    [Senate Hearing 119-288]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                                                            S. Hrg. 119-288

                    NOMINATIONS TO THE UNITED STATES
                         DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                             COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
                          SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
                              UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                                  JULY 9, 2025

                                   __________

        Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
                                 Transportation

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                    Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov
                                    __________

                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
    62-766 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2026
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

           SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

                        ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                           TED CRUZ, Texas, Chairman
    JOHN THUNE, South Dakota             MARIA CANTWELL, Washington,
    ROGER WICKER, Mississippi                Ranking
    DEB FISCHER, Nebraska                AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota
    JERRY MORAN, Kansas                  BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii
    DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska                 EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts
    MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee          GARY PETERS, Michigan
    TODD YOUNG, Indiana                  TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin
    TED BUDD, North Carolina             TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois
    ERIC SCHMITT, Missouri               JACKY ROSEN, Nevada
    JOHN CURTIS, Utah                    BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico
    BERNIE MORENO, Ohio                  JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado
    TIM SHEEHY, Montana                  JOHN FETTERMAN, Pennsylvania
    SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia  ANDY KIM, New Jersey
    CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming              LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER, Delaware

                     Brad Grantz, Republican Staff Director
               Nicole Christus, Republican Deputy Staff Director
                       Lila Harper Helms, Staff Director
                     Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director
                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page
    Hearing held on July 9, 2025.....................................     1
    Statement of Senator Cruz........................................     1
        Letter dated February 4, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz from Jeff
          Angers, President, Center for Sportfishing Policy..........    77
        Letter dated April 22, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria
          Cantwell from Jimi Grande, Senior Vice President--Federal
          and Political Affairs, National Association of Mutual
          Insurance Companies (NAMIC)................................    78
        Letter dated July 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz from Rep. Brian
          Babin, D.D.S., Chairman, House of Representatives,
          Committee on Science, Space, and Technology................    80
        Letter dated July 8, 2025 to Hon. Ted Cruz and Hon. Maria
          Cantwell from Frank Nutter, President, Reinsurance
          Association of America (RAA)...............................    81
    Statement of Senator Cantwell....................................     3
    Statement of Senator Moran.......................................    46
    Statement of Senator Kim.........................................    47
    Statement of Senator Blackburn...................................    49
    Statement of Senator Blunt Rochester.............................    51
    Statement of Senator Capito......................................    53
    Statement of Senator Lujan.......................................    55
    Statement of Senator Lummis......................................    57
    Statement of Senator Klobuchar...................................    59
    Statement of Senator Young.......................................    61
    Statement of Senator Hickenlooper................................    62
    Statement of Senator Fetterman...................................    64
    Statement of Senator Markey......................................    65
    Statement of Senator Baldwin.....................................    67
    Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................    70

                                   Witnesses

    Neil Jacobs, Nominee to be Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans
      and Atmosphere (NOAA Administrator)............................     6
        Prepared statement...........................................     7
        Biographical information.....................................     8
    Taylor Jordan, Nominee to be an Assistant Secretary of Commerce
      for Environmental Observation and Prediction, NOAA.............    24
        Prepared statement...........................................    25
        Biographical information.....................................    26
    Harry Kumar, Nominee to be an Assistant Secretary of Commerce for
      Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs......................    34
        Prepared statement...........................................    35
        Biographical information.....................................    36

                                    Appendix

    Response to written questions submitted to Neil Jacobs by:
        Hon. Roger Wicker............................................    83
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................    84
        Hon. Edward Markey...........................................    92
        Hon. Tammy Duckworth.........................................    94
        Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................    97
        Hon. John Fetterman..........................................   101
    Response to written questions submitted to Taylor Jordan by:
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   101
        Hon. Tammy Duckworth.........................................   107
        Hon. John Fetterman..........................................   108
    Response to written questions submitted to Harry Kumar by:
        Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................   108
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   108
        Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................   109
        Hon. Tammy Duckworth.........................................   110

            NOMINATIONS TO THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

                                  ----------

                            WEDNESDAY, JULY 9, 2025

                                           U.S. Senate,
            Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room
    SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Ted Cruz, Chairman
    of the Committee, presiding.
        Present: Senators Cruz [presiding], Moran, Sullivan,
    Blackburn, Young, Moreno, Capito, Lummis, Cantwell, Klobuchar,
    Schatz, Markey, Baldwin, Lujan, Hickenlooper, Fetterman, Kim,
    and Blunt Rochester.

                  OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TED CRUZ,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS

        The Chairman. Good morning. The Senate Committee on
    Commerce, Science, and Transportation will come to order. I
    want to take a moment at the outset to address the tragedy in
    my home state over the holiday weekend. In the early hours of
    July 4, Central Texas was hit with extraordinary flash
    flooding.
        More than 100 people have died, and the death toll is
    expected to keep growing. Over 160 remain missing right now,
    and the search effort is ongoing as we speak. I am the father
    of two daughters. When I think of those little girls that were
    lost at Camp Mystic, it is every parent's worst nightmare.
        I was at Camp Mystic on Monday. The devastation in that
    100-year-old, beautiful girls' camp that has helped raise a
    generation of girls and women in Texas, the devastation was the
    most horrific thing I have ever seen. The Guadalupe River is
    normally a quiet and peaceful river. I have been swimming and
    floating in that river dozens of times. There is a reason there
    are 40 camps right there in Kerr County because it is
    absolutely beautiful.
        My youngest daughter, Catherine, goes to camp just a few
    miles up the river from Camp Mystic. My wife, Heidi, was there
    the week before picking Catherine up. We had been celebrating
    because Catherine had won war canoe where the girls race in
    canoes against other girls in the camp. And Catherine was a
    good athlete and then she had won war canoe. I looked at that
    same peaceful river and 1.8 trillion gallons of water dumped
    upon it in the early hours of July 4, and it rose some 30 feet.
        Camp Mystic--the river is hundreds of yards away from the
    cabins. There is a lot of space there. And yet you looked at
    the cabins, and in the cabins, there was 8 foot of water in
    every girl's cabin. You could see the water line. It washed out
    every single thing in the cabin. There is one cabin, a cabin
    where the youngest girls were in, called Bumble Inn. The water
    blew out the windows in that cabin and swept all of the girls
    and the counselors out. Every girl in that cabin is either
    confirmed dead or missing.
        Outside that cabin are 17 single white crosses with the
    names of the girls written on it. The 17th cross, the name
    written on it is Dick Eastland, who for 50 years had been the
    Camp Director at Camp Mystic. And Dick likewise lost his life
    in those early morning hours in his Suburban driving through
    high water trying to rescue his girls. Texas, our heart is
    broken. And we saw extraordinary courage. We saw search and
    rescue.
        We saw heroes. I met with a young Coast Guardsman on Monday
    who is credited with 165 rescues. He landed at Camp Mystic.
    They put him on the ground in a very difficult helicopter
    landing, and he was at a field at the highest point on the
    campgrounds helping rescue little girls.
        For three and a half hours, they helicoptered out 165
    girls, about 15 per helicopter. And he sat there, and held
    their hands, and stayed on the ground with them. This guy--I
    know a lot of my colleagues have gotten to meet Coast Guard
    swimmers who I have analogized they are kind of like Navy SEALs
    and California surfers mixed together.
        Like this young man, he described himself in the press, he
    said, ``I am just a dude,'' which is something a Coast Guard
    swimmer would say. But they are completely fearless. And when I
    saw him, he had just hung up the phone from talking with the
    mom and dad, and with their daughter, and they were crying.
    They said, you saved our daughter's life, and when she was
    there terrified out of her mind, you held her hand and told her
    it would be OK.
        So the weather can have enormous consequences. Our thoughts
    today are also with the people of Ruidoso, New Mexico, who
    faced flash flooding just yesterday evening. The power of a
    flash flood, the power of a tornado, the powerful of a
    hurricane, the power of wildfire to devastate and destroy.
        Flying in a Coast Guard helicopter up the Guadalupe River,
    it was astonishing the devastation that water can produce. Cars
    were flung around like matchbox cars. And you know, when a car
    hits a tree, the car loses. The car crumples. But I will tell
    you, when water hits trees, the trees lose. And all up and down
    the Guadalupe River, you saw thousands of trees just run over
    like a bulldozer had knocked them down. That was the force of
    the 30-foot wall of water that just--everything in its path,
    obliterated.
        Now, when tragedy strikes, we ask ourselves what could have
    been done differently, and that is a question that we need to
    ask. In any crisis, there is an order that things play out.
    Stage number one is search and rescue, and that has got to be
    the first priority, saving lives, getting lives out of harm's
    way.
        Stage number two is recovery and rebuilding. And that is a
    process that takes months or even years as you go to the homes
    that are destroyed, you go the buildings that are destroy, and
    you look to rebuild. And we will do that. Texas will rebuild.
    We are strong. But there is also a process of engaging in a
    retrospective and saying, what is the exact timeline of what
    transpired and what could we have done better.
        Look, every one of us looking at the flooding in Texas, if
    we could step into a time machine and go back to 2 or 3 in the
    morning on July 4, we would rush into those little girls'
    cabins and get them the hell out of here. And so one question--
    Dr. Jacobs, you and I had a very good conversation in my office
    yesterday. I want to thank each of the nominees here for your
    expertise.
        But one question we will certainly be asking in Texas, and
    we ought to be asking across the country, is how can we improve
    the speed and rate of response that when an extreme weather
    warning goes out--in Texas, National Weather Service put out
    one just after 1 a.m. and another just after 4 a.m., but the
    problem is most people are asleep at 1 a.m. and 4 a.m., so
    those little girls never heard the warning.
        And so, there are discussions about all sorts of steps we
    can take, including setting up sirens and warning systems along
    the Guadalupe River Valley, which I think makes an awful lot of
    sense. But we ought to be asking what lessons can be learned
    and what can be done more effectively to protect human life.
        Now this hearing, we have three very qualified nominees. We
    have Dr. Neil Jacobs, who is the nominee for Under Secretary of
    Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, NOAA Administrator. We have
    Mr. Taylor Jordan, the nominee for Assistant Secretary of
    Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction.
        And we have Mr. Harry Kumar, the nominee for Assistant
    Secretariat of Commerce for Legislative and Intergovernmental
    Affairs. I think each of them are highly qualified. I
    appreciate your willingness to serve, and I appreciate you
    commitment to protecting public safety. There is no mission
    that is more important, particularly concerning weather related
    events, than early detection, knowing what is happening, and
    improving the ability to notify people in harm's way and get
    them out of the way.
        We know we are going to have other disasters going forward.
    There will be more floods, there will be more hurricanes, there
    will be more tornadoes. But every step we can take to remove
    someone from the path of that devastation is a step we need to
    take, and I appreciate each of your dedication to doing that.
    Ranking Member Cantwell.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON

        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And as you
    mentioned, this hearing comes at an incredible time of human
    loss from the floods in Texas, and now we know in New Mexico
    and North Carolina.
        But I want to offer my condolences to the families who have
    lost loved ones in this unimaginable tragedy, and to the people
    of Texas. We grieve along with you as a nation. Our thoughts
    and prayers do go to the families, to ask for strength for
    them, to deal with this incredible loss.
        And as you said, there is a time and a place to figure out
    what transpired. You know, for us in the Northwest, where
    natural disasters, whether it is fire, flooding, earthquakes,
    or the big one that is someday going to hit, this issue of
    first responders and communication is really important to us
    too.
        So, I too want to thank the National Guard for their
    incredible work and response to this incident. I want to thank
    the Coast Guard men and women. Pretty sure we train those
    surfmen in--out on the Olympic, you know, Long Beach area of
    our state and we are very proud of what they do to get those
    men and woman ready to help do the search and rescue. But
    clearly, first responders did everything that they were asked
    to do in response to this flood.
        But as you said, Mr. Chairman, there will be others. So I
    agree that we should figure out what we can do in the future to
    improve our communication system, to improve the science behind
    the information, and to figure out how we best prepare for the
    future. Today, we are considering Dr. Jacobs to be the NOAA
    Administrator, Mr. Taylor to be the Assistant Secretary of
    Commerce for Environmental Observation and Protection, and Mr.
    Kumar to be Assistant Secretary.
        NOAA does play an incredible, important role in preserving
    life and property, and obviously good data behind your weather
    reporting for sustainable fisheries to get food on the table,
    to support our domestic product. You play a critical role in
    safety and economic competitiveness.
        And so, obviously, I am going to ask today about the cuts
    to NOAA and how, as a science agency, you preserve the core
    mission of an agency when we are cutting so much of the science
    and the science budget. The budget eliminates the Office of
    Oceanic and Atmospheric Research R&D arm, which is critical to
    improving lead times and accuracy of information.
        NOAA's R&D is at the cutting edge of science and projects
    like Warn On Forecast, which will give communities more notice
    from tornadoes and other severe weather events by using
    prediction models instead of waiting to detect weather service
    that is already occurring. The budget proposal also eliminates
    NOAA's integrated ocean observing system program, the Buoy
    system.
        This is a very bipartisan program that helps us
    particularly in the Northwest in detecting the potential of
    tsunamis, hurricane forecast, fisheries, marine transportation.
    And even though the Administration put out an Executive Order
    calling for growing American fisheries, I believe that we are
    doing the opposite if we are not investing in the kind of stock
    assessments that we need to deal with fisheries management. So
    while the Administration seeks to slash NOAA's budget, it has
    also taken a sledgehammer to its workforce.
        Since the start of the year, NOAA's workforce has been
    gutted by 2,000 employees. The agency currently has over 3,000
    vacant positions, most of which cannot be filled due to the
    hiring freeze. For example, Pendleton, Oregon, the forecast
    office serving Central Washington, no longer has 24/7 local
    coverage because of their 44 percent vacancy rate. And in my
    opinion, that is unacceptable in the height of fire season.
        The hiring freeze also resulted in 160 vacancies at NOAA's
    research ships, resulting in 30 percent of those ships being
    left at the docks this summer instead of charting navigation in
    the Arctic, serving key weather buoys and conducting stock
    assessments. So for Washington, two pollock stock assessment
    surveys and one salmon survey have already been canceled.
        Now, what this means is that people can't fish. If we don't
    have the science, they can't fish. We don't know--we are
    putting billions of dollars of economic activity at risk. So
    the West Coast region of NOAA fisheries has lost so many staff
    that we no longer have key experts to negotiate salmon or other
    treaties, and entire permitting teams are gone, and local
    communities are begging for answers on this.
        So I expect to hear how we are going to defend the science
    mission without the people and without the science to help
    deliver those essential services. I want to know what our real
    plan is that we are going to continue to protect our
    environment.
        Mr. Jordan, if confirmed, you will be responsible for
    advising the Administrator on weather, water, climate, and
    related matters, and I hope that you will tell us today how you
    also plan to counter cuts to the weather program, and where you
    stand on the R&D investment that we need to improve forecasts
    such as supercomputing forecasts.
        Climate change is driving more intense hurricanes, more
    frequent severe atmospheric rivers, rain events, and is
    doubling the number of wildfires. According to NOAA, since
    1980, we have had on average nine extreme weather events
    annually that have cost us over $1 billion each.
        So from 1980, nine extreme events. But in the last 5 years,
    that has spiked to 23 events per year, and last year, it was 27
    events. So we can see that we are having more devastating
    impact and the cost to all of us. So we are in a state of
    emergency that is getting worse, and we need to come up with
    better solutions. So we know how to do this. In 2015, as
    firefighters were fighting a devastating wildfire in Okanagan
    County and wind patterns changed, resulting in the loss of
    firefighters.
        We implemented new tools to help with the training of a new
    system that would help us get better information and get that
    information faster. I should also note that today the OIG for
    the Department of Commerce Office of Inspector General released
    a report on our National Weather Service Tornado Forecasting
    System and the things that they believe the office has gotten
    wrong on--in forecasting--the shortcomings of that system, and
    six plans for improvement. And so, we will probably ask you
    about that as well.
        So finally, Mr. Kumar, you would be leading the Legislative
    Affairs Department. Simply put, the Department's critical
    engagement with members of this committee is not happening at
    the level we need it to happen. So, I expect you will help
    fundamentally change that, if confirmed, and make sure that as
    members ask for information and data from the agency, that they
    will receive it in a timely manner.
        So thank you, Mr. Chairman. And again, our hearts are with
    you, your colleague, Senator Cornyn, the many people of Texas,
    and we will work with you in whatever fashion we can to help
    move forward and to--and help Texans in any way.
        And obviously our colleagues here on the Committee from New
    Mexico, and our colleagues in the larger body from North
    Carolina. But thank you so much.
        The Chairman. Well, thank you. I appreciate that. And I
    want to say thank you to all my colleagues who reached out on
    both sides of the aisle. I think collectively, hearts are
    breaking across the country on what played out over the 4th of
    July weekend. Dr. Jacobs, you are recognized for your opening
    Statement.

                STATEMENT OF NEIL JACOBS, NOMINEE TO BE

                 UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR OCEANS

                  AND ATMOSPHERE (NOAA ADMINISTRATOR)

        Mr. Jacobs. Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and
    members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I am honored to be nominated for the
    position of Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and
    Atmospheres. I would also like to thank President Trump and
    Secretary Lutnick for their trust and confidence in me with
    this nomination.
        If I have the honor of being confirmed, I look forward to
    working with all of you on the important work performed by
    NOAA. My heart goes out to those who lost loved ones in the
    devastating Texas floods. As a parent with two kids in summer
    camp right now, I can't imagine what these grieving families
    are going through.
        NOAA has an important, unique mission that spans the sea
    floor to the sun's surface. Not only do they conduct cutting
    edge coastal and ocean research, but they also provide life-
    saving forecast predictions in a wide range of environmental
    phenomena. From 2018 to 2021, I served as Assistant Secretary
    for Environmental Observation and Prediction, and later as
    Acting Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmospheres.
        During that time, I gained significant experience and
    understanding of NOAA's operations, and I developed a deep
    appreciation for the workforce. From issuing accurate forecasts
    to complex weather events, managing fish stocks, mapping our
    coasts, launching satellites into space, their dedication and
    professionalism is unparalleled.
        I have a very detailed understanding of what is involved in
    managing NOAA, from the policy, budget, and personnel side to
    the needs and opportunities for innovative solutions to better
    meet mission requirements. I previously led the agency's effort
    to support scientific community through a focused improvement
    to its external engagement strategy. This culminated in the
    Earth Prediction and Invasion Center, which brings together
    scientific expertise from Federal partners, world class
    researchers, and the private sector.
        I also understand that to be successful, NOAA must embrace
    new partnerships. In 2019, under my leadership, NOAA unveiled
    the Big Data Project, now called NOAA Open Data Dissemination,
    where the public has greater access to all NOAA data through
    partnerships with cloud service providers.
        Running a large agency with a public service mandate of
    protecting life and property during a pandemic was not
    something anyone could have been prepared to do. Under my
    leadership, NOAA rapidly changed and adapted operational
    protocols and accelerated onboarding of new technology like
    virtual environments for daily meetings, autonomous vehicles
    for acoustic surveys.
        Despite the pandemic, NOAA successfully met its mission
    requirements, including saving countless lives during the 2020
    hurricane season, which had 30 named storms, 11 U.S. landfalls,
    shattering a record that had stood for over 100 years. If
    confirmed, one of my top priorities is to return the United
    States to the world's during global weather forecast modeling
    capability.
        As a matter of public safety, national security, and
    national pride, we will restore American technological
    superiority with this vital service for the country and our
    military serving around the world. This will inquire embracing
    new technologies, novel approaches, and partnerships with
    industry to advance global observing systems. Reducing the
    seafood trade deficit is also a top priority.
        The U.S. has an estimated $20 billion trade deficit in
    seafood. Much of it is due to unfair trade practices and import
    of aquaculture seafood, which is often mislabeled, and the lack
    of domestic processing capacity. In addition to promoting the
    production, sale, and trade of U.S. fishery and aquaculture
    products, embracing new technologies and science-based
    approaches to stock assessments will benefit both U.S.
    commercial fishing industry and the recreational fishing
    community.
        Leveling the playing field will also require cracking down
    on illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. While
    advancing numerical weather prediction has dominated my career,
    the ocean is where I am most at home, whether I am fishing,
    diving, or surfing. I began my career as a marine electronics
    technician and have spent the last 30 years guiding
    recreational saltwater anglers.
        I have a unique appreciation for the maritime industry and
    extensive knowledge of coastal marine fisheries conservation
    spanning the Carolinas to the Florida Keys. If confirmed, it
    would be a tremendous honor to lead such a distinguished
    organization. I can assure the Committee that I will do my best
    to ensure this team of scientists, engineers, forecasters, and
    uniformed officers have the resources and leadership needed to
    fulfill their mission of science, service, and stewardship.
        I would like to thank my family and friends for their
    support and encouragement along the way. I would also like to
    thank the amazing people of NOAA for their dedication and
    service, and for sharing their knowledge and passion with me
    during my previous tenure at NOAA.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Cantwell, and members of the
    Committee, thank you again for the opportunity to be here.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
    Jacobs follow:]

       Prepared Statement of Neil Jacobs, Nominee for Under Secretary of
                       Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
        Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the
    Committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today. I
    am honored to be nominated for the position of Under Secretary of
    Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. I would also like to thank
    President Trump and Secretary Lutnick for their trust and confidence in
    me with this nomination.
        If I have the honor of being confirmed, I look forward to working
    with all of you on the important work being performed by NOAA that
    benefits our country. NOAA has a unique mission that spans the sea
    floor to the Sun's surface. Not only does the agency conduct cutting-
    edge ocean and coastal research, but NOAA also provides life-saving
    forecasts and predictions of a wide range of environmental phenomena.
        From 2018 to 2021, I served as Assistant Secretary for
    Environmental Observation and Prediction, and later as acting Under
    Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere. During that time, I gained
    significant experience and understanding of NOAA's operations, and I
    developed a deep appreciation of its workforce. From issuing accurate
    forecasts for complex weather events, managing fish stocks, mapping our
    coasts, and launching satellites into space, their dedication and
    professionalism is unparalleled.
        I have a very detailed understanding of what is involved in
    managing NOAA from the policy, budget, and personnel side to needs and
    opportunities for innovative solutions to better meet the mission
    requirements. I previously led the agency's effort to support the
    scientific community through focused improvements to its external
    engagement strategy. This culminated in the Earth Prediction Innovation
    Center, which is bringing together scientific expertise from Federal
    partners, world-class researchers, and the private sector.
        I also understand that to be successful, NOAA must embrace new
    partnerships. In 2019, under my leadership, NOAA unveiled the Big Data
    Project, now called NOAA Open Data Dissemination, where the public has
    greater access to all NOAA data through partnerships with cloud service
    providers.
        Running a large agency with a public service mandate of protecting
    life and property during a pandemic was not something anyone could have
    been fully prepared to do. Under my leadership, NOAA rapidly changed
    and adapted operational protocols and accelerated onboarding of new
    technologies like virtual environments for daily meetings, and
    autonomous vehicles for acoustic fish surveys. Despite the pandemic,
    NOAA successfully met its mission requirements, including saving
    countless lives during the 2020 hurricane season, which had 30 named
    storms and 11 U.S. landfalls, shattering a record that had stood for
    over 100 years.
        If confirmed, one of my top priorities is to return the United
    States to the world's leader in global weather forecast modeling
    capability. As a matter of public safety, national security, and
    national pride, we will restore American technological superiority for
    this vital service for the country and our military serving around the
    world. This will require embracing new technologies, novel approaches,
    and partnering with industry to advance global observing systems.
        Reducing the seafood trade deficit is also a top priority. The U.S.
    has an estimated $20 billion trade imbalance in seafood, much of it due
    to unfair trade practices, the import of aquaculture seafood, which is
    often mislabeled, and lack of domestic processing capacity. In addition
    to promoting the production, sale, and trade of U.S. fishery and
    aquaculture products, embracing new technologies and science-based
    approaches to stock assessments will benefit both the U.S. commercial
    fishing industry and recreational fishing community. Leveling the
    playing field will also require cracking down on illegal, unreported,
    and unregulated fishing.
        While advancing numerical weather prediction has dominated my
    career, the ocean is where I am most at home whether I'm fishing,
    diving, or surfing. I began my career as a marine electronics
    technician and have spent the last 30 years guiding recreational
    saltwater anglers. I have a unique appreciation for the maritime
    industry and an extensive knowledge of coastal marine fisheries
    conservation spanning the Carolinas to the Florida Keys.
        If confirmed, it would be a tremendous honor to lead such a
    distinguished organization. I can assure the Committee that I will do
    my best to ensure this team of scientists, engineers, forecasters and
    uniformed officers have the resources and leadership needed to fulfill
    their mission of science, service, and stewardship.
        I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and
    encouragement along the way. I would also like to thank all the amazing
    people of NOAA for their dedication and service, and for sharing their
    knowledge and passion with me during my previous tenure at NOAA. Mr.
    Chairman, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the Committee, thank
    you again for the opportunity to be here and I look forward to
    answering any questions you may have.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Neil Andrew
    Jacobs Jr.
        2. Position to which nominated: Under Secreta1y of Commerce for
    Oceans and Atmosphere.
        3. Date of Nomination: Febma1y 3, 2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: Information not provided.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: December 12, 1973; Colorado Springs,
    CO.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Jennifer Modliszewski, Lineberger Bioinformatics Core, UNC

        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

            Ph.D. Atmospheric Science (Numerical modeling). 2005, North
            Carolina State University

            M.S. Atmospheric Science (Air-sea interaction), 2000, North
            Carolina State University

            B.S. Physics and Math, 1996, University of South Carolina

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            2022-2025, Chief Science Advisor, Unified Forecast System,
            University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

            2022-2025, Senior Executive Advisor, Booz Allen Hamilton 2021-
            2025, Managing Director, AxioScientia, LLC

            2018-2021, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental
            Observation and Prediction, Department of Commerce, NOAA

            2013-2018, Chief Atmospheric Scientist, Panasonic Avionics
            Corporation 2004-2013, Director of Research and Business
            Development, AirDat, LLC

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age.
        I have never had a position in Federal, State, or local government
    other than the one listed above.
        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution.

            American Meteorological Society (AMS) Visiting Senior Policy
            Fellow

            American Meteorological Society (AMS) Forecast Improvement
            Group (Chair 2015-2017)

            Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Continuous Lower
            Emissions, Energy, and Noise

            World Meteorological Organization Expert Team on Aircraft-Based
            Observing Systems

        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.

            American Meteorological Society (Fellow)

            National Weather Association

            World Meteorological Organization; Expert Team on Aircraft-
            Based Observing Systems

            American Geophysical Union

            Gamma Beta Phi, National Honor Society

            Geological Society of America

            National Forensics League

            Phi Beta Kappa, Honor Society

            Pi Mu Epsilon, National Math Honor Society

            Sigma Pi Sigma, National Physics Honor Society (President:
            1993-1996, USC Chapter)

            Sigma Xi, Honor Society

            Durham YMCA

            Greensboro Velo Club

            Rotary International

            Trout Unlimited

        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt. No.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. None.
        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.

            Trump Victory, 2/27/20--$520
            Trump Victory, 9/29/20--$500

        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.

            Fellow, American Meteorological Society

            American Meteorological Society's Kenneth C. Spengler Award
            recipient (2023)

            Pi Mu Epsilon, National Math Honor Society

            Sigma Pi Sigma, National Physics Honor Society (President:
            1993-1996, USC Chapter)

            Gamma Beta Phi. National Honor Society

            National Forensics League Scholarship

            Phi Beta Kappa, Honor Society

            Sigma Xi, Honor Society

        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available.

            Jacobs, N., J. Churchill, L. J. Pietrafesa, S. Bao, and P. T.
            Gayes, 2023: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions during the Passage
            of an Extratropical Cyclone in the Vicinity of Cape Hatteras,
            North Carolina, Intl. J. of Geosciences, 14, 855-876.

            Brotzge, J., D. Berchoff, D. Carlis, F. Carr, R. Carr, J.
            Gerth, B. Gross, T. Hamill, S. E. Haupt, N. Jacobs,A. McGovern,
            D. Stensrud, G. Szatkowski, I. Szunyogh, and X. Wang, 2023:
            Challenges and Opportunities in Numerical Weather Prediction.
            Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 104, 698-705.

            Jacobs, N. A., 2021: Open Innovation and the Case for Community
            Model Development. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102(10), 2002-
            2022.

            Droegemeier, K., and N. Jacobs, 2021: Restructuring of U.S.
            Federal Coordination to Advance Meteorological Services. Bull.
            Amer. Meteor. Soc., 103(2), 230-247.

            Gao, F., Z. Liu, J. Ma, N. Jacobs, P. Childs, and H. Wang,
            2019: Variational Bias Correction of TAMDAR Temperature
            Observations in WRF Data Assimilation System. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
            147, 1927-1945.

            Gao, F., X.-Y. Huang, N. Jacobs, and H. Wang, 2018:
            Assimilation of Wind Speed and Direction Observations: Results
            from real observation experiments. Tellus A, 67,1.

            Zhang, X., H. Wang, X.-Y. Huang, F. Gao, and N. Jacobs, 2015:
            Using Adjoint-Based Forecast Sensitivity Method to Evaluate
            TAMDAR Data Impacts on Regional Forecasts. Advances in
            Meteorology, Vol. 2015, Article ID 427616, 13.

            Jacobs, N., D. Mulally, A. Anderson, J. Braid, P. Childs, A.
            Huffman, E. Wilson, and F. Gao, 2015: Recent Advancements in
            the TAMDAR Sensor Network Expansion, (IOAS-AOLS), AMS.

            Jacobs, N.., F. Gao, P. Childs, X. Y. Huang, and H. Wang, 2015:
            Optimization of In-situ Aircraft Observations for Various
            Assimilation Techniques, (IOAS-AOLS), AMS.

            Liu, Y., M. Xu, L. Pan, Y. Liu, N. Jacobs, and P. Childs, 2015:
            Implementation of a CONUS RTFDDA system with radar data
            assimilation for convection-resolvable analysis and prediction,
            (IOAS-AOLS), AMS.

            Gao, F., P. P. Childs, X.-Y. Huang, N. A. Jacobs, and J. Z.
            Min, 2014: A Relocation-based Initialization Scheme to Improve
            Track-forecasting of Tropical Cyclones. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,
            31(1), 27-36.

            Jacobs, N. A., D. J. Mulally, and A. K. Anderson, 2014:
            Correction of Flux Valve-Based Heading for Improvement of
            Aircraft Wind Observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31,
            1733-1747.

            Jacobs, N. A., and J. E. Rex, 2013: Benefits and Utility of
            Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting, Air
            Traffic Control Quarterly, January, First Quarter, 2013.

            Huang, X.-Y., F. Gao, N. A. Jacobs, and H. Wang, 2013:
            Assimilation of wind speed and direction observations: a new
            formulation and results from idealized experiments. Tellus A,
            65, 19936.

            Wyszogrodzki, A. A., Y. Liu, N. A. Jacobs, P. Childs, Y. Zhang,
            G. Roux, and T. T. Warner, 2013: Analysis of the surface
            temperature and wind forecast bias of the NCAR-AirDat
            operational CONUS 4km RTFDDA forecasting system, Meteorol.
            Atmos. Phys., 121, 3-4.

            Jacobs, N. A., P. Childs, M. Croke, A. Huffman, J. Nelson, J.
            T. Braid, Y. L. Liu, and X. Y. Huang, 2013: An update on the
            TAMDAR global network expansion, Special Symposium on Advancing
            Weather and Climate Forecasts: Innovative Techniques and
            Applications, Austin, TX.

            Nelson, J., J. T. Braid, A. K. Anderson, N. A. Jacobs, P.
            Childs, M. Croke, and A. Huffman, 2013: Alaska TAMDAR and the
            RTFDDA WRF QC System, ARAM, AMS, Austin, TX.

            Huffman, A., P. Childs, M. Croke, N. A. Jacobs, and Y. L. Liu,
            2013: Verification of the NCAR-AirDat operational RT-FDDA-WRF
            for the 2011 and 2012 spring convective seasons, IOAS, AMS,
            Austin, TX.

            Gao, F., N. A. Jacobs, X. Y. Huang, and P. Childs, 2013: Direct
            assimilation of wind speed and direction for the WRF model,
            Special Symposium on Advancing Weather and Climate Forecasts:
            Innovative Techniques and Applications, AMS, Austin, TX.

            Richardson, H., N. A. Jacobs, P. Childs, P. Marinello, and X.
            Y. Huang, 2013: UAS observations and their impact on NWP during
            TUFT, ARAM, AMS, Austin, TX.

            Gao, F., P. Childs, X. Y. Huang, and N. A. Jacobs, 2013: A new
            method for vortex relocation within balanced flow field, NWP,
            Austin, TX.

            Gao, F., X. Zhang, N. Jacobs, X.-Y. Huang, Xin Zhang, P.
            Childs, 2012. Estimation of TAMDAR Observational Error and
            Assimilation Experiments. Wea. Forecasting, 27, 4, 856-877.

