will undoubtedly save lives.
    As the main proponent of connected vehicle technology on the Board, I
    would also be remiss to not mention the incredible opportunity
    deploying vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology can have on reducing
    roadway fatalities and serious injuries. I believe V2X is one of the
    most promising life-saving technologies available today, with one NHTSA
    study estimating that V2X could address up to 80 percent of all crashes
    involving non-impaired drivers.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to
                                 Michael Graham
        At-Grade Rail Crossings. Grade crossings are among the deadliest
    spaces in our rail system. I've been working to reduce the risk of
    accidents between pedestrians, vehicles and trains and make sure first
    responders are not blocked by trains during emergencies.

       If confirmed, will you commit to improving safety at
            railroad crossings? If so, how will you address this safety
            issue?
        Answer. I will absolutely continue working with my fellow Board
    Members and our team at the NTSB to improve safety at railroad
    crossings. This is one of the longest-standing issues the Board has
    dealt with in railroad safety, and we still have significant work to
    do. While there are many actions that can be taken to improve safety at
    these crossings, I believe one of the most important things we can do
    right now is to increase public awareness of the Emergency Notification
    Systems (ENS) that are available at every highway-rail grade crossing
    nationwide. Instead of trying to call 9-1-1 from a vehicle stuck at a
    crossing, signs are posted at each of these crossings to immediately
    get in touch with the railroad responsible for the crossing. Contacting
    the railroad directly as soon as possible if there is a disabled
    vehicle on the tracks is the best way to prevent collisions at these
    crossings, and I will continue to raise public awareness for these
    signs.
        Additionally, I continue to advocate for FRA to require ground
    protection for trains conducing shoving movements through highway-
    railroad grade crossings equipped only with flashing lights or passive
    warning devices (Recommendation R-23-019) and for FRA and Class I
    railroads to increase accident reporting at these crossings
    (Recommendations R-18-015 and R-14-048). Taking these and other actions
    NTSB has recommended can help address this important safety issue.

        Close Calls & Runway Incursions. There has been an alarming number
    of close calls on runways in recent years. We need to ensure planes are
    equipped with existing technology that would alert pilots to the
    presence of other planes on the runway.

       Can you discuss why it is important to invest in
            technologies that make our runways safer?
        Answer. Takeoffs and landings account for the majority of accidents
    in aviation, and even a brief lapse in awareness on the runway can have
    devastating consequences. We have had far too many runway incursions
    for part 121 and part 135 aircraft over the last few years. That's why
    investing in technologies that make our runways safer is essential.
    These technologies, some of which I have been able to witness
    firsthand, can protect against miscommunication, fatigue, or poor
    visibility--the kinds of challenges that even the most skilled pilots
    and controllers face. They also help manage what humans can't control:
    weather. Rain, fog, snow, and ice can all increase risk, but with
    better surface monitoring and real-time condition reporting, we can
    keep operations safe in all environments. Additionally, as our skies
    grow busier, these tools will allow airports to handle more traffic
    while maintaining and enhancing safety standards. As a former pilot, I
    believe enhancing runway safety through technological investments is
    critical.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Jacky Rosen to
                                 Michael Graham
    Topic: Transportation Safety Issues for Rural Tourist Destinations
        In Nevada, where tourism drives a significant part of our economy,
    safe and reliable transportation is essential--not just in urban
    centers like Las Vegas, but also in the rural areas that welcome
    visitors to our national parks, recreation areas, and historic towns.
    Many of these communities see millions of visitors per year but are
    themselves quite small--relying on limited infrastructure and having
    fewer resources to respond to transportation-related safety issues.

        Question 1. Mr. Graham, if re-confirmed, how will you ensure the
    NTSB's transportation safety recommendations made in the wake of
    accidents reflect the needs and capacities of rural communities,
    especially those that are tourist hubs that see more than their fair
    share of visitors by road, rail, and air? What specific steps would you
    take to make sure these areas receive the attention and support they
    need to keep visitors safe?
        Answer. There is no doubt our rural communities face unique
    challenges when it comes to transportation safety across all modes. For
    example, we know rural communities along interstates are often forced
    to deal with large trucks on local roads due to insufficient truck
    parking in many areas of this country. NTSB is intentionally generic
    when we issue recommendations to give regulators and industry broad
    flexibility to adopt our recommendations for different environments--
    including rural ones. We have also issued specific recommendations in
    the past to various recipients specifically focusing on rural
    communities, including one recommendation that the American Bus
    Association and United Motorcoach Association have yet to fulfill from
    2009 (Recommendation H-09-009) which asks them to each inform their
    membership about, among other things, the risks of operating in rural
    areas without wireless telephone coverage and advising their members to
    carry mobile cellular amplifiers or satellite-based devices to
    communicate emergency events. If confirmed to another term, I commit to
    working with you, the Nevada Department of Transportation, and any
    other stakeholders in your state or nationwide on improvements NTSB can
    make to our recommendations to better serve rural communities.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ben Ray Lujan to
                                 Michael Graham
        Question 1. President Trump has, to date, refused to nominate any
    Democrats to any open seats on independent boards and commissions--this
    is a stark departure from the longstanding practice of pairing the
    nominations of a Republican and a Democrat together. Yes or no, based
    on your experience at the NTSB over the last five years, do you believe
    in the importance of bipartisanship on independent boards and
    commissions?
        Answer. While I cannot speak for any other boards or commissions in
    the Federal government, yes, I have seen the benefits of bipartisanship
    and diversity of thought during my first term at the NTSB.

        Question 2. Unfortunately, on May 5th of this year, President Trump
    illegally fired former National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB),
    Vice Chair Alvin Brown--a Democrat--without any explanation. As you
    know, NTSB is an independent agency and by statute, the President may
    fire a Board member only for quote, ``inefficient, neglect of duty, or
    malfeasance.'' Mr. Graham, are you personally aware of any
    ``inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance'' from former Vice
    Chair Alvin Brown?
        Answer. While I am not personally aware of any specific
    ``inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance'' regarding former Vice
    Chair Brown, as I mentioned in the hearing, individual Board Members
    ultimately have limited interaction with each other by Congress'
    design. Because no more than two of us can be in a room at any time
    deliberating on matters before the Board without violating the
    Government in the Sunshine Act, we each operate our offices fairly
    independently, meaning we have limited insights into other Member's
    day-to-day operations, thought processes, or actions.

