    [Senate Hearing 118-582]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                                                            S. Hrg. 118-582

                             NOMINATIONS OF THE 118th
                         CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, PART I

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARINGS

                                   BEFORE THE

                         COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
                              UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                       January 3, 2023 to January 3, 2024

                                   ----------

                                     Part I

                                   ----------

           Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations

                  [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                       Available via the World Wide Web:
                             http://www.govinfo.gov

                                                            S. Hrg. 118-582

            NOMINATIONS OF THE 118th CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, PART I

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARINGS

                                   before the

                         COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
                              UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED EIGHTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                       January 3, 2023 to January 3, 2024
                                   __________

                                     Part I
                                   __________

           Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations

                 [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

          Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov

                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

    58-988 PDF                 WASHINGTON : 2025

                    COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

                     118th Congress, 1st Session

                January 3, 2023 to September 23, 2023

                ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey, Chairman

    BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland           JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho
    JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire          MARCO RUBIO, Florida
    CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware         MITT ROMNEY, Utah
    CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut        PETE RICKETTS, Nebraska
    TIM KAINE, Virginia                    RAND PAUL, Kentucky
    JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon                   TODD YOUNG, Indiana
    CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey             JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming
    BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                   TED CRUZ, Texas
    CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland             BILL HAGERTY, Tennessee
    TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois              TIM SCOTT, South Carolina

                    Damian Murphy, Staff Director
           Christopher M. Socha, Republican Staff Director
                       John Dutton, Chief Clerk

                September 23, 2023 to January 3, 2024

                BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland, Chairman

    ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey            JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho
    JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire          MARCO RUBIO, Florida
    CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware         MITT ROMNEY, Utah
    CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut        PETE RICKETTS, Nebraska
    TIM KAINE, Virginia                    RAND PAUL, Kentucky
    JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon                   TODD YOUNG, Indiana
    CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey             JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming
    BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                   TED CRUZ, Texas
    CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland             BILL HAGERTY, Tennessee
    TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois              TIM SCOTT, South Carolina

                    Damian Murphy, Staff Director
           Christopher M. Socha, Republican Staff Director
                      John Dutton, Chief Clerk

                                  (ii)

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------

    Responses to additional questions from members of the committee
      and any other material submitted for the record are located at
      the end of each hearing transcript.

                                  ----------

                                     Part I

    February 16, 2023................................................     1

        Verma, Hon. Richard R., of Maryland, nominated to be Deputy
          Secretary of State for Management and Resources............     6

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................    27

    March 1, 2023....................................................    47

        Murthy, Dr. Vivek Hallagere, of Florida, nominated to be
          Representative of the U.S. on the Executive Board of the
          World Health Organization..................................    53

        FitzGibbon, Kathleen A., of New York, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Niger........................    56

        Kneedler, Eric W., of Pennsylvania, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Rwanda.......................    60

        Tremont, Pamela M., Tremont, of Virginia, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Zimbabwe.....................    62

        Mills, Hon. Richard, Jr., of Georgia, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Nigeria..............    65

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   90

    March 15, 2023...................................................   189

        Yon, Hugo Yue-Ho, of California, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Republic of Maldives................................   195

        Allen, Elizabeth, of New York, nominated to be Under
          Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy....................   198

        Strong, Martina Anna Tkadlec, of Texas, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates.....................   201

        Rood, Elizabeth, of Pennsylvania, nominated to be Ambassador
          to Turkmenistan............................................   204

        Sasahara, Karen, of Massachusetts, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the State of Kuwait.....................................   207

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   224

                                     (iii)

    March 30, 2023...................................................   249

        Theriot, Nicole D., of Louisiana, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana.....................   251

        Yastishock, Ann Marie, of Pennsylvania, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Independent State of Papua New Guinea,
          and to serve concurrently and without additional
          compensation as Ambassador to the Solomon Islands and
          Ambassador to the Republic of Vanuatu......................   253

        Dunnigan, Robin, of California, nominated to be Ambassador to
          Georgia....................................................   256

        David J. Kostelancik, of Illinois, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Republic of Albania.................................   258

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   272

    May 4, 2023......................................................   287

        Nyhus, Roger F., nominated to be Ambassador to Barbados,
          Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Antigua, and Barbuda,
          the Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, and Saint Vincent
          and the Grenadines.........................................   292

        Lempert, Yael, nominated to be Ambassador to the Hashemite
          Kingdom of Jordan..........................................   294

        Brown Arthur, W., to be Ambassador to the Republic of Ecuador   297

        Syptak-Ramnath, Stephanie, to be Ambassador to the Republic
          of Peru....................................................   299

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   321

    May 16, 2023.....................................................   367

        Escrogima, Ana A., of New York, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Sultanate of Oman......................................   369

        Johnson, Lisa A., of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Lebanese Republic......................................   372

        Massinga, Ervin Jose, of Washington, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia..   374

        Hunt, Bryan David, of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Republic of Sierra Leone...............................   377

        Popp, William W., of Missouri, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Republic of Uganda.....................................   380

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   399

    May 17, 2023.....................................................   469

        Adams, Dr. Jennifer M., of Virginia, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Cabo Verde...................   471

        Variava, Heather Roach, of Iowa, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Lao People's Democratic Republic....................   473

        Turner, Julie, of Maryland, nominated to be Special Envoy On
          North Korean Human Rights Issues, with the rank of
          Ambassador.................................................   476

        Murray, Matthew D., of Maryland, nominated to be the United
          States Senior Official for Asia-Pacific Economic
          Cooperation (APEC) with the rank of Ambassador during his
          tenure of service..........................................   479

        Johnson, Jennifer L., of New York, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Federated States of Micronesia......................   481

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   494
    June 13, 2023....................................................   519

        Kierscht, Hon. Cynthia, of Minnesota, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Djibouti.....................   523

        Ehrendreich, Joel, of New York, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Republic of Palau......................................   526

        Libby, Mark W., of Massachusetts, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Republic of Azerbaijan..............................   528

        Kagan, Edgard D., of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador to
          Malaysia...................................................   532

        Biswal, Hon. Nisha Desai, of Virginia, nominated to be Deputy
          Chief Executive officer of The United States International
          Development Finance Corporation............................   534

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   552

                                    Part II

    June 21, 2023....................................................   577

        McDonald, Kara C., of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Republic of Lithuania..................................   579

        Shea, Hon. Dorothy Camille, of North Carolina, nominated to
          be the Deputy Representative to the United Nations and the
          Deputy Representative of The United States in the Security
          Council of the United Nations..............................   582

        Markell, Hon. Jack A., of Delaware, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Italian Republic, And to Serve
          Concurrently And Without Additional Compensation As
          Ambassador to the Republic of San Marino...................   586

        FitzPatrick, Vernelle Trim, of Virginia, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Gabonese Republic........................   589

        Peterson, Hon. Lisa, of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Republic of Burundi.................................   592

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   600

    July 26, 2023....................................................   641

        Hankins, Hon. Dennis B., of Minnesota, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Haiti........................   646

        O'Brien, Hon. James C., of Nebraska, nominated to be An
          Assistant Secretary of State (European And Eurasian
          Affairs)...................................................   649

        Rayes, Nathalie, of Massachusetts, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the Republic of Croatia.................................   651

        Bradley, Tobin John, of California, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Republic of Guatemala....................   654

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   672

    October 18, 2023.................................................   721

        Lew, Hon. Jacob J., of New York, nominated to be Ambassador
          to the State of Israel.....................................   725

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   771
    October 19, 2023.................................................   887

        Riley, Richard H. IV, of California, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Somalia..............   889

        Toner, Mark, of Pennsylvania, nominated to be Ambassador to
          the Republic of Liberia....................................   892

        White, David E. Jr., of New York, nominated to be Deputy
          Director of The Peace Corps................................   895

        Garg, Herro Mustafa, of California, nominated to be
          Ambassador to the Arab Republic of Egypt...................   897

        Martin, Hon. Paul K., of Maryland, nominated to be Inspector
          General, United States Agency for International Development
          (USAID)....................................................   900

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................   927

    November 16, 2023................................................   973

        Prescott, Jeffrey, of the District of Columbia, nominated to
          be U.S. Representative to the United Nations Agencies for
          Food and Agriculture, with the rank of Ambassador..........   977

        Maloney, Hon. Sean Patrick, of New York, nominated to be
          Representative of The United States of America to the
          Organization for Economic Cooperation And Development, with
          the rank of Ambassador.....................................   980

        Crist, Hon. Charlie, of Florida, nominated to be
          Representative of The United States of America on the
          Council of The International Civil Aviation Organization,
          with the rank of Ambassador................................   983

        Richardson, Cardell Kenneth, Sr., of Virginia, nominated to
          be Inspector General, Department of State..................  1000

        Shampaine, Nicole, of California, nominated to be United
          States Representative to the Organization for The
          Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, with the rank of
          Ambassador during her tenure of service....................  1003

        Lockard, Joann M., of Virginia, nominated to be Ambassador to
          Burkina Faso...............................................  1005

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................  1013

    December 7, 2023.................................................  1057

        Campbell, Hon. Kurt, nominated to be Deputy Secretary of
          State......................................................  1063

        Additional Material Submitted for The Record.................  1091

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                          THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:31 a.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Robert
    Menendez presiding.
        Present: Senators Menendez [presiding], Cardin, Shaheen,
    Coons, Kaine, Schatz, Van Hollen, Duckworth, Risch, Hagerty,
    and Ricketts.

               OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY

        The Chairman. This hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations
    Committee will come to order.
        Today, we are considering one of the most critical
    positions of the Department of State.
        Ambassador Verma, welcome. Thank you. You have served with
    great distinction. We appreciate your willingness to return to
    public service.
        I understand that Senator Cardin wants the privilege of
    introducing you to the committee and so we will recognize him
    for that purpose.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. BENJAMIN L. CARDIN,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

        Senator Cardin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you for
    giving me the opportunity to introduce Ambassador Verma to our
    committee. I welcome you and thank you for your willingness to
    continue in public service.
        You have a very distinguished career in serving, and I also
    want to thank your family because we recognize you cannot do
    this without an understanding family. It is really a family
    commitment. So thank you for your willingness to serve our
    country.
        Ambassador Verma spent 30 years working in law, foreign
    policy, and national security. He is a veteran of the U.S. Air
    Force. He worked here in the Senate for many years as Senator
    Harry Reid's national security adviser.
        He is a former Assistant Secretary of State, a
    distinguished U.S. Ambassador to India, and now he is general
    counsel of one of America's most well known and reputable
    companies, MasterCard.
        I cannot think of a more qualified nominee to take over the
    Deputy Secretary position for Management and Resources.
        And by the way, Mr. Chairman, he is also a Marylander.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Cardin. Ambassador Verma's father, Professor Verma,
    who joins us today, provides us a classic American immigrant
    success story. He arrived in the United States in 1963 with $14
    and a bus ticket and nothing else. No family, no support
    system.
        Yet, he went on to become a professor at the University of
    Pittsburgh at Johnstown where he taught for 43 years as a
    scholar in English and South Asian literature.
        Another connection--I am also a graduate of the University
    of Pittsburgh. So good choices.
        Both of Ambassador Verma's parents became educators. His
    mom worked many years as a special needs teacher. They would
    raise five children, Rich being the youngest. Ambassador Verma
    launched his career with the help of the U.S. Air Force,
    securing a full Air Force ROTC scholarship to Lehigh
    University.
        At this early age he knew he wanted to serve his country
    and that has not changed. We are so grateful for his service
    back then and here again today.
        Ambassador Verma's spouse Pinky's family also overcame so
    much to be here today, her grandparents surviving the great
    atrocities in the last century committed against the Armenian
    people. They settled in New York in the early 1920s.
        Like Ambassador Verma, Pinky's father was also a veteran
    and he also worked right here as chief counsel for the Senate
    Judiciary Committee. Another impressive family member of
    service.
        So both Ambassador Verma and his wife have raised three
    wonderful children. The State Department is a great institution
    but it has a lot of needs. It needs bold, forward-thinking
    leaders who have a wide range of experiences to help us
    modernize and have even a greater impact globally.
        This committee moved forward and the Congress did as well
    with several pieces of legislation that Senator Hagerty and I
    sponsored in the previous Congress that came out of our
    subcommittee on the State Department.
        I look forward to working with Ambassador Verma in his new
    position to implement those provisions in law. Ambassador Verma
    is the kind of leader the department and the country needs at
    this time.
        In addition to all the things I have already mentioned, he
    serves on several important boards, including the President's
    Intelligence Advisory Board, the Ford Foundation, Lehigh
    University, the National Endowment for Democracy, and a
    Maryland company, T. Rowe Price.
        Ambassador Verma is the right person at the right time to
    take on this position and I am proud to introduce him to our
    committee.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Cardin, for that glowing
    introduction. He normally gives Marylanders a pretty
    significant introduction but this is beyond the pale, I just
    want you to know.
        [Laughter.]
        The Chairman. The Deputy Secretary of State for Management
    and Resources is key to a functioning department and effective
    U.S. diplomacy worldwide, and there are no shortage of
    challenges.
        In recent years, State personnel have encountered a series
    of mounting and complex challenges, from rebuilding morale
    after years of decimation over the last four years to
    navigating COVID at home and abroad to responding to urgent
    crises around the world.
        And yet, day in and day out our diplomatic corps works
    tirelessly, often around the clock, to protect Americans
    overseas, to advance U.S. interests, and meet the challenges of
    the 21st century.
        We owe them the support, the resources, and the leadership
    they need to succeed because when our diplomacy succeeds the
    United States succeeds. That is why for the last two years this
    committee has worked diligently to reestablish the once common
    practice of enacting State Department authorization bills.
        I am proud that this has been a robust bipartisan effort
    and I appreciate the partnership and contributions of the
    ranking member. It speaks volumes about the value that this
    committee places on the department, its personnel, and the
    importance of U.S. diplomacy. I hope that message is heard loud
    and clear.
        I look forward to working with Senator Risch and members of
    this committee to keep up that progress by passing State
    authorizations again this year and regularly, going forward.
        Ambassador Verma, if confirmed, I look forward for you to
    partner with us in that effort because we need to make good on
    the promise of modernizing our premier American foreign policy
    institution.
        That means recruiting from across America, from the cities
    and coasts of New Jersey to the foothills in Idaho. It means
    cultivating and retaining a diverse and expert workforce to
    harness our nation's technological advances and keep pace with
    other countries.
        It means making a career where you move your family from
    country to country work for spouses, partners, and children.
        It means making sure our overseas footprint reflects the
    reality of the global challenges facing us today and in the
    years to come, not 50 years ago, and it means focusing on how
    we promote and retain personnel so we do not lose talented
    individuals after years of investment.
        Ambassador Verma is a former ambassador, Assistant
    Secretary of State, Senate staffer. You, certainly, have the
    experience to be successful in this position. I know that you
    are up to the task. We need you to be.
        More than a year ago Secretary Blinken laid out his vision
    for what needs to happen to make sure that the State Department
    is equipped and agile enough to address the global challenges
    facing us, and while there has been progress I have yet to see
    the bold action that is needed--the hard decisions, the
    reorienting of resources to make sure that we are competing
    with China, the efforts needed to push back on malign actors in
    backyards around the world, the strategic focus on diplomacy to
    strengthen relationships where we need them most for the next
    10, 20, and 50 years.
        I look forward to hearing your plans for how we meet this
    moment, how to make good on the promise of truly modernizing
    the department, and support our personnel from D.C. to South
    Carolina to Abuja to Beijing.
        Given the challenges we are facing from climate change to
    China to the war in Ukraine to food insecurity and global
    migration, we need to get this right. The future of our foreign
    policy and national security depends on it.
        With that, let me turn to my friend, the ranking member,
    for his remarks.
        Senator Risch?

                   STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES E. RISCH,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM IDAHO

        Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Ambassador Verma, we see a lot of people here with
    impressive resumes but this one, as the Chairman has said, is
    stunning, really. How they pulled you out of the private sector
    to do this is beyond me. But thank you for doing that.
        The Chairman and I share an abiding conviction in our
    oversight role to see that the State Department does what it is
    supposed to do and does it in a way that moves us as a country
    forward and we do not step on our toes as we are trying to move
    forward.
        And this position is absolutely critical, as the chairman
    indicated, in that regard, and as Deputy Secretary of State for
    Management and Resources you have an important task ensuring
    the department is organized and resourced to address the
    multitude of foreign policy issues facing the United States.
        Strategic competition remains the overriding challenge
    demonstrated by China flying spy balloons over the middle of
    America and Russia continuing to pursue its unlawful war of
    aggression in Ukraine.
        In order to properly respond, the American people need a
    State Department firing on all cylinders and effectively and
    efficiently using its budget. For years the department's
    cautious security approach made it difficult for American
    diplomats to get outside embassies and consulates to meet with
    locals.
        Thankfully, my Secure Embassy Construction and
    Counterterrorism Act and the Diplomatic Support and Security
    Act were signed into law last year.
        If confirmed, you will be responsible for implementing
    these efforts to move the department away from past policies of
    absolute total risk avoidance and instead get our diplomats
    back to advancing American interests abroad.
        I expect the department to use these authorities in this
    law and I know you will help pursue that. This is particularly
    important in Ukraine where we need to rapidly increase staffing
    at the embassy and allow our diplomats to get outside the
    capital city to conduct oversight on the billions of dollars in
    assistance rightfully flowing to Ukraine.
        More personnel are also needed to conduct oversight over
    the economic, military, and humanitarian assistance that are
    critical to helping the Ukraine people defend themselves and
    retake territory from the Putin regime.
        The White House also needs to stop micromanaging Ambassador
    Brink's authority as Chief of Mission to get the job done. In
    June, I visited the embassy in Kyiv and I was really impressed
    with the facility there. Unfortunately, there were only a half
    a dozen people that were there, for obvious reasons. The war
    was heated up at that time.
        Ambassador Brink had just been appointed at that time. She
    was here when I was over there. We met before I left and I was
    impressed with the things she wanted to do there and I know you
    will continue that forward.
        Along these lines, reopening an embassy in the Solomon
    Islands is an important step in elevating historic ties and
    building stronger partnerships with Pacific allies. China's
    corrupting political influence and its increased presence in
    critical maritime areas and its construction of certain
    undersea cables pose severe challenges to us and our partners.
        I strongly support a rapid and fully resourced approach to
    standing up new diplomatic posts in the Pacific Islands, the
    Maldives, and other critical locations. Opening these
    diplomatic facilities is vital. We are moving too slow and not
    thinking creatively to get that done.
        If confirmed, you will be charged with coordinating the
    implementation of this legislation. The department must be
    organized and resourced to lead health diplomacy including the
    execution of a coherent pandemic security strategy overseas.
        On the personnel front, I continue to be deeply concerned
    by the appalling treatment endured by U.S. diplomats in China
    in the name of complying with Chinese COVID protocols.
        No U.S. diplomats should have ever been detained in fever
    camps separated from their children, subjected to invasive
    medical testing and monitoring procedures, or silenced when
    they tried to raise concerns.
        But what is worse is that the department legally permitted
    this treatment by partially waiving diplomatic immunity not
    once but twice, most recently in April of 2022.
        We are determined to ensure accountability for U.S.
    personnel responsible for enabling this unacceptable treatment.
    I want to work together to accomplish this.
        One thing the Administration could do immediately would be
    to commit to not nominate or renominate anyone significantly
    involved in developing or enabling those policies.
        This committee must also do our part to make sure we do not
    reward poor judgment, incompetence, and undue deference to
    foreign government demands with promotions and prestigious
    appointments.
        Thank you for your willingness to serve. With that, I yield
    back. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Risch.
        Ambassador Verma, we will turn the floor to you. Your full
    statement will be included in the record without objection.
        Please--if you wish, please introduce your family members.
    We understand this as a family affair. Everybody sacrifices
    along the way so we appreciate their willingness to have you
    serve as well.
        And with that, the floor is yours.

         STATEMENT OF THE HON. RICHARD R. VERMA, OF MARYLAND,
          NOMINATED  TO  BE  DEPUTY  SECRETARY  OF  STATE FOR
          MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCES

        Mr. Verma. Thank you.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Risch, thank you very much to
    members of the committee.
        Senator Cardin, thank you for a really gracious
    introduction and I am honored to appear before you today as the
    President's nominee to be the Deputy Secretary of State for
    Management and Resources.
        I want to express my appreciation to President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken for their trust in nominating me for this
    position and the opportunity to serve our country again.
        This is my third time appearing before this committee and
    this has been made possible through the support, patience, and
    understanding of my loving family, who are with me today.
        My wife, Pinky, my children, Zoey, Lucy, and Dillan, my
    dad, my sisters, my sister-in-law, my brothers-in-law, and all
    of my family who are here today and who have always been by my
    side.
        The Chairman. You could run for office in Maryland.
        [Laughter.]
        Mr. Verma. I know I sit here today because of the sacrifice
    of those who came before me. As Senator Cardin mentioned,
    Pinky's grandparents escaped the carnage of the Armenian
    genocide and her father served this country in World War II.
        My parents fought for Indian independence, helped build a
    post-colonial India, and bravely set out for the United States
    60 years ago seeking a better life for their children and
    arriving here with virtually nothing.
        Their story is the story of the American dream and my
    appearance before you today is a testament to the profound
    promise and power of that dream.
        I am here because of their hard work and courage in
    addition to those of my teachers, coaches, neighbors, friends,
    mentors like Congressman Murtha, Senator Reid, Secretary
    Clinton, who stood by me. To all of them I say thank you.
        Across a career spanning three decades I have been
    privileged to serve here in this esteemed institution as well
    as in the State Department, the military, and the private
    sector and, if confirmed, I will seek to bring this
    constellation of experiences to this role.
        I have a strong appreciation for this committee's important
    work from my time as a Senate staffer and as Assistant
    Secretary for Legislative Affairs. In fact, when I served in
    the Leader's office working for Senator Reid, the staff
    director of this committee was one Tony Blinken.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely and
    collaboratively again to advance shared bipartisan priorities.
    I know the Secretary is fiercely committed to this as well.
        I was honored to have served as the U.S. Ambassador to
    India from 2014 to 2017 where we advanced critical priorities
    in the bilateral relationship.
        In India, I was able to work closely with extraordinary
    career professionals from across the State Department and every
    agency of the U.S. Government to create a lasting impact.
        If confirmed in this role I commit to serve the
    department's workforce here in Washington and around the world.
    Our people are our greatest asset.
        We must train and invest in their professional development
    and support and retain this talent over time, dismantling any
    structural barriers that keep too many people from joining or
    advancing in the department's ranks.
        I will support our entire workforce from our locally
    employed staff, our contractors, our eligible family members,
    civil and foreign services and to our interns.
        Secretary Blinken has also made clear that advancing
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility is everyone's
    responsibility and I look forward to championing this effort.
        I will be steadfast in the management and oversight of
    taxpayer dollars. I will advance a strategic vision that aligns
    our resources with our national security priorities and that
    will be delivered operationally through our workforce, through
    updated information technology and modern facilities as well as
    through impactful foreign assistance programs at the department
    and USAID.
        And I will prioritize and advance Secretary Blinken's
    agenda to modernize American diplomacy. I am encouraged by the
    efforts already underway to enhance the department's capacity
    and expertise to address critical missions, to modernize
    training and professional development, to institutionalize an
    agile and hybrid workforce, to attract and retain talent, to
    modernize technology and the use of data and to shift toward
    decisive leadership, innovation, and agility.
        Today's world suffers from no shortage of challenges, from
    the war in Ukraine to renewed great power competition to
    evolving transnational threats. One could easily become
    discouraged.
        But there is reason for hope and I am truly optimistic
    about America's ability to lead on the global stage and to meet
    this critical moment in time. The America that welcomed my
    family here six decades ago did so on the promise of
    opportunity, of freedom and democracy, values we see threatened
    around the world today.
        The U.S. State Department is more important than ever to
    advance these values and, if confirmed, it will be an honor to
    return to the department and support Secretary Blinken in his
    mission to equip and empower the department and its workforce
    to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
        Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you
    today and I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Verma follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Hon. Richard Verma

        Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, and members of the
    committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today as
    the President's nominee to serve as the Deputy Secretary of State for
    Management and Resources.
        I want to also express my gratitude to President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken for their trust in nominating me for this position
    and for the opportunity to serve our country again.
        This is my third time appearing before this committee. This has
    been made possible through the support, patience and understanding of
    my loving family, who are with me today. My wife Pinky, and my
    children, Zoe, Lucy and Dylan. And to my dad, sisters, and all my
    family who are here today as well, you have always been by my side.
        I know I sit here today because of the sacrifice of those who have
    come before me. Pinky's grandparents escaped the carnage of the
    Armenian genocide, and her father served in World War II. My parents
    fought for Indian independence, helped build a post-Colonial India, and
    bravely set out for the United States 60 years ago, seeking a better
    life for their children, arriving here with virtually nothing. Their
    story is the story of the American dream--and my appearance before you
    today is a testament to the profound promise and power of that dream.
        I am here because of their hard work and courage, in addition to
    those of my teachers, coaches, neighbors and friends who stood by me.
    To all of them: thank you.
        Across a career spanning three decades, I have been privileged to
    serve in this esteemed institution, as well as in the Department of
    State, the military, and the private sector. If confirmed, I will seek
    to bring this constellation of experiences to this role.
        I have a strong appreciation for this committee's important work
    from my time as a Senate staffer and as Assistant Secretary of State
    for Legislative Affairs.
        In fact, when I served in the Leader's office working for Senator
    Reid, the staff director of this committee was one, Tony Blinken. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely and collaboratively with
    this Committee again to advance shared, bipartisan priorities. I know
    the Secretary is fiercely committed to this as well.
        I was honored to have served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 2014
    to 2017, where we advanced critical priorities in the bilateral
    relationship. In India, I was able to work closely with extraordinary
    career professionals from across the State Department and U.S.
    Government to create a lasting impact.
        If confirmed in this role, I commit to serve the Department's
    workforce here in Washington and around the world. Our people are our
    greatest asset. We must train and invest in their professional
    development and support and retain this talent over time, dismantling
    the structural barriers that keep too many people from joining or
    advancing in the Department's ranks.
        I will support our entire workforce--from our locally employed
    staff, contractors, eligible family members, Civil and Foreign
    Services, to our interns.
        Secretary Blinken has also made clear that advancing diversity,
    equity, inclusion, and accessibility is everyone's responsibility. I
    look forward to championing this effort.
        I will be steadfast in the management and oversight of taxpayer
    dollars. I will advance a strategic vision that aligns our resources
    with our national security priorities, operationally through our
    workforce, information technology, and facilities, as well as through
    foreign assistance programs at the Department and USAID.
        I will also prioritize and advance Secretary Blinken's agenda to
    modernize American diplomacy. I am encouraged to learn of the efforts
    already underway to enhance the Department's capacity and expertise to
    address critical missions; to modernize training and professional
    development; institutionalize an agile and hybrid workforce; attract
    and retain talent; modernize technology and the use of data; and shift
    toward decisive leadership, innovation, and agility.
        Today's world suffers from no dearth of challenges. From the war in
    Ukraine, to renewed great power competition, to evolving transnational
    threats. One could easily become discouraged. But there is reason for
    hope. I am truly optimistic about America's ability to lead on the
    global stage and meet this critical moment in time.
        The America that welcomed my family here six decades ago, did so on
    the promise of opportunity, freedom, and democracy--values we see
    threatened around the world today. The U.S. State Department is more
    important than ever to advance these values. If confirmed, it will be
    an honor to return to the Department and support Secretary Blinken in
    his mission to equip and empower the Department and its workforce to
    meet the challenges of the 21st century.
        Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today. I
    look forward to your questions.