            Zhang, Y. Y. Liu, N. A. Jacobs, P. Childs, T. Nipen, T. T.
            Warner, L. D. Monache, G. Roux, A. Wyszogrodzki, W. Y. Y.
            Cheng, W. Yu, and R.-S. Sheu, 2012: Evaluation of the impact of
            assimilating the TAMDAR data on WRF-based RTFDDA simulations
            and the RTFDDA performance on predicting warm-season
            precipitation over the CONUS, Wea. Forecasting, under revision.

            Gao, F., X.-Y. Huang, N. Jacobs, 2012: The Assimilation of Wind
            Speed and Direction Based on WRFDA 3D-Var System, New Orleans,
            LA.

            Zhang, Xiaoyan, X.-Y. Huang, T. Auligne, Xin Zhang, F. Gao, N.
            Jacobs, P. Childs. 2012. Evaluation of TAMDAR Data Impact on
            Forecast Error with WRFDA-FSO System, AMS, New Orleans, LA.

            Gao, F., Xiaoyan Zhang, X.-Y. Huang, Xin Zhang, N. Jacobs, P.
            Childs, 2011: Preliminary Results of Directly Assimilating Wind
            Speed and Direction Based on WRFDA 3D-Var System. 12th WRF
            Users' Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, 20-24 June 2011.

            Liu, Y., T. Warner, S. Swerdlin, T. Betancourt, J. Knievel, B.
            Mahoney, J. Pace, D. Rostkier-Edelstein, N.A. Jacobs, P.
            Childs, and K. Parks, 2011: NCAR ensemble RTFDDA: real-time
            operational forecasting applications and new data assimilation
            developments. 24th Conference on Weather and Forecasting (WAF-
            NWP), AMS, Seattle, WA.

            Huffman, A., N. A. Jacobs, M. Croke, P. Childs, X. Y. Huang,
            and Y. Liu, 2011: Verification and Sensitivity of the NCAR-
            AirDat Operational Forecasting Systems to TAMDAR Observations.
            15th Symposium (IOAS-AOLS), AMS, Seattle, WA.

            Jacobs, N. A., F. Gao, P. Childs, X. Zhang, X. Y. Huang, X.
            Zhang, M. Croke, and Y. Liu, 2011: Optimization of In-situ
            Aircraft Observations for Various Assimilation Techniques. 15th
            Symposium (IOAS-AOLS), AMS, Seattle, WA.

            Jacobs, N. A., M. Croke, P. Childs, Y. Liu, X. Y. Huang, and R.
            DeJong, 2011: The Utility of TAMDAR in the NextGen-Oriented
            CLEEN Program. Second Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology
            Special Symposium on Weather-Air Traffic Management (ARAM),
            AMS, Seattle, WA.

            Croke, M., N. A. Jacobs, D. J. Mulally, A. K. Anderson, J. T.
            Braid, P. Childs, A. Huffman, Y. Liu, and X. Y. Huang, 2011:
            Recent Advancements in the TAMDAR Sensor Network Expansion.
            15th Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems
            for the Atmosphere, Oceans and Land Surface (IOAS-AOLS), AMS,
            Seattle, WA.

            Jacobs, N. A., P. Childs, M. Croke, Y. Liu, and X. Y. Huang,
            2010: An Update on the TAMDAR Sensor Network Deployment, (IOAS-
            AOLS), GA.

            Jacobs, N. A., M. Croke, P. Childs, and Y. Liu, 2010: The
            Potential Utility of TAMDAR Data in Air Quality Forecasting,
            (IOAS), Atlanta, GA.

            Childs, P., N. A. Jacobs, M. Croke, Y. Liu, W. Wu, G. Roux, and
            M. Ge, 2010: An Introduction to the NCAR-AirDat Operational
            TAMDAR-Enhanced RTFDDA-WRF, (IOAS-AOLS), AMS, Atlanta, GA.

            Croke, M., N. Jacobs, P. Childs, and Y. Liu, 2009: The Utility
            of TAMDAR on Short-Range Forecasts over Alaska, (IOAS), AMS.

            Jacobs, N., P. Childs, M. Croke, Y. Liu, and X. Y. Huang, 2009:
            The Optimization Between TAMDAR Data Assimilation Methods and
            Model Configuration in WRF-ARW, (IOAS-AOLS), AMS.

            Childs, P., N. Jacobs, M. Croke, Y. Liu, and X. Y. Huang, 2009:
            TAMDAR-Related Impacts on the AirDat Operational WRF-ARW as a
            Function of Data Assimilation Techniques, (IOAS-AOLS), AMS.

            Jacobs, N., P. Childs, M. Croke, and Y. Liu, 2008: The Effects
            of Horizontal Grid Spacing and Vertical Resolution on TAMDAR
            Data assimilation in Short-Range Mesoscale Forecasts, AMS
            Annual Meeting, 12th Symposium on Integrated Observing and
            Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land
            Surface (IOAS-AOLS).

            Jacobs, N. A., S. Raman, G. M. Lackmann, and P. P. Childs, Jr,
            2007: The influence of the Gulf Stream induced SST gradients on
            the U.S. East Coast winter storm of 24-25 January 2000.
            International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 6145-6174.

            Jacobs, N. A., 2007: Potential benefits of tropospheric
            airborne meteorological data reporting (TAMDAR). Managing the
            Skies, 5, 3, 20-23.

            Liu, Y., T. Warner, S. Swerdlin, W. Yu, N. Jacobs, and M.
            Anderson, 2007: Assimilation data from diverse sources for
            mesoscale NWP: TAMDAR-data impact. Geophysical Research
            Abstracts, 9, EGU2007-A-03109.

            Liu, Y., N. A. Jacobs, W. Yu, T. T. Warner, S. P. Swerdlin, and
            M. Anderson, 2007: An OSSE study of TAMDAR data impact on
            mesoscale data assimilation and prediction, AMS Annual Meeting,
            11th Symposium on (IOAS-AOLS) 5.20.

            Jacobs, N. A., 2006: The effects of lower-tropospheric data
            resolution on short-range mesoscale model forecasts of surface
            temperatures during the summer season, Doc. and Tech. Note
            AirDat, LLC, 53 pp.

            Jacobs, N. A., and Y. Liu, 2006: A comprehensive quantitative
            precipitation forecast statistical verification study, Doc. and
            Tech. AirDat 25 pp.

            Jacobs, N. A., Y. Liu, and C.-M. Druse, 2006: Evaluation of
            temporal and spatial distribution of TAMDAR data in short-range
            mesoscale forecasts, AMS Annual Meeting, 10th Symp. IOAS-AOLS.

            Jacobs, N. A., S. Raman, and G. M. Lackmann, 2006: Sensitivity
            of East Coast winter storms to sea surface temperature
            gradients, AMS Annual Meeting, 14th Conf. Sea-Atmos.

            Jacobs, N. A., G. M. Lackmann and S. Raman 2005: The combined
            effects of Gulf Stream-induced baroclinicity and upper-level
            vorticity on U.S. East Coast extratropical cyclogenesis. Mon.
            Wea. Rev., 133, 2494-2501.

            Jacobs, N. A., 2004: Porting MM5 to OS X: A guide to mesoscale
            modeling on a G5, Mac OSX Hints, 15, 97.

            Jacobs, N., 2004: The Role of Marine Thermal Gradient Structure
            on Gulf Stream-Related Extratropical Cyclogenesis, Ph.D.
            Dissertation, Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric
            Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 307pp.

            Jacobs, N. A., S. Raman, G. M. Lackmann, and P. P. Childs, Jr,
            2004: Role of the Gulf Stream on extratropical cyclogenesis,
            AMS Annual Meeting, 20th Conf. WAF/NWP pp. 318-322.

            Raman, S., N. Jacobs, and M. Simpson, 2003: Numerical
            simulation of land-air-sea interactions during the
            northeasterly monsoon over Indian Ocean. INDOEX conf.
            Bangalore, India.

            Jacobs, N. A., 2001: Latent and sensible heat fluxes over the
            Gulf Stream region during OMP. AGU, Boston, MA. Preprint pp
            412-417.

            Jacobs, N., 2000: Physical Oceanographic Processes and Air-Sea
            Interactions of extratropical cyclogenesis during the Oceans
            Margins Program, Thesis, Department of Marine, Earth, and
            Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
            NC. 178pp.

            Jacobs, N., C. Petrusak, V. Connors, D. DeMaster, T. Hopkins,
            1998: Earth System Science: Integration of Computer Modeling
            and Laboratory Studies. 25 conf GSA/ESSE, pp. 127-131.

            Jacobs, N., V. Connors, T. Hopkins, D. DeMaster, W. Sweet,
            1998: The Evolution of Earth System Science at North Carolina
            State University. 25 conf GSA/ESSE, pp. 417-421.

        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.

            Unified Forecast System (UFS) overview, American Meteorological
            Society

            UFS community governance, AMS/UIFCW

            Open innovation and UFS, AMS/UIFCW

            Advances in NWP and data assimilation, AMS/AGU

            Agency budget process, AMS policy colloquium

            Overview of NWP and open innovation

            AMS advancements in UFS applications

            PWS global ensemble system, NCEP

            PWS global model and data assimilation, UK Met Office

            Assimilation of ABOs into a global modeling system, ECMWF

            Estimation of TAMDAR Error and Assimilation Experiments, UK Met
            Office

            Utility of TAMDAR aircraft observations for NWP, ECMWF

            Optimization of TAMDAR for NWP, NCEP EMC

            Operational forecasting with TAMDAR, SMN

            Unique aspects of aircraft data assimilation, ECMWF

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available.
        I've done a few podcasts on modeling, weather and science, and was
    a regular host on the weatherbrains podcast. The topics almost always
    pertained to numerical weather prediction.

            http://weatherbrains.com

            https://www.youtube.com/@WeatherBrains/streams

            https://art19.com/shows/weather-geeks/

            https://art19.com/shows/off-the-radar

        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.
        I do not have any social media presence, and I am not on LinkedIn.
        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony.

            Winning in Weather: U.S. Competitiveness in Forecasting and
            Modeling (6 March 2024)--House of Representatives, Committee on
            Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment

            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Organic Act (18
            April 2023)--House of Representatives, Committee on Science,
            Space, and Technology, Full Committee

            Senate Confirmation: Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and
            Atmosphere (11 March 2020); United States Senate, Subcommittee
            on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies

            Examining Opportunities to Improve Prevention and Response of
            SASH at NOAA (27 February 2020)--House of Representatives,
            Committee on Natural Resources, Subcommittee on Oversight and
            Investigations

            A Task of EPIC Proportions: Reclaiming U.S. Leadership in
            Weather Modeling and Prediction (20 November 2019)--House of
            Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
            Subcommittee on Environment

            The Future of Forecasting: Building a Stronger U.S. Weather
            Enterprise (16 May 2019)--House of Representatives, Committee
            on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on the
            Environment

            A Review of the NOAA Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request (30 April
            2019)--House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space,
            and Technology, Subcommittee on the Environment

            Review of the FY2020 Budget Request for the U.S. Department of
            Commerce (2 April 2019)--United States Senate, Committee on
            Appropriations, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science and
            Related Agencies

            The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Budget
            Request for Fiscal Year 2020 (27 March 2019)--House of
            Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on
            Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies

            Understanding the Changing Climate System and the Role of
            Climate Research (26 February 2019)--House of Representatives,
            Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice,
            Science, and Related Agencies

            Surveying the Space Weather Landscape (26 April 2018)--House of
            Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
            Subcommittee on Space

            Senate Confirmation: Assistant Secretary of Commerce for
            Observation and Prediction (1 November 2017); United States
            Senate, Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related
            Agencies

            Leading the Way: Examining Advances in Environmental Technology
            (21 June 2017)--House of Representatives, Committee on Science,
            Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Environment

            Private Sector Weather Forecasting: Assessing Products and
            Technologies (8 June 2016)--House of Representatives, Committee
            on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Environment

        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        I gained significant experience and understanding of NOAA's
    operations after previously serving as both the Assistant Secretary of
    Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction (2018-2021) and
    acting Under Secretary of Commerce of Oceans and Atmospheres from 2019
    to 2021. I have a very detailed understanding of what is involved in
    managing NOAA from the policy, budget, and personnel side to needs and
    opportunities for innovative solutions to better meet the mission
    requirements. I previously led the agency's effort to support the
    scientific community through focused improvements to its external
    engagement strategy. This culminated in the Earth Prediction Innovation
    Center, which is bringing together the scientific expertise from
    Federal partners, world-class researchers, and the private sector. I
    also understand that to be successful, NOAA must embrace new
    partnerships. In 2019, under my leadership, NOAA unveiled the Big Data
    Project, now called NOAA Open Data Dissemination (NODD), where the
    public has greater access to all NOAA data through partnerships with
    Google, Amazon, and Microsoft.
        I have extensive experience with public-private-academic
    partnerships for weather model and observing system development. As a
    founding member of Panasonic Avionics weather division's predecessor
    company AirDat, I directed the private side of the NWS's very first
    atmospheric commercial observational data acquisition as a subscription
    service. This is a great example of a successful public-private
    partnership that is still in existence today. Having worked alongside
    NOAA and NWS employees and scientists as a scientific collaborator, I
    have earned their trust and respect. Additionally, I have great working
    relationships with key World Meteorological Organization member
    countries and their respective National Meteorological Service
    Directors.
        Prior to focusing my career on numerical weather prediction, I
    worked as both a marine electronics technician and a recreational
    saltwater inshore fishing guide. I have a unique appreciation for the
    recreational boating industry and an extensive knowledge of coastal
    marine fisheries conservation spanning the Carolinas to the Florida
    Keys.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        My responsibility, as the NOAA Administrator, will be to work
    closely with NOAA line offices, and provide leadership to better manage
    the agency's assets in their service to the American people. As duly
    confirmed by the Senate, and as political appointees, we have an
    obligation to comply with the direction and oversight provided by
    Congress to manage our agency to the best of our abilities and within
    the letter of the law.
        I have a very detailed understanding of what is involved in
    managing NOAA because I've done it before. I ran the agency from 2019
    to 2021, through multiple annual budget cycles, spend plans, and
    disaster supplemental appropriations, some of which spanned the
    pandemic.
        Running a large agency with a public service mandate of protecting
    life and property during a pandemic was not something anyone could have
    been fully prepared to do. Under my leadership, NOAA rapidly changed
    and adapted operational protocols and accelerated onboarding of new
    technologies like cloud data access, virtual environments for daily
    meetings, and autonomous vehicles for acoustic fish surveys. Apart from
    a few bottom trawl surveys, NOAA successfully executed all of its
    mission essential functions, including producing the some of the most
    accurate hurricane forecast tracks on record for the most active
    Atlantic season on record (2020: 30 named storms) with the most
    landfalls on record (2020: 11 U.S. landfalls), while simultaneously
    doing a stellar job of fire weather forecasting.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        Weather Forecasting and Modeling--Return NOAA NWS to the world's
    leader in global weather forecast modeling capability. The United
    States led the world in weather forecasting and modeling for decades,
    but has not kept pace with overseas competition, and is struggling to
    maintain the status of third most accurate global weather model among
    National Meteorological Services. As a matter of public safety,
    national security, and national pride, we will restore American
    technical superiority for this vital service for the country and our
    military serving around the world. As part of this effort, implementing
    a community-based earth-system modeling program is crucial. This will
    require adoption of cloud-based computational resources and artificial
    intelligence. While this is technically straightforward, it will
    require a significant culture shift in the workforce and proactive
    effort to migrate to cloud and align development efforts across a
    common code base. Rapid change management will always be a challenge in
    any large organization. The prediction of the future state of the
    atmosphere, ocean, and even the sun, requires accurate and timely
    observations for both initialization and verification. Whether these
    forecasts are physics based or AI or a hybrid of both, as the model
    space-time resolution increases, the need for better observations
    increases exponentially. Embracing new technologies, novel approaches,
    and partnerships with industry and the research community will be an
    integral part of addressing this challenge.
        Reduce Seafood Supply Deficit--The U.S. has an estimated $20
    billion trade imbalance in seafood, much of it due to unfair trade
    practices, the importation of aquaculture seafood, and lack of domestic
    processing capacity and aquaculture production. The U.S. imports
    roughly $26 billion in seafood--nearly half of which is produced via
    aquaculture and 30 percent is shrimp (farmed and wild-caught). To
    achieve changes to the deficit, NOAA should consider increasing wild-
    caught production, increasing aquaculture, and reducing imports from
    nations with weak environmental protections. Leveling the playing field
    will also require cracking down on illegal, unreported, and unregulated
    (IUU) fishing. Additionally, embracing new technologies and science-
    based approaches to stock assessments will benefit both the U.S.
    commercial fishing industry and recreational fishing community.
        Asset management--NOAA maintains hundreds of facilities across the
    nation, operates some of the largest observing networks in the world,
    and flies some of the most cutting-edge satellites in space. Over time,
    these assets will need to be replenished and recapitalized to continue
    providing Americans with the level of service they have come to rely
    on. These assets will continue to require careful planning, management,
    and oversight to ensure NOAA continues to meet its mission requirement.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.
        I have no financial arrangements, deferred compensation agreements,
    or other continuing dealings with business associates, clients, or
    customers. I do have an IRA and Roth.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain. No.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and Department of Commerce agency
    ethics officials to identify any potential conflicts of interest. Any
    potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the
    terms of my ethics agreement. I understand that my ethics agreement has
    been provided to the Committee. I am not aware of any potential
    conflict of interest other than those that are the subject of my ethics
    agreement.
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest. None.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance
    with the terms of my ethics agreement. I understand that my ethics
    agreement has been provided to the Committee.
        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy. None.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or
            group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.

        While not officially cited for breach of ethics, I encumbered the
    NOAA Administrator position during the September 6, 2019, incident and
    was one of several employees that were referred to the Inspector
    General. The conclusions of the IG report did not find me at fault for
    the incident, and I was not cited for any breach of ethics. The report
    concludes that while a better protocol for chain of command should have
    been followed, that the process for handling social media was not well
    established. It also concludes that I was one of only three parties who
    properly preserved records. In the end, I received no citation, and no
    disciplinary or personnel action was taken. https://www.oig.doc.gov/
    OIGPublications/OIG-20-032-I.pdf
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain. No.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain. No.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain. No.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination. None.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.

        The Chairman. Thank you, Dr. Jacobs. Mr. Jordan, you are
    recognized for your opening statement.

              STATEMENT OF TAYLOR JORDAN, NOMINEE TO BE AN

                  ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR

             ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATION AND PREDICTION, NOAA

        Mr. Jordan. Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and
    members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I am honored to be nominated for the
    position of Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental
    Observation and Prediction by President Trump, and I also want
    to thank Secretary Lutnick for his support of my nomination.
        If I have the honor of being confirmed, I look forward to
    working with all of you on the important work performed by NOAA
    in the areas of observation, data, and forecasting. I would
    also like to thank and recognize my fiancee, Minsu Crowder-Han,
    and my family watching from Texas.
        My mother, Cindy Jordan, and her husband, Scott Wright, as
    well as my father, Gene Jordan, my brother, Chris Jordan, and
    his family. As a born and raised Texan, I have had a lifelong
    fascination with weather. I grew up in Longview, in East Texas,
    which has seen its fair share of severe weather impacts,
    tornadoes, straight line winds, hail, lightning strikes.
        As a kid, every time the sirens would go off for a
    potential tornado, my father would first go outside and look up
    at the sky, which might be a uniquely Texan behavior, but I
    would head to my parents' closet to take shelter. I would also
    like to take a moment to mention the floods in Texas this past
    weekend.
        As a Texan, this hits close to home for me, and is a tragic
    reminder that weather affects Americans every day. If
    confirmed, I will work closely with the Secretary of Commerce
    and the NOAA Administrator to ensure the National Weather
    Service continues to provide weather forecasts that keep
    Americans out of harm's way.
        Collectively, I have had the privilege of working on NOAA
    issues for the last 14 years, and I have worked on these issues
    from three distinct vantage points, in Congress, at NOAA, and
    in the private sector. After graduating from the University of
    North Texas, I was fortunate enough to have an internship in
    D.C. for the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
    where I first worked under Chairman Ralph Hall and then
    Chairman Lamar Smith.
        It was there on the Committee where I learned about NOAA's
    mission and how their weather forecasting resulted in those
    sirens I always heard growing up. The forecast for those severe
    storms started with NOAA. I spent 7 years on the House Science
    Committee working on issues related to NOAA and other civil
    science agencies. I was the lead author for the Weather
    Research and Forecasting Innovation Act, also known as the
    Weather Act.
        That bill was the first major piece of weather related
    legislation in decades and gave NOAA tools to help it better
    achieve its mission of protecting lives and property. Many of
    the Weather Act's authorizations are still relevant today, and
    if I am honored to be confirmed, I look forward to working with
    this committee to reauthorize this important piece of
    legislation. I also had the privilege of serving as a Senior
    Policy Advisor to the NOAA Administrator from 2018 to 2020.
        In this role, I oversaw the implementation of the Weather
    Act and worked closely with NOAA's leadership and staff to
    provide accurate and timely weather forecasts. I also worked
    with NOAA line offices to help manage multi-billion dollar
    programs and acquisitions across the agency. Since 2021, I have
    worked in the private sector to advocate for programs and
    policies that support NOAA's mission and create meaningful
    partnerships.
        I have worked with private companies that provide NOAA with
    valuable weather data. Contractors that provide technical and
    expert support services. Scientists that contribute cutting-
    edge knowledge to our understanding of the Earth, and many
    others that support NOAA in various ways. Thanks to these
    experiences, I have developed a deep appreciation for NOAA's
    mission and its lifesaving information.
        NOAA operates in every state, forecasts for every location,
    and provides important and unique information across the
    country every day. NOAA achieves this through extensive
    observing networks and infrastructure, dedicated scientists and
    forecasters, and public-private partnerships. NOAA relies on
    expertise from our robust American science and technology
    ecosystem, from private companies, contractors, academia, and
    universities, nonprofits, State, local, and tribal partners.
        If confirmed, it would be a tremendous honor to help lead
    such a distinguished organization of scientists, engineers,
    forecaster, and uniformed officers. I will work closely with
    members of this committee to ensure NOAA continues to provide
    accurate and timely weather forecasting to protect lives and
    property and safeguard the national economy.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Cantwell, and members of the
    Committee, thank you again for the opportunity to appear before
    you. I would be pleased to answer any questions you have.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
    Jordan follow:]

    Prepared Statement of Taylor Jordan, Nominee for Assistant Secretary of
             Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction
        Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the
    Committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today. I
    am honored to be nominated for the position of Assistant Secretary of
    Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction by President
    Trump, and I also want to thank Secretary Lutnick for his support of my
    nomination. If I have the honor of being confirmed, I look forward to
    working with all of you on the important work performed by NOAA in the
    areas of observation, data, and forecasting.
        I would also like to thank and recognize my fiancee Minsu Crowder-
    Han for being with me here today, and my family watching from Texas: my
    mother Cindy Jordan and her husband Scott Wright, as well as my father
    Gene Jordan, brother Chris Jordan and his family.
        As a born and raised Texan, I have had a lifelong fascination with
    weather. I grew up in Longview in East Texas, which has seen its fair
    share of severe weather impacts: tornados, straight-line winds, hail,
    and lightning strikes. As a kid, every time the sirens would go off;
    for a potential tornado, my father would first go outside and look up
    at the sky--a uniquely Texan behavior--while I would head to my
    parent's closet to take shelter.
        Collectively, I have had the privilege of working on NOAA issues
    for the last 14 years, and I have worked on these issues from three
    distinct vantage points: (1) in Congress, (2) at NOAA, and (3) in the
    private sector.
        After graduating from the University of North Texas, I was
    fortunate enough to have an internship in DC for the House Committee on
    Science, Space, and Technology, where I worked first under Chairman
    Ralph Hall and then Chairman Lamar Smith. It was there, on the
    Committee, where I learned about NOAA's mission and how their weather
    forecasting resulted in those sirens I always heard growing up--the
    forecast for those severe storms started with NOAA.
        I spent seven years on the House Science Committee, working on
    issues related to NOAA and other civil science agencies. I was the lead
    author for the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act, also
    known as the Weather Act. That bill was the first major piece of
    weather-related legislation in decades and gave NOAA tools to help it
    better achieve its mission of protecting lives and property. Many of
    the Weather Act's authorizations are still relevant today, and if I am
    honored to be confirmed, I look forward to working with this Committee
    to reauthorize this important piece of legislation.
        I also had the privilege of serving as a senior policy advisor to
    the NOAA Administrator from 2018-2020. In this role, I oversaw
    implementation of the Weather Act, and worked closely with NOAA's
    leadership and staff; to provide accurate and timely weather forecasts.
    I also worked with leadership and NOAA line offices to help manage
    multi-billion dollar programs and acquisitions across the agency.
        Since 2021, I have worked in the private sector to advocate for
    programs and policies that improve NOAA's mission and create meaningful
    partnerships. I have worked with private companies that provide NOAA
    with valuable weather data, contractors that provide technical and
    expert support services, scientists that contribute cutting-edge
    knowledge to our understanding of the earth, and many others that
    support NOAA in various ways.
        Thanks to these experiences, I have developed a deep appreciation
    for NOAA's mission and its life-saving information. NOAA operates in
    every state, forecasts for every location, and provides important and
    unique information across the country every day. NOAA achieves this
    through extensive observing networks and infrastructure, dedicated
    scientists and forecasters, and public-private partnerships. NOAA
    relies on expertise from our robust American science and technology
    ecosystem--from private companies, contractors, academia, non-profits,
    and state, local, and tribal partners.
        If confirmed, it would be a tremendous honor to help lead such a
    distinguished organization of scientists, engineers, forecasters and
    uniformed officers. I will also work closely with Members of this
    Committee to ensure NOAA continues to provide accurate and timely
    weather forecasting to protect lives and property, and safeguard the
    national economy.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the
    Committee, thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you
    today. I would be pleased to answer any questions you may have.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Taylor Ross
    Jordan.
        2. Position to which nominated: Assistant Secretary of Commerce for
    Environmental Observation and Prediction.
        3. Date of Nomination: February 11, 2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: Information not provided.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: Longview, Texas (Gregg County); August
    7, 1987.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
        Not married.
        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

            University of North Texas, Bachelor of Arts in International
            Relations, 2006-2010.
            Johns Hopkins University, Master of Science in Energy and
            Climate Policy, 2013-2014.

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and
            Technology--Professional Staff Member, 2011-2018.

            National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration--Senior Policy
            Advisor, 2018-2020.

            Innovative Federal Strategies--Principal, 2021 to present.

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        Attached.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age. None.
        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution. None.
        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.
        American Meteorological Society
        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt. No.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. None.
        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.

            Don Bacon for Congress, 10/21/2024--$260.25

            Trump National Committee JFC, 09/06/2024--$260.25

            Chuck Fleischmann, 4/17/2024--$500.00

            Hal Rogers, 03/12/2024--$500.00

            Tom Cole, 06/11/2024--$500.00

            Dale Strong, 6/12/2024--100.00

            Trump Victory, 09/29/2020--$250.00

            Trump Victory, 2/24/2020--$1041.98

        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.

            American Council on Germany, McCloy Fellowship on Global
            Trends, October 2016. Berlin, Germany

        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available. None.
        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.

            American Meteorological Society, Congressional Panel, 2016

            American Meteorological Society, Congressional Panel, 2017

            American Meteorological Society, Congressional Panel, 2019

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available. None.
        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.

            Twitter: www.x.com/thegreatesthoax

            Instagram: www.instagram.com/thegreatesthoax

            LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/taylor-jordan-5915b94a

        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony. None.
        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        My 14 years of experience in Washington DC have been centered on
    expert knowledge of NOAA and its various programs. My work at the House
    Science Committee as the Professional Staff Member overseeing NOAA, and
    working directly at NOAA as the Senior Policy Advisor, qualify me for
    this appointment. Since leaving NOAA and the Federal Government, I have
    advocated on behalf of private sector companies and nonprofits that
    work closely with NOAA. My experience working with NOAA at three
    different vantage points give me a unique perspective and understanding
    of NOAA's mission. If I am confirmed for this role, I wish to serve my
    country again in Federal Government and ensure that critical programs
    at NOAA serve the American people.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        NOAA's mission is to protect lives and property. It does so through
    accurate and timely weather forecasts. It is the responsibility of NOAA
    leadership to ensure NOAA operates efficiently and effectively to
    produce lifesaving forecasts. My responsibility as the Assistant
    Secretary of Commerce for Environmental Observation and Prediction will
    be to work closely with NOAA line offices to provide leadership and
    help manage infrastructure and assets. In my experience working on the
    House Science Committee, I had the opportunity work with staff and
    Members from the entire U.S. House of Representatives to craft
    legislation and conduct oversight on many environmental issues. During
    my time at NOAA, I had the opportunity to work with countless
    scientists and policy experts on issues of national importance, and
    help push policy and consensus forward to improve agency success for
    the American people.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        NOAA must face many challenges in the coming years. 1) NOAA must
    ensure that its weather modelling and prediction capabilities remain
    accurate and timely to protect American lives and property. NOAA has
    long been a global leader in weather forecasting but has not kept pace
    with international progress in recent years. 2) NOAA must ensure it
    manages its data portfolio and associated infrastructure in a
    responsible manner that is consistent with operational agency needs.
    NOAA relies on vast networks of data and technologies that underpin
    accurate weather forecasts. These systems should be scaled and improved
    to increase accuracy and benefit to the American taxpayer. 3) NOAA must
    ensure it manages costs and budget for large acquisitions such as its
    satellite systems and potential future radar recapitalization efforts.
    Historically, NOAA satellite programs have cost tens of billions of
    dollars. While these systems remain critical, their portion of NOAA's
    budget strains other operational mission functions. In the coming
    years, NOAA will likely need to budget for next-generation weather
    radar replacements and other large assets.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.
        Innovative Federal Strategies (IFS) maintains a profit-sharing
    (retirement) plan and makes contributions based on a formula
    recommended by a Third-Party Administrator. I am due a contribution for
    my employment in 2024 that totals $17,836.50. I expect that
    contribution will be made to my profit-sharing account in June or July
    of 2025. I will not be due a contribution for my employment in calendar
    year 2025 based on the plan requirements.
        IFS' outside counsel has advised the firm during my nomination
    process, and I have de-registered from lobbying activities as of March
    31, 2025 concurrent with my agreement with IFS not to make lobbying
    contacts.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain.
        I have no formal or informal commitments or agreements to maintain
    employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, association, or
    other organization during my appointment.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        As part of my duties at Innovative Federal Strategies, I have
    advocated and lobbied the legislative branch and executive branch,
    including NOAA, on behalf of several companies. I will engage with
    counsel at the agency to determine where it is appropriate and
    necessary for me to recuse myself from matters involving Innovative
    Federal Strategies and/or its current or former clients with whom I
    worked. I will routinely engage with General Counsel to ensure I remain
    compliant with applicable laws and regulations.
        I do not hold any other investments, obligations, or liabilities
    that could involve a potential conflict of interest.
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        As part of my duties at IFS over the last four years, I lobbied on
    behalf of the firm's clients for issues related to NOAA. Clients of the
    firm enter into agreements to provide lobbying services that interact
    with Congressional offices as well as the Executive branch.
        I will engage with NOAA ethics officials during my appointment to
    determine where it is appropriate to recuse myself from certain
    contractual issues that involve companies that I lobbied on behalf of
    during my tenure at IFS.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        I am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest that
    have not otherwise been disclosed.
        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy.
        During my time at IFS, I have lobbied on behalf of multiple clients
    of the firm, primarily during the Congressional Appropriations process.
    I have lobbied for the below companies at various points over the last
    four years:

       AccuWeather

       Arianespace

       Association for the Advancement of AI

       Care Weather Technologies

       Covax

       Ethereal Space

       Exail Inc.

       FLYHT

       GreenSight Inc.

       Ideanomics

       Interos

       KSAT

       Lynker

       Meetkai Inc.

       Ocean Power Technologies

       Orbital Micro Systems

       Phoenix Operations

       PlanetiQ

       Research and Education Coalition for Ocean Science

       SmallSat Alliance

       Spatial Informatics Group

       Spire Global

       Stephenson Technologies Corporation

       Ultra Safe Nuclear

       WindBorne Systems

       Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

       Xerox Corp

       Xplore
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? No.
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain.
        Yes, in 2007 I was arrested for misdemeanor possession of marijuana
    during my freshman year of college. I was ordered to do community
    service and probation. I have since had my record expunged, however I
    do continue to list this offense on my SF-86 documentation. I have no
    other offenses.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain. No.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain. No.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination. None.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you. Mr. Kumar.

               STATEMENT OF HARRY KUMAR, NOMINEE TO BE AN

                  ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR

               LEGISLATIVE AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

        Mr. Kumar. Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and
    distinguished members of the Senate Commerce Committee, I am
    honored to appear before you today as the nominee to serve as
    Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Legislative and
    Intergovernmental Affairs.
        I am deeply grateful to President Trump for my nomination,
    to Secretary Lutnick for his leadership of the Department, and
    to this committee for its consideration of my nomination.
    Before I begin, I want to express my deepest gratitude to those
    joining me here today, including my parents, Drs. Nat and Saku
    Kumar, whose unwavering support and example have profoundly
    shaped my commitment to public service.
        And my better half, Ali, whose love, encouragement, and
    support have been my foundation throughout this journey. I am a
    native Texan who grew up in the Southeast Texas town of
    Beaumont. I was fortunate to be raised in a community that
    taught me the value of hard work, determination, and service.
        And I am grateful to have the support of countless family
    and friends who have helped shape my journey to this point. My
    heart remains with my home state and to all those affected in
    the wake of last weekend's tragic events.
        I come before you filled with both humility and a strong
    sense of purpose. I believe my accumulated experience,
    including my prior work, in legislative affairs at the
    Department of Commerce during President Trump's first term, and
    as a staffer in this body, will serve me well in faithfully
    executing the responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary
    position.
        In previous roles across both the Legislative and Executive
    branches, I have worked to build bipartisan consensus, navigate
    complex environments, and strengthen the relationship between
    government and the communities it serves. If confirmed, I will
    bring that same approach to the Assistant Secretary role,
    grounded in transparency, responsiveness, and collaboration.
        The Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs
    plays a vital role in connecting the Department's work with
    Congress, State and local governments, and tribal partners. If
    confirmed, I will focus on three key priorities. Number one,
    timely responsiveness. Prioritizing clear, proactive
    communication with Members of Congress and their staff. Number
    two, intergovernmental partnership.
        Deepening coordination with Governors, Mayors, and tribal
    leaders to ensure that the opportunities and challenges facing
    communities are understood by the Commerce Department. And
    number three, bipartisan collaboration. Working across the
    aisle to achieve the goals shared by all Americans, such as
    economic growth, revitalizing U.S. manufacturing, and
    protecting American innovation.
        Across the Department's diverse mission, from supporting
    U.S. exporters and small businesses, to safeguarding critical
    supply chains and our domestic seafood industry, success
    depends on strong relationships. I believe that effective
    public policy is built through engagement, trust, and shared
    accountability.
        If confirmed, I will work to ensure that the Commerce
    Department is a reliable partner to Congress and to governments
    at every level. In closing, I am deeply grateful for the
    Committee's consideration of my nomination. I wholeheartedly
    believe in the mission of the Department of Commerce, which is
    to create the conditions for economic growth and opportunity
    for all communities.
        I look forward to working closely with members of this
    committee to strengthen that mission. Thank you, and I look
    forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
    Kumar follow:]

     Prepared Statement of Harry Kumar, Nominee for Assistant Secretary of
             Commerce for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs
        Chairman Cruz, Ranking Member Cantwell, and distinguished Members
    of the Senate Commerce Committee:

        I am honored to appear before you today as the nominee to serve as
    Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Legislative and Intergovernmental
    Affairs. I am deeply grateful to President Trump for my nomination, to
    Secretary Lutnick for confidence in me, and to this Committee for its
    consideration of my nomination.
        Before I begin, I want to express my deepest gratitude to those
    joining me today, including my parents, whose unwavering support and
    example have profoundly shaped my commitment to public service, and my
    better half, Ali, whose love, encouragement, and support have been my
    foundation throughout this journey. Additionally, I am very grateful to
    have the support of countless family and friends who have helped shape
    my journey to this point.
        I am a native Texan who was born in Houston and grew up in
    Southeast Texas, in the town of Beaumont. I was fortunate to be raised
    in a community that taught me the value of hard work, humility, and
    service and am forever grateful for the community that helped raise me.
        I come before you filled with both humility and a strong sense of
    purpose. I believe my accumulated experience--including my prior work
    in Legislative Affairs at the Department of Commerce during President
    Trump's first term and as a staffer in this body--will serve me well in
    faithfully executing the responsibilities of the Assistant Secretary
    Position.
        In previous roles--across both the legislative and executive
    branches--I have worked to build bipartisan consensus, navigate complex
    environments, and strengthen the relationship between government and
    the communities it serves. If confirmed, I will bring that same
    approach to the Assistant Secretary role grounded in transparency,
    responsiveness, and collaboration.
        The Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs plays a
    vital role in connecting the Department's work with Congress, state and
    local governments, and tribal partners. If confirmed, I will focus on
    three key priorities:

      1.  Timely responsiveness--prioritizing clear, proactive
            communication with members of Congress and their staff.

      2.  Intergovernmental partnership--deepening coordination with
            governors, mayors, and tribal leaders to ensure that the
            opportunities and challenges facing communities are understood
            by the Commerce Department.

      3.  Bipartisan collaboration--working across the aisle to achieve the
            goals shared by all Americans, such as economic growth,
            revitalizing U.S. manufacturing, and protecting American
            innovation.

        Across the Department's diverse mission--from supporting U.S.
    exporters and small businesses to safeguarding critical supply chains
    and our domestic seafood industry--success depends on strong
    relationships. I believe that effective public policy is built through
    engagement, trust, and shared accountability.
        If confirmed, I will work to ensure that the Commerce Department is
    a reliable partner to Congress and to governments at every level. That
    includes ensuring timely and accurate information, engaging state and
    local voices in Federal policymaking, and building a culture of
    openness and respect.
        In closing, I am deeply grateful for the Committee's consideration
    of my nomination. I wholeheartedly believe in the mission of the
    Department of Commerce, which is to create the conditions for economic
    growth and opportunity for all communities, and in the value of
    principled, responsive government. I look forward to working closely
    with members of this Committee to strengthen that mission.
        Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Harry Haran
    Kumar.
        2. Position to which nominated: Assistant Secretary for Office of
    Legislative & Intergovernmental Affairs.
        3. Date of Nomination: 3/10/2025.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office: Information not provided.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: 12/15/1987; Houston, Texas.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) or domestic partner, and the names and ages of your
    children (including stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Alexandra Jasien, Senior Manager, Chanel.

        7. List all college and graduate schools attended, whether or not
    you were granted a degree by the institution. Provide the name of the
    institution, the dates attended, the degree received, and the date of
    the degree.

       Texas A&M University, August 2007-May 2010, Bachelor of Arts
            in Political Science, degree granted in May 2010.

       Texas Tech University School of Law, August 2010-May 2013,
            Doctor of Jurisprudence, degree granted in May 2013.

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, including the job title,
    name of employer, and inclusive dates of employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

       Public Policy Fellowship, Consumer Energy Alliance (June
            2011-August 2011)

       Attorney, Toeppich & Associates, (September 2013-November
            2014)

       Legislative and Policy Aide, HBW Resources (November 2014-
            April 2015)

       Legislative Counsel for Rep. Randy Weber (April 2015-March
            2017)

       Legislative Assistant for Sen. Marco Rubio (March 2017-
            November 2019)

       Associate Director of Legislative Affairs at Dept of
            Commerce (November 2019-January 2021)

       Director of Government Relations, Li-Cycle (March 2021-
            January 2025)

       Senior Advisor, Department of Commerce (January 2025 to
            current)

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        Attached.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above after 18 years of age.
        Not applicable.
        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution.
        Not applicable.
        12. List all memberships you have had after 18 years of age or
    currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, educational,
    political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or religiously
    affiliated organization, private club, or other membership organization
    (You do not have to list your religious affiliation or membership in a
    religious house of worship or institution). Include dates of membership
    and any positions you have held with any organization. Please note
    whether any such club or organization restricts membership on the basis
    of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.

       Sigma Phi Epsilon, Texas A&M University (April 2008-May
            2010)
       American Swiss Foundation (October 2023 to present)

        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt.
        Not applicable.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.
        Not applicable.
        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.
        Not applicable.
        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.
        Eagle Scout Award Recipient (2006)
        17. List all books, articles, columns, letters to the editor,
    Internet blog postings, or other publications you have authored,
    individually or with others. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    publication when available.

       Article: Developing a Sustainable Advanced-Battery Supply
            Chain Through Innovative Critical Mineral Recycling, Zero
            Emission Transportation Association (ZETA), 7/19/2021.

        18. List all speeches, panel discussions, and presentations (e.g.,
    PowerPoint) that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Include a link to each publication when
    possible. If a link is not available, provide a digital copy of the
    speech or presentation when available.

       Panel: Better Batteries: Equity & Environmental Impacts
            Roadmap Conference, 6/29/2022 https://www.roadmapforth.org/
            RM22/speaker/462287/harry-kumar

       Presentation: Annual Meeting, National Association of State
            Energy Officials, 10/2021. No hyperlink available.

       Panel: Unlocking the Value of Secondary Cobalt, Cobalt
            Congress 5/14/2024. https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/programme-
            2024/.

        19. List all public statements you have made during the past ten
    years, including statements in news articles and radio and podcasts and
    television appearances, which are on topics relevant to the position
    for which you have been nominated, including dates. Include a link to
    each statement when possible. If a link is not available, provide a
    digital copy of the statement when available.
        Not applicable.
        20. List all digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the full name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'',
    including the complete URL and username with hyperlinks, you have used
    on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account is active,
    deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if possible.

            Instagram: @haroldnkumar87; active;
            https://www.instagram.com/haroldnkumar87/

            Facebook: Harry Kumar; active;
            https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=27432578

            Twitter: @harrykumar87; active; https://x.com/HarryKumar87

            LinkedIn: Harry Kumar; active; https://www.linkedin.com/in/
            harry-kumar-29142585/

        21. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date, committee, and subject
    matter of each testimony.
        Not applicable.
        22. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency/commission/corporation
    to which you have been nominated, what in your background or employment
    experience do you believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment
    to the position for which you have been nominated, and why do you wish
    to serve in that position?
        I have significant experience in legislative and congressional
    engagement, including prior service at the Department of Commerce in
    the Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs as Associate
    Director. I also have served in the U.S. House of Representatives and
    the U.S. Senate, so I have had the privilege of working in both
    chambers and gaining an understanding of the rules and functions of
    each.
        23. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency/commission/corporation has proper
    management and accounting controls, and what experience do you have in
    managing a large organization?
        I believe the responsibilities of this position include advising
    the Secretary and members of the Commerce organization on the
    Department's relationships with members of Congress, committees, and
    staff. Proper management includes ensuring that systems are in place to
    track incoming congressional requests and ensuring that communication
    with Congress is always prioritized. My prior experience as Associate
    Director of Legislative Affairs at the Department of Commerce helped me
    gain significant experience in understanding the processes and
    accounting measures needed to ensure the Legislative Affairs Office at
    Commerce is being responsive to Congress and proactive when possible.
        24. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency/commission/corporation, and why?
        The top three challenges facing the Department are strengthening
    domestic supply chains and economic security, AI and emerging
    technology regulation, and trade policy and global economic
    competition. Regarding domestic supply chains, the U.S. needs to reduce
    its reliance on foreign sources, particularly China, for advanced
    manufacturing like semiconductors and critical minerals.
        Regarding AI and emerging tech, the Commerce Department plays an
    important role in ensuring a cohesive strategy is implemented to
    promote innovation while balancing against strategic geopolitical risks
    with the use of export controls. Finally, trade policy is an area where
    the Commerce Department plays a leading role in advising the President
    on both trade enforcement and promotion.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts, such as a 401(k) or pension plan.
        I have a Schwab investment account and 401k account that is managed
    by Schwab investment advisors. I also have a 401k account from my
    employment with Li-Cycle that is made up of broad-based index
    investments, and I have not had any interaction with that account since
    I started at the Department of Commerce.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association, or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain. No.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        Not applicable.
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        Not applicable.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        I have worked with the Office of Government Ethics (OGE) at the
    Department of Commerce to provide a complete list of my prior
    employment and finances. In consultation with OGE, I have recused
    myself from matters pertaining to Li-Cycle where I previously was
    employed and Chanel where my fiancee is currently employed.
        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy.
        At Li-Cycle, I worked on policy matters related to clean energy and
    battery recycling. This included helping provide oral and written
    feedback on various legislative efforts, including IRA related tax
    provisions. No work was done specifically to influence the passage or
    defeat of any bill but was done on a few occasions to provide Li-
    Cycle's feedback on policy items of interest.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, an Inspector General, professional association, disciplinary
    committee, or other professional group? If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of the court, agency, association, committee, or
            group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.

        Not applicable.
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, municipal, or foreign government entity, other than for
    a minor traffic offense? If so, please explain.
       Yes, I received citations for a minor in possession of
            alcohol and for public intoxication in 2007. I was having a
            beer on a friend's dock at a lake house and game wardens saw us
            and gave us citations. For my public intoxication ticket, an
            officer noticed I was under the influence and arrested me. I
            was charged public intoxication but received deferred
            adjudication after completing a required alcohol awareness
            class and community service.
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain. None.
        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain.
        None besides the above mentioned.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    assault, sexual harassment, or discrimination on the basis of sex,
    race, religion, or any other basis? If so, please explain. None.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination. None.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation complies with deadlines for information set by
    congressional committees, and that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation endeavors to timely comply with requests for information
    from individual Members of Congress, including requests from members in
    the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency/commission/
    corporation does whatever it can to protect congressional witnesses and
    whistleblowers from reprisal for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.

        The Chairman. Thank you very much. Dr. Jacobs let's start
    with you. You and I discussed at length yesterday the flooding
    that occurred in Texas and the tragedy that unfolded. As the
    head of NOAA, which oversees the National Weather service, if
    confirmed, what will you do to better ensure that Americans are
    aware of and able to respond to emergency weather warnings,
    especially those that arrive in the middle of the night?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. As I said in my
    opening statement, numerical weather prediction and advancing
    that is a top priority. And, you know, the Weather Service did
    a great job, but there is a lot of things I would love to
    improve, obviously weather forecasting being one of them. I
    would also love to advance and modernize NOAA Weather Radio.
        NOAA Weather Radio saved my life in 1996. There are a lot
    of other things we can do as far as communications, because as
    you said, even if the forecast is perfect, getting the warnings
    to the people, particularly at late hours of the night, is a
    challenge. I think we can do more advancements, moving away
    from copper wire, moving toward telecom, potentially satellite,
    to send out these messages. We also need more data in doing
    post-storm assessments.
        One of the things that I have envisioned, because I have
    worked on several aviation accidents with NTSB, is something
    along the lines of what they do, but for weather disasters.
    Because we need the data to understand what went right, what
    went wrong, whether people got the warnings, if they did or
    didn't. And if they did, did they not understand them.
        The Chairman. You mentioned that NOAA Weather Radio had
    saved your life. Would you elaborate on that and tell us what
    happened?
        Mr. Jacobs. I was at a campsite in Florida with some
    friends, and it issued a tornado alert. And it was about 10
    p.m., and this was back before I had a cell phone or
    smartphone, and I took out a gazetteer.
        And I looked at the towns that it mentioned along the way,
    and I extrapolated the direction, which was right over where I
    knew we were. And so, I drove around the campsite and held my
    horn down and told as many people as I could to leave, and
    everyone left.
        We went further down the coast to a hospital and went into
    the emergency room because it was the closest brick building.
    When we went back to the campsite, it was nothing but bare
    dirt.
        The Chairman. Wow. In 2017, Hurricane Harvey devastated
    entire communities all up and down Texas' Gulf Coast. The
    damage to our state was well over $120 billion and may prove to
    be closer to $180 billion when all is said and done.
        Texans prepare for hurricanes and flooding by using NOAA's
    weather forecasts. But European numerical weather prediction
    models have been outperforming U.S. models in forecasting. It
    is a question for both Dr. Jacobs and Mr. Jordan. If confirmed,
    how do you plan to close the gap and ensure that NOAA's
    forecasts are the best in the world?
        Mr. Jacobs. Closing the gap is going to require a mix of
    collecting more and better observations because these
    prediction are initial value problems. They all start from
    better observations. And then data assimilation. So, joint
    effort for data integration and data assimilation system.
        One of the reasons why the Europeans have a better model
    than the U.S. is they use four dimensional variational data
    assimilation. The U.S. needs to advance its data assimilation
    where it can also consolidate its modeling systems across
    resolutions of time and space.
        The Chairman. Mr. Jordan.
        Mr. Jordan. I agree with Dr. Jacobs. So of the pillars of
    creating a weather forecast, you have model code development,
    you have observations, you have data assimilation, and you have
    supercomputing or HPC to run the forecasts.
        As far as observation goes, we absolutely need to push the
    technology stack forward and ingest new sources of data but,
    you know, the Europeans also have that same data. So, you know,
    what is the difference between the American modeling and the
    European modeling? It is--part of it is model code development
    and data assimilation.
        And I think we need a targeted investment into data
    assimilation to make sure that we can push that ball forward
    and have a better weather forecast.
        The Chairman. Dr. Jacobs, one of the things you and I
    talked about yesterday was your vision for expanding cloud
    computing for weather forecasting. Can you describe what you
    envision there?
        Mr. Jacobs. Sure. So, one of the things that I think is--
    would be a tremendous leap forward for the National Weather
    Service is the system that they process the information on
    called AWIPS, they have to download the data locally.
        And the higher resolution files get, whether it is data or
    model output, the longer it takes them to get that information.
    That is one issue. The other issue is they have to be behind
    the computer to do this work.
        And I think transitioning this software to the cloud so
    they are actually uploading the code instead of downloading the
    data, as well as having the ability to have a laptop so they
    can access it from anywhere, it not only improves their ability
    to get the data faster, but it would allow a forecaster from
    anywhere to do a forecast for anywhere.
        The Chairman. And so, you were saying this would enable
    forecasters from the National Weather Service to embed an
    emergency operations center and be right there on the ground in
    a crisis?
        Mr. Jacobs. Correct. Yes, they don't--they could literally
    work from anywhere. And so, embedding in the emergency
    management centers, particularly during major weather events,
    would be really advantageous.
        The Chairman. OK, last question. It is an ongoing problem,
    particularly in South Texas, dealing with illegal Mexican
    fishermen, lanchas coming in and illegally fishing Texas red
    snapper. The Coast Guard fights against it. The Federal
    Government fights against. This illegal fishing is actually
    paid for by Mexican drug cartels in many instances. Dr. Jacobs,
    what more can NOAA do to combat the problem of illegal fishing
    in Texas?
        Mr. Jacobs. I appreciate the question. IUU fishing is
    another top priority of mine. As you know, just recently, 40
    tons of red snapper were seized at a port in Brazil that were
    headed toward the U.S. As well as this last April, around 700
    pounds of red snapper was seized just off of Brownsville from
    Mexican fishermen that were illegally fishing in U.S. waters. I
    think it is a mix of new technology. There are ways, when these
    boats turn off their transponders, to track them through
    satellites.
        I also think as part of combating IUU, the Seafood
    Inspection Monitoring Program, beefing up that, actually
    looking at potentially--not just for like fishing, but like
    aquaculture things like shrimp that are brought into the U.S. A
    lot of people aren't aware, but almost all that shrimp is
    mislabeled. So, understanding the origins of the seafood.
        The Chairman. Thank you very much. Ranking Member Cantwell.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Following up a
    little bit on your line of questioning since you approached
    this. Certainly, Dr. Jacobs, as I mentioned in my opening
    statement, I am concerned about the 27 percent budget cuts, and
    particularly the Atmospheric--the Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Research Organization itself and the people.
        But to get this right, following on Senator Cruz's
    questioning, you know, we had a less tragic event, but no less
    tragic event, out on the Olympic Peninsula. The NOAA Weather
    Forecast Service said, no, you don't need a Doppler. And we are
    like, yes, we do, because we have a mountain range that is
    blocking the information. The NOAA Weather Service said, no,
    you don't, and we said, yes we do. And then we had 100 year
    event that killed people and did unbelievable damage, and all
    of a sudden the NOAA Weather Forecaster said, yes, we are going
    to help you.
        Actually, we helped get the Doppler. Now, we still have a
    community that we have information. But guess what? Every day
    we live there with the threat of a tsunami, and we have built a
    tower, but that is it. There is no real coordination with that
    community. I mean, the bottom line here is we have beautiful
    places around the United States of America, and people want to
    go visit them and live there--and they do.
        But guess what? They are not the most resourced communities
    in our country. Then the question becomes, what do we do to
    provide the emergency response, whether it is fire, or
    hurricane, or tsunami, you know, or tornado--what do we do?
    Now, you mentioned the radio, and I want to get to that
    communication level.
        But I want to start with just the basic research. Because
    at that same event, when we got the Doppler and we got tower, I
    said, so now we are done, right? And they were like, no, we are
    not done. I said well, why is that? They said, Senator, because
    every particle in a storm is its own algorithm, and we could be
    computing this, and we could tell you two weeks in advance what
    the storm is likely to do if we put in the supercomputing time.
        So I have no idea why in heck our Nation lets the European
    model get ahead of us. I have no idea why we do this when all
    we need to do is use Senator Blackburn's supercomputing time at
    their national lab and put the resources behind it. So let's
    start with that. Should we be putting more resources into
    super-computing time so we can predict storms further out?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, obviously, high performance
    supercomputer--these physics based algorithms need a lot of it.
    And one of the things, one of priorities of mine is advancing
    numerical weather prediction.
        But the reason why--one the reasons why the American model
    was lagging the European model was not just lack of compute,
    but the code wasn't architected to run on certain computers.
        Senator Cantwell. We are going to let somebody else--I am
    not letting somebody else out code us. OK, trust me. Coming
    from Seattle, I am not letting--that is--we--this is all
    doable. It is about whether----
        Mr. Jacobs. Oh, I agree.
        Senator Cantwell.--we have the resources and the
    investment. And I am saying, let's make the investment. Let's--
    --
        Mr. Jacobs. I agree.
        Senator Cantwell. And you agree is what I am trying to get
    at. You agree, let's put the investment into this.
        Mr. Jacobs. High performance computing, cloud-based high
    performance computing is critically important. Another thing I
    would like to point out is once we transition that code to
    architectures that even industry could run, now we have private
    industry investing in developing the same code.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. Look, I am all for that, but I want
    you to maintain your role. And I think that the difference here
    is--and we do that. Believe it or not, the University of
    Washington has probably helped this community plan for an
    eventual tsunami more than anybody has because they have
    outlined. So it comes to the second point, which I just want to
    drill down on, because we are having this problem now with not
    having these forecasters.
        The fire situation I mentioned, we woke up one day and
    looked--the meteorologist from NOAA said, oh, I am over in
    Seattle and this all--this is, you know, here's--a totally
    different picture. Central Washington, because they didn't have
    a meteorologist in that region on the ground, predicted
    something else and sent people out.
        Sent people out and they died, and because the fire was too
    volatile given the high winds. So we have been a big believer
    in having that local meteorologist and having that coordination
    when you know what the local weather event is going to be. So
    you are not suggesting that we can do all of this some sort--
    regionally or through the private sector?
        Mr. Jacobs. No, no, no.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. I want to clarify this because this
    is what is going on now when we shortchange resources. And I
    don't want for fire season to be shortchanging resources. These
    events come up in very dramatic form and can happen, and we
    need the accuracy.
        And the last thing is, I want to see--I hope, given all of
    my experiences, and we also, you know, we have had a lot of
    natural disasters in the State of Washington. We had the Oso
    mudslide, which also killed 40 people. A lot less planning to
    do there, but weather event information could have probably put
    data out to the community.
        But the point is, somewhere we all, we all collectively,
    have to come to a conclusion about what we are going to do when
    we have massive populations in communities that you actually
    have to have an implementation plan. So whose responsibility is
    that implementation plan?
        And so, we see it all the time because the gap--NOAA says,
    OK, well, I am going to give you the information, and then it
    is a rural community, and they don't have the plan. So, as I
    said, University of Washington is filling that gap.
        So, what can we do now that we have had 27 extreme events
    this year, what can we to help communities get better plans?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, going back to your Weather Service
    question, if confirmed, I will ensure that staffing the Weather
    Service Office is its top priority. It is really important for
    the people to be there because they have relationships with the
    people in the local community. They are a trusted source. I
    didn't mean to imply that this was going to be regionalized or
    anything. As I mentioned----
        Senator Cantwell. Well, some people have suggested that the
    private sector, you could just do it in one location. And I am
    just trying to get to this point that this regional data and
    integration with the emergency responders is critical.
        Mr. Jacobs. Oh, consolidating the data, not consolidating
    the people. I would love for the people to be more embedded in
    the community.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you. Thank you for that answer.
    Could you just tell me about stock assessment as in salmon and
    pac-surf, and your commitment to that?
        Mr. Jacobs. Stock assessment is obviously a huge priority
    of mine. If confirmed, I will do everything I can to get them
    back on track. I realize that it is a sensitive issue because
    without the quotas set properly from the stock assessment data,
    the fishermen can't fish. It is a very important priority.
        Senator Cantwell. And pac-surf?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes. Pacific salmon, obviously critical to the
    culture, the economy, has my support. You know, if confirmed, I
    would welcome the opportunity to advocate for this.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Moran.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. JERRY MORAN,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM KANSAS

        Senator Moran. Mr. Chairman, thank you. And Kansans, we are
    all glued to the television, listening to the news, watching
    what transpired in Texas this weekend with great care and
    compassion, concern, and sympathy. And I share that with my
    fellow Kansans. We are not immune from significant weather
    events ourselves.
        One of those weather events, Dr. Jacobs or Mr. Jordan,
    occurred in Kansas about a month ago. It was an EF3 tornado.
    When that tornado occurred, the Weather Forecast Offices in
    Kansas and across the country, some of them lacked 24/7
    coverage given hiring freezes.
        I worked with NOAA and the Department of Commerce to lift
    that Federal hiring freeze for meteorologists and other
    specialists to ensure uninterrupted service. Goodland, Kansas,
    which is on the Colorado line, the Western part of our state,
    was short meteorologists because of the hiring freeze, and we
    are bringing in or attempting to bring in other meteorologists
    from other National Weather Service Stations, Forecast Offices.
    I am pleased the freeze has been lifted.
        Today's Politico Magazine has an article about that none of
    those positions have been posted for hiring. I don't know the
    veracity of that article, but can you bring any light to that
    in your past experience, or what needs to take place once the
    hiring freeze is lifted, but the positions are not yet filled?
        Mr. Jacobs. I don't know the exact details of why that is
    because I am not there yet, but I really appreciate you
    advocating to lift the hiring freeze and getting that done. I
    also appreciate your legislation to classify them as public
    safety.
        It is not a very quick process, but it is my understanding
    that the National Weather Service has direct hiring authority,
    which could expedite that. And also the potential to relocate
    people. So if confirmed, like I said, getting these offices
    staffed up will be a top priority.
        Senator Moran. Well, Dr. Jacobs, if you see any opportunity
    for me and others on this committee, or in our Appropriations
    process to help speed that along, please let me know.
        And I was going to highlight for you what you already
    mentioned. Senator Peters, also a member of this committee, and
    an appropriator, we have introduced legislation, as you
    mentioned. And I appreciate your statement of support, as well
    as Mr. Jordan's head nodding.
        So, thank you. What can I--what could you tell me about the
    technology and capabilities? We have four weather forecast
    offices in Kansas--Topeka, Dodge City, Goodland, and Wichita.
        Would I expect that they would have the best technologies
    that are available and utilized across the country, or is there
    something different about rural Kansas, rural America that
    would diminish the capabilities that our forecasters have
    because of technology and equipment?
        Mr. Jacobs. I don't believe there is anything unique to
    your region that would limit the technologies or capabilities.
        My hope is that a lot of these technologies that would
    advance this are not just nationwide, but global, because as we
    transition to a larger scale model, a global modeling system to
    lengthen the forecast horizon, we are going to need these
    technologies collecting data worldwide.
        Senator Moran. That is one of my goals in light of what has
    transpired on a number of occasions and--is to make certain
    that all Weather National Forecast Centers have the latest,
    best technologies, and would work with you and NOAA to achieve
    that. We are also interested in NOAA and NWS radars that are
    nearing their end of their life.
        Several efforts are underway to recapitalize the system,
    including next gen--next generation radar. In addition to that,
    the hurricane hunter aircraft are essential tools for
    preparation for and preparing for severe weather and are in
    need of significant maintenance repair and overhaul or
    replacement.
        Would you plan, as NOAA Administrator, to ensure these
    critical instruments are upgraded and replaced?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes.
        Senator Moran. And let me turn to Mr. Kumar. You have had
    no questions this morning. You must be a good bridge builder. I
    noticed for your alma maters are two universities in the State
    of Texas that I know are not necessarily friendly to each
    other.
        So, I look forward to you using those circumstances to
    allow Congress and the Administration to work well together,
    and Republicans and Democrats to reach good conclusions. What I
    want to highlight for you is the Department of Commerce,
    including NOAA, has not completed its spend plan for this
    current fiscal year, last year's fiscal year.
        So the appropriators do not have the data that is required
    by law for the Department of Commerce to provide us. And I
    would encourage you, if confirmed, to see if you can make that
    happen. And it is useful for us, certainly in our oversight of
    the Department of Commerce, but also in helping make decisions
    about where to make investments and what is taking place at the
    Department.
        So would you commit to me that you would see that the
    Department of Commerce, including NOAA, follows the law. And
    that the spend plan, to the detail that it is required by law
    to be provided to the Appropriations Committee, will be
    provided?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. Yes, I
    understand fully the importance of spend plans. And if
    confirmed, I will make sure to work with you and your office to
    ensure that you all are given the appropriate information as
    requested.
        Senator Moran. Thank you. Thank you all very much.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Kim.

                      STATEMENT OF HON. ANDY KIM,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY

        Senator Kim. Thank you, Chairman. And Chairman, I just want
    to start by just expressing my deep sadness for the tragedy in
    Texas. Just really horrific. And as I am a parent of a, you
    know, 7-year-old and 9-year-old, kids that are going to camp
    this summer, I mean, I know so many parents and families are--
    you know, are just so heartbroken and feel shattered by what
    has happened.
        And I express the urgency of trying to figure out not only
    how we can better predict and have an early warning system, but
    how to get that information out to people as quickly as
    possible. In my home state in New Jersey, you know, we suffered
    from Superstorm Sandy, from Hurricane Ida, other things like
    that.
        Dr. Jacobs, you and I talked about this briefly but, you
    know, just building on what you talked to the Chairman and
    others about, these early warning systems, there has been talk
    about even using--you know, even just using sirens similar to
    what we have done for tornadoes in this country.
        As far as I know, we don't--do you know of any usage of
    sirens when it comes to flooding in the United States at this
    point?
        Mr. Jacobs. Not to my knowledge. But I do know that some
    systems that have been deployed in Spain and France, they
    essentially network a flow meter to a siren, and if the flow
    rate exceeds a certain amount, it triggers a siren. Depending
    on where the upstream rain falls and the rate of rain rate, it
    doesn't give you a whole lot of lead time, but it is certainly
    better than nothing.
        Senator Kim. Even just a few seconds or a few minutes can
    make a huge difference. Is that something you would work with
    us here in Congress to think through and figure out how best to
    be able to deploy some of this?
        Mr. Jacobs. Absolutely.
        Senator Kim. Another part of this in terms of being able to
    understand where flooding might happen and what communities are
    most vulnerable is about hydrological modeling. And, you know,
    I worry about this because in New Jersey, we have had concerns
    about whether or not we are up to date with the latest
    modeling.
        A lot of the models that we have seen sometimes use
    outdated data from decades ago. There has been talk about
    trying to invest in LiDAR technology. And I would like to get
    your thoughts on that, as well as whether or not that is
    something for the Federal Government to be able to take on?
        Mr. Jacobs. I agree. I believe this is a Federal mission. A
    lot of it right now, the capability is state by state. So some
    states have more sophisticated data and flood inundation
    mapping than others.
        Hydrological modeling is extremely challenging and
    technical because you are essentially using one model to
    initialize another. So the hydrological model could be perfect
    in its equations, and if the atmospheric model puts the
    rainstorm in the wrong place, then the secondary model is not
    going to be right.
        So that is critical. But the hydrological models to be
    successful need the most updated digital elevation. And the
    only way I know to really get that data as accurate as possible
    is through LiDAR. So I think having access to LiDAR data to
    optimize that and having a nationwide flood inundation mapping
    capability would be very, very helpful.
        Senator Kim. So it doesn't seem to make sense to me that we
    would have each state do their own, right. I mean, it could
    create so much asymmetry in the data. But having like a
    baseline Federal hydrological data that we can draw from, does
    that make sense to you? Am I thinking about it right?
        Mr. Jacobs. It does make sense. And, you know, if the
    capability stops at the state border but the roads don't and
    you need to deploy assets on the other side of the state
    border, you need actually have that information.
        Senator Kim. Especially when it comes to hurricanes, often
    affecting multiple states simultaneously. Am I correct that we
    don't necessarily have modeling that combines both the
    forecasting for hurricanes, as well with the hydrological data?
    We don't have modeling that combines the two, which seems like
    that would be incredibly important. Is that correct?
        Mr. Jacobs. It is. So I will give you a great example of
    Hurricane Florence that made landfall in the Carolinas a few
    years ago.
        It put down almost 36 inches of rain, but it also was in
    one place for almost 3 days, and so you have that storm surge,
    and the water from the rain can't drain East because the winds
    are pushing it West.
        And those two models, the storm surge model and the
    hydrological models from the rainfall, need to be coupled.
        Senator Kim. Yes. I want to switch gears here. I would like
    to just read a sentence here and get your thoughts on it. It is
    a quote, ``it is extremely likely that human activities,
    especially emissions of greenhouse gasses, are the dominant
    cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.
        For the warming over the last century, there is no
    convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of
    the observational evidence.'' I just wanted to get your
    thoughts if you agree with that statement or not.
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, obviously, there is a lot of natural
    signals that are mixed in there, too. And so, in the absence of
    any natural signals that might dominate that, yes, sir, there
    is human influences certainly there.
        Senator Kim. So you see human influence being part of the
    concern when it comes to climate change, when it comes to
    extreme weather?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes, there is influence.
        Senator Kim. Yes. I think it is important for us to just be
    able to think that through, because as we are trying to assess
    predictions and trying to do forecasts, it is important to
    understand causality.
        And we are just trying to understand what is causing the
    warming of ocean temperatures that affect hurricane strength
    and other aspects of this. So I just want to continue to make
    sure that we are pushing this forward.
        We are letting science drive our decisionmaking in so many
    ways. So I hope that that is something you can commit to if you
    are confirmed. Thank you, and I yield back.
        Senator Blunt Rochester [presiding]. Thank you, Senator
    Kim. Senator Blackburn, you are recognized.

                  STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

        Senator Blackburn. Thank you. I appreciate that, and
    congratulations to each of you on your nominations. I know you
    will get through this process, and we look forward to having
    you confirmed and getting hard to work for the American people.
        Mr. Jordan, I want to come to you. And Senator Cantwell
    mentioned Oak Ridge National Lab. The supercomputing capacity,
    the fastest in the country. And of course, NOAA and Oak Ridge
    have had a partnership that they have been working on that--
    trying to do some modeling on predictions for disasters and
    severe weather events.
        And I think that these collaborations are important for the
    American people and for helping us to come past some of these
    extreme weather events and to be able to avoid some of the
    catastrophes that we have seen. We all are grieving for those
    families in Texas, and what a catastrophic loss.
        And then we, just late September last year, when Hurricane
    Helene stalled out there between North Carolina and Tennessee,
    and we had eight counties in Tennessee, we had rivers cresting
    as high as 29 feet, 20 feet, 19 feet, 15 feet, and tremendous
    loss of life. And we are still reeling, and the rebuilding is
    taking place.
        Debris removal is still taking place. So the impact is felt
    for years and years. It takes so much time to recover. So I
    want to return to some of these partnerships that can help us,
    and I would like for you to talk a little bit about how you
    would prioritize partnerships like the one between NOAA and Oak
    Ridge National Labs so that we are better able to predict what
    is taking place?
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. So I
    agree, the partnership with Oak Ridge and NOAA is a very
    important one. And I look forward to working with you and the
    Committee and NOAA to strengthen that partnership so that we
    can utilize the expertise at Oak Ridge to run our models and do
    the research to make sure we have the best forecast. And then
    again, as you were mentioning, push that information to local
    decisionmakers to take action. We need to----
        Senator Blackburn. OK. And drill down for a minute on that
    data transfer to these local EMS, these local first responders.
    They are always the first ones that show up. It is followed by
    the State, and then followed by the Federal Government. But
    drill down on that partnership.
        Mr. Jordan. Absolutely. So thank you for that. So it is
    important to, again, get as close as possible to the local
    emergency managers, and in some instances, weather service
    employees embed with emergency managers because they have the
    local expertise to know specifics of topography and how things
    can be affected.
        Senator Blackburn. So you would encourage that embedding?
        Mr. Jordan. Yes, Senator.
        Senator Blackburn. OK. Thank you. Dr. Jacobs, I want to
    come to you. Memphis, the lower Mississippi River is the
    lifeblood of barge traffic and port commerce, not only for
    Tennessee, but also the entire mid-South, and the Mississippi
    River area.
        How would you ensure NOAA's forecasting tools for river
    navigation services and data, such as water level forecasts,
    sediment mapping, navigation charts, and so that they are
    supporting the needs of the ports and the barge operators in
    the lower Mississippi River?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. So the Ocean
    Service does an amazing job with their PORTS Program, as well
    as running a lot of models.
        So River Forecast Centers, the National Water Center run
    the water models for this. And there is a lot of development on
    coastal model, as well as the gap sensors. I myself spend a lot
    of time using their data with my boat. So it is very, very
    important--very high priority.
        Senator Blackburn. OK. And I have one other question for
    you. Senator Cruz and I wrote to NOAA urging it to recognize
    the critical role of undersea cables and their necessity in our
    communications infrastructure.
        And the cables undergo rigorous State and Federal
    permitting, as you are well aware, and they have proven time
    and again to have a minimal environmental footprint. So in
    response to those concerns, NOAA instituted a two-year pause on
    special use permits for submarine cables in newly designated
    marine sanctuaries so that it could review the category.
        And in line with this Administration's efforts to
    streamline permitting, do you agree that NOAA should
    permanently exempt undersea cable deployment, maintenance, and
    repair from duplicative sanctuary-specific permitting
    requirements that risk delaying infrastructure deployment and
    undermining our national resilience?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. Because I am not
    there, I don't have access to that information. But if
    confirmed, I would definitely love to learn more about it and
    support the priorities as best I can.
        Senator Blackburn. Thank you. I yield back.

                STATEMENT OF HON. LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM DELAWARE

        Senator Blunt Rochester. Thank you, Senator Blackburn. And
    I now recognize myself. First of all, thank you so much to the
    nominees for being here and your families. Dr. Jacob, great
    conversation yesterday.
        I didn't share with you, but I assume you know this. I
    represent Delaware, which is the lowest mean elevation State in
    the country. So for us, Delawareans are deeply, deeply
    concerned about rising sea levels, inland flooding and, like
    the rest of the country, extreme heat. It doesn't appear these
    things are going away.
        And so to me, it is vitally important the conversation you
    had with Senator Kim about making sure that this is science-
    based and that we recognize the impacts of climate change are a
    priority. And as I did share, I am concerned about cuts to
    NOAA.
        Gutting NOAA is a costly mistake that Americans will pay
    the price through rising home insurance rates, destroyed
    communities, and in some cases, their lives. And again, I hope
    there is a real focus on this, and that NOAA gets the support
    that it needs.
        And as the Ranking Member of the Coast Guard, Maritime, and
    Fishery Subcommittee, I understand the role that NOAA plays in
    safeguarding our marine ecosystems, supporting our coastal
    communities, and enforcing laws against illegal, unreported,
    and unregulated, or IUU, fishing. Right now, NOAA's capacity to
    do this work is under serious threat.
        The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations is currently
    short 180 mariners, and without an exemption from the hiring
    freeze, as was discussed, 30 percent of NOAA's research fleet
    will remain docked this summer.
        In a recent subcommittee hearing on IUU fishing, I asked
    the witnesses, Democrats and Republicans, what the impact of a
    30 percent cut to NOAA's enforcement would mean for tracking
    and prosecuting illegal activity on the high seas, and the
    responses that all of them painted were very bleak.
        Dr. Jacobs, what is your plan to mitigate this loss of
    operational capacity, and how will you ensure NOAA can deliver
    on its scientific mission with such a reduced fleet?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. So I definitely
    understand your concerns, and I think it is--you know, if
    confirmed, I will get in there and really take a look at the
    staffing levels, because there is a difference between the wage
    mariners and the law enforcement when it comes to IUU fishing.
        And I also understand that the issue with the wage mariners
    and not having the hiring freeze lift is challenging,
    particularly in this market because it is so competitive with
    industry for the same jobs.
        So my approach, if confirmed, would be to focus on making
    sure that we try to get the wage mariner situation sorted out,
    as well as looking at other options, potentially autonomous
    vehicles to do certain fish surveys if we can use those
    instead. So would definitely appreciate working with you on
    this.
        Senator Blunt Rochester. Look forward to it as well. Mr.
    Kumar, as the nominee of the Office of Legislative Affairs, you
    will serve as the primary liaison to Congress. It is such an
    important role.
        And one of your core functions is to ensure timely and
    substantive responses as we exercise our oversight role on
    behalf of the American people. I have to say I have been
    frustrated by the lack of response of letters that I have sent.
        In the last six months, I have sent eight letters to the
    Secretary of Commerce on a variety of topics, from the
    implementation of the Broadband Equity Access Deployment
    Program to the abrupt restructuring of the Minority Business
    Development Agency.
        But I haven't received a substantive response yet. I am
    just going to ask, are you familiar with the letters that we
    sent to the Department?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. Yes, I am
    at a high level, yes.
        Senator Blunt Rochester. At a high level. And I wanted to
    know when do you think I could receive a response or do you--is
    this going to be a priority of your job?
        Mr. Kumar. Yes. If confirmed, you know, as I said in my
    opening statement, I understand fully the importance of timely
    information being provided back to the Committee and its
    members. I know MBDA, I know there is broad active litigation
    going on, but even in those instances, I would like to at least
    be able to communicate what we can and can't say on a matter
    and making sure you are getting information back.
        Senator Blunt Rochester. So I brought the letters with me,
    so I will give them to you afterwards, because I would really
    love some substantive responses, not the kind of form letter
    response.
        Would love to follow up with you on that, should you be
    confirmed. And Dr. Jacobs, just to pivot back to seafood fraud
    and mislabeling. I have some questions for you, but what
    specific tech steps would you take to strengthen NOAA's efforts
    to combat seafood fraud? And what role should technology,
    traceability, and interagency enforcement play in the efforts?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, as far as technology goes, one of the
    things that I found pretty interesting is a lot of these
    vessels, and sometimes they are flagged under other nations,
    will be fishing in our EEZ. They will turn off their
    transponders, come in, illegally fish our waters, and then go
    back out.
        And we can actually see them on satellite imagery. So there
    is a way to trace them down. And working potentially with the
    Navy and the Coast Guard on this I think would be great. As far
    as the actual import monitoring, one of the things that I have
    been interested in is actually doing genetic analysis on
    certain seafood products because we can trace the origins of it
    then.
        Senator Blunt Rochester. I want to end with something we
    discussed in my office, which was the Sea Grant Program. I
    think it is a vitally important program, particularly for
    communities across this country, including U.S., Puerto Rico,
    Guam. It is one of those things that really helps the
    communities. You talked about the big data.
        If we have the data but people don't understand how they
    can apply it and use it, how it could help with economic
    development, how it can help with resiliency and making sure
    that our communities are safe, it does us no good. And so, in
    our meeting, I was pleased to hear you say ``this program is
    awesome.'' Those were your words, awesome.
        And so, I am imploring you to make sure that this program
    protected, because again, it does so much for our local
    communities, for our business opportunities, and really to make
    sure that folks are safe. And so, I thank you for that. I am
    actually going to yield back time myself, and I will follow up
    with additional questions. But I will now recognize Senator
    Capito.

                STATEMENT OF HON. SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA

        Senator Capito. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you all for
    being here, for your willingness to serve. And I would like to
    start with Dr. Jacobs. Thank you again for our meeting
    yesterday and our previous meetings in past years.
        We talked about NOAA's Environmental Security Computing
    Center, NESCC, in Fairmont, West Virginia at the Tech Park, in
    the I-79 Tech Park. And as you know that center received $100
    million for the high-performance computer called Raya to
    support NOAA's widespread adoption of AI.
        The I-79 Tech Park in Fairmont is a unique asset for NOAA
    and the broader adoption of AI, and the Park houses the
    supercomputing operation with the high-performance computers
    named Hera and Raya. I like that they are female names, but
    that is just me. And Raya should be operational by 2020.
        I won't ask you to comment on that. Raya will be
    operational in 2026. What is your vision? Obviously, we hear AI
    in every single aspect of testimony, no matter what we are
    talking about, whether it is finances or health care or
    whatever, and we see this also in--at NOAA. How do you feel--
    what is your vision for the institutionalization of AI at NOAA,
    and how would you use these assets that I have referenced?
        Mr. Jacobs. Very much appreciate the question. And it is
    great to see that HPC finally get installed and operational.
    Because the last time I was at NOAA, we actually got half of
    that data center built out. I think there is a lot of
    opportunity with AI everywhere, from like improving some stock
    assessments and fisheries, to also in numerical weather
    prediction.
        So right now, there are AI-based models that just
    completely replicate the entire modeling system. They are
    trained on the physics-based model, so there is still a need to
    run the physics-based models.
        But there is also aspects of AI that can be used inside the
    physics based-models, where the AI systems replicate some of
    these physical algorithms. And the exciting thing to me is,
    they can do it in a fraction of a second.
        So what 5 years ago would take 30, 40 minutes, we can do
    now in a second or two. And I think doing a lot of that
    development work, particularly on that system, would be a
    really good use of it.
        Senator Capito. Well, thank you. Do you feel that NOAA has
    the support to have a sufficient procurement process now to
    assess the quality data sets and improve the data storage? We
    talked about going to the cloud and a lot of other things the
    other day. Do you like the procurement system is going to allow
    NOAA to move in this direction as rapidly as it needs to be?
        Mr. Jacobs. I mean, so there is an interesting dynamic, I
    think, unfolding because a lot of the data that NOAA has is
    really sought after by private industry. And the data that NOAA
    has is obviously freely available to the public, but private
    industry may pay a cloud service provider to crunch the
    numbers.
        So when we would process the data on an HPC system, and
    then host it in a data center like a commercial cloud service
    provider, they are actually offering to host the data for--and
    sometimes free. Petabytes of free storage, and allow to pay for
    the egress, for the download, because they can also charge
    industry to process it.
        Senator Capito. Right. So that gives you a little more
    flexibility with that. I would like to pivot to the storms in
    Texas and the weather predicting. And obviously, I live in an
    area that is prone to rapid flooding like that. But the tragedy
    that we see in Texas is like nothing that I can--it is
    unimaginable for many of us.
        I think a lot of it--and I think it is the aftermath of
    community engagement, community warning systems. How can that
    be improved? How can--and I know, that is not necessarily in
    that specific area simply because it is probably too early to
    assess that.
        But generally speaking, there are still gaps, and I think--
    I am sure this is something that you think about. You shared
    with me that you have two--a 9-year-old and an 11-year-old
    daughter, I believe. So you are feeling this as well. Do you
    have any comments on that?
        Mr. Jacobs. It is--so coming from a background of numerical
    weather prediction, I always thought naively that if I could
    improve the forecast skill, I would save more lives. And it
    turns out that it is really the last mile.
        Even if you have a perfect forecast, if you can't get the
    information to the people, it is totally useless. And so,
    having a way to distribute the watches and warnings, and
    particularly in regions that don't have good cell coverage.
        I think there is an opportunity to modernize NOAA Weather
    Radio, and then potentially also look at some satellite
    capabilities, some CubeSat-based data transmission. That wasn't
    really an option a couple of years ago.
        And so, I think probably an all-of-the-above approach and
    modernizing the way to distribute these watches and warnings is
    something that is going to be a top priority of mine.
        Senator Capito. Thank you. Thank you very much.
        Senator Blunt Rochester. Senator Lujan, you are recognized.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. BEN RAY LUJAN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO

        Senator Lujan. Thank you, Madam Chair. And to my brothers
    from Texas, my deepest condolences for all that has happened,
    and for all the lives that have been lost and families that
    have impacted, and to everyone that has been on the ground with
    all those first responders, all the volunteers just helping
    those families.
        As my colleagues may know, unfortunately, in New Mexico
    yesterday, the Rio Ruidoso rose to nearly 20 feet in a matter
    of minutes amid heavy rainfall, sweeping away homes, if you can
    believe that, in the flows. And we have already lost loved ones
    out that way. This is an area that was also ravaged by wildfire
    not too long ago, as we have all had conversations about what
    needs to be done with FEMA and others with wildfire and then
    the flooding that follows for years and years to follow.
        Now, today we have witnesses that hope to serve at the
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA, which
    oversees the National Weather Service which provides critical
    forecasting data that Americans rely on to protect their lives.
    We also know that emergency alerts and the work of NOAA and the
    National Weather Service does save lives.
        I appreciate your response, Dr. Jacobs, to the question
    from Senator Capito. However, Project 2025 has outlined a plan
    to commercialize the forecasting, which would force American
    taxpayers to pay private companies to access weather forecasts.
        Dr. Jacobs and Mr. Jordan, yes or no, do you think
    Americans should have to pay to access forecasting data to
    protect the safety of their families and homes from natural
    disasters? Dr. Jacobs.
        Mr. Jacobs. No. I think that that is an essential service
    that all Americans deserve.
        Senator Lujan. Mr. Jordan.
        Mr. Jordan. I agree, no.
        Senator Lujan. Dr. Jacobs, in late May I sent a letter to
    the National Weather Service, along with several of my
    colleagues, regarding the National Weather Service's decision
    to discontinue translations of weather alerts and forecast into
    languages other than English. Those services have now been
    restored.
        This created a dangerous gap in access to emergency
    information for those nearly 68 million people in the United
    States that speak a language other than English at home. Yes or
    no, do you agree that people deserve to get emergency alerts in
    the language that they can understand?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes.
        Senator Lujan. Yes or no, do you commit to ensuring that
    this lapse in translation doesn't happen again?
        Mr. Jacobs. If confirmed, making sure that the watches and
    warnings go out, and they are understood, it is definitely a
    priority.
        Senator Lujan. Appreciate that. On September 1, 2019, when
    you were NOAA's Acting Administrator, President Trump
    erroneously tweeted that Alabama had been hit hard by Hurricane
    Dorian.
        Shortly after, the National Weather Service Birmingham
    Office issued the accurate statement, ``Alabama will not see
    any impacts from Dorian.'' Three days later, President Trump
    went on TV and displayed a weather map altered with a black
    Sharpie line to show that Dorian would hit Alabama.
        Two days after that, you helped draft a release, un-signed
    statement rebuking the Birmingham NWS and repeating President
    Trump's baseless claim that Hurricane Dorian could impact
    Alabama. You told the Department of Commerce Office of
    Inspector General in their investigation that you, ``definitely
    felt like our jobs were on the line.''
        And while you did not like it, you would make the same
    decision again to edit a less inflammatory statement as the
    least bad option. Mr. Jacobs or Dr. Jacobs, do you--do I have
    it right? Is that correct?
        Mr. Jacobs. That is what the IDRI report found, yes.
        Senator Lujan. That you would do nothing differently?
        Mr. Jacobs. I mean, there is probably some things I would
    do differently. And there are a lot of things that I did after
    that too, you know, I guess, change any potential future
    outcome. One of them was revamp----
        Senator Lujan. Let me ask this question, because I just had
    constituents die in New Mexico. We had constituents die in
    Texas. Would you sign off on an inaccurate statement due to
    political pressure in the same event, yes or no?
        Mr. Jacobs. No.
        Senator Lujan. I appreciate that very much. Mr. Kumar,
    Congress appropriated over $68 million to MBDA under the most
    recent funding bill.
        But now Secretary Lutnick and the Trump Administration have
    dismantled the MBDA, ignoring the law Congress passed in 2021.
    When Deputy Secretary Dabbar was before this committee in May,
    he committed to ``follow every dollar and report back'' to this
    committee regarding the status of MBDA.
        I have a letter here that I plan to send to the Deputy
    Secretary, holding him to this commitment and asking a series
    of questions regarding MBDA funds and grants. Mr. Kumar, if
    confirmed, will you--you will be responsible for overseeing the
    Department's responses to Congress, yes or no?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. Yes.
        Senator Lujan. So yes or no, will you commit to me that my
    colleagues and I will have the report Deputy Secretary Dabbar
    promised regarding the status of MBDA funds and complete
    answers to other questions within two weeks of your
    confirmation, if not before?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question. If confirmed, I will
    go back to Deputy Secretary Dabbar on the letter you mentioned.
        Senator Lujan. We will get a response within two weeks?
        Mr. Kumar. I will make sure to get with him right away and
    try to provide as timely a response as possible.
        Senator Lujan. As timely response. Less than two months?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the--I will do my best to get it
    in the stated timeline.
        Senator Lujan. Less than six months?
        Mr. Kumar. Again, I will do my best to get it to you in the
    stated timeline.
        Senator Lujan. Thank you, Madam Chair. It is challenging
    when given an amount of time to respond timely, when all of
    these witnesses take oaths that they will respond timely to
    this committee, but when we even extend that time that a simple
    answer of yes is just--cannot be found. It is frustrating.
    Thank you for the time, Madam Chair.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. CYNTHIA LUMMIS,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM WYOMING

        Senator Lummis. I recognize myself for 5 minutes. And I
    want to start by sending my condolences to the gentleman from
    New Mexico, and our Chairman from Texas, both of whom have
    endured significant flooding and loss of life.
        And Senator Lujan, our condolences to you and your
    constituents, and as well as Senator Cruz and his constituents.
    Such a tragedy in both cases. Dr. Jacobs and Mr. Jordan,
    welcome. And Mr. Kumar, welcome. Your relevant experience in
    weather operations and atmospheric science policy is noted.
        Thank you for your willingness to serve. Look forward to
    your service for the American people at the National Weather
    Service. I come from Wyoming. In Wyoming the weather is the
    news. I am also a rancher, and so the first thing we look at in
    the morning is the weather, because it affects every move we
    make.
        And that is true for a lot of people in Wyoming, whether it
    is a closed road because it is icy, the weather turning for
    people who are recreating in Wyoming. People who want to know
    what the snowpack is in Jackson Hole at the Mountain Resort or
    at Targhee. When blizzards are rolling in and you might get
    trapped in your home if you don't get your vehicle out right
    away.
        I mean, these are all real life, everyday occurrences for
    Wyoming people. The weather is the news. So I have been in
    tornadoes in Wyoming, flooding, hail, wind, lightning. I know
    people who have been struck by lightning. I remember dealing
    with--I was laying with my brother in an irrigation ditch while
    it was raining really hard because while I was on the baler and
    he was on a windrower, a tornado came and literally took the
    hay up into the air that we were trying to bale and windrow.
        And so, we are laying there, getting hailed on in an
    irrigation ditch trying to stay out of the tornado. Amazing
    experiences. I mean, that is life in Wyoming with the weather.
    So, I want to talk to you specifically about how important the
    National Weather Service is to Wyoming.
        We have two major National Weather Service facilities. One
    is in Riverton, which is kind of in central Wyoming, and the
    other in Cheyenne, which in Southeast. Now, a decision was made
    to close overnight service in Cheyenne and route evening
    coverage through Riverton. So the closure is from 1 a.m. to 7
    a.m. I will want to visit with you after you are confirmed
    about this a little more.
        You know, that is about, I don't know, 250 or 300 miles
    difference between Riverton and Cheyenne. It is as different as
    night and day in terms of the weather experience. And it would
    be extremely helpful if we could have a presence in that
    Cheyenne Weather Service facility.
        Wyoming is vast. We have almost 100,000 square miles.
    Multiple mountain ranges. Tremendous topographical and
    elevation differences. Weather conditions are very, very local.
    My sister can get hailed out on her farm and I am just hunky-
    dory just 30 miles or 40 miles away from her. So the weather is
    a significant factor in our economy, and in our survival, and
    in health and wellbeing.
        So I do want to work with you on the Cheyenne, Riverton
    issue, as well as other issues regarding the National Weather
    Service and its ability to serve the people of this country. So
    quick question now that I have been on my soapbox.
        What role do you see technology playing in addressing
    current forecasting challenges? And how would you balance the
    ability of technology to serve versus human forecasters? Dr.
    Jacobs.
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. So I have been to
    that Cheyenne office.
        Senator Lummis. Oh good.
        Mr. Jacobs. And one of the fascinating things they told me
    that I hadn't thought of as a forecaster is one of their big
    concerns are high wind events. And they are actually worried
    about 18 wheelers getting blown off the highway, which to me
    seems like pretty high wind.
        Senator Lummis. I have seen it happen. I have seen them
    blow over on the Interstate 25.
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes. To answer your question, I think the use
    of technology is probably a mix. Technology--well, maybe like a
    three-pronged mix. So using new technology, whether it is
    space-based or in situ systems like drones to collect
    observations to build a data set of better initial conditions
    that is going to improve the models, then a lot of compute
    architecture.
        CPUs are almost phased out. We are looking at GPUs now.
    Other types of chips to optimize that using AI. And then on the
    back end, as we have been discussing today, using different
    types of technologies and capabilities to more rapidly and
    effectively distribute the watches and warnings.
        Senator Lummis. Mr. Jordan, do you have a comment on that?
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question Senator. I would
    agree with Dr. Jacobs, but also want to mention that in
    addition to technology and moving next generation technologies
    into the stack of what NOAA uses for weather forecast is
    important.
        And technologies like AI are going to help the forecasters
    do their job. But the people in the offices at the local level
    who understand how wacky the weather can be sometimes is
    extremely important.
        Senator Lummis. Yes, wacky is right. I mean, it is both a
    scientific and real life term that we all understand. So if
    confirmed, I would ask that you review the National Weather
    Service arrangements in Wyoming from a weather accuracy and
    safety standpoint. I want to thank you for meeting with my
    staff yesterday. I look forward to working with you both. And
    my time is up. Thank you very much.
        The Chair recognizes Senator Klobuchar.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA

        Senator Klobuchar. Well, thank you very much, Madam Chair.
    And thank you to my colleagues who are here. We all are
    heartbroken over the loss of life, the kids at the camps, the
    people in both Senator Cruz's and Senator Lujan's state. And I
    think that we all know this is not an isolated incident. We can
    pretend it is, but it is not.
        Extreme weather events like this one have been getting
    worse and worse all over our country. And we must ensure that
    NOAA--this hearing couldn't be more timely--and the Department
    of Commerce as a whole is ready and able to take this on. As we
    know, as has been repeated by my colleagues, NOAA has lost at
    least 1,875 employees, totaling a combined 27,000 years of
    experience and institutional knowledge, and now has over 3,000
    vacant staff positions at the very worst time.
        So I know Dr. Jacobs, you responded to Senator Cantwell's--
    chair--Ranking Member Cantwell's questions about confirming
    that staffing is a priority at the National Weather Service. In
    May, NOAA started reassigning employees because of the loss of
    employees to NWS. And if confirmed, how do you make sure that
    these employees have the necessary technical expertise?
        And how do plan to recruit additional employees when the
    message from this Administration, honestly, has been, please
    leave? We will give you buyouts. We want you to leave. How are
    you going to turn that around?
        Mr. Jordan. Well, I guess maybe it is probably a multi-
    pronged approach. Obviously, one of them would be the
    reassignments. Lifting of the hiring freeze is certainly going
    to help.
        As far as recruiting, I am optimistic as a former teacher
    of a lot of former students in mind who are actually Weather
    Service employees now, that I can appeal to their sense of
    mission--that this is important.
        Like ensuring that Americans have timely and accurate
    forecast to protect lives and property is something that
    appeals to people. This is why they go into studying
    meteorology.
        Senator Klobuchar. So you are going to commit to making
    sure they get this accurate information?
        Mr. Jordan. Yes.
        Senator Klobuchar. OK. And I guess along those lines, Mr.
    Jordan, I just addressed these stronger storms that we know are
    a scientific fact--warming climate. And if confirmed, will you
    advocate against attempts to limit information sharing on the
    impacts of climate? Because I don't know how we are going to
    respond to these storms if we pretend it is not happening.
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. So yes, I
    would let the science drive the decisionmaking.
        Senator Klobuchar. OK, very good. And how will you ensure
    that NOAA is able to maintain and improve its extensive
    observing networks and infrastructure that you mentioned in
    your testimony?
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. So in the
    planning of these major acquisitions, these observing networks,
    these are large scale items that span multi--many fiscal years.
    It is important to ensure that we don't have gaps in those
    systems, or satellites and likewise. So working with the
    Department and in Congress here to ensure there is funding to
    continue those programs.
        Senator Klobuchar. OK, thank you. When I first got to the
    Senate, I was on the Ocean subcommittee, Dr. Jacobs, and I
    realized I was the only one without an ocean on the
    subcommittee.
        But then I remembered it also included the Great Lakes, and
    we have Lake Superior, which is of course superior to any
    ocean. So we have incredible research going on out of Duluth
    with our Great Lakes Observing Center. We have incredible
    research going on through the Minnesota Sea Grant and
    education.
        And so, I just want people to remember that. The inland
    lakes, we have more than 10,000 despite our license plate--we
    have 15,000, we have Lake Superior. This research is also
    important. Could you address that and whether you will support
    the continuation of these inland sea grants?
        Mr. Jordan. Yes. So actually the lakes are a big driver in
    weather. Like lake affect snow and things like that. And also I
    know that the harmful algal blooms are really important for
    folks in the lake. So, continuing that research, obviously if
    confirmed, very high priority.
        Senator Klobuchar. OK, very good. Thank you. Just last, Mr.
    Kumar, I like many of my colleagues have addressed letters.
    Specifically represent Clyburn and Senator Lujan and I led a
    letter about the BEAD Program. It was a more recent one, but
    there is ones going back. And if you will commit to get these
    letters answered?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. If
    confirmed, yes, I will commit to making sure to work with my
    colleagues to get you accurate and timely responses.
        Senator Klobuchar. And last, Secretary Lutnick announced
    that the Trump Administration is going to relaunch the Tech
    Hubs Program. He and I discussed this when he was in my office.
    I also discussed it with the Deputy. And they are going to plan
    a new round of selection in early 2026. We are one of the tech
    hubs in Minnesota, but we did not get funded despite being one
    of the premier--this is back in time--as you know, places for
    medical device development and the like, and in the Midwest or
    in the entire country. Will you work with me and my staff to
    look at the Med Tech 3.0 Program in Minnesota?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. Absolutely,
    if confirmed. I know our EDA team is very active on working
    with offices to make sure they have the most up to date
    information on the new competition and would be happy to work
    with your office.
        Senator Klobuchar. And then just last, not a question, I
    will put it in writing, Rural Export Center, which is out of
    Fargo. But I am always friends with our neighbors, and a big
    priority for me and Senator Hoeven. So, I hope you will look at
    that as well. Thank you.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Young.

                     STATEMENT OF HON. TODD YOUNG,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA

        Senator Young. Welcome all. Dr. Jacobs, my colleagues have
    talked about the benefits emerging technologies can provide.
    For instance, how quantum computing can better track and
    predict the movements of severe weather patterns. How AI may
    predict when another event may occur, and others--other
    applications.
        I am working on reintroduction of several bills with my
    colleagues, and the impetus is advancing our technological
    leadership and capabilities in emerging technologies. Outside
    of what has been discussed here already, what other benefits do
    these emerging technologies promise to deliver? And how do you
    plan to work across the Department and other Executive
    agencies, as applicable, to make sure these deliverables are
    recognized?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question, Senator. So one of
    the things that we haven't talked about today that I think is
    really fascinating and I would love to be a focus is edge
    computing.
        And I say that because as the satellites on orbit become
    more sophisticated and the sensors have higher resolution data,
    the files become larger. And downlinking those files takes
    time, moving that data takes time.
        And weather is a very time sensitive capability to do these
    forecasts, so we have to get the data as fast as we can. And to
    the extent that it is possible, to do edge computing on orbit
    to process that data before it is downlinked I think would be a
    huge step forward.
        Senator Young. What do you anticipate needs to be done in
    this area? Do we need to assemble kind of a strategy or a
    broader effort? I will let you explain or unpack for us what
    needs to be done.
        Mr. Jacobs. So, I think some of this can be tested on the
    ground. I also think that there are a lot of capabilities that
    have been developed on the classified intel side where the data
    itself might be classified, but the process of compressing or
    sending the data might not be. So to repurpose those on the
    civil side would be an interesting thing I would like to work
    on.
        Senator Young. Would you work with me on that priority,
    should you be confirmed?
        Mr. Jacobs. Absolutely.
        Senator Young. OK, great. I am a member of the Intelligence
    Committee, as well as the Commerce Committee, so there may be
    some synergies there. Thank you. Continuing with you, doctor, I
    would like to turn to IUU fishing. Illegal, unreported, and
    unregulated fishing, or IUU fishing, isn't just an
    environmental issue, though it is, of course, that.
        It also undermines our economic security and our national
    security. It affects American fishermen, especially in the Gulf
    of America, who are often competing with illegally operating
    Mexican fishing vessels. In addition, we have to contend with a
    broader pattern of illegal maritime activities by state and
    non-state actors from the People's Republic of China and
    Russia.
        They continue to engage in unregulated fishing that will
    impact our allies and the rest of us in a negative way. And so,
    it is our responsibility to protect American fishermen these
    violations, to hold other nations accountable to the same
    standards of maritime law and sustainability that we uphold.
        How do you plan, doctor, on coordinating with offices in
    other departments or agencies like the State Department or
    Coast Guard to effectively counter this issue at home and
    abroad?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. So, countering this
    is a huge priority. Obviously, seafood competitiveness and
    reducing the seafood trade deficit is a big priority, so
    combating IUU is essential to accomplishing that.
        Would love to work, if confirmed, with the Coast Guard,
    with the Navy, particularly in the Pacific where there are a
    lot of false flag vessels doing illegal fishing in our EEZ, in
    other countries' EEZs where they are not flagged to be fishing.
    Tracking these ships when they turn off their transponders,
    traveling around.
        A lot of times there are other sort of nefarious things
    like human trafficking that is going along with this IUU, you
    know, as well as the, like we were mentioning earlier, the
    poaching of red snapper in the Gulf of America. That is a huge
    issue.
        And working with the State Department on that. And also
    potentially exploring other technologies, not just for the
    fishing aspect, but for the imports, because there is a lot of
    things that are being imported that we really need to take a
    close look at. Mislabeling, things like that, as far as
    imported seafood.
        Senator Young. Yes. I think you hit on an important but
    often under discussed component of this, which is the
    businesses themselves that will supply us seafood, they need to
    bring more transparency to their supply chains and, you know,
    ensure that they are not procuring seafood that has been
    obtained illegally. But I hope to work with you on this as
    well. Do you commit to doing so, should you be confirmed?
        Mr. Jacobs. If confirmed, absolutely.
        Senator Young. OK. And then last, how do you see regional
    fisheries management organizations, or RFMOs, fitting into this
    equation? Is there an opportunity to reform or push these
    organizations to more effectively combat IUU fishing throughout
    the world when origin countries refuse to prosecute illegal
    fishermen, even with overwhelming evidence of their activities?
        Mr. Jacobs. Definitely. RFMOs, working through the RFMOs to
    ensure that other countries enforce their laws is really
    important. And also working through RFMOs to ensure that we
    have a fair quota set for U.S. fishermen, very important.
        Senator Young. Dr. Jacobs. Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Hickenlooper.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HICKENLOOPER,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM COLORADO

        Senator Hickenlooper. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thanks to each
    of you for your willingness to go back into the arena, as it
    were. Let me ask you each a question, just to start. Obviously,
    natural disasters cost the U.S. over $182 billion in damages
    last year alone. NOAA is a hugely important institution.
        I think everyone's questions recognize that and reflect
    that. So just as a thumbs up or thumbs down, recognizing
    nothing stays the same, do you think we are spending too much
    money in the science, the research around NOAA, or are we
    spending too little? Why don't you go start, Dr. Jacobs, and we
    will go right down the road.
        Mr. Jacobs. I think it probably depends on the area of
    research and working with the President's----
        Senator Hickenlooper. As a whole. I don't need a polemic,
    but as a whole, are we spending too much or too little?
        Mr. Jacobs. Oh, I don't know that you could spend too much
    on the research.
        Senator Hickenlooper. That is a good answer.
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. It is a
    difficult question to answer, how much across the Federal
    Government the spending on science activities. But I would say
    it is a good thing to fund.
        Senator Hickenlooper. Right. I was thinking more just about
    NOAA. I realize the Federal Government. I wrestle with that as
    well. And certainly science isn't perfect. Science is full of
    second guessing, and it is always trying to get better, as you
    all know. It is not a perfectly precise study, but it is
    crucial.
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. I am the
    nominee to run Leg Affairs, so I defer to my colleagues here
    from--that are NOAA nominees, but certainly appreciate the
    importance of funding research.
        Senator Hickenlooper. Great. You know, we have talked a lot
    about our ability to forecast natural disasters and how
    important that is. And I do agree the last mile that both of
    you, or both of the doctors, brought up is critical. But I also
    believe in incremental improvement.
        And I think especially with better computing, we will be
    able to get that recognition of when there is a potential flood
    event--and our heart goes out to the people in Texas and New
    Mexico. Unbelievable, the tragedy that happened there. But four
    hours more, even with our not insufficient last mile, you know,
    how do we get information to those groups in time--that extra
    four hours could make a huge difference.
        So I look at the importance of getting data, and having it
    there, and working with that data. And yet, it appears that we
    are having--we are going to stop collecting data or storing
    data and using data in certain places, most specifically the
    National Center for Environmental Information that tracks
    natural disasters.
        Is that something that you or Dr. Jacobs are concerned
    about? Are you willing to commit to restoring and updating
    NOAA's database? Because to me, that is the foundation that so
    much of your work is built upon.
        Mr. Jordan. Yes. If confirmed, definitely ensuring that
    that data is archived and easily accessible by the public, the
    research, the science community, is an essential function of
    NOAA.
        Senator Hickenlooper. Right. And at some point we will get
    to, in terms of predicting disasters, be able to incorporate
    soil moisture, soil conditions, I mean all these other
    variables that have such a powerful effect.
        And, Mr. Jordan, again, obviously NOAA has invested in
    satellites, delicate instruments to measure ecosystems of all
    types, to forecast weather, issue warnings. In terms of the
    satellites, do you have concerns about the recent efforts to
    limit the costs around that collection of data and making sure
    that the recent announcement, the Defense Meteorological
    Satellite Program, is going to terminate data collection and
    the sharing of that data later this month. That is you, Dr.
    Jacobs. Sorry. I was just asking about the Defense
    Meteorological----
        Mr. Jordan. Yes. So DMSP for decades has been a really
    important program. It is my understanding that the funding for
    this was terminated back in 2015, but the atmospheric science
    community has had the benefit of these sensors that have lasted
    well beyond their lifespan.
        And there are a couple of ways to backfill this. So first
    of all, the sounding data--there are other instruments that
    NOAA operates from AMSU-A, ATMS. I think what is probably of
    more interest in the hurricane forecasting community is the
    imager data. So the microwave imagers.
        So there is a follow-on program to this. It is my
    understanding--and again, I am not in the agency yet, but I
    still know a lot of this because I work with the community. The
    follow-on program, they already have an asset on orbit. It is
    producing data. I believe NOAA is going to get access to that
    pretty soon.
        I also think that there are potentially other capabilities
    out there. So there is--like European Space Agency has some of
    these assets as well, so data sharing. So yes, it is extremely
    important.
        Senator Hickenlooper. Appreciate that. And I am out of
    time, but I do want to--I won't be able to come back for a
    second round of questions, but I am going to submit in writing
    some of the questions about the cooperative institutes that you
    guys all work with that I think are so important.
        We have a couple Colorado State University, University of
    Colorado where you have got the institutions and graduate
    students and PhDs all working together kind of helping you
    expand your effort.
        And then also the fire weather testbed that NOAA has based
    in Denver to increase wildfire resilience by researching and
    doing all that work around wildfires. So God bless you all for
    all your work. It is so crucial to the safety and--of most of
    our--well, all of our country. I yield back to the Chair.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Fetterman.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN FETTERMAN,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM PENNSYLVANIA

        Senator Fetterman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Hello, Dr.
    Jacobs. Hi. I mean, I am from Pennsylvania, and I am sure you
    are familiar with Lake Erie. I love Erie. Erie is a very
    special part of my state.
        And for me, Lake Erie is such an incredibly important
    economic engine and major, major cultural amenity for
    Pennsylvania. Tourism in Erie brings in over $1.2 billion and
    supports more than 15,000 jobs. And now for me, the tourism, it
    is driven because of the beauty. If anyone in here, in the room
    has ever been to Presque Island, and it is one of the most
    remarkable parks in the country. And I am not saying that as
    just a booster. I am saying that it actually is true.
        And my family swims in Lake Erie, so we have a lot of skin
    in that game too. So protecting and making Erie more and more
    clean and pure. So for me, NOAA's Office of National Marine
    Sanctuary is working to designate Lake Erie as a National
    Marine Sanctuary. And of course I fully support that and know
    people that live in Erie support that. And today I was just
    asking to see if you support that, or would like to commit or
    work with my office to see this happen quickly?
        Mr. Jacobs. If confirmed, I would love to work with you and
    your office on that.
        Senator Fetterman. All right. That is wonderful. And then
    now, some people, maybe my colleagues, may not be aware of lake
    effect snow. So I am an amateur. So I would describe it as when
    colder air sweeps over warmer water of Lake Erie, and that can
    drop three feet of snow really in a short amount of time. Is
    that inaccurate?
        Mr. Jacobs. Your science is correct. There is--it is heat
    flux driven.
        Senator Fetterman. Yes, yes. So for me, and if you live in
    Erie, you know, 18 inches doesn't even make the news really--
    you know, rarely. And that is--you know, I mean, I live in
    Pittsburgh. We don't even--it is so different. It is very, very
    specific to that region because of lake effect snow.
        And if you are from Arizona, you are like, I have no idea
    what that means. But, you know, I remember there was one
    Christmas time that I think 50, 55 inches dumped on Erie
    quickly in about 24 to 36 hours. So of course, NOAA is very
    important. So for me--and it has been brought to my attention
    that the National Weather Service that oversees Erie doesn't
    have a meteorologist, so--and I believe that.
        So for me, even if it is like a part-time thing, I think it
    is reasonable when you can have three feet of snow from those
    things. So I just think perhaps, I support having a
    meteorologist, even part-time from a savings perspective, for
    there. So just if you have any thoughts?
        Mr. Jacobs. I don't know the exact staffing levels at your
    office, but I will definitely get back to you on the numbers.
    And if confirmed, I would definitely commit to making sure it
    is staffed up.
        Senator Fetterman. Great. That is great. And actually, I
    yield.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Markey.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD MARKEY,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS

        Senator Markey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. For decades, NOAA
    has collected and made public information on how many extreme
    weather related disasters caused by more than $1 billion worth
    of damage. In the 1980s, the U.S. experienced a weather or
    climate disaster that caused more than $1 billion in damage
    every four months, on average.
        Now, in our climate change era, our communities are hit by
    a disaster of that magnitude on average by every three weeks.
    So Dr. Jacobs, I appreciated our conversation on this
    yesterday. Do you stand by your statement that you made to me
    yesterday that NOAA's data on billion dollar disasters should
    be made available to the public?
        Mr. Jacobs. So the data that NOAA collects to produce that,
    yes. I think that that is a really important thing.
        Senator Markey. Well, thank you. And that is great to hear.
    Back in May, the Trump Administration announced that it was
    going to start burying that information and stop informing the
    public about the cost of weather disasters. And I appreciate
    your commitment. And the Administration is fighting disasters
    the only way they know how, by denying they even exist.
        And the only problem solved by burying weather data is that
    Trump Administration's PR problem. But that is all that is
    buried. The actual information should be out there so the
    public can see how much worse these storms are as each decade
    is unfolding.
        So Dr. Jacobs, do you think that climate focused research
    data and grant programs are relevant to NOAA's mission to
    understand the health of coastal and marine resources, and
    predict marine environments?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, weather, water, and climate is essential
    to NOAA's mission. It is a fundamental part of it, and so data
    along the coastline obviously is critical to that.
        Senator Markey. So I am glad that we agree on that. So do
    you support the efforts to collect and understand regional
    climate data, which is so important for developing the forecast
    that our farmers and other small business owners use to make
    decisions every single day?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, essentially, all data is regional at some
    level.
        Senator Markey. Right. I know that. But do you agree that
    there should be a continuation of the collection?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes. Collecting of data observations is a core
    essential to NOAA's mission.
        Senator Markey. Yes. So, and that is absolutely critical as
    well because it is too bad that President Trump's budget uses
    the exact language on climate research as a justification to
    kill that exact program at NOAA. And frankly, I am shocked that
    an agenda that would, you know, cause such problems could even
    be talked about in the era that we are in right now.
        Dr. Jacobs, the Trump Administration wants to cut NOAA's
    budget by 27 percent, no climate, weather, sea grant, ocean
    labs, or many other programs exempted. Dr. Jacobs, yes or no,
    do you support these cuts?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes, I support the President's budget.
        Senator Markey. Dr. Jacobs, do these cuts improve the
    weather readiness of our country?
        Mr. Jacobs. The cuts I believe you are referring to, a lot
    of that work is being transitioned in from the research side to
    the operations side. So the National Weather Service, the
    National Ocean Service, their mission, essential functions will
    continue.
        Senator Markey. I have a disagreement with you. A 27
    percent cut is going to have an impact, because there is a
    definite ripple effect that occurs when that kind of funding is
    slashed.
        Because weather readiness without funding is a
    hallucination. You know, you can't cut something by 27 percent
    even as the storms are enhanced as each year goes by without
    having that additional capacity. So, I do not agree with you on
    that issue.
        And finally, Mr. Jordan, in 2012, Senator Inhofe wrote a
    book called, ``The Greatest Hoax, How the Global Warming
    Conspiracy Threatens Your Future''. The next year, you adopted
    the social media handle @thegreatesthoax as a reference to that
    book. Is that correct?
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. That
    particular name came about while I was earning my master's----
        Senator Markey. No, I appreciate that. Can you explain why
    you chose and kept the greatest hoax as your online identity
    based upon Senator Inhofe's book? What was the joke in that?
        Mr. Jordan. So there is no joke. It was a young man's
    attempt at wit, and there is really no deeper meaning. They
    came about contemporaneously and that is about it.
        Senator Markey. No, I appreciate that. But if you want to
    be a comedian, you should maybe go to open mic night at the
    local club because this is serious business. You know, The
    Greatest Hoax is not in any way a joke. It is an attempt to
    undermine legitimate climate science, undermine those who lead
    on weather, those who lead on protecting our oceans.
        So it just says to me that all the rest of us have to get
    more serious if the greatest hoax is your handle, because that
    is not where our country should be. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Baldwin.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. TAMMY BALDWIN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN

        Senator Baldwin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, if
    I may, I wanted to start by taking a moment of personal
    privilege to say, I heard your remarks about your visit to Camp
    Mystic, and they were heartfelt.
        Closing with the Hunt Store, which is now Hunt Strong. I
    just want to let you know that our prayers, my prayers, go out
    to all the folks impacted by the tragedy in Kerr County and
    throughout Central Texas.
        Senator Markey. And may I say, I should have led with that
    as well. I heard your comments. That was brilliant and
    heartfelt. Thank you.
        Senator Baldwin. Dr. Jacobs, Wisconsin feels the impact of
    increasingly severe weather events like flooding, tornadoes,
    and drought. And NOAA weather and satellite services are more
    important now than ever. In particular, farmers in Wisconsin
    depend upon the agency's data to decide when to plant.
        And our shipping and fishing industries rely on it to plan
    safe routes and travel schedules. NOAA data is vital for the
    safety and economic security across the Midwest and the Great
    Lakes region.
        So if confirmed, will you commit to reversing the gutting
    of NOAA's weather resources by restoring satellite surfaces and
    staffing in particular?
        Mr. Jacobs. If confirmed, definitely making sure staffing
    is a top priority. And also satellite data, both the
    procurement of it, access to it, utilization of it is also a
    central top priority.
        Senator Baldwin. Thank you. And thank you for our meeting
    prior to this hearing today. I wanted to put on the record
    something we talked about. So if confirmed, will you ensure
    that high quality weather and climate data remains both freely
    and publicly accessible to everyone that relies on it?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. Yes, if confirmed,
    it is my belief that this data should be readily accessible by
    the public.
        Senator Baldwin. I want to take a moment to recognize the
    incredible network of Wisconsin organizations that partner with
    NOAA to protect the Great Lakes, including the Wisconsin Sea
    Grant, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, the
    Coastal Management Program, the Marine Sanctuary Program, and
    many more. These programs operate on incredibly small, tight
    budgets, while delivering enormous environmental and economic
    returns.
        And I would like to thank the people who lead this work in
    my home State of Wisconsin. Dr. Jacobs, the Great Lakes are a
    vital resource, not just for industry but for the 40 million
    people who rely on them for their drinking water. NOAA plays a
    major role in protecting the lakes alongside its Federal,
    State, tribal, and local partners from invasive species, from
    flooding and harmful algal blooms.
        If confirmed, will you work to--on restoring and fully
    funding coastal programs that most impact our Great Lakes,
    including the Sea Grant, the Coastal Zone Management Program,
    the Estuarine Research Program, and marine sanctuaries that are
    doing this work right on the ground every day?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. If confirmed, would
    love to work with you on this going forward. I actually went
    home last night and read up on lamprais after our conversation.
        Senator Baldwin. And what did you learn?
        Mr. Jacobs. Stuff I didn't really want to think about.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Baldwin. Same here.
        Mr. Jacobs. These are obviously very, very important to you
    and your state, as well as to NOAA, and I would look forward to
    working with you on this.
        Senator Baldwin. Very good. Mr. Kumar, I am concerned that
    the President's Fiscal Year 2026 Budget Proposal eliminates
    funding for the EDA, which among many other critical functions
    runs the Tech Hub Program that was enacted through the
    Bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act.
        As we discussed, Wisconsin has a tech hub focused on
    personalized medicine and bio health technology, key areas for
    improving patient care and competing with China. The future of
    the Tech Hub Program is too important to leave in question.
        So will you commit to keeping Congress updated on
    Commerce's plans for the Tech Hub Program, and will you be
    responsive when we have questions?
        Mr. Kumar. Thank you for the question, Senator. And I
    enjoyed our discussion yesterday on this topic. I know the
    Secretary sees this as a very important program. And yes, if
    confirmed, I am committed to working with you and ensuring the
    EDA team works with you to ensure you and your office have all
    the necessary information on tech hubs.
        Senator Baldwin. And just to reiterate, the EDA program is
    proposed to be closed, so it will be hard to have them be the
    ones to be of contact. I need to know from you that you will
    keep Congress informed where it is rehoused, if that is a
    successful proposal on the part of the President.
        Mr. Kumar. Absolutely. If confirmed, I will work with you
    and your office on it.
        Senator Baldwin. OK. And I would like to close by
    reiterating my frustration with the lack of communication from
    the Commerce Department regarding dismantling of the Minority
    Business Development Agency. It is really unacceptable that the
    Secretary has been unresponsive to Congress as he takes away
    the resources for small businesses that we built up on a
    bipartisan basis. So, if you are confirmed, I sincerely hope
    this will change.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Dr. Jacobs, President Trump has
    made it a national priority to expand offshore oil and gas
    production. NOAA plays a key role in reviewing permits and
    issuing authorizations under the Marine Mammal Protection Act
    and other laws.
        If you are confirmed, how will you improve the efficiency
    of the offshore permitting process, particularly when it comes
    to environmental reviews under NEPA or the MMPA?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question, Senator. If
    confirmed, I will work with the White House to find
    efficiencies to unlock America's energy potential, consistent
    with the Executive Order of unleashing American energy.
        The Chairman. Mr. Jordan, a persistent challenge within
    NOAA has been the siloed structure of its line offices, which
    has resulted in research projects stalling or never
    transitioning into operational use.
        NOAA must close the gap between research and operations in
    order to give the public and decisionmakers more timely and
    actionable information. How would you accelerate the research
    to operations timeline at NOAA and foster greater collaboration
    across line offices?
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the question, Senator. So moving
    the research closer to the operational sister line offices of
    NOAA would be important to take that research from OAR, where
    it currently exists now, and moving it to the Weather Service
    or the National Ocean Service.
        The closeness with the operational end user, the outcome of
    that data, will foster greater collaboration and innovation.
    And you also get that feedback loop of research to operations,
    operations to research. The operations really should be driving
    what the research is focusing on.
        The Chairman. Dr. Jacobs, we have seen a pattern of dual-
    engine flameouts caused by water and hail ingestion when
    aircraft descend into severe storms. Unlike commercial jets,
    NOAA's hurricane hunters use turboprops, which are less
    vulnerable because they do not pull water directly into the
    engines.
        Can you and the Department of Commerce commit to working
    with the FAA to ensure that a future improved hurricane hunter
    fleet uses appropriate technology to prevent deadly incidents?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question, Senator. I spent
    many years in the aviation industry. The turboprops operate
    differently. They essentially aren't affected by the air fuel
    ratio, and that is what helps them in saturated environments.
    And would definitely commit to working with the FAA on this
    issue.
        The Chairman. Great. Hurricanes have also been known to
    pick up entire homes off their foundations. How big would a
    drone need to be to navigate through a hurricane, and to your
    knowledge is such a drone available?
        Mr. Jacobs. Well, I think--well, thank you for the
    question. There is probably two capabilities. One would be
    flying against the wind and one flying with the wind. So for
    the last couple of years, one of the things that NOAA has been
    doing is deploying small drones inside of the hurricane to fly
    around, but they are a foot or two long.
        There is other potential opportunities to fly above the
    hurricane and deploy things through the hurricane. I think it
    is to be determined if we can actually fly one through the
    hurricane, but I have been in conversations with a couple of
    companies that are interested in potentially testing some
    capabilities.
        The Chairman. And in your judgment, what are the benefits
    of artificial intelligence for improving weather forecasting?
        Mr. Jacobs. The primary benefit, in my opinion, is
    computational efficiency. Even if the artificial intelligence
    can't do something better, if it can do it faster and more
    efficiently, I think it is worth using.
        The Chairman. OK. Senator Sullivan.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Jacobs,
    looking forward to meeting with you. And I want to--I missed a
    lot of the hearing because we are marking up the defense bill.
        But I want to look forward to working with you,
    particularly on NOAA's jobs. In my state, in Alaska, NOAA does
    really, really important work. And I have appreciated the Trump
    Administration's Executive Order on restoring American seafood
    competitiveness. You know, and I talked to Secretary Lutnick
    about this, our fishermen often get the raw end of the deal,
    right. If you are like a farmer, high tech, Silicon Valley guy,
    or a Wall Street guy, the American government takes care of
    you, right.
        If you are--and you know, those are all important,
    particularly our farmers. Nothing against them. But when you
    are a fisherman, a lot of times it is like, hey, good luck,
    right. And so, our fishermen don't ask a lot. They ask a few
    basic things from the Federal Government, robust fish surveys
    to inform accurate stock assessments and the timely
    promulgation of regulations to open up the fisheries.
        Unfortunately, NOAA, and this was during Biden for sure,
    they didn't do stock assessments. They were going on doing all
    their kind of other stuff. They got a lot of money, but they
    weren't doing the basic blocking and tackling of stock
    assessments. How much fish is in certain parts of the ocean,
    and how much can we fish it, knowing that we want sustainable,
    environmentally sound fisheries, OK.
        I have been worried--and when the Deputy Secretary of
    Commerce was here during his confirmation hearing, you know, I
    let him know about my concerns that the Trump NOAA guys aren't
    doing it either. And it is just--it is not good, right. You got
    a basic job to do. So I need your commitment right now, if you
    get confirmed, and you and I are going to have a long talk
    about this when you come see me in my office, but you got to do
    this, right. And you can't cut staff who do this work.
        If you don't do surveys, guess what happens? The great
    American fishermen that I represent--and by the way, my state
    is the superpower of seafood. Over two-thirds of all seafood
    harvested in America, commercial, subsistence, over two-thirds
    comes from Alaska. So, if and when you get confirmed, you are
    going to be spending a lot of time in Alaska. But--right?
        Mr. Jacobs. Absolutely.
        Senator Sullivan. Yes, good. OK. But my point is, if you
    don't do the surveys, then the science is kind of crimped, and
    people say, well, we are not sure what you can do, and it
    limits their ability to actually go fish. So I want your view
    on that.
        I am sure Senator Cantwell has already hit you up on it.
    But this is so important, and I am a little concerned that the
    Department of Commerce under Secretary Lutnick is not doing it
    either. And it is unacceptable.
        You guys got to commit to me--and don't do like Biden did.
    They got all this money and then they never did surveys either.
    They did all their other stuff. I don't know what the hell they
    did with the money. But commit to me on this right now, because
    it is really important. This is going to be a main part of your
    job. And, you know, first six months, I have been really
    concerned.
        And gosh darn it, this--we are not asking a lot. Do the
    science. Do the surveys. You know, during COVID, people were
    making up, oh, we can't go out. It is too dangerous. No, go do
    the surveys. Can you talk a little about that and make a
    commitment to me and my fishermen that you will get out and do
    the damn surveys, right?
        It is really--again, we don't ask for much. Basic blocking
    and tackling that NOAA is supposed to do. And I don't know why
    it is a problem right now. It shouldn't be a problem in the
    Trump Administration. I need you to focus on it and commit to
    me right now to do it.
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. So if confirmed,
    absolutely. Stock assessments and surveys is a top priority. We
    wouldn't be competitive in the seafood industry if we don't do
    those, because understanding, you know, for example, the status
    of pollock stock is essential for setting the quotas. And I
    understand and appreciate your concerns, and if confirmed very,
    very high priority.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. And I appreciate that. We have a
    lot of issues. The bycatch issue is an issue. I was just up on
    the Yukon River. There is no fishing again on the Yukon. I was
    up--my wife's family has a fish camp on the Yukon river.
        There is no king fishing again. We need to get to the
    bottom of what is happening to our salmon runs. I had
    legislation, my Alaska Salmon Research Task Force Act, which
    was passed. NOAA did some good work. But we have some runs in
    Alaska that are doing great, Bristol Bay, sockeye run.
        Other iconic runs in Alaska, king runs on the Yukon to
    Kuskokwim, they are cratering and that really hurts people.
    More than just food security, it is culture for our native
    communities.
        Can you commit to me to continue to work getting the best
    science, the best minds on why we are seeing in certain parts
    of Alaska these dramatic crashes in our salmon runs and why
    that is happening, and take action to help us return to what
    everybody in Alaska and America wants, strong, vibrant salmon
    runs?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. Absolutely. If
    confirmed, we will commit to working on this. This is something
    that I have been wondering about for a while because we do fund
    a lot of this restoration, and a lot of these stocks don't seem
    to be improving, and it is deeply concerning.
        Senator Sullivan. Yes. Well, and there is a gap in the
    research, right. That is one of the things that--it is a long
    story, but the salmon live out in the ocean most of their life,
    but the research from the Feds is actually not focused on
    salmon.
        Alaska, the state, focuses on salmon research, but within
    the rivers, not out on the big ocean. We need more research on
    what is happening to the salmon as they live out in the oceans
    for most of lives, and that is where NOAA could be very
    helpful. Can I get your commitment on that as well?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes. Definitely commit to working with you on
    this.
        Senator Sullivan. And then finally--and I do want to
    compliment Secretary Lutnick and his team, President Trump and
    his team on their Executive Order on seafood competitiveness.
    That was really welcomed. It was a really good EO.
        We got to work together to implement it. But the other
    thing I just need your commitment on, and Secretary Lutnick has
    been great on this, the unfair, unbalanced trade relationship
    that we have had, particularly with Russia and China. What do I
    mean? Russia banned the importation of American seafood in
    2014. Zero fish from America could go to Russia.
        And we, for whatever reason, for the last decade, have let
    them import as much fish as they want. That is crushing our
    fishermen, fishing communities. Finally, two years ago, under
    the Biden Administration, I give them credit, they blocked the
    importation of Russian seafood.
        Then the Russians sent it to China to have it laundered in
    China, and we closed that loophole, right. And the Trump
    Administration, to their credit, has been really good about
    keeping that ban on the importation of Russian seafood,
    regardless of where they send it for secondary head gutting and
    fileting.
        But I need your commitment to continue to that and work
    with us. We just had a really good hearing on IUU fishing,
    where the Chinese, the Russians, they have no standards, they
    use slave labor, and we need your help to work on those issues
    as well. Can I get your commitment on those?
        Mr. Jacobs. Absolutely.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you. You know, Dr. Jacobs, you have
    spent decades as a redfish fishing guide on the Atlantic. I do
    have to ask, in following up my friend, Senator Sullivan's
    questions, have you been salmon fishing in Alaska?
        Mr. Jacobs. I have.
        The Chairman. Good. That was the right answer, and it is
    extraordinary. I have to----
        Senator Sullivan. That was a right answer.
        The Chairman. And it is a unique and beautiful place.
        Senator Sullivan. Well, maybe when you come up to Alaska,
    the Chairman and I, we can host you for some more fishing out
    there.
        Mr. Jacobs. I am looking forward to it.
        The Chairman. And since he is a guide, we may do better
    with him along.
        Senator Sullivan. That is right.
        [Laughter.]
        The Chairman. Ranking Member Cantwell.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I do want to
    echo my colleague from Alaska--I did, you are right, bring it
    up in my earlier questioning about stock assessments, but I
    want to echo again. You know, our industries are just chasing a
    never-ending, you know, go-around, right.
        But it all starts with stock assessments as a really basic
    information, and then making sure that we play a more
    aggressive role internationally to stop the Russians and
    Chinese for collaborating and impacting our fisheries.
        So, very much appreciate your, you know, comments on that.
    So I would like to follow on with, do you think we should have
    a NOAA Organic Act? Will that help in persevering and
    preserving stock assessments in a more robust way?
        Mr. Jacobs. Thank you for the question. I believe NOAA is
    long overdue to have its mission authorized and in statute. So,
    very much support.
        Senator Cantwell. Great, thank you. Do you support the
    reauth--do you support the Weather Act reauthorization?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. Do you support replacing a
    Northwest--the lab, the Northwest Fisheries Science Center?
    When Senator Sullivan was talking about all of these issues, I
    remember the whole Canadian, you know, threat to salmon and all
    the work that we do at that NOAA facility in Seattle. Do we
    need to replace that or make sure it still exists?
        Mr. Jacobs. If I remember correctly, this was an issue when
    I was at NOAA last time, and it was something we were working
    on. And I believe there was discussion of potentially working
    with the university or something.
        Senator Cantwell. Yes. I think it just needs to take the
    final step, so I just want to make sure----
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes, I would love to work with you on that, if
    confirmed.
        Senator Cantwell. Do you support a tribal government
    consultation?
        Mr. Jacobs. I do.
        Senator Cantwell. Great. I do think that is something that,
    you know, is not an ongoing effort--we get it. We understand
    it. With 29 tribes in the Northwest, we get what tribal to
    government consultation, government to government consultation
    means. But I do think from time to time, agencies forget this.
    And certainly I think even in the last Administration, they
    forgot this.
        So hopefully you can help restore that. I understand my
    colleague asked about the budget cuts, which you said you
    supported, the 27 percent budget cut to NOAA. Is that correct?
        So how do you keep your science mission, and particularly
    in atmospheric and oceanic areas, how do you keep that science
    mission if we are cutting that budget, when in reality, like
    that is a core part of your mission?
        Mr. Jacobs. So I appreciate the question. It is--you know,
    a lot of these priorities, particularly, you know, weather
    forecasting and things we have been discussing all day. Some of
    that is being transferred to the Weather Service.
        It is my hope for certain things that we are looking at to
    basically fulfill the mission requirements of the forecasting
    capabilities, that the Weather Service takes over a lot of
    that. Some other aspects transferred to the Ocean Service.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. So you think that the missions are
    going to be preserved, just preserved somewhere else?
        Mr. Jacobs. It is--I mean, yes. It is my objective to make
    sure that NOAA fulfills their mission requirements.
        Senator Cantwell. Great. I am glad you said that. And we
    had a discussion earlier where you were saying, no, no, these
    people need to be on the ground. You can't replace people on
    the grounds.
        So you have to have--you have the people that are
    implementing, understanding the local regional dynamic on
    weather, and also implementing an action plan, basically
    getting first responders, everybody to help and implement that
    based off that data. So very much appreciate that answer.
        But in this, you know, it just reminds me, you know, Boeing
    says, well, we are going to get rid of all these safety
    inspectors. We are going to get rid of like 300 safety
    inspectors. Why? Because that was their main job, and we can
    just self-certify our work. Well, that didn't turn out very
    well because they missed a lot.
        Because it turned out that those safety people actually
    were doing something really critically important. In fact, they
    tried to automate parts of it and that turned out to be a
    disaster, and so they changed it.
        So I just, I am cautioning you--and I don't agree with the
    Trump Administration proposal on cutting these programs. I
    think there are essential scientific search information. I am
    all for elevating the game. I have been for years. Elevating
    with more supercomputing and certainly using--I think one of
    the things that we can do is get better information so that
    forecast is two weeks in advanced. Or why are we cutting these
    weather balloons?
        I mean the fact that the weather balloon is there to tell
    you the amount of moisture and the condition of the atmosphere.
    Why was that so important for us with fires? Because the land
    was getting so dry. A lightning strike that may not have caused
    a problem, now all of a sudden causes a problem.
        So, the critical nature changed, and we had to understand
    that. So I just, I hope that we are not thinking that we are
    just going to like put weather up here in some big--you know,
    oh, we have this really great way of getting information like
    from the private sector somehow, or not going to play this
    critical role. I don't know.
        Mr. Jordan, you are shaking your head or nodding, so I
    don't know if you have a thought on this. But we can't just
    shift these resources somewhere else. We have to own them. NOAA
    has to own them. They have to on weather forecasting. We need
    it to be better, but we transfer some of it out and then say
    that is somebody else. Mr. Jordan.
        Mr. Jordan. Thank you for the opportunity to provide a
    comment. So I agree--I was shaking my head in agreement with
    you. Yes, the weather forecasting is very important. America
    has a robust American private weather industry that really
    amplifies the work that NOAA does, but it is very important for
    NOAA to do its weather forecasting mission.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. Well how do we preserve that in a
    budget?
        Mr. Jordan. I believe looking at the budget, again, not at
    NOAA, looking at it from the outside, I see the Weather Service
    mission, the line office, is preserved.
        Senator Cantwell. But what about all the work they do to
    understand?
        Mr. Jordan. Within the Weather Service?
        Senator Cantwell. Yes.
        Mr. Jordan. The budget, I believe, funds the Weather
    Service.
        Senator Cantwell. OK. So I am talking about the R&D Office
    of the Oceanic--that research group.
        Mr. Jordan. Understood. Sorry for the confusion. And as Dr.
    Jacobs said, looking at the budget again, not having the
    conversations with the folks inside about what is happening,
    but it looks like the transition of some of that work is
    happening from OAR to the Weather Service.
        Senator Cantwell. Yes. I think this is where we are
    probably in--because that office, the Weather Research Office,
    is eliminated. So I think what I should do, we should do is--I
    have heard what Dr. Jacobs has said. Look, I want to get a
    clear understanding of this. I think we are in a disagreement
    on this. I think that we like this office. I don't think we
    want it to be zeroed out.
        We think it is the key to NOAA doing its job overall. And,
    you know, as people talk about killing hurricane hunters. Is
    that correct? Killing hurricane hunters. These are the people
    that fly into the hurricanes and give us all the information.
    Why would we kill that? Why would kill that?
        So let's get a framework here and we will follow up with
    some questions to both of you on this entire regime and how you
    think it is going to work but--and I get it, you are nominees
    by this Administration, so you are going to generally agree
    with their budget. We disagree with it.
        But I think more importantly, let's look at these programs
    that are going to be cut and have an understanding from you at
    least about what you think and how that responsibility is going
    to get served.
        Because without it being served, I have serious concerns
    about our ability to do the job that NOAA is requested to do on
    forecasting. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Cantwell. Dr. Jacobs, Mr.
    Jordan, Mr. Kumar, my final question is required of all
    nominees.
        If confirmed, do you pledge to work collaboratively with
    this committee to provide thorough and timely responses to the
    Committee's requests and to appear before the Committee when
    requested?
        Mr. Jacobs. Yes.
        Mr. Jordan. Yes.
        Mr. Kumar. Yes.
        The Chairman. Thank you. I have letters of support for Dr.
    Jacobs and Mr. Jordan's nominations. I ask unanimous consent to
    be inserted in the hearing record. Without objection, so
    ordered.
        [The information referred to follows:]

        The Chairman. Senators will have until the close of
    business on Friday, July 11, to submit questions for the
    record. The nominees will have to the close on Monday, July 14,
    to respond to those questions. That concludes today's hearing.
    The Committee stands adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 12:30 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                A P P E N D I X

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        Question 1. Seafood production is a major economic driver in my
    state, generating hundreds of millions of dollars and thousands of jobs
    annually. The United States only imports about 80 percent of the
    seafood we eat, and we have a seafood trade deficit of over $20
    billion. The U.S. can and should urgently address this seafood
    deficit--and that starts with producing more fresh, healthy, and
    sustainable seafood at home through marine aquaculture.
        NOAA oversees and manages our marine fisheries and aquaculture.
    NOAA must lead the way in addressing the seafood trade deficit by
    expanding our marine aquaculture. Do you commit to leading these
    efforts?
        Answer. The recent Executive Order on Seafood Competitiveness,
    building on EO 13921, directs DOC and the Office of the United States
    Trade Representative (USTR) to assess seafood competitiveness issues
    and jointly develop a comprehensive seafood strategy, and convenes the
    interagency Seafood Trade Task Force co-chaired by USTR and DOC. If
    confirmed, I plan to use this vehicle to advance objectives to improve
    access to foreign markets, address unfair trade practices, and ensure a
    fair and competitive domestic market for U.S. seafood producers.

        Question 2. Despite its economic and strategic importance, more
    than 80 percent of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) remains
    unmapped at high resolution. High-tech ocean mapping, deep-sea
    exploration, and hydrographic surveys are essential for enhancing
    economic opportunities, improving national security, and ensuring
    maritime safety.
        How do you plan to support NOAA's leadership in marine technology
    and expand ocean mapping, exploration, and characterization of our
    coastal and deep-sea resources?
        Answer. In alignment with the Administration's priority of
    Unleashing America's Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources, if
    confirmed, I will ensure that NOAA continues to prioritize mapping and
    characterizing priority areas of the seabed, especially those with
    abundant offshore resources. In alignment with that Executive Order, I
    will coordinate with Federal agencies and the private sector to
    accelerate data collection within the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf.
    Additionally, I will ensure that NOAA continues to advance hydrographic
    surveys in support of maritime safety and a more competitive U.S.
    seafood industry.

        During hurricane season, Mississippi regularly utilizes NOAA's Gulf
    of America Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS). Will you commit to
    maintaining and expanding NOAA's hurricane research and real-time ocean
    monitoring in the Gulf through the Integrated Ocean Observing System?
        Answer. I am supportive of NOAA continuing to give public access to
    regional ocean observing data, and will prioritize the integration of
    available federal, academic, private sector and non-profit ocean data.
    I remain committed to maintaining accessibility of ocean information in
    support of defense, maritime navigation, commerce, public health and
    safety, weather forecasting, fisheries, marine conservation and
    protected areas, and ocean and Great Lakes resource management.

        Question 3. Sea Grant plays a vital role in supporting our Nation's
    coastal, Great Lakes, and ocean communities. It's especially important
    in Mississippi, where Sea Grant is active in supporting commercial and
    recreational fisheries and aquaculture to grow the blue economy. For
    more than 50 years, the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium has
    provided cost-effective, unbiased education, research, and workforce
    development that benefit our communities and economy.
        How will you continue to support education and workforce
    development through the Sea Grant program?
        Answer. Workforce development would be supported through NOAA's
    continued investments in foundational science and technology.

        Question 4. The Ocean Exploration Cooperative Institute (OECI) has
    and continues to support the Trump Administration's priorities through
    U.S. leadership in ocean exploration and technology development. The
    OECI is the go-to for critical minerals discovery in the ocean due
    their expertise with long-endurance autonomous surface and subsurface
    vehicles. This work is accelerated through public-private partnerships
    with industry.
        What are your priorities for further implementation of public-
    private partnerships with NOAA Cooperative Institutes? How do you plan
    to utilize your authorities to incentivize innovative ocean research
    and training in the United States?
        Answer. The Ocean Exploration Cooperative Institute (OECI) plays a
    critical role in advancing U.S. leadership in ocean exploration and
    technology. OECI's capabilities--especially in long-endurance
    autonomous surface and subsurface vehicles--are instrumental in
    accelerating the discovery of critical minerals through strong public
    private premierships. If confirmed, I commit to continuing to leverage
    the E/V Nautilus, an OECI-affiliated vessel, to advance ocean science
    and support the Administration's priority of unlocking seabed mineral
    resources as well as identifying new opportunities to expand ocean
    exploration in alignment with national goals. Cooperative Institutes
    are an important component of NOAA's mission. My priority will be to
    maintain this mission by ensuring research remains focused, responsive,
    and tightly linked to the needs of the public.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        NOAA Workforce Reductions. I have serious concerns about the
    current state of NOAA's workforce. Since January 2025, NOAA has lost a
    combined 27,000 years of experience. The resulting brain drain has
    impacted the entire agency. Overall, NOAA now has more than 3,000
    vacant positions across the agency. I appreciated your commitment at
    the hearing that ``staffing the Weather service offices is a top
    priority'' but missions across NOAA's line offices are critical.
        On February 19, 2025, I sent a letter to Secretary Lutnick urging
    him to protect NOAA's critical workforce from the Trump
    Administration's reduction-in-force initiatives and hiring freeze,
    which would jeopardize the safety of the American public. Despite this
    warning, about 600 probationary employees were fired across various
    NOAA line offices, and over 1,000 employees have left through voluntary
    separation programs. These staffing shortages are disrupting NOAA's
    core functions. For instance, weather balloon launches have been
    suspended, and multiple Weather Forecast Offices no longer able to
    staff overnight shifts.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you believe NOAA can operate at its peak
    effectiveness when it has over 3,000 positions vacant?
        Answer. If confirmed, my focus will be on ensuring we continue to
    deliver on our vital mission of science, service, and stewardship.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you think that the agency's ability to
    carry out its mission effectively has been impacted by the loss of
    about 2,000 officials since January?
        Answer: NOAA has identified its core mission and functions, and if
    confirmed, my focus will be on ensuring NOAA delivers on its important
    functions.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Will you commit to rule out any further
    large-scale reductions to NOAA's workforce if confirmed?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure NOAA's mission effectiveness
    remains steadfast and without compromise through strategic workforce
    management and leveraging new technologies.

        Question 4. Yes or No: Will you commit to fill these 3,000 vacant
    NOAA positions without delay if confirmed?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure NOAA has adequate staffing to
    effectively carry out its core, life-saving mission and strategic
    priorities.

        Question 5 What specific steps would you take to ensure the
    National Weather Service has sufficient staff for all Weather Forecast
    Offices and to provide Americans with accurate and timely weather
    warnings?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will immediately begin working with the
    National Weather Service and NOAA Office of Human Capital Services to
    ensure we have adequate staffing to effectively carry out its core,
    life-saving mission and strategic priorities.

        Question 6. Will you ensure NOAA is adequately staffed so that
    Tribes are able to access meaningful government-to-government
    consultation and technical assistance on NOAA programs, including
    grants?
        Answer. I support government-to-government consultations with
    Tribes.

        Question 7. Executive Order 14170 implements a Federal hiring
    freeze, but it allows for exclusions for positions related to public
    safety. The National Weather Service has been given a limited exemption
    to rehire 126 positions. Do you intend to pursue an exemption to the
    hiring freeze under for any other NOAA positions? If so, which
    positions?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will evaluate to determine how best to
    fulfill our critical mission areas across all NOAA offices.

        Question 8. Will you commit to providing this Committee a full list
    detailing the number and duties of positions that have been terminated
    due to layoffs, deferred resignation, or early retirement since January
    20, 2025?
        Answer. I am not at NOAA, so I do not have access to this
    information. If confirmed, I will work with the Department to provide
    the Committee with appropriate staffing information.

        Question 9. What is your plan for rebuilding the base of expertise
    that has been lost, ensuring that our science remains cutting edge, and
    retaining experts that are otherwise likely to leave for work in other
    nations?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will evaluate our base of expertise to
    ensure that NOAA can be a global leader in science by creating an
    environment where our researchers are empowered, valued, and able to
    deliver cutting-edge results for the American people.

        National Marine Fisheries Service. American fisheries are the best
    managed fisheries in the world because of science. However, recent
    staffing cuts and the ongoing Federal hiring freeze have left NOAA with
    a shortage of fishery managers, scientists, and vacancies for 180
    mariners that NOAA needs to operate its ships.
        As a result, 30 percent of NOAA's research vessel fleet will not
    leave the dock this summer, which will result in at least 6 stock
    assessments being cancelled. Without stock assessments, NOAA will have
    to lower harvest levels. That means fewer fish, fewer fishing jobs, and
    a damaging ripple effect throughout coastal economies that rely on
    seafood.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support a hiring freeze exemption for
    NOAA merchant mariners needed to get NOAA ships operational?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 2. What is your plan to address stock assessment
    shortfalls, including cancellation of multiple pollock, salmon, and
    Gulf of Mexico surveys that red snapper and mackerel fishermen depend
    on?
        Answer. If confirmed I will work with Congress to ensure NOAA has
    the needed resources to prioritize surveys, including by addressing
    professional mariner vacancies and retention, and expanding the use of
    uncrewed systems to augment NOAA's ability to conduct surveys.

        Question 3. At the hearing you said you supported Pacific salmon.
    Pacific Coast Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF) provides critical funding to
    facilitate the recovery of Pacific salmon and steelhead and the
    commercial, recreational, and tribal fisheries that rely on them. The
    FY 2026 Presidential Budget would eliminate funding for this program,
    which has restored salmon access to over 12,000 miles of streams and
    leveraged $2.2 billion in non-PCSRF contributions. Do you commit to
    protecting the PCSRF program and to distributing FY 2025 PCSRF funds?
        Answer. Pacific salmon are critically important to the culture,
    recreation, and economy of Washington and the nation, especially the
    five species of salmon in Washington: Chinook, Coho, Chum, Pink, and
    Sockeye. It is my understanding that some of the populations are not
    showing the expected levels of recovery. If confirmed, I would welcome
    the opportunity to learn more about various plans and projects to help
    promote recovery.

        Question 4. Yes or No: Do you support further investments in Tribal
    salmon hatchery infrastructure?
        Answer. I support the significant ecological and cultural benefits
    derived from well-managed hatchery programs. These facilities are
    essential for supporting the economic well-being of Tribal communities.
    NOAA will continue to lend its scientific expertise and collaborate
    closely with the Department of Interior and Tribal partners to ensure
    these services continue effectively.

        Question 5. Yes or No: Do you support moving the National Marine
    Fisheries Service, the Office of Protected Resources, or any of their
    activities and functions out of NOAA? If yes, explain why.
        Answer. NOAA's FY 2026 President's Budget request proposes to
    transfer Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Marine Mammal Protection Act
    (MMPA) functions in the National Marine Fisheries Service Office of
    Protected Resources to the Department of Interior's U.S. Fish and
    Wildlife Service, which would improve coordination and efficiency, and
    streamline implementation of these statutes, reducing regulatory burden
    on American citizens and industry.

        NOAA Organic Act and Weather Act. During Secretary Lutnick's
    confirmation hearing in January, he testified that he did not support
    breaking up and dismantling NOAA. Unfortunately, that's exactly what
    the Administration is doing via executive actions.
        One way to ensure certainty about NOAA's products and services that
    American families rely upon is to authorize NOAA in statute.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support a NOAA Organic Act? If no,
    why not?
        Answer. Yes. I believe NOAA is long overdue to have its mission
    authorized in statute. An organic act, at a high level, would provide
    clarity to NOAA's mission in statute. There is also value in not being
    overly prescriptive in an organic act to allow NOAA the flexibility to
    quickly evolve priorities and capabilities to improve its mission.

        Question 2. How would having an Organic Act protect communities
    from these disasters?
        Answer. An Organic Act would eliminate ambiguities arising from
    dispersed authorities and could explicitly state NOAA's comprehensive
    role in protecting against impacts from the environmental phenomena it
    monitors.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Do you support the Weather Act
    Reauthorization? If no, why not?
        Answer. Yes.

        Northwest Fisheries Science Center. A significant portion of salmon
    research occurs at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle.
    That building is in dire need of replacement. I previously secured
    funding for a new building that could be collocated with the University
    of Washington, but it was rescinded by the reconciliation bill.

        Question 1. Do you support replacing the Northwest lab facility?
        Answer. NOAA facilities, such as the Northwest Fisheries Science
    Center, are crucial for the agency's mission. These facilities support
    vital research, including that for Pacific salmon and steelhead
    recovery, which is critical to the economy, culture, and Tribal Treaty
    Rights in the Pacific Northwest. Investments in and replacement of
    these facilities is important but need to be approached in a manner
    that is realistic and sustainable. If confirmed, I will work with
    Congress, GSA, and partners on any appropriate steps related to the
    Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

        Salmon Infrastructure. Salmon are central to the state of
    Washington's economy, culture, Tribal Treaty Rights, and our identity
    in the Pacific Northwest. We need a refined strategy with bold actions
    that restores critical habitats and advances innovative science to turn
    the tide on salmon declines so that we can make meaningful progress on
    salmon restoration.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support including salmon
    infrastructure, such as funding for hatcheries and culvert removal, in
    future infrastructure and surface transportation packages?
        Answer. NOAA considers the Tribes key partners in fisheries
    management and will continue to work with them on fisheries issues.

        Question 2. If confirmed, will you work with me to solve problems
    that harm salmon populations such as culverts and hazardous tire
    chemicals?
        Answer. I understand the cultural and economic value of salmon and,
    if confirmed, will work with Congress on appropriate solutions to limit
    harm to this important resource.

        Modernizing Satellites. In an exchange with Senator Capito
    regarding weather alerts, you referenced an opportunity to ``modernize
    NOAA weather radio and potentially look at satellite capabilities.''

        Question 1. Can you elaborate on how you would like to modernize
    NOAA weather radio and satellite capabilities in this way?
        Answer. NOAA Weather Radio is one of the most valuable
    communications tools available, but it relies heavily on copper wires
    for broadcast. However, this reliance on copper is expensive, limited,
    and susceptible to extreme temperatures. By leveraging satellite
    capabilities, NOAA could strengthen its communication tools and ensure
    more reliable broadcasts of weather alerts. This modernization could
    improve the dissemination of critical information, particularly during
    severe weather events. If confirmed, I will work with the National
    Weather Service and partners to better understand the possibilities and
    resources needed to modernize NOAA Weather Radio.

        Question 2. Do you have concerns that a decreased NOAA budget will
    make it difficult to complete projects like this, which you called a
    ``priority''?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure NOAA fulfills its
    mission requirements.

        NOAA Communication. In an exchange with Senator Hickenlooper during
    your hearing, you testified, ``I'm not in the agency yet.''

        Question 1. Have you entered any NOAA or DOC facility since you
    were nominated on February 3, 2025? If yes, please specify the
    location, date, time, and circumstances for each instance.
        Answer. A couple times in February and March I went to NCEP for
    community UFS meetings as part of my position at UCAR. I was in HCHB
    May 15th and 16th working on my questionnaire and getting it notarized.
    I was in DOC HCHB part of week 1 of June for some meet and greets and
    the NOAA Fish Fry. I went to both HCHB and SSMC3 June 10 and 11 to get
    some material for hearing prep and for a retirement party. HCHB July 1,
    2, 7, 8th for hearing prep.

        Question 2. Have you communicated with Secretary Lutnick or Deputy
    Secretary Dabbar since your nomination regarding any policy, program,
    or activity related to NOAA? If yes, please specify the date, subject
    matter, participants, and circumstances for each interaction.
        Answer. I have had a few high-level conversations to discuss my
    onboarding if confirmed as well as a general meet-and-greet to get to
    know future colleagues.

        Question 3. Have you provided advice on NOAA policy, programs, or
    operations with any NOAA or DOC official since your nomination not
    reflected in the above question? If yes, please specify the date,
    subject matter, participants, and circumstances for each interaction.
        Answer. As part of my position with UCAR that deals with the UFS, I
    attended monthly virtual meetings for model development that were
    attended by NOAA employees. The community UFS is a community-led effort
    out of UCAR.

        Dismantling the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    (NOAA). The Trump Administration is pursuing a FY 2026 budget proposal
    that would reduce NOAA's budget by 27 percent, eliminate
    Congressionally mandated programs, and transfer part of the National
    Marine Fisheries Service to the Interior Department.
        During his confirmation hearing, Secretary Lutnick told me that he
    has, ``no interest in separating'' NOAA and that breaking up NOAA, ``is
    not on my agenda.'' Yet, that is exactly what the Administration is
    trying to do.

        Question 1. Do you support any function, mission, or
    congressionally authorized or appropriated work within NOAA, or
    executed by NOAA, being moved out of the NOAA or the Department of
    Commerce? If yes, please describe.
        Answer. I recognize the ongoing discussions regarding NOAA's
    structure. If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NOAA's critical
    missions--from weather forecasting to ocean and fisheries management--
    continue to be executed with the utmost effectiveness and scientific
    rigor, regardless of any potential organizational changes.

        NOAA Research. As an atmospheric scientist, you understand the
    importance of scientific research and development. The FY 2026
    Presidential Budget proposes eliminating the Office of Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Research (OAR) as a line office. The budget would terminate
    all funding for NOAA's Research Laboratories and Cooperative
    Institutes, Regional Climate Data and Information, Climate Competitive
    Research, National Sea Grant College Program, and the National
    Oceanographic Partnership Program.

        Question 1. Yes or no, do you support eliminating OAR? If yes,
    explain why.
        Answer. I support the President's budget request for NOAA. The
    budget request streamlines agency operations and prioritizes its public
    safety mission, while providing for efficiencies within NOAA research
    by more closely aligning operational and research components to foster
    collaboration and drive innovation. This realignment will strengthen
    delivery of actionable science to NOAA's operational end-users and
    remains responsive to the needs of the public.

        Question 2. Do you believe NOAA/NWS forecast improvements will
    flatline or degrade if this research is eliminated?
        Answer. Research to support forecast improvements is being
    realigned to sit closer to the National Weather Service to strengthen
    the transition from research to operations.

        Question 3. How do you define climate?
        Answer. In the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of
    2017, ``seasonal'' is defined as the time range between 3 months and 2
    years, and ``subseasonal'' is defined as the time range between 2 weeks
    and 3 months. It is implied that ``climate'' is the time range beyond
    seasonal.

        Question 4. What do you believe is NOAA's role in climate research?
        Answer. NOAA's mission to understand and predict changes in
    weather, oceans, climate, and coasts, and to provide this information
    to decision-makers. NOAA accomplishes this goal through long-term
    observations, cutting-edge modeling, and scientific analysis.

        Question 5. Do you support fully funding NOAA's Cooperative
    Institutes?
        Answer. I support the President's budget request to streamline
    agency operations, prioritize its public safety mission, and find
    efficiencies. My priority will be to maintain this mission by ensuring
    research remains focused, responsive, and tightly linked to the needs
    of the public.

        Question 6. Do you support fully funding the NOAA Research
    Laboratories?
        Answer. I support the President's budget request to streamline
    agency operations, prioritize its public safety mission, and find
    efficiencies. I support the research capabilities provided by these
    laboratories and will ensure these capabilities continue to advance
    NOAA's mission.

        Question 7. The National Severe Storm Laboratory's experimental
    Warn-on-Forecast System is working to improve lead times for tornado
    and severe weather warnings. Do you support continuing the Warn-on-
    Forecast System and similar weather research efforts?
        Answer. Warn-on-Forecast is a very successful modeling system.
    Despite being considered a research project, it has been used
    operationally to assist in NWS's public safety mission. I support
    transitioning programs such as this into operations to keep Americans
    safe.

        Question 8. How will you ensure the safety of the American public
    if OAR programs that aim to prepare communities to face extreme weather
    events are dismantled?
        Answer. I will continue to support NOAA's mission of providing
    environmental data to decision makers and ensure that NOAA is
    adequately staffed to meet this mission. My understanding is that
    programs that support community preparedness for extreme weather are
    being realigned within the National Weather Service and National Ocean
    Service to ensure they are aligned with operational end-users.

        Climate Adaptation Partnerships. There are 13 NOAA Climate
    Adaptation Partnership (CAP) teams around the country. And yet, the
    grant to only one, the Northwest Climate Resilience Collaborative
    (NCRC) based at the University of Washington, remains terminated by the
    Administration.
        The NCRC team addresses unique needs of the region, including those
    related to extreme heat that led to more than 400 deaths in Washington
    due to the ``heat dome'' that descended on the region during the summer
    of 2021. NCRC also helps vulnerable populations to mitigate against the
    negative health effects of wildfire smoke and extreme heat.

        Question 1. Could you provide us with the rationale for why this
    grant is the only one that remains terminated?
        Answer. I appreciate your support for the CAP program. I am not
    privy to current administration actions.

        Question 2. Another team has had its grant restored. What steps can
    the NCRC take to have its grant restored?
        Answer. I am not privy to current administration actions.

        Scientific Integrity. During your previous service as Acting NOAA
    Administrator, the Department of Commerce Inspector General found that
    NOAA officials, including you, issued statements under political
    pressure that contradicted the scientific forecasts from the National
    Weather Service. NOAA also commissioned an investigation by the
    National Academy of Public Administration that found you violated NOAA
    scientific integrity policies.

        Question 1. Do you commit to uphold and abide by NOAA's scientific
    integrity policy if confirmed?
        Answer. I am committed to promoting scientific integrity within
    NOAA. I have valued, promoted and benefited from scientific integrity
    throughout my career, in academia, industry and at NOAA and will
    continue to champion it going forward.

        Question 2. What specific lessons have you learned after being
    found to have violated NOAA's scientific integrity policies?
        Answer. I commit to rigorous adherence to and enforcement of
    scientific integrity policies to ensure NOAA's forecasts cannot be
    compromised.

        Question 3. What specific steps will you take to ensure that NOAA's
    forecasts cannot be compromised and career scientists are empowered to
    publish and communicate their findings without political interference
    in the future?
        Answer. I commit to rigorous adherence to and enforcement of
    scientific integrity policies to ensure NOAA's forecasts cannot be
    compromised.

        Contract Review. Currently, all NOAA contracts and grants greater
    than $100k require Secretary Lutnick's personal approval. There are
    thousands of contracts and grants that meet that threshold. As you can
    imagine, this has resulted in a significant bottleneck, causing
    critical contracts to terminate, lapse, or be signed mere hours before
    they expire.

        Question 1. Do you support this practice?
        Answer. Yes. I recognize the critical importance of timely and
    affective contract and grant execution to NOAA's mission. Following the
    Administration's Executive Orders on procurement and contracting, the
    Department of Commerce has implemented an updated review process for
    contracts and grants, including those over $100,000. I am committed to
    working closely with the Department to ensure that this process
    protects integrity, while also allowing NOAA to carry out its
    responsibilities without unnecessary disruption.

        Question 2. What will you do to ensure NOAA contracts are reviewed
    in a timely and efficient manner without inadvertent lapses?
        Answer. I will work closely with NOAA and the Department of
    Commerce to assist in timely review of contracts.

        Question 3. Will you commit to alerting Congress of the lapse or
    cancellation of any monetarily or operationally significant contracts
    in a timely manner?
        Answer. I will work through the appropriate Congressional Affairs
    office and the Department of Commerce to ensure information is
    transmitted in a timely manner.

        Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) Satellite System. As
    the GOES-R satellites end their operational lifetime, the GeoXO
    satellites will replace them. Currently NOAA plans to launch six
    satellites with instruments including a lightning mapper (LMX), Sounder
    (GXS), Atmospheric Composition (ACX), Imager (GXI), and Ocean Color
    (OCX). The GeoXO Sounder will improve regional forecast accuracy by 40
    percent and is tailored to improve forecasts of rapidly changing
    convective events like the severe storms that caused catastrophic
    flooding in Texas.

        Question 1. Do you support NOAA's current plan for six satellites?
        Answer. I am not privy to the status of current instrument
    contracts and their life-cycle procurement and management. If
    confirmed, I look forward to reviewing the Agency's plans for their
    next generation geostationary satellite constellation.

        Question 2. What can NOAA do to maintain the launch timeline and
    avoid a gap in coverage?
        Answer. To maintain launch timelines and avoid data gaps, NOAA
    should ensure it works with its Federal partners and stakeholders on
    procurement schedules, system integration, and constellation
    management. NOAA should also, where appropriate and feasible, consider
    partnerships with other Federal agencies and the private sector for
    unique orbits and data that support public safety and operational
    readiness.

        Question 3. The plan laid out for the GeoXO program under your
    leadership during the first Trump Administration also included
    economically beneficial ocean color, atmospheric composition, and
    lightening mapper observations. These instruments help us monitor air
    quality impacts from pollution and smoke, predict the intensity of
    hurricanes and respond to wildfires, and track ocean pollution, water
    quality, and hazards like harmful algal blooms that can impact
    fisheries and water supplies. Do you still support including
    instruments for these observations on GeoXO satellites?
        Answer. I am not privy to the status of current instrument
    contracts and their life-cycle procurement and management. If
    confirmed, I look forward to reviewing NOAA's plan for the GeoXO
    constellation. I will continue to support NOAA's observing networks
    that improve NOAA's mission.

        Question 4. Do you support cancelling existing contracts that would
    incur large penalties?
        Answer. I am not privy to the status of current contracts or
    procurement decisions. The Administration is committed to cost
    efficiency and ending wasteful government spending. If confirmed, I
    will continue to support networks that improve NOAA's mission and
    support public safety while balancing budgetary constraints.

        Fisheries. According to the latest statistics from 2022, U.S.
    commercial and recreational fisheries generated $321 billion in sales,
    2.3 million jobs, and $149.8 billion in value-added to the U.S.
    economy. Commercial fisheries landings alone were valued at $5.9
    billion, and recreational fishermen took 201 million fishing trips that
    year. Communities across the country rely on these fisheries and the
    benefits they provide. They also rely on NOAA Fisheries providing world
    class science and management to support this fishing activity.

        Question 1. Will you commit to investing effort and resources into
    improving fishery data systems, navigating climate change, and other
    pressures on fisheries?
        Answer. I look forward to working with all stakeholders to address
    pressures on American fisheries. In addition to promoting the
    production, sale, and trade of U.S. fishery and aquaculture products,
    embracing new technologies and science-based approaches to stock
    assessments will benefit both the U.S. commercial fishing industry and
    recreational fishing community.

        Question 2. Will you commit to ensuring stock assessment surveys
    are completed?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure NOAA has the needed
    resources to prioritize surveys, including addressing professional
    mariner vacancies and retention, and expanding the use of uncrewed
    systems to augment NOAA's ability to conduct surveys.

        Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). IOOS provides real-time
    data that are a critical part of accurate weather forecasting and
    provide information that keep fishermen, mariners, and recreational
    boaters safe while at sea. They also provide information that is
    essential for harmful algal bloom forecasting. However, the
    administration has proposed eliminating funding for regional IOOS
    networks.

        Question 1. Do you support this critical program that aids in
    weather forecasting, benefits our Nation's fisheries, supports
    commerce, and keeps Americans safe on the water?
        Answer. I am supportive of NOAA continuing to give public access to
    regional ocean observing data, and will prioritize the integration of
    available federal, academic, private sector and non-profit ocean data.
    I remain supportive of maintaining accessibility of ocean information
    in support of defense, maritime navigation, commerce, public health and
    safety, weather forecasting, fisheries, marine conservation and
    protected areas, and ocean and Great Lakes resource management.

        Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) Fishing. IUU fishing is
    a key driver of global overfishing that threatens marine ecosystems,
    food security, and regional stability. It's a major global challenge
    that requires a whole-of-government approach by U.S. agencies for
    effective data collection, sharing of information, and enforcement
    efforts. The recent Executive Order 14276 on seafood competitiveness
    emphasized the urgency of protecting U.S. markets and maritime security
    from threats posed by IUU fishing and those products entering U.S.
    supply chains. It explicitly calls for enhanced Federal efforts to
    counter IUU fishing, improve traceability of seafood products, and
    coordinate more effectively across agencies, including CBP, Coast
    Guard, and the State Department. Given the scale of the threat and the
    vulnerabilities in U.S. seafood supply chains, this EO represents an
    opportunity and responsibility for NOAA to lead and act quickly.

        Question 1. What actions will you take to ensure NOAA's efforts to
    address IUU fishing is prioritized and sufficiently resourced?
        Answer. Combating IUU fishing is critical to protecting American
    seafood competitiveness. If confirmed, I will ensure that NOAA is
    advancing stronger enforcement, expanding the Seafood Import Monitoring
    Program, and working with global partners to close loopholes that allow
    illegally caught fish into the U.S. market.

        Question 2. What actions will you take to improve coordination
    between NOAA and other agencies and ensure a whole-of-government
    approach to combating IUU fishing?
        Answer. The recent Executive Order on Seafood Competitiveness,
    building on EO 13921, directs DOC and the Office of the United States
    Trade Representative (USTR) to assess seafood competitiveness issues
    and jointly develop a comprehensive seafood strategy, and convenes the
    interagency Seafood Trade Task Force co-chaired by USTR and DOC. If
    confirmed, I plan to use this vehicle to advance objectives to improve
    access to foreign markets, address unfair trade practices, and ensure a
    fair and competitive domestic market for U.S. seafood producers.

        Extreme Weather. According to NOAA, since 1980 we've had an average
    of nine extreme weather events annually that cost over $1 billion each.
    However, in the last five years, that has spiked to 23 events per year,
    and last year it was 27 events. Climate change is driving more intense
    hurricanes, more frequent severe atmospheric rivers, rain events, and
    is doubling the number of wildfires. NOAA plays a principal role in
    ensuring the American public is informed and prepared to respond to
    extreme weather events.

        Question 1. As extreme weather events across the country become
    more frequent, what do you believe is NOAA's role in coordinating
    resilience and response efforts?
        Answer. NOAA's role in coordinating resilience and response efforts
    is central to supporting the U.S. government's ability to respond to
    extreme weather events. NOAA provides authoritative data, tools, and
    forecasts to decision-makers.

        Question 2. How will you improve NOAA's cooperation with local
    emergency managers during extreme weather events?
        Answer. NOAA plays a crucial role in supporting emergency managers
    before, during and after hazardous weather events. This relationship
    between NOAA and emergency managers is built around communication,
    coordination, and data sharing to help protect lives and property. If
    confirmed, I will prioritize improvements including adopting new
    technologies, embedding of NWS staff in Emergency Operations Centers to
    provide face-to-face support, and continued enhancement of NWS's
    messaging and impact-based decision support services.

        Question 3. NOAA/NWS radars are nearing end of life. What plan
    would you enact as NOAA Administrator to ensure these crucial
    instruments are upgraded and replaced with little to no interruption of
    data?
        Answer. The National Weather Service radars are reaching the end of
    their life span in the 2030s. NWS is actively working on a plan to
    upgrade and/or replace radars. If confirmed, I will work with NOAA
    lines offices to ensure NOAA radar systems continue to meet mission
    requirements, and that advanced planning is underway to eventually
    replace these systems in the future using the best available science
    and innovation.

        Commercial Data and Services. Project 2025 proposes that ``NWS
    should fully commercialize its forecasting operations'' and encourages
    increased use of private sector data and services. As a government
    agency funded by taxpayer money, NOAA is a trusted source of free,
    reliable data.

        Question 1. What do you see as NOAA's core government functions
    that cannot be privatized or commercialized, particularly at NWS and
    NESDIS?
        Answer. NOAA's public safety mission and its weather forecasting
    are core government functions that Americans across the country rely on
    every day. NOAA has historically utilized data and expertise from non-
    government sources to help it create and improve its weather models.
    NOAA relies heavily on non-governmental partners to help build its
    observing networks and infrastructure. However, the products and
    services derived from these observing systems and infrastructure are a
    core government function.

        Question 2. How will you ensure that NOAA avoids ``vendor lock''
    when incorporating more commercial data and services?
        Answer. NOAA takes commercial marketplace offerings into
    consideration when reviewing potential new sources of data. Increased
    use of industry engagement, such as industry days, general requests for
    information, and advanced planning can help ensure NOAA has an adequate
    understanding of commercial capabilities, and where these capabilities
    align NOAA mission needs.

        Question 3. Currently, NOAA data is openly available to the public,
    but if NOAA buys data from private companies using taxpayer money, how
    will you ensure data will be made publicly available?
        Answer. NOAA's products and services are made available to the
    public. NOAA has historically acquired data from non-traditional or
    non-governmental partners, often with open redistribution licenses.
    There have been instances of limited redistribution restrictions;
    however, NOAA and government end-users, as well as researchers,
    typically have access to these datasets through research-only
    agreements or with time-lagged full access.

        Question 4. Do you agree that NOAA satellites and associated ground
    and data systems are core public infrastructure and a national security
    asset?
        Answer. NOAA's current satellites and ground systems in use are
    taxpayer funded public infrastructure and national security assets.
    Climate Change
        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you agree with the scientific consensus
    that human activity is the primary cause of climate change?
        Answer. In the absence of various short-term natural forcings that
    can often dominate the surface and lower-tropospheric temperature
    measurements, humans do have an impact through greenhouse gas
    emissions.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you agree with the scientific consensus
    that climate change is driving more intense and more frequent severe
    weather events?
        Answer. Scientific consensus, according to the Intergovernmental
    Panel on Climate Change's latest Assessment Report (AR6, Chapter 12,
    Table 12.12), is not uniform across each type and event, with some
    events such as tropical cyclones, heavy precipitation, and floods
    receiving low confidence in observed trends, while other events are
    listed as medium confidence. NOAA will continue to work to understand
    and predict changes in the weather, oceans, climate, and coasts.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Edward Markey to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        Question 1. Do you agree that warming waters, caused by climate
    change, are causing fish stocks to shift from their traditional ports?
    If confirmed, how would you support adaptive fisheries management
    policies and initiatives?
        Answer. I recognize that many stocks are shifting. If confirmed, I
    will focus on maintaining scientific assessment capabilities within
    NOAA Fisheries, leveraging data and modeling advancements, and
    providing actionable decision support to our management partners.

        Do you believe that eliminating funding to interjurisdictional
    fisheries grants will help fishermen deal with shifting stocks? If yes,
    please explain why.
        Answer. I recognize that many stocks are shifting, resulting in
    increased operational costs and challenges for the American fishing
    fleet. If confirmed, I will work to identify ways to support fishermen
    dealing with shifting stocks, including through grants, technology and
    modeling advancements, and provision of data and actionable decision
    support to our management partners.

        Question 2. The Trump budget would cut the National Marine
    Fisheries Service by 33 percent, zeroing out programs that include
    interjurisdictional fisheries grants, species recovery funds, and
    salmon programs. The proposal also cuts fisheries management programs
    and services by 25 percent.
        Do you believe that cutting funds intended to aid fish species
    recovery will support American seafood competitiveness? If yes, please
    explain why.
        Answer. I support the President's Budget. The recent Executive
    Order on Seafood Competitiveness, building on EO 13921, directs DOC and
    the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to assess
    seafood competitiveness issues and jointly develop a comprehensive
    seafood strategy, and convenes the interagency Seafood Trade Task Force
    co-chaired by USTR and DOC. I plan to use this vehicle to advance
    objectives to improve access to foreign markets, address unfair trade
    practices, and ensure a fair and competitive domestic market for U.S.
    seafood producers.

        Do you believe reduced funding to fisheries management programs
    will support American fishermen in getting up-to-date information,
    quotas, and Federal aid? If yes, please explain why reduced resources
    for this service will support American fishermen.
        Answer. Supporting American fishermen is a priority of this
    Administration. If confirmed, I commit to evaluating all options and
    resources to achieve that goal.

        Question 3. How do you plan to ensure that fisheries surveys take
    place on time across the nation, following the reductions in force and
    budget--especially considering American fishermen are already
    experiencing ongoing lapses in survey data caused by insufficient
    funds?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will focus on addressing professional
    mariner vacancies and retention and expanding the use of uncrewed
    systems to augment NOAA's ability to conduct surveys.

        Question 4. The President's proposed budget for Fiscal Year 2026
    eliminates NOAA's primary research arm--the Office of Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Research (OAR). This would zero out funding for vital
    weather and climate research programs that enable reliable, accurate
    forecasting, and a better understanding of the climate crisis. You
    testified that OAR programs will simply be reorganized into different
    offices, yet many critical OAR programs that are necessary to
    Massachusetts and the rest of the Nation are zeroed out and not simply
    moved. Do you believe that eliminating funding for the research and
    science that underpins National Weather Service and National Ocean
    Service data result in improved forecasting? If yes, please explain
    how.
        Answer. I support the President's budget request for NOAA. The
    budget request streamlines agency operations and prioritizes its public
    safety mission, while providing for efficiencies within NOAA research
    by more closely aligning operational and research components to foster
    collaboration and drive innovation. This realignment will strengthen
    delivery of actionable science to NOAA's operational end-users and
    remains responsive to the needs of the public. If confirmed, I will
    continue to support NOAA's mission of providing environmental data to
    decision makers and ensure that NOAA is adequately staffed to meet this
    mission. My understanding is that programs that support community
    preparedness for extreme weather are being realigned within the
    National Weather Service and National Ocean Service to ensure they are
    aligned with operational end-users.

        Question 5. During our meeting, you agreed that ocean observations
    are critically important for accurate weather forecasting. During your
    nomination hearing, when asked about how you would improve weather
    forecasting, you said accurate forecasting relies on ``more and better
    observations because these predictions are initial value problems.''
    The President's Budget zeroes out the Integrated Ocean Observing System
    (IOOS), and the Sustainable Ocean Observation and Monitoring (SOOM)
    system budget would be cut significantly and is set to be moved under
    the National Ocean Service. In addition to all of the data these
    systems provide to researchers and others who work on or around the
    ocean, the Navy relies on utilizing NOAA sensor buoys to forecast how
    water conditions will affect submarine communications and operations,
    making them critical to our national defense.
        Will you commit to advocate for observations and monitoring
    services?
        Answer. I support public access to regional ocean observing data
    and will prioritize the integration of available federal, academic,
    private sector and non-profit ocean data.

        Will you ensure that these observing systems are able to provide
    undiminished and accurate data to the American people, our military,
    and small business owners?
        Answer. I will work to maintain the accessibility of ocean
    information in support of defense, maritime navigation, commerce,
    public health and safety, weather forecasting, fisheries, marine
    conservation and protected areas, and ocean and Great Lakes resource
    management.

        Question 6. You have previously voiced support for Sea Grant. To
    all 34 states with a Sea Grant program, Sea Grant is part of their core
    capabilities. Sea Grant is a smart and cost-effective investment in our
    coastal communities--in 2023, Sea Grant's return on investment of $94
    million was nearly a full order of magnitude at a whopping $828
    million.
        Do you support the Sea Grant program?
        Answer. The President's budget request clearly focuses Federal
    spending.

        If eliminated, how would NOAA achieve Sea Grant's extension work,
    workforce development, and local innovation roles that are vital to
    American seafood competitiveness?
        Answer. NOAA would support essential aspects of extension work and
    local innovation by focusing on data dissemination within NOAA
    Fisheries and the National Ocean Service.
        Workforce development would be supported through NOAA's continued
    investments in foundational science and technology.

        Question 7. During our meeting, you spoke of the need for proactive
    measures that can prevent and mitigate devastating loss of life and
    property caused by severe weather events turbocharged by the climate
    crisis. The President's proposed budget for Fiscal Year 2026 would
    eliminate funding for NOAA's Climate Adaptation Partnerships Program.
    This program funds projects that improve risk communication during
    wildfires and storm surges and allow localities and states to create
    effective heat response plans. Projects like these can help us protect
    critical infrastructure, preserve homes, but most importantly--save
    lives.
        Do you support the elimination of this program?
        Answer. I support high priority ocean and weather research programs
    in the National Ocean Service and the National Weather Service.

        If yes, how will you ensure that the proactive measures you claim
    to support can be deployed successfully at the local and state level,
    where they are needed most?
        Answer. If confirmed, my focus will be on providing critical
    scientific data and actionable insights that empower local and state
    planners to develop their own strategies.

        Question 8. In spite of increasingly severe and frequent weather
    events, NOAA has lost more than 1,875 employees since the start of this
    administration--amounting to a collective 27,000 years of expertise
    lost. During your confirmation hearing, you expressed support for
    National Weather Service staff at regional forecasting offices. If
    nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary and NOAA Administrator, will
    you commit to restoring staff levels at NWS forecasting offices to
    ensure that NOAA accomplishes its mission?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the National Weather Service
    and NOAA Office of Human Capital Services to ensure we have adequate
    staffing to effectively carry out its core, life-saving mission and
    strategic priorities.

        If not, how will you deliver on NOAA's mission without adequate NWS
    staffing levels?
                                     ______

      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Duckworth to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), with a
    $738 million budget, funds a wealth of research programs including 10
    major labs and 16 cooperative institutes--university-based research
    centers responsible for roughly half of NOAA's scientific research. The
    NOAA FY26 budget request terminates OAR, which includes these Climate
    Laboratories, Cooperative Institutes and research programs and all of
    the research that goes along with them.
        The former head of OAR, Craig McLean stated these cuts would
    cripple U.S. global leadership on climate and ocean science, sending us
    back to the 1950s. He also said NOAA's research is inseparable from the
    agency's mission and that eliminating it would disrupt everything from
    tracking fish migration to forecasting hurricanes, heatwaves, wildfires
    and deadly floods.

        Question 1. Do you believe that NOAA's research is inseparable from
    the agency's mission, and critical in supporting key economic sectors
    and advancing vital national interests related to public safety,
    disaster preparedness and emergency response? Please explain.
        Answer. NOAA's mission is vital to protecting lives, property,
    natural resources, and economic well-being.

        Question 2. Do you believe OAR and the major labs and cooperative
    institutes contribute critical work to our national research?
        Answer. OAR programs that support community preparedness for severe
    weather are being realigned to ensure their work is more directly
    connected to operational programs within the National Weather Service
    and National Ocean Service. This realignment will strengthen delivery
    of actionable science to NOAA's operational end-users and remains
    responsive to the needs of the public. If confirmed, I will continue to
    support NOAA's mission of providing environmental data to decision
    makers and ensure that NOAA is adequately staffed to meet this mission.

        Question 3. Please explain how you will ensure these labs are
    staffed with the necessary experts and that their services will
    continue to deliver the science, data and resources to State agencies
    and the public that rely on them?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NOAA's critical
    missions--from weather forecasting to ocean and fisheries management--
    continue to be executed with the utmost effectiveness and scientific
    rigor, regardless of any potential organizational changes.
        The Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab (GLERL) is a Cooperative
    Institute within the OAR. It is a NOAA regional center for innovative
    research that is critical in developing coastal forecast systems and
    toxic algal bloom forecasting, informing the restoration and management
    of sustainable ecosystems and resilient communities.

        Question 1. How will you maintain these Cooperative Institutes'
    labs, research and other services that they provide that are essential
    to public health of the Nation and the health of the Great Lakes?
        Answer. My priority will be to maintain this mission by ensuring
    research remains focused, responsive, and tightly linked to the needs
    of the public.

        Question 2. Please explain how will NOAA continue to be an
    effective partner in the implementation of the Great Lakes Restoration
    Initiative when President Trump is seeking to terminate programs that
    support this bipartisan initiative?
        Answer. I support the President's Budget. Even without dedicated
    program support for the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, NOAA would
    still serve as the authoritative Federal source for foundational
    scientific capabilities essential to the Great Lakes.
        Professional complaints were filed against you based on your
    involvement in Trump's inaccurate statements and use of a Sharpie pen
    to ridiculously, and falsely, mislead the public into believing that
    the National Weather Service (NWS) originally projected the storm area
    for Hurricane Dorian to include Alabama. This was a major scandal
    because it involved President Trump providing the public with incorrect
    information about the projected path of a dangerous Hurricane, and when
    corrected--instead of humbly acknowledging his mistake and thanking the
    NWS for correcting his erroneous warning--the President willfully and
    knowingly falsified an agency exhibit with a Sharpie pen in an effort
    to blame NWS for the inaccurate storm warning he tweeted to the people
    of Alabama. In a pathetic act of cowardice and sycophancy, under your
    leadership, NOAA sent an unsigned letter to NWS criticizing the agency
    for correcting the President's incorrect storm path warning. This
    scandal resulted in NOAA's Scientific Integrity Officer initiating an
    independent investigation that was conducted by the National Academy of
    Public Administration (NAPA).
        NAPA found you violated NOAA's Code of Ethics for Science
    Supervision and Management in two of the three complaints.
    Specifically, NAPA found that you ``engaged in misconduct
    intentionally, knowingly or in reckless disregard of the Code of
    Scientific Conduct or Code of Ethics for Science Supervision and
    Management in NOAA's Scientific Integrity Policy.''

        Question 1. Do you concur with NAPA that you ``engaged in
    misconduct intentionally, knowingly or in reckless disregard of the
    Code of Scientific Conduct or Code of Ethics for Science Supervision
    and Management in NOAA's Scientific Integrity Policy''?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will lead NOAA knowing that every action
    taken under my leadership will uphold transparency, rigor, and the
    unimpeded communication of scientific findings.

        Question 2. Effective leaders lead by example, shaping an
    organization's culture less with words than through demonstrated
    actions that exemplify the honor, integrity and values expected of all
    employees. Given an independent NAPA investigation determined that as
    Acting Administrator, you failed to uphold the Code of Scientific
    Conduct or the Code of Ethics for Science Supervision and Management in
    NOAA's Scientific Integrity Policy, why should this committee have
    confidence in your ability to lead NOAA and ensure agency compliance
    with all ethical codes related to scientific conduct and integrity?
        Answer. I commit to rigorous adherence to and enforcement of
    scientific integrity policies to ensure NOAA's forecasts cannot be
    compromised.

        Question 3. What specific actions will you take to uphold NOAA's
    Scientific Integrity Policy and protect career scientists from
    political or commercial interference in their work?
        Answer. I am committed to promoting scientific integrity within
    NOAA.

        Question 4. Will you commit to publicly disclosing any meetings or
    communications you have with former employers, former clients or former
    contractors related to NOAA's operations or contracting decisions?
        Answer. Per my ethics agreement, I am recused from holding meetings
    with or being involved in contracting decisions involving former
    employers.
        The horrific weather events in Texas further iterate the need for
    public, free, government-backed reliable and innovative weather
    forecasting and data. We cannot put people's lives at stake by turning
    weather forecasting and information into a subscription service. This
    would turn weather and safety information into just one more thing that
    would intentionally and disproportionally place economically
    disadvantaged households in harm's way.

        Question 1. Given NOAA's statutory obligation to provide free,
    government-backed weather and climate information, do you support
    continued public access to NOAA data without restriction or
    privatization?
        Answer. I remain committed to maintaining accessibility of ocean
    information in support of defense, maritime navigation, commerce,
    public health and safety, weather forecasting, fisheries, marine
    conservation and protected areas, and ocean and Great Lakes resource
    management. In 2019, under my leadership, NOAA unveiled the Big Data
    Project, now called NOAA Open Data Dissemination, that improved public
    access to all NOAA data through partnerships with cloud service
    providers.

        Question 2. Please explain your view on the role of private-sector
    weather providers in relation to NOAA.
        Answer. I am committed to continuing NOAA's status as the
    authoritative source for environmental data used to support the public,
    private, and academic sectors.

        Question 3. How will you ensure that NOAA's science and data remain
    accessible to the public, free from politicization or commercial
    barriers?
        Answer. I support public access to relevant data. If confirmed, I
    will ensure that NOAA's critical mission will continue to be executed
    with the utmost effectiveness and scientific rigor.

        Question 4. How will you ensure NOAA programs, especially in
    climate resilience and weather forecasting, are equitably serving
    underserved and vulnerable communities?
        Answer. NOAA has a responsibility to serve the American public. I
    am committed to ensuring that NOAA lives up to that responsibility.
        President Joe Biden was the certified winner of the 2020
    presidential election.

        Question 1. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Was President
    Biden certified as the winner of the 2020 presidential election because
    President Biden received more votes than President Trump in the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 2. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 3. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the popular vote in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 4. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the electoral college in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 5. If you were unable or unwilling to provide a ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer to any of the prior questions, please provide a detailed
    explanation justifying your refusal to provide such a clear and simple
    answer, including whether your refusal to provide a simple ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer indicates that you believe President Trump received more
    votes than President Biden in the 2020 presidential election.
        Answer. See my responses to questions 1-4 above.

        The 14th Amendment states. ``No person shall be a Senator or
    Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President,
    or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
    under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of
    Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any
    State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
    to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
    insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
    the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
    House, remove such disability.''

        Question 1. Where were you on January 6, 2021?
        Answer. I was at home in Arlington, VA.

        Question 2. Do you believe the events at the Capitol on January 6,
    2021, were an insurrection, a rebellion against the Constitution of the
    United States, or both--and if you do not believe the events that
    occurred at or near the United States Capitol on that date comprised an
    insurrection or rebellion against the Constitution, please provide a
    detailed explanation explaining your belief.
        This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to be Under
    Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.

        Question 3. Why did you choose to resign, or choose not to resign,
    as Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere on January 6,
    2021, or in the following days?
        Answer. I chose to serve until the end of my term on January 20,
    2021.

        Question 4. Do you support President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021''?
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.

        Question 5. Do you believe President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021'' is consistent with
    supporting law enforcement?
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, but I have
    always rejected violence against law enforcement.
                                     ______

     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        The Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research (OAR) is the key
    scientific arm of NOAA. NOAA's research and services are mission
    critical functions that can save countless lives. OAR plays a key role
    in supporting key research missions across the Earth System Research
    Laboratories, partner universities, and Cooperative Institutes in
    Boulder, CO.

        Question 1. Please restate your response for the record-do you
    believe the U.S. is making the necessary investments into scientific
    research and operational services through NOAA? Why or why not?
        Answer. If confirmed as NOAA Administrator, my focus will always be
    on maximizing the impact of NOAA's diverse capabilities for the benefit
    of the Nation.

        Question 2. Within NOAA's purview, which fields of science do you
    believe require the most urgent attention by the agency? What outcomes
    do you hope to achieve or better understand in this stated field?
        Answer. Earth system science is the interplay between many fields
    that NOAA deals with. To better predict the future state of the oceans
    or atmosphere, we need to better understand the various systems and how
    they interact.

        Question 3. How can the U.S. remain the world leader in scientific
    research and weather forecasting over other competitors?
        Answer. If confirmed, one of my top priorities is to return the
    United States to the world's leader in global weather forecast
    modeling. As a matter of public safety, national security. and national
    pride, we will restore American technological superiority for this
    vital service for the country and our military serving around the
    world. This will require embracing new technologies, novel approaches,
    and partnering with industry to advance global observing systems.

        Question 4. What do you believe would be the consequences if the
    functions of OAR are discontinued or reorganized into the National
    Weather Service (NWS)? Do you believe the NWS is prepared to take on
    these additional responsibilities?
        Answer. If confirmed, my goal will be to accelerate the application
    of cutting-edge science into real-time forecasting, improve
    collaboration between researchers and forecasters, and ultimately
    deliver more accurate and timely information to the public.

        Question 5. Will you commit to resisting all forms of political
    pressure when it comes to any decision related to NOAA's research,
    services, or funding appropriated by Congress?
        Answer. I will promote scientific integrity within NOAA. I have
    valued, promoted and benefited from scientific integrity throughout my
    career, in academia, industry and at NOAA and will continue to champion
    it going forward.
        Cooperative institutes maximize Federal investments by leveraging
    academic infrastructure and external funding to amplify NOAA's
    capabilities. NOAA's Cooperative Institutes across the nation--such as
    the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
    (CIRES) and the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere
    (CIRA) in Colorado--are vital partners in advancing NOAA's mission.
    These Institutes support everything from disaster forecasting to
    ecosystem monitoring, while also training the next generation of
    scientists and supporting regional economies. Their work represents a
    highly efficient Federal investment that leverages academic
    infrastructure and external funding to amplify NOAA's capabilities.

        Question 6. If confirmed, how would you increase NOAA's use of
    Cooperative Institutes to effectively deliver public services (e.g.,
    disaster forecasting, ecosystem monitoring)?
        Answer. The Cooperative Institutes should prioritize research that
    has a path to operations, while at the same time considering reducing
    parallel and potentially redundant projects.

        Question 7. Will you commit to preserving the funding, resources,
    and partnerships NOAA has formed with all 16 Cooperative Institutes
    across the U.S.?
        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be to ensure research
    remains focused, responsive, and tightly linked to the needs of the
    public.
        The United States' ability to accurately forecast extreme weather
    can help communities avoid catastrophe and save lives. Natural
    disasters cost the U.S. over $182 billion in damages last year alone.
    Reports indicate NOAA has stopped updating the database managed by the
    National Center for Environmental Information that tracks natural
    disasters which cause over $1 billion in damages. This will limit the
    scope of existing disaster records to only those that occurred between
    1980 through 2024. Between 2020 and 2024, the frequency of natural
    disasters increased to a rough average of 23 per year.

        Question 8. Is our ability to forecast natural disasters an
    economic and national security imperative?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 9. Will you commit to restoring and updating NOAA's
    database managed by the National Center for Environmental Information
    that tracks natural disasters that cause over $1 billion in damages?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure that whatever data NCEI
    is collecting and managing will be made publicly available.

        Question 10. What do you believe is driving the increasing
    frequency of major natural disasters in the U.S.?
        Answer. It really depends on what sort of natural disaster is being
    considered. When assessing trends of ``extreme storms'', according to
    the IPCC's AR6 Chapter 11, there is low confidence in trends related to
    tropical storm frequency (11.7.1.2), extratropical cyclones (11.7.2.1),
    and severe convection (11.7.3). This does not necessarily imply there
    is not a physical trend related to warming. There are historical data
    in homogeneities and limitations in instrumentation that make building
    long term datasets challenging. NOAA will continue to work to observe,
    understand, and predict changes in the weather, oceans, climate, and
    coasts.
        The National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center monitors
    drought and forecasts the outlook for the rain and snow to come. Long-
    term aridification is decreasing water availability across the West--
    especially in the Colorado River Basin, in its worst drought for 1,200
    years.

        Question 11. Will you commit the resources necessary to maintain
    NOAA's key role in understanding drought and managing water scarcity?
        Answer. NOAA's role in understanding, forecasting, and
    communicating drought and other water security issues is vital to the
    American public. If confirmed, I will work to accelerate the
    application of cutting-edge science into real-time forecasting, improve
    collaboration between researchers and forecasters, and ultimately
    deliver more accurate and timely information to the public.
        Since January 2025, NOAA and its National Weather Service have seen
    drastic reductions in force, which reduces our ability to forecast
    extreme weather.

        Question 12. What steps would you take to ensure that NOAA
    continues to invest in workforce development-including through its
    Cooperative Institutes and academic partnerships-to conduct scientific
    research or support operational capabilities?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will evaluate our base of expertise, to
    ensure that NOAA can be a global leader in science by creating an
    environment where our researchers are empowered, valued, and able to
    deliver cutting-edge results for the American people. This includes
    working with stakeholders in workforce development. Workforce
    development will be supported through NOAA's continued investments in
    foundational science and technology, aiming to train experts needed for
    our modernized forecasting.
        The United States' ability to accurately forecast extreme weather
    can help communities avoid catastrophe and save lives. Natural
    disasters cost the U.S. over $182 billion in damages last year alone.

        Question 13. Will you commit to restoring and updating NOAA's
    database managed by the National Center for Environmental Information
    that tracks natural disasters that cause over $1 billion in damages?
        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to ensuring that the data NCEI is
    collecting and managing will be made publicly available and kept up to
    date.

        Question 14. Given recent efforts to restrict or eliminate access
    to key NOAA databases, will you commit to restoring public access to
    scientific data and halting any further attempts to obscure, delete, or
    withhold information from the public?
        Answer. I remain committed to maintaining accessibility of ocean
    information in support of defense, maritime navigation, commerce,
    public health and safety, weather forecasting, fisheries, marine
    conservation and protected areas, and ocean and Great Lakes resource
    management. In 2019, under my leadership, NOAA unveiled the Big Data
    Project, now called NOAA Open Data Dissemination, that improved public
    access to all NOAA data through partnerships with cloud service
    providers.

        Question 15. Is our ability to forecast natural disasters an
    economic and national security imperative?
        Answer. Yes.
        NOAA's Fire Weather Testbed, based in Boulder, CO, helps increase
    wildfire resilience by researching and testing the use of monitoring
    technologies to become operational for land managers and first
    responders.

        Question 16. How will you ensure NOAA continues to play a key role
    in advancing research and mitigation strategies to prevent wildfires?
        Answer. My thoughts continue to be with the people of Colorado who
    have suffered from past wildfires and those currently impacted in
    Chaffee County and elsewhere. If confirmed, my goal is to accelerate
    the application of cutting-edge science into real-time forecasting,
    improve collaboration between researchers and forecasters, and
    ultimately deliver more accurate and timely information to the public.
        NOAA's services help regions conserve water, farmers increase crops
    yields, and land managers maintain or cultivate natural resources.
    Recent reports indicate the Secretary of Commerce is reviewing every
    Federal award valued at more than $100,000. Scientists have warned that
    awards are frozen during this review, at times simply because the term
    `sustainability' appears in a program title or project description.

        Question 17. In light of recent freezes to Federal grants
    administered by NOAA, what does the term ``sustainability'' mean to
    you? Please describe how you view NOAA's mission with respect to
    sustainability.
        Answer. ``Sustainability'' means resource longevity and economic
    viability, primarily achieved through core scientific assessment,
    monitoring, and management advice.

        Question 18. How will you ensure NOAA's academic and research
    partnerships are not jeopardized by administrative delays or political
    interference, and that these vital collaborations remain uninterrupted
    and well-supported?
        Answer. I recognize the critical importance of timely and affective
    contract and grant execution to NOAA's mission. Following the
    Administration's Executive Orders on procurement and contracting, the
    Department of Commerce has implemented an updated review process for
    contracts and grants, including those over $100,000. I am committed to
    working closely with the Department to ensure that this process
    protects integrity, while also allowing NOAA to carry out its
    responsibilities.
        NOAA and many scientific researchers rely on spectrum to capture
    space-based observations of the Earth through remote sensing. Various
    spectrum frequencies are allocated to Federal agencies, including NOAA,
    and used to monitor the on-orbit location of satellites and communicate
    key datasets from space to scientists and forecasters here on Earth.

        Question 19. Do you believe NOAA has access to the necessary
    spectrum frequencies without interference from commercial users?
        Answer. Ensuring that NOAA has continued access to frequencies for
    transmitting data without interference is extremely critical.
        NOAA and the National Weather Service provide essential aviation
    weather data and analysis for use by the FAA, pilots, and air traffic
    controllers. This information can have far-reaching impacts and can
    make the difference between deciding it's safe enough to take off,
    choosing to stay on the ground due to incoming weather, or making mid-
    flight decisions about altitude or direction.

        Question 20. How will you ensure that NOAA maintains all the
    resources necessary to continue to provide this vital service that
    impacts the safety of so many people every day?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will immediately begin working with the
    National Weather Service and NOAA Office of Human Capital Services to
    ensure we have adequate staffing to effectively carry out its core,
    life-saving mission and strategic priorities.
        As required by the first Trump Administration, Space Policy
    Directive-3 required the Department of Defense to begin transitioning
    the collection and dissemination of space situational awareness (SSA)
    information and space traffic coordination (STC) responsibilities to
    the Department of Commerce. On a bipartisan basis, Congress has
    appropriated funds to the Office of Space Commerce within NOAA to
    develop the necessary capabilities, in partnership with private sector
    entities, to improve SSA on-orbit to avoid collisions and increase U.S.
    competitiveness in space. NOAA has continued this work by developing
    the Traffic Coordination System for Space (TraCSS) in line with
    Congressional intent.

        Question 21. Do you support the Office of Space Commerce continuing
    this work in managing TraCSS as required under SPD-3? Yes or no?
        Answer. I am a strong advocate for American leadership in space and
    the role of the Office of Space Commerce. I believe that robust
    government-commercial partnerships are essential for space situational
    awareness, aligning with Congressional intent and Space Policy
    Directive 3 (SPD-3), and I will ensure that NOAA's investments in these
    programs are effectively leveraged.

        Question 22. Do you believe increasing amounts of space debris and
    traffic from orbiting satellites in space requires more, or less, SSA?
    Yes or no?
        Answer. Space situational awareness will remain essential for
    safety sustainability and continued growth of the U.S. commercial space
    sector.

        Question 23. Do you believe, in addition to SSA, the United States
    could benefit from developing technologies that can remove or remediate
    existing space debris? Yes or no?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with you on the
    escalating challenge of debris in increasingly congested low earth
    orbits and any potential technologies to remove debris.

        Question 24. In your view, what are the tradeoffs and potential
    consequences of a proposal to migrate TraCSS from NOAA to a private
    operator?
        Answer. Technologies in the commercial space sector are rapidly
    evolving changing the scope of tradeoffs. If confirmed, I look forward
    to working with you on finding an optimum balance of capabilities.

        Question 25. If confirmed, do you believe the Office of Space
    Commerce could benefit from additional appropriations, personnel, and
    resources? Yes or no?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to support the safety,
    sustainably, and continued growth of the U.S. commercial space sector,
    including via the Office of Space Commerce.
        NOAA reviews and approves license applications for satellite
    operators who wish to carry out remote sensing activities to observe
    the Earth from space through authorities granted by Congress and
    carried out by the Commercial Remote Sensing Regulatory Affairs (CRSRA)
    division within NOAA's Office of Space Commerce. Part of CRSRA's review
    process ensures licensed remote sensing activities meet U.S. objectives
    and satisfy treaty obligations the U.S. committed to under the Outer
    Space Treaty.
        For in-space activities, NOAA reviews applications for remote
    sensing licenses, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) reviews
    applications for spectrum frequencies, and the Federal Aviation
    Administration (FAA) reviews applications for launch and reentry
    licenses. As innovation in space continues to rapidly advance, certain
    emerging in-space activities may not neatly fall under the regulatory
    purview of a single Federal agency with jurisdiction over in-space
    activities. This has reinvigorated a debate around whether ``Mission
    Authorization'' authorities should be granted to a Federal entity to
    promote U.S. leadership in space and maintain compliance under the
    Outer Space Treaty.

        Question 26. Do you believe NOAA, through the Office of Space
    Commerce, is equipped and prepared to carry out ``mission
    authorization'' responsibilities, if provided by Congress? Yes or no?
        Answer. The Office of Space Commerce is well-positioned to carry
    out mission authorization responsibilities. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working with you on this topic to increase business
    certainty, investment prospects, and eliminate inconsistencies.

        Question 27. If NOAA, through the Office of Space Commerce, is
    granted Mission Authorization responsibilities, which emerging
    activities do you believe this licensing framework could apply to?
    Should those activities be specifically prescribed by Congress (e.g.,
    operating a commercial space station, conducting active debris
    remediation, etc.), or should NOAA be granted the flexibility to define
    the scope of the licensing framework by a set of flexible criteria?
        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with Congress and
    across the Administration on the scope of applicable activities.

        Question 28. If NOAA, through the Office of Space Commerce, is
    granted Mission Authorization responsibilities, will you commit to
    transparency and close coordination during the review process with
    Federal agencies and private entities?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 29. As with most licensing frameworks, review processes
    and predictable timelines are prescribed in statute and in regulation.
    Proposals have been introduced to create a ``presumption of approval''
    within a Mission Authorization framework to allow a private entity to
    simply carry out an in-space activity under a Mission Authorization
    framework if the Federal government does not respond to, or approve, a
    license within a certain timeline. What perspectives or concerns would
    you have with a ``presumption of approval'' provision if it were
    considered by Congress as part of a Mission Authorization framework?
        Answer. The ``presumption of approval'' with the Office of Space
    Commerce's commercial remote sensing process has enabled NOAA to
    conduct regulatory reform and reduce permitting timelines consistent
    with President Trump's Space Policy Directive 2. This will best promote
    U.S. competitiveness through an open and transparent regulatory
    framework with clearly defined regulatory responsibilities and
    timelines and is made possible by close engagement with the commercial
    space sector.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Fetterman to
                                  Neil Jacobs
        Question 1. Dr. Jacobs, thank you for talking with me during the
    hearing about NOAA's pending designation of parts of Lake Erie as a
    marine sanctuary. I appreciated your positive response during the
    hearing. Will you commit again to work with me and my office to
    expeditiously finalize Lake Erie's designation as a national marine
    sanctuary if confirmed?
        Answer. I appreciate your questions. Lake Erie is a special place.
    If confirmed, I will work with your office on Lake Erie when possible.

        Question 2. I am concerned with the National Weather Service's lack
    of meteorologists across the country, and most of all for the NWS
    office overseeing Lake Erie not having a meteorologist. If confirmed,
    you'll have to hire a significant number of staff across the country.
    Will you prioritize filling the meteorologist position, and other
    crucial staff positions, to support safety in the Lake Erie region?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will immediately begin working with the
    National Weather Service and NOAA Office of Human Capital Services to
    ensure we have adequate staffing to effectively carry out its core,
    life-saving mission and strategic priorities.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                                 Taylor Jordan
        NOAA Organic Act and Weather Act. During Secretary Lutnick's
    confirmation hearing in January, he testified that he did not support
    breaking up and dismantling NOAA. Unfortunately, that's exactly what
    the Administration is doing via executive actions.
        One way to ensure certainty about NOAA's products and services that
    American families rely upon is to authorize NOAA in statute.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support a NOAA Organic Act? If no,
    why not?
        Answer. Yes, an organic act, at a high level, would provide clarity
    to NOAA's mission in statute. There is also value in not being overly
    prescriptive in an organic act to allow NOAA the flexibility to quickly
    evolve priorities and capabilities to improve its mission.

        Question 2. How would having an Organic Act protect communities
    from these disasters?
        Answer. NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in
    weather, oceans, climate, and coasts, and to share that information
    with decision-makers. Authorizing NOAA's mission would provide
    communities with continued critical information to protect against
    impacts from environmental phenomena.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Do you support the Weather Act
    Reauthorization? If no, why not?
        Answer. I support continuing to authorize NOAA's public safety
    mission and ensuring weather research is transitioned to operations. I
    look forward to working with the Committee.

        Tribal Consultation. With 29 tribes in the Northwest, we understand
    the importance of government-to-government consultation. However,
    sometimes agencies forget this and I hope you can help restore that
    process.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support Tribal government to
    government consultation?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 2. Tribes are impacted by weather forecasts, sea level
    rise, and climate change. Do you agree that Tribes should be consulted
    on weather and resilience related programs, in addition to fisheries?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 3. Will you ensure NOAA is adequately staffed so that
    Tribes are able to access meaningful government-to-government
    consultation and technical assistance on NOAA programs, including
    grants?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure NOAA is appropriately staffed
    to fulfill its mission.

        Dismantling the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    (NOAA). The Trump Administration is pursuing a FY 2026 budget proposal
    that would reduce NOAA's budget by 27 percent, eliminate
    Congressionally mandated programs, and transfer part of the National
    Marine Fisheries Service to the Interior Department.
        During his confirmation hearing, Secretary Lutnick told me that he
    has, ``no interest in separating'' NOAA and that breaking up NOAA, ``is
    not on my agenda.'' Yet, that is exactly what the Administration is
    trying to do.

        Question 1. Do you support any function, mission, or
    congressionally authorized or appropriated work within NOAA, or
    executed by NOAA, being moved out of the NOAA or the Department of
    Commerce? If yes, please describe.
        Answer. I am not at NOAA and not privy to any discussions related
    to NOAA programs or offices. If confirmed, I will ensure that NOAA's
    mission across line offices continues to execute with operational
    excellence regardless of potential organizational changes. I will
    prioritize improving NOAA's capabilities to provide benefit to the
    American taxpayer.

        NOAA Workforce Reductions. I have serious concerns about the
    current state of NOAA's workforce. Since January 2025, NOAA has lost a
    combined 27,000 years of experience. The resulting brain drain has
    impacted the entire agency. Overall, NOAA now has more than 3,000
    vacant positions across the agency.
        On February 19, 2025, I sent a letter to Secretary Lutnick urging
    him to protect NOAA's critical workforce from the Trump
    Administration's reduction-in-force initiatives and hiring freeze,
    which would jeopardize the safety of the American public. Despite this
    warning, about 600 probationary employees were fired across various
    NOAA line offices, and over 1,000 employees have left through voluntary
    separation programs. These staffing shortages are disrupting NOAA's
    core functions. For instance, weather balloon launches have been
    suspended, and multiple Weather Forecast Offices no longer able to
    staff overnight shifts.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you believe NOAA can operate at its peak
    effectiveness when it has over 3,000 positions vacant?
        Answer. I am currently not at NOAA and can not speak to specific
    program operations and staffing at this time. If confirmed, I will work
    to ensure NOAA continues to deliver and provide critical environmental
    information. I am confident that NOAA's workforce remains dedicated to
    scientific excellence and mission success.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you think that the agency's ability to
    carry out its mission effectively has been impacted by the loss of
    about 2,000 officials since January?
        Answer. I am currently not at NOAA and can not speak to specific
    program operations and staffing at this time. As we have seen with
    recent National Weather Service forecasts during high-impact weather
    events, NOAA staff continue to provide life-saving information to
    decision-makers. I understand that NOAA has been granted exemption
    authority to staff the National Weather Service.

        Question 3. What specific steps would you take to protect NOAA's
    workforce and ensure staff capacity to execute NOAA's core missions?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to support NOAA's mission and
    ensure that it is adequately staffed to carry out its mission.

        Question 4. What specific steps would you take to ensure the
    National Weather Service has sufficient staff for all Weather Forecast
    Offices and to provide Americans with accurate and timely weather
    warnings?
        Answer. I understand that NOAA has been granted authority to staff
    the National Weather Service. If confirmed, I will work with the
    National Weather Service and human capital services to ensure NOAA
    appropriately fills vacancies under the exceptions.

        Question 5. Executive Order 14170 implements a Federal hiring
    freeze, but it allows for exclusions for positions related to public
    safety. The National Weather Service has been given a limited exemption
    to rehire 126 positions. Would you advocate for an exemption to the
    hiring freeze under for any other NOAA positions? If so, which
    positions?
        Answer. I am currently not at NOAA and can not speak to specific
    program operations and personnel at this time. If confirmed, I will
    continue to ensure that NOAA is adequately staffed to meet its mission
    and will evaluate how best to fulfill our critical mission areas across
    all offices.

        Question 6. What is your plan for rebuilding the base of expertise
    that has been lost, ensuring that our science remains cutting edge, and
    retaining experts that are otherwise likely to leave for work in other
    nations?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to support NOAA's mission of
    understanding and predicting changes in weather, oceans, climate, and
    coasts, and providing that information to decision-makers. I will
    ensure that NOAA remains a global leader in environmental science and
    delivers results for the American people by leveraging investments in
    modernization as well as talent development and retention efforts.

        NOAA Budget. The FY 2026 Presidential Budget $4.5B for NOAA, which
    would be a 27 percent decrease in funding from the enacted FY25
    continuing resolution.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you support the FY 2026 Presidential
    Budget for NOAA?
        Answer. Yes. I support the President's budget request for NOAA.

        Question 2. How would you maintain NOAA's leadership in ocean and
    atmospheric science under the proposed budget?
        Answer. NOAA's FY26 Presidential Budget Request streamlines agency
    operations, prioritizes its public safety mission, and maintains NOAA's
    leadership in ocean and atmospheric sciences.

        NOAA Research. The FY 2026 Presidential Budget proposes eliminating
    the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) as a line office.
    The budget would terminate all funding for NOAA's Research Laboratories
    and Cooperative Institutes, Regional Climate Data and Information,
    Climate Competitive Research, National Sea Grant College Program, and
    the National Oceanographic Partnership Program.

        Question 1. Yes or no, do you support eliminating OAR? If yes,
    explain why.
        Answer. I support the President's budget request for NOAA. The
    budget request streamlines agency operations and prioritizes its public
    safety mission, while providing for efficiencies within NOAA research
    by more closely aligning operational and research components to foster
    collaboration and drive innovation. This realignment will strengthen
    delivery of actionable science to NOAA's operational end-users and
    remain responsive to the needs of the public.

        Question 2. Do you believe NOAA/NWS forecasts improvements will
    flatline or degrade if this critical research is eliminated?
        Answer. No.

        Question 3. How do you define climate?
        Answer. As defined for environmental phenomena in the Weather
    Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, ``seasonal'' is
    defined as the time range between 3 months and 2 years, and
    ``subseasonal'' is defined as the time range between 2 weeks and 3
    months. Discussions also indicated ``weather'' as the time between 0
    days and 2 weeks, and ``climate'' as the time range beyond 2 years. I
    continue to believe these definitions are appropriate for patterns and
    trends in environmental phenomena.

        Question 4. What do you believe is NOAA's role in climate research?
        Answer. NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in
    weather, oceans, climate, and coasts, and to provide this information.
    NOAA accomplishes this goal for climate research through long-term
    observations, modelling, and analysis.

        Question 5. Do you support fully funding NOAA's Cooperative
    Institutes?
        Answer. I support the President's budget request to streamline
    agency operations, prioritize its public safety mission, and find
    efficiencies.

        Question 6. Do you support fully funding the NOAA Research
    Laboratories?
        Answer. I support the President's budget request to streamline
    agency operations, prioritize its public safety mission, and find
    efficiencies.

        Question 7. The National Severe Storm Laboratory's experimental
    Warn-on-Forecast System is working to improve lead times for tornado
    and severe weather warnings. Do you support continuing the Warn-on-
    Forecast System and similar weather research efforts?
        Answer. While I am not currently at NOAA and do not have specific
    program visibility, I will continue to support high priority weather
    research programs. As NOAA operational end-users identify successful
    research to improve the mission of public safety, I support
    transitioning research programs into operations to keep Americans out
    of harm's way.

        Question 8. How will you ensure the safety of the American public
    if OAR programs that aim to prepare communities to face extreme weather
    events are dismantled?
        Answer. I will continue to support NOAA's mission of providing
    environmental data and ensuring that NOAA is adequately staffed to meet
    this mission. My understanding is that programs that support community
    preparedness for extreme weather are being realigned to ensure they
    support operational end-users.

        Climate Adaptation Partnerships. There are 13 NOAA Climate
    Adaptation Partnership teams around the country. And yet, the grant to
    only one, the Northwest Climate Resilience Collaborative (NCRC) based
    at the University of Washington, remains terminated by the
    Administration.
        The NCRC team addresses unique needs of the region, including those
    related to extreme heat that led to more than 400 deaths in Washington
    due to the ``heat dome'' that descended on the region during the summer
    of 2021. NCRC also helps vulnerable populations to mitigate against the
    negative health effects of wildfire smoke and extreme heat.

        Question 1. Could you provide us with the rationale for why this
    grant is the only one that remains terminated?
        Answer. I am not currently at NOAA and do not have visibility into
    specific programs or grant terminations.

        Question 2. Another team has had its grant restored. What steps can
    the NCRC take to have its grant restored?
        Answer. I am not currently at NOAA and do not have visibility into
    specific programs or grant terminations.

        Scientific Integrity. NOAA defines scientific integrity as ``the
    adherence to professional practices, ethical behavior, and the
    principles of honesty and objectivity when conducting, managing, using
    the results of, and communicating about science and scientific
    activities. Inclusivity, transparency, and protection from
    inappropriate influence are hallmarks of scientific integrity.''

        Question 1. Do you commit to uphold and abide by NOAA's scientific
    integrity policy if confirmed?
        Answer. I am committed to promoting scientific integrity at NOAA.

        Question 2. What specific lessons have you learned about the
    importance of abiding by NOAA's scientific integrity policies from your
    experience at NOAA during the first Trump Administration?
        Answer. From my previous experience at the agency, NOAA scientists
    and forecasters develop expert environmental information and
    communicate this information to decision-makers, including at the local
    level. Their relationships with local officials and emergency managers
    provide critical linkages to ensure the public receives NOAA's
    information in a timely and accurate manner.

        Question 3. What specific steps will you take to ensure that NOAA's
    forecasts cannot be compromised and career scientists are empowered to
    publish and communicate their findings without political interference
    in the future?
        Answer. I have and will continue to rely on NOAA's workforce to
    provide environmental information and will let science drive decision-
    making.

        Contract Review. Currently, all NOAA contracts and grants greater
    than $100k require Secretary Lutnick's personal approval. There are
    thousands of contracts and grants that meet that threshold. As you can
    imagine, this has resulted in a significant bottleneck, causing
    critical contracts to terminate, lapse, or be signed mere hours before
    they expire.

        Question 1. Do you support this practice?
        Answer. I support Secretary Lutnick conducting thorough reviews of
    Department of Commerce contracts.

        Question 2. What will you do to ensure NOAA contracts are reviewed
    in a timely and efficient manner without inadvertent lapses?
        Answer. I will work closely with NOAA and the Department of
    Commerce to assist in timely review of contracts.

        Question 3. Will you commit to alerting Congress of the lapse of
    cancellation of any monetarily or operationally significant contracts
    in a timely manner?
        Answer. I will work through the appropriate Congressional Affairs
    office and the Department of Commerce to ensure information is
    transmitted in a timely manner.

        NOAA Authorizing Legislation. NOAA currently lacks an overarching
    law authorizing the agency's missions and operations.

        Question 1. Do you support a NOAA Organic Act?
        Answer. Yes, an organic act, at a high level, would provide clarity
    to NOAA's mission in statute. There is also value in not being overly
    prescriptive in an organic act to allow NOAA the flexibility to quickly
    evolve priorities and capabilities to improve its mission.

        Question 2. Do you support the Weather Act Reauthorization?
        Answer. I support continuing to authorize NOAA's public safety
    mission and ensuring weather research is transitioned to operations. I
    look forward to working with the Committee.

        Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) Satellite System. As
    the GOES-R satellites end their operational lifetime, the GeoXO
    satellites will replace them. Currently NOAA plans to launch six
    satellites with instruments including a lightning mapper (LMX), Sounder
    (GXS), Atmospheric Composition (ACX), Imager (GXI), and Ocean Color
    (OCX). The GeoXO Sounder will improve regional forecast accuracy by 40
    percent and is tailored to improve forecasts of rapidly changing
    convective events like the severe storms that caused catastrophic
    flooding in Texas.

        Question 1. Do you support NOAA's current plan for six satellites?
        Answer. I am not currently at NOAA and do not know the status of
    current instrument contracts and their life-cycle procurement and
    management. If confirmed, I look forward to reviewing NOAA's plan for
    the GeoXO constellation.

        Question 2. What can NOAA do to maintain the launch timeline and
    avoid a gap in coverage?
        Answer. To maintain launch timelines and avoid data gaps, NOAA
    should ensure it works with its Federal partners and stakeholders on
    procurement schedules, system integration, and constellation
    management. NOAA should also, where appropriate and feasible, consider
    partnerships with other Federal agencies and the private sector for
    unique orbits and data that support public safety and operational
    readiness.

        Question 3. The plan laid out for the GeoXO program during the
    first Trump Administration also included economically beneficial ocean
    color, atmospheric composition, and lightening mapper observations.
    These instruments help us monitor air quality impacts from pollution
    and smoke, predict the intensity of hurricanes and respond to
    wildfires, and track ocean pollution, water quality, and hazards like
    harmful algal blooms that can impact fisheries and water supplies. Do
    you still support including instruments for these observations on GeoXO
    satellites?
        Answer. I am not currently at NOAA and do not know the status of
    current instrument contracts and their life-cycle procurement and
    management. If confirmed, I look forward to reviewing NOAA's plan for
    the GeoXO constellation. I will continue to support and assist in
    managing NOAA's observing networks that improve NOAA's mission and
    support public safety.

        Question 4. Do you support cancelling existing contracts that would
    incur large penalties?
        Answer. I am not currently at NOAA and do not have insight into
    individual instrument contracting terms, processes, or schedule. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working with Secretary Lutnick and the
    NOAA Administrator in the review of contracts.

        Extreme Weather. According to NOAA, since 1980 we've had an average
    of nine extreme weather events annually that cost over $1 billion each.
    However, in the last five years, that has spiked to 23 events per year,
    and last year it was 27 events. Climate change is driving more intense
    hurricanes, more frequent severe atmospheric rivers, rain events, and
    is doubling the number of wildfires. NOAA plays a principal role in
    ensuring the American public is informed and prepared to respond to
    extreme weather events.

        Question 1. As extreme weather events across the country become
    more frequent, what do you believe is NOAA's role in coordinating
    resilience and response efforts?
        Answer. NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in
    weather, oceans, climate, and coasts, and to provide this information.
    NOAA provides data, tools, and forecasting to Federal partners and the
    public.

        Question 2. How will you improve NOAA's cooperation with local
    emergency managers during extreme weather events?
        Answer. In supporting NOAA's mission to provide environmental
    information to decision-makers, I will ensure that the National Weather
    Service continues to embed with local emergency managers to convey
    timely and accurate environmental information.

        Question 3. NOAA/NWS radars are nearing end of life. What plan
    would you enact as NOAA Administrator to ensure these crucial
    instruments are upgraded and replaced with little to no interruption of
    data?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure NOAA radar systems
    continue to meet mission requirements and that advanced planning is
    underway to eventually replace these systems in the future using the
    best available science and innovation.

        Commercial Data and Services. Project 2025 proposes that ``NWS
    should fully commercialize its forecasting operations'' and encourages
    increased use of private sector data and services. As a government
    agency funded by taxpayer money, NOAA is a trusted source of free,
    reliable data.

        Question 1. What do you see as NOAA's core government functions
    that cannot be privatized or commercialized, especially at NWS and
    NESDIS?
        Answer. NOAA's public safety mission and its weather forecasting
    are core government functions that Americans across the country rely on
    every day. NOAA has historically utilized data and expertise from non-
    government sources to help it create and improve its own numerical
    weather prediction and modelling, this is most evident in NWS and
    NESDIS in programs such as the Mesonet Program and NESDIS' acquisition
    of satellites, as well as commercial data programs. NOAA relies heavily
    on non-governmental partners to help build its observing networks and
    infrastructure. The products and services derived from these observing
    systems and infrastructure are the core government functions that are
    provided to every American every day.

        Question 2. How will you ensure that NOAA avoids ``vendor lock''
    when incorporating more commercial data and services?
        Answer. NOAA takes commercial marketplace offerings into
    consideration when reviewing potential new sources of data. Increased
    use of industry engagement, such as industry days, general requests for
    information, and advanced planning can help ensure NOAA has an adequate
    understanding of commercial capabilities, and where these capabilities
    align NOAA mission needs.

        Question 3. Currently, NOAA data is openly available to the public,
    but if NOAA buys data from private companies using taxpayer money, how
    will you ensure data will be made publicly available?
        Answer. NOAA's products and services are made available to the
    public. NOAA has historically acquired data from non-traditional or
    non-governmental partners, often with open redistribution licenses.
    There have been instances of small redistribution restrictions, however
    NOAA and government end-users, as well as researchers, have access to
    these datasets.

        Question 4. Do you agree that NOAA satellites and associated ground
    and data systems are core public infrastructure and a national security
    asset?
        Answer. NOAA's current and planned satellites and ground systems in
    use are taxpayer funded public infrastructure and national security
    assets.

        NWS Tornado Forecasting Warning Services. A DOC Inspector General
    Audit was published on July 8, 2025, evaluating NOAA and NWS's tornado
    forecasting and warning services.

        Question 1. Do you commit to implementing the recommendations made
    by the DOC IG audit?
        Answer. I will work with NOAA staff to find a path forward that
    meets the intended outcome of this recommendation and protects lives
    and property.
    Climate Change.
        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you agree with the scientific consensus
    that human activity is the primary cause of climate change?
        Answer. NOAA's mission is to understand and predict changes in
    weather, oceans, climate, and coasts. NOAA will continue to accomplish
    this goal through long-term observations, cutting-edge modeling, and
    scientific analysis.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you agree with the scientific consensus
    that climate change is driving more intense and more frequent severe
    weather events?
        Answer. Scientific consensus, according to the Intergovernmental
    Panel on Climate Change's latest Assessment Report, for intense and
    frequent severe weather events is not uniform across each type and
    phenomena, with some phenomena such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes,
    hail, and floods receiving low confidence in observed trends, and
    others like extratropical storms and extreme winds receiving medium
    confidence. NOAA will continue to work to understand and predict
    changes in the weather, oceans, climate, and coasts.
                                     ______

      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Duckworth to
                                 Taylor Jordan
        Question 1. Can you commit to fully recusing yourself from any NOAA
    policy or procurement decisions involving your former clients,
    including Spire Global, AccuWeather and Lynker?
        Answer. I have worked with the career staff of the Office of
    Government Ethics to ensure that I am complying with applicable laws
    and conflicts of interest. I will continue to follow the law and work
    with the Office of Government Ethics, Department of Commerce lawyers,
    and NOAA lawyers to ensure I remain compliant with all laws.

        Question 2. What is your view on the role of the Federal Government
    in providing core weather and climate services, and how will you
    protect NOAA's public-service mission from undue commercial influence?
        Answer. I support NOAA's mission to understand and predict changes
    in weather, oceans, climate, and coasts, and to provide that
    information to decision-makers. I will ensure that NOAA continues to
    provide its public-safety mission to the public.

        Question 3. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Was President
    Biden certified as the winner of the 2020 presidential election because
    President Biden received more votes than President Trump in the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 4. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 5. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the popular vote in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 6. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the electoral college in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 7. If you were unable or unwilling to provide a ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer to any of the prior questions, please provide a detailed
    explanation justifying your refusal to provide such a clear and simple
    answer, including whether your refusal to provide a simple ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer indicates that you believe President Trump received more
    votes than President Biden in the 2020 presidential election.
        Answer. See my responses to questions 1-4 above.
        The 14th Amendment states. ``No person shall be a Senator or
    Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President,
    or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
    under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of
    Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any
    State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
    to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
    insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
    the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
    House, remove such disability.''

        Question 1. Where were you on January 6, 2021?
        Answer. I was at my home in Washington, DC.

        Question 2. Do you believe the events at the Capitol on January 6,
    2021, were an insurrection, a rebellion against the Constitution of the
    United States, or both--and if you do not believe the events that
    occurred at or near the United States Capitol on that date comprised an
    insurrection or rebellion against the Constitution, please provide a
    detailed explanation explaining your belief.
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be an Assistant Secretary within the Department of Commerce.

        Question 3. Why did you choose to resign, or choose not to resign,
    as a NOAA Senior Policy Advisor on January 6, 2021, or in the following
    days?
        Answer. Prior to January 6, 2021, I had left government employment
    to seek other career opportunities.

        Question 4. Do you support President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021''?
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be an Assistant Secretary within the Department of Commerce. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working with the President and this
    Committee.

        Question 5. Do you believe President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021'' is consistent with
    supporting law enforcement?
        Answer. The pardon power belongs to the President. I have always
    rejected violence against law enforcement.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. John Fetterman to
                                 Taylor Jordan
        Question. Mr. Jordan, you will also work in NOAA operations. Will
    you commit to work with me and my office to expeditiously finalize Lake
    Erie's designation as a national marine sanctuary in your role with
    NOAA if confirmed?
        Answer. While the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental
    Observation and Prediction does not directly work on national marine
    sanctuary issues, I understand this issue is important to you and will
    work with the NOAA Administrator and staff to be responsive to your
    request.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to
                                  Harry Kumar
        On January 17, 2025, the National Telecommunications and
    Information Administration's announcement of over $113 million in
    Federal broadband grants from the Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program
    (TBCP). These awards are part of the Infrastructure Investments and
    Jobs Act, and aim to equip Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Native
    American entities with the resources needed to bolster high-speed
    Internet deployment, workforce development, telehealth, and other
    programs across the country. Please provide a status update on the
    following awards:

       Old Harbor Native Corporation: $64.7 million to deliver
            fiber optic connectivity to the communities of Old Harbor and
            Akhiok in rural Alaska. These areas have long struggled with
            access to reliable and affordable high-speed internet--a gap
            that continues to widen the digital divide and hinder access to
            education, healthcare, economic opportunity, and emergency
            response systems.

       Kawerak, Inc.: $48.5 million to deliver fiber optic
            connectivity to St. Lawrence Island from Nome for the
            communities of Savoonga and Gambell. For decades, these
            communities have faced significant barriers due to inadequate
            communication infrastructure, which has hindered education,
            healthcare, economic development, and emergency response
            systems.

        Answer. On January 16, 2025, NTIA announced the recommendation of
    both awards for approval under the Tribal Broadband Connectivity
    Program (TBCP) Notice of Funding 2. Upon the change of Administration,
    the Department conducted a comprehensive and thorough review of all
    grant programs, including TBCP. The awards are now pending final review
    and clearance by Department of Commerce leadership.
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                                  Harry Kumar
        Department of Commerce Responsiveness to Member and Committee
    Requests. Mr. Kumar, I am deeply frustrated by the Department's lack of
    responses to letters and other oversight requests my colleagues and I
    have sent this year. This includes a series of letters we have sent to
    various officials at the Department seeking information about the
    Minority Business Development Agency, which the Administration has
    tried to illegally dismantle.
        I'm looking for clear commitments to assure me this is going to
    change if you are confirmed.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you agree to provide fulsome and
    meaningful responses to all the letters my colleagues and I have sent
    the Department this year regarding MBDA?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my colleagues at the
    Department to provide fulsome and meaningful responses to Congressional
    inquiries. With respect to MBDA, my understanding is that there is
    broad, active ongoing litigation that has limited the Department's
    ability to provide more detailed responses.

        Question 2. Yes or No: Do you agree it is unacceptable to ignore
    letters and requests from Democratic Members on this Committee?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my colleagues at the
    Department to provide timely responses to members of this committee.

        Question 3. Yes or No: Do you believe the mere existence of
    litigation regarding a bureau or issue in the Department is adequate
    grounds to refuse to answer any questions from Congress regarding that
    bureau or issue? If yes, explain your position in full.
        Answer. I believe that communication with Congress and this
    committee is a key function of the position. Thus, if confirmed, I will
    make sure that I consult with our Office of General Counsel on what is
    permissible to be shared when litigation is ongoing.

        Question 4. Yes or No: Will you ensure that any accommodation the
    Department makes for majority staff, such as briefings or document
    productions, is likewise made available to minority staff?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure all committee staff are
    provided relevant information in a timely manner.

        Question 5. Yes or No: Will you ensure the Department meaningfully
    responds to routine requests for briefings and technical assistance
    from my staff?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure timely responses are a
    top priority, including for briefings and technical assistance.

        CHIPS and Science Act and Tech Hubs. There are several Department
    of Commerce programs established by the bipartisan CHIPS and Science
    Act that are essential for rebuilding U.S. leadership in technology,
    strengthening economic and national security, and supporting regional
    workforce and supply chains. These include CHIPS manufacturing
    incentives, CHIPS R&D initiatives, and Economic Development
    Administration regional technology and innovation hubs or ``Tech
    Hubs.''
        Based on the elimination of the EDA in the proposed budget and the
    Department's decision in May to rescind $210 million in funding for six
    Tech Hubs, I have serious concerns about the Administration's
    commitment to these programs and to U.S. innovation leadership. This
    decision has introduced significant uncertainty and is halting the
    progress that Tech Hubs were making toward advancing innovation,
    workforce development, and economic growth in their respective regions.
    Greater transparency and regular communication with Congress are
    essential to restoring confidence in the CHIPS and Science
    implementation process.

        Question 1. Yes or No: Do you commit to providing Congress with
    timely updates and early notification regarding decisions related to
    Tech Hubs, and to coordinating with Congress on plans and policies to
    maintain our technology and manufacturing competitiveness?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the relevant Department
    personnel to ensure the Department provides timely updates related to
    Tech Hubs and will work with Congress to ensure the U.S. remains the
    global leader in technological and manufacturing competitiveness.

        Question 2. Yes or No: If the ``Investment Accelerator'' announced
    by Executive Order is expected to become a key focus of managing CHIPS
    and Science implementation, will you also commit to offering bipartisan
    briefings to this Committee on progress in establishing the office and
    its roles and responsibilities before making a public announcement?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure bipartisan briefings are
    offered on CHIPS and Science Act implementation and the Investment
    Accelerator Office.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to
                                  Harry Kumar
        The National Rural Export Center in Fargo, North Dakota assists
    rural small businesses with accessing international markets. By
    offering advanced data analytics, market navigation tools, and risk
    mitigation strategies, it helps level the playing field for small
    businesses to better compete globally.
        If confirmed, will you commit to working with me and my staff to
    support the Rural Export Center to help rural businesses succeed in
    international markets?
        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with you and your staff
    to ensure rural and small businesses are able to continue to succeed in
    international markets.
                                     ______

      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tammy Duckworth to
                                  Harry Kumar
        The Department of Commerce's Manufacturing Extension Partnership
    Program is a crucial program to help strengthen the U.S. industrial
    base by providing a number of services to small and medium-sized
    manufacturers. There is one center in each state and in Illinois, the
    Illinois Manufacturing Excellence Center (IMEC) leads a variety of
    initiatives to grow manufacturing, including supporting the development
    of quantum technologies in our State. IMEC has created and retained
    more than 7,000 jobs and assisted nearly 3,000 companies.

        Question 1. Mr. Kumar, are you aware that there is bipartisan
    support for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 2. Mr. Kumar, do you commit to notifying Congress about
    any planned changes or adjustments to the Manufacturing Extension
    Partnership Program?
        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to providing timely updates to the
    Committee.
        As the main conduit between Congress and the Department of
    Commerce, it is crucial that you take seriously your responsibility to
    communicate with Members of Congress, particularly members of the
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation.

        Question 1. Mr. Kumar, do you commit to responding in a timely
    matter with substantive information relevant to a given issue, when I
    send you an official letter requesting a response?
        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to responding in a timely manner
    when sent an official letter with the appropriate level of detail.

        Question 2. Mr. Kumar, do you commit to making yourself and your
    team available to Congressional staff via phone and e-mail when we make
    inquiries of the Department, regardless of political affiliation?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will make myself and the legislative
    affairs team available to congressional staff regardless of political
    affiliation.

        Question 3. Mr. Kumar, who will be the point person from your team
    that my office should reach out to for any inquiries? How many members
    of your team will be dedicated to working with Senate staff?
        Answer. If confirmed, your team can reach out to myself or Will
    Turner, the current Acting Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs.
    The entire legislative affairs team will devote themselves to working
    with both chambers.

        Question 4. Mr. Kumar, will you commit to supplying responsive data
    and documents when Congressional staff make requests to the Department?
        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with my colleagues in the
    Department to provide the appropriate responsive data and documents.

        Question 1. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Was President
    Biden certified as the winner of the 2020 presidential election because
    President Biden received more votes than President Trump in the 2020
    presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 2. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 3. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the popular vote in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 4. Please answer with ``yes'' or ``no''. Did President
    Trump lose the electoral college in the 2020 presidential election?
        Answer. Former President Joseph Biden was certified as the winner
    of the 2020 presidential election and sworn in as the forty-sixth
    President on January 20, 2021.

        Question 5. If you were unable or unwilling to provide a ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer to any of the prior questions, please provide a detailed
    explanation justifying your refusal to provide such a clear and simple
    answer, including whether your refusal to provide a simple ``yes'' or
    ``no'' answer indicates that you believe President Trump received more
    votes than President Biden in the 2020 presidential election.
        Answer. See my responses to questions 1-4 above.

        The 14th Amendment states. ``No person shall be a Senator or
    Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President,
    or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
    under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of
    Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any
    State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
    to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
    insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
    the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
    House, remove such disability.''

        Question 1. Where were you on January 6, 2021?
        Answer. I was in my apartment and was in no way involved with the
    events at the Capitol on January 6, 2021.

        Question 2. Do you believe the events at the Capitol on January 6,
    2021, were an insurrection, a rebellion against the Constitution of the
    United States, or both--and if you do not believe the events that
    occurred at or near the United States Capitol on that date comprised an
    insurrection or rebellion against the Constitution, please provide a
    detailed explanation explaining your belief.
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be an Assistant Secretary within the Department of Commerce.

        Question 3. Why did you choose to resign, or choose not to resign,
    from the White House on January 6, 2021, or in the following days?
        Answer. I was not--and have never been--a White House employee. I
    did not resign on January 6, 2021 because I was committed to fulfilling
    my term with the Department of Commerce.

        Question 4. Do you support President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021''?
        Answer. This question is outside of the scope of my nomination to
    be an Assistant Secretary within the Department of Commerce. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working with the President and this
    Committee.

        Question 5. Do you believe President Trump's decision to ``grant a
    full, complete and unconditional pardon to all other individuals
    convicted of offenses related to events that occurred at or near the
    United States Capitol on January 6, 2021'' is consistent with
    supporting law enforcement?
        Answer. The pardon power belongs to the President, but I have
    always rejected violence against law enforcement.

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