        Question 3. Given that President Trump has illegally fired Vice
    Chair Brown, how can you ensure me that you will operate independently
    without fear of being fired yourself?
        Answer. I have always understood that all Board Members at the NTSB
    serve at the pleasure of the President. NTSB's independence and
    reputation are paramount to what we do, and it is and will continue to
    be my top priority to maintain and promote both.

        Question 4. The purpose of the National Transportation Safety Board
    is to ensure that every form of transportation is safe for Americans.
    Yes or No: Would you take an action that is in conflict with those
    goals due to political pressure?
        Answer. No, I would not. Transportation safety is not political.
    The public's safety on a commercial aircraft, in a vehicle, on a boat,
    or on a train does not depend on race, ethnicity, religion, or any
    factors other than the strength of the safety systems surrounding them.
    I have been focused on analyzing, evaluating, and improving these
    safety systems in all modes of transportation throughout my tenure at
    the NTSB, and that is what I will continue to do if confirmed.

        Question 5. Yes or No: Would you go against a direct order from the
    President or his cabinet if you believed it put lives at risk or was
    illegal? ``I do not believe the President would ever give such an
    order'' or any similarly evasive statement is not an acceptable answer.
        Answer. I have always acted independently throughout my tenure at
    the Board, and I will continue to do the same if confirmed for a second
    term.

        Question 6. Yes or No: Did Joe Biden lawfully win the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. President Biden was elected President, and I continued to
    serve at his pleasure throughout the duration of his term in office.
    There is no greater honor and responsibility than to be a public
    servant, and I have always upheld that standard no matter which
    administration is in the White House.

        Question 7. Yes or No: Did Donald Trump lawfully win the 2024
    presidential election?
        Answer. Yes.
                                     ______

     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to
                                 Michael Graham
    Incident Investigations
        When tragedies and crises strike, National Transportation Safety
    Board's (NTSB) personnel work tirelessly to investigate incidents to
    find a root cause and produce recommendations to save lives.
        Transportation systems underpin our economy-from aviation to rail
    and beyond.

        Question 1. Mr. Graham, in your time at NTSB, have you noticed any
    trends or patterns in the types of incidents the agency has to
    investigate?
        Answer. In just the last five years, we have seen an incredible
    explosion of new technologies across all modes of transportation. When
    I came to the Board, autonomous vehicles were still a relatively new
    phenomenon; now, not only are driverless cars deployed in several major
    cities nationwide, but autonomous aircraft and marine vessels are
    entering the market. While many of these new technologies have
    incredible promise, they also impact our investigations. I have noticed
    our investigations have become much more complex as new technologies
    are introduced across all modes of transportation, and as an agency we
    must carefully evaluate how these technologies impact the accidents we
    investigate--for better or for worse.

        Question 2. Mr. Graham, considering that NTSB investigations
    currently average 12 to 18 months to complete, what could Congress
    provide the NTSB to help shorten the time it takes to produce
    investigative findings?
        Answer. As an agency, we have struggled to meet our authorized
    staffing levels for years because of the immense knowledge and
    technical expertise that is necessary to fill many roles at the NTSB. I
    believe taxpayers get an incredible return on their investment in our
    agency, and that investment has only yielded better returns as the
    NTSB's mandates have grown over the last two decades while our budget
    has not. I am grateful for Congress' continued investment in and
    support of the NTSB, but as our mandates continue to grow, we must
    either grow with them or sacrifice other things like timeliness on
    certain investigations.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Fetterman to
                                 Michael Graham
        Question 1. Last Congress, I co-led the Railway Safety Act with
    several of my Republican colleagues, including the current Vice
    President. We wrote this bill to help make sure that tragedies like the
    derailment in East Palestine, Ohio would never happen again. This was a
    solid bill that would improve railway safety.
        You led the NTSB's response to the East Palestine derailment and
    following this response, the NTSB issued 34 recommendations to make
    rail safer. Unfortunately, many of these recommendations are still open
    and they haven't been addressed by the Department of Transportation or
    our railroads.

        Do you believe the NTSB's recommendations following the East
    Palestine derailment should be fully implemented?
        Answer. Absolutely, I do. Being the Board Member on scene for this
    accident, no community should ever have to suffer as much as East
    Palestine did from what was an entirely preventable accident. Each one
    of our 34 recommendations stemmed from specific findings and evidence
    we uncovered throughout the course of our investigation, which means I
    believe all 34 recommendations are essential to ensuring this type of
    accident never happens again.

        Will the NTSB re-issue or reiterate these recommendations in the
    future?
        Answer. In the very near future, NTSB will be responding to the
    first round of responses we received from the FRA, PHMSA, and Norfolk
    Southern. We have already received and responded to information we have
    received from DOT, Ohio, the Columbiana County Emergency Management
    Agency, the Association of American Railroads, the National Volunteer
    Fire Council and other firefighting organizations, the Chlorine
    Institute, the American Chemistry Council, and Oxy Vinyls, LP. Each
    time we receive a response from each of these entities to our
    recommendations, the Board considers whether or not to reclassify each
    recommendation. Once the Board has determined what classification the
    recommendation will receive, a response from the entire Board is sent
    to the recipient reiterating the recommendation and explaining the
    Board's rationale behind our classification determination.
    Additionally, if in the course of an investigation we encounter a
    safety issue we have seen before and there is an open recommendation
    that addresses that same issue, we will reiterate the open
    recommendation, rather than issuing a new recommendation on the same
    topic. This gives weight to the urgency and importance of addressing
    the recommendation. In short--yes, we will be constantly following up
    on these recommendations to all recipients as per our normal processes.
    I am happy to work with you and any other stakeholders in helping all
    of these recipients complete our recommended actions.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                               Dr. Ethan A. Klein
        AI Regulation. On September 10, 2025, the Senate Commerce Committee
    heard from the Office of Science and Technology Policy's (OSTP)
    Director, Michael Kratsios, on the White House AI Action Plan and from
    Chair Cruz on his `light touch' approach, which includes creating an AI
    sandbox where the OSTP Director could waive Federal regulations on AI.
    I agree that America must move quickly to maintain our edge in AI and
    stay ahead of China in this race.
        History shows that simply sweeping aside rules without putting a
    real framework in place is not pro-innovation. A `wild west' approach
    does not give industry the standards, test beds, or certainty it needs
    to build trust and encourage long-term adoption.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you believe it is appropriate for the
    OSTP Director to have unilateral authority to waive Federal regulations
    in an AI sandbox, as Chair Cruz has proposed?
        Answer. Regulatory sandboxes are an invaluable tool to enable the
    deployment and testing of technologies in real-world settings to
    collect the data needed to update regulatory regimes, without
    compromising safety. OSTP does not read the legislation to provide the
    Director unilateral authority to waive Federal regulations, but rather
    to give the Director a leading role in advancing innovative uses of
    emerging technologies to support their responsible deployment. I
    believe it is essential for OSTP to work with the relevant agencies to
    examine existing rules and regulations and identify needed changes that
    will help us to maintain our Nation's edge in AI and foster
    innovations.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you agree that preempting state laws
    without simultaneously building a Federal framework with real
    guardrails would leave both consumers and industry at risk? Why or why
    not?
        Answer. President Trump has made clear his concerns about how a
    patchwork of state AI laws will compromise U.S. leadership.
    Applications of AI are today already regulated at the sector-specific,
    use-case-specific level by relevant Federal bodies, including the
    Federal Aviation Administration, the Food and Drug Administration,
    etc., with appropriate guardrails consistent with those bodies'
    statutory missions. Where appropriate, greater regulatory clarity, or
    in some cases, new regulations may be needed at the Federal level to
    enable responsible AI innovation. If confirmed, I look forward to
    working with you and your colleagues to ensure sufficient Federal
    frameworks for AI applications are in place.

        Question 3. What minimum protections do you think Congress should
    ensure are in place before preemption is even considered?
        Answer. As discussed above, applications of AI are already
    regulated at the sector-specific, use-case-specific level by relevant
    Federal bodies. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you and
    your colleagues to ensure sufficient Federal frameworks for AI
    applications are in place.

        Question 4. Last Congress, this Committee introduced several bills
    that are consistent with the White House AI Action Plan. For example,
    the Future of AI Innovation Act, NSF AI Education Act, and Small
    Business AI Training Act all encourage AI innovation by creating AI
    standards, testbeds, R&D, workforce development, and AI adoption in
    small businesses. Would you support those bills for this Congress?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you and your
    colleagues on any legislation that promotes and protects continued
    American leadership in AI innovation.

        Spectrum Management and National Competitiveness. OSTP has
    historically played a crucial role in advising the President on
    spectrum policy--one of the most valuable resources in our digital
    economy.
        Previous Chief Technology Officers (CTO) have been instrumental in
    shaping America's wireless future, coordinating between agencies to
    balance competing demands from aviation safety, national defense,
    commercial carriers, and innovation. The office that you are nominated
    to, and that you have been serving in, helps determine whether America
    leads in 6G, whether critical safety systems operate without
    interference, and whether American innovators have the spectrum they
    need to build the next generation of innovations. These aren't just
    technical decisions--they're choices about what we value as a nation.

        Question 1. Knowing that Wi-Fi carries more than 70 percent of
    mobile data traffic, would you support policies that could degrade Wi-
    Fi performance for millions of Americans by reducing unlicensed
    spectrum allocations?
        Answer. While the President's statutory telecommunications advisor
    is the NTIA Administrator and the unlicensed non-federal spectrum that
    Wi-Fi uses is administered by the FCC, OSTP can provide technical
    leadership to ensure that America's airwaves are used effectively and
    efficiently. If confirmed, I look forward to collaborating with your
    office so that our spectrum policy remains predicated on sound
    technical decisions that ensures this precious resource is stewarded in
    a manner consistent with the national interest.

        Question 2. The World Radiocommunication Conference happens every
    four years and is the venue where countries and regions around the
    world determine global and regional spectrum policy. OSTP has long
    played a significant role in coordinating the U.S. positions for this
    conference. Are you concerned about securing international support for
    U.S. spectrum priorities when the Administration's trade wars may have
    alienated our allies and partners?
        Answer. The Trump Administration remains committed to delivering
    spectrum leadership at WRC-27 that advances American interests. Because
    of President Trump, we have never been in a stronger negotiating
    position to deliver wins for the American people. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working with you and your office on supporting American
    technology interests at WRC and other important standards fora.

        Spectrum and Reconciliation. OSTP plays an important role in
    providing technical advice and counsel to the President about
    technology issues, including on issues impacting a range of
    stakeholders across government and industry. The recently passed
    reconciliation bill requires that critical bands of Federal spectrum be
    sold for commercial use, which could compromise mission-critical safety
    functions.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Should we put aviation safety at risk for
    marginal improvements in 5G speeds?
        Answer. I believe you are referencing the FCC's intention to study
    portions of the Upper C band (3.98-4.2 GHz) for future auction, which
    is adjacent to spectrum used by aircraft radio altimeters. I have been
    following this issue closely and am optimistic that a combination of
    technology and policy innovations can deliver a win-win outcome where
    new spectrum resources are unlocked for advanced mobile communications
    while also ensuring aviation safety. While spectrum issues are often
    considered zero-sum, I believe that collaboration between the telecom
    and aviation industries, their regulators, and stakeholders--in
    combination with rigorous technical analysis--can deliver outcomes that
    keep America leading the 6G race, protect travelers, and enhance
    national security. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you and
    your office on this matter.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Should we degrade our ability to predict
    hurricanes, fires, floods, or tornadoes by reallocating spectrum that
    enables these radar and satellite systems?
        Answer. Spectrum resources--both on the Federal and non-Federal
    table of allocations--are used to support a number of vital national
    missions, including weather prediction, satellite communications, and
    national defense. There are a number of spectrum resources used for
    weather satellites and terrestrial radars across a wide range of bands,
    and each individual allocation has unique technical challenges and
    opportunities. I agree that these national missions are vital. If
    confirmed, I commit to ensuring that OSTP remains positioned as a
    technical leader to support the President and the interagency on
    spectrum matters.

        Experience. The U.S. CTO plays a pivotal role in setting the
    Nation's science and technology priorities, coordinating across Federal
    agencies, and advising the President directly. It is a position that
    requires both deep technical expertise and experience navigating the
    complex machinery of government. Others that have held this role
    include a former Virginia Secretary of Technology, Vice President of
    Business Development at Google, and CTO of the U.S. Department of
    Health and Human Services.

        Question 1. Please outline the relevant experience you bring to the
    CTO role specifically.
        Answer. I agree that the USCTO role within OSTP requires deep
    technical expertise and experience navigating the complex machinery of
    government. I am the first CTO nominee with a PhD, having spent years
    exploring the frontiers of scientific understanding and engineering
    novel nuclear technologies, working with both international research
    institutes and leading national laboratories. I am also the nominee
    with the most experience working in OSTP, having worked in or supported
    the office under three Administrations and for nearly six years in
    varying capacities.
        During my first stint as a tech policy advisor at OSTP in the first
    Trump Administration, I worked on a broad range of emerging technology
    initiatives, drafting executive actions across AI, nuclear, biotech,
    and drones. I led interagency policy development efforts on critical
    technologies like nuclear fusion, drafted guidance on Federal research
    and development budget priorities, and coordinated Presidential
    convenings with Fortune 100 CEOs on topics including ``American
    Leadership in Emerging Technologies'' and ``AI for American Industry.''
        Outside of government, I have held varied roles advising ``little
    tech'' on engaging with government as a venture fellow at a deep-tech
    incubator; providing American aerospace manufacturing companies with
    financial advisory at an investment bank; and organizing national
    security technology career fairs, hackathons, and policy events as the
    co-founder of a mission-focused organization. These experiences across
    the science and technology ecosystem have given me a unique vantage
    point on the government policies needed to support continued American
    innovation.

        Question 2. What is the largest team of employees you have managed?
        Answer. I have led diverse and interdisciplinary teams in multiple
    contexts. During my Ph.D. at MIT, I worked on large, collaborative
    projects involving national laboratories, academic researchers, and
    junior graduate students, efforts that required coordination across
    institutional boundaries and mentorship of early-career scientists. At
    OSTP, I led multi-month policy development efforts that involved a
    dozen different department and agency representatives. In a small but
    high-impact office like OSTP, effective management is less about top-
    down direction and more about enabling experts to excel. Portfolio
    areas are led by technical policy advisors who are the subject-matter
    authorities in their domains. If confirmed, I will seek to play a
    supportive and amplifying role--removing obstacles, aligning
    priorities, and ensuring OSTP's technical policy advisors have the
    resources and visibility they need to drive ambitious interagency
    policy efforts.

        Sexual Harassment at Research Institutions. GAO recently sent out
    for agency comment a report entitled ``Actions Needed to Ensure
    Consistent Agency Policies for Research Institutions.'' The report
    found that although it is OSTP's responsibility to monitor how other
    agencies develop their policies to address sexual harassment at
    federally funded research institutions, they do not have staff in place
    to lead this effort, and that their imposed guidelines omit key
    elements required under the Research and Development, Competition, and
    Innovation Act (enacted as a part of the CHIPS Act in 2022).

        Question 1. If confirmed, will you prioritize bringing on staff to
    address this important matter, if OSTP has not yet?
        Answer. Those guidelines were developed during the Biden
    Administration, as I understand OSTP has noted to GAO. In addition, I
    understand OSTP staff communicated to GAO that OSTP is actively working
    to recruit subject matter experts in multiple disciplines and are
    looking forward to re-convening the National Science and Technology
    Council, which brings together interagency experts to address key
    topics, such as this one. If confirmed, I will support OSTP efforts to
    coordinate Federal research agency efforts to reduce the prevalence of
    sex-based and sexual harassment involving award personnel.

        Question 2. One of the key elements required by the Act that was
    omitted in OSTP's policy guidelines was the need for recipients to
    report initiated investigations and for agencies to share harassment
    reports. GAO has warned this creates a gap that may enable repeat
    offenders to continue receiving Federal support. If confirmed, will you
    advocate for a change to address this discrepancy?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will support OSTP efforts to coordinate
    Federal research agency efforts to reduce the prevalence of sex-based
    and sexual harassment involving award personnel, including ensuring
    repeat offenders do not continue receiving Federal support.

        Fusion. Fusion energy has the potential to provide a virtually
    limitless source of clean, safe, and reliable power, and Washington
    State is home to some of the most advanced private fusion companies in
    the country. OSTP will have an important role in coordinating Federal
    research and supporting pathways for commercialization.

        Question 1. What specific actions should the Federal government be
    taking to accelerate fusion energy development and deployment, and how
    can OSTP best support both public-private partnerships and research
    initiatives in this field?
        Answer. The government can pursue prizes challenges, public-private
    partnerships, and other novel funding mechanisms to pursue fusion and
    other emerging technologies. Federal support for accelerating fusion
    energy development deployment can include continued support for fusion
    R&D, use of experimental facilities and data, and pro-innovation policy
    to promote a global fusion market. Programs such as the Fusion
    Innovation Research Engine (FIRE) Collaboratives and the Innovation
    Network for Fusion Energy (INFUSE) awards can encourage collaboration
    between the private fusion industry, DOE national labs, and
    universities.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to
                               Dr. Ethan A. Klein
        AI Rules of the Road. I am working to make sure we have stronger
    rules of the road in place when it comes to AI use. My bill with
    Majority Leader Thune--the AI Research, Innovation, and Accountability
    Act--for example, would improve testing and evaluation for critical-
    impact AI systems used to make decisions about critical infrastructure.

       If confirmed, will you work with me to develop thoughtful
            Federal standards that can help drive the adoption of AI across
            industries?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with you and your colleagues on
    any legislation that promotes and protects continued American
    leadership in AI innovation.

        Data Center Energy Demands. A December 2024 report from the North
    American Electric Reliability Corporation indicated Minnesota's
    regional energy grid is at high risk for a shortfall in electricity
    supply over the next five years. I am concerned that the increased
    demand for electricity from AI data centers will only make this worse,
    leaving Americans with rising utility bills and unpredictable
    blackouts.

       How are you working to ensure that American households do
            not shoulder the cost of energy shortfalls?
        Answer. President Trump has been clear about the need for American
    energy dominance. We know that more energy generation must be connected
    to the grid. Expanding centralized energy generation across a range of
    sources, including advanced nuclear, remains critical to maintaining
    grid reliability and affordability. If confirmed, I look forward to
    working with you to advance policies that preserve affordability for
    ratepayers.

       How can the Federal government help industry improve the
            load balancing capabilities of data centers to prevent
            blackouts?
        Answer. President Trump has also been clear that for American
    energy dominance companies must be able to supply their own power. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working with you to advance policies that
    preserve affordability for ratepayers and ensure stable load for all
    consumers, including data center operators, achieving energy dominance
    without compromising American leadership in AI.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ben Ray Lujan to
                               Dr. Ethan A. Klein
        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you believe that the Federal government
    should push for more transparency in the scientific process?
        Answer. I agree that science should be transparent and constantly
    challenged in order to advance the scientific process. Transparency in
    science enables researchers to build off of one another's results,
    which is why transparency is one of the nine tenets specifically called
    out in President Trump's executive order on ``Restoring Gold Standard
    Science.''

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you believe that Federal decision-making
    should be grounded in science?
        Answer. Federal decision-making should be informed by the best
    available science, with full recognition of its uncertainties,
    alongside other considerations such as legal, economic, and security
    factors. That is why in May, President Trump signed Executive Order
    14303 ``Restoring Gold Standard Science,'' and in June, the OSTP
    Director issued guidance to agencies on how to implement gold standard
    science across their agency activities.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Do you believe scientific endeavors should
    be free from political influence?
        Answer. I believe that scientific research and discovery should be
    free from political influence. At the same time, scientific endeavors,
    such as setting priorities for R&D funding or launching national
    initiatives, should align with the administration's broader priorities
    and must serve the public interest.

        Question 4. What will you do if you are asked or instructed to make
    a decision that is directly contrary to the scientific evidence?
        Answer. The role of OSTP is to ensure that the best available
    scientific understanding is clearly represented in interagency
    discussions and in advice to the President and senior decisionmakers.
    Scientific evidence is rarely the only factor, with legal, economic,
    and security considerations factoring into policy decisions. If
    confirmed, I will ensure that the scientific evidence is accurately
    represented and adequately considered in its proper role within the
    broader decision-making process.

        Question 5. What is your strategy for pushing for greater reliance
    on scientific findings within the current administration?
        Answer. In May 2025, President Trump signed an executive order to
    restore gold standard science, and in June, the OSTP Director issued
    guidance to agencies on how to implement gold standard science across
    their activities. If confirmed, I will work with agencies to ensure
    that they are implementing gold standard science in accordance with
    these directives.

        Question 6. Yes or No: Would you go against a direct order from the
    President or his cabinet if you believed it put lives at risk or was
    illegal? ``I do not believe the President would ever give such an
    order'' or any similarly evasive statement is not an acceptable answer.
        Answer. The President would never give such an order, and I would
    not do anything unlawful or put lives at risk.

        Question 7. Yes or No: Did Joe Biden lawfully win the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. Joe Biden was certified as the winner of the 2020
    presidential election.

        Question 8. Yes or No: Did Donald Trump lawfully win the 2024
    presidential election?
        Answer. Donald Trump was certified as the winner of the 2024
    presidential election.
                                     ______

     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to
                               Dr. Ethan A. Klein
    Artificial Intelligence--Road Ahead
        AI is a transformative technology that is kickstarting another
    industrial revolution.
        The recent AI Action Plan calls for new investments in R&D to
    enable researchers to experiment with AI models in the cloud-based
    National AI Research Resource (NAIRR), better understand how AI model
    outputs are created based on user inputs--AI interpretability, and
    increase investments to help users identify and detect AI-generated
    content.
        More work needs to be done to establish new standards for issues
    such as independent evaluations for AI model development and use and
    copyright protections for the creative works of artists.

        Question 1. Mr. Klein, how would you work to ensure the
    perspectives of companies, academics, consumers, and states are
    incorporated into OSTP's coordination of the AI Action Plan?
        Answer. The role of OSTP is to coordinate implementation of the AI
    Action Plan across the Federal Government, while ensuring that the
    perspectives of all relevant stakeholders are meaningfully represented.
    The RFI issued by OSTP in formulating the AI Action Plan received
    nearly 10,000 responses from across society. If confirmed, I will work
    to ensure that engagement mechanisms, such as public comment
    opportunities and stakeholder roundtables, are used to their full
    effect to solicit a broad and myriad set of perspectives that can
    meaningfully inform the Action Plan's implementation and achievement of
    the objectives detailed therein.
    Quantum
        Quantum Information Science (QIS) is another disruptive technology
    that will transform our world. Quantum sensing technologies can help us
    better detect critical mineral deposits and methane emissions. Quantum
    computing will revolutionize how we analyze large datasets and design
    pharmaceuticals.
        The National Quantum Coordination Office sits within OSTP and
    oversees the Federal government's efforts to lead the world in quantum.
        Colorado's Elevate Quantum Regional Tech Hub is working with
    industry, academia, and Federal agencies to bring quantum technologies
    to real life commercial scale.

        Question 2. Mr. Klein, what priorities would you recommend Congress
    consider as part of the reauthorization of the National Quantum
    Initiative? How could a reauthorized NQIA coordinate with existing
    federally-funded innovation hubs focused on quantum research,
    commercialization, manufacturing, or workforce development?
        Answer. Thank you for your commitment to American leadership in
    QIS. With the NQI reauthorization, Congress can act to strengthen the
    commitment to U.S. leadership, through promoting additional research
    and continuing to grow the quantum workforce. Given the increasing
    maturity of the technology, an increased focus on engineering, enabling
    technologies, and commercialization is now needed to ensure the
    technology advances to the point that end-users will recognize the
    impact of the technology, the markets will develop, and the technology
    will become profitable. If confirmed, I look forward to working with
    you and your office on supporting continued American leadership in QIS.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Fetterman to
                               Dr. Ethan A. Klein
        Question 1. We agree that if any nation is to win the AI race, it
    must be the United States. And we agree that the build out of
    artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure and the energy production
    to sustain data centers is critical for the United States to win this
    race.
        But I share the concerns of many Pennsylvanians who have already
    seen their electricity bills rise between 23-40 percent over the past
    five years. The same is true for other residents within the PJM grid
    across Ohio, West Virginia, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Washington,
    D.C., and parts of Virginia. Pennsylvania residents will eventually be
    sharing the grid with even more data centers set to be built across the
    commonwealth in the coming years.

        Do you believe that more energy generation needs to be connected to
    our energy grid, rather than facilitating behind the meter agreements,
    to preserve affordability for ratepayers and ensure stable load for
    data center operators?
        Answer. We absolutely need more energy generation to be connected
    to the grid and Pennsylvania will play an indispensable part in
    increasing that capacity. Expanding centralized energy generation
    across a range of sources, including advanced nuclear, remains critical
    to maintaining grid reliability and affordability. President Trump has
    been clear about the need for American energy dominance and also for
    companies to be able to supply their own power. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working with you to advance policies that preserve
    affordability for ratepayers and ensure stable load for all consumers,
    including data center operators, achieving energy dominance without
    compromising American leadership in AI.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Eric Schmitt to
                                  Joyce Meyer
        Question 1. The 2020 Census faced unprecedented challenges,
    including the early closure of field operations in September due to
    COVID-19, several weeks ahead of the originally planned October 31
    deadline. Given your emphasis on data integrity and leveraging
    technology:

       Once confirmed, how would you work to identify specific
            geographic areas where census operations were truncated or
            potentially incomplete?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to exploring a couple of
    options. First, I plan to work with the Census team to take a closer
    look at the 2020 post-enumeration survey and identify smaller
    geographical areas that may have been subject to undercount. Second, I
    look forward to focusing on the Census Bureau's administrative records
    infrastructure and identify areas where in-field enumeration may have
    shown insufficient coverage.

       What strategies would you use to coordinate with state and
            local governments to address areas with suspected undercounts,
            and how would you ensure the resulting data is reliable for
            policymaking and resource allocation?
        Answer. I share the priority of ensuring reliable, accurate data
    for policy makers and resource allocation. If confirmed, I look forward
    to working closely with state and local governments about taking an
    active role in 2030 Census planning including campaigns to encourage
    self-response in the 2030 Decennial, and exploring data-sharing
    agreements to enhance the quality of enumeration within their
    jurisdictions.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                                  Joyce Meyer
        Politicization of Government Data. Your nomination comes amid
    growing concerns about the integrity of government economic data and a
    chilling effect on our economic statistical agencies. President Trump's
    recent firing of the BLS Commissioner over the release of a new and
    revised jobs report is a deeply troubling development. I fear this is
    an intimidation tactic that could extend to other agencies, like BEA,
    which you would oversee if confirmed.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Would you refuse to fire the BEA Director
    for producing an accurate report?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have outlined that
    accuracy and integrity of data will continue to be the standard of
    performance across statistical agencies. If confirmed, I look forward
    to carrying out this shared commitment with the BEA team.

        Question 2. During an interview in March, Secretary Lutnick said
    ``governments historically have messed with GDP.'' He went on to say
    that he planned to change how we calculate U.S. GDP by ``separating''
    government spending from the calculation. So far, it does not appear
    that has happened. Yes or No: Do you support changing how GDP is
    calculated? Why or why not?
        Answer. Every month, BEA produces a detailed report, outlining the
    components of GDP, and many distinct measures of economic output. Under
    my leadership, if confirmed, I look forward to working with BEA to
    build upon the variety, detail, and quality of their published data. I
    am not aware of any proposal to discontinue using the current
    methodology for GDP.

        Question 3. Has anyone at the Commerce Department or White House
    had a conversation with you about changing how GDP is calculated? If
    yes, please specify the date, participants, and circumstances for each
    interaction.
        Answer. I am not in the role of Undersecretary of Economic Affairs,
    and I am not aware of discussions underway on this topic.

        Disbandment of Commissions. In February, Secretary Lutnick
    disbanded two economic advisory committees, the Federal Economic
    Statistics Advisory Committee and the Bureau of Economic Analysis
    Advisory Committee, that had been advising the Commerce Department for
    over two decades. This includes advising on ways to best collect,
    tabulate, and analyze Federal economic statistics amid new and rapidly
    growing economic activities. But the e-mail announcing the disbandment
    stated that the committees' purposes ``have been fulfilled.''

        Question 1. Do you think disbanding these advisory committees helps
    improve the accuracy of BEA's data?
        Answer. It is my understanding that BEA engages with many outside
    stakeholder voices including the academic, business, and public-sector
    communities. If confirmed, I look forward to supporting their ongoing
    efforts to receive input.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Would you support legislation codifying
    these advisory committees into law? Why or why not?
        Answer. The Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972 finds that
    advisory committees should only be established when essential and that
    such committees should be terminated when they are no longer carrying
    out their purpose. If confirmed, I look forward to complying with the
    law.

        Undermining statistics. Politicizing government data and disbanding
    advisory committees are mechanisms this Administration is using to
    undermine statistics.

        Question 1. Please outline specific steps that can be taken to
    prevent this Administration from further undermining statistics.
        Answer. This Administration is prioritizing timely, accurate data
    at Federal statistical agencies and leveraging new technology and
    methods for data collection and distribution. This includes enhancing
    direct data feeds for large respondents, using public-sector and
    private-sector data sets to lessen the burden of survey data collection
    on American businesses and American households, and relying on advanced
    computing capacity to disseminate more information in a timelier
    fashion. We owe it to the American taxpayer to leverage all tools to
    provide timely, accurate data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying
    out the commitment for timely, accurate data and complying with the
    law.

        Question 2. Yes or No: If you were asked to produce inaccurate
    statistics or data by the Secretary or the President, would you refuse?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick would never ask me to
    produce inaccurate statistics or data. Additionally, the President and
    Secretary Lutnick have made clear their priority for Americans to have
    accuracy and integrity in statistics and data. If confirmed, I look
    forward to carrying out this shared commitment with the teams at BEA
    and the Census Bureau and I will comply with the law.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Gary Peters to
                                  Joyce Meyer
        The role you are nominated for oversees the Bureau of Economic
    Analysis (BEA), which relies on data from the Bureau of Labor
    Statistics (BLS) when it produces its estimates of Gross Domestic
    Product (GDP).

        Question 1. Do you believe there was any political interference
    when BLS revised the jobs numbers in July?
        Answer. I don't have visibility into this, and it would be
    inappropriate for me to speculate on this topic.

        a. If so, did that political interference affect any estimates of
    GDP produced by BEA?
        Answer. I am not in the role for which I have been nominated, and I
    do not have visibility into BEA's good work. If confirmed, I will
    comply with the law.

        Question 2. Do you believe that there is political interference in
    the statistics produced at the Census Bureau or Bureau of Economic
    Analysis?
        Answer. I don't have visibility into this given I am not in the
    role. That said, I have no information that would lead me to believe
    there is political interference.

        Question 3. How do you plan on ensuring that BEA and the Census
    Bureau continue to produce unbiased data and statistics that can be
    trusted by the public?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to fostering a culture of
    rigor, integrity and accuracy within BEA and the Census Bureau. I also
    look forward to building upon work underway on transparency and
    relevancy of data so the details can be understood by a wider public
    audience, including those who might not be specialists in economics or
    statistics.

        Question 4. What would you do if the President asked you to change
    statistics produced by BEA or the Census Bureau?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this
    shared commitment with the teams at BEA and the Census Bureau and I
    will comply with the law.

        The Bureau of Economic Analysis produces the Federal Reserve's
    preferred data source for measuring inflation, the Personal Consumption
    Expenditures, or PCE index, which influences monetary policy. Since the
    start of the year, the President and his Administration have made it
    clear of their desires to influence the decision making of the Federal
    Open Market Committee, as shown by their public pressure campaign
    against Chair Powell and their attempted removal of Lisa Cook from her
    role on the Board of Governors.
        Given the role that BEA plays in the Fed's decision making, I worry
    that the President will attempt to influence the BEA's inflation
    reporting in an effort to obtain his desired outcome on interest rates.

        Question 5. Do you agree that erosion of the Fed's independence
    would jeopardize the long-run stability of our economy?
        Answer. The Department of Commerce, and the Census Bureau and BEA,
    provide detailed measurements of economic indicators used for policy
    decisions and decisions in the business community. Questions about the
    Federal Reserve's monetary policy decisions are outside the Department
    of Commerce and the role for which I have been nominated.

        Question 6. Will you commit to overseeing fair and impartial PCE
    calculations and reporting at the BEA?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this
    shared commitment with the BEA team and I will comply with the law.

        President Trump proposed in his budget request to Congress to
    consolidate the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Census Bureau, and the
    Bureau of Labor Statistics into a single statistical agency under the
    Commerce Department.

        Question 7. Do you support consolidating these three agencies? If
    so, please explain why they should be consolidated.
        Answer. It is my understanding that President Trump's proposed
    FY2026 budget reorganizes the BLS, BEA, and the Census Bureau at the
    Department of Commerce.

        Question 8. Do you acknowledge that only Congress can reorganize
    and consolidate these agencies by passing a new law?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you and the
    committee on this important issue.

        Question 9. Do you commit to working with this Committee and my
    Committee, the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, on
    any proposal to reorganize these statistical agencies?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the committees
    of jurisdiction on this important issue.

        In June, the Commerce Department terminated all of its Federal
    advisory committees on statistics--including committees that advise on
    trade statistics, manufacturing statistics, and the 2030 Census. These
    terminations have disrupted planning for surveys like the Census, and
    this threatens the trustworthiness of all data collected by the
    Commerce Department relied on by businesses and the public. The
    Commerce Department said these committees had been terminated because
    their ``purposes . . . had been fulfilled''--even as the Department is
    still in a critical planning moment for the 2030 Census.

        Question 10. If confirmed, do you commit to restoring these
    terminated advisory committees?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the teams at the Census
    Bureau and BEA to continue their engagement with outside stakeholders.

        Question 11. How will you ensure that Department is receiving high
    quality public input as it conducts its surveys?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with and support the teams at the
    Census Bureau and BEA in their ongoing efforts to innovate and refine
    survey design to maximize response quality and expand opportunities to
    acquire alternative data sources.

        Question 12. Does the Constitution require that ``whole number of
    persons in each state'' be used to apportion Congressional seats?
        Answer. Yes, this text is found in the Fourteenth Amendment,
    Section 2.

        Question 13. Can noncitizens be excluded from Census counts for the
    purposes of apportioning Congressional seats?
        Answer. The Census Bureau's important work, including the Decennial
    Census, focuses on providing high-quality data for a range of users and
    purposes. If confirmed, my focus will be on supporting the Census
    Bureau's commitment to the accuracy and integrity of this data.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Jacky Rosen to
                                  Joyce Meyer
    Question Topic: Supporting Rural and Tourism-Related Business through
            Export Data
        Rural businesses face unique challenges in accessing export
    markets--many times there's a lack of awareness, insufficient technical
    assistance, and an absence of infrastructure like ports, broadband, or
    transportation. One way we can support these businesses is through
    access to timely, accurate data that can help them make smart
    decisions.

        Question 1. Ms. Meyer, if confirmed, what role do you see the
    Bureau of Economic Analysis playing in supporting data collection and
    dissemination that helps rural businesses more successfully engage in
    international trade? How would you coordinate with the International
    Trade Administration to ensure rural exporters are not left behind?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to build upon BEA's longstanding
    commitment to improve access to its data and making its information
    more actionable for all American businesses, including rural
    businesses, in partnership with ITA.

        Question 2. How will you ensure that export data analyzed by the
    Department of Commerce accurately reflects the impact of not only goods
    exported overseas, but also visitors from abroad coming here to the
    United States to spend their money in our country?
        Answer. It is my understanding that BEA's international transaction
    accounts currently include services related to foreign travel in its
    export totals, and, if confirmed, I look forward to working with BEA to
    ensure that this data collection continues to innovate.
    Question Topic: Accuracy and Timeliness of Economic Data
        Timely and accurate economic data is essential for good
    policymaking, especially in fast-changing sectors like tourism. When we
    face events like public health emergencies, natural disasters, or even
    major transportation disruptions, local economies can be impacted
    almost overnight.
        However, the data that drives Federal response--whether it's
    emergency relief, infrastructure support, or workforce development--can
    lag behind what is actually happening on the ground, particularly in
    sectors that are seasonal, event-driven, or heavily reliant on visitor
    spending like tourism.

        Question 1. Ms. Meyer, if confirmed, how would you work to improve
    the timeliness of economic data and modernize forecasting tools so that
    communities, especially those that rely on tourism, receive the support
    they need, based on up-to-date and complete information? And what role
    do you see for new technologies or data sources in helping fill those
    gaps?
        Answer. This Administration has a clear commitment to modernizing
    and improving the accuracy of data collection for a wide range of end-
    users and purposes. If confirmed, under my leadership, Census and BEA
    will continue to work towards earlier data release times and more
    detailed regional data.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ben Ray Lujan to
                                  Joyce Meyer
        Question 1. On August 1, 2025, President Trump fired the
    Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) hours after the
    agency released weak monthly jobs numbers. Without any evidence,
    President Trump claimed the BLS numbers were ``rigged'' and ``phony''
    to make him look bad. If confirmed, you would oversee another national
    statistics agency--the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in the
    Department of Commerce.

       Yes or no, will you commit to refusing an order from
            President Trump or Secretary Lutnick to fire the BEA Director
            for releasing economic data they did not like?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this
    shared commitment with the BEA team.

        Question 2. Ms. Meyer, During an August 12, 2025, town hall with
    BEA employees, Secretary Lutnick said the importance of statistical
    independence at Federal agencies was quote, ``nonsense'' and should
    focus only on getting quote, ``the right answer.''

       Yes or no, do you agree with Secretary Lutnick that
            independence of federal statistical agencies is ``nonsense''?
        Answer. Secretary Lutnick has made clear his priority for Americans
    to have accuracy and integrity in Federal statistics and data. If
    confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this shared commitment with
    the BEA and the Census Bureau.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Did Joe Biden lawfully win the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. Joe Biden was certified by Congress as President.

        Question 4. Yes or No: Did Donald Trump lawfully win the 2024
    presidential election?
        Answer. Donald Trump was certified by Congress as President.
                                     ______

      Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to
                                  Joyce Meyer
    Tariffs and Economic Data
        If confirmed, you will oversee the Department of Commerce's engine
    that analyzes how our economy is performing. The Bureau of Economic
    Analysis constantly monitors new data and publishes transparent reports
    for the public to review.
        Currently, President Trump's reciprocal tariffs are heading toward
    a review by the Supreme Court.
        All across America, consumers and businesses on Main Street are
    monitoring the outcome of the litigation over the President's tariff
    authority.

        Question 1. Ms. Meyer, will you commit to ensuring the Bureau of
    Economic Analysis, under your leadership, publishes data impartially
    and without political influence?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority is for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this
    shared commitment with the BEA team.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to
                                  Joyce Meyer
        Trade & Regional Economic Impact. Right now, trade tensions and
    tariffs are creating real uncertainty for farmers, manufacturers, and
    consumers across the country, including in Minnesota. Policymakers rely
    on your office's data to assess these impacts in real time.

       What role do you see for the Under Secretary in providing
            transparent, reliable data to evaluate how trade and tariff
            policies are affecting local and regional economies?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I see the Under Secretary role as
    one that carries out this shared commitment with the BEA team and I
    will comply with the law.

        Inflation and Economic Data. The Bureau of Economic Analysis
    produces the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index, which is
    the Federal Reserve's preferred measure of inflation. That statistic
    directly informs decisions on interest rates that affect families,
    businesses, and markets across the country. We have also seen concerns
    raised recently about political pressure on other statistical agencies.

       Given the importance of the PCE Price Index to economic
            policymaking, how will you safeguard the independence and
            integrity of this data so that it can continue to be trusted by
            decisionmakers and the American public as a neutral, accurate
            reflection of inflation?
        Answer. The President and Secretary Lutnick have made clear their
    priority for Americans to have accuracy and integrity in Federal
    statistics and data. If confirmed, I look forward to carrying out this
    shared commitment with the BEA team and I will comply with the law.

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