        The Chairman. Thank you, Ambassador, for your statement.
        Let me first start off with a series of questions that we
    ask of all of the nominees on behalf of the committee as a
    whole. They go to the responsiveness of nominees to the
    committee and to Congress.
        First, I would like to ask you just simply provide a yes or
    no answer. Do you agree to appear before this committee and
    make officials from your office available to the committee and
    designated staff when invited?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to keeping the committee fully
    and currently informed about the activities under your purview?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to engaging in meaningful
    consultation while policies are being developed, not just
    providing notification after the fact?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. And do you commit to promptly responding to
    requests for briefings and information requested by the
    committee and its designated staff?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. Okay. The nominee having answered yes to all
    those questions on behalf of the committee so we will start a
    series of five-minute rounds.
        What do you see, and understanding you are not there now
    but you have been there and have also been able to see the
    department from the various vantage points of your career, as
    the most pressing and difficult questions facing the department
    and how would you go about trying to tackle them?
        Mr. Verma. Senator, thank you. I have thought a lot about
    this question and, obviously, having the experience of three
    years in India and seeing the department at work I am just
    extraordinarily proud of the department.
        But as this committee has pointed out, the world is
    changing rapidly--the challenges that are emerging from
    technology to renewed great power competition to climate change
    to transnational threats--and I think at the core of it we have
    to have a department that is ready to meet the challenges of
    today and not yesterday.
        And so that is what the Secretary's modernization agenda is
    about. That is what is working with all of you to make sure we
    have the budget and resources we have to meet that need, make
    sure we get our risk tolerance right so we are actually out
    engaging with people around the world.
        But, fundamentally, to answer your question, it is making
    sure we have the tools, the resources, and the training to meet
    the quintessential and current strategic challenges--the war in
    Ukraine, the competition with China. I could go on. But that is
    how I see this job and that is how I see the challenge.
        The Chairman. In that regard the Secretary has created what
    he calls China House. We all, I think, on a bipartisan basis
    agree that China is the biggest geostrategic challenge for the
    United States now and in the future.
        How do we equip and resource to compete with China? We just
    put out a report--the majority report--that shows our
    challenges in the Indo-Pacific as part of that--meeting that
    challenge.
        How do you plan to approach reorienting State Department
    personnel and resources to better set U.S. diplomacy up for
    strategic competition with China and as well--this is a multi-
    dimensional challenge--to address inroads China has made, for
    example, in Africa and Latin America?
        Mr. Verma. Right. Senator, again, having spent three years
    in the region kind of watch the competition play out in front
    of me and there is no more important challenge facing the
    country, and the President and Secretary have laid out, I
    think, a very comprehensive strategy--invest here at home,
    align with our partners, and compete and compete vigorously and
    responsibly to prevail.
        So what does that mean from the department's perspective?
    That means, again, being present. Opening embassies in the
    Pacific Islands, for example, is a great step and this
    committee has been a leader in pushing the department in that
    regard.
        But it is not just in the Asia Pacific. It is also in
    Africa. It is in Latin America. It is showing up. It is having
    the resources, again. It is also competing against ideas that
    are challenging the post-war rules-based order and I think we
    have to be out there getting our message out, U.S. values out,
    and I do think the department is well positioned.
        When I look at our tradecraft it is still the best in the
    world. We just have a competitor that is now trying to compete
    with us not just in Asia Pacific but around the world, and I
    really believe if we invest in our people adequately and as the
    committee has done, we will compete again responsibly and we
    will win this competition. It is essential for the--for this
    century's peace and stability.
        The Chairman. Towards that goal, as I mentioned earlier,
    for two years in a row the committee has successfully passed
    the State Department authorization bill. Last year's bill
    advances recruitment/retention efforts, updates embassy
    security processes, codifies the new Cyber Bureau, among other
    provisions.
        Will you commit to the committee to ensuring that the
    department is fully implementing these laws?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to ensuring that the department
    will be ready to fully implement the amendments to the CASE Act
    as soon as they take effect in September of this year?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. As you know, I have been a longstanding
    champion of diversity, equity, and inclusion in international
    affairs, calling for a government wide DEI strategic plan in
    legislation in 2020, holding the committee's first ever DEI
    hearing last year, ensuring our State authorization bills
    advance the department's efforts. If you could just give me a
    yes or no to these questions.
        If confirmed, do you commit to ensuring DEI and equity
    efforts are a properly staffed resource, that there is
    transparency and accountability around implementing those
    plans?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to continuing diverse
    recruitment pipelines Congress has supported including paid
    internships, the Charles Rangel-Thomas Pickering Fellowship
    programs, the Colin Powell Leadership Foreign Affairs IT, and
    William D. Clarke Diplomatic Security fellowships?
        Mr. Verma. Yes.
        The Chairman. And do you commit to advancing partnerships
    nationwide with the Hispanic Association of Colleges and
    University, historically Black colleges, and other institutions
    that draw diverse talent and innovative approaches to the
    department from different groups and geographic regions?
        Mr. Verma. Yes, absolutely.
        The Chairman. Okay. Let me turn to Senator Risch for his
    questions.
        Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I wonder, understanding you are new to this, are you
    familiar with the situation we had regarding the waivers of
    diplomatic immunity during the COVID situation?
        Mr. Verma. I have been briefed on it, Senator, and I know
    your concern about what took place. But I was not personally
    involved on this.
        Senator Risch. No, I get that. I understand that. Do you
    have some thoughts you could share with us on this? This was
    stunning. When we get--
        Mr. Verma. Sure.
        Senator Risch. I mean, our diplomats have certain
    immunities that they absolutely have to have and when they get
    waived it makes you sit up and take notice.
        Mr. Verma. Sure.
        Senator Risch. Have you got thoughts on this?
        Mr. Verma. Sure. I mean, let me also just credit Ambassador
    Burns for the fact that upon his first day in country he made
    it clear to the PRC that U.S. diplomatic personnel would not be
    appearing in their fever hospitals or in any of their
    quarantine situations, and I appreciate what the department did
    to actually set up medevac for the personnel.
        As I go back, and I know you are interested in how it
    happened, but to suggest COVID was unprecedented it was truly
    unprecedented--
        Senator Risch. Fair point.
        Mr. Verma [continuing]. And China was not the only place,
    Senator, where we had to comply with local laws in order for
    our personnel to be there, and as I understand it the difficult
    decision that is made is do you show up for the job in a
    difficult location or do you not, and I think this is what was
    presented to us, not only in China but in dozens of
    jurisdictions around the world.
        And I know that is not probably an adequate answer but
    those are the real-time tough decisions and I think the
    calculation, and I am happy to go back and look at this, was
    that it was better to be present than not be present.
        Senator Risch. That is a realistic answer and, certainly,
    it requires a balancing answering the question you just
    proposed, and that is do you comply or do you leave? That is
    really what it comes down to.
        I think in the case of what happened in China the things
    they were asking were just--I guess I would have come down the
    other way on it if I had to make that decision because to put
    one of our diplomats through what some of them went through
    under those circumstances was more than I would want to expect
    from our diplomats.
        Mr. Verma. Yes, Senator, I agree. The hardship that was
    experienced by a number of personnel and their families was
    intolerable and we want to see that that sort of thing does not
    happen again.
        Senator Risch. Speaking of the pandemic, my Global Health
    Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Act, which was
    passed with the help and the collaboration of the chairman, is
    something that we have in--we put in place to try to answer
    when this happens again, and I do not think you can find
    anybody that would think that this is not going to happen
    again.
        We are going to face this kind of a challenge again. Maybe
    not as bad, maybe worse. We do not know. But in any event, we
    were very much unprepared for this. You can argue fault if you
    want. But, again, it was unprecedented and it is understandable
    that people responded in a way they did in some instances.
        What we tried to do is put together a response that that
    states U.S. policy in this regard and thus the bill, and that,
    of course, includes the department--a new global health bureau
    to advance these issues. But what--have you had a chance to
    review that yet and what are your thoughts on that if you have?
        Mr. Verma. I have not had a chance to look at the
    legislation specifically. But I know that the global health is
    the top--one of the top issues for the department and the new
    bureau will be essential working with you and your staff on
    these sets of issues because I concur with you, Senator.
        We are going to face these kinds of transnational threats
    again in the future and we have to be ready and so the new
    bureau, along with the authorities that have come from this
    committee I think are going to be critically important.
        Senator Risch. I appreciate that, and I think once--the
    pandemic is kind of behind us now and we are focused on other
    things, which we have to be, of course.
        But in the meantime, I think we really need to keep this on
    our minds because it comes out of nowhere. I mean, it is like
    other tragedies that happens in life. They just show up and,
    hopefully, this legislation that we have passed is going to put
    us in a better position next time, as we go forward.
        We know how small the globe has become and these things
    happen quickly in another place and all of a sudden they are
    right here on our shore and what we have done, what you have
    done, the department has done, certainly, will make a
    difference in the future for better or for worse and,
    hopefully, this legislation will get us to where we want to be.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you.
        Senator Schatz?
        Senator Schatz. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Thank you for being here. Thank you to your family. I want
    to ask you about climate.
        U.S. diplomatic posts and activities are not immune from
    severe weather risks, flooding, interfering with the safety and
    accessibility of our facilities--severe storms, droughts,
    wildfires--and increasing demand for U.S. disaster relief
    resources.
        How are you thinking about more frequent and more severe
    weather events in the context of foreign policy?
        Mr. Verma. Yes, Senator. It is an incredibly important
    issue. We see the impacts of climate change across the world.
    We see climate migration taking place. You see instability,
    civil unrest, can bring down governments in unstable parts of
    the world.
        And so this is one of the President's top priorities and it
    is one of the department's top priorities, and it is so,
    obviously, recognizing the threat but also then how is the
    department going to respond to it and will we actually have
    members of the team trained up to be able to go out and work on
    climate-related issues.
        And, again, I appreciate your leadership on this issue. I
    think we are moving aggressively in that direction.
        Senator Schatz. Yeah. I just think it is important to kind
    of--to break up the kind of lines of effort as it relates to
    climate.
        Obviously, we are trying to encourage other countries to
    take climate action. But it seems to me where the rubber hits
    the road in terms of our embassies and our presence abroad is
    actually helping our friends and allies to adjust to severe
    weather, to prepare for it, to respond to it, and to recover
    from it.
        And so I am just--I want to encourage you to flesh out what
    they are doing at the embassy level and the consular level, and
    also to make sure that--everyone says whole-of-government but
    there are datasets from NOAA and the National Weather Service
    and others, even the Department of Defense, that can inform our
    foreign policy thinking in a particular country and I want to
    make sure that it is not just that we list as one of our
    bullets we hope you comply with your nationally declared
    climate goals. That is great. That is important.
        But also I think to the extent that we are projecting power
    abroad we want people to know we are here to help you with this
    new problem.
        Mr. Verma. Right. Senator, I should mention that for the
    first time ever we have a designated kind of discipline as a
    climate officer. The first cohort of climate officers are going
    through the Foreign Service Institute right now.
        Secondly, the Foreign Service Institute has incorporated
    the entire set of climate issues into its training. That
    includes management officers who have to run the large
    facilities that we have around the world and understand our
    carbon footprint, what we can do better, how we work with host
    governments, but also our political officers and our economic
    officers who are in country doing negotiations, interacting
    with their colleagues on this set of issues.
        Senator Schatz. Thank you.
        In April of last year, Secretary Blinken established the
    Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy, which includes a unit
    on digital freedom. How are you going to ensure that CDP
    thrives, given the importance of cyberspace and digital policy
    and human rights issues?
        Again, it is sort of a--it is the same question as I asked
    on climate. I understand we are going to prioritize digital
    freedom. How are we going to do that?
        Mr. Verma. Well, this new bureau is actually very cutting
    edge and going to be super important because how we use
    technology and talk about technology around the world requires
    U.S. leadership.
        But your point about internet freedom and digital freedom
    is even more important because as there is more people around
    the world, over 5 billion on the internet, it is both a tool
    for development and liberation and information and it can also
    be a tool for oppression and censorship and misinformation.
        And so we--part of our Democracy Bureau, part of the new
    bureau, part of a new senior official responsible for digital
    freedom and internet freedom, working with all of them will
    continue to be even more important and we see this play out in
    front of us in real time all over the world.
        Senator Schatz. Ambassador, in the interest of time I will
    leave you with a question for the record. You mentioned
    increasing our diplomatic presence everywhere but in particular
    that there were some pretty encouraging announcements in the
    Pacific.
        I am a little worried, having met with Pacific Island
    leaders multiple times. First of all, I think this is a good
    step. It is better than what we were doing, which was,
    essentially, ignoring them and taking them for granted and
    looking at a relationship that with them as sort of a place to
    park our military assets. So I think we made a bunch of
    progress.
        What worries me the most is this sense that they have that
    now we have made an announcement, we have checked the box
    called we are doing the Pacific now, and we will move on from
    that and go back to whatever it is that we always worry about
    institutionally.
        I would just like for you to do some thinking and get back
    to the committee on what is the next tranche of executive
    actions that can be taken in the Asia Pacific region to
    strengthen our relationships with our friends, allies, and
    partners.
        Thank you.
        Mr. Verma. Will definitely do that. Thank you.
        The Chairman. Thank you.
        Senator Ricketts?
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you,
    Ambassador Verma, for your service to our country and for your
    interest in continuing to serve our great nation, and I also
    want to thank your family because I know they serve and
    sacrifice alongside you when you do that.
        So you are going to be the deputy of--Deputy Secretary of
    Management and Resources, and some of your responsibilities
    will include overseeing the department's personnel, facilities,
    managing foreign contracts, grants, foreign aid, and the
    acquisition and upkeep of technology.
        Roughly, do you have an idea of how many people you would
    be responsible for?
        Mr. Verma. Well, it is a great question. The department has
    well over 70,000 people if you include locally employed staff
    and contractors. So it is a big, big group of folks. But we
    also have a pretty extensive and highly qualified team. So,
    thankfully, I am not the only person responsible for that.
        Senator Ricketts. Right. So talk to me a little bit about
    some of your past experience in managing large teams like that
    and also maybe touch upon some of your past experience with
    some of the things we have talked about like with grants,
    facilities, technology, that sort of thing.
        Mr. Verma. Sure. I mean, obviously, I have never managed
    77,000 people before but, again, that is why we have the
    secretary, the head of management. In India we probably had a
    team of 4,100 people, which was a large, complicated
    organization. We had every agency of the U.S. Government. We
    had four consulates. We had a budget of a half a billion
    dollars.
        Senator, I cannot say that that is exactly what this job
    will entail. But it gave me a flavor for how the department
    operates and how we can have impact, and I think we did a
    pretty decent job of it.
        With regard to grants and the administration of grants, I
    also worked at the National Democratic Institute as a grantee.
    I was a field representative in Eastern Europe. I have sat on
    the board of NDI. I am on the board of the National Endowment
    for Democracy. I am on the board of the Ford Foundation.
        I have a pretty good feel for the grant process and how to
    have an impact and what I think we owe to the American people
    when we put money out the door.
        Senator Ricketts. All right. Very good.
        Talk to me a little bit about when Secretary Blinken was
    talking about his modernization agenda what does that say to
    you? What are you thinking about when you hear that?
        Mr. Verma. Yeah. So I hear first and foremost that we have
    to have the capability set for the challenges of today. So a
    new Cyber Bureau, a new Health Bureau, ready on climate change,
    for example.
        Secondly, have an agile hybrid mission-focused workforce.
        Third, having the kinds of technology that is required to
    meet the challenges of today and the proper cybersecurity
    protocols, having a diverse and inclusive workforce, having the
    proper resources to do the mission. Those are some of the
    things that I think about when it comes to modernization.
        Senator Ricketts. Have you had any experience working with
    any sort of process improvement methodologies? And the reason I
    ask this question is as governor one of the things I brought to
    the state of Nebraska was Lean Six Sigma and that is one of the
    methodologies but there is a number of them out there that
    really works with your frontline people and teams to be able to
    figure out how we can do a better job providing services and
    also lets you keep control of your costs as well.
        Do you have any experience with any of those kind of
    methodologies? I know you were in the private sector at
    MasterCard but did your job involve that at all?
        Mr. Verma. I do not know if it is credible to say I have an
    industrial engineering degree as well from about 35, 40 years
    ago.
        But no, I think, look, this is why we have teams of experts
    to go out and make sure that when we procure services we are
    doing them with the--having the greatest impact and the
    greatest efficiency, that we use data to make decision making.
        And, again, Senator I would not presume to know what our
    teams of people know. It is even more complicated for the
    department because we are in places that are not often
    permissive, that do not often want us there, and so the
    security situation becomes quite difficult. So there is a lot
    of factors that go in to State Department procurement that are
    incredibly complicated.
        I would also say it has been a department that was under
    resourced for far too long. Now, that has started to change but
    I think we are in a far better place than where we were. But I
    take the thrust of your question, which is make sure you are
    doing it right when you are spending the money.
        Senator Ricketts. Yeah, absolutely. It is about leveraging
    better technology and better processes, reducing the number of
    steps, for example, to take--to do the kind of average things
    that you do on an operational basis.
        In the state of Nebraska we created a center of operational
    excellence to train all of our teammates on how to do that and
    it is one of the things that I did not see in Secretary
    Blinken's talk about the modernization agenda is about being
    able to be effective and efficient in controlling costs.
        I would ask you to really think about that as you are--
    presuming you get confirmed here about how you can help drive
    that, especially with your background, to be able to make sure
    that the dollars that we are responsible for are being employed
    in the most effective and efficient way.
        Thank you.
        Mr. Verma. It is a great point. Thank you.
        The Chairman. Thank you.
        Senator Coons?
        Senator Coons. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and, Mr. Chairman,
    thank you for your focus on driving a State authorization bill
    every year.
        I think you and the ranking member and the members of this
    committee have a real opportunity here and, in particular, in
    close consultation with Ambassador Verma, should he be
    confirmed--and I look forward to supporting your nomination--to
    focus on some of the operational issues that Senator Ricketts
    was just raising, issues around workforce, recruitment,
    retention, diversity, whether or not the embassies we have
    around the world are striking the right balance between
    security and engagement, whether or not we are finding the
    right people for the right roles and whether given some of the
    very demanding environments in which our diplomats operate
    whether or not we are making it an attractive work environment
    and a successful and productive career environment.
        If I could, from the modernization initiative, Mr.
    Ambassador, modernizing training and professional development
    and shifting the State Department's culture toward decisive
    leadership and agility.
        I, as a county executive, had a responsibility over the arc
    of 10 years in county government for a workforce that was very
    bureaucratic, very heavily controlled by a series of civil
    service protections.
        Hiring was very difficult. Knowledge transfer was
    difficult. There was not a lot of, I would say, decisive
    agility, and the training and professional development and the
    ability to deliver customer services well was something I also
    focused a lot on.
        We did end up with some greenbelts from Six Sigma training
    in partnership with DuPont. I think I succeeded mostly in
    confusing the county employees who I encouraged to participate
    in this. I came out of a manufacturing background.
        There are disciplines and there are experts in how to
    motivate and engage and mobilize and sustain global workforces
    from diverse backgrounds. I would be interested in where you
    think we might make the greatest contributions to sustaining a
    high-quality and effective workforce but making progress in
    these two areas, in training and professional development and
    in shifting culture towards leadership and agility. Both of
    these interest me a great deal.
        Mr. Verma. Senator, on the second one, on shifting the
    culture on more kind of decisive leadership and leading in the
    face of risk and not being risk averse, again, I will tell you
    from my experience in New Delhi I saw a very engaged and active
    State Department that wanted to be everywhere.
        In fact, we went to every Indian state, the first time a
    mission had done that. We landed on three aircraft carriers. We
    flew over the Himalayas. We were on the border--contested
    border with China.
        Now, that was what the department wanted to do and I think
    that is the culture of the department. They do not want to be
    behind big walls. They do not want to be away from city
    centers, and over time the pendulum swung back to kind of the
    kind of risk aversion as opposed to leading in the face of risk
    and I think the department's heart and gut is really about
    being out and being engaged.
        I am actually quite confident on that if we do it right
    and, again, taking the safety and security of our families and
    the workforce top of mind, there is a way to do this and I
    think it fits well with the culture.
        On the training and professional development, I think good
    progress has been made, actually. There is now for the first
    time ever 1,100 members of the Foreign Service in a training
    float for four to six months where they will actually get
    professional training.
        We have new mid-level training for folks and this is
    actually important not only to give people the skills, it also
    is a retention factor as well. So I could not agree with you
    more. There is a lot we can do in this area.
        I continue to believe this is the best diplomatic corps in
    the world. But they want and deserve these kinds of up-to-date
    training modules, which I think we can deliver.
        Senator Coons. Thank you. As the chairman of the
    Appropriations Subcommittee that funds the State Department I
    look forward to working more closely with you.
        I think there has been a lot of discussion about risk
    tolerance in some of the more challenging posts in Chad, in
    Mali, in other countries I visited in recent years.
        We had built in some cases around the continent of Africa
    new fortresses well removed from the downtown, better protected
    against potential attack. But I met with career professionals
    who were deeply frustrated at the inability to go out and
    engage and have an impact, and we face a strategic competitor
    in China that is flooding the zone with agile and engaged
    diplomats and development professionals and we need to meet
    that challenge in a way that strikes the right risk tolerance.
        I think the department may have over learned some lessons
    from recent years and I think we have a role to play in
    providing resources, staffing, and direction on how to strike
    that risk tolerance balance.
        Mr. Verma. Senator, I agree with you and I do think it is
    changing. I understand last year alone 95 percent of all
    requests made to diplomatic security to move around were
    approved. So that is a good indicator.
        Senator Coons. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
        The Chairman. Thank you.
        Senator Hagerty?
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Ambassador Verma, welcome. It is good to see you again.
        Mr. Verma. Good to see you.
        Senator Hagerty. If confirmed, Ambassador Verma, like so
    many other members of this committee I am looking forward to
    working with you on the modernization of the State Department.
        But before we get into that topic, I just want to make
    certain that we are on the same page on an issue that I
    discussed with the former holder of this office back in October
    of 2021 and that issue is a controversial plan by the Biden
    administration to reopen a U.S. consulate for the Palestinians
    in Jerusalem.
        And I would like to say this, that such a move is strongly
    opposed by the Israeli Government. It would basically establish
    a second competing U.S. mission in the capital city--Israel's
    eternal capital city.
        I would like to go back to the question that I asked then
    Deputy Secretary of State Brian McKeon and repeat what I asked
    him.
        Is it your understanding that under U.S. and international
    law the Government of Israel would have to provide its
    affirmative consent before the United States could reopen the
    U.S. consulate to the Palestinians in Jerusalem? Or does the
    Biden administration believe they can move forward to establish
    a second U.S. mission in the Israel capital city of Jerusalem
    without the consent of the Government of Israel?
        At the time, Deputy Secretary McKeon answered, and I quote,
    ``Yes, that is my understanding, that we need the consent of
    the host Government to open a diplomatic facility.'' That is
    the end of the quote.
        Ambassador Verma, I just simply want to ask you whether you
    agree with then Deputy Secretary McKeon's answer.
        Mr. Verma. That is my understanding as well, Senator.
        Senator Hagerty. Okay. Good. I just wanted to make certain
    that we had that understanding.
        To make certain that the Biden administration does not
    subvert the law I am going to plan to reintroduce my Upholding
    the 1995 Jerusalem Embassy Law Act this Congress and ensure
    that there is only one U.S. mission--U.S. embassy to Israel
    that is resident in Israel's eternal and indivisible capital.
        To turn to State Department modernization, Ambassador,
    Senator Cardin and I worked very hard in this committee to
    include the Commission on Reform and Modernization of the
    Department of State in last year's State reauthorization law,
    and I want to thank Chairman Menendez and Ranking Member Risch
    for their support.
        The commission is authorized to conduct a comprehensive
    review and offer legislative proposals to modernize the State
    Department. For the commission to be successful it is going to
    require close cooperation from the State Department, and I
    appreciate your and Secretary Tony Blinken's commitment to
    prioritizing modernization of American diplomacy in your
    opening statement.
        Now, Ambassador Verma, I just want to make certain that you
    support the objectives of this commission and to get your
    commitment to working with the commission and all the matters
    that are related to the law that created it.
        Mr. Verma. Absolutely, Senator--
        Senator Hagerty. Excellent.
        Mr. Verma [continuing]. And will work closely with the
    commission and look forward to that.
        Senator Hagerty. Certainly. And one other related question
    to that. If you are confirmed will you support the inclusion of
    the commission in the President's fiscal year 2024 budget?
        Mr. Verma. I would presume--yes. In order for the
    commission to do its work I assume it needs to be funded. But I
    will also say I am not close enough to what was actually in the
    budget this year in terms of what was requested.
        Senator Hagerty. I understand. I think your presumption,
    though, is a very logical one. It absolutely needs to be
    included if it is going to be operative and I think that shows
    me your instincts are like mine. You want to see something get
    done and have the resources to do it.
        I would say that--Senator Cardin, I believe, joins me in
    this--we are very enthusiastic about the potential here. We
    look forward to working with a great team of people like you. I
    believe that our State Department and our diplomats are the
    best in the world and we want to see them properly resourced as
    agile, as Senator Coons said, and effective as they possibly
    can be. I am looking forward to working with you and spending a
    lot more time in the details on this.
        Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Mr. Verma. Appreciate it.
        Senator Coons [presiding]. Thank you, sir.
        Senator Duckworth? Yes.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I know you and
    the Chairman have talked about the importance of resourcing our
    missions in the Indo-Pacific and I think that was a very
    important conversation.
        I just want to emphasize the importance of that
    particularly with regards to the ASEAN mission itself. I hope
    your commitment there also extends to Southeast Asia. I believe
    strongly in the importance of the role that ASEAN plays in
    regional stability and believe we should be strengthening our
    partnerships with ASEAN.
        That is why I am going to be traveling to Jakarta this
    coming week and it is also why when I am there I am going to be
    specifically visiting the mission--the ASEAN mission itself--
    and to also meet with ASEAN member country leadership.
        I will be discussing supply chain transparency, economic
    cooperation, trade facilitation, labor practices, and defense
    of maritime security. I look forward to bringing these
    discussions back to inform my work on this issue.
        I just want to emphasize the importance of ASEAN.
        Mr. Verma. Senator, I could not agree more with you and I
    think it is an incredibly important part of the world, getting
    even more important. ASEAN and our ASEAN friends and partners
    are--again, are critically important and I look forward to
    hearing about your trip and some of the learnings when you come
    back.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you.
        I am going to shift gears a little bit, and it is
    unfortunate that Senator Hagerty has left because I was going
    to give him some kudos.
        One issue that has come up repeatedly in my discussion with
    our various missions around the world is the problem of
    accessibility at overseas missions and residences. While the
    State Department has made considerable efforts to incorporate
    accessibility features into new design and construction, it has
    devoted far fewer resources to upgrading existing facilities.
        I remember on a trip to Japan when Ambassador Hagerty was
    the--where my colleague was the Ambassador to Japan and one of
    the staff members there, when I said there are no accessible
    bathrooms that I can get to, the response was, oh, we are in
    Japan. This is not the ADA. It does not apply to Japan. And I
    said this is American soil. This is the U.S. Embassy.
        And under then Ambassador Hagerty's leadership they
    actually went through and fixed everything. So it was quite
    wonderful.
        But I just found out again since his tenure there the
    bathroom in the ambassador's residence is still not accessible.
    They have put grab bars and all the stuff in there but the door
    is still not within ADA--is not in compliance with the ADA.
        The lack of accessibility at so many of our facilities is a
    serious obstacle to the full participation of people with
    disabilities who want to serve their nation and advance U.S.
    policy overseas.
        It also makes it extremely difficult for nondisabled
    individuals with family members who are disabled to be able to
    serve our government overseas. Because it is difficult to find
    accessible facilities in homes abroad our nation's diplomats
    often have to make very tough choices and we must make sure
    that the best, most qualified people are posted to each of our
    missions. But they cannot do that and they cannot go to the
    countries where we need them to if such barriers are getting in
    their way.
        If confirmed, what steps will you take to make sure that
    our overseas missions and residences are fully accessible in
    compliance with the ADA--it has been 32 years since ADA
    passed--to all U.S. governmental employees and their families,
    and will you commit to working with me to make concrete
    progress towards achieving full accessibility?
        Mr. Verma. Yes, Senator, absolutely, a hundred percent and
    I--it is an incredibly important issue.
        As you probably know, our facilities are not as up-to-date
    as they should be and this is from a variety of perspectives,
    and so we need to make sure that our people are not limited in
    any way by the facilities where they serve.
        I look forward to working with you closely on it and I will
    say even more than that. I think accessibility, as you have
    pointed out many times, is only part of the answer. There is
    also making sure that we are promoting and retaining and
    recognizing and advancing people with disabilities throughout
    the State Department. I look forward to working with you on
    that as well.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you.
        I would also like to ask you about accessibility and the
    prioritization of disability rights within the State Department
    here at home.
        As you know, it is one of the things to be in compliance
    with the law but it is another to encourage and cultivate a
    culture that welcomes values and empowers people with
    disabilities.
        What actions will you take, if confirmed, to foster such a
    culture at the State Department here at home?
        Mr. Verma. Yeah. Again, I will just restate this is
    important to me personally and I will make sure that this is a
    priority on my team and I already know it is a priority for
    Secretary Blinken.
        I have seen the DEIA strategic plan. I have seen the
    detailed benchmarks that they are putting in place, some 200
    measurable performance measurements on this scale. So
    accessibility but, again, the whole suite of kind of issues
    that go with it are going to be very, very important, if
    confirmed.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I yield back, Chairman.
        Senator Coons. Thank you, Senator Duckworth.
        I will tell you I met with a U.S. Ambassador yesterday who
    raised this exact issue about making reasonable investments to
    ensure that there is accessibility in our facilities.
        Senator Shaheen?
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you. Congratulations--Mr. Verma:
    Thank you.
        Senator Shaheen.--Ambassador Verma, and thank you for your
    willingness to continue to serve this country.
        I would actually like to begin with an issue that we
    discussed when we met last week. I know it is not directly
    within your portfolio but as the former ambassador to India can
    you talk about why this Senate needs to act to confirm an
    ambassador to the country of India, the largest democracy in
    the world?
        Mr. Verma. I will just say, Senator, I continue to believe
    this is the defining partnership for this century. The
    relationship is so consequential in so many ways and having a
    senior official on the ground that represents the President
    makes a big difference.
        And so I think everyone, hopefully, appreciates the urgency
    with the need to put someone there as soon as possible. It is
    also, I would say, a morale issue for the team but, more
    importantly, just delivering on the President's priorities.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you. Hopefully, we will see some
    action soon.
        Another area where, sadly, the Senate has been lacking in
    its responsibility is in confirming an ambassador to head the
    Office of Global Women's Issues. That office has been without
    an ambassador for five of the last six years.
        Without that ambassador, it is--the office is inhibited in
    its ability to ensure that a gender lens policy is done
    throughout our Department of State and in terms of our foreign
    policy, and I wonder if you could comment first on why having
    that gender lens on our foreign policy is important and,
    secondly, how you would see working with Secretary Blinken and
    a future ambassador of global women's issues to engage in
    having that gender lens on all aspects of our foreign policy.
        Mr. Verma. Senator, it is so important, and from the
    President early on through his leadership and the Secretary has
    made gender equality and fighting gender discrimination around
    the world a foreign policy priority, and when women and girls
    cannot reach their full potential those countries are not as
    successful. They are not as impactful. They are generally not
    as democratic, and so it is a key component of our foreign
    policy.
        The position that that you mentioned, the global
    coordinator for women's issues, is so essential to make sure
    that we continue to have it at the forefront.
        I know it is a super high priority for the Secretary. It
    will be for me. It was when I was in India and we were carrying
    out the agenda there. And so this has been a high commitment
    for me and it will continue to be.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you very much and, hopefully, we can
    see some movement on that appointment as well.
        We have had a law around women, peace, and security since
    2017, recognizing that having women at the table as we are
    looking at conflict areas and looking at how we address peace
    and stability throughout the world it is very important to have
    women as part of that.
        I understand that a number of your questions have been
    around diversity and equity and inclusion at the State
    Department. How do you see the women, peace, and security
    initiative being integrated into those efforts to address
    diversity and equity?
        Mr. Verma. It is absolutely essential and it goes along
    with the--again, the national strategy on gender equality. It
    goes along with our own department's strategy on women and
    girls, as I said.
        But, again, having women at the table on the key issues of
    the day in senior leadership positions, I think the Secretary
    has demonstrated that with his appointments, frankly, within
    the department and that will continue.
        But we also have work to do to make sure in the senior and
    mid-level components of the department that there is greater
    parity--gender parity--and, again, still a journey. We are not
    where we need to be and we have to do a better job.
        I just want to thank you for everything you have done to
    call out this issue and all I can say is I look forward to
    working with you as we give the department even more of a focus
    on this.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you very much.
        I am almost out of time but I just want to raise another
    issue that we discussed when we met and that is around the
    Afghan SIV process.
        Since the U.S. left Afghanistan in August of 2021 there
    have been 200 to 300 reports of credible--Taliban murdering
    Afghans who worked with the United States Government and our
    allies in Afghanistan.
        This comes when, according to State's reporting, only 2,646
    SIV applications were issued in fiscal year 2022 and that
    compares to 3,626 visas in 2016 and 4,120 in 2017.
        We are not doing what we need to do in this area. We talked
    about that when we met. I know you understand that. But we have
    got to do better.
        It is just not acceptable that we are doing worse now in
    terms of those SIV applications, given all of the attention
    that has happened on Afghanistan in the last few years.
        So I would just say to you I hope you will take that as a
    directive from Congress to address that.
        Mr. Verma. I absolutely will, Senator. I know how important
    this is and I know how many people are now charged with making
    sure we are living up to that commitment to our Afghan partners
    and friends and there is a lot of resources being put at this.
    There is a new unit in Doha, as you know. There are thousands
    of people in the process.
        I know it is difficult. There is also a security element to
    this that we cannot underlook as well. But I take your
    directive quite seriously.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr.
    Chairman.
        Senator Kaine [presiding]. Senator Van Hollen?
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and
    Ambassador Verma, it is great to see you. Great to have a
    fellow Marylander at least now here. Thanks for your service on
    the Hill and your previous service as Ambassador to India,
    among other posts.
        And I do want to second what Senator Shaheen and maybe
    others have said about the importance of us confirming an
    ambassador right away to represent the United States in New
    Delhi, as you did so ably.
        I want to raise a couple issues with you in my time. One
    has to do with the passage of the Foreign Service Families Act.
    I co-chair along with Senator Sullivan the bipartisan Foreign
    Service Caucus and we are very focused on trying to make sure
    we have strong morale in the Foreign Service and the State
    Department overall.
        We passed something called the Foreign Service Families Act
    as part of the last State Department authorization bill that
    was included in the NDAA and I look forward to working with you
    and your team to implement it.
        My staff has asked for a report on the implementation and
    so I just look forward to working with your team on that
    process. The idea is to extend some of the same benefits to
    Foreign Service families that military families enjoy. That is
    one aspect of it.
        I just look for your commitment to make sure that we fully
    implement that act.
        Mr. Verma. Hundred percent. Absolutely.
        Senator Van Hollen. Appreciate that.
        Let me turn now to consular services. Look, we went through
    a COVID pandemic. Understand that there were delays on both
    issuing U.S. citizens passports and also issuing foreigners,
    including a lot of family members with loved ones who are U.S.
    citizens.
        I understand the delays, but the delays have been
    continuing and this is no hit on the people who are working
    every day very hard to try to process the passports and
    nonimmigrant and immigrant visas.
        They are just under resourced and it really ends up, I
    think, hurting the United States when people are able to travel
    to other countries--they want to come to the United States but
    they are able--other countries but just cannot get a
    nonimmigrant visa. And then, of course, there are people who
    would like to come, for example, from India to see their
    relatives in Maryland for a wedding or for a funeral.
        Do you have any idea what the current wait time is for a
    nonimmigrant visa in New Delhi?
        Mr. Verma. It is too long, Senator.
        Senator Van Hollen. It is 612 days. I mean, I do not know
    how many people plan weddings, you know, two weeks ahead.
    Certainly, people do not plan their funerals.
        It is just really--it is really hurting us, in my view. It
    is, certainly, hurting constituents here in Maryland and around
    the country, and on U.S. passports the delay is now 12 to 18
    weeks still.
        I mean, that is--it is unacceptably long and, again, the
    people doing this work they are doing it well. They just need
    to be better resourced.
        Do I have your commitment to work on this issue?
        Mr. Verma. Yes, but maybe I could just add a couple
    observations here because I have stood in the visa line myself
    out in our consulates. I know how important this is to folks.
        I will say our biggest challenge is not in every category.
    It is in the tourist visa--the first time applicants for
    tourist visas--and it is not globally. It is in a few select
    countries and, in fact, we have exceeded our wait times and
    made good progress in the other categories.
        But you are right. In these high population countries with
    the surge in travel--India, Mexico, and some others--we have to
    get those numbers down. I think there is a plan to get those
    numbers down. I will also say on passport services, as I
    understand it, we are back to kind of the standard routine
    processing time of six to nine weeks.
        Senator Van Hollen. I know you are working to that. I have
    12 to 18. Let us compare notes afterwards. But it has improved,
    obviously, since the pandemic period but I do think we have a
    long way to go.
        I do want to follow up with you after this on two things.
    One are security clearances, where there have been significant
    improvements. Ninety percent of State Department security
    clearances now come in below the government standard. There is
    still 10 percent that are agonizingly long and, again, hurt the
    State Department's ability to do its work, mostly in other
    federal agencies. So I want to work with you on that.
        Mr. Verma. Agree.
        Senator Van Hollen. Visa waiver program--the visa waiver
    program obviously provides great convenience and is also
    designed to provide security with that convenience. It is a
    good program where it works.
        But, as you know, I think the key part of the visa waiver
    program includes reciprocity, equal treatment of American
    citizens of all faiths and backgrounds traveling overseas. You
    know that, right?
        Mr. Verma. Absolutely.
        Senator Van Hollen. We do not have any measure of that
    right now in our current visa waiver program. We have no way to
    measure whether or not Americans of one faith or another, one
    ethnicity or another, are being treated differently than other
    Americans when they are traveling abroad under the visa waiver
    program.
        Will you work with me to make sure that we have a standard
    to measure that?
        Mr. Verma. Absolutely.
        Senator Van Hollen. I look forward to that because blue is
    blue and we want to make sure all Americans are treated equally
    when they are traveling under the visa waiver program. Anywhere
    we want that but the visa waiver program is something we set
    up. It is within our control. So I look forward to working with
    you on that.
        Mr. Verma. It is a great point.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Senator Van Hollen, and
    Ambassador Verma, great to see you again.
        There is a vote ongoing. I will ask questions and then I do
    not believe Senator Risch has any follow-up so we will likely
    then conclude unless another member comes in.
        I want to ask you about Havana syndrome. We had a hearing
    in May around State Department reauthorization and the then
    Deputy Secretary Brian McKeon testified a bit about this.
        He reported that the DNI-commissioned reporting showed a
    number of cases and that they were explained by environmental
    health factors but many still did not have an explanation and
    the U.S. Government was still unable to attribute incidents to
    a particular actor.
        If confirmed, do you commit to ensuring that the department
    fully supports the provision of all appropriate health care and
    reasonable accommodations to State Department employees who are
    suffering from Havana syndrome symptoms incurred while serving
    the country?
        Mr. Verma. Absolutely. Yes, sir.
        Senator Kaine. Great. Thank you, Ambassador Verma.
        I want to ask you a question about the workforce. A
    sizeable percentage of the State Department workforce live in
    Virginia. They are constituents of mine.
        The GA--I am sorry, the OPM does an annual employment
    survey. It is the FEVS--Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey--and
    for many, many years the State Department, of the 17 large
    agencies that tend to be surveyed, again and again ranked near
    the top in terms of job satisfaction. But in recent years--and
    the most recent FEVS we have is from 2021--the job satisfaction
    in the department has dramatically declined.
        What would you do in your role, if confirmed, to try to
    really work on these internal morale issues and return the
    State Department to the place that it has traditionally been?
        Mr. Verma. It is really important, Senator, and I think
    trying to get at the root--what is driving that attitude, what
    is happening that people feel that way--and there has been a
    number of surveys. There has been some early feedback and the
    Secretary, I think, has set out really in a focused way.
        I mean, the modernization agenda is really about taking
    care of the workforce and making sure they have what they need.
    So do they also have--are benefits competitive? Do we have the
    right childcare subsidy? Do we have the right kind of agility
    in our workforce compared to other federal agencies?
        These are all things that we are looking at. I still think
    the mission of the department attracts the best people from
    around the country but we got to make sure we are actually
    living up to our commitment to them to make sure they are
    getting the best of what they need.
        I really--again, my experience overseas helped me see what
    people need and how they live and how it works in practice day
    to day and I think we do an exceptionally good job of taking
    care of people around the world.
        But we have got to do better. We want to be at the top part
    of that survey and not lagging behind.
        Senator Kaine. Just to share an insight with you, when I
    travel abroad I usually try to have a meeting with first or
    second tour FSO State Department folks at embassies without the
    ambassador there, without any supervisor there, and I ask them
    this question.
        You obtained a very difficult job. To get--I mean, to get
    to be a Foreign Service officer incredibly difficult to get
    there. What will be the determinant about whether you make this
    a career or make this a shorter term job, and I hardly have to
    say another word and then I just listen for about 90 minutes,
    and I will say a lot of the discussion tends to revolve around
    we are not given enough latitude to make decisions.
        Somebody once said to me, I had to pass a security vetting
    that was super intense but if I want to requisition five
    pencils they treat me like I am going to steal one of them and
    I have got to account for all five and what I am going to do
    with them.
        You have been there. You have been an ambassador but you
    have also worked your way up. You understand the sacrifices and
    the frustrations. I think you would be uniquely situated to
    deal with this.
        But I would just encourage you to and, kind of
    additionally, the surveys tend to show that you are doing--the
    State Department's efforts around recruiting are okay but maybe
    you are falling short on the retention side.
        Mr. Verma. Right.
        Senator Kaine. So I would urge you to focus on that.
        Last thing. I know--as far as I know, Congress has not yet
    been provided the 2022 FEVS results. Do you have any idea about
    when we might see those?
        Mr. Verma. I do not but I will definitely find out and come
    back to you as quickly as possible.
        Senator Kaine. If you could that would be great.
        Mr. Verma. Senator, your point on retention is really
    important and there is a retention working group that is
    focused on this coming out with a number of recommendations and
    already taken some steps.
        But training is a big part of it, making sure people have a
    pathway to promotion. There is a lot that will go into
    retention. But it is not just recruiting great people. It is
    making sure they stay.
        Senator Kaine. I think you are uniquely qualified to help
    us get better at this.
        Mr. Verma. Thank you.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I am going to go vote.
        The Chairman [presiding]. Okay.
        Ambassador, for a position of this consequence this type of
    hearing is unremarkable so that is a good thing, testament to
    you.
        This record will remain open--let me see until when--will
    remain open until the close of business tomorrow. There may be
    questions for the record. I would urge you to answer them
    expeditiously and as fully as you can so that we can consider
    your nomination at a business markup.
        With the thanks of the committee for your appearance here
    today, his hearing is adjourned.

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
              to Hon. Richard R. Verman by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. Congress enacted the Lateral Entry into the Foreign
    Service Pilot Program in December 2016. Fast forward six years later,
    and the program has yet to take off the ground. One of the purposes of
    the pilot program was to provide State additional avenues for targeting
    and recruiting ``mid-career individuals from the civil service and
    private sector who have skills and experience that would be extremely
    valuable to the Foreign Service.'' Individuals with skillsets in the
    areas of critical and emerging technologies such as information and
    communications technology, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence
    have been and will continue to be extremely valuable for the Foreign
    Service given the Department's new international cyber and digital
    policy mission. This is particularly true with the recent establishment
    of the Bureau for Cyber and Digital Policy and the Office of the
    Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technologies. Will the
    Department commit to utilizing the Foreign Service lateral entry pilot
    program provided by Congress beginning in FY 2023?

        Answer. Despite delays due to lack of funding, hiring freezes and,
    most recently, COVID, the Department is committed to and actively
    developing the lateral entry pilot program. The program will target
    critical skills gaps and allow the Department to fill positions to
    support the Secretary's modernization agenda, including in emerging
    technologies and critical missions. If confirmed, I commit to
    prioritize and implement this program in 2023.

        Question. How does the Department intend to use the flexible-hiring
    mechanism provided by the pilot program?

        Answer. The 3-year lateral entry pilot program will enable the
    Department to hire qualified mid-career professionals from the Civil
    Service and private sector into the Foreign Service to fill identified
    gaps in talent needed to support the Secretary's modernization agenda
    in the following six critical areas: cyberspace and emerging
    technologies; climate, environment, and energy; global health security
    and diplomacy; strategic competition with the People's Republic of
    China (PRC); economic statecraft; and multilateral diplomacy. If
    confirmed, I am committed to implementing this pilot program.

        Question. In October 2021, the Department released its first ever
    Enterprise Data Strategy, which seeks to promote data-informed
    diplomacy by bolstering the Department's data analytics and management
    and building a ``data-savvy'' workforce. As your predecessor once said,
    ``the Department of State must leverage data as a critical instrument
    of diplomacy.'' How do you intend to continue the Department's efforts
    to data-informed diplomacy?

        Answer. Data-Informed Diplomacy is a core element of the
    Secretary's agenda for modernizing American diplomacy. If confirmed, I
    will continue my predecessor's approach of implementing the Enterprise
    Data Strategy through campaigns that surge data and analytics resources
    on priority issues such as Strategic Competition; Multilateralism; and
    Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA). I also intend
    to accelerate the use of the Department's enterprise analytics
    platform, Data-State, and champion data science hiring and training
    initiatives that strengthen data skills within our workforce.

        Question. Which areas of the modernization agenda could use further
    congressional support?

        Answer. If confirmed, I am committed to advancing the Secretary's
    Modernization Agenda to ensure the Department is ready to meet the
    tests of the 21st century. I look forward to working with Congress to
    ensure the Department has the necessary resources and authorities to
    meet these challenges. This includes flexible hiring authorities
    tailored to the Department's national security mission to ensure our
    workforce is positioned to address mission critical areas, including
    China, climate, global heath security, cyberspace, economic statecraft,
    and multilateral diplomacy.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
               to Hon. Richard R. Verma by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. During his confirmation process, this committee asked
    Secretary Blinken: ``Under your leadership as Secretary of State, what
    actions will you pursue to ensure that hard-to-fill posts in Sub-
    Saharan Africa are sufficiently and consistently staffed?'' On January
    19, he replied in writing: ``If confirmed, I will work with the White
    House and relevant State Department bureaus and offices to ensure that
    all posts in Sub-Saharan Africa are sufficiently and consistently
    staffed with the appropriate personnel.'' During his confirmation
    process, I similarly asked your predecessor, if confirmed, as Deputy
    Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Brian McKeon, what he
    ``viewed as the most pressing management and staffing challenges facing
    the Department's Bureau of African Affairs,'' to which he replied, in
    part, ``The Bureau of African Affairs has been chronically understaffed
    both domestically and overseas, impeding the Department's ability to
    achieve the Administration's goals, as well as to seize opportunities
    when they appear. If confirmed I will explore enhancing incentives to
    serve at hardship posts, including those in Africa, and will look for
    other ways to ensure that our vacancies are filled.'' What is your
    understanding of actions taken to date by the State Department under
    the Biden Administration to address acute challenges to fully staffing
    the Africa Bureau?

        Answer. I understand the Department continues to use increased
    incentives for service in historically difficult to staff posts around
    the world, including service needs differential as an incentive for
    extended service, along with hardship differentials, and early
    handshakes, among others. Additionally, several initiatives are
    underway to address these gaps, including development of regional
    support models and use of a new assignments process based on medical
    resident matching. If confirmed, I commit to overseeing a holistic look
    at recruitment incentives to fill hard-to-fill posts around the world,
    especially in Africa.

        Question. When was the last time an Africa Bureau-specific culture
    survey was conducted?

        Answer. I understand from the Department that an Africa Bureau
    Domestic Workplace Climate Survey was conducted in August and September
    of 2022.

        Question. What was the response rate in the last Africa Bureau-
    specific culture survey?

        Answer. I understand from the Department that 51 percent of
    domestic employees in the Bureau of African Affairs responded to the
    Workplace Climate Survey.

        Question. What were the findings of the last Africa Bureau-specific
    culture survey?

        Answer. I understand that staff indicated in the AF climate survey
    that they truly enjoy their work, appreciating it makes an impact in
    Africa and advances U.S. foreign policy interests. They expressed
    strong frustration with low staffing levels and feeling overworked,
    however, underscoring the importance of domestic hybrid workplace
    flexibilities, expressing concern these arrangements might change in
    the future. Civil Service staff communicated a strong desire for more
    opportunities to do long-term TDYs and to spend time in the field.

        Question. When were the results of the last Africa Bureau-specific
    culture survey shared with the Africa Bureau workforce and by whom?

        Answer. I understand that, on behalf of the Africa Bureau's
    Diversity and Inclusion Council and Assistant Secretary Phee, Deputy
    Assistant Secretary Lord shared the results of the Africa Bureau
    workplace climate survey with domestic staff on November 29, 2022.

        Question. Do you feel that sufficient and timely action is being
    taken to address the acute and disproportionate staffing challenges
    that are faced by the Africa Bureau?

        Answer. The challenge of filling positions in historically
    difficult to staff posts, of which those in Africa comprise more than
    half, is one that the Department is deeply committed to resolving.
    Insufficient infrastructure, inadequate schools, health care
    challenges, and the remote nature of many postings in Africa are
    inherent impediments to getting those posts to full staffing. I believe
    the Department is working to address these challenges, and if
    confirmed, I commit to maintaining a focus on finding solutions.

        Question. Please provide a breakdown of Africa Bureau civil service
    staffing by office, including GS level? Please provide comparative
    information for other regional bureaus.

        Answer. With 46 embassies supporting bilateral relations with 49
    countries and the African Union, I understand from the Department that
    the Africa Bureau employs 120 Civil Service employees across ten
    domestic offices, of which 11 are GS-15, 23 are GS-14, 44 are GS-13, 15
    are GS-12, 14 are GS-11, 8 are GS-9 and 5 are GS-8. In comparison, the
    Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs employs 70, the Bureau of
    European and Eurasian Affairs employs 142, the Bureau of Near Eastern
    Affairs employs 158, the Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
    employs 62, and the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs employs 100.

        Question. How many civil servants have left the Africa Bureau since
    the start of the Biden Administration? Please detail vacated positions,
    and the length of time to fill the vacated position (from date of
    announcement to date of onboarding).

        Answer. I understand from the Department that 22 civil service
    employees left their positions in the Bureau of African Affairs since
    the beginning of the Biden Administration. As rank is in position, not
    person, for the civil service, promotions necessitate leaving a
    position. On average, it takes 90 calendar days to fill a position from
    date of announcement to date of onboarding.

        Question. What will you do to address the length of time it takes
    to hire civil servants for the Africa Bureau?

        Answer. The Africa Bureau has a similar timeline for hiring civil
    service (CS) employees as compared to other bureaus. I understand from
    the Department that the GTM's Shared Services center hires about 50
    percent of the Department's civil service, including AF, and has worked
    with Diplomatic Security to reduce the time it takes for security
    clearances by 120 days, installed new technologies such as a case
    management system, and implemented an onboarding system to streamline
    CS hiring.

        Question. What specific actions will you prioritize in your role to
    ensure that the Africa Bureau's staffing efforts focus on building
    regional expertise, diversity, and preparedness so the Department can
    sufficiently and consistently staff hard-to-fill posts in Africa?

        Answer. With more than half of all historically difficult to staff
    posts located in Africa, this is an important issue. If confirmed, I
    commit to overseeing a holistic look at recruitment incentives to fill
    hard-to-fill posts around the world, including in Africa.

        Question. Similarly, 27 of the last 43 career Foreign Service
    nominees for ambassadorial posts in the Africa Bureau were to serve as
    first time ambassadors. While every ambassador has a first post
    somewhere, first time ambassadors have been nominated for positions in
    highly complex political and conflict environments that are stated
    national security priorities for the United States in Africa, including
    Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso. If
    confirmed, will you commit to work with Secretary Blinken to ensure
    that first-time career ambassadorial nominees will not be the first
    choice when identifying nominees for high-profile and strategic U.S.
    missions in Sub-Saharan Africa?

        Answer. The Department has a robust process for choosing Chiefs of
    Mission candidates to recommend to the President for nomination. If
    confirmed, I am committed to working with the Secretary and Department
    leadership to ensure the Department continues to identify officers with
    demonstrated relevant experience and a track record of successful
    leadership in challenging posts. As evidenced by the outcome of the
    above selection process, sometimes the best qualified officer has not
    yet been an ambassador.

        Question. What specific challenges does the Africa Bureau face in
    recruiting experienced ambassadors to posts in the region?

        Answer. The same challenges the Africa Bureau faces in recruiting
    staff to fill all positions impact the Department's ability to recruit
    ambassadors to serve in the region. Inadequate infrastructure, health
    challenges, lack of adequate schools, and remoteness are just some of
    the factors that influence an employee's assignment process.

        Question. What steps will you take, if confirmed, to encourage
    experienced ambassadors to bid on priority ambassadorial posts in the
    Africa Bureau?

        Answer. The Department has a robust process for choosing Chiefs of
    Mission candidates to recommend to the President for nomination. If
    confirmed, I am committed to working with the Secretary and Department
    leadership to ensure that the Department continues to identify officers
    with a demonstrated relevant experience and a track record of
    successful leadership in challenging posts.

        Question. What Chief of Mission positions in the Africa Bureau does
    the Administration believe will soon require nominations for their
    replacements?

        Answer. I understand from the Department that roughly one-third of
    the 46 Chief of Mission positions in sub-Saharan Africa rotate in any
    given year. There currently are eight Chief of Mission nominations
    pending confirmation in the Senate: U.S. Mission to the African Union,
    Cabo Verde, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe.

        Question. Section 5105 of the National Defense Authorization Act
    (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2022 conditions the appointment of any Special
    Envoy (or similar position) exercising ``significant authority'' at the
    Department on obtaining the advice and consent of the Senate. This
    section also states that, in order for the President to appoint a
    Special Envoy not exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws
    of the United States, the President or Secretary must submit a timely
    notification to Congress which includes the following: ``(A) A
    certification that the position does not require the exercise of
    significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States. ``(B)
    A description of the duties and purpose of the position. ``(C) The
    rationale for giving the specific title and function to the position.''
    Section 5105 of the FY22 NDAA took legal effect on January 3, 2023. If
    confirmed, do you commit to upholding the requirements of this statute
    in a timely manner and to making your staff available to routinely
    brief SFRC on implementation of the law?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to immediately reviewing the
    waivers of diplomatic immunity for our mission personnel in China, and
    revoke them?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will review all aspects of the status of
    our mission personnel in China in consultation with Department experts
    and take appropriate action to ensure protection of our mission
    personnel.
        Because I have been outside the Department since before the COVID-
    19 pandemic began, I was not part of the deliberations on limited
    waivers of personal inviolability. My understanding from news reporting
    is that the lifting of the PRC's Zero-COVID policies has significantly
    eased the strain on all living in China, including U.S. diplomats.
        I also understand that upon arriving at post, Ambassador Burns
    committed to the Embassy community and subsequently communicated to the
    PRC that he would not permit any American Mission personnel to be
    forced into a fever clinic or COVID hospital.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to review similar waivers the
    U.S. agreed to in more than 50 other countries?

        Answer. My hope is that the declining emergency of the COVID-19
    pandemic in most of the world has made such waivers no longer relevant.
    If confirmed, I would review all such waivers in consultation with
    Department experts and take appropriate action to ensure protection of
    our mission personnel.

        Question. Would you agree to waivers of diplomatic immunity for
    embassy personnel in an adversarial country like China?

        Answer. I was not part of the deliberations on waivers of personal
    inviolability in China with respect to COVID-19. If confirmed and
    presented with a decision on any waiver of diplomatic immunity for our
    personnel in any country, I would weigh the merits of the decision
    while considering all aspects of the situation, including the impact on
    the U.S.'s national security interests and personnel.

        Question. Do you commit to consultation with Congress before taking
    any steps to waive diplomatic immunity for embassy personnel in an
    adversarial country like China?

        Answer. If confirmed and presented with a similar decision on
    waivers of diplomatic immunity for Embassy personnel in an adversarial
    country during a pandemic or other global health crisis, I would weigh
    the merits of the decision while considering all aspects of the
    situation, including the impact on the U.S.'s national security
    interests and personnel, and keep Congress informed on such matters.

        Question. Does the Department commit not to nominate or re-nominate
    to a Senate-confirmed position any officials who were involved in
    developing or approving the policy to comply with the PRC's COVID
    protocols, including detention in fever clinics, invasive, non-
    transparent testing procedures, and arbitrary movement restrictions and
    lockdowns, family separation, and the limited waivers of inviolability
    (in 2020 and 2022) that allowed these practices to happen?

        Answer. Decisions with respect to nominating or re-nominating
    officials to Senate-confirmed positions are made by the President. The
    Department has a robust process for choosing Chiefs of Mission
    candidates to recommend to the President for nomination. If confirmed,
    I am committed to working with the Secretary and Department leadership
    to ensure the Department continues to identify officers with
    demonstrated relevant experience and a track record of successful
    leadership in challenging posts.

        Question. In briefings to SFRC staff and in formal front-channel
    communications, the Department confirmed that 30 Americans had been
    detained in Chinese fever clinics. Following press reports on the
    situation at Mission China, this number was revised to 16. What
    accounts for the change in the number of Americans the Department says
    were detained in Chinese fever clinics? During which period of time and
    under what definitions of ``American,'' and ``detained,'' were these
    figures determined?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will have no higher priority than the
    safety of our personnel, family members, and facilities overseas. I was
    not serving in government during this time period. But I do understand
    that upon arriving at post, Ambassador Burns committed to the Embassy
    community and subsequently communicated to the PRC that he would not
    permit any American Mission personnel to be forced into a fever clinic
    or COVID hospital.

        Question. When the United States re-imposed COVID testing
    requirements for Chinese citizens traveling to the United States, did
    the PRC Embassy submit an LWOI or equivalent in order for its diplomats
    to comply when entering the United States?

        Answer. The United States did not impose testing on PRC diplomats
    in the United States. My understanding is that pre-flight testing of
    PRC diplomats in China does not implicate their immunity.

        Question. Please explain why it takes so long to build an embassy
    and why it is so expensive?

        Answer. I understand the Department plans, designs, and executes
    worldwide construction projects in dangerous and unpredictable
    environments facing rapidly changing security risks, unrest, evolving
    climate threats, and malign influencers. These factors, combined with
    the cost of building increasingly complex facilities to stringent U.S.
    design and life safety building codes, legislated procurement and
    contracting regulations, host country permits and labor laws, and SECCA
    1999 security standards, resulted in increased costs for site
    acquisition and construction and extended project timelines.

        Question. If confirmed, what structural changes would you make to
    streamline this process to promote efficiencies and save taxpayer
    dollars?

        Answer. I understand SECCA 2022 empowered the Department to develop
    solutions that balance mission location, footprint, setback, and
    colocation and will provide increased flexibility for site selection,
    design, and construction. If confirmed, I am committed to promoting
    further efficiencies such as using the design-build contracting
    methodology (as mandated by the FY 2022 State Authorization Act) and
    exploring ways to increase the number of contractors bidding on these
    complex construction projects.

        Question. Do you commit, if confirmed, to implementing as quickly
    as possible the Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of
    2022 (SECCA)?

        Answer. Yes. I understand the Department formed a high-level
    coordination group and is working to develop a full implementation
    plan. If confirmed, I am committed to implementing SECCA 2022 and
    enhancing diplomatic presence agility; managing risk in the planning,
    design, and construction of the Department's facilities to respond to
    evolving national security priorities; and ensuring responsible
    stewardship of taxpayer dollars.

        Question. Do you commit, if confirmed, to implementing as quickly
    as possible the Diplomatic Support and Security Act (DSSA)?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to timely implementation of the
    Diplomatic Support and Security Act. I appreciate Congressional
    attention to reforming the Accountability Review Board process and
    providing the Department with greater flexibility to advance U.S.
    national security priorities and foreign policy.

        Question. Do you commit, if confirmed, to briefing my staff on the
    Department's implementation of SECCA and DSSA within your first 90
    days?

        Answer. As noted in my confirmation testimony, I have a strong
    appreciation for the work of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely and collaboratively with
    the committee and its staff to advance shared, bipartisan priorities,
    to include regular briefings on the Department's progress toward
    implementation of SECCA and DSSA Reforms.

        Question. Do you believe that there are posts where U.S. diplomats
    struggle to get outside of embassy or consulate on a regular basis?

        Answer. Engaging with foreign government partners and members of
    society abroad is critical to advancing U.S. national security
    interests. While the vast majority of U.S. Government personnel
    worldwide interact outside embassy walls unencumbered, there remain a
    select few locations where factors can occasionally limit or preclude
    certain engagements. I am heartened by the fact that, even at our high
    threat/high risk diplomatic missions, roughly 95 percent of engagement
    requests are approved. As Secretary Blinken said, ``we have to accept
    risk, and manage it smartly.'' I commit to doing so if confirmed.

        Question. Do Chinese, Russian, or Iranian diplomats have trouble
    accessing local populations in countries in which they operate?

        Answer. Foreign diplomats have traditionally been targeted less
    than American diplomatic personnel. However, based on open-source
    reporting, Chinese and Russian diplomats may be engaging more
    frequently in certain high threat locations, but they have done so at
    great cost. In the last six months alone, Russian diplomats in Kabul,
    for example, have been killed in front of their own embassy. A Chinese
    delegation was present during an attack at the Afghanistan Ministry of
    Foreign Affairs, while visiting members of the Taliban in their
    offices. These foreign diplomats were killed while operating with a
    lower risk threshold than that which the Department insists on to
    safeguard our personnel.

        Question. How to you intend to improve the access of U.S. diplomats
    to local populations at our posts abroad, especially in high-threat
    posts where embassy rules make getting off the compound difficult or
    nearly impossible?

        Answer. Department leadership acknowledge that the U.S. foreign
    policy mission entails diverse types of risk and remain committed to
    managing it smartly and appropriately, such as the Department's efforts
    to re-open Embassy Kyiv. If confirmed, I will ensure the implementation
    of recent legislation enabling the Department to quickly establish new
    facilities and continue to expand diplomatic outreach. I look forward
    to supporting Department initiatives and I will have no higher priority
    than the safety of U.S. personnel, family members, and facilities
    overseas.

        Question. If confirmed, you do you commit to increasing the number
    of Diplomatic Security officers to better staff priorities and avoid DS
    personnel burnout?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to reviewing Diplomatic Security
    staffing levels and if appropriate, to reviewing existing security
    requirements and newly implemented NDAA changes and increasing staffing
    levels as permissible within budgetary limits. In the interim, DS will
    continue to align its personnel to meet the Department's most critical
    mission requirements, ensuring the Department is addressing world-wide
    security incidents and concerns.

        Question. If confirmed, how do you intend to implement the Global
    Health Security and International Pandemic Prevention and Preparedness
    Act?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to following and implementing all
    laws, including the Global Health Security and International Pandemic
    Prevention and Preparedness Act. I commend Congress for the attention
    it has brought to strengthening capacities and resources to prevent,
    detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, including the newly
    established Pandemic Fund, and I commit to working to ensure the Act's
    successful implementation at the Department, including in alignment
    with the Department's proposed Bureau for Global Health Security and
    Diplomacy.

        Question. What concrete steps would you take to effectively
    organize and resource the Department's new Global Health Bureau to
    advance the global health security and diplomacy objectives of the
    United States overseas?

        Answer. A unified bureau will streamline internal coordination
    between the Department's global health security foreign policy efforts
    and assistance programs, including PEPFAR, by placing these functions
    under one organizational umbrella within the Department. At the
    country-level, Chiefs of Mission will continue to direct, supervise,
    and coordinate all U.S. Government executive branch employees in the
    country or area of responsibility.

        Question. The Department has been late in providing requests or
    feedback to our committee on State Department authorization, making it
    difficult or at points impossible to include some Department asks. If
    confirmed, do you commit to working in a positive manner with our
    committee on State Department authorization bills?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to provide the Department's
    authorization requests by March 17, 2023?

        Answer. I recognize and appreciate that working together to develop
    flexible authorization legislation for the Department is an important
    process premised on close and transparent communication. If confirmed,
    I am committed to working within the Department and with interagency
    partners throughout my tenure to identify and propose to Congress in a
    timely manner authorities for Department operations that will help the
    Department advance U.S. foreign policy objectives and take care of our
    employees both domestically and abroad.

        Question. The Department recently agreed to limit severely the
    definition of worldwide availability and has not been responsive to my
    requests for a briefing on the situation. What do the words,
    ``worldwide availability'' mean to you?

        Answer. I understand the Department is considering whether to
    continue with the specific term ``worldwide availability.'' The
    proposed medical standard for pre-employment clearance of career
    Foreign Service applicants is that they meet the minimum medical
    qualifications to serve at all MEDEVAC posts (currently Bangkok,
    London, Pretoria, and Singapore) and a unique standard would apply to
    applicants for medical specialist categories. Assignments will not be
    limited to those four posts, and employees--including those with a
    disability--will be expected to bid competitively and serve at a wide
    variety of posts in consultation with the Bureau of Medical Services.

        Question. In your opinion, has the Department effectively
    eliminated ``worldwide availability'' by reducing it to just a handful
    of posts?

        Answer. I understand that while the proposed pre-employment medical
    eligibility standard requires that applicants meet the minimum medical
    qualifications to serve at MEDEVAC posts, assignments will not be
    limited to those posts, and employees--including those with a
    disability--will be expected to serve at a wide variety of posts, in
    consultation with the Bureau of Medical Services. There are several
    dozen posts, in every geographical region, with medical capabilities
    equivalent to those at MEDEVAC posts. I understand this eligibility
    standard moves the Department towards more diversity, equity, and
    inclusion throughout the Foreign Service.

        Question. I frequently here from the Department and its personnel
    that the Foreign Service is akin to the U.S. armed forces. Does the
    change in definition of ``worldwide'' availability diminish the
    similarities between the Foreign Service and our armed forces? If yes,
    does that demand a reevaluation of employee benefits for the Foreign
    Service?

        Answer. I understand career Foreign Service candidates will still
    be expected to serve at a wide variety of posts around the world, and
    the revised standard proposed is not expected to have a material
    operational effect on the Department's ability to meet its foreign
    policy and national security mission at posts throughout the globe. I
    understand the proposed policy will provide more career opportunities
    in the Foreign Service for persons with a disability as the Department
    seeks to welcome a broader array of qualified individuals into the
    ranks of the Foreign Service.

        Question. I was troubled to learn last year that the Department has
    been medically clearing terminally ill Foreign Service Officers for
    duty abroad, so long as they can receive medical care similar to what
    they would receive in the United States. What is the purpose of a
    medical clearance if it does not indicate whether someone is fit for
    service?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure the Department continues to
    issue medical clearances for assignments in a manner consistent with
    law and Department policy. Federal privacy laws prevent the Department
    from commenting on specific cases, and as a nominee I am not privy to
    this type of information.

        Question. In your opinion, should the Department be assigning
    personnel abroad who are terminally ill?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure the Department continues to
    issue medical clearances in a manner that is consistent with Federal
    law and Department policy. As things stand, the Department issues a
    Class 1 clearance to those with no significant medical condition or a
    Class 2 clearance for those persons for whom the availability of
    adequate medical care may depend on the post to which they could be
    assigned. Employees suffering from unstable terminal illnesses are
    issued a Class 5 clearance. Individuals issued Class 5 clearances are
    limited to service within the United States.

        Question. Does the Department believe a Foreign Service Officer has
    a right to die while serving abroad?

        Answer. I understand the Department works diligently to ensure our
    employees and their family members are assigned to posts where they can
    obtain the medical care needed to support medical conditions. In the
    event an individual's condition deteriorates to the point where local
    resources cannot provide adequate care, the Department, pursuant to 22
    U.S.C. 4081, will evacuate the employee and/or their family either back
    to the United States or to a regional medical evacuation center where
    they can obtain the care they need.

        Question. Given the small number of posts who can handle Class II
    cases, does the Department risk overwhelming the capacity of those
    embassy medical units?

        Answer. I understand many, if not most, of the Department's posts
    support the medical needs of employees with Class 2 clearances, better
    known as post-specific clearance. In the event post health units are
    unable to manage the specific medical condition of an employee, I
    understand health units will work to arrange for the employee to obtain
    appropriate care in the country of assignment, and in the event the
    medical needs of the employee cannot be supported abroad, MED will
    provide evacuation services as consistent with 22 U.S.C 4081.

        Question. What is the ideal time for the State Department to
    process the average visa and what is the current average time? What
    accounts for this discrepancy?

        Answer. The long wait times for first-time B1/B2 visitor visas in
    some countries are the result of pent-up visa demand outpacing consular
    staffing levels when pandemic-related travel restrictions ended.
    Nonimmigrant visa (NIV) interview wait times are coming down faster
    than projected due to policy changes, innovations, and staffing surge
    efforts. For a visitor visa, the median interview wait time is less
    than two months, half what it was in June 2022. Wait times for all
    other NIV categories, including students and temporary workers, are at
    or below pre-pandemic levels.

        Question. What steps is the State Department taking to speed up the
    visa approval process and are there viable alternatives to in person
    interviews?

        Answer. The State Department is pursuing multiple strategies to
    streamline visa processing and to dedicate more resources to reducing
    wait times consistent with national security. This includes surging
    staff overseas, working with DHS to pursue expanded interview waiver
    authorities for additional categories of low-risk visa applicants, and
    expanding the development and use of technological solutions to
    remotely adjudicate applications that do not require interviews. The
    Department also will soon pilot domestic revalidation of certain
    petition-based nonimmigrant visas.

        Question. Due to the wide variation in wait times for visa
    appointments, is the State Department focusing on consulates with
    longer than average wait times? If so, what is the Department doing to
    support consulates with a longer than average wait time?

        Answer. In FY 2022, the Department exceeded pre-pandemic levels of
    non-immigrant visa issuances in several categories critical to economic
    and bilateral interests, including for seasonal workers, students, and
    crewmembers. The Department is surging resources where wait times for
    B1/B2 visa interviews, needed by would-be first-time visitors, remain
    high, such as India and Mexico. Consular officers in some locations are
    remotely adjudicating tens of thousands of interview-waiver visas each
    week. Visa renewal wait times, crucial to the economy, are low.

        Question. Do you have the funding and other resources necessary to
    reduce wait times for appointments? If not, what do you need in order
    to reduce the backlog?

        Answer. Over the last year and a half, the Department reduced gaps
    in consular staffing overseas caused by the drop in fee revenue due to
    the pandemic's near-shutdown of international travel. With the
    resurgence of travel, the Bureau of Consular Affairs' financial
    situation has improved. If confirmed, I will strive to ensure that as
    many adjudicators as possible are assigned to overseas positions, to
    reach worldwide pre-pandemic staffing by the end of this year.
    Maintaining expanded spending authorities and additional fee
    flexibilities would help allow for continued innovation and additional
    hiring.

        Question. When will the State Department return to pre-pandemic
    processing times?

        Answer. In many places, visa wait times have returned to pre-
    pandemic processing times. Except for first time B1/B2 visitors in
    certain countries, wait times for all other nonimmigrant categories,
    including students and temporary workers, are at or below pre-pandemic
    levels. The Department updates nonimmigrant visa (NIV) wait time
    information on its public website weekly. Wait times vary depending on
    the visa category, appointment availability, and demand. The Department
    issued 13 percent more NIVs in the first quarter of FY 2023 than the
    same period in FY 2019.

        Question. What is the ideal time for the State Department to
    process the average passport renewal and what is the current average
    time?

        Answer. Processing times vary throughout the year and are dependent
    upon workload, which increases with seasonal spring and summer travel.
    I understand from the Department that processing time for passport
    applications was at pre-pandemic levels until February 6, when it
    increased with the normal cyclical demand. Processing times are now 8
    to 11 weeks for routine service and 5 to 7 weeks for expedited service.
    The goal is to ensure the average application is processed within
    service commitments. Most applicants receive their passports weeks
    earlier than advertised.

        Question. What steps is the State Department taking to speed up the
    passport approval process?

        Answer. Processing time for passport applications was at pre-
    pandemic levels until February 6 when it increased with the normal
    cyclical demand. I understand from the Department that the Department's
    Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA) instituted an ``all hands on deck''
    posture requiring Passport Services headquarters employees to
    adjudicate; authorized 30,000 hours of monthly overtime; and recruited
    volunteers, including re-employed annuitants, to work in the
    Washington, DC, Satellite Office (akin to a medium-sized agency). Since
    January 2022, CA hired more than 100 new staff, with more than 200
    additional employees in the recruitment pipeline.

        Question. From your perspective, what are the differences in roles
    and responsibilities between the Deputy Secretary of State for
    Management and Resources and the Undersecretary of State for
    Management?

        Answer. The Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources
    and the Under Secretary of State for Management play critical,
    complementary roles in support of the resilience of our workforce and
    effective functioning of the Department. If confirmed, I look forward
    to working closely with the Under Secretary for Management and would
    focus my efforts on addressing enterprise-wide challenges and
    opportunities domestically and overseas at the intersection of policy,
    management, and resources.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you work with the Undersecretary
    of State for Management to ensure there are no gaps or overlap in
    responsibilities? Please describe your understanding of the anticipated
    work relationship with the Undersecretary for Management.

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work with the Department to approach
    issues and resource needs that are cross-cutting and interdisciplinary,
    in coordination with OMB, Congress, and other departments and agencies.
    The Under Secretary of State for Management has a mix of operational
    responsibilities in support of the Department's ongoing mission and a
    focus on implementation and planning to ensure proposed improvements to
    workforce policies, management practices, and the Department's
    facilities and associated services are sustainable and effective in a
    wide range of operating environments, both domestically and overseas.

        Question. The Office of the Inspector General found that during the
    pandemic, the Department encouraged maximum telework for both domestic
    and overseas staff. COVID-19 cases have drastically declined in the
    United States and around the world. The Biden administration declared
    its intent to end the national emergency and public health emergency
    declarations related to the COVID-19 pandemic on May 11, 2023. If
    confirmed, would you advocate for the full return to work for all State
    Department employees, especially when the emergency public health
    declarations are over?

        Answer. Most domestic positions and all overseas positions are on-
    site routinely to meet mission critical goals. Given its global
    purview, the Department has always had an asynchronous and distributed
    workforce. If confirmed, I will ensure the Department continues to
    improve its agility in the face of 21st century challenges--most
    notably, the need to support global coverage and to recruit and retain
    top talent, particularly in competitive fields like information
    technology.

        Question. The Office of the Inspector General found that during the
    pandemic, the Department encouraged maximum telework for both domestic
    and overseas staff. COVID-19 cases have drastically declined in the
    United States and around the world. The Biden administration declared
    its intent to end the national emergency and public health emergency
    declarations related to the COVID-19 pandemic on May 11, 2023. How can
    employees who regularly handle classified information consistently work
    from home?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support the Department's mission-first
    priorities. Employees who need classified access will continue to work
    on-site, with extremely limited exceptions due to security
    considerations. A very small number of secure communications kits,
    which allow access to classified information from approved alternate
    work locations--a home office, for example--are made available to
    approved personnel to facilitate 24/7 access.

        Question. Diversity is now included as a promotion precept at the
    Department of State. How will the diversity precept be measured or
    evaluated for promotion?

        Answer. I understand the Department issued a document defining the
    new Core Precept of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
    (DEIA) for the global workforce and for the Foreign Service Selection
    Boards (FSSB). I understand the bureau of Global Talent Management is
    creating a ``Procedural Precepts'' document to define for FSSB members
    the relevant criteria and processes for promotion, including how to use
    the Core Precepts document to measure performance. I understand that
    before implementing these guidelines, the Department will negotiate
    them with AFSA.

        Question. What types of activities will reflect positively for
    promotion in terms of diversity?

        Answer. I understand Department employees should promote and
    demonstrate DEIA principles in interactions with colleagues and
    interlocutors. Some examples of this would include collaborating with
    others to achieve Department goals through inclusive teamwork;
    developing accessible communications for events, engagements, and
    interactions with the full complement of employees, interlocutors, and
    the public; actively recruiting and retaining diverse teams and
    improving methods of attracting diverse candidates for positions; and
    supporting equity in staff opportunities, roles, and recognition.

        Question. What role does the Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer
    play in the selection process for Deputy Chiefs of Mission and other
    senior foreign service positions?

        Answer. Beginning in 2021, Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer
    (CDIO) Abercrombie-Winstanley joined the Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM)
    Committee, which has oversight of the selection process for DCM,
    Principal Officer, Deputy Principal Officer, and senior foreign policy
    advisor (POLAD) positions. The CDIO also joined the D Committee,
    chaired by the Deputy Secretary, which makes all Chief of Mission
    recommendations to the Secretary of State, and approves selection of
    Principal Deputy Assistant Secretaries and Deputy Assistant
    Secretaries. The CDIO, along with all committee members, encourages
    applicants from a variety of diverse backgrounds to compete for these
    positions, but selection is based on merit.

        Question. The State Department has prioritized recruitment efforts
    in densely populated geographic locations and coastal cities over rural
    areas. This contributes to overrepresentation by Foreign Service
    officers from cities and those who can afford to travel great distances
    in order to take the oral exam required for entry into the Service. If
    confirmed, how would you work to reduce the costs and other obstacles
    placed on applicants?

        Answer. I understand that the Department has successfully assessed
    specialist candidates using a virtual platform and is currently working
    to do the same for Foreign Service generalist candidates, making the
    hiring process more accessible to all individuals. If confirmed, I will
    work to continue efforts to reduce obstacles and ensure that oral
    assessments for FS generalists are also transitioned to a virtual
    platform.

        Question. Our veterans sacrificed much to protect our nation and
    freedom. Their service, perspective, and experience is immensely
    valuable, and should be better harnessed by our State Department to
    advance diplomacy. If confirmed, how would you work to increase
    veterans' preference in the Foreign Service?

        Answer. Upon application, and after passing the Foreign Service
    Oral Assessment, veterans receive additional points, allowing them to
    move higher on the rank-ordered Foreign Service specialist and
    generalist registers. Additionally, veterans may also receive an age
    waiver to enter the Foreign Service, allowing them to bypass the
    mandatory age requirements of the Foreign Service. If confirmed, I will
    work with veterans' groups and Department leadership to determine if
    additional benefits can be provided within the Federal hiring rules.

        Question. A transparent promotion process has the potential to
    improve the quality of the workforce while also increasing diversity.
    What actions should the Department take to increase transparency in the
    promotion process Should the Department consider changes to the
    promotion process? If yes, at what levels?

        Answer. I understand the Department is developing a scoring tool
    for Foreign Service Selection Board (FSSB) members to use when
    evaluating candidates at all levels, as well as a new annual Employee
    Evaluation Report form that will measure employees at all levels using
    the same assessment as the FSSB, increasing transparency. With the
    implementation of the scoring tool, all promotion candidates will now
    see their average score on each Core Precept, as well as their total
    score across all Core Precepts, compared with the average total score
    of those against whom they competed and those who were promoted from
    their FSSB.

        Question. The Department has notified Congress of its desire to
    create an Office of Anti-Harassment and Bullying Intervention. How is
    bullying defined? If confirmed, what safeguards would you put in place
    to avoid the weaponization of anti-bullying efforts through the filing
    of false claims?

        Answer. I understand the Department defines bullying as a single,
    significant incident and/or pattern of unwelcome behavior that for a
    reasonable person creates an intimidating, hostile, threatening, or
    offensive work environment and/or interferes with an individual's work
    performance. Behavior that to a reasonable person has a demonstrable
    impact on others may constitute bullying, even if the recipient or
    target of the bullying behavior indicates they are not offended and/or
    affected. If confirmed, I will support a standardized and transparent
    approach to investigate allegations of bullying.

        Question. The Inspector General's statement on the Department of
    State's major management and performance challenges for Fiscal Year
    2022 highlighted that Department information systems are subject to
    serious threats that can lead to exploited weaknesses and compromised
    sensitive information. An audit of the information security program
    identified weaknesses in eight of nine information security domains. If
    confirmed, what steps would you recommend the Department take to ensure
    that the information systems are authorized to operate and effective
    monitoring programs are in place?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Department of State to
    continue addressing the findings identified in the FY 2022 OIG FISMA
    Audit. I will also work with the Department to continue implementing a
    Zero Trust architecture set forth by Executive Order 14028 and the
    Federal Chief Information Officer. Finally, if confirmed, I will
    partner with the CISA, the NSA, and other partners to implement
    cybersecurity best practices, remediate vulnerabilities, and monitor
    new and existing threats.

        Question. The Inspector General's statement on the Department of
    State's major management and performance challenges for Fiscal Year
    2022 found that public members serving on the Department's Foreign
    Service Selection Boards did not fully meet Department qualifications
    and that family members and personal friends of Department employees
    had been selected for these roles. Please describe your view on the
    importance of transparency in the Foreign Service Selection Board's
    process. If confirmed, how would you improve management oversight of
    the public member selection process?

        Answer. It is imperative that the State Department ensure the work
    of the Foreign Service Selection Boards is conducted in a manner that
    is fair, transparent, and objective. If confirmed, I will hold the team
    accountable for abiding strictly by the newly issued written policy
    regarding public member referrals and recusals. I will work closely, if
    confirmed, with the Director General to oversee the process in which
    all resumes submitted are collected and tracked centrally, and all
    public member candidates are interviewed by a panel and ranked on a
    score sheet that documents their qualifications to serve on a board as
    established in the Foreign Affairs Manual.

        Question. The Inspector General's statement on the Department of
    State's major management and performance challenges for Fiscal Year
    2022 found that Department entities did not consistently and adequately
    monitor and document contractor and grantee performance. Please
    describe the importance of conducting oversight of contracts, grants,
    and foreign assistance domestically and abroad, and explain how you
    would improve oversight efforts if confirmed.

        Answer. I understand the Department will realize better acquisition
    outcomes by more closely monitoring and frequently assessing contractor
    and grantee performance. Investing in a quality assurance program and
    enabling executive decision-making by bolstering access to, and use of,
    actionable data to monitor cost, schedule, and performance baselines is
    a must. If confirmed, I would ensure the Department's quality assurance
    program is improved and augment it with data informed, executive-level
    governance to drive planning and performance oversight of major
    business investments.

                        responses to follow-up questions

              Thank you for the request to expand on my responses to
            several questions. I appreciate the Senator's engagement and
            leadership on these issues, and if confirmed, I look forward to
            working with the Senator and his staff to address any remaining
            concerns.
              If confirmed, the safety and security of the Department's
            personnel, family members, and facilities will be my first and
            foremost priority. As I said during my nominations hearing,
            COVID-19 presented an unprecedented challenge. This is true not
            only for the Department, but for organizations around the
            world.
              As I understand it, the Department was faced with balancing
            compliance with certain local regulations on COVID-19 testing
            that would permit our personnel to remain in China and 50 other
            missions around the world, and asserting diplomatic immunity to
            object to such testing which would have prevented them from
            entering China or would have led to their departure. The
            balance the Department struck is one that allowed U.S.
            personnel to enter and remain in the country. The alternative
            was to exit China and over 50 other missions around the world,
            thus, severely impacting our diplomatic footprint at a time
            where direct engagement and international cooperation and
            coordination were critical.
              Staying or getting into a country, in some cases, meant that
            the U.S. Government had to authorize limited waivers of
            personal inviolability for U.S. personnel, who enjoyed personal
            inviolability based on their particular accreditation status in
            order to allow them to be tested on arrival and in some
            circumstances quarantined. As a nominee who was not at the
            Department during the relevant period, I am not familiar with
            the specific cases, but I do commit to go back and review the
            situation at the Mission in China if confirmed, and to draw any
            lessons learned and process improvements that could be made for
            the future. I would intend to work closely with the committee
            on this set of issues.
              I was not surprised to hear, and am encouraged, that upon
            arriving at post, Ambassador Burns committed to the Embassy
            community, and subsequently communicated to the PRC, that he
            would not permit any American Mission personnel to be forced
            into a Chinese ``fever hospital'' or COVID isolation hospital.
            I strongly support that decision, and if confirmed, I will work
            to ensure that protocol continues.

              Original Question. If confirmed, do you commit to immediately
            reviewing the waivers of diplomatic immunity for our mission
            personnel in China, and revoke them?

              If confirmed, do you commit to review similar waivers the
            U.S. agreed to in more than 50 other countries?

              Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to review the limited
            waivers of personal inviolability of our mission personnel in
            China, as well as similar diplomatic waivers across more than
            50 other countries. I will conduct this review in consultation
            with Department experts and take appropriate action, as needed,
            to ensure protection of our mission personnel and the
            maintenance of an effective diplomatic footprint. I will
            certainly confer closely with the committee on this.
              My understanding from the Department is that these waivers
            were not ``blanket'' in nature, but rather individual. That is
            to say, waivers were specifically issued for each traveler or
            group of travelers that came to post that applied to a specific
            testing requirement. Therefore, there are generally not ongoing
            waivers to revoke or rescind with the host nations.

              Question. Would you agree to waivers of diplomatic immunity
            for embassy personnel in an adversarial country like China?

              Answer. As noted in my QFR's, if confirmed and presented with
            a similar situation of waiving diplomatic immunity in an
            adversarial or other country, I would weigh the hardship placed
            on the Mission's personnel by the particular local requirement
            at issue, the consequences to our diplomatic presence of
            asserting immunity and not complying with the requirement, and
            the national security interest of remaining in country. It's
            hard to predict where I would come out in a hypothetical
            without knowing the full set of facts applicable to each case,
            but I can assure you, if confirmed, the safety and security of
            the Department's personnel, family members, and facilities will
            be my first and foremost priority with respect to any decision
            that comes before my desk. If and when these situations arise
            in the future, we would certainly keep you and the committee
            fully informed and apprised.

              Original Question. Do you commit to consultation with
            Congress before taking any steps to waive diplomatic immunity
            for embassy personnel in an adversarial country like China?

              Answer. If confirmed and presented with a similar decision on
            waivers of diplomatic immunity for Embassy personnel in an
            adversarial country during unusual circumstances, such as those
            seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, I commit to keeping Congress
            regularly informed on our policy and approach with respect to
            such matters. This includes, but is not limited to, abiding by
            the statutory notification requirements recently enacted under
            the NDAA.

              Original Question. Does the Department commit not to nominate
            or re-nominate to a Senate-confirmed position any officials who
            were involved in developing or approving the policy to comply
            with the PRC's COVID protocols, including detention in fever
            clinics, invasive, non-transparent testing procedures, and
            arbitrary movement restrictions and lockdowns, family
            separation, and the limited waivers of inviolability (in 2020
            and 2022) that allowed these practices to happen?

              Answer. As noted in my initial responses, decisions with
            respect to nominating or re-nominating officials to Senate-
            confirmed positions is solely the prerogative of the President,
            not the Department. Even if I were in a position to make such a
            commitment, I could not do so as a nominee without knowing all
            of the facts and circumstances that went into those decisions.
              If confirmed, I will serve on the committee that recommends
            career Chief-of-Mission candidates. I will take that
            responsibility seriously and I am committed to working with the
            Secretary and the Department leadership to ensure the
            Department identifies officers that exercise sound judgment and
            leadership in challenging posts, including reviewing decision-
            making in the wake of COVID-19.

              Original Question. In briefings to SFRC staff and in formal
            front-channel communications, the Department confirmed that 30
            Americans had been detained in Chinese fever clinics. Following
            press reports on the situation at Mission China, this number
            was revised to 16. What accounts for the change in the number
            of Americans the Department says were detained in Chinese fever
            clinics? During which period of time and under what definitions
            of ``American,'' and ``detained,'' were these figures
            determined?

              Answer. My understanding from the Department is that a total
            of 30 individuals (including U.S Government employees or family
            members) tested positive for COVID-19 upon arrival in China and
            entered PRC COVID protocols. Of these 30, 16 spent some time in
            a fever hospital. The remaining 14 were able to clear COVID
            protocols by PRC health authorities short of fever hospital
            admittance.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
              to Hon. Richard R. Verma by Senator Chris Van Hollen

        Question. I understand that State has made significant improvements
    to the security clearance process in the last three years, and that 90
    percent of cases are now processed well under the government-wide
    standard. However, 10 percent of cases take considerably longer, often
    due to delays within the U.S. Government, as other agencies do not
    respond in a timely manner. This leaves jobs unfilled and employees
    frustrated by the opaque process. If confirmed, how will you engage
    with other government agencies to ensure that the U.S. Government is
    not responsible for egregious delays in processing security clearances?

        Answer. The Department continues to foster relationships with
    interagency partners to coordinate the expedient processing of security
    clearances and ensuring a trusted workforce. By bridging the
    communications gap, the Department has already seen a decrease in
    response times and faster timelines.
        If confirmed, I commit to aiding Diplomatic Security to further
    modernize the security clearance process in line with the Secretary of
    State's modernization agenda and to ensuring that 10 percent of cases
    that may take longer than the average processing time are being
    addressed appropriately.

        Question. Foreign national employees are the backbone of our
    foreign policy operations abroad. As U.S. Ambassador to India, you have
    firsthand knowledge of the critical role that our local experts play,
    from knowing the roads and traffic patterns in order to safely
    transport employees, to providing critical political insight on local
    issues. Since 1952, the U.S. has had a program to reward our most loyal
    employees abroad by allowing them to seek an immigrant visa after 15
    years of exceptional service. However, I understand that this program
    is now in jeopardy due to increased demand for other visas in this
    category and resultant wait times. Can you explain how this program has
    ended up with such a concerning backlog, after operating without issue
    for nearly 70 years? Can you provide estimated numbers of the backlog?

        Answer. The EB-4 immigrant visa category covers multiple categories
    of ``special immigrants,'' including our locally employed (LE) staff
    overseas, ``special immigrant juveniles'' (SIJs)--certain unaccompanied
    minors who arrive at the southwest border--and other important groups.
    Congress sets an annual cap on the number of EB-4 visas available.
    Increased demand and a lower EB-4 limit for FY 1A2023 means LE staff
    and others now face an unusually long waiting period before visas are
    available. If confirmed, I look forward to working with Congress and
    our interagency partners on how to reduce this backlog.

        Question. Can you describe the importance of the special immigrant
    visa program for U.S. Government employees abroad, and the impact that
    any disruption in this program will have on morale and retention?

        Answer. The services provided by our locally employed U.S.
    Government colleagues overseas are indispensable, and the sacrifices
    they make on behalf of the United States are deeply valued. Due to
    recent increased demand for immigrant visas in the employment based
    fourth-preference category, local staff approved for special immigrant
    visa status now face a multi-year wait for a visa, as the demand
    exceeds the limited number of EB-4 visas available under the annual
    statutory cap. This wait and uncertainty harms local staff morale,
    recruitment, and retention. If confirmed, I look forward to working
    with Congress and our interagency partners on how to reduce this
    backlog.

        Question. What steps is State taking to address the increased
    demand for this visa category? What additional legislative authority is
    needed to remedy this issue?

        Answer. Demand for the EB-4 immigrant visa category derives from
    geopolitical and migration realities outside of the immediate control
    of the Department.
        The Department of State cannot meet demand under the numerical
    limitations of the statute. Amending the INA could help to ensure
    certain groups covered under the EB-4 visa category are able to obtain
    immigrant visas upon completion of their qualifying service.

        Question. Both the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the U.S.
    Department of State are charged with the protection of U.S. citizens
    abroad. However, it appears that we have allowed 40 countries to enter
    the Visa Waiver Program without a clear way to measure or assess
    reciprocal treatment of U.S. citizens, despite reciprocity being a key
    feature of the Visa Waiver Program. This program has existed since
    1986, but there has been no effort to confirm that U.S. citizens are
    being treated fairly regardless of race, national origin, ethnicity, or
    religious background. If confirmed, how will you work to protect U.S.
    citizens abroad, and assess reciprocal treatment in all visa waiver and
    visa waiver-aspirant countries?

        Answer. A key statutory requirement is that all Visa Waiver Program
    (VWP) countries extend privileges to U.S. citizens and nationals
    reciprocal to those that the U.S. extends to the citizens of VWP
    countries. This important principle includes that all U.S. citizens and
    nationals are treated equally without regard to race, religion,
    ethnicity, or national origin. The Department of Homeland Security in
    consultation with the Department of State is statutorily required to
    review at least every two years the effects of each VWP country's
    program designation on U.S. national security, law enforcement, and
    immigration interests.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Hon. Richard R. Verma by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power violate the sovereignty of
    the United States by flying spy balloons over our country, committing
    an ongoing genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl,
    and emit by far the largest quantity of greenhouse gases. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The President has made it clear the United States views the
    People's Republic of China (PRC) as a strategic competitor that
    challenges the existing rules-based international order. Under
    President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become more repressive at
    home and more assertive abroad. We will defend and strengthen U.S.
    national security, prosperity, and values; defend international law and
    agreements and the other principles and institutions that maintain
    peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and sovereign
    nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist and
    cooperate.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The United States will work with the PRC where our
    interests are aligned. We cannot let the disagreements that divide us
    stop us from moving forward on transnational issues that demand that we
    work together, for the good of the American people and for the good of
    the world.

        Question. I note that you worked at Albright-Stonebridge Group, a
    consulting firm that does a significant amount of business in China.
    This is rather concerning. Do you have any remaining business interests
    in China or with Chinese companies?

        Answer. No.

        Question. Are there any areas in which the Chinese Communist Party
    could constructively work with the United States in good faith? If so,
    what are they?

        Answer. The United States will work with the PRC where our
    interests are aligned. This includes exploring possible cooperation on
    transnational challenges such as counter-narcotics, global health, and
    food security. We cannot let disagreements that divide us stop us from
    making progress on the priorities that demand we work together, for the
    good of the American people and for the good of the world.

        Question. Are you confident that our facilities and personnel in
    the People's Republic of China are safe from Chinese Communist Party
    directed interference and harassment?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will have no higher priority than the
    safety of U.S. Government personnel, family members, and facilities
    overseas. All U.S Government facilities, to include the U.S. Mission in
    China, operate consistent with applicable security programs and in
    consultation with Mission China leadership standards. Protecting
    personnel and facilities through the pandemic took extraordinary
    efforts by the Department's team and this focus will continue to be
    required as the operating environment changes.

        Question. If confirmed, what policies would you put in place to
    ensure the safety and security of American diplomats posted to China?

        Answer. The Department continues to evaluate and adjust the
    security posture as needed to ensure the safety of U.S Government
    personnel, and family member, and facilities in the People's Republic
    of China. If confirmed, I will have no greater priority.

        Question. Last month, the Administration stated it will terminate
    the COVID-19 public health emergency in May 2023. During the pandemic,
    the State Department significantly expanded telework eligibility for
    Civil Service and Foreign Service employees domestically, as well as
    overseas. It is time to bring back these employees into their
    respective offices, embassies, and consulates to properly provide
    services for the American people and conduct in-person diplomacy. U.S.
    Passport adjudication backlogs cannot be completed from an employee's
    dining room table and diplomacy to counter CCP influence around the
    world should not be conducted via a video conference on a boat in the
    Caribbean.

        Answer. Overseas, all U.S. direct hire employees are in the office.
    As of April%, 2022, the Department adopted an All-Functions posture
    domestically, enabling full onsite engagement for all tasks requiring
    in-person presence. If confirmed, I will continue to support the
    Secretary's Modernization Agenda, under which the Department's Future
    of Work Plan employs a ``Mission First'' core guiding principle. This
    principle ensures that flexibilities augment our ability to deliver on
    our mission.

        Question. Are you aware of the current backlog of U.S. Passports
    applications?

        Answer. In FY 2022, Consular Affairs adjudicated the highest number
    of passport products in history. I understand from the Department that
    processing time for passport applications was at pre-pandemic levels
    until February 6 when it increased with the normal cyclical demand. New
    application volumes are higher than volumes seen at the same time of
    year pre-pandemic. The Department increased capacity by hiring new
    staff, recruiting internal volunteers, requiring Passport Services
    headquarters employees to adjudicate, and authorizing 30,000 hours of
    monthly overtime.

        Question. Should all Consular Affairs employees be back in the
    office to clear this backlog?

        Question. In FY 2022, Consular Affairs (CA) adjudicated the highest
    number of passport products in history. I understand from the
    Department that processing time was at pre-pandemic levels until
    February 6 when it increased with the normal cyclical demand. As of
    late August 2021, all adjudicators returned to work in the office. CA
    instituted an ``all hands on deck'' posture, requiring Passport
    Services headquarters employees to adjudicate; authorized 30,000 hours
    of monthly overtime; and recruited volunteers, including re-employed
    annuitants, to work in Washington D.C.'s Satellite Office (akin to a
    medium-sized agency).

        Question. Should employees assigned to overseas posts be authorized
    telework from another country or domestically?

        Answer. I understand in certain circumstances employees assigned to
    our overseas posts may be granted permission to telework while on
    medical travel or emergency visitation travel in the United States.
    This policy both helps posts accomplish their missions and take care of
    people. I understand employees assigned overseas are not permitted to
    telework from another overseas location or in other circumstances from
    the United States and ``Third country'' telework is not permitted.

        Question. If telework remains authorized for our diplomatic
    missions overseas, why should the U.S. have a physical presence in our
    embassies and consulates if the work can be done remotely from the
    United States?

        Answer. I understand Department policies do not allow for regularly
    scheduled or core telework for U.S. direct hire employees assigned
    abroad. Department telework policy permits situational telework only
    for U.S. direct hire employees assigned overseas. This means that
    supervisors have discretion to permit their employees to telework in
    certain circumstances including security situations, traffic
    disruptions, quarantine due to COVID-19, and other situations when the
    supervisor deems telework the best option for the employee to meet the
    needs of the mission.

        Question. Should the U.S. taxpayer cover the costs of housing and
    other benefits for diplomats assigned overseas, but choose to work from
    the United States?

        Answer. Housing and benefits are based on the location of
    assignment, which is the physical location where the officer is
    stationed. Foreign Service Officers and specialists assigned overseas,
    work overseas. Only in exceptional, temporary circumstances would they
    work from the United States. The Department provides housing for
    diplomats stationed overseas to ensure that employees at our over 260
    U.S. diplomatic missions around the world have secure and functional
    residences to carry out U.S. foreign policy objectives consistent with
    their assignment abroad.

        Question. It is critically important that we have a Foreign Service
    that is designed to meet the needs of this century. The talent we have
    recruited to the Foreign Service is impressive, but there are ways to
    further strengthen how we identify new talent and train the workforce
    that we have. During the Cold War of the last century, the State
    Department recognized the need to deal with the global threat of the
    Soviet Union, by hiring Russian speakers and experts on communist
    ideology. To meet the challenges of this century, our Foreign Service
    must be structured to counter the malign influence of the Chinese
    Communist Party, which is now our main geopolitical threat. If
    confirmed, what would you do to shift the focus of the Foreign Service
    toward developing regional expertise and advanced language skills,
    particularly in the Indo-Pacific region?

        Answer. The State Department is focused on ensuring its foreign
    affairs professionals have the regional expertise and language skills
    necessary to responsibly manage engagement with the PRC, the United
    States' most complicated bilateral relationship. If confirmed, I would
    support the Department's recent launch of a Global China training
    course to deepen officers' understanding of how China exercises
    influence around the world and how the U.S. can counter that influence.
    If confirmed, I would also support the Department's plan to train
    additional critical officers in Chinese and to maintain advanced
    Chinese language skills.

        Question. If the generalist model is to be retained, are you
    prepared to carve out a separate track for political and economic
    officers who specialize in one region and/or critical language?

        Answer. While I am open to exploring changes, if confirmed, I
    understand that the current system ensures the Department has a well-
    rounded, skilled diplomatic corps. Foreign Service Generalist Officers
    are our key interlocutors with foreign governments, engage with foreign
    citizens, work to ensure the safety and security of U.S. citizens, and
    advance U.S. interests abroad. Many gain expertise in a language or
    region over their career. Given the global scale on which we compete,
    it is important that our officers be able to succeed in a variety of
    circumstances and conditions.

        Question. If confirmed, will you commit to an evaluation of the
    personnel numbers in each region and adjust accordingly?

        Answer. Yes. I understand the Department is currently in the
    process of reviewing positions, both domestically and overseas, for
    potential realignment to better support policy priorities.

        Question. Since the start of the Biden Administration, the State
    Department has been in the business of exporting the same ``woke''
    policies that divide our nation to our allies and partners. From
    sponsoring drag theater performances in South America to criticizing
    partners in the Indo-Pacific for same-sex marriage laws, State has
    placed divisive social objectives over our stated national security
    priorities. You are currently a member of the board of trustees with
    the Ford Foundation, correct?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. I assume you are aware of the Ford Foundation's stated
    position to promote abortion access overseas in the name of democracy?

        Answer. I am aware of the Ford Foundation's position on women's
    rights, including reproductive health services. Members of the board of
    trustees do not approve individual grants.

        Question. If confirmed, will you support policies that put the
    American taxpayer on the hook for providing abortions for State
    Department employees, even if those employees are stationed in a nation
    where abortion is illegal?

        Answer. I recognize and respect there are restrictions under U.S.
    federal law on using government funds for abortion services. If
    confirmed, I will execute the duties of my office and execute the
    functions of the Department consistent with federal law and Department
    policy both domestically and overseas.

        Question. After the tragic East Africa bombings of the 1990s, the
    State Department's Accountability Review Board recognized the need for
    Diplomatic Security Special Agents, called Regional Security Officers
    (RSO) when overseas, to have direct lines of communication to convey
    accurate and timely threat information and provide security advice to
    senior State department leadership. Those recommendations resulted in
    the RSO no longer reporting to Management officers overseas and
    directly to the Ambassador. Unfortunately, those recommendations were
    only implemented overseas and as the events unfolded in Benghazi,
    Libya, the Assistant Secretary of Diplomatic Security in State
    Department headquarters did not have the ability to directly brief or
    provide advice to the Secretary of State, or Deputy Secretaries, here
    in Washington, without going through multiple layers of bureaucracy. In
    an increasingly dangerous world, where authoritarian regimes are waging
    war on sovereign states and operating undercover overseas police
    outposts, this inability to report unvarnished, accurate, and timely
    threat information regarding our overseas operations to our chief
    decision makers in the department puts our diplomats at risk.

       Why does the Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security still
            report to the Undersecretary for Management, instead of
            directly to the Secretary in Washington, given the need to
            provide direct and timely security advice and while this
            reporting chain was eliminated at our overseas missions?

        Answer. Direct engagement with foreign partners outside embassy
    walls is at the heart of diplomacy. From my time as Chief of Mission in
    India, I recognize the importance of direct and frank threat security
    assessments from Diplomatic Security (DS) advisors to guide how the
    U.S. Government balances foreign policy imperatives and risks to U.S.
    Government personnel. By law, the DS Assistant Secretary reports
    directly to the Secretary as threats and circumstances require. If
    confirmed, I am committed to ensuring the Department respects
    Congress's intent of direct access to the Secretary.

        Question. Would you agree that the passage of timely threat
    information and advice needs to be received in a timely manner directly
    to the Secretary and Deputy Secretaries, while not being pre-screened
    by a non-security professional?

        Answer. I agree accurate and timely threat information reporting
    and security advice is critical to smartly balancing risk and our
    foreign policy objectives. By law, the Assistant Secretary for
    Diplomatic Security has direct access to the Secretary as threats and
    circumstances require. If confirmed, I am committed to ensuring the
    Department respects Congress's intent of direct access to the Secretary
    by the Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security, so that the
    Secretary has a comprehensive view of the risks inherent in diplomacy.

        Question. The Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism
    (SEAS) is responsible for developing and implementing policies to
    combat antisemitism overseas and plays a critical role in urging and
    advising foreign governments to take measures to ensure the safety and
    security of their respective Jewish communities. Vital to its mission
    is adequate staffing levels and continuity between Administrations. How
    many positions (full time, part-time, and temporary) currently exist
    within the SEAS Office as well as the title, hiring mechanisms, and
    funding sources for such positions.

        Answer. I understand from the Department that the staffing of J/
    SEAS currently consists of five FTEs, three of which are career (two
    Civil Service, one Foreign Service), one presidential appointment, and
    one schedule C, all funded via the American Salaries operating account
    within the Diplomatic Programs appropriation. FTEs include a Special
    Envoy, a Deputy Special Envoy, one Political Officer, and two Foreign
    Affairs Officers.

        Question. Are there plans to provide the SEAS Office with
    additional positions or adjust staffing in the coming year?

        Answer. I understand there are no current plans to provide
    additional positions to the SEAS Office or to adjust staffing at this
    time.

        Question. What is the State Department's plan to ensure continuity
    within the SEAS Office between administrations and before a Special
    Envoy is confirmed?

        Answer. Antisemitism is rising rapidly around the world. I know
    both the Department and Congress takes countering global antisemitism
    seriously. The SEAS Act, which elevated the rank of the U.S. Special
    Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism to the rank of Ambassador, was
    signed into law in January 2021. It is my understanding the Department
    is still formulating a comprehensive plan to ensure continuity between
    administrations and special envoys. If confirmed, I will ensure the
    SEAS office receives the resources it needs and a continuity plan is in
    place so the important work of the office can continue without
    disruption.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Hon. Richard R. Verma by Senator Todd Young

        Question. The President has issued the PMA (or the President's
    Management Agenda) for initiatives designed to make government more
    citizen-centered, effective, and efficient. Using the passport
    processing crisis as an example--current passport processing times are
    not at pre-pandemic levels and the expediting program called ``Hand-
    Carry'' which supports urgent passport processing for Americans is not
    back to full operation. If confirmed, what would be your plan to return
    all remote workers to on-sight work and how should the Department
    leverage or utilize existing technologies in the private sector that
    improve the efficiency and effectives of those workers?

        Answer. In FY 2022, Consular Affairs adjudicated the highest number
    of passport products in history. Processing time for passport
    applications was at pre-pandemic levels until February 6, when it
    increased with the normal cyclical demand. As of late August 2021, all
    adjudicators returned to work in the office. Counter and courier
    services are at or above pre-COVID levels. The Department is evaluating
    strategies and leveraging existing technologies to alleviate backlogs
    and manage the demands of our workload effectively, including by
    piloting remote processing via Online Passport Renewal.

                                  __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                            WEDNESDAY, MARCH 1, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:33 p.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Cory A.
    Booker presiding.
        Present: Senators Booker [presiding], Cardin, Coons, Kaine,
    Van Hollen, Risch, Young, Barrasso, Hagerty, and Ricketts.
        Also Present: Senator Casey, Jr.

               OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CORY A. BOOKER,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY

        Senator Booker. I am now going to officially gavel the
    hearing in. This hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations
    Committee will now come to order.
        We are here today to consider five truly important
    positions of great service to our nation. The first is Vivek
    Murthy to be the U.S. Representative on the Executive Board of
    the World Health Organization. The next is Ms. Kathleen
    FitzGibbon to be the Ambassador to the Republic of Niger.
        Next is Eric Kneedler to be the Ambassador to the Republic
    of Rwanda. Next is Ms. Pamela Tremont to be Ambassador to the
    Republic of Zimbabwe, and finally, Mr. Richard Mills to be the
    Ambassador to the Republic of Nigeria.
        As chair of this committee's Africa and Global Health
    Policy Subcommittee this Congress, I am eager to hear from each
    of you on how you intend to pursue the United States' interests
    in the countries and organizations you will respectively be
    serving in should you be confirmed by the United States Senate.
        But it is also important for us to see how these interests
    fit in with deepening and expanding our relationships and
    shared opportunities with countries across Africa.
        We know that too many people paint Africa, this massive
    continent, with broad strokes, ignoring the incredible
    diversity and dynamism across the continent.
        I am hopeful that in the aftermath of December's U.S.-
    Africa Leadership Summit, the United States will chart an
    emboldened path forward to strengthen U.S.-Africa relations
    defined by shared visions and with an eye towards prosperity
    and sustained engagement as partners.
        In particular, I would like to highlight the significance
    of the President's $55 billion commitment to advance Africa's
    economic and human capital development priorities, and the
    appointment of the Special Representative to ensure
    implementation of this and other summit deliverables is really
    a welcome sign.
        I am looking forward to working with the administration and
    all of you to secure support for this financial commitment and
    ensure accountability from African leaders to deliver for their
    citizens.
        Now it is an absolute pleasure for me, it truly is, to
    introduce the nominees before us, who are dedicated Americans
    in their service--already shown and demonstrated service.
        The first is someone I have known for quite a long time,
    Vivek Murthy. It is my honor to introduce him as the
    President's nominee to become the Representative--the next
    Representative of the United States on the Executive Board of
    the World Health Organization, also known as the WHO.
        Dr. Murthy is the current U.S. Surgeon General--he does not
    just dress that way for his fun and enjoyment--and has served
    our country through one of the worst public health crises in
    modern history.
        Thanks to his effective and steady leadership and at the
    direction of the President of the United States, he was able to
    vaccinate millions in record time.
        Dr. Murthy also served as U.S. Surgeon General under
    President Obama where he oversaw the United States response to
    the Ebola and Zika viruses, underscoring his ability to
    spearhead government wide responses to public health threats.
        He has ample experience interacting with global health
    leaders, including the WHO director general and foreign health
    ministers from around the world.
        I will spare the committee the rest of his incredible
    resume. But I will say it is a quite extensive and impressive
    resume. It is truly a testimony to his qualifications for his
    role and how he is one great American dedicated to the health
    of our country.
        We have learned from this pandemic. We have learned about
    infectious diseases and we know that such diseases have no
    borders nor ideology. They affect human populations regardless.
    It is imperative that we have strong representation at the WHO.
        Dr. Murthy, I look forward to hearing from you and how and
    why U.S. leadership and engagement at the World Health
    Organization is critical to fostering sustainable, resilient,
    and innovative developments in public health around the world.
        Ms. Kathleen FitzGibbon, you have been nominated to be the
    U.S. Ambassador to Niger. It is--you are a career member of the
    Foreign Service, of which this committee is grateful.
        You have served as deputy chief of mission in Nigeria. Your
    track record across Africa spans more than two decades--you
    started when you were 12--and includes tours in Sierra Leone,
    Gabon, Uganda, and Chad.
        You are the recipient of multiple performance awards
    including one for leadership during the West Africa Ebola
    crisis. You have served under multiple presidents and dedicated
    yourself to this country's mission.
        Your assignments here in D.C. are also highly relevant
    having worked in the State Department's Office to Combat and
    Monitor Trafficking in Persons and later in the Department's
    Bureau of Intelligence and Research as the Office of Africa
    analyst director.
        As a native of New York, known for its greatness in its
    proximity to New Jersey, Ms. FitzGibbon attended Hartwick
    College and earned a master's degree from UC Davis, which is
    considered the Rutgers of the West.
        Ms. Pamela Tremont--Ms. Tremont is nominated to be the U.S.
    Ambassador to the Republic of Zimbabwe, is also a career member
    of the senior Foreign Service, and you have again demonstrated
    patriotism, service, and leadership over the course of your
    career.
        Your most recent posting to the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm
    included an 18-month stint as the Charge d'Affaires. Ms.
    Tremont has wide-ranging experience across multiple regions in
    substantive areas.
        She was assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine and served
    as Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Cyprus. She
    has not--she has also held positions in Washington related to
    NATO policy as well as overseas at the U.S. Embassy in Zambia.
    Ms. Tremont earned degrees from Baylor and the National Defense
    University.
        Mr. Richard Mills--Mr. Richard Mills' 30-year career in the
    Foreign Service includes tours in challenging security
    environments, work in sub-Saharan Africa, and experience
    leading large interagency teams.
        You are the acting head of mission to Canada and previously
    served as the U.S. Ambassador to Armenia. Your incredible
    service of patriotism to your country also includes overseas
    postings in Lebanon, Malta, Iraq, and the United Kingdom.
        Prior to joining the Foreign Service, Mills was an attorney
    and received a law degree from the University of Texas. Mr.
    Mills currently serves as U.S. Deputy Representative to the
    United Nations, where he has a front row seat to witnessing
    Nigeria's diplomatic clout and its role--and role on the world
    stage.
        As the President's nominee to the U.S. Ambassador to
    Nigeria, many of us are eager to hear your thoughts on
    Nigeria's recent elections and how you would work with the new
    government to advance U.S. interests.
        And the final intro, last but definitely not least, Mr.
    Eric Kneedler nominated to be U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda. You
    have the fortunate distinction amongst this group of five of
    not being introduced by me. Congratulations.
        Instead, we have up on this screen--I am going to try to do
    this looking like I am controlling this like an orchestra
    conductor--we are going to hear from Senator Bob Casey of
    Pennsylvania.
        Roll the tape.

                STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT P. CASEY, JR.,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM PENNSYLVANIA

        Senator Casey. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, and
    members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, thank you
    for the opportunity to speak in support of the nomination of a
    fellow Pennsylvanian and devoted civil servant, Eric Kneedler.
        Eric, thank you for your willingness to serve. I would also
    like to thank Mr. Kneedler's family, his wife Kristin, and two
    children, Toren and Ella. No one enters public service alone.
    The commitments of such a role mean public servants' families
    make sacrifices as well.
        The role of ambassador to Rwanda is a critical diplomatic
    position for the U.S. Government. As both Rwanda and the United
    States form more perfect representative and inclusive unions
    our continued partnership is vital.
        The United States is the largest bilateral supporter of
    Rwanda and the ambassador plays an important role in ensuring
    that those U.S. dollars do the most good they can for the
    Rwandan people.
        As Rwanda is one of the Feed the Future program's target
    countries, Mr. Kneedler will be implementing the Global Food
    Security Act on the frontlines, fighting the root causes of
    hunger, poverty, and malnutrition while lifting up communities
    through agricultural development.
        Mr. Kneedler's quarter century of diplomatic experience
    makes him well equipped to strengthen the U.S.' relationship
    with Rwanda.
        Most recently he served as political counselor, Chief of
    Mission, and Charge d'Affaires in nearby Kenya for five years.
    While serving as charge last October, Mr. Kneedler gave an
    important speech that made reference to people with
    disabilities.
        At the inclusive Africa Conference, Mr. Kneedler talked
    about the need to build on the Americans with Disabilities Act
    and the Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities to,
    quote, ``unlock the hidden potential of every person to
    contribute to a brighter future for Africa,'' unquote.
        Every community from here to Rwanda is better off when
    people with disabilities are able to fully participate in their
    communities. Mr. Kneedler's service, his qualifications, and
    experience have prepared him well to honorably represent U.S.
    interests abroad and prioritize the human rights of all people,
    including those with disabilities.
        And while his career has required Eric to leave
    Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania has never left him. Once a week
    during football season you can find him awake in the middle of
    the night watching the Steelers.
        I strongly support Eric's nomination to be the next U.S.
    Ambassador to Rwanda and thank you again for the opportunity to
    speak on his behalf.
        Senator Booker. I am sorry that he mentioned that you were
    a Steelers fan. I think you just lost four votes up here.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. I have to say that Mr.--Senator Hagerty is
    relieved he is no longer the acting ranking member of this
    committee hearing. He and I as junior senators now turn it to
    the far more experienced, the far more senior, the wise
    sagacious soul that is sitting to my left.
        I now bring you the ranking member, former chairman of the
    Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Risch.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES E. RISCH,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM IDAHO

        Senator Risch. Mr. Chairman, flattery will get you
    everything. Thank you very much.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I appreciate the merriment we
    are having here at the beginning with some good interaction.
    But this is really serious. I mean, this panel is made up of
    people who are going to very difficult places and I have a few
    things I want to say on the record before we start and I am
    going to begin with the nomination of Dr. Murthy to be U.S.
    Representative to the World Health Organization.
        The WHO is a flawed organization and I say that from
    experience. I dealt with them deeply as the COVID matter
    started, and the pandemic was difficult, as we all know, at the
    best and I just simply was not getting out of WHO what I wanted
    and I think most people saw what was happening there.
        The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical weaknesses in the
    organization's structure and leadership. It failed to act
    quickly in response to the COVID-19 outbreak and it yielded--
    this was the thing that really troubled me--it yielded to the
    Chinese pressure in stalling the investigation.
        I remember I was shocked when I talked to the head of the
    WHO and asked him how they went about this right at the
    beginning, and they went to China but they were stuck in a
    hotel for two weeks before the Chinese would let them get out
    of their hotel to go look at what was going on and they--WHO
    has failed to hold China accountable for its lack of
    transparency.
        These failures contributed to the deaths of millions of
    people around the world. It put politics ahead of human health.
    The WHO has also been plagued by allegations, as we all know,
    of sexual exploitation and abuse including in response to the
    Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
        These unconscionable acts cannot be swept under the carpet.
    The WHO employees responsible for these crimes must be fired,
    banned from future service in the U.N. system, and held
    personally and criminally liable.
        There are apparently discussions going on between the White
    House regarding some kind of an agreement on the pandemic--on
    any future pandemic with the WHO.
        I am disappointed that the White House has not included
    me--I do not know if they have included the Democrat members--
    in these discussions, but our side has not been included in
    this.
        This is incredibly important that Congress be read in on
    this. We certainly should be asked to approve any agreement
    that is entered into since it will be a treaty. I introduced a
    resolution this week that would ensure the Senate gets an
    appropriate opportunity to consider any such agreement.
        The administration should also refrain from increasing U.S.
    contributions to the WHO without targeted verifiable reforms
    that ensure the WHO is properly tasked and fully accountable.
        If confirmed, you will be responsible to hold the line on
    these principles.
        On the nomination of U.S. Ambassador to Zimbabwe I am
    appalled by the continued abuses of power, excessive
    corruption, and horrific human rights record by the country's
    leadership. These not only inhibit the U.S.-Zimbabwe
    relationship but also deprive the region of benefiting from a
    prosperous Zimbabwe.
        With elections expected this summer we already see the
    Zimbabwean regime taking the country down a dark and familiar
    path of electoral violence, repression, and impunity.
        Our ambassador must hold firm in the support for the people
    of Zimbabwe while committing to uphold U.S. values on human
    rights and democracy and engaging the Zimbabwean Government.
        I look forward to hearing how Ms. Tremont plans to--Ms.
    Tremont plans to do this.
        On the nomination of U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda, this is
    always an important job on the continent but even more so now
    that the U.S. has critical priorities where Rwanda can either
    be a constructive partner or an unhelpful constraint.
        Important issues include the regional conflict in eastern
    Congo and the reengagement of M-23 and other rebel groups, the
    Rwandan Government's detention of U.S. permanent resident and
    recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and also
    Rwanda's role in helping to stabilize northern Mozambique and
    Central African Republic.
        I am keen to hear from Mr. Kneedler about how he will
    confront the challenges while shaping a U.S. policy in Rwanda
    that requires greater clarity and direction.
        Moving on to the nomination of U.S. Ambassador to Niger,
    Ms. FitzGibbon's most recent experience as chief deputy--or
    excuse me, as deputy chief of mission in Nigeria is probably
    the best preparation one could get for this role.
        Both countries battle significant insurgent threats, are
    essential U.S. security partners, and face severe challenges to
    democracy, which can be overcome with commitment and support.
        The situation in the Sahel has deteriorated dramatically in
    the last few years, particularly with the coup in Mali and
    Burkina Faso and the entry of Russian-backed Wagner Group into
    Mali.
        I look forward to hearing how Ms. FitzGibbon will support
    the U.S.-Niger security relationship while being a visible
    proponent for developing resilient democratic institutions in
    Niger.
        Finally, the nomination of U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria--this
    country is undergoing a rapid transformation. We must commit to
    working with Nigeria to capitalize on opportunities to build
    its economy and democracy while confronting significant
    challenges like insecurity.
        Elections in Nigeria always serve as a vital test for
    Nigeria's democracy and have a lasting impact on the region.
    While the result of last Saturday's presidential election was
    announced today, it is clear that many of the technical and
    institutional challenges that have previously plagued Nigerian
    elections continued into this process.
        It is critical that Nigeria finds a path forward that
    serves the will of the Nigerian people.
        Mr. Mills, if confirmed, will need to lead U.S. efforts in
    Nigeria to support the development of strong democratic
    institutions including political parties.
        Lastly, the human rights record of Nigeria's military gives
    us pause about how we provide the country with much needed
    security assistance. Nigeria's partnership with the U.S. must
    include lasting solutions to seemingly unending human rights
    abuses. I look forward to hearing how Mr. Mills plans to
    approach these issues.
        So, again, I come back, Mr. Chairman, to the fact that this
    is a panel made up of very qualified people to take these
    issues on. I am keen to hear from them how they are going to do
    that.
        We do not often see a panel with as many challenges
    collectively as all of you have. But we hope you are up to the
    task. Thank you for taking this on.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Booker. No, Mr. Ranking Member, thank you for your
    opening remarks and for your insights into these challenges as
    well as your affirmation of the qualities of the people before
    me.
        We are now going to open for opening testimonies. We are
    going to start with Dr. Murthy. Then we are going to go to Ms.
    FitzGibbon, then Mr. Kneedler, then Ms. Tremont, and then the
    mighty Mr. Mills.
        I am going to have to run to the floor to vote. Should we
    get done with the opening testimony before I return--I doubt
    that will happen--you are very fortunate because the acting
    Chairman of this committee will be the former Chairman of the
    entire Foreign Relations Committee, a dear friend who also I am
    stuck between, unlike the Rutgers University between Harvard
    and Princeton here. So----
        Senator Risch. Who is Harvard and who is Princeton?
        Senator Booker. Sir, you are whoever you want to be.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. But I will direct Dr. Murthy to please
    begin with your opening statement, sir, and to please take no
    disrespect from me turning my back on you and walking out.
        Dr. Murthy. It is all good. I appreciate that.
        Senator Booker. All right.

         STATEMENT OF DR. VIVEK HALLAGERE MURTHY,  OF FLOR-
          IDA, NOMINATED TO BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED
          STATES ON THE EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE WORLD HEALTH
          ORGANIZATION

        Dr. Murthy. Chairman Booker, Ranking Member Risch, and
    distinguished members of the committee, I am deeply honored for
    the opportunity to appear before you today as the President's
    nominee to serve as the Representative of the United States to
    the Executive Board of the WHO.
        I would not be here today if it were not for the love and
    support of my wife and best friend, Alice Chen, my children,
    Teyjas and Shanthi, my sister and brother-in-law, Rashmi and
    Amit, my grandmother, Sarojini, and especially my parents,
    Hallegere and Myetraie Murthy.
        It was my father and mother who inspired me to become a
    doctor and to enter public service. I spent afternoons after
    school and on weekends in the small clinic that they ran in
    Miami, Florida. I was greeting patients and watching my parents
    at work.
        Over time I came to see that healing was about more than
    diagnoses made and medicines prescribed. It was also about
    building relationships and empowering people with the tools
    necessary to keep themselves and their families healthy.
        Through their words and actions my parents taught me that
    health is the most important investment that we can make. It is
    the foundation for prosperity and happiness, and I came to see
    that this was true not only for individuals but also for
    communities, nations, and for the world.
        This lesson became the foundation of my career in medicine
    and in public health. Nearly 30 years ago, it inspired me to
    launch VISIONS, an organization focused on HIV/AIDS prevention,
    that organized youth-led workshops and trained students to be
    educators and community leaders.
        It is a lesson that guided me when launching the Swasthya
    Community Health Partnership in rural India, which trained
    local young women to be community health workers and community
    leaders.
        It has informed the way I have cared for patients and their
    families over the years, and the lesson from my parents has
    also guided my work as Surgeon General. Over two terms I have
    had countless conversations with fellow Americans to learn
    about their health concerns and needs. I have worked to advance
    solutions to opioid addiction, tobacco-related disease, mental
    illness, and other public health challenges.
        I have had the privilege of working with community
    organizations, government leaders of all levels and from both
    parties, and countless Americans to address global health
    threats that have impacted the United States from Ebola and
    Zika to COVID-19.
        My experiences dealing with domestic and global health
    matters have made it clear to me that the health of Americans
    requires effective partnership and coordination with the rest
    of the world to ensure the early detection, rapid response, and
    containment of public health threats.
        This is a place where the World Health Organization has a
    vital role to play and the United States must ensure that the
    WHO plays this role effectively. That is why my top priorities
    for this position, if confirmed, are strong governance at the
    WHO and making sure we are better prepared for the next
    pandemic.
        Now, given this significant longstanding investment in the
    WHO by the United States we have both the ability and the
    responsibility to demand clarity, transparency, and
    accountability in all WHO operations.
        That includes ensuring that the WHO uses its position to
    help build stronger and more resilient health systems around
    the world, that its approach to public health threats is rapid
    and robust, that resources are used responsibly and that
    decision making is transparent.
        It also means demanding that the WHO workforce be held to
    the highest ethical standards and that there is a zero
    tolerance policy for abuse and exploitation that is enforced.
        Ensuring we are better prepared for the next pandemic will
    ensure the WHO--will require the WHO to see that the lessons of
    COVID-19 and prior infectious disease threats are in fact
    reflected in a clear strategy for addressing future pandemics
    including effective surveillance and detection, rapid response,
    and sustained efforts to support recovery.
        It will also require successful engagement on negotiations
    currently underway to strengthen the international health
    regulations and develop a new pandemic accord to address
    broader gaps in pandemic preparedness.
        An effective WHO can help the world address not only future
    pandemics but also ongoing public health challenges from
    maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, to
    noncommunicable diseases and mental illness, which are robbing
    more and more people of their health, productivity, and
    fulfillment.
        Mental health is an area that I have focused on during my
    tenure as surgeon general. It has become a global crisis and I
    believe the United States is uniquely positioned to provide the
    empathetic, thoughtful, and urgent leadership that this issue
    demands.
        If I had the privilege of serving as U.S. Representative to
    the WHO Executive Board, it is my intention to strengthen
    America's voice and leadership on mental health on the world
    stage.
        I recognize this is a time of great challenge for America
    and the world when it comes to health. But I also believe we
    have a window of opportunity to strengthen our institutions and
    processes so we are more prepared than before COVID-19 and that
    is my guiding principle.
        I hope to have the opportunity to do so as U.S.
    Representative to the WHO Executive Board, working hand in hand
    with partners in Congress and across the administration.
        I thank you for your consideration of my nomination and I
    look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Dr. Murthy follows:]

                Prepared Statement of Dr. Vivek Hallagere Murthy

        Chairman Booker, Ranking Member Risch, distinguished members of the
    committee--I'm deeply honored by the opportunity to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to serve as Representative of the
    United States on the Executive Board of the World Health Organization.
        I would not be here today were it not for the love and support of
    my wife and my best friend, Dr. Alice Chen; my children, Teyjas and
    Shanthi; my sister, Rashmi and brother-in-law Amit; my grandmother
    Sarojini; and especially my parents, Hallegere and Myetraie Murthy.
        It was my father and mother who inspired me to become a doctor and
    to enter public service. I spent afternoons after school and on
    weekends in the small clinic they ran in Miami, greeting patients and
    watching my parents at work. Over time, I came to see that healing was
    about more than diagnoses made and medicines prescribed; it was also
    about building relationships and empowering people with the tools
    necessary to keep themselves, and their families, healthy.
        Through their words and actions, my parents taught me that health
    is the most important investment we can make--it is the foundation for
    prosperity and happiness. I came to see that this was true not only for
    individuals, but for communities, for nations, and for the world.
        This lesson became the foundation of my career in medicine and
    public health. Nearly 30 years ago, it inspired me to launch VISIONS,
    an organization focused on HIV/AIDS prevention that organized youth-led
    education workshops and trained students to be educators and community
    leaders. It's the lesson that guided me when launching the Swasthya
    Community Health Partnership in rural India, which trained local young
    women to be community health workersand community leaders. It informed
    the way I have cared for patients and their families over the years.
        And the lesson from my parents has guided my work as Surgeon
    General. Over two terms, I've had countless conversations our fellow
    Americans to learn about their health concerns and needs. I've worked
    to advance solutions to opioid addiction, tobacco-related disease,
    mental illness, and other public health challenges. And I've worked
    with community organizations, government leaders at all levels and from
    both parties, and countless Americans to address global health threats
    that have impacted the United States, from Ebola and Zika to COVID-19.
        My experiences dealing with domestic and global health matters have
    made clear to me that the health of Americans requires effective
    partnership and coordination with the rest of the world, to ensure
    early detection, rapid response, and containment of public health
    threats. This is a place where the World Health Organization has a
    vital role to play. And the United States must ensure that the WHO
    plays this role effectively.
        That's why my top priorities for the position, if confirmed, are
    strong governance at the WHO and making sure we're better prepared for
    the next pandemic. Given the significant, decades-long investment in
    the WHO by the United States, we have the ability and the
    responsibility to demand clarity, transparency, and accountability in
    all WHO operations. That includes ensuring that the WHO uses its
    position to help build stronger and more resilient health systems
    around the world, that its approach to public health threats is rapid
    and robust, that resources are used responsibly, and that decision-
    making is transparent. It also means demanding that the WHO workforce
    be held to the highest ethical standards, and that there is zero
    tolerance for abuse and exploitation.
        Ensuring we are better prepared for the next pandemic will require
    the WHO to see that the lessons of COVID-19 and prior infectious
    disease threats are reflected in a clear strategy for addressing future
    pandemics, including effective surveillance and detection, rapid
    response, and sustained efforts to support recovery. It also will
    require successful engagement on negotiations currently underway to
    strengthen the International Health Regulations and develop a new
    pandemic accord to address broader gaps in pandemic preparedness.
        An effective WHO can help the world address not only future
    pandemics, but also ongoing public health challenges, from maternal
    mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria to noncommunicable
    diseases and mental illness, which are robbing more and more people of
    their health, productivity, and fulfillment. Mental health is an area I
    have focused on during my tenure as Surgeon General. It has now become
    a global crisis. I believe the United States is uniquely positioned to
    provide the empathetic, thoughtful, and urgent leadership that this
    issue demands.
        If I have the privilege of serving as U.S. Representative to the
    WHO Executive Board, it is my intention to strengthen America's voice
    and leadership on mental health on the world stage.
        I recognize that this is a time of great challenge for America and
    the world when it comes to health. But I also believe that we have a
    window of opportunity to strengthen our institutions and processes so
    we are more prepared than before COVID-19. That is my guiding
    principle. I hope to have the opportunity to do so as U.S.
    Representative to the WHO Executive Board, working hand-in-hand with
    partners in Congress and across the Administration.
        Thank you for your consideration of my nomination. I look forward
    to your questions.

        Senator Cardin [presiding]. We are going to have a roving
    chairmanship here until our Chairman gets back.
        Ms. FitzGibbon?

         STATEMENT OF KATHLEEN A. FITZGIBBON, OF NEW YORK, A
          CAREER  MEMBER  OF  THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,
          CLASS OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED TO BE AM-
          BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY,  OF
          THE UNITED STATES OF  AMERICA  TO  THE REPUBLIC OF
          NIGER

        Ms. FitzGibbon. Thank you.
        Mr. Acting Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished
    members of the committee, I am honored to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to be the next ambassador to
    the Republic of Niger.
        I deeply appreciate the confidence and trust that the
    President and the Secretary of State have shown in nominating
    me for this position and I thank you for your consideration.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with Congress to
    advance our interests in Niger.
        My family members could not be here with me today but
    because of their support I am sitting before this committee. My
    father, sisters and brothers, aunts and uncles and cousins, are
    all watching from Bills country in western New York, Virginia,
    and family outposts in North Carolina and Washington State, and
    my colleagues in Africa are, watching represented here by Katie
    Donohoe from Team Nigeria, and then I also have behind me my
    desk officer from Team Niger. So I am going to be traded from
    one team to the other, if confirmed.
        My mother and sister are no longer here with us but they
    were important players in my story. My commitment to sub-
    Saharan Africa began as a Hartwick College intern at
    INTERACTION where I worked with nongovernmental organizations
    and the Select Committee on Hunger, mustering support for the
    Ethiopian famine in 1984.
        This motivated my academic focus on African politics and
    development at the University of California at Davis and
    teaching African politics at Mary Washington College in
    Fredericksburg, Virginia.
        These experiences enabled me to springboard into diplomatic
    service, which was a lifelong dream which seemed far out of
    reach from my small working-class town of Caledonia, New York.
        I started my State Department career as a civil service
    officer and then converted into the Foreign Service thanks to a
    program initiated by Secretary Powell to make our diplomatic
    face abroad look more like America.
        My dream job has allowed me to be a participant in historic
    junctures in Nigeria, Chad, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Gabon, and
    Sao Tome and Principe. These assignments built my experience in
    security and counterterrorism, conflict resolution, refugee and
    migration affairs, trafficking in persons, human rights,
    democratic reforms, and commercial advocacy, as well as
    humanitarian and health diplomacy.
        I led interagency teams that managed U.S. Government
    resources as deputy chief of mission in Gabon, Sierra Leone,
    Nigeria, and as charge d'affaires for a year in Sierra Leone
    during the West Africa Ebola crisis.
        In these positions I mentored our next generation of
    diplomats so they too could have the skills they need to
    succeed.
        I also take very seriously my responsibility to protect
    American citizens overseas. Serving in Africa, I coordinated
    military and law enforcement activities during numerous
    situations of political unrest, terrorist threats, and
    kidnapping for ransom. In 2020, I secured Nigerian permission
    for a successful cross border rescue of an American hostage.
        If confirmed, I will make use of these rich experiences to
    reinforce the strong partnership between Niger and the United
    States. Niger faces major terrorist threats on multiple borders
    and is a critical partner in our efforts to combat violent
    extremism and in strengthening democratic governance and
    adherence to international humanitarian law in West Africa.
        It is a linchpin of our rebalance stabilization strategy
    for the Sahel that seeks governance solutions to the security
    problems plaguing Niger and its neighbors. Our objective is to
    address Niger's many development deficits while strengthening
    its military capacity to restore the security necessary to
    defeat the terrorists on and within its borders.
        If confirmed, I will lead our interagency team's efforts to
    enhance the Government's delivery of critical services in
    health, education, agriculture, food security, and the rule of
    law. Through these efforts I will seek to deepen Niger's
    democracy, provide economic opportunity, and deny violent
    extremist organizations the ability to recruit neglected youth.
        Fundamental to our assistant strategy is the promotion and
    respect for human rights and humanitarian principles for which
    I will be a relentless advocate.
        Early in my career female activists told then Secretary
    Albright that in Africa poverty has a woman's face. These words
    resonate as a sobering reality in Niger. I look forward to
    working with President Bazoum, who is prioritizing the
    betterment of women and girls as a major pillar of the
    country's economic development plan.
        Our USAID mission, which opened up after a 22-year absence,
    is a critical player in our whole-of-government approach to
    investing in Nigerian people, especially women and girls.
        This long-term investment will require buy in from Niger's
    political class, a challenge that I will gladly take up,
    although I also understand local absorptive capacity could
    limit the pace of our progress.
        Finally, I will support inclusive democratic processes and
    transparency to strengthen the foundation of governance
    necessary to meet the aspirations of Niger's youthful
    population.
        Senators, the United States has an important role and stake
    in helping Niger succeed in its uphill battle. If confirmed, I
    look forward to leading U.S. Government efforts to consolidate
    Niger's democratic gains and create a secure environment in
    which Nigeriens can prosper.
        Close coordination and consultation with Congress will be
    essential to achieving these goals.
        Mr. Acting Chairman and Mr. Ranking Member, thank you for
    the opportunity to be here before you today and I look forward
    to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. FitzGibbon follows:]

                  Prepared Statement of Kathleen A. FitzGibbon

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished members of the
    committee, I am honored to appear before you as President Biden's
    nominee for United States Ambassador to the Republic of Niger. I deeply
    appreciate the confidence and trust the President and Secretary of
    State have shown in nominating me for this position. Thank you for your
    consideration and if confirmed, I look forward to working with Congress
    to advance our interests in Niger. My family members could not be here
    today, but because of their support, I am sitting before this
    committee. My father, sisters and brothers, aunts, uncles, and cousins
    are watching from Bills country in Western New York and our family
    outposts in North Carolina and Washington State. My mother and sister
    are no longer with us, but they also were important players in my
    story.
        My commitment to sub-Saharan Africa began as a Hartwick College
    intern at INTERACTION, where I worked with non-governmental
    organizations and the Select Committee on Hunger mustering support
    during the Ethiopian famine in 1984. This motivated my academic focus
    on African politics and development at the University of California at
    Davis and teaching African politics at Mary Washington College. These
    experiences enabled me to springboard into diplomatic service, which
    was a lifelong dream that seemed out of reach from my small, working-
    class town of Caledonia, New York. I started my State Department career
    as a civil service officer and then converted into the Foreign Service,
    thanks to a program initiated by Secretary Powell to make our
    diplomatic face abroad look more like America.
        My dream job has allowed me to be a participant at historic
    junctures in Nigeria, Chad, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Gabon, and Sao Tome
    and Principe. These assignments built my expertise on security and
    counterterrorism, conflict resolution, refugee and migration affairs,
    trafficking in persons, human rights, democratic reforms, commercial
    advocacy, as well as humanitarian and health diplomacy. I led
    interagency teams and managed U.S. Government resources as Deputy Chief
    of Mission in Gabon, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria and as the Charge
    d'Affaires for a year in Sierra Leone during the West African Ebola
    crisis. In these positions, I mentored our next generation of diplomats
    so they could have the skills they need to succeed.
        I also take very seriously my responsibility to protect U.S.
    citizens overseas. Serving in Africa, I coordinated military and law
    enforcement activities during numerous situations of political unrest,
    terrorist threats, and kidnapping-for-ransom cases. In 2020, I secured
    Nigerian permission for a successful cross-border rescue of an American
    hostage.
        If confirmed, I will make use of these rich experiences to
    reinforce the strong partnership between Niger and the United States of
    America. Niger faces major terrorist threats on multiple borders and is
    a critical partner in our efforts to combat violent extremism and in
    strengthening democratic governance and adherence to international
    humanitarian law across West Africa. It is a linchpin in our re-
    balanced stabilization strategy for the Sahel that seeks governance
    solutions to the security problems plaguing Niger and its neighbors.
    Our objective is to address Niger's many development deficits while
    strengthening its military capacity to restore the security necessary
    to defeat terrorists on and within its borders. If confirmed, I will
    lead our interagency team's efforts to enhance the Government's
    delivery of critical services in education, health, agriculture, food
    security, and the rule of law. Through these efforts, I will seek to
    deepen Niger's democracy, provide economic opportunity, and deny
    violent extremist organizations the ability to recruit neglected
    youths. Fundamental to our assistance strategy is the promotion of
    respect for human rights and humanitarian principles, for which I will
    be a relentless advocate.
        Early in my career, female activists told then-Secretary Albright
    that ``in Africa, poverty has a woman's face.'' These words resonate as
    a sobering reality in Niger. I am looking forward to working with
    President Bazoum, who is prioritizing the betterment of women and girls
    as a major pillar of the country's economic development plan. Our USAID
    mission, which reopened after a 22-year absence, is a critical player
    in our whole-of-government approach to investing in the Nigerien
    people, especially women and girls. This long-term investment will
    require buy-in from Niger's political class, a challenge that I will
    gladly take up though I also understand that local absorptive capacity
    may limit the pace of our progress. Finally, I will support inclusive
    democratic processes and transparency to strengthen the foundation of
    governance necessary to meet the aspirations of Niger's youthful
    population.
        The United States has an important role and stake in helping Niger
    succeed in its uphill battle. If confirmed, I look forward to leading
    U.S. Government efforts to consolidate Niger's democratic gains and
    create a secure environment in which Nigeriens can prosper. Close
    coordination and consultation with Congress will be essential to
    achieving these goals.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, thank you for the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Kaine [presiding]. Thank you very much.
        Mr. Kneedler?

        STATEMENT OF ERIC W. KNEEDLER, OF PENNSYLVANIA, A CA-
         REER  MEMBER  OF  THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
         OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,   NOMINATED   TO  BE  AMBAS-
         SADOR   EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE
         UNITED STATES OF  AMERICA  TO  THE REPUBLIC OF RWAN-
         DA

        Mr. Kneedler. Acting Chairman, Ranking Member,
    distinguished members of the committee--and a special thank you
    to Senator Casey for the very kind introduction--it is a
    tremendous honor and privilege to appear before you today as
    President Biden's nominee to be the U.S. Ambassador to the
    Republic of Rwanda.
        I am grateful to President Biden and Secretary Blinken for
    their confidence and trust and, if confirmed, I look forward to
    working with the committee and other members of Congress to
    strengthen the bilateral relationship for the benefit of both
    of our countries.
        Before I begin I would like to take a moment to thank my
    wife, Kristin, who is also a U.S. diplomat and is with me here
    today along with her sister, Kelly, for her unwavering support
    and partnership throughout our Foreign Service journey.
        It has been a true team effort from the beginning, and I
    would also like to thank our son, Toren, and daughter, Ella,
    for weathering the many moves and disruptions to their lives,
    mostly with good humor and a sense of adventure.
        I also want to thank my parents, Dick and Suzette, who are
    tuning in from Florida and taught me the importance of hard
    work and public service. I would like to thank my sister,
    Rebecca, as well who is watching in Arkansas, in addition to my
    Aunt Rebecca.
        I am also grateful for the support of friends across the
    country and around the globe and to the many State Department
    colleagues with whom I have had the pleasure of serving,
    particularly our locally employed staff, friends, who keep our
    missions running. Thank you.
        As this committee is well aware, this is an important
    moment in our relationship with Rwanda. There are significant
    ways in which U.S. and Rwandan policy views diverge.
        As Secretary Blinken noted during his visit to Kigali
    earlier this year, or last year, the United States has concerns
    about the human rights climate in Rwanda and believes citizens
    in every country should be able to express their views without
    fear of intimidation, imprisonment, violence, or any other
    forms of repression.
        I would like to underscore that support for democracy,
    respect for human rights, and the rule of law remain
    cornerstones of U.S. policy in Rwanda. If confirmed, I will
    work tirelessly to promote freedom of expression, democratic
    governance, and access to justice, just as I have done at every
    stop of my 24-year career, including most recently as the
    charge d'affaires at our embassy in Nairobi.
        Since November of 2021 the violence in eastern Democratic
    Republic of the Congo has caused significant human suffering.
    We appreciate Rwanda's engagement in the Nairobi and Rwanda
    processes, and urge Rwanda and all signatories to abide by the
    commitments in the November 23 Luanda communique.
        Given the legacy of the Rwandan genocide, we strongly
    condemn anti-Rwandaphone hate speech and any collaboration with
    armed groups which espouse genocide ideology. As we have noted
    publicly in various fora, however, there is evidence Rwanda has
    provided support to the U.N.- and U.S.-sanctioned M-23 armed
    group responsible for much of the recent violence, and
    consistent with the Luanda communique we call for an end to
    that support.
        If confirmed, I will use every tool at my disposal to help
    deescalate tensions, promote respect for sovereignty and
    territorial integrity, and assist ongoing African-led mediation
    efforts.
        At the same time, the United States and Rwanda share many
    global, regional, and local priorities and we have a broad
    partnership with the people of Rwanda. If confirmed, I would
    work to advance our cooperation with the Government and people
    of Rwanda in many of these areas, including global health
    security, the economic and commercial relationship,
    environmental and climate issues, and peacekeeping.
        We are also now seeing the benefits of our decades of
    assistance helping Rwanda to strengthen its public health
    system. For example, Rwanda rapidly achieved one of the world's
    highest COVID-19 vaccination rates, in part due to this
    longstanding assistance and the U.S. donation of over 7 million
    vaccine doses in partnership with COVAX.
        In addition, the United States and Rwanda have worked
    together to combat malaria and HIV/AIDS. If confirmed, I look
    forward to building on these successes and advancing our shared
    health priorities.
        U.S. business interests in Rwanda are also expanding, with
    private U.S. investment increasing in key sectors including
    energy, water treatment, and telecommunications. Informal
    university partnerships also continue to grow between our two
    countries, and the only American research university with a
    full time faculty and operations in Africa plans to expand
    opportunities at its Kigali campus.
        Meanwhile, over 1,200 Rwandans studied in the United States
    during the last academic year and 2,500 Rwandans are alumni of
    U.S. Government-sponsored exchange programs. If confirmed, I
    will look for ways to advance U.S. values and promote our
    shared interests.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, members of the committee,
    thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today and I
    look forward to your questions.

                     Prepared Statement of Eric W. Kneedler

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished members of the
    committee: It is a tremendous honor and privilege to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to be the U.S. Ambassador to the
    Republic of Rwanda. I am grateful to President Biden and Secretary
    Blinken for their confidence and trust, and if confirmed, I look
    forward to working with the committee and other Members of Congress to
    strengthen the bilateral relationship for the benefit of both of our
    countries.
        Before I begin, I would like to take a moment to thank my wife
    Kristin, who is also a U.S. diplomat, for her unwavering support and
    partnership throughout our Foreign Service journey. It has been a true
    team effort from the beginning. I would also like to thank our son
    Toren and daughter Ella for weathering the many moves and disruptions
    to their lives mostly with good humor and a sense of adventure. I also
    want to thank my parents Dick and Suzette, who are tuning in from
    Florida, and taught me the importance of hard work and public service.
    I'd like to thank my sister Rebecca as well, who is watching in
    Arkansas, in addition to my Aunt Rebecca. I am also grateful for the
    support of friends across the country and around the globe. And to the
    many State Department colleagues with whom I have had the pleasure of
    serving, particularly locally employed staff friends who keep our
    missions running--thank you.
        As this committee is well-aware, this is an important moment in our
    relationship with Rwanda. There are significant ways in which U.S. and
    Rwandan policy views diverge. As Secretary Blinken noted during his
    visit to Kigali last year, the United States has concerns about the
    human rights climate in Rwanda and believes citizens in every country
    should be able to express their views without fear of intimidation,
    imprisonment, violence, or any other forms of repression. I would like
    to underscore that support for democracy, respect for human rights, and
    the rule of law remain cornerstones of U.S. policy in Rwanda. If
    confirmed, I will work tirelessly to promote freedom of expression,
    democratic governance, and access to justice, just as I have done at
    every stop of my 24-year career, including most recently as the Charge
    d'Affaires, a.i. at our Embassy in Nairobi.
        Since November 2021, the violence in eastern Democratic Republic of
    the Congo has caused significant human suffering. We appreciate
    Rwanda's engagement in the Nairobi and Luanda processes and urge Rwanda
    and all signatories to abide by the commitments in the November 23
    Luanda communique. Given the legacy of the Rwandan genocide, we
    strongly condemn anti-Rwandaphone hate speech and any collaboration
    with armed groups which espouse genocide ideology. As we have noted
    publicly in various fora, however, there is evidence Rwanda has
    provided support to the U.N.- and U.S.-sanctioned M23 armed group
    responsible for much of the recent violence, and, consistent with the
    Luanda communique, we call for an end to that support. If confirmed, I
    will use every tool at my disposal to help deescalate tensions, promote
    respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and assist ongoing
    African-led mediation efforts.
        At the same time, the United States and Rwanda share many global,
    regional and local priorities and we have a broad partnership with the
    people of Rwanda. If confirmed, I would work to advance our cooperation
    with the Government and people of Rwanda in many of these areas,
    including global health security; the economic and commercial
    relationship; environmental and climate issues; and peacekeeping.
        We are also now seeing the benefits of our decades of assistance
    helping Rwanda to strengthen its public health system. For example,
    Rwanda rapidly achieved one of the world's highest COVID-19 vaccination
    rates in part due to this longstanding assistance and the U.S. donation
    of over seven million vaccine doses in partnership with COVAX. In
    addition, the United States and Rwanda have worked together to combat
    malaria and HIV/AIDS. If confirmed, I look forward to building on these
    successes and advancing our shared health priorities.
        U.S. business interests in Rwanda are also expanding, with private
    U.S. investment increasing in key sectors including energy, water
    treatment, and telecommunications. Informal university partnerships
    also continue to grow between our two countries, and the only American
    research university with a full-time faculty and operations in Africa
    plans to expand opportunities at its Kigali campus. Meanwhile, over
    1,200 Rwandans studied in the United States during the last academic
    year, and 2,500 Rwandans are alumni of U.S. Government sponsored
    exchange programs. If confirmed, I will look for ways to advance U.S.
    values and promote our shared interests.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and members of the committee, thank
    you for the opportunity to appear before you today. I look forward to
    your questions.

        Senator Booker [presiding]. Thank you very much for that
    opening statement.
        We will now move on to Ms. Tremont.

           STATEMENT OF PAMELA M. TREMONT, OF VIRGINIA, A CA-
            REER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
            OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE AMBAS-
            SADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE
            UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  TO  THE  REPUBLIC OF
            ZIMBABWE

        Ms. Tremont. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, distinguished
    members of this committee, it is the greatest honor of my 30-
    year diplomatic career to appear before you today as President
    Biden's nominee to be the next U.S. Ambassador to the Republic
    of Zimbabwe.
        I am profoundly grateful to the President and Secretary
    Blinken for entrusting me with this tremendous responsibility.
        This nomination is a culmination of my family's public
    service to the American people. My parents, Linn and Jan
    Danielski, who are just behind me, instilled in me a spirit of
    public service through my father's 28-year Army career.
        They and my sister Stacey encouraged my dreams when at the
    age of 16 I announced my future was in the U.S. Foreign
    Service. But I am particularly indebted to my best friend and
    husband of 31 years--to this side--Eric Tremont, who has always
    prioritized me and our family above himself. I would not be
    here today without him and our 17-year-old son, Peyton, who has
    served alongside us in five countries and who was one of the
    last Eagle Scouts out of Troop 980 in Kyiv, Ukraine. He is
    undoubtedly watching from the ski slopes in Europe, although he
    should be studying physics.
        [Laughter.]
        Ms. Tremont. My family's values and the support of many
    dear friends have been crucial along this journey and they
    inspire me every day to seek diplomatic solutions to global
    challenges.
        Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, along that
    journey I have been privileged to represent the United States
    in eight countries across three continents, including seven
    years working on Southern African affairs.
        The common thread among people everywhere is a desire for
    representative governance that respects their human rights and
    offers them economic opportunity free from corruption and
    supported by rule of law. In a word, they want dignity, and I
    firmly believe the Zimbabwean people want and deserve that,
    too.
        Throughout my career I have promoted these foundational
    values by supporting electoral assistance in countries such as
    Comoros, Zambia, and Ukraine, where I headed electoral
    assistance to the 2019 presidential election just months after
    Russia attacked Ukrainian ships, which ushered in a period of
    martial law.
        Our assistance gave Ukrainians confidence in the electoral
    system to elect the leader of their choice. This year
    Zimbabweans will go to the polls for the second time in the
    post-Mugabe period. Zimbabwe's constitution guarantees its
    citizens the right to choose their leaders through free and
    fair elections, to participate in political parties and
    organizations, and to campaign freely and peacefully.
        But too often Zimbabweans have been denied these rights and
    I share the committee's concerns over the increasing instances
    of political violence, intimidation, and lawlessness.
        The Government of Zimbabwe has an opportunity to uphold its
    own constitution and deliver on President Mnangagwa's yet to be
    realized commitment of peaceful democratic electoral processes.
        If confirmed, I will actively work to support the
    democratic aspirations of the Zimbabwean people and I will seek
    partnership with those in Zimbabwe who are doing the same.
        The U.S. commitment to the Zimbabwean people is clear.
    Since we recognized the new state of Zimbabwe immediately after
    independence in 1980 the U.S. Government has invested more than
    $4.5 billion in humanitarian aid and development assistance to
    the Zimbabwean people.
        Millions of Zimbabweans are alive today because of the
    PEPFAR program. Yet, the potential of the Zimbabwean people is
    stymied by corruption, economic mismanagement, and a lack of
    investment in human capital that have undermined this former
    breadbasket of Africa, the home of Great Zimbabwe.
        If confirmed, I will work with this committee to promote
    economic reform, rule of law, transparency, and women's
    empowerment to unleash Zimbabwe's economic potential and offer
    opportunities to U.S. business. Together we can address poverty
    and food insecurity in Zimbabwe and the entire region.
        My highest priority will be the safety and security of
    Americans in Zimbabwe including the Embassy staff and our local
    staff who have come under increasing pressure as a result of
    their employment with us.
        My leadership touchstone has always been that diverse teams
    properly resourced in a secure environment can do anything and
    I have always confronted harassment and discrimination head on.
        If confirmed, I will carefully steward U.S. resources, hold
    my team to the highest possible standard, protect them at all
    costs, and empower them to work with Zimbabweans who share our
    goal of peaceful democratic nations working together to
    overcome global challenges.
        Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Tremont follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Pamela M. Tremont

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, distinguished members of the
    committee, it is the greatest honor of my 30-year diplomatic career to
    appear before you today as President Biden's nominee to be the next
    U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Zimbabwe. I am profoundly grateful
    to the President and Secretary Blinken for entrusting me with this
    tremendous responsibility.
        This nomination is a culmination of my family's service to the
    American people. My parents, Linn and Jan Danielski, instilled in me a
    spirit of public service through my father's 26-year Army career. They
    and my sister Stacey encouraged my dreams when, at 16, I announced my
    future was in the U.S. Foreign Service. But I am particularly indebted
    to my best friend and husband of 31 years, Eric Tremont, who has always
    prioritized me and our family over himself. I would not be here today
    without him and our 17-year-old son Peyton, who has served alongside us
    in five countries and was one of the last Eagle Scouts out of Troop 980
    in Kyiv. He is undoubtedly watching from Europe, where he goes to
    school. My family's values and the support of many dear friends have
    been crucial in this journey, and they inspire me every day to seek
    diplomatic solutions to global challenges.
        Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, along that journey I
    have been privileged to represent the United States in eight countries
    across three continents, including seven years working on southern
    African issues. The common thread among people everywhere is a desire
    for representative governance that respects their human rights and
    offers economic opportunity free from corruption and supported by rule
    of law. In a word, they want dignity. I firmly believe the Zimbabwean
    people want and deserve this too. Throughout my career, I have promoted
    these foundational values, including through U.S. electoral assistance
    programs in the Comoros, Zambia, and Ukraine, where I coordinated U.S.
    assistance for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election just months
    after Russia's attack on Ukrainian ships ushered in a period of martial
    law. Our assistance gave Ukrainians confidence in the process to elect
    the leader of their choice.
        This year, Zimbabweans will go to the polls for the second time in
    the post-Mugabe period. Zimbabwe's constitution guarantees its citizens
    the right to choose their leaders through free and fair elections, to
    participate in political parties or organizations, and to campaign
    freely and peacefully. Too often Zimbabweans have been denied these
    rights, and I share the Committee's concerns over the increasing
    instances of political violence, lawlessness, and intimidation. The
    Government of Zimbabwe has the opportunity to uphold its own
    constitution and deliver on President Mnangagwa's yet-to-be-realized
    commitment to a peaceful, democratic electoral process. If confirmed, I
    will actively work to support the democratic aspirations of those
    advocating for Zimbabwean's constitutional rights, and I will seek
    partnership with all those in Zimbabwe who are doing the same.
        The U.S. commitment to the Zimbabwean people is clear. Since we
    recognized the new state of Zimbabwe immediately after independence in
    1980, the U.S. Government has invested more than $4.5 billion dollars
    in humanitarian and development assistance for Zimbabweans. Millions of
    Zimbabweans are alive today because of the PEPFAR program. Yet the
    potential of the Zimbabwean people is stymied by corruption, economic
    mismanagement, and a lack of investment in human capital that have
    undermined this former breadbasket of Africa, home of Great Zimbabwe.
    If confirmed, I will work with this committee to promote economic
    reform, rule of law, transparency, and women's empowerment to unleash
    Zimbabwe's economic recovery and offer opportunities for U.S. business.
    Together we can address poverty and food insecurity in Zimbabwe and the
    region.
        My highest priority will be the safety and security of American
    citizens and the very talented Embassy staff, including our local staff
    who have performed admirably under pressure stemming from their
    employment with us. My leadership touchstone has always been that
    diverse teams can do anything when properly resourced in a secure and
    respectful environment, and I have always confronted harassment and
    discrimination head-on. If confirmed, I will carefully steward U.S.
    resources, hold my team to a high standard, protect them at all costs,
    and empower them to work with partners in Zimbabwe who share our vision
    of peaceful, democratic nations working together to overcome global
    challenges.
        Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Booker. Thank you for that very strong opening
    statement.
        I would like to now turn to the mighty Mr. Mills.

        STATEMENT OF THE HON. RICHARD MILLS, JR., OF GEORGIA,
         A CAREER  MEMBER  OF  THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,
         CLASS  OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED TO  BE AM-
         BASSADOR   EXTRAORDINARY   AND   PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF
         THE UNITED STATES OF  AMERICA  TO THE FEDERAL REPUB-
         LIC OF NIGERIA

        Mr. Mills. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Ranking
    Member Risch and other members of the committee. It is an honor
    to appear before this committee once again as a nominee to
    represent the United States as one of her ambassadors.
        I am joined today by my better half, my wife, Leigh, who
    knows well the challenges and the satisfactions of diplomatic
    service, having served herself for three decades as a Foreign
    Service officer. I am very thankful that if I am confirmed she
    will be with me in Abuja.
        Senator Booker. And forgive me for the unorthodox
    interruption, but where is your wife from, for the record?
        Mr. Mills. Good question. New Jersey, I believe.
        [Laughter.]
        Mr. Mills. I would also like to recognize my parents who
    are not from New Jersey but whose influence definitely inspired
    me to join the Foreign Service. They are not here with me today
    but they are with me in spirit.
        Like others on this panel I am very grateful to President
    Biden and Secretary Blinken for the trust and the confidence
    they have shown in nominating me for this position.
        If confirmed for this challenging job I will draw upon the
    experiences and skills gained from my 35-year career in the
    Foreign Service, experience which Senator Booker has shared
    with the committee.
        Committee members, Mr. Chairman, this is a unique moment
    for U.S.-Nigerian relations and for Nigeria as a whole.
    President Buhari is stepping down after his constitutionally
    limited two terms.
        As Senator Booker has already referenced, overnight Bola
    Tinubu was declared the winner of the election. I and the U.S.
    Government congratulate the people of Nigeria, President-elect
    Tinubu, and all political leaders on this competitive election.
        While I understand that many Nigerians and some of the
    parties have expressed frustration about certain aspects of how
    the process was conducted, there are well established
    mechanisms in place to adjudicate electoral disputes and the
    U.S. Government and I certainly encourage anyone seeking to
    challenge the outcome to use those mechanisms.
        We call on all parties, candidates, and supporters to
    continue to avoid any inflammatory rhetoric during this period.
        Going forward, this new government will be faced with many
    challenges, some of which Senator Risch has identified--how to
    beat back the threat from ISIS, Boko Haram, and other criminal
    elements in Nigeria, how to reduce intracommunal strife in the
    country that has claimed the lives of far too many Nigerian
    Christians and Muslims, and how to harness Nigeria's vast oil
    wealth to improve the lives of its citizens.
        If confirmed, I am committed to leveraging all elements of
    American diplomacy and foreign assistance to help Nigeria and
    its new government tackle these goals.
        A top U.S. priority and one for me will be combating the
    insecurity that plagues the Nigerian people with nearly all the
    country's 36 states experiencing some level of violence. From
    terrorism in the northeast and elsewhere to criminal attacks in
    the Niger Delta to piracy off the coast, crime and insecurity
    are nationwide problems.
        If confirmed, I will continue our efforts to work with the
    Nigerian Government to help professionalize its security
    services in order to create a professional Nigerian military
    and police force that respects human rights, can protect
    civilians, and hold those who do commit abuses to account.
        Finally, Nigeria is an important economic partner for the
    United States with over $10 billion in two-way trade between
    our nations, and the Nigerian economy itself, while still
    primarily reliant on oil, is increasingly diversified and as
    the largest in Africa offers real opportunities for mutually
    beneficial trade.
        I look forward to leveraging the ingenuity of the American
    private sector as well as our own Nigerian diaspora community
    here in the United States to continue to improve the economic
    relationship between our two countries.
        Let me end by saying for all this wealth from resources and
    trade I know too little of it makes its way down to the average
    Nigerian. Illegal oil bunkering and criminality in the Niger
    Delta limits the ability of Nigeria to benefit from its natural
    resources, and endemic corruption throughout the country
    further limits the ability of all Nigerians to profit from
    their nation's wealth.
        If confirmed, I will continue to press the Nigerian
    Government to tackle corruption and improve the rule of law.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, members of the committee,
    when I appeared before this committee eight years ago to be
    confirmed as the U.S. Ambassador to Armenia I committed to
    working transparently with committee members to advance
    American interests in Armenia and overseas. I renew that
    commitment to you and your staffs today and I look forward to
    your questions.
        Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Mills follows:]

                      Statement of Hon. Richard Mills, Jr.

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished members of the
    committee: It is an honor to appear before this committee once again as
    a nominee to represent the United States as one of her ambassadors. I
    am joined today by my wife, Leigh, who knows well the challenges of
    diplomatic service having served for three decades as a foreign service
    officer herself. I am grateful that, if I am confirmed, she will be
    with me in Abuja. I would also like to recognize my parents, whose
    influence inspired me to join the Foreign Service. Although they cannot
    be here with me today, they are with me in sprit.
        I am grateful to President Biden and Secretary Blinken for the
    trust and confidence they have shown in nominating me for this
    position. If confirmed, I will draw upon the experiences of my 35-year
    career in the foreign service.
        As Charge at Mission Canada, I sharpened my skill at coordinating
    policy and consistent public messaging among the many U.S. Government
    agencies in Canada, almost as many as operate on the ground in Nigeria.
    As U.S. Ambassador to Armenia, I learned how to effectively raise
    difficult issues--such as fighting corruption and ensuring human rights
    are respected--with a government that has otherwise strong ties to the
    United States. And in my current assignment as the Deputy Permanent
    Representative to the United Nations, I see first-hand Nigeria's
    diplomatic heft and leading role on the world stage so I recognize the
    importance of ensuring Nigerians understand and support key global U.S.
    foreign policy objectives.
        Mr. Chairman, this is a unique moment for U.S.-Nigerian relations
    and for Nigeria as a whole. President Buhari is stepping down after his
    constitutionally limited two terms and we are looking forward to the
    announcement of the outcome of this past weekend's elections. As
    Nigeria is Africa's largest democracy, we know that these elections
    will be watched across the continent. I am pleased that, based on
    preliminary reports and assessments by election monitoring groups on
    the ground, despite some incidents of violence and delays at certain
    polling stations, the voting on election day generally unfolded
    peacefully.
        However, after this election, whichever candidate is chosen, the
    new government will be faced with many challenges: how to beat back the
    threat from ISIS, Boko Haram, and other criminal elements in Nigeria;
    how to reduce intra-communal strife in the country that has claimed the
    lives of far too many Nigerian Muslims and Christians; and how to
    harness Nigeria's vast oil wealth to improve the lives of its citizens.
    If confirmed, I am committed to leveraging all elements of American
    diplomacy and foreign assistance to help Nigeria in tackling these
    goals.
        A top U.S. priority is combatting the insecurity that plagues the
    Nigerian people, with nearly all the country's 36 states experiencing
    some level of violence. From terrorism in the northeast and elsewhere,
    to criminal attacks in the Niger Delta and Southeast, to piracy off the
    coast, crime and insecurity are nation-wide problems. If confirmed, I
    will continue our efforts to work with the Nigerian Government to help
    professionalize its security services in order to create a professional
    Nigerian military and police force that respect human rights, protects
    civilians, and holds those who commit abuses to account.
        Finally, Nigeria is an important economic partner for the United
    States with over ten billion dollars in two-way trade between our
    nations. And the Nigerian economy itself--while still primarily reliant
    on oil--is increasingly diversified and, as the largest in Africa,
    offers real opportunities for mutually beneficial trade.
        And yet, for all this wealth from resources and trade, too little
    of it makes its way down to the average Nigerian. Illegal oil bunkering
    and criminality in the Niger Delta region limits the ability of Nigeria
    to benefit from its natural resources. And endemic corruption
    throughout the country further limits the ability of all Nigerians to
    profit from their nation's wealth. If confirmed, I will continue to
    press the Nigerian Government to tackle corruption and improve the rule
    of law. Additionally, I look forward to leveraging the ingenuity of the
    American private sector, as well as our Nigerian diaspora community in
    the United States, to continue to improve the economic relationship
    between our two countries.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, members of the committee, when I
    appeared before this committee eight years ago to be confirmed as the
    U.S. Ambassador to Armenia, I committed to working with Committee
    members to advance American interests overseas. I renew that commitment
    today to you and your staffs.
        Thank you and I welcome your questions.

        Senator Booker. I think the thanks is ours. The ranking
    member and I have known each other for about 10 years now and
    there are things we disagree on but one thing we both agreed
    on, as you all were speaking, we have a lot of humility, as we
    sit before career diplomats who have dedicated themselves to
    what you do, and as a result, your whole family has made this
    extraordinary dedication.
        This is how we are going to roll now, if you all do not
    mind. I am going to ask some perfunctory questions or, should I
    say, some technical questions. Then I am going to hold my
    policy questions and let Mr. Risch, out of respect, start the
    questioning.
        If no Democrats show up, I am going to let Mr. Ricketts go
    second, actually, and then I will save my policy questions for
    the end.
        But as far as the procedural questions, I would like to
    ask, each of you should just answer yes or no and directly we
    can just go down the line, starting with Dr. Murthy, or General
    Murthy or however you would like to be recalled, my friend. Dr.
    General, Mr. Murthy?
        Dr. Murthy. Vivek is fine. I am informal.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. We will start with you and we will just go
    down.
        Do you agree to appear before this committee and make
    officials from your office available to the committee and
    designated staff when invited?
        [All witnesses answer in the affirmative.]
        Senator Booker. Do you commit to keep this committee fully
    and currently informed about the activities under your purview?
        [All witnesses answer in the affirmative.]
        Senator Booker. Do you commit to engaging in meaningful
    consultation while policies are being developed, not just
    providing notification after the fact?
        [All witnesses answer in the affirmative.]
        Senator Booker. Do you commit to promptly responding to the
    requests for briefings and information requested by this
    committee and its designated staff?
        [All witnesses answer in the affirmative.]
        Senator Booker. All right. I say thank you for that. And,
    again, I will reserve my questioning for the end. I want to
    be--give deference to my colleagues.
        And with that, I ask Ranking Member Risch for his
    questions.
        Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I join in your
    humble appreciation for the cast that we are looking at today.
    Your resume--your collective resume--is indeed impressive.
        Dr. Murthy, I want to talk to you a little bit about the
    WHO. You heard me in my opening statement talk about how
    staggered I was as at their incompetence when admittedly I had
    never worked with them before on anything, and when COVID
    raised its ugly head we needed help and we needed help badly
    and the place we turned to was the WHO, and I was just blown
    away at the incompetence that I ran into there.
        It needs reform. It needs lots of different stuff. What are
    your thoughts on how you are going to approach that?
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you, Senator, and I must say your
    statements at the opening about your concerns about the WHO,
    about the need for it to be effective and competent in what it
    does, I think I understand those and I share a deep concern for
    the status quo being continued.
        I think we have got to make things better. Here is how I
    think about it, sir. I think one of the things that we have got
    to focus on is accountability at the WHO. We are the biggest
    investor in the WHO and the real question is are we delivering
    the value for the American people that those dollars should
    get.
        I do not think we are there yet. I think we need to know
    that the WHO has transparency when it comes to how funds are
    being used, that we have clarity about goals, what those goals
    are, what the timeline is and which are being accomplished.
        I think we also need transparency in decision making, which
    has not always been there, and, finally, we need workforce
    accountability. The allegations of sexual exploitation and
    abuse, these are horrifying. There should be no tolerance for
    that kind of behavior from any organization, much less one
    entrusted with the safety and the health and well being of
    people around the world.
        But I also think, sir, when it comes to pandemic
    preparedness the world needs to be able to rely on the WHO to
    function and function well both during a pandemic but also
    beforehand to help prevent the next one and ensure we are
    prepared and that means setting up the kind of surveillance and
    rapid alert systems and transparent data sharing that we need
    but do not quite have yet.
        It means having a robust rapid response, ensuring that we
    have the ability to manufacture and distribute countermeasures
    around the world so that everyone can benefit from the
    discoveries and scientific advances that ultimately help us get
    through pandemics.
        So these are some of the areas where I believe we need to
    focus. That is why my priority, if I have the privilege of
    serving, sir, would be to focus specifically on these two areas
    of pandemic preparedness and better governance and transparency
    of the WHO.
        And I would look to do that both in my voice at Executive
    Board meetings working in consultation and partnership with you
    and other members of this committee and with partners in the
    State Department, USAID, and our Department of Health and Human
    Services.
        Senator Risch. I think you got that exactly right. I think
    both of those areas of focus are incredibly important,
    particularly the preparation for the next one.
        After we have been through this as a world we know the
    heartache and issues that this causes and there is no reason we
    should not be prepared--much more prepared for the next one,
    also getting accurate information.
        One of the things I get most from constituents is they
    really do not believe they got accurate information from the
    very beginning. They still do not think they are getting
    accurate information and that is it--and sometimes you just do
    not know and it is better to say that than to try to give
    information that misleads people.
        Anyway, thank you for that. I think you got that right. My
    time is short. But I do want to--I do want to ask--because of
    the pool of talent we have here I do want to ask--I get reports
    regarding the Sahel. I am also senior Republican on the
    Intelligence Committee so I get it here and I get it there, and
    it has been one of the most disheartening things for me is to
    watch how the Sahel has deteriorated in recent years.
        Part of it, of course, is because of our success in the
    Middle East. We drove a lot of the terrorists out of there.
    Where did they go? They went to the next weakest link in the
    chain and that was the Sahel.
        And it looks to me--I could be wrong on this but it looks
    to me like it is going to be even tougher in the Sahel because
    of the weakness of the governments there and the corruption and
    everything else that is there.
        It is going to be even more difficult there to take on the
    terrorism issue that we have had to deal with in the Middle
    East.
        Somebody help me out here. Give me some optimistic view
    and, if not, how we are going to do that. You all have--you all
    have tremendous resumes. Who wants to take a shot at this?
        Ms. FitzGibbon. My team is throwing me under the bus.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Risch. There you go. Been there.
        Ms. FitzGibbon. It is very interesting. We do need to make
    a more concerted effort not to just focus on security
    assistance, which is very important and vital. We need to keep
    our security assistance to countries like Niger.
        But, more importantly, is we need to help reinforce state
    legitimacy with their people. We have got to make sure that
    governments are making those connections and that service
    delivery is happening and fighting corruption is very important
    in that.
        But even more important is people need to feel that their
    government is protecting them and their government is providing
    for them, and if that is not happening these youngsters in
    Niger, in particular, 70 percent of the population is youth and
    they are very, very easily led astray by violent extremist
    organizations.
        So without--we have to have that total whole-of-
    government--we call it the 3 Ds, you know, defense, democracy,
    diplomacy, and development--package to make sure that we are
    trying to alleviate the conditions that are creating the
    recruitment or the recruits for those organizations.
        But we still do need to undergird that with security
    assistance. I know that Niger is--right now, and Nigeria, the
    two countries still standing as democracies in the region, and
    we need to work more closely together between those countries
    and ECOWAS to strengthen the institutions, the security
    apparatus, to fight terrorism, but also to fight terrorism and
    make sure that the next elections in Niger, which are coming in
    a few years, that we are working towards that now. We cannot
    just wait till an election comes and then have a crisis and a
    military coup happen.
        Senator Risch. With the increase that we have had in
    terrorist activity in the Sahel do you think that countries are
    getting any better in dealing with that on a positive basis or
    are they are they just accepting it? What is your view of that?
        Ms. FitzGibbon. My experience has been Nigeria is getting
    better at it. Part of it is some of the foreign military sales
    that we have made to Nigeria that is making them more attuned
    to being precise in their attacks and also more collaboration
    with the neighbors in information sharing.
        In Niger's case I think our partner capacity that we have
    been building is doing a good job for them. The most recently
    trained--U.S.-trained unit just went to the border with Benin
    so they are actually positioning those troops where they should
    be, not keeping them back in Niamey. They are putting them out
    on the front line.
        So in Niger I think we are making progress. In the other
    countries and the Sahel with the military takeovers that we
    have had I would argue that we are not.
        The other thing in Niger is that they are very much against
    the incursion of Russian organizations like Wagner. They are
    very attuned to what is happening in Benin and Burkina Faso.
        So bolstering their resolve and bolstering their capacity
    to protect their borders and be able to be a beacon in the
    region for what democracy can bring to their people is the way
    we have to go.
        Senator Risch. Thank you. I appreciate your thoughts on
    that and my time is way past up. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Booker. We have a light attendance today so you
    should feel comfortable doing that.
        I am going to turn to Senator Van Hollen.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank all
    of you for your service. Congratulations on your nominations to
    these ambassadorial positions.
        And just--Ms. FitzGibbon, I just returned from a trip along
    with some of my colleagues from this committee--Senator
    Menendez, Senator Coons, Senator Graham from another
    committee--and one of our stops was Niger. They may have
    already discussed it in this hearing.
        But I just want to underscore your statement. I do think
    that we need to be doing more to support Niger. While we were
    there our country team and folks on the ground indicated that
    there were requests for certain additional helicopters and
    things like that, and given what has happened in Mali, Burkina
    Faso, I just think that that is a priority, as you know.
        Ambassador Miller, thank you for your earlier service in
    Armenia, among other posts. I know you have discussed the
    election that just took place in Nigeria and I know you also
    mentioned in your testimony here the issue of endemic
    corruption in Nigeria, which is really holding the country back
    in many, many ways when it comes to any kind of confidence of
    investors in the economy.
        Can you just talk about what your plan would be to address
    that issue?
        Mr. Mills. Thank you, Senator. Yes. I think in my
    experience the number-one question I hear from U.S. business
    and investors is what is the corruption situation in Nigeria--
    what is being done to address it.
        The mission in Nigeria has a full range of programs
    designed to promote anti-corruption activities. We also address
    it at the highest levels and it certainly, as I said in my
    statement, will be a priority for me.
        The mission supports the Department of Justice efforts to
    claw back a lot of the illegally-obtained resources that are
    overseas in the United States, including those that came during
    the presidency of President Abacha, and a lot of those clawed-
    back resources when they come back are put directly into
    programs and infrastructure to benefit the Nigerian people
    themselves.
        In my experience dealing with the issue of corruption,
    which is pervasive and in many places that I have served and
    can happen anywhere, is that it is important to identify local
    voices, people in the country that will speak out against
    corruption.
        You often hear--I heard it in several of the places I have
    served--this is our system. This is our culture. Do not imply--
    sort of impose your values on how we do business here.
        So I find it most valuable to identify and amplify those
    voices in the culture that say no, corruption is not part of
    our culture. This is not how we do business. So I think that
    will be a real emphasis for me in Nigeria.
        Senator Van Hollen. Well, no, I appreciate that and I
    think--look, the election results are in. I know some people
    are asking questions.
        But we know that there is a history of corruption among
    many of the players who were involved in the election. So I
    wish you the best and look forward to staying in touch with you
    on that.
        Mr. Kneedler, congratulations to you as well. Lots of
    issues to cover in Rwanda. I look forward to continuing our
    conversation on the M-23 threat in the eastern part of Congo
    and Rwanda's role in that.
        But I wanted to ask you about the decision that was made in
    May by the State Department when they categorized the Rwandan
    Government's arrest and imprisonment of Paul Rusesabagina, who,
    of course, is known to many Americans through the portrayal in
    ``Hotel Rwanda,'' a legal permanent resident of the United
    States as a wrongful detention.
        So how would we--how do you propose to address that issue?
    Because I think many of us--former Senator Leahy, myself, and
    others--have been following this case closely.
        Mr. Kneedler. Sure. Thank you very much, Senator, for the
    question. I have been following Mr. Rusesabagina's case very
    closely.
        As you noted, the State Department determined that he was
    wrongfully detained last year. The State Department has also
    outlined concerns about the lack of free trial guarantees
    observed during the course of his trial and convention--
    conviction, rather, and also underscored the importance of
    ensuring that he is afforded every legal protection, going
    forward.
        Senator, if confirmed, I would look forward to working with
    members and staff from this committee, with his family, with
    our special envoy for hostage affairs, who has the lead on this
    case, to do everything possible to resolve this case as quickly
    as possible.
        Senator Van Hollen. I appreciate that. As you know, there
    are also a lot of concerns about the Rwandan Government's
    tactics of harassing and even reports of sometimes killing
    dissidents abroad. So I think we have got a lot of work to do
    in this particular area.
        I look forward to working with you and I thank all of you
    for your service and I look forward to supporting all of your
    confirmations.
        Senator Booker. Thank you very much, Senator Van Hollen. I
    apologize to Senator Ricketts. I thought you were going to be
    second in questioning. You now have been bumped back to fifth,
    man, and----
        Senator Ricketts. I am the new guy. I get it.
        Senator Booker. I appreciate that. But I respect you
    deeply, not just because you are my fellow colleague but
    because you have got the best haircut on this entire panel.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. So I would like to go to Mr. Hagerty,
    please.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and my
    apologies, Senator Ricketts. But I appreciate the opportunity
    to discuss a topic that is very disturbing to me and, I think,
    perhaps to all of us here.
        I would like to start with you, Dr. Murthy. I want to ask
    you if you believe that China should be held accountable for
    any of its malfeasance during the COVID pandemic, including
    their stonewalling, the lying, misleading the world about the
    pandemic's origin and its spread.
        I would just appreciate a simple yes or no answer.
        Dr. Murthy. Yes, Senator. I think it is important for all
    countries to be held accountable when--especially for lack of
    transparency.
        Senator Hagerty. I would say the country that--where the
    origin started is the one I am focused on right now. Next
    question, do you believe that the World Health Organization
    should be held accountable for initially covering up the
    possibility that COVID came from a Chinese lab leak?
        And, again, I would appreciate a yes or no answer here.
        Dr. Murthy. Senator, yes, I do believe accountability is
    important with the WHO as well when it comes to COVID origins.
        Senator Hagerty. I absolutely agree. Their performance in
    this regard was absolutely pathetic. They were late to the game
    and they were very quick to dismiss the possibility that this
    leak came from the Wuhan lab.
        Specifically, in February of 2021, more than a year after
    COVID emerged, a WHO investigation team finally gets there and
    then they almost immediately determined that it was, quote,
    ``extremely unlikely'' that COVID came from the Wuhan lab and
    they recommended against further investigation.
        Yet, according to news reports the Department of Energy's
    Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence just recently
    joined the FBI in assessing that COVID likely originated from a
    lab leak in China.
        I would also note that the Energy Department's intelligence
    arm employs actual biologists, virologists, and other
    scientists in this regard. Moreover, just yesterday FBI
    Director Wray publicly reiterated that COVID most likely came
    from the Wuhan lab.
        So, Dr. Murthy, do you think it is extremely unlikely that
    COVID came from a lab leak in China?
        Dr. Murthy. Senator, thank you for raising this issue. I
    think there is currently a range of opinions, as I understand
    it, in the intelligence community about the origins of COVID-
    19. The lab leak theory is one of those possibilities and I do
    not think it is proper to discount a theory until it has been
    properly investigated.
        Senator Hagerty. I could not agree with you more.
        Dr. Murthy. My big concern, though, is the lack of
    transparency that we have had from China when it comes to
    gathering the information needed to actually get to the bottom
    of that story and to do a complete investigation that has
    integrity.
        Senator Hagerty. We share that concern. Yet, the WHO was
    more than willing to write this off and let the CCP get away
    without revealing base data and to quickly dismiss this.
        Given the recent DOE and FBI reports do you believe that
    the WHO report was actually wrong to conclude that the lab leak
    was extremely unlikely and to recommend against any further
    investigation?
        Dr. Murthy. I think it is clear that further investigation
    is needed and that is something that President Biden has been
    clear on--that is, when he directed the intelligence community
    to double down.
        Senator Hagerty. I think, clearly, the report was wrong.
    Clearly, it was premature to shut down further investigations
    into the lab leak theory.
        The WHO is alarmingly close to the CCP and the previous
    administration rightly withdrew from that organization. Despite
    all of this, President Biden unconditionally rejoined the WHO
    immediately after taking office. The United States is now,
    again, the WHO's largest donor. We are paying them more than
    $400 million dollars per year.
        Dr. Murthy, do you trust China to be a good partner to the
    United States the next time we have a pandemic?
        Dr. Murthy. I think we have got to ensure that there is
    accountability that comes through assistance. It means that the
    money we give, Senator, the money you referenced should not be
    a blank check to the WHO.
        It should come with assurances that the reforms that we are
    seeking are actually happening. And look, in this--one of the
    things we learned from COVID-19 that----
        Senator Hagerty. We did not get any assurances when we
    agreed to come back into the WHO organization. Have you got new
    information for me that we got assurances from the WHO when we
    agreed to come back in?
        Dr. Murthy. I do think being a part of the WHO and engaging
    with them is the best way to change them and to----
        Senator Hagerty. So we stepped back up to be the largest
    donor, yet we have got, as far as I know, no guarantees that
    they are going to reform. Certainly, their performance does not
    support this.
        I think it is something that is deeply, deeply concerning.
    There is another area, though, that I am deeply concerned about
    and this has to do with our sovereignty.
        So I want to ask you this question as well. Should the
    United States ever under any circumstance cede its sovereign
    policymaking authority, for example, to the CCP during a
    pandemic?
        Dr. Murthy. No, Senator. We should retain----
        Senator Hagerty. I agree with you. I did not think--I think
    that is correct. Next question, though, which is closely
    related to this, then should the United States ever under any
    circumstance cede its sovereign policymaking authority to the
    WHO under these circumstances?
        Dr. Murthy [continuing]. We should retain our sovereignty
    when it comes to making decisions for the American people's
    health and well being.
        Senator Hagerty. I very much appreciate that answer. I am
    also very concerned. As you know, the Biden administration is
    actively negotiating with other countries right now on a new
    agreement on a global pandemic response that will give the WHO
    greater influence and control. This is a draft of the
    agreement.
        Dr. Murthy, if concern--if confirmed, I just would like to
    know if you will commit to me and to this committee that you
    will not participate in any effort to enter into any
    international agreement that would give the WHO greater control
    over future American pandemic responses.
        And, again, I would appreciate a yes or no answer.
        Dr. Murthy. Yes, Senator, I can assure you that one of my
    guiding principles will be maintaining American sovereignty in
    our decision making. We know our people the best. We know what
    our people need here in America and we have got to have and
    retain always the ability to make decisions for America.
        Senator Hagerty. So I can take that as a commitment that
    you will not cede greater control to the WHO over pandemic
    response here in America through the course of this agreement
    or any other?
        Dr. Murthy. I will always seek to retain our sovereignty
    when it comes to our health.
        Senator Hagerty. Is that a yes or no answer?
        Dr. Murthy. It is what I said, Senator. I will strive to
    retain our sovereignty and that is important. I do not want to
    cede that to anyone.
        Senator Hagerty. I certainly would hate to see our
    sovereignty be given away in this agreement.
        Mr. Chairman, I would just like to enter this document into
    the record.
        Senator Booker. Without objection.

        [The information referred to is located at the end of this
    hearing's transcript.]

        Senator Hagerty. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Thank
    you, Dr. Murthy.
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you.
        Senator Booker. I turn now to Senator Coons. I am the
    chairman of the Africa Subcommittee but this is the, in many
    ways, expert on issues regarding Africa. So, sir, would you
    please take us to a higher level?
        Senator Coons. I wish I could. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Actually, the experts are the people in front of us, folks
    who have served and both serve for long periods of time in the
    field and many who are with you. I appreciate the compliment
    but I am undeserving. I am confident of that.
        Having just returned alongside Senator Van Hollen and a
    bipartisan group from a visit to a number of countries--I think
    this has already been brought up--I just want to start by
    expressing my deep gratitude to each of you, to your families,
    for your willingness to continue to serve our country in a
    number of contexts that are very challenging. So let me get to
    it and try to be brief, if I can.
        Dr. Murthy, it is great to see you again. I know it is
    somewhat unprecedented for there to be a requirement for a
    separate hearing for WHO representation but you have just heard
    some of the reasons why there are heightened concerns. I
    greatly appreciated your coming to Delaware and to visit some
    of our young people, our healthcare professionals, and to talk
    about how we move forward here domestically.
        Your previous experience in this role and in other roles in
    the U.S. Public Health Service Commission Corps, I think, makes
    you abundantly qualified for this position. I hope you are
    promptly confirmed.
        If you would like to just take one more minute and talk
    about how you would promote U.S. interests at the WHO, if
    confirmed, I would appreciate that.
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you so much, Senator Coons, and thank you
    again for the invitation to come to Delaware, and I really
    enjoyed and learned a lot from my visit there.
        In my view, Senator, as you know well, our health and well
    being in the United States does depend on what happens
    elsewhere in the world. We saw that with COVID. We have seen
    that with other infectious disease threats.
        In order--my privilege as the surgeon general has meant to
    look out for the health and well being of Americans and that,
    to me, involves, in some ways, a natural extension into this
    role if I am privileged to have the opportunity to serve in it,
    which is to work on the global stage to also safeguard the
    health and well being of Americans.
        How we do that means that we have got to ensure that we
    have better collaboration, coordination, and transparency with
    other governments and that includes in the areas of data
    surveillance and data sharing. It means we need early detection
    systems but we also need rapid response operations, again, a
    place where the WHO needs to have an effective role.
        But it also means that when it comes to the production of
    countermeasures, Senator, we know, again, that all of us are
    better off when the entire world is better off and when the
    entire world has access to countermeasures like vaccines and
    therapeutics.
        And so part of the work, I believe, that we need to push
    and engage the WHO on is the work of ensuring that we have
    adequate production distribution capacity when it comes to
    manufacturing and distributing these countermeasures.
        To me, these are all parts of what we need to do to ensure
    we are prepared for the next pandemic.
        But finally, I will say this, Senator. We need an effective
    WHO not just for pandemic preparedness but for many of the
    other health threats that we are facing and for the WHO to be
    effective there it has to be credible, which means it needs to
    be able to deliver on promises.
        It needs to be transparent in decision making, and its
    workforce also has to adhere to the highest ethical standards
    and those are the issues, again, that I hope to focus on if I
    have the opportunity to serve.
        Senator Coons. Terrific. Thank you very much.
        Part of our trip was celebrating the accomplishments of 20
    years of PEPFAR launched by President Bush, the single largest
    public health intervention in world history, which has saved
    more than 25 million lives.
        Its path forward will in no small part come through this
    committee and we got to see, for example, in the country of
    Zambia how significant investment of the United States has
    saved huge numbers of lives. In South Africa the same.
        I hope to work with you both on pandemic prevention but
    also in celebrating some of the ways in which our investments
    in public health infrastructure on the continent of Africa and
    elsewhere in the developing world have made us safer and have
    helped avoid preventable deaths.
        If I could, two more questions.
        Ms. FitzGibbon, just interested in what you think of the
    stability of the Bazoum Government. Our time in Niger was
    disconcerting and they are, I would say, an island of stability
    in a region beset by chaos.
        I am very concerned about Russia's presence and the way in
    which Wagner has taken a more and more aggressive posture to
    the east and west of Niger.
        I would be interested in how you think we could
    successfully counter Russian disinformation, which has had an
    impact in all of the countries to which you are nominated to
    serve, and how we might more successfully engage the people of
    Niger and the Sahel region in a way that would promote
    stability.
        Ms. FitzGibbon. Thank you for that question. We have
    answered the Government's request for help on disinformation,
    whether it is Russian disinformation or Chinese disinformation.
    Our senior bureau official for public affairs went out to Niger
    in November.
        We have brought down experts to help strengthen the
    journalistic infrastructure, so to say, so that--to help the
    journalists understand better how journalistic integrity is
    very important to putting word out to whatever information they
    are putting out.
        And then we have helped point out to them when we see
    disinformation and to all that, and China has put on a big PR
    blitz in Niger but its actual popularity ratings are going down
    despite how much money it is putting into there.
        So something is working there. Part of it, I would like to
    say, is our U.S. Embassy's public affairs program and reaching
    out to people. Our people-to-people relations are working.
        And with Wagner--we have a strong ally in President Bazoum
    on Wagner. The smallest of our Ds as we were talking about a
    little bit earlier is our democracy funding.
        But one of the things we can make up for that with is
    diplomatic engagement and I intend to work very hard--and I
    have done this in every country I have served in--with the
    political elite to make them understand that there are a lot of
    political tradeoffs that need to be made for the long-term
    stability of the country, and the economic and social
    investments that need to be made in Niger need to be made now.
        Senator Coons. Agree.
        Ms. FitzGibbon. And that means the opposition and members
    of the ruling party and aspirants to be the next president of
    Niger need to have that buy in because the country's stability
    is at risk and the time is now.
        The attention from the United States and the attention from
    other donors is now, too. So this is the time that the country
    can benefit most and I believe that President Bazoum has that
    commitment and we will make sure that we are talking frankly to
    him when we see things that might be done better.
        Senator Coons. Thank you.
        Ms. FitzGibbon. So I am hoping to have a good relationship
    there.
        Senator Coons. I look forward to hearing from you.
        Could I beg the indulgence of one more question, Mr.
    Chairman? He is distracted.
        So if I could, Ambassador Mills, I am interested in each of
    your countries. I apologize, but I am already out of time.
        You will represent us in Abuja in one of the most populous
    countries in the world, a real linchpin for West Africa and its
    stability, and where the outcome of the election, I think, is
    leading to some widespread disappointment amongst those who had
    hoped for change and the possibility for real continuity.
        What do you expect out of the Tinubu Government? What do
    you think his previous service as governor of Lagos State, if I
    am not mistaken, is going to lead to and how do we build a more
    stable, sustainable relationship between the United States and
    Nigeria, given some of our issues in terms of the conduct of
    the Nigerian Armed Forces, internal division, and the very
    strong and robust diaspora community here in the United States?
        Mr. Mills. Good question. Sorry. And in a way, that is the
    answer. It is a holistic approach. It is--if we are going to
    deepen the relationship, which is actually quite strong--we
    have quite an engaged relationship with Nigeria across the
    board economically, diplomatically, culturally--we have to use
    all the tools, as I mentioned in my statement.
        In terms of the election, I would point out that there was
    some good news from the election. Candidates--the top three
    candidates each won over 12 states in the election, which is
    new, and I think that reflects the diversity of the political
    system there and a lot of new voices taking part in this
    election. That is very encouraging.
        I think if President-elect Tinubu is listening, he knows
    that there was a great demand for change. The campaign that in
    many ways supported the candidacy of Peter Obi, a lot of young
    people came out and I think he will be aware of that. We
    certainly will remind him of the need to be responsive to that,
    moving forward.
        In terms of our priorities, we have long for a long time
    our work in Nigeria, guided by the administration's Africa
    policy, Africa strategy, and the mission's own strategy, has
    focused on really four key areas that we are engaged on:
    improving security--Nigeria is a counterterrorism partner.
        We have to improve their ability to fight the terrorism
    threat that they are facing; working to develop the economy
    through mutually beneficial trade; human rights--huge, huge
    issue that we need to promote and we need to increase
    accountability; and the transnational issues that the doctor
    mentioned. Nigeria is a partner is transitional--transnational
    health issues and crime issues. So those are our priorities, I
    think.
        You mentioned security in particular, and to get to Senator
    Risch's question about the Sahel, I think in some ways there is
    a success story in Nigeria. The last couple of years, as
    Kathleen knows well, we have sold to the Nigerians at their
    request some important military precision munitions and
    aircraft.
        Those aircraft in the last two years have made a difference
    in their ability to fight the terrorism threat, especially in
    the northeast. It has reduced--those precision munitions--
    civilian casualties, and I think more importantly, and this is
    the secret, we sold these weapons and nested inside the Sahel
    were important human rights components, important new steps we
    said if we are going to share these weapons--sell these weapons
    to you you need to take these actions, everything from new air
    to ground integration teams that have really reduced civilian
    casualties wherever the air force is working in Nigeria, but we
    have put in a military justice advisor.
        We have put in a new advisor into how to work with the
    civilian communities and I think that is a real model for
    moving forward and that will be a priority, moving forward, to
    continue monitoring that and building on that.
        Senator Coons. Thank you. It is a complex issue. I
    appreciate your answer. I have been to Borno state. I have been
    to Nigeria several times. I look forward to staying in touch
    with you, and I apologize for running over.
        Please, Mr. Kneedler, Ms. Tremont, give my regards to
    President Kagame and President Mnangagwa and thank you to all
    of you and your families for your willingness to serve.
        Senator Booker. Senator Coons' 12 minutes of questioning
    represents the grandeur of his mastery of these issues. But I
    am now happy to turn to Senator Young.
        Senator Young. I will try and keep mine a concise 10
    minutes or so.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Coons. Thank you.
        Senator Young. All right. I welcome all our panelists.
    Congratulate each of you for your nominations and we will look
    forward to serving with most or all of you here in the future
    on behalf of our country.
        Dr. Murthy, as you know, the United States lost more than a
    million lives due to COVID. Equally as concerning are the
    effects of the pandemic on untold millions of children from
    education to socialization to mental health.
        It is clear, Doctor, that the United States has a vested
    interest in the renegotiation of the World Health
    Organization's pandemic response policies to mandate
    transparency and cooperation during the next pandemic, which
    undoubtedly will occur.
        If confirmed, sir, you will have a central role in ensuring
    that our country and our children are protected from
    malfeasance during future health emergencies.
        Dr. Murthy, do you support the proposed draft agreement as
    currently written and, if confirmed, what specific changes to
    the regulations will you propose to mitigate the damage during
    the next public health crisis?
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you, Senator, for that question.
        And let me just say at the start that I really appreciate
    you bringing up the impact this pandemic has had on our
    children and on mental health, more broadly, because the impact
    has been profound.
        I have seen that in my own family and I have certainly seen
    that in my community and it is one of the reasons why I feel
    very strongly that I want to do everything I can to ensure we
    are better prepared for the next pandemic because there is a
    lot at stake, most importantly our children.
        A few things that I think would be important that I would
    look to focus on when it came to pandemic preparedness, as you
    noted, one is to ensure that we have the early detection
    capabilities and early data sharing. That is so vital to
    understanding when a threat is emerging. If we had had that in
    place effectively this past time around with COVID I daresay we
    may have been in a better place.
        But the second thing that we need is to be able to mobilize
    a rapid----
        Senator Young. And, sir, can I just interject----
        Dr. Murthy. Of course.
        Senator Young [continuing]. Because it is an important
    point. Is it accurate to say that we would have had a lot more
    lead time or we gave up some valuable lead time to prepare, to
    harden ourselves, by producing or sourcing PPE, by protecting
    people against the virus, which presumably if you had the data
    would have had a better chance of identifying the nature of the
    virus, it would have saved countless lives?
        Dr. Murthy. The short answer is yes, Senator. Yeah, it is--
    the benefits of longer lead time are both in preparation from a
    materials perspective but also scientifically that gives
    scientists a head start on trying to understand and collaborate
    on understanding what the actual pathogen is and then starting
    the process of developing countermeasures. So that is
    absolutely right.
        So that early detection, that surveillance, that data
    sharing is really critical. What we also need to do, though, is
    ensure that we have the ability to respond in terms of
    countermeasures. That is both in the development of
    countermeasures but also in the production and distribution of
    those countermeasures.
        This is the challenge we had during COVID-19. How do we--it
    is one thing to develop a vaccine. It is another to manufacture
    and distribute it at scale to everyone who needs it and that is
    a place also where we have to work hard because as we saw with
    COVID-19, COVID is not immutable.
        It changes. It mutates, and the more uncontrolled spread
    there is the more mutations there are, the more dangerous
    variants can develop and that can come back to hurt us, as has
    happened several times during this pandemic.
        Finally, I will just say, Senator, again, to come back to
    something you raised in the beginning about mental health, I
    think as we think about our own country and our response to
    this, this is part of the longer tail, the deeper consequence
    of COVID-19 that we have to grapple with and one of the reasons
    that I have been so focused on mental health and well being in
    my work as surgeon general, one of the reasons why I also want
    to make mental health part of our focus on the global stage is
    because we are not alone in those struggles.
        A lot of countries are struggling with the mental health
    impact of COVID-19. That is part of how we have to respond to
    this pandemic and be prepared for the next.
        Senator Young. Thank you, Doctor. Everything you said makes
    great sense. You mentioned relationship building as a key
    factor in negotiations and in cooperation from member states
    during the next global health crisis.
        It was something that you underscored in your written
    testimony. Two-part question. Do you believe that relationship
    building will be sufficient? It may be necessary but will it be
    sufficient to tackle the next global pandemic?
        It seems to me, and this is the second part of the
    question, that we should be supporting some sort of regulations
    that establish punitive consequences from governments that do
    not comply with or cooperate with other countries during such
    emergent circumstances.
        Dr. Murthy. Yes, Senator, I am glad you raised this.
        I would say relationships are necessary but insufficient on
    their own to generate the results that we want. The
    relationships build familiarity and trust. They make it easier
    to work together more quickly. So that is essential.
        But we also need our agreements with teeth. There needs to
    be accountability in this process. We cannot have another
    instance where there is not transparency and data sharing that
    helps us get to the bottom of COVID origins, for example, that
    helps us understand when a threat has emerged so we can leap to
    action together as a global community to address it with
    maximal lead time.
        So all of that, I believe, is important in the components
    we need to assemble for an effective pandemic response.
        Senator Young. Lastly, I am going to ask you about Taiwan.
    For the last two years the Biden administration's pledge to
    bring Taiwan back into the World Health Assembly as an observer
    and for two years straight China has blocked that from
    happening.
        Is the fact that the administration, despite its best
    efforts, has been unable to win this status for Taiwan--does
    this constitute some evidence that the organization is
    deferring to the Chinese Communist Party and its wishes or is
    it something else?
        Dr. Murthy. It is a good question, Senator. This is one of
    the areas that I would be happy to get into if I had the
    opportunity to serve. Once I have the opportunity to start in
    the position, my hope would be to approach this with a clear
    set of priorities but also with an intent to understand how
    decisions have been made. It has been--we have been clear about
    Taiwan, how--what role we think Taiwan can and should have in
    terms of conversations related to global health and that is an
    area where I am certainly prepared to weigh in as well if I
    have the chance to serve on the Executive Board.
        Senator Young. Thank you, Doctor.
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you.
        Senator Booker. Thank you very much. The prodigiously
    patient patriot, Mr. Ricketts.
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and you have got
    a heck of a barber, too.
        Well, I want to thank--again, add my thanks to all the
    panelists for your service to our great nation and I also want
    to thank your families as well because I know they serve
    alongside you as you are serving our country, and especially to
    our members of the Foreign Service, thank you.
        As governor of Nebraska I had the opportunity to lead about
    two trade missions a year around the world and I got to tell
    you, every time I was in an embassy I was very impressed with
    the quality of people who are representing our country
    overseas. So thank you very much for your service. In
    particular, I had direct experience with that.
        Dr. Murthy, so I share also some of my colleagues'
    disappointment with the WHO and specifically around the COVID
    pandemic. Again, as I mentioned, I was governor and so I had
    kind of a front row seat to the failures of the WHO as we went
    through that pandemic on a number of different levels.
        But what I want to focus on is kind of something that
    Senator Hagerty mentioned about before. If you are confirmed
    will you ensure that the WHO conducts a true and thorough
    investigation into the origins of the COVID pandemic, the
    actions of the Chinese Communist Party?
        There has been a lot of folks that the WHO claim to be
    committed to getting real answers about the pandemic and claim
    to be tough on China.
        But as soon as the Chinese Communist Party pushes back, for
    example, denies entrance to a lab or refuses to allow a doctor
    or scientist have access for us, they all kind of back down and
    do nothing and, certainly, I think that a lot of the
    information early on especially it seemed like the WHO was
    really being deferential to the CCP, which I think all of us
    would agree does not share our values here in the United
    States.
        I think the U.S. Representative at the WHO needs to have a
    specific plan to--when you arrive on how are you going to get
    these answers.
        So do you have a specific plan on how to ensure the WHO
    conducts a thorough investigation and gets--the best that we
    can gets the origins of the COVID pandemic and the Chinese
    Communist Party's role in that?
        Dr. Murthy. Yeah, thank you, Senator.
        I continue to believe this is a very important issue for us
    to get to the bottom of. We cannot afford to cast it off and
    just move on for two critical reasons. One is understanding the
    origins of this pandemic will help us be better prepared for
    the future.
        But there is also to me a more important--an equally
    important principle at play here, which is that if we are truly
    in the era of global health we need to be a global community.
        That means we all have to be transparent, open, and
    cooperative, and it cannot be allowed for one nation to not be
    transparent, to not allow a thorough investigation with
    integrity to take place.
        That just--that does not only put at threat our ability to
    understand COVID but it puts a threat, I believe, our ability
    to be effective and demand transparency from all countries in
    future responses.
        So if I have the opportunity to serve this is an issue that
    I would press as an Executive Board member. I would work
    together with our other colleagues in the administration who
    also feel strongly that we need to get to the origins and the
    bottom of the story about COVID origins and this is something I
    would look to engage directly with the director of the WHO on.
        Senator Ricketts. So you do not have a plan quite yet. You
    are going to--if you are confirmed then you will work on a game
    plan together about how we tackle this problem of getting to
    the origins of COVID? Is that what I hear you saying?
        Dr. Murthy. This would certainly be an issue that my
    colleagues who are currently engaging with the WHO have been
    engaged with the leadership there on and what I would look to
    do if I started in this position, as I have done in prior
    positions, is, first, understand those conversations,
    understand where we are not making progress, and then lean in
    to those areas so that we can ensure that we have a robust
    engagement with the WHO and we are pushing this agenda on a
    full investigation.
        Senator Ricketts. What is your thoughts on how we get the
    CCP to be responsive and be transparent? Because, obviously,
    if, indeed, it was from a lab in Wuhan they are the ones that
    have the data. How do we actually get them? Any thoughts on how
    we can get them to cooperate?
        Dr. Murthy. Senator, I think that is the delicate work that
    we have got to do when it comes to both our diplomacy but also
    thinking about the sort of measures that we take in putting
    these global agreements together to ensure that they have
    teeth.
        I think there are, certainly, measures that have been
    discussed over the last couple of years. We are learning from
    this experience where we have to, again, ensure that there are
    consequences for lack of cooperation, lack of transparency, and
    again, this is part of what I would look to to engage on and to
    work with my colleagues in the U.S. Government on because
    again, as I said, this--to me, this is not a backburner issue.
        This is not something we can afford to put aside. This is
    front and center of one of my core priorities that I mentioned
    earlier on, which is pandemic preparedness and that means that
    we have got to get to the bottoms of COVID origins.
        Senator Ricketts. As you know, doing an after action report
    or a post mortem, whatever we would call it, afterwards is
    going to be important. I think that getting the Chinese
    Communist Party to cooperate with that somehow is going to be
    important.
        I am out of time, but I would note, Ms. Tremont, you are
    the one person who has not been asked a question here today. I
    feel bad. I do not even have a question for you. But thought I
    would recognize you here since everybody else got to talk on
    the panel. You showed up, got dressed up for nothing.
        Ms. Tremont. Thank you, Senator. Zimbabwe is feeling a
    little bit neglected.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. Senator Ricketts, you are the only one that
    abided by the time limits of five minutes. So I appreciate your
    discipline in that measure. I am going to ask some questions,
    if I may, now. I am grateful that we had such a great turnout
    from my colleagues and you can see the seriousness with which
    they take the important roles each of you will play.
        I will go to Zimbabwe, if I may. I remember flying there
    with this incredible bipartisan delegation that ranged from
    Chris Coons to then Senator Jeff Flake and we were coming there
    right after Mnangagwa got elected and we had some--a good
    sanctions regime, and we were looking forward to talking to
    them, hopeful that the democratic norms that we wanted to see
    and that we could find some way to leverage the economic
    pressures we had.
        As we were landing, interestingly enough, we were reading
    in the newspaper that representatives from Mnangagwa's team
    were landing from China, and China did not have concerns about
    their democratic norms and principles.
        And so I guess I have a couple questions. One, it has been
    disappointing to me to see the challenges for democracy in
    Zimbabwe, and I am wondering what do you think the commitment
    of Mnangagwa is to key reforms that we would clearly like to
    see as we continue and maintain the sanctions regime?
        And then I am curious about the influence of China, perhaps
    in many of the countries in Africa, but I am curious what your
    perspective might be in terms of informing what is the area of
    bipartisan concern as China is growing influence on the
    continent?
        Ms. Tremont. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for that question.
    The U.S. Government warmly welcomed the improved tone of
    President Mnangagwa after his inauguration in 2018. But it is
    true to say there is a lot of work remaining before we see the
    sustained governance and economic reforms that he promised.
        Zimbabwe is still not meeting the requirements of its own
    constitution nor its commitments to the African Union and the
    Southern African Development Community.
        There we have recently seen over the recent months
    increased political violence against people expressing legal
    political activity, biased implementation of laws and rights.
        The U.S. Government has been very concerned about this and
    has not hesitated to call out violence when we see it. If
    confirmed, I look forward to having frank and respectful
    conversations with the Zimbabwean Government about what sort of
    governance and democratic reforms would make the elections more
    credible and provide the Zimbabwean people their constitutional
    right to express their political will in a peaceful
    environment.
        Regarding China, that is a big question. As you know, China
    has been investing in the extractive industries all over the
    world and Zimbabwe with its rich mineral resources is no
    exception. In fact, the PRC and Russia comprise about 90
    percent of the foreign direct investment in Zimbabwe's mineral
    sector.
        Unfortunately, there is very little transparency regarding
    the terms of those contracts. So while I would always support
    private sector-led growth in Zimbabwe or any country, I
    certainly hope the Zimbabwean Government is ensuring that the
    Zimbabwean people are getting fair compensation for the
    minerals taken from their country.
        In addition, I hope that they are looking at the
    environmental impact of these countries' investments and
    observing local labor laws to protect the workers who work for
    the Chinese companies.
        If confirmed, I would ensure that U.S. businesses also have
    a fair and level playing field to invest in the many investment
    opportunities in Zimbabwe.
        Senator Booker. Thank you very much. I see Senator Barrasso
    has come. I am going to suspend my questioning. He is a far
    more senior senator than I am with a lot more demands on his
    time, and I am going to allow him now to commence his
    questioning before I finish mine.
        Senator Barrasso. Thanks so much, Mr. Chairman. I
    appreciate it.
        Dr. Murthy, good to see you again. Like you, I am a
    physician. You and I have been on programs together at various
    locations.
        One of my biggest concerns is this loss of credibility by
    public health agencies, especially the World Health
    Organization. Time and again the American people see public
    health bureaucrats putting politics ahead of sound science. I
    think this needs to stop.
        As an example, the Department of Energy now and the Federal
    Bureau of Investigation have concluded that the COVID pandemic
    likely stemmed from a leak from a Chinese lab, something
    Republicans have been saying for a long time.
        I know Chairman McCaul of the House Foreign Relations
    Committee, former Senator Richard Burr of the HELP Committee,
    each released separate reports with the same conclusion.
        So do you agree with the Department of Energy and with the
    FBI that the pandemic likely originated from a Chinese lab
    leak?
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you, Senator Barrasso, and it is good to
    see you again as well.
        While I have not looked at the data that the Intelligence
    Committee has looked at and that is not my primary area of
    expertise, I did note what both of them--both departments have
    said publicly and I also understand that there is a diverse set
    of views in the intelligence community about the origins.
        I do think what is essential here is that we pursue
    aggressively the investigation here to understand what the true
    origins are, recognizing that there are multiple possibilities
    here.
        But I also think that one of the obstacles we have had,
    Senator, is having transparency with regard to China and we
    have not been able to get some of the information we need to do
    a full and thorough investigation and that needs to happen.
        Senator Barrasso. If confirmed, what actions would you
    support in terms of the World Health Organization in terms of
    taking to hold China accountable?
        Dr. Murthy. Well, Senator, my feeling is that as we embark
    in this new phase of learning from this pandemic and better
    prepare for the next one we have to have guidelines, rules,
    that we all abide by, rules that have teeth.
        Otherwise, it does not serve us well. I also worry that if
    we allow an instance where one country does not end up engaging
    in a transparent way it creates more opportunities and almost
    license for others to do the same later in future pandemics.
        My approach, if I have the privilege of serving, Senator,
    would be, number one, to go in there and to engage and
    understand the conversations that our colleagues across USG
    have had with the WHO specifically about them being--conducting
    an investigation with integrity, second, to assess where the
    gaps are, and third, to then press WHO leadership to close
    those gaps and in that process, Senator, I would welcome the
    opportunity to work with you and others in this committee.
        Senator Barrasso. Thanks.
        Ms. Tremont, if I could, in 2022 Zimbabwe's president
    praised their, quote, ``excellent relations with China.'' That
    followed the gift of a $200 million parliament building funded
    by and constructed by China.
        In 2021, Zimbabwe opened their national data center which
    China helped to build. The NetOne, Zimbabwe's state-owned
    telecoms network, has received about $239 million from China
    since 2013. The purpose of the center is to gather information
    from the Government and private firms. That includes banks.
        So how can we do a better job in countering this Chinese
    influence in Africa?
        Ms. Tremont. Senator, thank you for that question.
        Obviously, I can only speak for Zimbabwe. But yes, Zimbabwe
    and China have a longstanding relationship that goes all the
    way back to Zimbabwe's war for independence.
        I think the difference between Chinese investments in
    Zimbabwe and, perhaps, other places in Africa is the U.S.
    investments of $4.5 billion that we have invested in Zimbabwe
    in people--have been for the people--to promote their health,
    to defend the democratic space, to improve the electoral
    systems, to increase food security. Seven hundred thousand
    Zimbabweans benefited from our food security and agricultural
    programs last year. It was tremendously important in light of
    the food shortages brought on by Russia's unprovoked war
    against Ukraine.
        Whereas the Chinese investments are much more for the
    Government of Zimbabwe. The parliament building does not
    necessarily benefit the Zimbabwean people the way U.S.
    investment does.
        And I do believe also that we hold our U.S. companies to a
    much higher standard when they invest in the private sector
    around the world than other countries do.
        Senator Barrasso. If confirmed, how will you help shed
    light on some of the terrible practices and atrocities
    committed by China to Africa?
        Ms. Tremont. Senator, I think that our fantastic embassy in
    Harare has excellent outreach and public relations with the
    entire country and I think our image among the Zimbabwean
    people is much different than what you will sometimes see in
    the press or from official mouthpieces in Zimbabwe.
        And so, if confirmed, I would continue that outreach and
    underscore to the Zimbabwean people our commitment to them and
    to their well being and to defending their democratic rights
    which are enshrined in their constitution.
        Senator Barrasso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Booker. Thank you very much, Senator.
        I just want to continue with that line of questioning.
    Again, there is a real concern--bipartisan concern--about
    China's growing influence there.
        I think the senator said it right, the sort of corrupt
    practices that they use and engage in, how that often results
    in their influence, how they vote in different world
    organizations. It is a growing concern.
        At the recent summit of Africa Leaders, I heard at least a
    lot of discussion about how they prefer us as partners but feel
    often we are not stepping up to compete and fill the gap, how
    when China comes in and does major projects, for example, they
    are not using local labor. They are not really helping to
    build.
        I am just wondering if you have insights for us, because I
    think there is a lot of work we could do as a committee to try
    to better empower American interests and, frankly, that align
    with the interests of different African nations.
        Do you have any insights that you might want to add to the
    senator's concerns and mine?
        Ms. Tremont. Thank you for that question, Senator.
        I believe that U.S. business and their investments overseas
    represent U.S. values in a way that Chinese investments do not.
    We require that our companies do not pay bribes.
        We have anti-corruption legislation that we enforce from
    back here at home. We highlight and press our own companies to
    enforce local labor laws and abide by local laws. Other regimes
    who do not share our values do not hold their companies to
    those same values.
        So I think our investments and our companies will always
    have a slightly tougher road to hoe as a result but I do not
    think that we can compromise on those in order to compete in a
    race to the bottom for investment in Africa and influence
    there.
        I have not been confirmed yet. I do not--I have not been to
    Zimbabwe in a very long time. But my sense is that the
    Zimbabwean people are keenly aware that they are not benefiting
    from Chinese investment in Zimbabwe and I think that is an
    important point to make.
        Senator Booker. It is, and it touches on everything from
    national security issues for us, economic opportunity and,
    again, critical minerals--I could go through the things that
    are challenging for us--as well as helping countries have
    democracy because our values--our democratic values are very
    different than those of China..
        I am grateful for your thoughtfulness on this question, and
    I look forward to continuing, should you be confirmed, this
    dialogue.
        Maybe I will switch right to Mr. Kneedler. There is a real
    problem in Rwanda around critical minerals and I would say we
    see alleged smuggling of resources from the DRC conflict zone
    that are contributing to the destabilization of the country,
    the exploitation of people, and, again, often working against
    America's interests as we globally compete for these critical
    minerals and rare earth metals.
        I am wondering if you have an assessment of Rwanda's
    involvement in mineral smuggling and not only its impact--if
    you can give me your thoughts if you agree with me about the
    severity of the crisis--but some thoughts on how we stop it.
        Mr. Kneedler. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for the
    question. This is, indeed, a very serious concern, the issue of
    the illicit flow of resources across borders throughout the
    region, throughout the Great Lakes region.
        There are a number of regional initiatives established to
    deal with precisely this problem. Rwanda participates in a
    number of these initiatives. Rwanda has also taken some steps
    to legitimize its mineral trade, has implemented some
    traceability measures.
        But it is true there is still work to be done in that
    regard. If confirmed, Senator, I would look forward to working
    with Rwanda to plug those remaining gaps. But it is an issue of
    concern.
        Senator Booker. I appreciate that. And my last question,
    Doctor General--my mother would be more proud of you--Murthy,
    you heard from my Republican colleagues, which I think are all
    legitimate concerns, about U.S. sovereignty, about
    transparency.
        I think my colleagues--Republican colleagues--put
    rightfully, trying to get facts and truth out. I wonder if I
    could ask some of their--maybe the inverse of their questions
    because I see China trying to influence a lot of world
    organizations, not just the United Nations.
        They are trying to out influence us in creating the rules
    of the world order, and I guess I would like to hear from you,
    keeping in mind the legitimate concerns that my colleagues have
    brought up, what is the opportunity lost should we not be
    leaning into an organization like the WHO, if we do not
    exercise Americans' leadership and, as I often hear from our
    peer countries, the indispensable nature of America's
    leadership in defining the world order?
        Dr. Murthy. Thank you, Senator Booker, for that question.
        I think there is a lot to be lost if we do not have
    American leadership at the WHO. I think we are the nation that
    can most effectively press for the transparency and
    accountability that is needed to make the WHO into the even
    more effective and impactful organization that it needs to be
    for the future.
        But I also think what matters are our values. When we lead
    the approach we take to global health is one that supports
    human rights, that brings people to the table, that looks to
    care for and support the most underserved communities that are
    traditionally left out.
        These are important values that we cannot take for granted
    and I am not confident that without American leadership that
    those values would be advanced with the same vigor and
    effectiveness.
        So I think it is vital that we are on the world stage
    engaging with the WHO and bringing member nations together to
    push for the effective organization in the WHO that we need and
    to ensure, again, that agreements that we put together,
    amendments that we make to the international health
    regulations, are ones that not only make sense but have teeth
    so we can move together with strong relationships but also with
    accountability.
        That, in my mind, Senator, is how we create a safer world
    for tomorrow. That is how we ensure that there are risks to our
    children of enduring another pandemic and one that has impacts
    both on their physical and mental health is diminished in
    probability and that is why I feel that this is urgent work
    because we cannot wait another five or 10 years to engage and
    ensure that the WHO is the effective organization it needs to
    be. We need to do that work right now.
        Senator Booker. You are--unlike the other four on the
    panel, you and I have known each other for 10 years. I consider
    you a friend. I could whisper this to you privately but I want
    to say to you publicly, I think that my--a lot of my Republican
    colleagues are such good faith actors that it would behoove
    you, should you get confirmed, to pull some of them close in in
    this important role that you have.
        I see you and Senator Barrasso are both doctors. I, too,
    have a science degree in political science but there is a lot
    of expertise here on this subcommittee and I think it could
    really work well to have us take our role in organizations like
    the WHO to another level of leadership that also gives the
    American public the confidence that these organizations are not
    being used to undermine public safety or to obscure truth and
    fact but, indeed, to help make for a safer world.
        I want to also say for the record, not that I am picking on
    you, Doctor General, who my mom would be more proud of, I want
    to just say to you that your work in the area of mental
    health--it is a global crisis coming out of a pandemic and I
    think that that you have unique insights and expertise that
    could really help not just at home in your role as Attorney
    General but in a larger planet that is seeing a lot more
    stressors on a lot of nations, and I am looking forward to
    learning a lot more from you.
        I want to say to the group as we--as I bring this to a
    close, Ms. FitzGibbon, you talked about development, democracy,
    and diplomacy. I want to use different D-words for you. Every
    one of you is doing a job and, should you be confirmed, will
    have to do a job, and especially the folks who have been career
    diplomats before have done this with the Ds of doing things
    that are difficult, doing things that are demanding, and doing
    things that are very, very dangerous.
        We are a nation that has seen the challenges our diplomats
    have faced from physical attacks to dealing with environments
    that are amid severe conflict.
        We also know that the work that you do, which many of us
    who travel as members of the Foreign Relations Committee have
    seen with our own eyes, you all are doing work that ultimately
    secures democracy, saves lives, and expands access to human
    rights.
        The work that you all do is extraordinary and the work that
    you--and the support you get from your family--I am so happy
    that many of you had family members here--that should be noted.
    I did not just say that in a perfunctory manner about your
    patriotism because there are a lot of symbols of patriotism.
        But you all in many ways, as we travel around the world,
    are showing the substance of what I think are lives dedicated
    to making this nation and the world a better place.
        I love our history and I love the role that some of our
    first ambassadors held, people like Ben Franklin and Thomas
    Jefferson. They showed the way of what it means to be the light
    of this nation abroad and helping to not only secure American
    interests but make for better alliances and more hope and
    democracy globally.
        And so I just want to say as we bring this hearing to a
    conclusion that I am grateful, I am hopeful, and while this
    might not have--I just came from an earlier hearing today with
    the Attorney General, which was a packed room--You may not see
    the celebrity of this moment but you all are people who are
    more concerned with significance than celebrity and purpose
    than simple popularity.
        And so with that, I am going to adjourn the hearing. I
    would like to thank you all for your participation. I want to
    thank your family members for coming as well.
        You all know this but this hearing record will remain open
    until the close of business on Thursday, March 2nd. I guess
    that is tomorrow. Okay.
        It is going to stay open until the end of business
    tomorrow, March 2nd. I would encourage you that if there are
    questions for the record--many of my colleagues who are pulled
    in different directions on the days we are in session, they may
    submit to you questions for the record.
        I suggest you take them very seriously, as I know that you
    do, answer them diligently so that we can have a smooth vote
    here in the Senate, which I hope--in this committee, which I
    hope then--we will send you to the Senate floor for a full
    vote.
        But I am very honored to be sitting before you all and I
    really do hope that I get a chance to serve with you in the
    positions to which you have been nominated.
        With that, this hearing is adjourned.

        [Whereupon, at 4:27 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                 Additional Material Submitted for the Record

         Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted to
             Dr. Vivek Hallagere Murthy by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. 2023 is set to be a significant year for the World Health
    Organization. Member states are expected to consider amendments to the
    International Health Regulations at the next World Health Assembly in
    May. And negotiations are under way for an international pandemic
    accord. I understand the Biden administration put forward several
    amendments to the IHRs to improve information sharing and the process
    of issuing alerts related to public health incidents. If confirmed,
    what actions will you take to ensure the WHO can meaningfully support
    collective efforts to prevent, detect and respond to pandemic threats?

        Answer. COVID-19 reminded us that infectious diseases do not stop
    at our borders and that global engagement and coordination is required
    to protect Americans against current and future health threats. One of
    my top priorities for the position, if confirmed, is to make sure we
    are better prepared for the next pandemic. We must all internalize,
    better understand, and ensure that the lessons of COVID-19 and prior
    infectious disease threats are reflected in a clear strategy for
    addressing future pandemics, including effective surveillance and
    detection, rapid response, and sustained efforts to support recovery.
    The World Health Organization (WHO or Organization) can play a key role
    in this effort by working to strengthen its and its Member States'
    capacities. It also will require successful engagement on negotiations
    currently underway to strengthen the International Health Regulations
    and develop a new pandemic accord to address broader gaps in pandemic
    preparedness.

        Question. WHO does critical work helping countries respond to
    health emergencies around the world, often in places where people are
    extremely vulnerable to abuse. WHO's response to allegations of
    widespread sexual abuse and exploitation by its staff and partners
    during the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the
    Congo drew significant concern from Member States, prompting the WHO to
    undertake a set of reforms.

       Do you think the reforms are adequate?

       If confirmed, what steps will you take to ensure WHO's mechanisms
            related to prevention of and accountability for sexual abuse
            and exploitation are both adequate, and consistently applied?

        Answer. There must be zero tolerance for sexual exploitation and
    abuse at the WHO. It is my understanding that the Department of Health
    and Human Services (HHS), the Department of State (State), and U.S.
    Agency for International Development (USAID) have been working closely
    with the WHO as they respond to sexual exploitation and abuse
    allegations and work to build stronger systems to prevent and address
    sexual exploitation and abuse in the future. The WHO has made
    improvements and laid out a Management Response Plan with next steps to
    continue progress, but our pressure on these issues must continue to be
    a top priority, especially making sure that the survivors of sexual
    exploitation and abuse receive the necessary support, perpetrators are
    brought to justice, and future incidents of sexual exploitation and
    abuse are prevented.

        Question. What reforms need to be implemented in order to achieve
    sustainable financing for the World Health Organization? Do you support
    increasing assessed contributions to the World Health Organization?
        Answer. I strongly support the ongoing efforts to strengthen the
    WHO and make it more agile, transparent, and efficient, which include
    more sustainable financing of the Organization. When Member States
    agreed in principle to increase the WHO's assessed contributions last
    May at World Health Assembly (WHA) 75, that was not a blank check, but
    rather, a commitment to step up as Member States to sustainably finance
    the Organization, and for the WHO Secretariat to step up in
    significantly changing the way the WHO's budget and finances are
    governed. If confirmed, I look forward to working to help ensure the
    WHO has delivered on those commitments and to working with State and
    HHS to continue to provide Congress with regular updates.
                                   __________

         Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted to
              Dr. Vivek Hallagere Murthy by Senator James E. Risch

    Global Health
        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to ensuring that the WHO
    holds all staff who engage in sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA)
    personally and professionally liable for their crimes?

        Answer. There must be zero tolerance for sexual exploitation and
    abuse at the WHO. It is my understanding that HHS, State, and USAID
    have been working closely with the WHO as they respond to sexual
    exploitation and abuse allegations and work to build stronger systems
    to prevent and address sexual exploitation and abuse in the future. The
    WHO has made improvements and laid out a Management Response Plan with
    next steps to continue progress, but our pressure on these issues must
    continue to be a top priority, especially making sure that the
    survivors of sexual exploitation and abuse receive the necessary
    support, perpetrators are brought to justice, and future incidents of
    sexual exploitation and abuse are prevented.

        Question. We are at a critical point in negotiating an
    international pandemics agreement and, according to Ambassador
    Hamamoto's team, things are not going well. Do you commit to ensuring
    that any agreement that creates new or expanded legal obligations upon
    the United States be submitted in the form of a treaty, and thus
    subject to Senate advice and consent?

        Answer. The timeline for developing the Pandemic Accord is very
    ambitious, and therefore the International Negotiating Body and WHO
    Member States are on an aggressive schedule. But, we all recognize that
    we must be ambitious in order to protect ourselves and the world from
    future pandemic threats. The Pandemic Accord is an opportunity to
    strengthen the global health security architecture for future pandemic
    threats by applying the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other
    outbreak responses. This is the first time we are undertaking this type
    of pandemic preparedness exercise on a global scale, and we must ensure
    the outcome is as strong as possible. Ambassador Hamamoto and her team
    are leveraging the strengths and expertise from across the federal
    government to make this happen. I agree that transparency and
    accountability are an important facet of all the work we are
    undertaking as we learn from the pandemic, and it is my understanding
    that experts are examining the legal questions around exactly what
    format the final agreement will take. Regardless, I believe that
    congressional engagement in the process is extremely important, and if
    confirmed, I look forward to working with you.

                               follow-up question

              Question. We are at a critical point in negotiating an
            international pandemics agreement and, according to Ambassador
            Hamamoto's team, things are not going well. Do you commit to
            ensuring that any agreement that creates new or expanded legal
            obligations upon the United States be submitted in the form of
            a treaty, and thus subject to Senate advice and consent? Please
            answer yes or no, and explain your response.

              Answer. I am committed to continuing to consult with Congress
            throughout these negotiations and appreciate the input the
            negotiating team has already received through initial
            consultations. The United States is still at an early stage in
            this negotiating process, and it is my understanding that as
            this process continues, we will get a better sense of what the
            agreement will ultimately look like, including the scope of its
            content and the extent to which it will contain binding legal
            commitments. I will continue to seek consultation with Congress
            in the coming months and will urge my colleagues to do the
            same.
                                           __________

         Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted to
               Dr. Vivek Hallagere Murthy by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May, Secretary Blinken said that the People's Republic
    of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape the
    international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases. As we speak, the Party is
    cracking down on unprecedented student protests across the country.
    With their absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP
    could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.
    Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

       Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities that are
            beneficial to U.S. interests?

       Do you believe that there are any areas within which the Chinese
            Communist Party would constructively work with the United
            States in good faith?

       If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
            organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of
            China in the countries, or organizations in which you will
            work?

        Answer. I understand the United States engages with China where it
    is in our best interests. In relationship to my role as the U.S.
    Representative to the WHO Executive Board, if confirmed, I believe the
    best way for us to combat China's influence in global institutions is
    to robustly engage and lead in these institutions. When the United
    States takes a leadership role in the WHO, it leaves less room for
    China to exert its influence. The United States values cooperation,
    transparency, accountability, and human rights. We must remain
    committed to strengthening the WHO, so it can do its work better and
    without fear of any unwarranted interference. The United States is an
    effective leader at the WHO, working to build consensus and
    collegiality among Member States to prevent, prepare for, and respond
    to health emergencies. When we disengage it allows for other Member
    States to exert influence and push the organization in ways that may
    not be in the best interest of global public health including the
    health of Americans. If confirmed, I would work with my U.S. Government
    partners to ensure that the WHO focuses on its mandate of promoting
    health for all and helping everyone achieve the highest attainable
    level of health.

        Question. If confirmed, you would assume responsibilities on the
    WHO Executive Board which determines the agenda for the WHO's World
    Health Assembly (WHA). Part of the WHO's responsibilities is the
    prevention of pandemics, like COVID-19. In order to prevent future
    pandemics, we need to have a crystal clear understanding of what caused
    previous pandemics. For COVID-19, because of Chinese Communist Party
    obstruction, we unfortunately do not yet have that understanding. The
    WHO and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence have
    assessed that natural transmission was the likely source of the COVID-
    19, while the FBI and, this week, the U.S. Department of Energy,
    believe it is a lab leak. My colleagues on the Senate committee
    responsible for Health also believe a lab origin is likely. Do you
    believe that there is the possibility that COVID-19 originated through
    a lab leak at the Wuhan Institute of Virology and, if so, should that
    possibility by thoroughly investigated?

        Answer. There are a variety of views in the intelligence community
    about the origins of COVID-19. Some elements of the intelligence
    community have reached conclusions on one side, some on the other, and
    a number of them have said they do not have enough information to reach
    a conclusion. It's important to note that a significant reason why we
    have not had sufficient information is the lack of transparency from
    the Chinese Government. Getting to the bottom of the origins of COVID-
    19 continues to be a priority for the United States, and I will
    advocate strongly to this effect if I am confirmed.

        Question. Do you believe China notified the WHO regarding the COVID
    outbreak in Wuhan in a timely and responsible fashion in 2019?

       In February the WHO abandoned its investigation into whether COVID-
            19 originated, or leaked, from a lab in Wuhan because of
            ``politics across the world.'' To what extent do you believe
            opposition from the Chinese Communist Party drove the WHO's
            decision to end its investigation?

        Answer. For more than two years now, China has been blocking
    international investigators and members of the global public health
    community from accessing information. We must continue to work with
    partners around the world to press China to fully share information and
    to cooperate with the WHO.

        Question. If confirmed, will you work to reverse the WHO decision
    to stop investigating the source of COVID?

        Answer. Getting to the bottom of the origins of COVID-19 must be a
    priority, and I would strongly support efforts to investigate this
    important issue. Doing so will help provide additional information that
    can be used to better prepare for and hopefully prevent the next
    pandemic, be that more effective biosafety and biosecurity practices or
    reducing opportunities for spillover of viruses to humans.

        Question. This week, the U.S. Ambassador to China, Nick Burns,
    stated that China needed to ``be more honest about what happened three
    years ago in Wuhan with the origin of the COVID-19 crisis.'' According
    to a Wall Street Journal article, a classified intelligence report
    provided to the Biden administration, and members of Congress,
    concluded the COVID pandemic most likely arose from a lab leak. Do you
    agree with the Department of Energy and Federal Bureau of
    Investigation's conclusion that COVID most likely originated from a
    Chinese lab?

        Answer. There are a variety of views in the intelligence community
    about the origins of COVID-19. Some elements of the intelligence
    community have reached conclusions on one side, some on the other, and
    a number of them have said they do not have enough information to reach
    a conclusion. Getting to the bottom of the origins of COVID-19 should
    continue to be a priority, and I will advocate strongly to this effect
    if I am confirmed.

        Question. Like the U.N. Human Rights Council, the WHO continues to
    unfairly single out Israel on health rights. According to the
    International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, this kind of double
    standard applied to Israel is an example of antisemitism. Should the
    U.S. support any organization that engages in antisemitism?

        Answer. I agree that anti-Israel bias in international
    organizations remains a persistent challenge and believe that the
    United Nations (U.N.) must take steps to address it wherever it occurs.
    If confirmed, I will be keenly attuned to this challenge and look
    forward to consulting closely with Israeli diplomatic colleagues and
    other likeminded Member States to ensure that such bias is brought to
    light and countered vigorously and with unity of purpose.

        Question. How will you use U.S. assistance and your position with
    the WHO to stop unjustly targeting Israel?

        Answer. The United States is best able to influence the direction
    and performance of organizations such as the WHO when we are robustly
    engaged, and if confirmed, I would add my voice, energy, and experience
    to that effort, including in an instance in which Israel is unfairly
    targeted or subject to other forms of bias.

        Question. Last year, the Biden administration submitted to the
    World Health Assembly draft text to amend the International Health
    Regulations, (IHR), which govern how the WHO responds to international
    pandemics. Americans across the country have raised concerns that this
    proposal for a so-called ``Pandemic Preparedness Treaty'' would
    override American sovereignty by opening the door for the WHO to
    authorize sanctions against the United States or to assume control of
    healthcare regulations determined by American states. What is your
    assessment of the impact of the administration's proposals to reform
    the IHR?

        Answer. The United States will not support any proposal that will
    compromise our sovereignty or security. COVID-19 reminded us that
    infectious diseases do not stop at our borders and that global
    engagement and coordination is required to protect Americans against
    current and future health threats. One of my top priorities for the
    position, if confirmed, is to make sure we are better prepared for the
    next pandemic. The WHO can play a key role in strengthening its and its
    Member States' capacities. The United States proposed substantive
    amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) containing
    measures that would strengthen the WHO's ability to use available
    information to determine whether a Public Health Emergency of
    International Concern may be occurring, and based upon that
    information, inform all nations of the threat in a timely manner and
    provide valuable recommendations on how to safely and effectively
    respond.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to voting against any reform
    to the IHR or other WHO regulation that would violate the United
    States' sovereignty?

        Answer. The United States will not support any provisions that
    compromise our sovereignty or security. We will not support any
    provisions that would compromise Americans' control over their own
    health care decisions.
                               __________

         Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted to
               Dr. Vivek Hallagere Murthy by Senator Bill Hagerty

    WHO-China Ties
        Question. World Health Organization Director-General Dr. Tedros
    Adhanom Ghebreyesus--who had hailed China's Health Silk Road as an
    alternative to Western-led institutions in 2017--was lavish in his
    public and explicit praise for CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping's
    cooperation as ``very impressive and beyond words'' early in the
    pandemic. Yet, at the same time, the WHO privately complained that
    China was not sharing enough data.

       Do you believe Dr. Tedros is too close to the CCP? Please begin
            your answer with a yes or no.

       Do you believe Dr. Tedros has the confidence of the international
            community to continue to lead the WHO? If so, why?

       If confirmed, will you advocate for major leadership changes at the
            WHO? Please begin your answer with a yes or no.

        Answer. The best way for us to combat China's influence in global
    institutions is to robustly engage in these institutions as the United
    States. When the United States takes a leadership role in the WHO, it
    leaves less room for China to exert its influence. The United States
    values cooperation, transparency, accountability, and human rights. We
    must remain committed to strengthening the WHO, so it can do its work
    better and without fear of any unwarranted interference. The United
    States is an effective leader at the WHO, working to build consensus
    and collegiality among Member States to prevent, prepare for, and
    respond to health emergencies. When we disengage, it allows other
    Member States to exert influence and push the organization in ways that
    may not be in the best interest of global public health, including the
    health of Americans. If confirmed, I would work with my U.S. Government
    partners to ensure that the WHO focuses on its mandate of promoting
    health for all and helping everyone achieve the highest attainable
    standard of health.

    WHO Accountability
        Question. During your SFRC confirmation hearing, you said that you
    supported holding the WHO accountable and that the United States should
    ``not provide a blank check'' to the WHO, adding that U.S. funding to
    the WHO ``should come with assurances that the reforms we are seeking
    are happening.''

       What specific reforms must be made the WHO so that we are not
            providing a blank check?

       If the WHO fails to make these reforms, will you, if confirmed,
            advocate for the United States to suspend funding to the WHO?

       How has the Biden administration held the WHO accountable for its
            poor performance during the pandemic?

       What conditions, if any, did the Biden administration place on
            rejoining the WHO?

       What assurances has the Biden administration sought from the WHO on
            reform?

        Answer. The WHO is an essential organization; they are the only
    international organization with the mandate and convening power to
    bring together Ministries of Health and health experts across 194
    countries. Thus, I strongly support the ongoing efforts to strengthen
    the WHO and make it more agile, transparent, and efficient, which
    include more sustainable financing of the Organization. When Member
    States agreed in principle to increase the WHO's assessed contributions
    last May at WHA 75, that was not a blank check, but rather, a
    commitment to step up as Member States in sustainably financing the
    Organization, and for the WHO Secretariat to step up in significantly
    changing the way the WHO's budget and finances are governed. It is my
    understanding that the U.S. worked with WHO to lay out a clear reform
    agenda and track progress against that agenda, as well as launched a
    new Strategic Dialogue between the U.S. and WHO to ensure WHO is
    delivering on the priorities for the United States. If confirmed, I
    look forward to working to help make this happen and working with State
    and HHS to continue to provide Congress with regular updates.

    The WHO Intergovernmental Negotiating Body Pandemic Treaty ``Zero
            Draft''
        Question. During your SFRC confirmation hearing, you said that you
    would ``strive to protect American sovereignty.''

       If confirmed, what specific actions will you take to protect U.S.
            sovereignty with respect to global public health?

       Do you believe countries have the sovereign right to determine and
            manage their approach to public health-including pandemic
            prevention, preparedness, and response-pursuant solely to their
            own policies and legislation?

       Do you believe that the WHO-despite its abysmal track record during
            the COVID pandemic-should be given greater authority under
            international agreement as a coordinating and implementing
            entity during the next pandemic?

       Do you support preemptively committing the United States via
            international agreement to waive intellectual property rights-
            including on vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics-during the
            next pandemic?

       Do you support the principle of ``common but differentiated
            responsibility'' in global pandemic response?

       Do you support allowing the WHO under international agreement to
            determine fair and equitable allocation of pandemic-related
            products and resources based on public health risks and needs?

       Do you support expanded WHO authorities under international
            agreement for coordinating global supply chains for the
            production of pandemic-related products?

       Do you support allowing the WHO under international agreement to
            coordinate the creation of strategic stockpiles of pandemic-
            related products?

       Do you support obligating the United States under international
            agreement to contribute not lower than five-percent of its
            current health expenditure for pandemic prevention,
            preparedness, and response?

        Answer. The Pandemic Accord is an opportunity to strengthen the
    global health security architecture for future pandemic threats by
    applying the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other outbreak
    responses. The Accord is also an opportunity to promote and strengthen
    national, regional, and global approaches to transparency,
    accountability, improved coordination, and rapid action. While the
    substantive negotiations, led by Ambassador Hamamoto, are ongoing with
    respect to the different items you mention, the United States will not
    support any provisions in the Accord that compromise the sovereignty or
    security of the United States. We will not support any provisions that
    would compromise Americans' control over their own health care
    decisions. I believe that congressional engagement in the process is
    extremely important and, if confirmed, I look forward to hearing from
    you as conversations continue on this important endeavor.

                              follow-up questions

              Question. On March 3, the lead U.S Negotiator for the
            Pandemic Accord, Ambassador Pamela K. Hamamoto, called for the
            WHO pandemic agreement to include an obligation to provide
            ``sexual and reproductive health services'' as essential health
            care services during pandemics in the U.S. opening statement of
            negotiations this week.\1\ Do you support obligating the United
            States via international agreement to provide reproductive
            health services, including abortion, as essential health care
            during a pandemic?
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ https://apps.who.int/gb/inb/e/e--inb-4.html

              Answer. If confirmed, I will comply with all legislative
            restrictions on foreign assistance related to abortion,
            including restrictions against advocating for or against
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
            abortion in multilateral fora.

              Question. Ambassador Hamamoto also appeared to agree with
            China that negotiations and future versions of the draft treaty
            should be discussed in closed session, noting: ``I think at
            this stage I have some concerns about sharing the draft to all
            stakeholders given where we are in the process.\2\ If
            confirmed, do you commit to advocate that the pandemic
            agreement negotiations and draft text of the document be made
            public in the interests of transparency? Please begin your
            answer with a yes or no.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ https://apps.who.int/gb/inb/e/e--inb-4.html

              Answer. If confirmed, I agree that a transparent process is
            critical to the overall success of the pandemic agreement. I
            will commit to advocating with the U.S. Pandemic Negotiator,
            Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto, for a transparent and open review
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
            process that includes Congress and the American public.

              Question. If confirmed, do you commit to advocate that any
            pandemic agreement giving rise to new or expanded legal
            obligations be submitted by the President to the Senate in the
            form of a treaty and subject to advice and consent under clause
            2 of section 2 of article II of the U.S. Constitution? Please
            begin your answer with a yes or no.

              Answer. The timeline for developing the Pandemic Accord is
            very ambitious, and therefore the International Negotiating
            Body and WHO Member States are on an aggressive schedule. But,
            we all recognize that we must be ambitious in order to protect
            ourselves and the world from future pandemic threats. The
            Pandemic Accord is an opportunity to strengthen the global
            health security architecture for future pandemic threats by
            applying the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other outbreak
            responses. This is the first time we are undertaking this type
            of pandemic preparedness exercise on a global scale, and we
            must ensure the outcome is as strong as possible. Ambassador
            Hamamoto and her team are leveraging the strengths and
            expertise from across the Federal Government to make this
            happen. I agree that transparency and accountability are an
            important facet of all the work we are undertaking as we learn
            from the pandemic, and it is my understanding that experts are
            examining the legal questions around exactly what format the
            final agreement will take. Regardless, I believe that
            congressional engagement in the process is extremely important,
            and if confirmed, I look forward to working with you.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
         Submitted to Kathleen A. FitzGibbon by Senator Robert Menendez

              Conditions in the Sahel continue to deteriorate. According to
            the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, ``more
            civilian fatalities have been reported in the Central Sahel
            this year than in all of 2021, with more than 2,300 killed.''
            Successive administrations have invested significant resources
            in the security sector, but it's clear we need a more holistic
            approach. With military juntas now in power in Mali, Burkina
            Faso, and Chad, achieving an appropriate balance in Niger--so
            as to ensure that Niger remains a bulwark against
            authoritarianism and terrorism--is more important now than
            ever.

        Question. What is your assessment with regards to whether we have
    achieved the correct balance between our investments in defense and our
    investments in diplomacy and development?

        Answer. Our pivot to creating a better balance among our defense,
    development, democracy, and diplomatic investments is ongoing. Over the
    past few years, the U.S. Government has significantly augmented our
    development assistance and increased diplomatic efforts in Niger, while
    leveraging small funds and exchanges to bolster our engagements to
    strengthen democracy. As the leader of our interagency team, if
    confirmed, I will be cognizant of the need to balance our resources
    appropriately in line with our U.S. Sahel Strategy and coordinate with
    other donors to meet the country's economic, political, and security
    challenges. If confirmed, I will increase our communications to the
    Nigerien Government and people on the results of our partnership.
        I understand in recent years there has been a significant increase
    in economic investments (USAID/MCC) aimed at improving service
    delivery, expanding agricultural outputs, supporting education
    initiatives, and promoting livelihoods, aimed at strengthening
    confidence in government capacity. Diplomatic engagement that is more
    focused on inclusive governance, increasing participation, and
    encouraging political competition is our focus. If confirmed, I will
    use my position to create opportunities to strengthen the connection
    between political elites and Nigeriens and foster a shared vision for
    Niger's future. I will leverage smaller programs, including Department
    of Justice and Conflict Stabilization programs to strengthen rule of
    law and promote anti-corruption activities. Steady and consistent
    commitment to building partner capacity and human rights accountability
    will focus on building professionalism, adherence to international
    humanitarian principles, and the rule of law.

        Question. What changes have we made to better balance our approach
    since the passage of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership
    Program Act last March?

        Answer. The U.S. Sahel Strategy is based on the assessment that
    instability in the Sahel is a security problem with a governance
    solution. In Niger, the United States is working to create a better
    balance between our security and development assistance and diplomatic
    efforts. If confirmed, I will be cognizant of the need to balance our
    resources appropriately. Along with our USAID Mission Director, I will
    coordinate with other donors to support the country's economic,
    political, and security challenges.

        Question. What is the status of staffing at Embassy Niger? Have any
    posts been vacant longer than 6 months? Are the incentives currently in
    place sufficient for attracting foreign service officers? If not, how
    should they be adjusted?

        Answer. Progress has been made in filling vacancies in Niamey. The
    Mission is now down to an overall vacancy rate of 22 percent, and the
    vacancy rate is projected to drop below 10 percent by the end of the
    summer transfer season. Fourteen positions have been vacant for more
    than 6 months. At least nine of these positions will be filled in the
    coming months. If I am confirmed and am able to fill the Ambassador's
    Office Management Specialist position quickly, this will fill two more
    of the fourteen longstanding vacancies. The Bureau of African Affairs
    and Global Talent Management are working on other incentives to attract
    bidders.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to briefing the Committee on
    the status of implementation of the Sahel strategy in Niger?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will brief the Committee on the status
    of the implementation of the Sahel Strategy in Niger.
              The Government of Niger recently approved new rules related
            to NGO operations that as drafted, threaten the independence of
            operations of international and local NGOs working on
            development, good governance, and human rights. These changes
            could hamper our ability to provide aid to Niger through such
            organizations. Niger has also jailed a human rights defender--
            Abdoulaye Seydou--first for ``undermining public order'' and
            then for alleged arson.

        Question. What is the status of the new NGO regulations? Have the
    Embassy and USAID engaged directly with Parliament and the Presidency
    on these concerns? If confirmed, what steps will you take to convince
    the Government to ensure international NGOs can operate independently?

        Answer. Senior U.S. Mission Niamey officers and USAID Administrator
    Power have engaged directly with President Bazoum and his
    administration on our concerns about the NGO decree (an executive
    order) and the Nigerien Government's commitment to revise the NGO legal
    framework and uphold civil liberties. In November, the Government of
    Niger hosted a national conference with multiple government ministries,
    NGOs, and civil society leadership to review the NGO legal framework.
    Final conference recommendations included revising the NGO decree and
    decades-old NGO and association laws into a single updated law as well
    as modernizing the management of NGOs and associations. The Nigerien
    Government announced it would establish a drafting committee for the
    NGO legal framework. If confirmed, I will engage to ensure forward
    momentum on the drafting and implementation of the NGO legal framework.
    Furthermore, I will seek opportunities to technically support and
    facilitate dialogue through public and diplomatic engagements,
    underscoring international best practices for civic freedoms.

        Question. Tolerance for dissenting voices and views is a hallmark
    of a functional democracy, and muzzling these voices often backfires.
    Is there enough space in Niger for people to criticize their Government
    without fear of arrest or intimidation? Has Abdoulaye Seydou been
    freed? If confirmed, what steps will you take to strengthen respect for
    democratic rights in Niger?

        Answer. Abdoulaye Seydou, the founder and national coordinator of
    the Government opposition group Movement 62 (M62), who was arrested on
    January 23, has not yet been freed. The Embassy in Niamey is closely
    following Seydou's arrest and detention and has repeatedly stressed to
    the Government of Niger the importance the United States places on
    freedom of expression for civil society leaders and opposition figures.
    The Embassy is also deeply engaged on this issue with civil society
    leaders. If confirmed, I will raise Seydou's arrest, advocate for his
    release with top government officials, and remind them of President
    Bazoum's statements that the lack of respect for state authority is at
    the core of instability in neighboring countries. I will speak publicly
    about the importance of political space and dialogue for citizens to
    engage the Government on political and economic issues of national
    importance. I will emphasize that marginalization of dissenting voices
    feeds dissatisfaction and plays into the hands of violent extremist
    organizations. I will promote discussions about the importance of
    protecting democratic and human rights as a core strategy to counter
    terrorist recruitment messaging.

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. I have promoted respect for human rights and democracy
    throughout my career. Specifically, my work to protect human
    trafficking victims, empower women and girls, and promote the human
    rights of members of the LGBTQI+ community have been aimed at
    establishing legal frameworks to respect and protect human rights. I
    have worked with several African governments to pass or strengthen
    anti-trafficking legislation, increase prosecutions, and provide
    stronger protection for victims. In Uganda, I led an effort by female
    parliamentarians to draft and pass the country's first anti-trafficking
    legislation in 2009 and, in Sierra Leone, I participated on the
    Government's anti-trafficking committee, advising on strengthening its
    legislation, no-cost actions to raise awareness of trafficking, and on
    the importance of interagency collaboration. I was a U.S. negotiator at
    the Darfur Peace Talks, oversaw our support for 250,000 Darfur refugees
    in Chad, and supported our research team that uncovered facts that
    supported the determination that genocide was being committed by the
    Government of Sudan. In Sierra Leone, I prioritized empowering women as
    a primary mission goal, which led then-Secretary Kerry to name Embassy
    Freetown ``Gender Champions.'' I also advocated for free and fair
    elections in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Gabon, and Sao Tome and Principe.
    In Nigeria, I engaged diplomatically to assist a Christian girl fleeing
    religious persecution after receiving humanitarian parole to depart
    Nigeria. I worked with national human rights councils in Sierra Leone
    and Nigeria to ensure the human rights of members of the LGBTQI+
    community are protected. The National Human Rights Commission in
    Nigeria is taking on cases of arrests and working to challenge the law.
    Through our PEPFAR program, I led engagement with governors to stand up
    against discrimination against those with HIV/AIDS to counter
    stigmatization, which enabled us to enroll 500,000 new patients on HIV
    treatment, propelling Nigeria toward achieving epidemic control in
    2023.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Niger? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. High levels of illiteracy, poverty, insecurity, and
    alarming demographic trends are fundamental obstacles to deepening
    public participation in Niger's democracy. Our development assistance
    aims at strengthening the Government's ability to deliver services in
    health, education, agriculture, and livelihoods, and is critical to
    increasing respect for state authority and improving these trends. Our
    democracy programs are developing the capacity of youth and women to
    more fully participate in political discourse, strengthening
    journalistic integrity, bolstering rule of law, and supporting
    livelihoods.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Niger? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. At the strategic level, I will, if confirmed, engage
    Niger's political elite, across all parties, and key civil society
    leaders to gain elite buy-in to secure political tradeoffs to tackle
    the deep challenges threatening consolidation of democracy. I will
    point out when short-term interests are undermining democratic
    consolidation. It also is essential to secure long-term commitments
    that can bolster democracy, such as reforming the education sector,
    committing to educating girls, and investing in infrastructure. These
    commitments transcend administrations because they have support across
    the political spectrum. Tactically, this means frequent engagement with
    key players, including civil society, traditional leaders, and
    marginalized groups, to share information about our investments in
    bolstering democracy, and to seek their ideas and support. If
    confirmed, I will leverage our key reports-human rights, trafficking in
    persons, and religious freedom-to engage the Government on improving
    these areas of concern. I will combine public and private engagement to
    keep human rights and democracy issues at the forefront of our shared
    priorities.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to prioritize the human
    rights of women in Niger in our diplomatic, development and operation
    activities, including focusing on efforts to promote women's economic
    and political participation and strategic initiatives related to
    gender-based violence and women, peace and security. Embassy Niamey
    will promote gender balance in the selection of U.S. Government
    professional and education exchanges.
        The U.S. Government is committed to contribute to the President's
    priorities through USAID's investments increasing girls' access to
    education, particularly where child marriage rates are the highest.
    Also, USAID works with imams, community leaders, parents, and
    caregivers to support girls' education and better understand the
    positive effects of girls staying in school. USAID will begin working
    with UNICEF to address the loss of learning resulting from conflict and
    school closures by focusing on distance education for children and
    youth ages 7-15.
        Advancing women in the labor force is good for companies' bottom
    lines, good for countries' economic growth, and good for global
    security, prosperity, and stability. As such, Mission Niger promotes
    Nigerien women's participation in the International Visitor Leadership
    Program, Washington Mandela Fellows Program, and in other exchanges
    such as Fulbright and the Global Undergrad Program. Mission Niger also
    provides implementation oversight to USAID and Department of State-
    funded women, peace, and security programs and initiatives that have
    increased women's leadership and participation in community security
    networks and peacebuilding platforms in Diffa, Maradi, and Tillaberi
    regions. USAID is also supporting improved maternal and child health,
    voluntary family planning, and efforts to prevent of child early and
    forced marriage and improved access to quality, safe basic education
    opportunities.
        Embassy Niamey has a long history of supporting female
    entrepreneurs in Niger. Through a PD Section small grant more than five
    years ago, a central women's entrepreneurship association emerged in
    Niamey, which now has affiliate groups in every region. Embassy Niamey
    has sponsored shark tanks and trainings for women entrepreneurs as well
    as invested in programs to teach women vocational trades. Embassy
    Niamey also sponsors a school for women entrepreneurs in Maradi, and
    the Millenium Challenge Corporation supports functional literacy
    classes for rural Nigeriens with a focus on women.
        In addition, the Embassy is credited with training Niger's first
    female pilot, sending its first female attendee to the United States
    Military Academy, West Point and two successful nominations of the
    Department of State Women of Courage candidates, resulting in the
    elevation of women's status in the field of security, defense, and
    human rights. The Embassy's ongoing Ambassador Fund for Cultural
    Preservation Grant seeks to train and empower women potters from
    Boubon, Niger on how to keep their tradition alive while also making it
    a viable economic living.
        Girls' empowerment through sports programing is a central effort to
    promoting girls' education and schooling. The Embassy uses social media
    as a key platform to showcase our commitment to the advancement of
    women and girls as noted by the annual participation of the Young
    African Leaders Initiative social media campaign #Africa4Her
    encouraging Africans to pledge to support women's and girls' access to
    opportunity; and workshops encouraging political and civic
    participation among women before, during, and after elections.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Niger? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to meeting with a wide range of
    civil society members, human rights groups, and non-governmental
    organizations in Niger. This engagement is fundamental to our agenda to
    strengthen democracy. I will seek ways to bring these groups together
    with government officials to build trust and interaction. I will
    continue our mission's proactive approach to addressing efforts to
    restrict NGOs and civil society. I also will meet with our implementing
    partners and the USAID director to get feedback on the law's revisions
    and any other similar regulations that limit or penalize civil society
    or NGOs. Finally, it will be important to coordinate with likeminded
    diplomatic missions to amplify our positions.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will meet with democratically oriented
    political opposition figures and parties. I will encourage genuine
    political competition and defend the importance of a level and
    inclusive playing field for all political actors. I will make
    interventions when needed to encourage positive behaviors and make use
    of all the available tools necessary. It will be important to start
    talking to key players now about preparations for the elections in
    2025. Access and inclusivity for women, minorities, and youth within
    political parties is a central tenet of our programs and diplomatic
    engagement to strengthen governance in Niger. I consider these critical
    constituencies and will nurture their political participation.
        Reversing severe gender inequality will remain a priority. This
    includes focusing on efforts to promote women's economic and political
    participation and strategic initiatives related to gender-based
    violence and women, peace and security. To the extent possible, Embassy
    Niamey ensures gender balance is applied in the selection of U.S.
    Government professional and education exchanges, and I will continue
    this policy.

        Question. Will you and your embassy team actively engage with Niger
    on freedom of the press and address any government efforts designed to
    control or undermine press freedom through legal, regulatory or other
    measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with independent, local
    press in Niger?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will lead our embassy team in engaging on
    press freedom. Our efforts will include voicing our concerns when we
    see limits or regulations designed to undermine press freedom or
    efforts to intimate journalists. The Embassy's public diplomacy team
    has excellent relationships among independent journalists in Niger and
    I look forward, if confirmed, to further strengthening their capacity
    to effectively serve as a watchdog and report accurately on national
    events.

        Question. Will you and your embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to lead our mission's efforts
    to counter the increasing spread of disinformation, which is a threat
    to stability in Niger. Those carrying out disinformation campaigns
    often target specific populations by capitalizing on and/or exploiting
    the grievances, vulnerabilities, incentives, and/or suspicions that
    make each group susceptible to manipulation. Nigeriens are vulnerable
    to disinformation when actors (including state and non-state actors,
    and foreign governments) are willing to prey on these weaknesses by
    targeting populations with false and misleading information.
        The United States coordinates closely with Nigerien officials on
    regional security issues, including to address the inherent risk of
    instability in the Sahel region posed by disinformation and armed
    groups operating along Niger's borders. The United States will continue
    to monitor emerging disinformation narratives on an ongoing basis and
    support civil society and independent media voices advocating on behalf
    of democratic principles and processes.
        The Government has asked for assistance with disinformation. The
    Senior Bureau Official for Public Affairs highlighted our commitment to
    counter disinformation when she visited Niger in late 2022. The
    Embassy's Public Diplomacy Section secured an expert in media to train
    journalists, government officials, and civil society on how to properly
    run press operations, how to manage the media ecosystem, and
    understanding why it is important. USAID also has conducted eight
    programs to date and is training journalists on public accountability;
    promoting civic action to monitor and counter hate speech and violence;
    and to study, correct, and mitigate disinformation.

        Question. Will you and your embassy teams actively engage with
    Niger on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will ensure the Embassy team will
    actively engage with labor groups to understand any limitations on the
    right to organize. I also will engage relevant government officials on
    issues as they arise.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Niger, no matter
    their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will advocate for and defend the human
    rights and dignity of all people in Niger, no matter their sexual
    orientation or gender identity. I will work with the national human
    rights organization to mainstream the rights of LGBTQI individuals. It
    is important to strengthen the capacity of domestic institutions to
    defend the human rights of all Nigeriens.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Niger?

        Answer. As noted in the 2021 Human Rights Report, there is a strong
    societal stigma against same-sex sexual conduct, but there are no laws
    criminalizing adult consensual same-sex sexual conduct. Gay men and
    lesbians experienced societal discrimination and social resentment.
    LGBTQI+ associations reportedly conducted their activities secretly, in
    part because they were not officially registered. There were no reports
    of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation or
    gender identity. There were no documented cases of discrimination in
    employment, occupation, housing, statelessness, or access to education
    or health care based on sexual orientation. Observers, however,
    believed stigma or intimidation impeded individuals from reporting such
    abuse.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Niger?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support LGBTQI+ persons in Niger
    through outreach and inclusion in mission activities, and by speaking
    out on the importance of protecting the human rights of members of the
    LGBTQI+ community. I will facilitate linkages between LGBTQI+ groups
    with other civil society groups and with government entities, to
    include the national human rights commission to mainstream their issues
    for protection like those of members of other groups. I will seek
    opportunities to demonstrate our support for LGBTQI+ issues publicly.
    In our activities, I will be guided by what the LGBTQI+ organizations
    themselves request and the principle of ``do no harm''.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Niger?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will keep Members of Congress and/or
    their staff apprised, as appropriate, in coordination with the Bureau
    of Legislative Affairs.

        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at Embassy Niamey?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will communicate my commitment to a
    workplace where diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility are
    core to our mission's work. The Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) and I
    will participate in Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
    (DEIA) activities to underscore the value we place on professional
    growth, promoting diversity, equity, inclusion, accessibility, and a
    workplace free from harassment and bullying. I will establish a monthly
    professional day during which all mission employees will participate in
    skills development, security awareness, mentoring sessions, and DEIA
    activities. The DCM and I will also ensure that our DEIA Council has
    the support it needs and that we promote forums for open discussions of
    difficult issues, such as the ongoing NEC Talk series. Finally, I take
    my responsibility for creating an environment free of harassment and
    bullying seriously and will address conduct and discipline problems
    appropriately as they arise. Taken together, these actions are aimed at
    empowering both our U.S. and Locally Employed Staff to make good
    decisions and promote an inclusive, positive work environment. This, in
    turn, strengthens our ability to carry out our foreign policy agenda.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Niger?

        Answer. Locally employed staff will be part of our ongoing
    Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility activities. Cross-
    cultural sharing between American and Nigerien staff will be a central
    tenant of our workplace environment. If confirmed, I will meet
    regularly with the Locally Employed (LE) Staff Association and do
    frequent walk-abouts to better understand how our LE Staff work with
    each other. It also will be important to teach our U.S. Direct Hire
    staff to look beneath the surface when situations arise to better
    understand if there is any systemic or situational discrimination
    underlying behavior. I will ensure that our employees receive the
    training they need to spot discrimination or harassment and report
    immediately.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts?

        Answer. If confirmed, l commit to continuing to ensure equity in
    our programs. I will use the Integrated Country Strategy process and
    annual reviews of USAID Operational Plans to monitor our efforts to
    include marginalized and underrepresented communities in our programs
    and operations. Our economic development programs are targeted at
    reducing multi-dimensional poverty, which means focusing on women and
    children, as the most marginalized groups. Our education and health
    programs are designed to be inclusive to enhance access in different
    regions and to ensure handicapped individuals can get health care and
    participate in the political system. Education programs are aimed at
    removing cultural and security barriers to female participation. I will
    ensure that our representational events and public diplomacy programs
    include marginalized and underrepresented groups. Our security
    assistance has increased the participation of women in security
    organizations, especially the military where female recruits have
    increased by 300 percent and boasts the first female pilot and first
    cadet at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Operationally, our
    human resources team will use diverse panels in hiring processes to
    ensure applicants are not being disadvantaged.

        Question. How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise,
    knowledge, and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will integrate our Locally Employed Staff
    into our strategic planning and ensure they fully understand our
    foreign policy goals. I will work with our Locally Employed Staff to
    expand our outreach efforts to build into our contact networks experts
    from every region and multiple groups. We will leverage the various
    languages spoken within our mission to assist our U.S. officers in
    making connections beyond the capital. I will encourage out-of-capital
    travel, security permitting, or alternatively using the technology at
    our American corners and spaces to do virtual outreach.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
         Submitted to Kathleen A. FitzGibbon by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. Given the deterioration of the situation in Mali, and the
    emergence of Niger as the U.S.' preferred partner in the Sahel, what
    will your priorities be as U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, in supporting
    Niger within the context of the threat from violent extremist groups in
    the Sahel?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that our interagency effort
    takes a multi-pronged approach by increasing our investments in
    development, democracy, and diplomacy to mirror our long-standing
    commitment to counter terrorism. Coordination is critical to sequence
    and recalibrate our efforts as needed to manage our governance and
    security priorities simultaneously. I will monitor our security
    cooperation efforts at partner capacity-building to ensure that there
    is an emphasis on professionalization and respect for human rights. I
    will support our growing development programs, which are aimed at the
    underlying causes of multi-dimensional poverty facing most Nigeriens.
    This includes our USAID programs in health, education, agriculture, and
    livelihoods. I will work to ensure that our USAID efforts are
    compatible with and leveraging our Millennium Challenge Corporation's
    compacts. The Niger Compact ($442.6 million) is increasing arable land
    and agriculture output, livestock health, and road infrastructure, and
    the recently signed concurrent regional transport Compacts with Niger
    and Benin ($302 million for Niger and $202 million for Benin) will
    rehabilitate and strengthen the transport corridor between Niamey,
    Niger and the port of Cotonou in Benin.

        Question. Niger has made positive democratic gains in recent years,
    but democratic institutions remain weak and under threat (as evidenced
    by coups in neighboring Mali and Burkina Faso). As U.S. Ambassador to
    Niger, how will you balance U.S. counter-terrorism interests with the
    need to support the development of strong and resilient democratic
    institutions in Niger?

        Answer. Our counter-terrorism interests and efforts to strengthen
    democratic institutions are inextricably linked. Niger needs the
    capacity to fight terrorist organizations in order to create the
    security conditions necessary to promote economic development and
    consolidate democratic gains. As we seek to strengthen governance as a
    key to resolving security issues, if confirmed, I will lead our
    interagency team to keep Washington headquarters elements informed
    about key resource needs. I will bolster our support for democratic
    consolidation by using diplomatic engagement, our available USAID
    funds, and our public diplomacy resources to strengthen and amplify
    civil society voices and empower women and youth participation in
    national dialogue and political processes. If confirmed, I will use my
    position to boost the inclusion of these voices in decision-making and
    work with political elites to make trade-offs that will have to be made
    now to achieve long-term gains for the country's stability.

        Question. How do these goals reinforce each other and how are they
    in conflict?

        Answer. Increased security creates the conditions necessary to
    promote economic development and consolidate democratic gains. More
    economic opportunity and a more responsive government addresses many of
    the motivators that drive people to join violent extremist groups. I
    will seek to find the right balance within our assistance portfolio to
    create a more stable Niger. The key to achieving balance is to ensure
    that we are including all segments of Nigerien society, addressing
    issues most important to Nigeriens, and creating self-sustaining
    efforts that Nigeriens can carry forward once our programs end. If
    pursuing a security-only focused agenda, there is the danger of
    neglecting democracy and human rights. If confirmed, I will ensure our
    security programs have a strong human rights component and we advocate
    publicly on human rights issues.

        Question. Looking at how Nigeria's ongoing electoral process is
    playing out, what could the United States have done differently ahead
    of and during the electoral process, including but not limited to
    foreign assistance?

        Answer. Prior to my departure from Nigeria in July 2022, the U.S.
    mission played an important role in supporting and pressing for the
    passage of the Electoral Act that included provisions for the
    electronic transmission of votes. The mission also pushed for
    additional elections support. The Department's facilitation of
    Washington visits for leading presidential candidates enabled the
    United States to communicate U.S. expectations surrounding the
    elections. The mission encouraged youth leaders to be more involved and
    they registered in high numbers. At the time, the viability of a third-
    party candidate had not yet gained traction. The mission had concerns
    about how the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System would work but at the
    time of my departure, did not foresee significant issues with the
    separate system for uploading of results. The slow upload is a source
    of criticism that is contributing to the undermining of public
    confidence in the election results.

        Question. What lessons will you take with you to Niger from your
    experience as Deputy Chief of Mission in Nigeria?

        Answer. From Nigeria, a critical lesson learned is the importance
    of working with Congress on key issues, such as arms sales. The
    mission's engagement with Congressional staff on the proposed
    helicopter sale was useful to support our requests for a human rights
    advisor and political section position to follow security force
    accountability. Both of these positions have increased the mission's
    ability to discuss human rights and accountability issues with the
    military. There is still a long way to go, but the tone and substance
    of our interactions improved. It also will be important to maintain
    contact with Congress to better understand concerns in order to tackle
    them. If confirmed, I will build on this experience by prioritizing
    respect for human rights and accountability with the Nigerien
    Government in order to maintain our ability to support the security
    partnership. Another important takeaway from Nigeria is the importance
    of countering disinformation and communicating publicly about our
    values even as we are engaged in behind-the-scenes dialogue.

        Question. As Chief of Mission in Niger, how will you support the
    recently reopened USAID mission in Niger to contribute to the
    achievement of U.S. foreign policy objectives in Niger?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be a strong advocate for USAID
    programming, personnel, and resources because the country's needs are
    so great. Our binding constraint is Niger's absorptive capacity and the
    limited capability locally to implement programs. To be effective, it
    is important to have a consistent, predictable budget over time and
    higher staffing levels within the mission to advance our foreign
    assistance objectives and coordinate with other donors. Currently,
    USAID is lacking 60 percent of the staff necessary to implement foreign
    assistance programming. If confirmed, I will create a positive
    interagency work environment, advocate for additional incentives, and
    highlight the critical nature of our mission to attract additional
    bidders. I will support additional appropriate resource requests and
    work closely with the USAID Mission Director on a strategy to fill
    positions.

        Question. In your hearing, you committed to supporting Niger in
    strengthening its democracy. What specific types of democracy
    assistance do you think are needed in Niger?

        Answer. Traditional democracy assistance, such as providing
    technical support to the electoral commission, voter education, and
    assistance to civil society, including political party development, is
    needed now to enhance political participation ahead of the elections in
    2025. If confirmed, I will step up our diplomatic engagement across the
    political spectrum, make our expectations clear with the Government
    about the importance of a level playing field, and create opportunities
    for civil society and youth to channel demands into political action. I
    will engage political players to stress the importance of making the
    necessary trade-offs for long-term stability over short-term political
    considerations. I will ensure that our development assistance remains
    focused on long-term investments to bolster democracy, such as
    education sector reform, improving girls' education, and investing in
    infrastructure.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report Niger remained on Tier 2 for not fully meeting the minimum
    standards for the elimination of trafficking but making significant
    efforts to do so.

        Answer. In 2019, Niger's increased efforts to combat Trafficking in
    Persons (TIP) resulted in an upgrade from Tier 2 Watch List to Tier 2.
    Since 2019, Niger has successfully maintained a Tier 2 ranking, which
    requires Niger to demonstrate overall increasing efforts year-on-year
    to bring themselves into compliance with the relevant standards. Over
    the past year, the Government of Niger has proposed new legislation to
    criminalize hereditary slavery and established an inter-ministerial
    committee to combat forced begging. These efforts are in addition to
    its increasing law enforcement efforts to investigate, prosecute, and
    convict traffickers and to identify and protect survivors of the crime.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Niger operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. In confirmed, I will draw on my past experience working
    with several African Governments to pass or strengthen anti-trafficking
    legislation, increase prosecutions, and provide stronger protection for
    victims. I will use my position to raise public awareness on
    trafficking in persons and work with neighboring U.S. missions and
    other diplomatic missions in Niamey on cross-border trafficking,
    particularly as it relates to migrants. I will host government
    officials and civil society groups on a regular basis to measure anti-
    trafficking progress.

        Question. What is your assessment of religious freedom in Niger and
    if confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. The constitution prohibits religious discrimination and
    provides for freedom of religion and worship consistent with public
    order, social peace, and national unity. There is no restriction on
    private, peaceful proselytization or conversion of an individual's
    personal religious beliefs from one religious faith to another. The
    Government prohibits open-air, public proselytization events for all
    religious groups, purportedly due to safety concerns. If confirmed, I
    will continue the Embassy's long-standing advocacy for religious
    tolerance and freedom, and engagement with members of all faiths in
    Niger. I will welcome engagement from the Ambassador-at-Large for
    International Religious Freedom, who met with Nigerien officials in
    December 2022, so our approach in Niger to promoting religious freedom
    is informed by the most recent guidance and best practices.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on promoting religious freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will personally engage with civil society
    on promoting religious freedom. Promotion of religious freedom is vital
    to peaceful and tolerant society and is a defense against the spread of
    extremism that has been so devastating to the people of Niger.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Niger increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will use my position to host religious
    leaders for roundtable discussion and I will meet with religious
    leaders during in-country trips to emphasize the important role they
    can play to prevent and mitigate conflict. I will leverage our Public
    Diplomacy programming and exchanges to find opportunities to expose
    young leaders to religious freedom issues. I also seek opportunities
    for U.S.-based Muslim scholars to visit Niger and interact with various
    audiences in and out of the capital.

        Question. The State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report describes
    significant human rights issues in Niger including unlawful or
    arbitrary killings by the Government, serious restrictions on free
    expression and media. How will you direct your Embassy to work with
    civil society organizations to improve the human rights situation on
    the ground? How will you approach addressing these serious human right
    issues with the Nigerien Government?

        Answer. Working with civil society organizations is critical to our
    understanding of the human rights situation in Niger as they are on the
    frontline of addressing challenges facing their communities. If
    confirmed, I will encourage my team to continue to work closely with
    civil society so that the United States has an accurate picture of
    human rights concerns so that we can address them with the Government
    and design programming to improve the human rights situation in the
    country. I understand the Embassy discusses human rights issues with
    the Government at the highest level and I will continue to do this, if
    confirmed. Government officials are responsive to requests for
    information, and cabinet members and their staff readily meet with us
    to discuss various issues. Promotion of respect for human rights is an
    important cross-cutting priority for all mission activities. U.S.
    military assistance includes training the Nigerien Ministry of National
    Defense legal advisors on our own Uniform Code of Military Justice
    (UCMJ) systems; this kind of training is a critical step in improving
    prosecutions of such cases. Lastly, the Embassy has advocated for the
    training of all Nigerien soldiers on respect for human rights.

        Question. According to the Conduct in U.N. Field Missions online
    portal, there are 11 open allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse
    by the country's peacekeepers deployed to U.N. peacekeeping missions,
    in cases from 2022, 2018, 2016, and 2015. The Nigerien Government has
    not explained what actions if any have been taken to address these
    allegations, including substantiated allegations where the perpetrators
    have been repatriated to Niger. How will you engage with the Niger
    Government to ensure that perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse
    from U.N. peacekeeping missions are held accountable?

        Answer. The United States will continue urging our Nigerien
    interlocutors to meet peacekeeper conduct, discipline, and
    accountability standards, including those spelled out in U.N. Security
    Council Resolution 2272 (2016), championed by the United States. We
    will continue support to the U.N. to rigorously apply its ClearCheck
    vetting system, which prevents individuals subject to sexual
    exploitation and abuse allegations from later redeploying to
    peacekeeping operations. The Government has kept the mission informed
    about investigations into two incidents, one in 2017 and another in
    2021, one of which is now with the Attorney General. If confirmed, I
    will advocate that the findings of these investigations be made public.

        Question. How do you intend to work with senior leadership at the
    State Department to address acute staffing challenges at Mission
    Niamey?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Bureau of African
    Affairs and Global Talent Management to identify existing gaps and
    future needs to ensure that Mission Niamey has the right mix of
    positions to achieve our goals, through the annual Mission Resource
    Request, and also on an ongoing basis. We will focus ahead of bidding
    season and proactively recruit officers. The Bureau of African Affairs
    and Global Talent Management are exploring increased incentive packages
    for Niger. Already, an additional Rest and Recuperation has been added
    and several civil service officers have been assigned to fill vacant
    foreign service positions. Niamey's vacancy rate stood at 40 percent in
    December 2022 and is now 26 percent with the arrival of new officers. I
    will keep Washington apprised of staffing needs and take advantage of
    different programs, such as hard-to-fill opportunities, Pickering and
    Rangel Fellows, and Eligible Family Member positions. Finally, I will
    negotiate deadlines with Washington, and the DCM and section chiefs
    will be empowered to triage workloads when needed to protect our
    employees from burnout.

        Question. Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over
    the last several years, in large part due to COVID. What is your
    understanding of morale throughout Mission Niamey?

        Answer. My understanding is that morale is good at Mission Niamey
    despite the challenging environment and the lingering impact of stress
    from COVID-19. Personnel in Niamey have a strong sense of purpose and
    mission. They see the results of their work and see the rewards,
    including through promotions. Nonetheless, the removal of COVID-19
    travel restrictions has resulted in a heavy visitor workload for post,
    setting the scene for potential burnout as employees balance visitor
    support with required reporting and other taskings.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Niamey?

        Answer. My six tours in Africa taught me the importance of being
    attentive to each employee's professional development and ensuring that
    they know how their work fits into the Embassy's mission and
    achievement of Department goals. It also is important to take care of
    the needs of Eligible Family Members through employment and activities
    that bring the community together. Creating and maintaining an
    environment free of harassment and bullying is a hallmark of my
    leadership style and essential for employees to flourish. If confirmed,
    I will advocate for additional incentives for officers serving in
    Niamey to attract more bidders to fill vacancies and reinforce our
    stretched-thin workforce. Leadership at hardship posts also showed me
    the importance of frequent and clear communication with our employees
    and being inclusive in our decision-making. I will model the importance
    of work-life balance and ensure our managers know how to set priorities
    and negotiate deadlines to avoid employee burnout and promote
    resilience.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Niamey?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be leading a U.S. Government team
    comprised of seven agencies at post. This means ensuring all agencies
    understand the mission and activities of others and discussing the
    tradeoffs that often need to be made on foreign policy goals or Embassy
    operations together. I have found that a structured approach should
    include weekly Country Team meetings and the dissemination of minutes
    throughout the mission, weekly meetings with agency leaders that
    include the DCM to discuss programs and events, mission-wide
    participation in the Integrated Country Strategy and Mission Resource
    Request planning requests. Internal clearances on cables and memos will
    include relevant sections and agencies at post to ensure all
    perspectives and equities are included. Mission-wide off-sites and
    professional development days will be used to review our progress and
    develop our workforce skillsets and build a sense of community and
    mission. Finally, if confirmed, under my leadership, Mission Niamey
    will review our goals and achievements as we update our Integrated
    Country Strategy. This is an effective tool to keep all agency activity
    in-line with our mission goals.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Niamey?

        Answer. My six tours in Africa taught me the importance of being
    attentive to each employee's professional development and ensuring that
    they know how their work fits into the Embassy's mission and
    achievement of Department goals. It also is important to take care of
    the needs of Eligible Family Members through employment and activities
    that bring the community together. Creating and maintaining an
    environment free of harassment and bullying is a hallmark of my
    leadership style and essential for employees to flourish. If confirmed,
    I will advocate for additional incentives for officers serving in
    Niamey to attract more bidders to fill vacancies and reinforce our
    stretched-thin workforce. Leadership at hardship posts also showed me
    the importance for frequent and clear communication with our employees
    and being inclusive in our decision-making. I will model the importance
    of work-life balance and ensure our managers know how to set priorities
    and negotiate deadlines to avoid employee burn out and promote
    resilience.

        Question. Management is a key responsibility for chiefs of Mission.
    How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. My management style is open and empowering. A lifelong
    athlete, I benefited from excellent coaching and know-how to strike the
    balance between correcting behavior and keeping employees motivated.
    This means jointly identifying employee weaknesses and agreeing on how
    to bolster the skills necessary to strengthen them. I strive to
    maintain a workplace atmosphere where mistakes are turned into learning
    opportunities. I will coach our employees through decision-making
    processes to develop their leadership skills and provide regular
    mentoring and support. I am decisive, but inclusive of a wide range of
    views and will communicate the ``why'' of a decision to make sure those
    who were involved and those not involved understand what the Executive
    Office will be doing and the rationale for it. If confirmed, the Deputy
    Chief of Mission and I will be attentive to workplace issues and create
    a harassment and bullying free environment.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. It is never acceptable or constructive to berate
    subordinates. Performance and conduct management needs to be a regular
    and ongoing process. Mistakes are learning opportunities and correcting
    them can be an inclusive, constructive process that is done in private.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. I have worked previously with the current Deputy Chief of
    Mission (DCM) in Niger. As a three-time DCM and long-term Charge
    d'Affaires myself, I understand what it takes to establish and nurture
    a strong, collaborative relationship between the Ambassador and DCM. If
    confirmed, I will listen and learn from the experience of the current
    DCM who has served as CDA for the last 15 months and respect the
    relationships she has established with Nigerien officials and within
    the mission. I view the DCM role as a force multiplier and as someone
    who must be ready to step in during my absence so she will be involved
    in key internal and external meetings. I will expect her to deliver her
    honest, frank opinion so that together we can make the best decisions
    possible. I will create an environment in which she can feel free to
    disagree with me when we consider options or suggest course
    corrections, but that we present a united front to the mission once a
    decision is made. Leadership at the top must be proactive, consistent,
    and fair. If confirmed, I am confident the DCM and I will be able to
    create a positive work experience for our team in Niamey.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your Deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. The Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) is arguably the most
    difficult position at post. If confirmed, I will leverage my experience
    as a three-time DCM to establish a strong and symbiotic relationship to
    oversee mission operations and conduct our foreign policy. As I lead
    the mission, I will need to be able to work through the DCM to ensure
    that we are protecting U.S. Government resources across agencies,
    running an efficient Interagency Cooperative Services platform, and
    supporting our personnel needs. The DCM will play the role of chief
    operating officer of the mission, but also be involved in our foreign
    policy agenda. I will include her in meetings with government officials
    and in communications with Washington. She will ensure that performance
    management, budget oversight, and human resources platforms are
    performing effectively and our operations soundly steward U.S.
    Government resources. I expect her to develop her managerial skills
    across all aspects of mission life and will coach her as needed. I also
    will ensure that the DCM and our other employees share in our
    representational activities to expand our outreach activities. I will
    expect the DCM to oversee our leadership, mentoring, and Diversity,
    Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility programs.

        Question. In order to create and continue employee excellence at
    the Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports (EERs)
    for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though often lacking.

        Answer. I believe that a strong performance management culture is
    essential backbone to professional development and to achieving mission
    goals. I also teach both employees and their supervisors on how best to
    capture an employee's achievements and use counseling discussions to
    improve performance. I look closely at how section heads supervise
    their employees and oversee U.S. Government resources and include these
    in their own work requirements. I teach employees that what you do is
    important, but how you do it is critical to achieving success in what
    one does. Another important component is to ensure that our Locally
    Employed Staff supervisors are trained formally and mentored on their
    supervisory responsibilities. This is important because culturally,
    some Locally Employed Staff are conflict-adverse and need coaching on
    how to correct behavior or improve performance of those they supervise.

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes. I believe that establishing open communications
    between employees and their supervisors is at the core of effective
    performance management. Throughout my career, I have mentored
    supervisors on how to provide feedback, write employees performance
    reviews and counseling documents. If confirmed, I will continue to pay
    close attention to developing the performance management skills of our
    supervisors and the employee's understanding of how the system benefits
    their professional development.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes, providing clear, accurate, and direct feedback has
    been a hallmark of my leadership and supervisory style. A good coach
    helps employees develop their skills, work on their weaknesses, and
    prepare them for their next assignment. I will ensure that post's
    mentoring programs for entry and mid-level officers are integrated into
    monthly professional development days. Open communications in no-fault
    discussions are important to making sure that both the employee and the
    supervisor agree and that perceptions do not diverge over expectations.
    I will also seek to reward high performers and ensure that the
    mission's award program clearly identifies benchmarks that merit
    recognition so that awards are meaningful. Weekly recognition of
    mission achievements is a way to reward performance and on-the-spot
    awards can be used regularly to encourage employees throughout the
    year. When I see exceptional performance, I also will stop by to see or
    send an e-mail to an employee so that they know I valued their
    contribution to an assignment. When I see mistakes, I send an e-mail
    called ``Coaching Corner'' to put in writing the implications of the
    mistake and offer suggestions on better ways to handle future
    situations.

        Question. It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
    abroad to meet with local actors, including host government officials,
    non-government organizations, and local citizens.

        Answer. It is imperative for diplomats to develop a wide range of
    contacts that include government, diplomatic community members, civil
    society, law enforcement, security officials, private sector
    businesspersons, religious and traditional leaders, regional officials,
    women, and youth. My analytic background drives my need to tap into
    diverse sources of information to better evaluate facts in order to
    make policy recommendations.

        Question. In your experience, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    Embassy walls enough to fully accomplish their missions?

        Answer. In my career, security concerns have changed the way
    diplomats travel in-country or get ``beyond the wire.'' I have directed
    our employees to get out of the mission to meet and cultivate a wide
    range of contacts in and outside the capital and major cities. To
    enable these efforts, I have sought and received the resources
    necessary to support their in-country travel. In my previous assignment
    in Nigeria, security concerns were real across the country as they will
    be in Niger, but we had an obligation to monitor our robust assistance
    portfolio. I worked with the Regional Security Officer and Diplomatic
    Security to make sure we had enough armored vehicles and security
    assets to get our employees on the road while also ensuring their
    personal security. Our program was tightly controlled, but we were able
    to have over 360 trips outside the capital to allow our diplomats,
    health experts, and development officers to travel to all corners of
    Nigeria without incident. If confirmed, I will seek to do the same in
    Niger.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will encourage and support in-country
    travel with adequate security resources and also mentor employees on
    thinking-outside-the-box on how to reach local populations. As a soccer
    player, I myself meet and interact with local population through sports
    and if confirmed, I will support an active sports diplomacy agenda. On
    a regular basis, I will ensure that our employees are maintaining
    contacts with regional leaders at all levels and meeting with them in
    their areas and when they come to the capital. It also means ensuring
    that employees are using representational events and funds to cultivate
    contacts and promote mission goals. Our Embassy in Niger already has a
    goal that guest lists for events include 50 percent female invitees. I
    will tap into the expertise of our Locally Employed Staff and our
    implementing partners to find ways to connect our officers with the
    grass-roots levels of society. I will continue public diplomacy
    programs that target women and youth and to leverage the extensive
    alumni network, which includes participants across all U.S. Government
    agencies to reach their home areas. In addition, I will seek ways to
    expand our recruitment efforts for various programs and training, such
    as the Ambassador's Self-Help Fund, International Military Education
    and Training, African Women's Entrepreneurial Program, Mandela
    Washington Fellows, beyond traditional contact networks. I will support
    cross-cultural learning from our Locally Employed Staff and U.S.
    employees as well as learning of local languages. I will encourage our
    mission employees to participate in our English language programs to
    meet and support Nigerien youth.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Kathleen A. FitzGibbon by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May, Secretary Blinken said that the People's Republic
    of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape the
    international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases. As we speak, the Party is
    cracking down on unprecedented student protests across the country.
    With their absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP
    could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.
    Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Yes, the activities of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) represent a significant challenge to
    U.S. economic, political, and security interests globally and in the
    Africa region. Under President Xi, the PRC has become more repressive
    at home and more assertive abroad. We will defend and strengthen U.S.
    national security, prosperity, and values; defend international law and
    agreements and the other principles and institutions that maintain
    peace and security; and protect the rights of individuals and sovereign
    nations. As Deputy Chief of Mission in Nigeria, I had numerous
    discussions with government officials, including legislators, on the
    PRC's use of its influence in the U.N. and abroad in ways that
    undermine the rule of law, democratic principles, and the broader
    rules-based international order. Our engagement on these issues
    resonated with the Government. As Secretary Blinken said, we will
    invest, align, and compete with the PRC to defend our interests and
    build our vision for the future. If confirmed, I will invest in our
    partnership with Niger; highlight the risks associated with PRC
    engagement that could impact Niger's security, democratic principles,
    sovereignty, and U.S. interests; and ensure that our vision of regional
    security and prosperity provides the basis of a positive U.S.-Niger
    partnership that competes successfully with the PRC.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. We are committed to working with Beijing only if it secures
    American jobs, American values, and our way of life for future
    generations. Issues like food security, global health, climate change,
    the global drug trade, and COVID-19 are the very issues that directly
    threaten our prosperity and security and that of Niger. PRC
    contributions should be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are not a
    springboard for narrow PRC economic interests.
        If confirmed, I will also work with the Department of State's new
    Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Nigerien context.
    This new office, inaugurated immediately following the U.S.-Africa
    Leaders Summit, brings together a group of China experts from
    throughout the Department and beyond to work more effectively with
    colleagues from every regional bureau and experts in international
    security, economics, technology, multilateral diplomacy, and strategic
    communications. In addition, I will direct the members of post's PRC
    working group to work closely with the Regional China Officer based in
    Abidjan.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States will engage constructively with the PRC
    when it is in our interest to do so in Niger. For example, issues like
    food security, global health. climate change, the global drug trade,
    and COVID-19 are the very issues that directly threaten our prosperity
    and security, and that of Niger, which is one of the countries most
    affected by climate change and is a major crossroads for smuggling
    routes between the continent and Europe. If confirmed, on climate
    change issues, I will be a staunch advocate for U.S. companies over PRC
    firms as the Government seeks renewable energy solutions to ameliorate
    the impact of climate change in Niger.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries, or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will consult Department guidance on
    engagements with PRC organizations or representatives to work together
    when it is in U.S. interests to do so.

        Question. The State Department has framed U.S.-Niger relations as
    ``close and friendly.'' Externally, Niger is surrounded by instability,
    conflict and crises on its borders and is among the world poorest and
    least developed countries in the world. Over the past decade, as
    regional stability has eroded, the U.S. and Niger have increased
    cooperation militarily, with health aid, food security programs, and
    agricultural development. Niger hosts approximately 1,000 U.S. military
    personnel and USAID bilateral aid totaled more than $78 million in FY
    2021. Niger faces external and internal terrorist and insurgent
    threats, ranging from Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, and IS-offshoots. As such,
    Niger is a top recipient on the African continent for U.S. Department
    of Defense (DoD)-administered Counterterrorism assistance. Given the
    fragile state of Niger's economy and democracy, how vulnerable is Niger
    to terrorist groups flourishing in their country?

        Answer. President Bazoum acknowledges Niger's vulnerability to
    violent extremist organizations and is pursuing a multi-pronged
    strategy to strengthen the country's security architecture and to
    tackle complex issues such as education, agriculture, livelihoods, and
    the climate crisis. He has stated that the solution to insecurity is
    good governance. U.S. Government assistance is aimed at bolstering the
    Government's ability to deliver services in these critical areas to
    consolidate public support for democracy and reverse negative
    demographic trends. Over 70 percent of Nigeriens are youth and 70
    percent of Niger's children are out of school. Most girls only get 1.4
    years of education and 76 percent of them are married by 18 and have on
    average seven children. President Bazoum views reversing these
    demographics as the key to depriving violent extremist organizations of
    recruits and to consolidating the country's democratic gains. Our non-
    military bilateral investments target these demographics and are aimed
    at improving livelihoods. In addition to FY 2021 funding, we plan to
    allocate over $90 million in FY 2022 bilateral development assistance
    for Niger, subject to availability of funds and congressional
    notification, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation has two compacts
    with Niger totaling $700 million to increase agricultural outputs,
    increase arable land through irrigation, and strength rural road
    networks as well as the road to the Port of Cotonou, Benin. Our
    investments support Bazoum's economic priorities and he is being
    inclusive and attempting to balance resources across the country's
    region.
        Niger is punching above its weight regionally and internationally
    as it seeks to leverage partnerships to further bolster its defenses.
    This includes a troop commitment to MINUSMA, G-5 Sahel, and the
    Multinational Joint Task Force in the Lake Chad Basin as it coordinates
    counter-terrorist activities with other countries in the region. It is
    a reliable counter-terrorism partner for the United States and active
    member of the D-ISIS Coalition, just recently hosting a meeting in
    Niamey. President Bazoum understands that defeating terrorism requires
    a multi-pronged approach, which includes non-military interventions in
    education, health, food security, and livelihoods. He views
    partnerships with the U.S. and other likeminded countries as critical
    to succeeding against violent extremists.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you leverage your position to
    ensure Islamist insurgents do not make progress in Niger, like we have
    seen them make in Mali and Burkina Faso?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue fostering our strong
    bilateral ties through our defense, development, democracy, and
    diplomatic engagements to build Niger's capacity to defend its borders
    and deliver services to its population to counter violent extremist
    groups. Our new strategy for the Sahel emphasizes governance solutions
    to security problems. I will leverage our assistance to support
    improved public service delivery to boost public confidence in
    democracy.
        I also will reach out across Niger's elite political class to
    foster a consensus on achieving the country's national goals. This
    means promoting dialogue among the political class on the trade-offs
    that must be made in the short term to achieve stability over the long-
    term for all Nigeriens. My long experience in Africa will help me
    identify the interests of key political players and find common ground
    across politicians, civil society, and security officials. With
    likeminded donors, I will amplify our expectations of democratic
    consolidation, respect for human rights, and political inclusion. I
    will travel throughout Niger--security permitting--to meet with
    Nigeriens and promote our people-to-people relationships. I will work
    closely with AFRICOM and Special Operations Command Africa to support
    our continued security cooperation assistance, which includes training
    and equipping the Nigerien armed forces and sharing information.

        Question. Unfortunately, we have seen China take advantage of poor
    and developing countries in Africa by exploiting cheap labor and
    offering debt trap loans for projects or mines. Does the CCP play any
    role in Niger's economy, including the mining and energy sectors?

        Answer. The PRC is less active in Niger relative to other African
    countries and has a diplomatic, but not a military presence in Niger.
    It is focused on oil production and infrastructure, including an oil
    pipeline and a hydroelectric dam. It is now adding vaccine cooperation
    and some economic recovery projects. The PRC has also dropped in public
    opinion despite its vigorous public relations campaign. Niger is
    skeptical of PRC investment because it uses PRC labor and delays
    infrastructure projects. If confirmed, I will continue the United
    States' robust relationship across the board with Niger, making us its
    partner of choice. Our development, defense, humanitarian, and
    democracy programs are aimed at removing constraints on economic
    growth, improve livelihoods and lives, enhance governance, and enhance
    security. We have answered the Government's request on how to counter
    disinformation with USAID and Public Diplomacy programs to train
    journalists, strengthen the foundations of journalistic integrity, and
    how to identify disinformation. As a result, the United States is
    viewed as being a supportive player in achieving Niger's overall
    development goals in contrast to the PRC.

        Question. What steps will you take to identify projects, with Niger
    officials and the Development Finance Corporation, regarding
    opportunities for U.S. companies to compete with CCP funded projects?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that post has an active
    interagency ``Deal Team'' and a China Working Group, designed to seek
    opportunities for U.S. businesses and to monitor PRC activities. I will
    establish contacts across the U.S. business community in Niger, the
    Corporate Council on Africa and BCIU, and lead Direct Line calls with
    U.S. companies on opportunities in various sectors. U.S. companies are
    interested in investments in the renewable energy sectors and the
    Government is supporting them. I will ensure that our economic officers
    leverage our substantial economic toolkit, which includes Power Africa
    and the Development Finance Corporation. I will meet with U.S.
    companies during visits to Niger and during consultations in
    Washington. Our USAID and MCC programs are deepening our contact
    networks and understanding of private sector investment opportunities,
    which can be leveraged to help U.S. companies interested in energy,
    agriculture, and the digital economy. Finally, I will use our
    diplomatic engagement to show government officials and the public that
    the United States is a better partner than the PRC in terms of
    sustainable investments aimed at bettering the lives of Nigeriens.

        Question. Mali, Burkina Faso and the Central African Republic have
    invited the Wagner Group, a Russian private military company
    responsible for gross violations of human rights abuses around the
    world, to assist in their counter-terrorism efforts and have
    subsequently ended the presence of French and Western troops. In your
    assessment, has the participation of the Wagner Group in counter-
    terrorism operations led to operational gains against Boko Haram and
    the Islamic State?

        Answer. We do not assess that the Wagner Group operations have led
    to operational gains. The Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset
    indicates that violent extremist organization attacks are rising. The
    reported human rights abuses committed by Wagner and its partner armed
    forces will likely only serve to swell the ranks of violent extremist
    organizations. Niger is highly critical of the presence of the Wagner
    Group in neighboring Mali and Burkina Faso, particularly its reported
    human rights abuses and contracts for minerals and resources. President
    Bazoum is staunchly opposed to Wagner's activities and reported human
    rights abuses in both countries. Niger maintains troops in MINUSMA in
    Mali and have deployed troops on its borders with both Mali and Burkina
    Faso to defend against terrorist incursions. Russia does not have an
    embassy in Niger and the ambassador travels to Niamey from Bamako,
    Mali. Niger does have Russian helicopters and is looking to buy U.S.
    helicopters to bolster its mobility against terrorist groups. Niger
    also asked for our assistance in countering disinformation. Our public
    diplomacy and USAID programs have provided experts and training to
    Nigerien journalists on the importance of information integrity, how to
    identify disinformation, and how to counter it. The Department's Senior
    Bureau Official for Public Affairs traveled to Niger late last year to
    discuss disinformation with Niger.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to ensure that Niger also
    does not invite the Wagner Group into their country?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will keep President Bazoum abreast of
    Wagner's activities in the region and share information as appropriate.
    He views Wagner as a destabilizing force in the region and is firmly
    against its expansion into Niger. I will use interagency working groups
    within the mission to gather information and formulate responses. This
    will include our public diplomacy officers who are monitoring the press
    for disinformation promulgated by Wagner. I have found that thematic
    working groups are an effective tool in countering malign influence.
    Fortunately, we already have an ally in the Government of Niger, which
    understands the danger Wagner presents to the country's stability and
    long-term prosperity.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to Kathleen A. FitzGibbon by Senator Bill Hagerty

              As you know, on February 18, 2023, an Israeli diplomat who
            was an accredited observer with an entry tag was expelled from
            the opening ceremony of the African Union summit. In the
            following days, the African Union Commission Chief stated that
            Israel's observer status that the bloc has been suspended.
            These actions are part of a larger effort to delegitimize
            Israel by states driven by hatred. Just as biased targeting of
            Israel at the United Nations is a grave concern, anti-Israel
            actions and rhetoric in other international forums also cannot
            be ignored. Indeed, what happened to Israel at the AU Summit is
            reprehensible and unacceptable.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you to do to address this
    problem?

        Answer. AU Commission Chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat accepted the
    Israeli Ambassador's credentials in 2021. However, this decision was
    challenged by some AU member states, as permitted by the AU
    Constitutive Act. The AU established a Heads of State Committee,
    comprised of six member states, to consult on the accreditation issue
    with plans to report back at the 2023 AU Summit. Faki's acceptance of
    Israel and its observer status have been hold pending his receipt of
    the Committee's recommendation. According to the AU, AU Chairperson
    Faki's staff had convened the Israeli delegation in advance of the AU
    Summit to ask that the delegation not attend the event, as the
    Committee had not yet made a final decision. I understand that with
    that information, Sharon Bar-li, Israeli Deputy Director General of the
    Africa Division of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs still
    decided to attend the opening ceremony on February 18 and was
    subsequently escorted out by AU security.
        If confirmed, I would continue to advocate that Israel's role in
    the African Union be quickly clarified and confirmed as an observer. As
    Deputy Chief of Mission in Nigeria, I worked with Israel's Embassy in
    Abuja to convey to Nigerian Government officials the value Israeli
    observer status would bring to the AU. I would advocate with Nigerien
    officials that multilateral institutions are strongest when differing
    voices and perspectives are engaged to enact change that impacts global
    populations. Israel's impact on Africa is significant, from its
    contributions to technology and resources to bolstering food security
    efforts via substantive trade--it is an important partner to the
    continent and can share vital perspectives for the AU's work.

        Question. What would you do to engage with foreign governments and
    ensure that Israel is not unfairly targeted, but rather included in
    future African Union summits and other regional and international
    forums?

        Answer. If confirmed, I plan to work closely with the U.S. Mission
    to the African Union to continue advancing Israel's relationship with
    the AU. By harnessing the strong relationships that we have with member
    states across Africa, we can and should elevate Israel as an important
    partner to the African Union. I will be able to leverage my experience
    in the African Union-led negotiations on Darfur, where external
    partners were able to play a positive role at crucial points in the
    discussions and in committing to support AU peace agreements.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to doing everything within
    your power to further regional security and prosperity by encouraging
    Niger to re-normalize its relations with Israel?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to advocating for and facilitating
    Israel's efforts to normalize its relationship with Niger. Such efforts
    could include emphasizing Israel's expertise in agriculture,
    technology, and security, which could benefit Niger achieve its
    development and defense goals. I have strong working relationships with
    Israeli diplomats in the region that have furthered our shared
    interests with host governments and will leverage those. Niger is
    punching above its weight in regional and international fora because it
    has a broad perspective on the importance of international cooperation.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Eric W. Kneedler by Senator Robert Menendez

              According to the U.N. Group of Experts (GoE) for the
            Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), there is overwhelming proof
            that Rwanda is once again supporting U.N.-sanctioned M23 rebels
            in eastern DRC. The Rwandan-backed M23 is now responsible for
            killing more than 100 Congolese civilians and displacing
            hundreds of thousands more, downing a U.N. helicopter and
            murdering several U.N. peacekeepers, numerous acts of sexual
            violence, and the recruitment of child soldiers.

        Question. Do you agree with the U.N. Group of Experts findings that
    Rwanda is supporting M23 and that Rwandan troops are fighting alongside
    M23 in eastern DRC?

        Answer. Yes, the Department of State finds the evidence presented
    in the report to be credible.

        Question. Does documented Rwandan support for M23 mean that Rwanda
    is in violation of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act and section
    7042(a) of FY 2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act P.L. 117-328)
    regarding destabilizing activities in a neighboring country, including
    aiding and abetting armed groups?

        Answer. I understand the State Department is currently going
    through the process of developing 2023 Child Soldiers Prevention Act
    (CSPA) list recommendations for the Secretary's review. The CSPA will
    be published in the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, which is due
    to Congress no later than June 30 each year. I cannot speculate on the
    outcome of that review.
        Since 2017, Rwanda has been subject to Section 7042(a) of FY 2023
    Appropriations Act, which restricts certain types of International
    Military Education and Training (IMET) assistance.

        Question. What steps can the U.S. take to hold accountable senior
    Rwandan Government and military officials who are responsible for
    fomenting instability, violence, and gross violations of human rights
    in eastern DRC?

        Answer. The U.S. Government has a range of possible policy tools,
    including targeted financial sanctions and visa restrictions, that can
    be utilized to promote accountability. If confirmed, I will consider
    every tool at my disposal to resolve this crisis.

              Rwandan President Kagame's efforts to target, kidnap, and
            kill dissidents both in Rwanda and abroad are well documented.
            U.S. permanent resident Paul Rusesabagina and his family are
            among those targeted by Rwanda while living in the United
            States. Rusesabagina, who is now illegally detained by Rwanda,
            was lured onto a charter flight and flown to Rwanda without his
            knowledge as part of an operation Rwandan President Kagame
            later described to the New York Times as ``flawless.''
            According to the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting
            Project (OCCRP), in 2015 the FBI told the State Department's
            Bureau of African Affairs that the Rwandan Government
            interfered in the U.S. asylum process and ``almost certainly''
            compromised an Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
            investigation into a Rwandan national who resided in the U.S.
            and had applied for U.S. asylum. ICE deported the applicant to
            Rwanda in 2016 and he is now serving a 14-year jail sentence in
            Rwanda for comments he made about the Rwandan regime while
            living in the United States. In January 2023, meanwhile,
            Rwandan journalist John Williams Ntwali--who was one of the
            only remaining journalists in Rwanda reporting on allegations
            of torture, disappearances, and land evictions by the Rwandan
            Government--was killed under mysterious circumstances.

        Question. If confirmed, will you commit to meeting with the
    families of Paul Rusesabagina, Rwandan journalist John Williams Ntwali,
    and other recent victims of Rwandan Government oppression and abuse?

        Answer. I am deeply concerned about the Rwandan Government's
    repression of dissidents, both domestically and abroad. If confirmed, I
    will coordinate closely with the Department and other interlocutors to
    ensure meeting with families and victims would be helpful or
    advantageous to these or other cases. If so, I will gladly meet with
    them.

        Question. Will you commit to reviewing this FBI report before
    starting your assignment in Rwanda? Does the State Department agree
    that the Rwandan Government likely compromised an ICE investigation
    which resulted in an individual's deportation and subsequent
    imprisonment in Rwanda?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will work with the FBI to review the
    report. While I am not in a position to speculate on the ICE
    investigation, if confirmed, I commit to working to counter
    transnational repression wherever and whenever possible.
        The State Department's Travel Advisory for Rwanda is currently at
    the lowest level, ``Level 1: Exercise Normal Precautions.'' This is
    lower than the State Department's Travel Advisory for the United
    Kingdom which is at ``Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution.''

        Question. