[House Hearing, 119 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


                               MEMBER DAY
=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               BEFORE THE

                         COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION 
                              AND WORKFORCE
                              
                     U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                    ONE HUNDRED NINETEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                               __________


           HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, NOVEMBER 21, 2025

                               __________

                           Serial No. 119-32

                               __________

    Printed for the use of the Committee on Education and Workforce
 
[GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        Available via: edworkforce.house.gov or www.govinfo.gov
                                
                                __________
                                
                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
64-056 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2026
=======================================================================
                               
                  COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND WORKFORCE

                    TIM WALBERG, Michigan, Chairman

JOE WILSON, South Carolina           ROBERT C. ``BOBBY'' SCOTT, 
VIRGINIA FOXX, North Carolina            Virginia,
GLENN THOMPSON, Pennsylvania           Ranking Member
GLENN GROTHMAN, Wisconsin            JOE COURTNEY, Connecticut
ELISE M. STEFANIK, New York          FREDERICA S. WILSON, Florida
RICK W. ALLEN, Georgia               SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon
JAMES COMER, Kentucky                MARK TAKANO, California
BURGESS OWENS, Utah                  ALMA S. ADAMS, North Carolina
LISA C. McCLAIN, Michigan            MARK DeSAULNIER, California
MARY E. MILLER, Illinois             DONALD NORCROSS, New Jersey
JULIA LETLOW, Louisiana              LUCY McBATH, Georgia
KEVIN KILEY, California              JAHANA HAYES, Connecticut
MICHAEL A. RULLI, Ohio               ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota
JAMES C. MOYLAN, Guam                HALEY M. STEVENS, Michigan
ROBERT F. ONDER, Jr., Missouri       GREG CASAR, Texas
RYAN MACKENZIE, Pennsylvania         SUMMER L. LEE, Pennsylvania
MICHAEL BAUMGARTNER, Washington      JOHN W. MANNION, New York
MARK HARRIS, North Carolina          ADELITA S. GRIJALVA, Arizona
MARK B. MESSMER, Indiana
RANDY FINE, Florida

                     R.J. Laukitis, Staff Director
              Veronique Pluviose, Minority Staff Director
                                 ------                                
                         
                         C  O  N  T  E  N  T  S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page

Hearing held on November 21, 2025................................     1

                           OPENING STATEMENTS

    Walberg, Hon. Tim, Chairman, Committee on Education and 
      Workforce..................................................     1
        Prepared statement of....................................     2
    Scott, Hon. Robert C. ``Bobby'', Ranking Member, Committee on 
      Education and Workforce....................................     3
        Prepared statement of....................................     4

                               WITNESSES

    Fine, Hon. Randy, a Representative in Congress from the State 
      of Florida:................................................     5
        Prepared statement of....................................     6
    Hayes, Hon. Jahana, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Connecticut:......................................     8
    Bonamici, Hon. Suzanne, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Oregon:...........................................     9
    Dexter, Hon. Maxine, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Oregon:...........................................    11
        Prepared statement of....................................    12
    Hern, Hon. Kevin, a Representative in Congress from the State 
      of Oklahoma:...............................................    14
        Prepared statement of....................................    16
    Mann, Hon. Tracey, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Kansas:...........................................    17
        Prepared statement of....................................    18
    Taylor, Hon. David J., a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Ohio:.............................................    19
        Prepared statement of....................................    21

                         ADDITIONAL SUBMISSIONS

    Barr, Hon. Andy, a Representative in Congress from the State 
      of Kentucky:
        Prepared statement of....................................    25
    Lee, Hon. Susie, a Representative in Congress from the State 
      of Nevada:
        Prepared statement of....................................    25
    Takano, Hon. Mark, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of California:
        Prepared statement of....................................    27

 
                               MEMBER DAY

                              ----------                              


                       Friday, November 21, 2025

                  House of Representatives,
              Committee on Education and Workforce,
                                                    Washington, DC.
    The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:02 a.m., in 
Room 2261, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Tim Walberg 
(Chairman of the Committee) presiding.
    Present: Representatives Walberg, Taylor, Hern, Mann, Fine, 
Scott, Dexter, Bonamici, DeSaulnier, Hayes, and Mannion.
    Staff present: Vlad Cerga, Director of Information 
Technology; Halle Greenbaum, Staff Assistant; Amy Raaf Jones, 
Director of Education And Human Services Policy; Libby Kearns, 
Press Assistant; Trey Kovacs, Professional Staff Member; 
Campbell Ladd, Clerk; R.J. Laukitis, Staff Director; Danny 
Marca, Director of Information Technology; Audra McGeorge, 
Communications Director; Ethan Pann, Deputy Press Secretary and 
Digital Director; Sara Robertson, Press Secretary; Katherine 
Anne Russo, Director of Member Services and Coalitions; Ann 
Vogel, Director of Operations; James Whittaker, General 
Counsel; Amaris Benavidez, Minority Professional Staff; Ellie 
Berenson, Minority Press Assistant; Ilana Brunner, Minority 
General Counsel; Ni'Aisha Banks, Minority Staff Assistant; 
Phoebe Ball, Minority Senior Counsel; Nikhita Chinmay, Minority 
Intern; Bryan Rashage Green, Minority Director of Education 
Policy; Lilo Goodmanson, Minority Intern; Natalie Glezen, 
Minority Running Start Fellow; Emanual Kimble, Minority 
Professional Staff; Scott Estrada, Minority Professional Staff; 
Samantha Wilkerson, Minority Professional Staff; Stephanie 
Lalle, Minority Communications Director; Jessica Schieder, 
Minority Economic Policy Advisor; Andre Lindsay, Minority 
Professional Staff; Kwesi Matthews, Minority Einstein Fellow; 
Kevin McDermott, Minority Director of Labor Policy; Marie 
McGrew, Minority Press Assistant; Eleazar Padilla, Minority 
Staff Assistant; Mason Pesek, Minority Labor Policy Counsel; 
and Theresa Tilling-Thompson, Minority Professional Staff.
    Chairman Walberg. The Committee will please come to order.
    A quorum is present.
    The Committee meets today pursuant to notice.
    Without objection, the chair may recess the Committee at 
any point.
    Thank you all for being here for this year's Member 
hearing. Today is about listening. Today is about listening. I 
will say that again. Member Day gives our colleagues who are 
not on this Committee a chance to share what is happening back 
home, the stories, the ideas, and challenges shaping their 
communities. These real-world perspectives help guide our work 
as we shape policies that actually meet people where they are 
at.
    Every district is different, and no one knows its needs 
better than the Member who represents it. That is why your 
input matters. It keeps this committee grounded in what is 
really happening across the country.
    I maintain my belief that the Committee on Education and 
Workforce is the hardest working committee in Congress. If you 
had an opportunity to look at our schedule of hearings this 
week, you would agree with us. Far this year, we passed 29 
bills and resolutions, held dozens of hearings, led more than 
50 oversight letters, and played a pivotal role in the 
reconciliation process that saved Americans trillions of 
dollars.
    In fact, the Working Families Tax Cuts tackle the rising 
costs of higher education and student debt by increasing 
accountability for colleges and universities and making 
education more affordable. The bill also strengthens our 
Nation's workforce by increasing access to high-quality job 
training courses, programs that prepare students for well-
paying careers without forcing them into baccalaureate degree. 
If America is going to lead in the 21st century, it needs to 
ensure students have practical skills aligned with high-demand 
jobs.
    In addition, we have pushed back against the radical 
indoctrination happening in schools, protected women's sports, 
deterred foreign influence that allowed our enemies to 
infiltrate our universities, and combatted the disturbing rise 
of antisemitism on our college campuses.
    On the workforce side, the committee has advanced 
legislation to improve the lives of American workers, reduced 
burdens on small businesses, address critical workforce 
shortages, and stimulate economic growth. The committee remains 
dedicated to advancing pro-growth economic policies that will 
unleash the ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit of the 
American workforce.
    To sum up, from early learning to life-long careers, our 
work touches the lives of Americans at every stage of life, and 
that is exactly why the ideas shared today are so important.
    I am looking forward to hearing your thoughts and working 
together to provide students, workers, and job creators with 
the opportunity to reach their full potential.
    With that, I yield to my friend, the ranking member from 
Virginia, Mr. Scott.
    [The prepared statement of Chairman Walberg follows:]

  Statement of Hon. Tim Walberg, Chairman, Committee on Education and 
                               Workforce

    Thank you all for being here for this year's Member Day hearing.
    Today is about listening. Member Day gives our colleagues who are 
not on the Committee a chance to share what is happening back home--the 
stories, ideas, and challenges shaping their communities. These real-
world perspectives help guide our work as we shape policies that 
actually meet people where they are.
    Every district is different, and no one knows its needs better than 
the Member who represents it. That is why your input matters--it keeps 
this Committee grounded in what is really happening across the country.
    I maintain my belief that the Committee on Education and Workforce 
is the hardest working Committee in Congress. So far this year, we 
havepassed 29 bills and resolutions, held dozens of hearings, led more 
than 50 oversight letters, and played a pivotal role in the 
reconciliation process that saved Americans trillions.
    In fact, the Working Families Tax Cuts tackle the rising costs of 
higher education and student debt by increasing accountability for 
colleges and making education more affordable. The bill also 
strengthens our nation's workforce by increasing access to high-quality 
job training programs that prepare students for well-paying careers 
without forcing them into a baccalaureate degree. If America is going 
to lead in the 21st century, it needs to ensure students have practical 
skills aligned with high-demand jobs.
    In addition, we have pushed back against the radical indoctrination 
happening in schools, protected women's sports, deterred foreign 
influence that allowed our enemies to infiltrate our universities, and 
combated the disturbing rise of antisemitism on our college campuses.
    On the workforce side, the Committee has advanced legislation to 
improve the lives of American workers, reduce burdens on small 
businesses, address critical workforce shortages, and stimulate 
economic growth. The Biden-Harris administration's radical regulatory 
agenda coupled with its reckless spending spree, left American families 
and businesses rocked by record-high inflation. Workers saw their 
standard of living decline as inflation outpaced average wage growth. 
Many of the challenges from the last four years remain.
    The Committee is dedicated to advancing pro-growth economic 
policies that will unleash the ingenuity and entrepreneurial spirit of 
the American workforce. To sum up, from early learning to lifelong 
careers, our work touches the lives of Americans at every stage of 
life. That is exactly why the ideas shared today are so important.
    I am looking forward to hearing your thoughts and working together 
to provide students, workers, and job creators with the opportunities 
to reach their full potential.
                                 ______
                                 
    Mr. Scott. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Today, the committee is gathered to hear from Members of 
Congress about their priorities for improving programs within 
our committee's jurisdiction. The committee Democrats believe 
that we should focus on creating a country where everyone earns 
a living wage in a safe workplace free from discrimination; a 
country where all children, regardless of background, can 
access the quality public education; a country where families 
do not fear that a trip to a doctor's office will be a trip to 
bankruptcy.
    Simply put, committee Democrats want to build an economy 
that works for everyone not just the wealthy or well connected. 
To that end, Democrats are ready to advance legislation that 
achieves these very goals. For example, so far this year, we 
have introduced the Protecting the Right to Organize Act, which 
protects workers' rights to organize and bargain for higher 
wages, better benefits, and safer workplaces; Raise the Wage 
Act, which gradually raises the minimum wage to $17 an hour; 
the Lowering Obstacles to Achievement Now, the LOAN Act, to 
lower the cost of college for current and future student 
borrowers and their families; the Childcare for Working 
Families Act, to comprehensively tackle the childcare crisis 
and ensure families across America can find and afford high-
quality childcare; the Lowering Drug Costs for American 
Families Act, to lower prescriptive drug prices for families 
and rein in pharmaceutical price gouging; and the Equity and 
Inclusion Enforcement Act, to hold federally funded programs, 
including schools, accountable for providing students with 
equal access to education by restoring the private right of 
action for students and parents to bring disparate impact 
discrimination claims under title VI of the Civil Rights Act.
    Democrats also are ready to reclaim our Article I 
responsibility and finally hold the Trump administration 
accountable for brazenly flouting the law and dismantling 
agencies within our committee's jurisdiction without legal 
authority. In particular, the mass transfer of education 
programs is not only extremely inefficient and wasteful, it 
will result in inconsistent enforcement of Federal education 
and civil rights policy.
    It is my hope that Republicans have returned from their 2-
month taxpayer funded vacation both rested and ready to work.
    I want to thank the Members for being with us and welcome 
your input and look forward to working together to ensure 
America is a country where everyone can succeed.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
    [The prepared statement of Ranking Member Scott follows:]

Statement of Hon. Robert C. ``Bobby'' Scott, Ranking Member, Committee 
                       on Education and Workforce

    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Today, the Committee is gathered to hear from Members of Congress 
about their priorities for improving programs within our Committee's 
jurisdiction.
    Committee Democrats believe we should focus on creating a country 
where everyone earns a living wage in a safe workplace free from 
discrimination. A country where all children, regardless of their 
background, can access a quality public education. A country where 
families do not fear that a trip to the doctor's office will bankrupt 
them. Simply put: Committee Democrats want to build an economy that 
works for everyone--not just the wealthy or well-connected.
    To that end, Democrats are ready to advance legislation that 
achieves these very goals. For example, so far this year we have 
introduced:
     The Protecting the Right to Organize Act which protects 
workers' right to organize and bargain for higher wages, better 
benefits, and safer workplaces.
     The Raise the Wage Act which gradually raise the federal 
minimum wage to $17.
     The Lowering Obstacles to Achievement Now (LOAN) Act to 
lower the cost of college for current and future student borrowers and 
their families.
     The Child Care for Working Families Act to comprehensively 
tackle the child care crisis and ensure families across America can 
find and afford the high-quality child care.
     The Lowering Drug Costs for American Families Act to lower 
prescription drug prices for families and reins in pharmaceutical price 
gouging.
     The Equity and Inclusion Enforcement Act to hold federally 
funded programs, including schools, accountable for providing students 
with equal access to education by restoring the private right of action 
for students and parents to bring disparate impact discrimination 
claims under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.
    Democrats are also ready to reclaim our Article I responsibility 
and finally hold the Trump Administration accountable for brazenly 
flouting the law and dismantling the agencies within our Committee's 
jurisdiction without legal authority. In particular, the mass transfer 
of education programs is not only extremely inefficient and wasteful, 
but it will also result in inconsistent enforcement of federal 
education and civil rights policy.
    It is my hope Republicans have returned from their two-month 
taxpayer-funded vacation, both rested and ready to work.
    I want to thank the Members for being with us. We welcome your 
input and look forward to working together to ensure that America is a 
country where everyone can succeed.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentleman.
    Pursuant to committee rule 8(c), all Members who wish to 
insert written statements into the record may do so by 
submitting them to the committee clerk electronically in 
Microsoft Word format by 5 p.m., 14 days after this hearing. 
Without objection, the hearing record will remain open for 14 
days to allow such statements and other extraneous material 
noted during the hearing to be submitted for the official 
hearing record.
    Members today will have 5 minutes to discuss their 
education and workforce priorities. I remind those Members that 
they will also be able to submit written testimony in support 
of their legislation.
    First, I will recognize on-committee Members who would like 
to briefly testify.
    The gentleman from Florida, do you wish to be recognized?
    Mr. Fine. Yes, Mr. Chairman.
    Chairman Walberg. You are recognized for 5 minutes.

STATEMENT OF THE HON. RANDY FINE, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS 
                   FROM THE STATE OF FLORIDA

    Mr. Fine. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you for 
having this hearing today. I really appreciate it.
    I am going to start by thanking you for all of the work 
that you have done to fight antisemitism, which is the subject 
of the bill that I am going to talk about today. This committee 
has done an extraordinary job making that a priority, bringing 
in bad actors, and highlighting their failure to protect their 
students. I think the question now before us is, how do we pass 
legislation that will actually solve the problem as opposed to 
simply highlighting the problem?
    I want to tell you my story, and I want to tell you how we 
solved it in Florida, and then I want to talk about the bill 
that I am hoping that we can eventually hear. I grew up a 
victim of antisemitism. I went to public school in Lexington, 
Kentucky. When I was in seventh grade, I failed algebra. I came 
home with my midterm. I could not understand it. I had gotten a 
great grade on all the tests. Why did I get an F?
    I went to the school, and I met with the teacher, and he 
said, ``Well, you got a zero on a test.'' I said, ``Why did I 
get a zero?'' I said, ``Wait, that test was given on Yom 
Kippur. Can I make it up?'' He goes, ``No, that is an unexcused 
absence.'' He said, ``If this was a real holiday, everyone 
would have it off.'' I got angry. It is the only time I have 
ever seen my dad yell at someone, but the teacher would not 
relent. I put my head down, I did not miss a point for the rest 
of the year, and I ended up getting an A in the class.
    That was just the least of the antisemitism that I faced as 
a kid. I faced physical antisemitism. I made a promise that my 
children would not face the kinds of challenges that I had when 
they grew up. It is a promise I have failed to keep. It is one 
that I have worked hard on. I have kept that promise in 
Florida.
    When I was in the Florida legislature, I introduced a bill 
to deal with antisemitism in K through 20, so not only K 
through 12, but in higher education. The bill had a very simple 
premise. Every time I wanted to deal with antisemitism, I kept 
being told freedom of speech, freedom of speech, freedom of 
speech, people should be able to say these things; people 
should be able to behave in this manner.
    I said, okay, I hear you. If a student refers to a student 
at one of our universities by the ``N'' word, no one talks 
about freedom of speech. They invite them to go and get an 
education elsewhere. By the way, that is how it ought to be. If 
the Ku Klux Klan wants to show up and burn a cross on the 
college green, no one talks about freedom of speech. They go, 
``You can't do it,'' and that is how it should be.
    When it came to antisemitism I constantly got this ``free 
speech, free speech, free speech'' thing. I came up with a 
novel way to solve the problem. I said, let us define 
antisemitism--what is it?--and then let us not tell educational 
institutions how they have to deal with it. We are not going to 
tell them what to do. We are just going to say they have to 
treat antisemitism the same exact way they deal with racism, 
where we have 60 years of case law and institutional practice 
in dealing with this horrible thing: racism.
    In 2019, we passed this law. It is actually the first bill 
in the history of the State of Florida to be signed outside of 
the State of Florida. The bill was signed in Israel by myself 
and the Governor. In the 6 years that that bill has been in 
place in Florida, the problem has gone away. The bill has never 
been challenged in court because it is lock solid. Even if it 
was, if the bill were to ever be overturned in court, it would 
mean that all of the protections that we have done for 60 years 
dealing with racism would also be unconstitutional.
    The bill has never been challenged, been used hundreds and 
hundreds of times. That is why, when at Florida State 
University a student, seeing another student wearing an IDF T-
shirt, went up and assaulted them, slapped the camera out of 
their face--if that happened at Columbia, they would have given 
an award. Well, at Florida State University, the student was 
suspended in 15 minutes, ultimately expelled, charged with 
assault, and sent to jail. In Florida, we do not put up with 
that.
    I filed H.R. 6186, which would basically take that bill, 
which has solved this problem in Florida, and bring it to the 
other 49 States. I can tell you, as I look at the flood of Jews 
making what I call ``little Aliyah,'' when they move to 
Florida, because they want to be safe, they want to go to 
universities in Florida; they want to go to K through 12 
education in Florida; there is no reason Florida should be the 
only place to do this.
    I bring this forward because, A, I know that it works, 
because it has worked; and B, I know that it is constitutional 
because it has been in place for 6 years. As we move forward 
and we continue under your extraordinary leadership to solve 
the problem, I hope that this is something that we can take a 
look at bringing forward to not just highlight the bad actors 
but to actually go after them and solve the problems.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for having this today. Thank you 
for letting me speak, and I yield back.
    [The prepared statement of Representative Fine follows:]

Statement of the Hon. Randy Fine, a Representative in Congress From the 
                            State of Florida

    Chairman Walberg, thank you for the opportunity to testify today.
    Just half a year ago I served in the Florida House of 
Representatives. I never in my wildest imagination would have thought I 
would be an America's newest Jewish Republican Congressman, but God has 
the plan for us all.
    I grew up the victim of rampant systemic physical antisemitism, 
where it was not safe for me to eat in the cafeteria, with the other 
students. Where the brave school principal saved my life by letting me 
hide in his office when I needed to--facing violence 12-years-old never 
should have to.
    On the day of my Bar Mitzva, I promise I would do anything that I 
could to make sure my children did not face what I did. For my eight 
years in the Florida Legislature, I worked hard to deliver that promise 
to make Florida to be safest place in America to be Jewish.
    In my state, people gave me the name Hebrew Hammer. It was not 
something I chose for myself. I wear it with pride, because it was 
earned over years of standing up for Jewish students and families when 
others stayed silent. For years, I fought against the rising hate, even 
as that fight brought threats not only to me, but to my wife and my 
children.
    Florida was the first state to adapt IHRA definition of 
antisemitism, to name CAIR a terrorist organization, to ensure Jewish 
day schools have adequate security and to make sure terrorist 
encampments could never took hold of Florida Universities. Every one of 
those was my bill.
    I share this because antisemitism has touched the people I 
represent and the people I love--and because of that, my fight against 
antisemitism will not end. Not now. Not ever.
    Today, we are witnessing an explosion of antisemitism in America 
unlike anything we have seen in our lifetimes. Nowhere is it more 
visible, and more dangerous, than on the college campuses.
    Jewish students do not feel safe. I wear the kippa now--something I 
did not do before. It is a new habit of mine at my son's request 
because of all the students who do not feel protected wearing theirs.
    We need to face the hard truth. What we are witnessing is not mere 
political disagreement. It is calculated targeted hostility.
    It is Jewish students being hunted across campuses: followed, 
threatened, blocked from buildings, shouted down, excluded from student 
life, physically attacked and assaulted. We have watched Jewish 
students barricade themselves inside libraries for safety. We have 
watched mobs gather outside dormitory doors. We have heard chants that 
openly call for violence against Jews.
    At far too many institutions, the response has been inadequate, 
inconsistent, or entirely absent. That is why I am here today to ask 
you to consider my bill--legislation modeled directly on the law I 
passed in Florida, a law that is already protecting students every day.
    My bill is simple and straightforward; it does two things:
    First: It adopts the IHRA definition of antisemitism. The IHRA 
definition is the international gold standard used by the U.S. State 
Department, every major Jewish organization, and democratic nations. 
Without a definition, you cannot enforce the law. You cannot track 
hate. You cannot stop it. The IHRA definition makes things clear. It 
shows exactly what antisemitism is and stops schools from pretending 
they do not understand it.
    The second thing my bill does is it directs institutions to treat 
antisemitism the same way they treat racism; that matters.
    For years, universities have built vast bureaucracies to police 
every form of bigotry, except the one Jews actually face. If a student 
were targeted for their race or gender, we know exactly how a 
university would react.
    When the victim is Jewish, we suddenly get committees, task forces, 
statements, and more often--absolutely nothing. My bill ends that 
double standard. If you target a student because they are Jewish, it 
will be treated the same way as if you targeted them because they are 
Black or Hispanic or Asian.
    In Florida, we passed this law with overwhelming bipartisan 
support, and we have seen immediate impact:
      Universities updated their codes of conduct.
      Administrators know exactly what qualifies as 
antisemitism.
      Jewish students have a mechanism to report hate that will 
actually be acted on.
      Incidents that were previously ignored are now taken 
seriously, investigated, and addressed.
    Higher education institutions have a responsibility to protect 
every student. Right now, too many are failing Jewish students. That 
needs to be stopped. No student in America should have to choose 
between getting an education and being safe because of who they are. 
Not one.
    If the universities do not fix this themselves--then we in Congress 
have a responsibility to act. I passed this law in Florida because 
Jewish students were being targeted and no one was doing enough. Today, 
Jewish students across the country are facing the same threat.
    I have a bill that works. Florida proves it. We see clarity, 
accountability, and safety. It is time to extend it nationwide.
    I am preparing to introduce this legislation, and once it is filed, 
I am ready to work with you and every Member to bring it across the 
finish line.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentleman for sharing those 
ideas and case history with us as well.
    Are there any other Members who wish to be recognized?
    I recognize Representative Hayes for her 5 minutes.

    STATEMENT OF THE HON. JAHANA HAYES, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
             CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT

    Mrs. Hayes. Thank you. Good morning. I appreciate the 
opportunity to come before the committee today to talk about 
what I find as my priorities for myself and the constituents 
that I represent.
    It is very simple: This committee needs to reassert our 
Article I and jurisdictional authorities over the areas that we 
cover, in particular, the dismantling of the Department of 
Education. The committee has had no hearings to conduct 
oversight on the efforts led by the Trump administration to 
dismantle the Department of Education. The Department was 
created by Congress and only can be abolished by an act of 
Congress. No matter what your opinion is on this matter, this 
committee should be having hearings to discuss what is 
happening.
    On March 20, President Trump signed an executive order to 
close the Department of Education, and most recently, on 
November 18, several agreements were signed to disperse the 
authorities. This administration has used interagency 
agreements to evade Congress and transfer day-to-day operations 
of congressionally mandated programs to other Federal agencies. 
The most significant actions taken so far were this week.
    On Tuesday, the administration announced it signed six new 
agreements with the Departments of Labor, Interior, Health and 
Human Services, and States to manage various education 
functions and, quote, ``break up the Federal education 
bureaucracy.'' We should have the heads of all of those 
Departments before this committee to explain what that looks 
like and the impact it will have on students, to make sure that 
this transition does not negatively impact students, rural 
communities, low-income students, students with disabilities, 
and the populations that rely most heavily on public education. 
What do these changes mean to them?
    The Office of Civil Rights had mass layoffs this year. The 
Department's own data shows that there has been a decline in 
resolving civil rights cases, while new complaints have 
increased. This committee should be holding hearings on that. 
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act specifically says 
that the Department of Education is the home of 21st Century 
Community Learning Centers. This committee should be having 
hearings on that.
    ICE agents are showing up at schools scaring immigrant 
children. This committee should be having hearings on that. 
Parents, teachers, administrators, community leaders are 
uncertain about what this means, and this committee needs to 
reassert our jurisdictional and congressional authority so that 
we can get answers. The public demands answers.
    While Secretary McMahon is creating a public campaign to 
show how no impact happened during the government shutdown--I 
mentioned this in committee the other day--our military 
schools, which are where 67,000 students are educated, canceled 
extracurricular activities; teachers were not paid; students 
risked losing scholarships. There was disruption. This 
committee should be having hearings on that.
    The second thing I would like to address before my time is 
over is that I still have not received a response to my 
September 12th letter to this committee requesting a hearing 
specifically on school shootings. As the chair said, everybody 
should deal with the priorities of their district. Well, I 
represent Newtown-Sandy Hook, and on December 14, 2012, I was 
in the classroom. It is unconscionable that this committee 
cannot even have a hearing on that when we have seen a rise in 
school shootings over this year. This includes multifaceted 
interventions that include mental health support, community 
engagement, gun safety measures, and educational programs. We 
should be discussing ways to address this crisis.
    This week, in my State, the Sandy Hook Promise, the 
Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public 
Protections, and the Connecticut School Districts recently 
celebrated the culmination of 7 years of collaboration to 
improve school safety through grants. We are doing the work in 
Connecticut to make sure that this does not happen in our State 
again. This committee should be having hearings to make sure 
that this does not happen anywhere in this country.
    The grants that we have provided supported a wide range of 
district and youth-led initiatives in Connecticut schools to 
deliver a holistic set of violence prevention programs, 
including peer-led interventions to educational programs and 
self-harm reductions. These lifesaving programs have helped 
prevent at least 20 potential youth suicides and support over 
50 mental health interventions.
    We could also talk about ways to improve the physical 
infrastructure of schools to attempt to prevent school 
shootings. Either way, this committee should be holding 
hearings on that.
    We have heard the rundown of all the hearings that we have 
had over this year and, in some cases, multiple hearings on the 
same topics; yet we have had zero hearings on school safety and 
prevention when it comes to school shootings or the dismantling 
of the Department of Education. I encourage the chair, as we 
are moving forward through the rest of the year and the 
calendar is being built out, that these topics be discussed.
    With that, I yield back.
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentlelady from Connecticut, 
and your comments are duly noted.
    I recognize now the gentleman from Oregon, Ms. Bonamici, 
for your 5 minutes.

  STATEMENT OF THE HON. SUZANNE BONAMICI, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
               CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF OREGON

    Ms. Bonamici. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    I want to start by aligning myself with every comment made 
by Representative Hayes, our national teacher of the year, who 
serves on the committee. We all have a lot to learn from her.
    I recognize it is unusual for a committee member to use a 
Member Day to elevate their priorities. Unfortunately, these 
are not normal times, Mr. Chairman.
    On Tuesday, the Department of Education announced six new 
interagency agreements that they are using to try to move 
critical educational programs and services to the Department of 
Health and Human Services, the Department of the Interior, the 
Department of Labor, and the State Department. This follows the 
interagency agreement earlier this year to move the 
administration of career and technical education and adult 
education out of the Department of Education.
    This plan is from Project 2025's radical and destructive 
agenda to dismantle and eliminate the Department of Education, 
which is illegal and unconstitutional. It is an act of Congress 
that created the Department of Education, and only an act of 
Congress could dismantle it.
    Far from their stated goal of empowering parents and 
States, these interagency agreements create additional hurdles 
for educators, for staff, for families. Instead of reporting to 
and receiving funds from only one Federal agency, now States 
and schools must navigate working with as many as five 
different agencies.
    I truly do not understand why my Republican colleagues are 
arguing that it is somehow better for students and schools to 
scatter the programs and funding streams that support them 
across multiple agencies, all of which have different systems 
and procedures and typically do not have staff with the 
relevant expertise.
    I am always looking for smarter, better ways to do things, 
but this plan is neither smart nor better. It does not 
streamline Federal bureaucracy. It complicates it. I want to 
emphasize that it is clear that the administration cannot 
legally close the Department without congressional action, and 
moving everything out of other agencies is the equivalent of 
closing the Department. The executive branch does not have that 
power, and we certainly should not give up ours under Article I 
of the Constitution.
    Mr. Chairman, this should have been done prior to these 
interagency agreements, but I urge the committee to immediately 
hold hearings about these actions so we can understand the 
effects these interagency agreements will have on students, 
families, educators, and staff. We must bring Secretary McMahon 
before the committee to answer our questions about this 
unlawful restructuring of a congressionally authorized agency. 
Anything else would be a dereliction of our duty as lawmakers.
    There is a lot at stake here. What message does it send 
around the country and the world that the United States is 
dismantling its Department of Education? Not a good one. We 
must address the illegal and unconstitutional effort to close 
the Department. The sooner the better, before more damage is 
done.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I yield back.
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentlelady, and she yields.
    Are there any others that seek to be recognized on the 
committee?
    Well, thank you to each of you who are here. I would make 
note as well that senior staff of the committee on both sides 
of the aisle are here and are taking copious notes. I can see 
that happening. This certainly is a legitimate hearing to hear 
your ideas and concerns, and decisions will be made as we move 
forward.
    Committee Members are certainly welcome to remain on the 
dais, but I remind committee Members that it is customary, in 
this committee, not to ask witnesses questions during Member 
Day hearings but to take in all that we can from your comments.
    Now, we will give the turn to the panel. I will first 
recognize Representative Dexter for your testimony. Thank you 
for being here.

   STATEMENT OF THE HON. MAXINE DEXTER, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
               CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF OREGON

    Ms. Dexter. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and Vice--or, 
I am sorry, Ranking Member Scott--it is--old State habits break 
hard--and Members of the Education and Workforce Committee.
    I appreciate the opportunity to participate in Member Day 
hearing and discuss priorities where I believe there is a real 
opportunity for bipartisan partnership to better serve working 
families.
    I am Maxine Dexter. I am a mother, a physician, and a very 
proud representative for Oregon's Third congressional District. 
I am also humbled to be an American Dream realized. I grew up 
in a working-class family where we only knew that you had to 
work hard and play by the rules, and we found opportunity. I am 
only able to sit here before you today because of the 
investments our government made to make my life possible.
    I am the first and only person--even today, nieces, 
nephews--to graduate from college. The idea that I could 1 day 
become a doctor was a dream that grit, hard work, and 
government made possible. Our country invested in me and people 
like me. I had access to well-funded public schools, safe 
neighborhoods, reliable transit, a union job, and affordable 
rent. It is painful to say, but opportunity is much less 
plentiful today.
    As a mother and a Representative, I see that, for my kids' 
generation, the American Dream, it is just out of reach. I came 
to Congress to fix that. Where do we start? For one, we truly 
center working families. We cannot do what is needed to help 
them just getting by. We need them to have the opportunity to 
thrive. They deserve economic stability, a foundation to 
succeed from, and people living paycheck to paycheck cannot 
make that work. We have to do better.
    I look at you, this committee, with a hope that you will 
partner in making the American Dream once again possible. Here 
are a few of my legislative ideas that I hope you will consider 
and even decide to champion with me.
    First, I am developing legislation modeled after an 
incredible multigenerational housing community in my district 
called Bridge Meadows. Bridge Meadows offers affordable homes 
to seniors, foster youth, and their families. It is not just 
housing. Bridge Meadows builds a community with wraparound 
social services, tutoring, and it enriches the lives of those 
children who have been left behind, and those impacted by both 
foster care and elders who embrace them and cultivate a future 
with them.
    The Intergenerational Community Housing Act would create a 
pilot to scale this model nationally and gather evidence on the 
importance of having stable, affordable--and community.
    Second, the Healthy and Housed Older Adults Act, which 
confronts senior houselessness, head on. Senior homelessness is 
rising at an alarming rate, often driven by fixed incomes, 
unaffordable rents, and unaddressed health needs. My proposal 
would create a grant program dedicated to bolstering 
coordination between local homelessness Continuums of Care and 
Area Agencies on Aging. This would support coordinated housing, 
medical care, case management, and aging services for our 
elders.
    Another bill, the College Success Through Stable Housing 
Act, is a pilot program to provide stable, affordable housing 
and supportive services for college students experiencing 
homelessness. Affordable rent was foundational to my success in 
college and medical school. Every student deserves the same. My 
goal is to ensure every family has the ability to live a 
healthy and safe life in the community of their choice.
    As the only pulmonologist ever serving in Congress, I have 
cared for patients struggling to breathe throughout my career. 
I have seen firsthand how smoke, dust, and pollution ravage our 
lungs and steal years from people's lives. No child should sit 
in a classroom filled with hazardous air, and no worker should 
have to choose between a paycheck and their health. That is why 
I introduced this Shielding Students from Wildfire Smoke Act, 
meant to strengthen national understanding on how to protect 
children and teachers' health during wildfire smoke events.
    I also introduced the Farmworker Smoke and Excessive Heat 
Protection Act to ensure basic safeguards for the farm workers 
in our community. I am grateful that many on this committee are 
engaged in these efforts.
    Finally, I want to associate myself with the written 
testimony submitted by Congressman Morgan McGarvey about the 
importance of protecting our communities against black lung and 
silicosis. These are horrible, preventable diseases that lead 
to higher rates of tuberculosis, cancer, disability, and death. 
I would add that we must also consider occupational 
presumptions for conditions like black lung and silicosis with 
a commitment to robust research and development of preventative 
tools so that high-risk occupations become safer.
    I encourage the committee to consider just a few, even 
more, of these issues. Thank you all for being here today and 
for your commitment to supporting our working families. Thank 
you, Mr. Chair. I yield back.
    [The prepared statement of Representative Dexter follows:]

Statement of the Hon. Maxine Dexter, a Representative in Congress From 
                          the State of Oregon

    Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members of the Education and Workforce 
Committee.
    I appreciate the opportunity to participate in this Member Day 
hearing and discuss priorities where I believe there is a real 
opportunity for bipartisan partnership to better serve working 
families.
    I am Maxine Dexter. I am mother, a physician, and the proud U.S. 
Representative for Oregon's Third Congressional District.
    I am also a product of the American Dream. I grew up in a working-
class family, and I was the first in my family to graduate from 
college.
    I left home at seventeen and achieved what once felt impossible for 
a kid like me: I became a physician.
    That was only possible because this country invested in me. I had 
access to well-funded public schools, safe neighborhoods, strong 
transit, a union job, and affordable rent.
    It is because of the resources and opportunities this country 
afforded me that I was able to create a better life for myself than my 
parents had.
    It is painful to say, but the same is not true for our kids today.
    As a mother, I see that for my kids' generation, the American Dream 
is increasingly out of reach.
    I came to Congress to fix that.
    Where do we start? For one, it means centering working families. 
That means advancing policies that give working families the support 
they need to do more than just get by--but to thrive.
    The foundation of a thriving middle class, when you boil it down, 
is making sure everyone in this country has a stable, supportive place 
to call home.
    I hope this committee will partner with me in making that promise 
real.
    I am developing legislation modeled after an incredible 
multigenerational housing community in my district called Bridge 
Meadows.
    Bridge Meadows offers affordable homes to seniors, foster youth, 
and their families.
    It is not just housing; Bridge Meadows builds a community with 
wrap-around social services that enriches the well-being of children 
and youth impacted by fostercare and elders.
    My Intergenerational Community Housing Act would create a pilot to 
scale this model nationally and gather evidence on the importance of 
stable, affordable, housing community.
    Likewise, I am developing legislation, the Healthy and Housed Older 
Adults Act, which confronts senior houselessness head on. Senior 
homelessness is rising at an alarming rate, often driven by fixed 
incomes, unaffordable rents, and unaddressed health needs.
    My proposal would create a grant program dedicated to bolstering 
coordination between local homelessness Continuums of Care and Area 
Agencies on Aging. This would support coordinated housing, medical 
care, case management, and aging services for our seniors.
    I am also developing the College Success through Stable Housing 
Act, a pilot program to provide stable, affordable housing and 
supportive services for college students experiencing homelessness.
    Affordable rent made gave me the opportunity to succeed in college 
and medical school. I want every student to have the same chance.
    These are just a number of my priorities. The bottom line is that 
giving working families the stability they need to thrive must be our 
mission.
    It must be the mission of not just this committee, not just of this 
Congress, but of the federal government in perpetuity.
    Our country has never been perfect. Our history has always been a 
zigzag, a constant push and pull between our highest ideals and our 
deepest flaws.
    We have confronted slavery, segregation, exploitation, 
discrimination, and every time we face those truths rather than bury 
them, we grow stronger.
    Now, we must confront the reality that the federal government has 
fallen short in its commitment to the working class.
    It is not too late to choose a different path. We can choose to 
build a country where every child believes the American Dream belongs 
to them too.
    In addition to housing, I am committed to making sure the places we 
live, work, learn, and play have clean, safe air.
    As a pulmonologist, I cared for patients struggling to breathe and 
I have seen firsthand how smoke and pollution ravage our lungs and 
steal years of healthy life.
    No child should sit in a classroom filled with hazardous air, and 
no worker should have to choose between a paycheck and their lungs.
    That is why I introduced the Shielding Students from Wildfire Smoke 
Act meant to strengthen national understanding on how to protect 
children's health during wildfire smoke events.
    It is why I introduced the Farmworker Smoke and Excessive Heat 
Protection Act to ensure basic safeguards for the workers who keep our 
agricultural economy running, many of whom endure the highest exposures 
with the fewest protections.
    I am grateful that many on this committee are engaged in this 
effort.
    I want to thank my friend Congressman McGarvey for his leadership 
on advancing legislation to improve treatment outcomes and preventive 
measures for black lung disease. I encourage the committee to take up 
this critical issue.
    Thank you, all, for being here today and for your commitment to 
supporting working families.
    I look forward to working with you.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. Thank you. Thank you. I appreciated your 
time and making these comments.
    Now we recognize the gentleman from Oklahoma, 
Representative Hern. Welcome.

STATEMENT OF THE HON. KEVIN HERN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS 
                   FROM THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA

    Mr. Hern. Thank you, Chairman. Thank you, Ranking Member, 
and distinguished Members of the Committee. Thank you for the 
opportunity to testify today. I am here to highlight an issue 
of significant importance to small business owners, workers, 
and local economies across the United States: the need for a 
clear, permanent joint employer standard for franchise 
businesses.
    Franchising is a major facilitator of economic growth in 
the United States. In 2024 alone, franchises generated 
approximately $896 billion in economic output and employed 
about 8.8 million workers. More than 831,000 independently 
owned small businesses operate under the franchise agreements 
across the country.
    The franchise business model has long served as a powerful 
engine of economic opportunity for Americans from all 
backgrounds. According to Oxford Economics, Black-owned 
franchises earned 2.2 times more than Black-owned independent 
businesses; Hispanic-owned franchises earn 1.6 times more than 
Hispanic-owned independent businesses; and Asian-owned 
franchises earn 1.4 times more than Asian-owned independent 
businesses.
    My nearly 30 years as a McDonald's franchisee, including 8 
years as chair of the Franchise Relations on the National 
Leadership Team, showed me that franchising is one of the 
clearest expressions of the American Dream. I have seen 
firsthand how essential clear labor standards and transparency 
are to ensure this business model continues to thrive.
    The franchise model is built on a simple but powerful idea: 
allowing entrepreneurs to go into business for themselves but 
not by themselves. Local franchise owners invest in their own 
capital, hire their own employees, manage the payroll, oversee 
every aspect of daily operation. Meanwhile, franchisors provide 
branding, operational expertise, and support necessary for 
consistency and customer trust. This partnership has created 
generations of successful business owners.
    This business model and the opportunities it creates is 
increasingly threatened by regulatory uncertainty around the 
Federal joint employer standard. The joint employer standard 
determines when two entities share legal responsibility for 
labor law violations based on the degree of control one 
exercises over another's employees. For decades, this standard 
was straightforward: two employers were jointly liable if one 
exercised substantial direct and immediate control over 
essential terms of employment.
    This changed dramatically in 2015 when the National Labor 
Relations Board broadened the definition. The new standard 
swept franchisors and franchisees into unnecessary joint 
liability, despite franchisees independently hiring and 
managing their own workers. The consequences were real and 
significant. The 2015 standard cost franchise businesses over 
$33 billion annually, eliminated 376,000 job opportunities, and 
drastically increased lawsuits against local businesses.
    Since 2015, the definition shifted four separate times 
creating severe legal and operational uncertainty for small 
business owners. In 2024, a Federal court struck down the 
NLRB's most expansive joint employer rule, but litigation 
continues. The instability erodes trust in regulators, 
discourages investment, stifles growth across the franchise 
sector.
    To provide clarity and stability for millions of workers 
and business owners, Congress should adopt the bipartisan, 
bicameral American Franchise Act. With more than 40 cosponsors 
and strong support from Members on both sides of the aisle, 
including on this very committee, the bill reflects a broad, 
balanced commitment to strengthening the franchise sector.
    The legislation makes targeted modest amendments to the 
Fair Labor Standards Act and the National Labor Relations Act 
to codify a clear standard. A franchisor may be considered a 
joint employer of a franchisee's employees only if the 
franchisor possesses and exercises substantial, direct, and 
immediate control over one or more essential terms of a 
condition of employment.
    This standard is consistent with decades of precedent and 
current NLRB policy. The bill does not grant immunity to 
franchisors. Instead, it ensures that actions like setting 
brand standards, protecting trademarks and intellectual 
property, or providing training materials cannot be 
misconstrued as direct control over a franchisee's workforce. 
The legislation applies only to franchisors and to franchisees 
under the NLRA and FLSA, not to independent contractors or 
other liability doctrines, such as misclassifications or 
agency.
    In short, the AFA restores balance, preserves the 
independence of local business owners, empowers Americans from 
all backgrounds, protects a business model that contributes $1 
trillion to the United States economy. Franchising offers a 
unique entrepreneurial opportunity to minorities and veterans 
and all aspiring entrepreneurs with nearly 26 percent minority 
ownership rate and 14 percent veteran ownership rate. None 
other sector has done more to broaden economy stability and 
lift Americans out of poverty, including myself.
    Franchise owners are folks who take risks, invest their 
savings, and create jobs in their communities. They serve a 
stable regulatory framework that allows them to grow with 
confidence. Passing the AFA will provide the clarity and 
fairness they need to thrive.
    Thank you for the opportunity to testify, and I yield back.
    [The prepared statement of Representative Hern follows:]

Statement of the Hon. Kevin Hern, a Representative in Congress From the 
                           State of Oklahoma

    Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member Scott, and distinguished members 
of the Committee:
    Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I am here to 
highlight an issue of significant importance to small business owners, 
workers, and local economies across the United States: the need for a 
clear, permanent joint employer standard for franchise businesses.
    Franchising is a major facilitator of economic growth in the US. In 
2024 alone, franchises generated approximately $896 billion in economic 
output and employed about 8.8 million workers. More than 831,000 
independently owned small businesses operate under franchise agreements 
across the country.
    The franchise business model has long served as a powerful engine 
of economic opportunity for Americans from all backgrounds. According 
to Oxford Economics, ``Black-owned franchises earn 2.2 times more than 
Black-owned independent businesses; Hispanic-owned franchises earn 1.6 
times more than Hispanic-owned independent businesses; and Asian-owned 
franchises earn 1.4 times more than Asian-owned independent 
businesses.''
    My nearly 30 years as a McDonald's franchisee--including eight 
years as Chair of Franchise Relations on the National Leadership Team--
showed me that franchising is one of the clearest expressions of the 
American Dream. I have seen firsthand how essential clear labor 
standards and transparency are to ensure this business model continues 
to thrive.
    The franchise model is built on a simple but powerful idea: 
allowing entrepreneurs to go into business for themselves, but not by 
themselves. Local franchise owners invest their own capital, hire their 
own employees, manage payroll and oversee every aspect of daily 
operations. Meanwhile, franchisors provide branding, operational 
expertise, and support necessary for consistency and consumer trust. 
This partnership has created generations of successful small business 
owners.
    This business model--and the opportunities it creates--is 
increasingly threatened by regulatory uncertainty around the federal 
joint employer standard.The joint employer standard determines when two 
entities share legal responsibility for labor law violations based on 
the degree of control one exercises over another's employees. For 
decades, this standard was straightforward: two employers were jointly 
liable only if one exercised substantial, direct, and immediate control 
over essential terms of employment.
    This changed dramatically in 2015, when the National Labor 
Relations Board (NLRB) broadened the definition. The new standard swept 
franchisors and franchisees into unnecessary joint liability, despite 
franchisees independently hiring and managing their workers.
    The consequences were real and significant. The 2015 standard cost 
franchise businesses over $33 billion annually, eliminated 376,000 job 
opportunities, and drastically increased lawsuits against local 
businesses.
    Since 2015, the definition has shifted four separate times, 
creating severe legal and operational uncertainty for thousands of 
small business owners. In 2024, a federal court struck down the NLRB's 
most recent expansive joint employer rule--but litigation continues. 
This instability erodes trust in regulators, discourages investment, 
and stifles growth across the franchise sector.
    To provide clarity and stability for millions of workers and 
business owners, Congress should adopt the bipartisan, bicameral 
American Franchise Act. With more than 40 cosponsors and strong support 
from members on both sides of the aisle--including on this very 
committee--the bill reflects a broad, balanced commitment to 
strengthening the franchise sector.
    This legislation makes targeted, modest amendments to the Fair 
Labor Standards Act and the National Labor Relations Act to codify a 
clear standard:
    A franchisor may be considered a joint employer of a franchisee's 
employees only if the franchisor possesses and exercises substantial, 
direct, and immediate control over one or more essential terms or 
conditions of employment. This standard is consistent with decades of 
precedent and current NLRB policy.
    The bill does not grant immunity to franchisors. Instead, it 
ensures:
    Actions like setting brand standards, protecting trademarks and 
intellectual property, or providing training materials cannot be 
misconstrued as direct control over a franchisee's workforce.
    The legislation applies only to franchisors and franchisees under 
the NLRA and FLSA--not to independent contractors or other liability 
doctrines such as misclassification or agency.
    In short, the American Franchise Act restores balance, preserves 
the independence of local business owners, empowers Americans from all 
backgrounds, and protects a business model that contributes nearly a 
trillion dollars to the U.S. economy. Franchising offers a unique 
entrepreneurial opportunity to minorities, veterans, and all aspiring 
entrepreneurs, with nearly a 26-percent minority ownership rate and 14-
percent veteran ownership rate; Also, no other sector has done more to 
foster broad-based economic stability and lift Americans out of 
poverty, including myself.
    Franchise owners are folks who take risks, invest their savings, 
and create jobs in their communities. They deserve a stable regulatory 
framework that allows them to grow with confidence. Passing the 
American Franchise Act will provide the clarity and fairness they need 
to thrive.
    Thank you for the opportunity to testify today, and I yield back.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. Thank you for taking the opportunity. We 
appreciate it.
    Mr. Hern. You bet.
    Chairman Walberg. Now I recognize the gentleman from 
Kansas, Representative Mann. Welcome.

STATEMENT OF THE HON. TRACEY MANN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS 
                    FROM THE STATE OF KANSAS

    Mr. Mann. Thank you, Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member 
Scott, and Members of this committee, for the opportunity to 
speak with you today.
    Today I would like to discuss Haskell Indian Nation's 
University, located in my district, in Lawrence, Kansas. 
Established in 1884 by Federal legislation aimed to fulfill the 
United States treaty and trust obligations to provide a high-
quality education to American Indians, Haskell is the only 
Tribal university in the world with an entirely indigenous 
population. It is a one-of-a-kind historic and invaluable 
institution.
    However--and let me be clear--when it comes to Haskell, the 
U.S. Department of Interior and the Bureau of Indian Education 
have dropped the ball. Years of mismanagement, lack of 
oversight, cycles of misconduct have all compounded, and 
Congress needs to conduct serious oversight.
    The students and faculty at Haskell deserve a safe learning 
and working environment. I have been encouraged by the House 
Education and Workforce Committee and Natural Resources 
Committee's oversight efforts over the past few years, and I 
hope we will see that continued.
    I, along with Senator Jerry Moran, introduced the Haskell 
Indian Nation's University Improvement Act, which would 
federally charter Haskell and separate them from the governance 
of the BIE. The Federal Government has sadly done a disservice 
to this school, and one way to make this right is to put the 
education of Haskell students back in the hands of Indian 
Country.
    While the Federal Government will still be obligated to 
provide necessary funds to the school, governance would be 
transferred to qualified Tribal leaders from across the 
country. The legislation would open the door for opportunities 
that Haskell is currently not eligible for, the ability to 
expand educational programs and provide Native students with a 
safe learning environment.
    I encourage all of my colleagues to support this 
legislation and to reach out to my office should you have any 
questions.
    I would also like to take time to discuss another piece of 
legislation I, along with Representative Joe Neguse, 
introduced, called the States Handling Access to Reciprocity 
for Employment Act, or the SHARE Act. Hospitals and other 
healthcare facilities are experiencing workforce shortages that 
are causing considerable strain on our healthcare system. One 
way to address this shortage is to expedite licensure processes 
for our current providers.
    Current law requires healthcare providers to obtain a 
license or certification from each State in which they wish to 
practice. If a provider licensed in one State relocates to 
another, that provider must then complete the licensure process 
again for each new State in which they wish to practice. This 
process is burdensome and strips providers of the ability to 
practice in any new State until the application is approved, 
sometimes taking more than half a year.
    The SHARE Act would make a technical correction to 
modernize a vital component of a licensure process for 
healthcare providers by authorizing the FBI to share criminal 
history record information between States for licensure 
purposes, allowing cooperation between States while protecting 
each State's authority to determine whether a provider is 
eligible to practice in the State.
    This legislation extends the reach of healthcare 
professionals, improves access to medical specialists, and 
leverages the use of medical technologies like telehealth.
    As the committee continues to work on legislation and 
oversight surrounding Haskell Indian Nation's University and 
our healthcare workforce, I ask that you consider my comments 
today are taken into consideration.
    Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you on these 
timely and important issues, and I yield back the remainder of 
my time.
    [The prepared statement of Representative Mann follows:]

 Statement of the Hon. Tracey Mann, a Representative in Congress From 
                          the State of Kansas

    Thank you, Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member Scott, and Members of 
the Committee, for the opportunity to speak with you today.
    Today, I would like to discuss Haskell Indian Nation's University, 
located in my district in Lawrence, Kansas.
    Established in 1884 by federal legislation aimed to fulfil the 
United States' treaty and trust obligations to provide a high-quality 
education to American Indians, Haskell is the only Tribal university in 
the world with an entirely indigenous population. It is a one-of-a-
kind, historic and invaluable institution. However, and let me be 
clear--when it comes to Haskell, the U.S. Department of the Interior 
and the Bureau of Indian Education have dropped the ball. Years of 
mismanagement, lack of oversight, and cycles of misconduct have all 
compounded, and Congress needs to conduct serious oversight.
    The students and faculty at Haskell deserve a safe learning and 
working environment. I have been encouraged by the House Education and 
Workforce and Natural Resources Committees' oversight efforts over the 
past few years, and hope to see that continued.
    I, along with Senator Jerry Moran, introduced the Haskell Indian 
Nations University Improvement Act, which would federally charter 
Haskell and separate them from the governance of the BIE. The Federal 
government has sadly done a disservice to this school, and one way to 
make this right is to put the education of Haskell's students back in 
the hands of Indian country. While the Federal government will still be 
obligated to provide necessary funds to the school, governance would be 
transferred to qualified Tribal leaders from across the country. This 
legislation would open the door for opportunities that Haskell is 
currently not eligible for, the ability to expand educational programs, 
and provide Native students with a safe learning environment.
    I encourage all of my colleagues to support this legislation, and 
to reach out to my office should you have any questions.
    I would also like to take the time to discuss another piece of 
legislation I, along with Representative Joe Neguse, introduced called 
the States Handling Access to Reciprocity for Employment Act, or the 
SHARE Act.
    Hospitals and other health care facilities are experiencing 
workforce shortages that are causing a considerable strain on our 
health care system. One way to address this shortage is to expedite 
licensure processes for our current providers.
    Current law requires health care providers to obtain a license or 
certification from each state in which they wish to practice. If a 
provider licensed in one state relocates to another, that provider must 
complete the licensure process again for each new state in which they 
wish to practice. This process is burdensome and strips providers of 
the ability to practice in any new state until the application is 
approved--sometimes taking more than half a year.
    The SHARE Act would make a technical correction to modernize a 
vital component of the licensure process for health care providers by 
authorizing the FBI to share criminal history record information 
between states for licensure purposes, allowing cooperation between 
states while protecting each states' authority to determine whether a 
provider is eligible to practice in the state.
    This legislation extends the reach of health care professionals, 
improves access to medical specialists, and leverages the use of 
medical technologies like telehealth.
    As the Committee continues to work on legislation and oversight 
surrounding Haskell Indian Nations University or our healthcare 
workforce, I ask that you ensure my comments todayare taken into 
consideration.
    Thank you for the opportunity to speak on these timely and 
important issues, and I yield back the remainder of my time.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentleman, and your message 
is well heard.
    Now I recognize the----
    Mr. Taylor. Ohio. It is okay, I am new here.
    Chairman Walberg [continuing]. The gentleman from Ohio--go 
Blue--for his 5 minutes of testimony. Representative Taylor, 
you are welcome.

  STATEMENT OF THE HON. DAVID J. TAYLOR, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
                CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF OHIO

    Mr. Taylor. Thank you, Chairman. Thank you, Ranking Member, 
for having me here today. Thank you for the Members that joined 
us today as well, and thank you for all the hard work you do.
    I hail from Ohio's Second congressional District, which 
stretches across the entirety of southern Ohio, from the 
Cincinnati suburbs to Ohio's border with West Virginia. My 
district is in the core of Appalachia and is ground zero for 
many of the issues facing rural America, from the lack of 
broadband to the shortage of childcare, as well as jobs and 
skilled workers.
    While there are many issues my constituents are concerned 
about facing, above all, they are concerned about their 
children's future and the opportunities that they will have to 
move up in the world. These are valid concerns, especially as 
the communities I represent have largely been left behind and 
neglected by the Federal Government.
    Over the last 40 years, many towns in southern Ohio saw 
power plants and factories close, jobs shipped overseas, and 
economic growth shift to the urban centers and the coast. 
Fortunately, thanks to the hard work of countless community 
leaders, southern Ohio is starting to make a great comeback, 
and there are similar encouraging stories across America.
    However, there is more work to be done, and much of the 
important work Congress will do will take place right here in 
the Education and Workforce Committee. The policies crafted by 
the committee have the potential to accelerate economic growth, 
improve educational outcomes, and help prepare our young people 
for good-paying jobs right out of school.
    As a third-generation small business owner, I understand 
the value of having a skilled workforce. To that end, I am 
proud that we passed the critical workforce Pell provision in 
the Working Families Tax Cut, which allows Pell grants to be 
used to gain workforce credentials through short-term career 
training programs. These kinds of creative solutions are key to 
addressing the skilled labor shortage, which, if not addressed, 
will leave us with a shortage of electricians, carpenters, 
plumbers, HVAC technicians, and many other essential workers.
    Luckily, community organizations across America are 
stepping up to fill this gap and help train a skilled 
workforce. In my district, United Steel Workers Local 689 has 
partnered with the Department of Energy to train individuals on 
plant safety and inspection. The University of Rio Grande has 
partnered with Ohio Means Jobs to offer programming for in-
demand jobs outside the traditional 4-year pathway. Growing 
Rural Independence Together Project partners with countless 
organizations across southern Ohio to provide career services.
    I know I speak for everyone across Ohio's Second 
congressional District when I say that we are grateful for the 
work they do in helping people develop a skill and finding 
meaning in their work. While organizations in my district are 
grateful for the Federal funds they receive, I have heard from 
some of them that the requirements attached to these Federal 
funds are too restrictive, resulting in fewer individuals being 
served.
    That is exactly why I am introducing the Workforce 
Flexibility Act in the coming weeks. This bill, supported by 
numerous workforce organizations and stakeholders, would help 
provide flexibility to our local organizations as they seek to 
train the next generation. In one WIOA district that covers 
three counties in southern Ohio, they had to turn away more 
than 300 people from their training program due to the lack of 
flexibility under Title I of WIOA.
    This is extremely disheartening as every business I visit 
needs workers, and fewer people are getting involved in skilled 
trades. There are many organizations that would benefit from 
more flexibility. In the end, the real beneficiaries will be 
the young people this flexibility will put on track to 
achieving the American Dream, a job they can be proud of and 
which allows them to own a home and raise a family.
    As the committee continues to evaluate legislation in this 
Congress and work on the WIOA reauthorization, I look forward 
to working with you to embrace more local flexibility so we can 
fast-track workforce development and revitalize towns and 
cities across America. The changes in my bill could get more 
people trained, grow our workforce in rural America, and 
resurrect our small towns as we bring manufacturing back to the 
United States.
    I want to thank the committee again for the opportunity to 
speak here today, and I appreciate the work you do on these 
pressing issues. I respectfully urge you to include my 
Workforce Flexibility Act in the WIOA reauthorization, and I 
look forward to continuing to work with you to usher in 
America's golden age.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I yield back.
    [The prepared statement of Representative Taylor follows:]

  Statement of the Hon. David J. Taylor, a Representative in Congress 
                         From the State of Ohio

    Thank you, Chairman Walberg, and Ranking Member Scott, for giving 
me the opportunity to speak here today and thank you for all the hard 
work you do.
    I hail from Ohio's Second Congressional District, which stretches 
across the entirety of southern Ohio, from the Cincinnati suburbs to 
Ohio's border with West Virginia.
    My district is in the core of Appalachia and is ground zero for 
many of the issues facing rural America--from the lack of broadband to 
the shortage of childcare as well as jobs and skilled workers.
    While there are many issues my constituents are concerned about 
facing, above all, they are concerned about their children's future and 
the opportunities they will have to move up in the world. These are 
valid concerns, especially as the communities I represent have largely 
been left behind and neglected by the federalgovernment.
    Over the last forty years, many towns in southern Ohio saw power 
plants and factories close, jobs shipped overseas, and economic growth 
shift to the urban centers and the coasts.
    Fortunately, thanks to the hard work of countless community 
leaders, southern Ohio is starting to make a great comeback, and there 
are similar encouraging stories across America. However, there is more 
work to be done, and much of the important work Congress will do will 
take place right here in the Education and Workforce Committee.
    The policies crafted by this committee have the potential to 
accelerate economic development, improve educational outcomes, and help 
prepare our young people for good-paying jobs right out of school. As a 
third-generation small business owner, I understand the value of having 
a skilled workforce.
    To that end, I am proud that we passed a critical Workforce Pell 
provision in the Working Families Tax Cut, which allows Pell Grants to 
be used to gain workforce credentials through short-term career 
training programs.
    These kinds of creative solutions are key to addressing the skilled 
labor shortage, which if not addressed, will leave us with a shortage 
of:
     Electricians
     Carpenters
     Plumbers
     HVAC technicians and many other essential workers.
    Luckily, community organizations across America are stepping up to 
fill this gap and help train a skilled workforce.
    In my district, United Steel Workers Local 689 has partnered with 
the Department of Energy to train individuals on plant safety and 
inspection.
    The University of Rio Grande has partnered with Ohio Means Jobs to 
offer programming for in-demand jobs outside of the traditional 4-year 
pathway. The Growing Rural Independence Together Project partners with 
countless organizations across southern Ohio to provide career 
services. I know I speak for everyone across Ohio's Second 
Congressional District when I say that we are grateful for the work 
they do in helping people develop a skill and find meaning in their 
work.
    While organizations in my district are grateful for the federal 
funds they receive, I have heard from them that the requirements 
attached to these federal funds are too restrictive, resulting in fewer 
individuals being served.
    That is exactly why I'm introducing the Workforce Flexibility Act 
in the coming weeks.
    This bill, supported by numerous workforce organizations and 
stakeholders, would help provide flexibility to our local organizations 
as they seek to train the next generation. In one WIOA district that 
covers three counties in southern Ohio, they had to turn away more than 
three hundred people from theirtraining program due to the lack of 
flexibility under Title I of WIOA. This is extremely disheartening as 
every business I visit needs workers, and fewer people are getting 
involved in skilled trades.
    There are many organizations that would benefit from more 
flexibility. In the end, the real beneficiaries will be the young 
people this flexibility will put on track to achieve the American 
Dream. A job they can be proud of, and which allows them to own a home 
and raise a family.
    As the Committee continues to evaluate legislation this Congress 
and work on the WIOA reauthorization, I look forward to working with 
you to embrace more local flexibility so we can fast-track workforce 
development and revitalize towns and cities across America. The changes 
in my bill could get more people trained, grow our workforce in rural 
America, and resurrect our small towns as we bring manufacturing back 
to the United States.
    I want to thank the committee again for the opportunity to speak 
here today, and I appreciate the work you do on these pressing issues.
    I respectfully urge you to include my Workforce Flexibility Act in 
the WIOA reauthorization, and I look forward to continuing to work with 
you to usher in America's Golden Age.
    Thank you and I yield back.
                                 ______
                                 
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the Representative.
    I appreciate you all being here.
    Under Committee Rule 9, we would now question witnesses 
under the 5-minute rule. Does anyone wish to ask questions?
    Well, I will take my opportunity.
    Representative Hern, I recognize your concern very clearly 
to make sure that the continuing whipsaw, specifically on joint 
employer, does not continue. With your legislation, there are 
two pieces of legislation within our jurisdiction that address 
that key issue. One is much broader across the spectrum of 
businesses. Yours is much narrower just for franchise. Could 
you care to comment on the reason why your more limited 
approach would be necessary even with the much broader piece of 
legislation that would take your concerns in as well?
    Mr. Hern. Sure. I think, when you have a broader audience 
that you are trying to find all the nuances with the larger 
bill. Speaking strictly for franchising, something I have spent 
my entire life in, seeing people that came from all walks of 
life, needing the opportunity but not knowing if they are 
willing to take that risk or not with the uncertainty that 
happens--that, 1 day, you might invest a lot of money, and, the 
very next day, based on the change of administration when there 
is no law in place to that clearly defines the joint employer 
alignment, you can invest all your money, and the next day 
become an employee of that brand.
    That was never meant for the entire time that franchising 
has been around since, you know, for 70 years. It was to 
provide the opportunity where a brand came in, whatever the 
brand may be--it did not have to be a restaurant--but it came 
in and provided the technical expertise to get you started off 
so you did not have the startup costs to deal with. Those are 
amortized through the franchise agreement and the opportunity 
to go in there.
    You also have the ability to go out there and look at these 
brands across the Nation. With the prevalence of social media 
and other things out there, the internet, it is very easy to 
monitor the behavior of franchisors, the bad ones and the good 
ones, and be able to pick and choose. That is inside of that 
agreement.
    The external pressures on the franchising and the joint 
employer issue that started in 2015 with the BFI issue out in 
California, a much broader issue, not necessarily franchising 
but more of a leasing arrangement, we are trying to define this 
specifically for an industry? Quite frankly, Mr. Chairman, just 
take that off your plate. Make it easy. Get that piece out of 
there so that we were looking at a broader situation so that 
these men and women, these African Americans, Asians, Hispanics 
across America that have invested their entire life, and many 
multigenerational franchises can have assurances that the 
moneys and the time and energy that they have invested, not 
only in their businesses but in their people and in their 
families, can have certainty that those will be in existence 
come 3 years from now or 3 months from now.
    Chairman Walberg. Thank you.
    Mr. Scott. Mr. Chairman.
    Chairman Walberg. I recognize the ranking member.
    Mr. Scott. Yes. Mr. Chairman, following up on that, I 
thought I heard you say that you would be considered a joint 
employer if you had one or more--if you satisfied one or more 
of the measures of control. Some bills have it set up where you 
have to have--you are not an employer unless you have each and 
every measure of control. Have you compared your bills to the 
other bills that are pending?
    Mr. Hern. I have not. I mean, I am sure my staff has, but 
we tried to be very specific on this one so that we clearly 
defined. I can tell you, again, having worked at the highest 
level of leadership for the franchisees--and unlike Congress, 
we did not get paid to do it; we did it for paying it forward--
it was a grave concern for both entities, franchisor and 
franchisee, that there was a complete delineation between those 
responsibilities.
    McDonald's, quite frankly, I will just choose them as the 
person--the group that I worked with for many years, obviously, 
a brand well known, if they were going to be involved as a 
joint employer, there is no question that their--just as it 
would for anybody on the dais here, that, if you are 
responsible for the hiring, you are going to be in that 
restaurant every day as a corporation. It all of a sudden 
becomes a corporation.
    If you are a franchisee of that brand, whatever the brand 
is, you wanted that pushback, that separation. You wanted the 
independence of being a businessperson. You worked your life 
working for somebody, and so you wanted that delineation. We 
are not trying to protect the franchisor from, you know, being 
somebody that is egregious, tell you who you have to hire, how 
much you have to pay. That is the independence of the 
individual franchisee.
    Mr. Scott. Now, there have been a lot of challenges to 
McDonald's. Has McDonald's corporate ever been ruled to be a 
joint employer?
    Mr. Hern. I do not know the legal action that is taken 
against any franchisor out there.
    Mr. Scott. Okay. I think if you are using one or more of 
the criteria, you may be consistent with the present--with some 
of the roles that we might even come to agreement on.
    Let me ask, Dr. Dexter, Representative Dexter, I guess, in 
this context, you talked about the support you have got to 
become a physician. Are you familiar with what happened in that 
legislation, that ``big ugly bill''? How would that affect a 
person's ability to become a physician?
    Ms. Dexter. Yes, sir. Thank you so much, Ranking Member 
Scott, for asking that. In fact, I was just meeting with 
members of the American Medical Association from Oregon this 
week. It is going to have devastating impacts on our physician 
population.
    You know, kids like me, I was economically disadvantaged 
but not racially disadvantaged, clearly. Getting into medical 
school would not have been possible for me in any way without 
the educational opportunities that these loans had.
    The undermining of DEI efforts as well as economic support 
right now is going to put us in a place where White privileged 
people are the only ones that can take care of us, because--
well, that is not entirely true. I am sorry for that. There is 
obviously privileged people of color, but it----
    Mr. Scott. Do you mean people that can write a $50,000 
check?
    Ms. Dexter. Yes. It is not even $50,000. Most are 
graduating with $200,000 to $300,000.
    Mr. Scott. Well, yes, but they can get through because they 
had access to the loans. If those loans are limited and you do 
not have access to the loans, what chance does a person who 
relied on those loans, what chance would they have of becoming 
a physician?
    Ms. Dexter. It is not just that they will unlikely have the 
opportunity to be a physician. If they do choose to be a 
physician and have that high of a loan debt, they will go into 
specialty care and higher paying specialties. We have an 
extraordinary shortage of primary care physicians in this 
country, and it does not pay enough as it is for--you know, I 
graduated with $150,000 in debt. Luckily, the Biden-Harris plan 
relieved me of that debt. I will be totally candid: I was 
paying for over 20 years, and that debt was just relieved a 
year and a half ago. I would still be paying on that, and I had 
already paid in excess of what my principal had been by this 
time because of the cost of----
    Mr. Scott. Well, one of the problems with that ``big ugly 
bill'' is it limits the amount of loans. If you cannot come up 
with the cash----
    Ms. Dexter. That is right.
    Mr. Scott [continuing]. Over what you can put together in 
Pells and loans, it is going to be at least $50,000 maybe more 
than that.
    Ms. Dexter. If there is----
    Mr. Scott. If you cannot come up with that, you cannot go.
    Ms. Dexter. I am so sorry, Mr. Ranking Member. That was 
very rude of me. I am obviously passionate about this area. It 
is also going to put people into, we will say, malicious 
loaning practices. Like, people who really want to be a doctor 
will put themselves in a position where they can be taken 
advantage of, and that is obviously not anything that we want 
people starting their career with.
    Thank you, Mr. Ranking Member.
    Mr. Scott. Thank you. I yield back.
    Chairman Walberg. I thank the gentleman.
    Any further questions?
    Well, hearing none, I want to express appreciation to the 
panel coming in front of us, and certainly, these are all 
issues that we have addressed. We may disagree on some of them 
on this committee and even at the panel, but they have been 
taken seriously.
    I would like to thank you again for testifying before the 
committee today.
    Without objection, there being no further business, the 
committee stands adjourned.
    [Whereupon, at 9:51 a.m., the Committee was adjourned.]
    [Additional submissions from Representative Barr follows:]

  The Hon. Andy Barr, a Representative in Congress From the State of 
                                Kentucky

    Chairman Walberg, thank you for the opportunity to submit this 
statement for the record in support of the Defend Girls Athletics Act. 
I am proud to lead this legislation to protect the integrity of women's 
sports and uphold basic principles of fairness, safety, and biological 
reality in our nation's schools.
    Across the country, parents, students, and female athletes are 
raising serious concerns as biological males are increasingly allowed 
to compete in girls' and women's athletics. This trend is plainly 
unfair and undermines the purpose of Title IX, which Congress enacted 
more than fifty years ago. Title IX was designed to expand 
opportunities for women and girls, not to diminish them. Under prior 
federal guidance and activist policies in certain school districts 
anduniversities, women have seen their opportunities reduced, their 
scholarships threatened, and their accomplishments overshadowed.
    President Trump recognized this growing problem and issued the 
Keeping Men Out of Women's Sports executive order, reaffirming that 
participation in female athletics must be based on biological sex. The 
Defend Girls Athletics Act codifies that policy and ensures that these 
protections cannot be weakened or reversed by a future administration. 
The legislation establishes a clear federal standard that schools and 
colleges receiving federal funds must limit participation in women's 
athletic programs to individuals whose biological sex is female. This 
standard is simple, rooted in common sense, and strongly supported by 
families across the nation.
    To ensure accountability, the bill includes straightforward 
compliance measures. K-12 school districts must certify each year that 
they meet the federal standard, and states must verify that their 
districts follow the law. Schools or states that refuse to comply risk 
the loss of unobligated federal funds until they return to compliance. 
At the higher education level, colleges and universities must make the 
same annual certification to remain eligible for federal support, 
including grants and participation in federal student aid programs.
    These expectations are reasonable. Institutions that receive 
federal taxpayer dollars should be required to uphold fairness and 
protect the integrity of girls' and women's sports. The legislation 
does not create burdensome new mandates. It simply ensures that female 
athletes can compete on a level playing field, without losing roster 
spots, scholarships, or championships to biological males.
    Congress has a responsibility to uphold Title IX, defend women and 
girls, and ensure that federal education funding reinforces fairness, 
safety, and common sense.
    The Defend Girls Athletics Act fulfills that responsibility with 
clarity and resolve.
    I urge my colleagues on the Committee and throughout Congress to 
support this essential legislation, which already has 57 cosponsors. 
Female athletes have waited long enough for the federal government to 
stand with them.
    It is time to restore fairness, uphold Title IX, and defend girls' 
athletics nationwide.
                                 ______
                                 
    [Additional submissions from Representative Lee follows:]

  The Hon. Susie Lee, a Representative in Congress From the State of 
                                 Nevada

    Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member Scott, and members of the House 
Committee on Education and the Workforce, thank you for providing me 
with the opportunity to share my perspective on issues under the 
Committee's jurisdiction.
    I am proud product of the public education system and put myself 
through college with a combination of part-time jobs, scholarships, and 
loans. Before coming to Congress, I spent more than two decades working 
with Nevada schools to support students, prevent dropouts, and 
strengthen our public education system. As a lifelong education 
advocate, I know that education is the key to opportunity.
    That is why I introduced the Keep Our Promise to America's Children 
and Teachers Act (H.R. 869) to ensure school districts in Nevada and 
across the country have the resources they need to strengthen 
opportunities for all students--regardless of the extra needs they may 
have or what zip code they live in.
    This bill would put Congress on a fiscally responsible path to meet 
its obligation to fully fund Title I and the Individuals with 
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) on a mandatory basis over the next 10 
years.
    More than 200 schools across Nevada's Clark County School District 
rely on Title I funding, which gives assistance to America's highest-
need schools, but theprogram has been seriously underfunded for decades 
at the federal level. From 2005 to 2017, Title I was underfunded by 
about $347 billion, preventing southern Nevada schools from addressing 
critical issues like school safety, teacher retention, and mental 
health.
    Similarly, chronic underfunding of IDEA has shortchanged Nevada 
schools by an estimated $1.96 billion in IDEA grants between 2005 and 
2017, greatly diminishing their ability to serve children with 
disabilities.
    As elected officials, it is our responsibility to ensure all 
students in our communities have the resources and opportunities they 
need to succeed. That means we must fully fund these vital programs, 
not tear them apart.
    While the current Administration continues to undermine access to 
education by dismantling the Department of Education and defunding 
critical programs, I remain committed to working with my colleagues on 
both sides of the aisle to improve educational opportunities and 
outcomes for our communities.
    Nevada currently has the fewest teachers per students in the 
country, with an average of 43 teachers per 1,000 students. With this 
shortage already straining in-classroom demands, the supply of targeted 
after-school resources is especially affected, emphasizing the need to 
support workforce development for teachers as well as fill the gap in 
additional tutoring needs.
    To address this gap, I lead the bipartisan Partnering Aspiring 
Teachers with High-Need Schools (PATHS) to Tutor Act, which I will be 
reintroducing in the coming weeks. This bill expands access to one-on-
one and small group tutoring for students in underserved communities. 
The legislation also leverages our existing workforce pool and creates 
new opportunities for future teachers by placing teacher-candidates in 
these tutoring roles.
    By placing teacher-candidates into tutoring roles, this bill 
strengthens the pipeline of future teachers in the long run, while 
ensuring students in underservedcommunities receive targeted academic 
support in the short run.
    Finally, as we aim to meet the needs of all students, it is 
essential that we support evidence-based methods to address in- and 
out-of-school barriers to learning. Community schools are key to 
addressing these barriers.
    That is why I also lead the Full-Service Community School Expansion 
Act, which I will be reintroducing in the coming months. This 
legislation expands the Full-Service Community Schools grant program to 
meet the demand across the country for wraparound services to support 
struggling students and families.
    A full-service community school is a public elementary or secondary 
school that participates in a community-based effort to coordinate and 
integrate educational, developmental, family, health, and other 
comprehensive services through community-based organizations and public 
and private partnerships; and provides in-school access to such 
services to students, families, and the community.
    As the former President of Communities in Schools (CIS) of Nevada, 
I understand just how valuable the work of community schools is for 
their communities. CIS of Nevada is an education non-profit serving 
over 89,000 students annually in Clark County School District. Their 
programs are in over 100 schools, focusing on providing equitable 
access to educational resources and support. In Nevada, 99% of K-11 
students involved in CIS programs were promoted to the next grade level 
and 96% of CIS students go on to graduate.
    The model of integrated student supports (ISS) utilized by CIS is a 
clear example of a proven, evidence-based approach that improve 
educational outcomes in our communities. With trained site coordinators 
directly in schools, students are able to receive the resources and 
support they need to address their unique needs andovercome their 
challenges. These methods have been proven to increase students' 
earning potential by 4.3% and improve graduation rates by 3.4%. We must 
do our part to support community schools that are critical to ensuring 
everyone has the resources and opportunities they deserve.
    I remain committed to working with my colleagues on this Committee 
to push forward common-sense solutions that ensure access to 
educational opportunities, support students and teachers, and improve 
outcomes for students. I encourage the Committee to provide full 
consideration to the Keep Our PACT Act, PATHS to Tutor Act, and Full-
Service Community Schools Expansion Act.
    Thank you again for providing this opportunity. I look forward to 
collaborating with the Committee to make life for Nevadans better.
                                 ______
                                 
    [Additional submissions from Representative Takano 
follows:]

 The Hon. Mark Takano, a Representative in Congress From the State of 
                               California

    Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member Scott, and Members of the 
Committee, thank you for the opportunity to submit this written 
testimony. I applaud your leadership and appreciate you allowing 
Members to share their priorities. In that spirit, I implore the 
Committee to provide robust support for student borrowers and overtime 
protections for hardworking Americans. It is of equal importance that 
we support Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) as they navigate the 
Trump Administration's unilateral cancellation of many of their grants 
and funding. All three of these issues will have a major impact on the 
landscape for American students and worker success in this country.
    The American Dream is built on the promise of a high-quality 
education. We tell our students that if you work hard, you can access 
some of the best educational opportunities in the world and build a 
life-sustaining career. However, this Dream is only a reality if 
institutions are held accountable for providing students with a high-
quality education and student borrowers are protected from predatory 
practices that would leave them crushed by debt.
    In an era when young people are skeptical about the cost-benefit 
relationship to a college education and the political atmosphere has 
been hostile to educational institutions, Congress must demonstrate our 
commitment to students with targeted and thoughtful policy. This 
Committee is tasked with providing equal education and opportunity for 
every student, regardless of their background.
    To that end, my legislation, the PROTECT Students Act, addresses 
several areas of the college experience to ensure students are 
safeguarded. This bill increases oversight of institutions of higher 
education, makes it easier for students to eliminate their loans if 
they were defrauded and eases the ability of students to bring class 
action lawsuits against for-profit universities, holds universities 
accountable by ensuring schools are honest about their job placement 
data, predatory recruitment tactics, and ensure that former fraudsters 
cannot prey on students again.
    The PROTECT Students Act will save taxpayers millions of dollars 
each year by preventing student aid money being paid out to programs 
that do not deliver for students--programs that far too often leave 
students with debt they cannot afford and no degree or credential to 
show for it. It ensures that owners of for-profit colleges can be 
required to meet specified conditions through the Program Participation 
Agreement--the federal contract colleges and universities sign in order 
to receive federal aid. By creating a new metric of instructional 
spending, it sets out a new way of differentiating the outcomes of 
schools that are under resourced from schools that simply churn 
taxpayer aid into corporate profits and payouts. And finally, the bill 
restores and streamlines the rights of students who were lied to or 
defrauded by creating a clear and simple path for students to establish 
a defense to repayment.
    H.R. 1 unfortunately made it harder for students and student 
veterans to establish that they have been defrauded--that is a deeply 
unfortunate consequence since ensuring students can establish they were 
lied to has served as a tremendous disincentive to misconduct by 
predatory schools. The PROTECT Students Act would fix this. In order to 
safeguard the future of our younger generations, we need consider this 
legislation immediately.
    Equally important is ensuring a strong economic future for 
America's workforce. This country is long overdue for robust reform of 
the overtime threshold, which remains at a woefully low and inadequate 
$35,500 per year. The first Trump Administration set this threshold, 
despite $35,500 being far below a livable wage in any state in the 
United States. It has remained there for far too long.
    I am proud to lead the Restoring Overtime Pay Act, a bill which 
seeks to raise the overtime threshold to a historic high of the 55th 
percentile of earnings for full-time salaried workers nationwide.
    This effort paves the way for millions of American workers 
previously excluded from overtime compensation to receive overtime pay 
for their hours worked. It will strengthen the economy, increase 
workers' spending power, and take a significant step towards ensuring 
that the American economy works for all workers, not just those in the 
highest earning brackets.
    We need to focus our time on putting money back in workers' 
pockets, and I urge the Committee to take up this bill as soon as 
possible.
    Finally, I ask that this Committee demand explanations from 
Secretary of Education Linda McMahon and the Trump Administration on 
their decision making regarding the elimination of Minority Serving 
Institution (MSI) programs. Secretary McMahon must work with Congress 
regarding any major action on these programs, and she and the 
Administration have overstepped their authority by moving forward 
without engaging the legislative branch.
    The Department of Education announced it would cancel and 
reallocate funding for several MSI programs, including Hispanic-Serving 
Institutions (HSIs) and Asian American and Native American Pacific 
Islander-Serving Institutions (AANAPISI). MSIs are colleges and 
universities that enroll some of the most racially and ethnically 
diverse students across the United States. The Department of Education 
has provided funding to help colleges design and build programs to 
ensure their students are equipped to enter the workforce. These 
include programs that educate and prepare students in artificial 
intelligence and strengthen research capabilities.
    In the State of California, there are 54 HSI, 12 MSI, and 12 
AANAPISI active grant recipients. If funding is completely reallocated, 
California colleges and universities could lose upwards of $50 million 
over the next several years. Eliminating these programs would hinder 
the efforts made by colleges and universities to prepare students to 
succeed in the evolving job market. With budgets already tight, some 
established programs would be difficult to replace with state funds 
because state dollars are primarily formula-driven and already 
committed to core operations and state priorities.
    Secretary McMahon must agree to discuss this decision--among 
others--with Congress before proceeding. This will impact millions of 
students' ability to succeed and erode decades of progress towards 
making higher education more accessible and equitable.
    Chairman Walberg, Ranking Member Scott, and Members of the 
Committee, thank you for your time and leadership. I look forward to 
working with you all.

                                 [all]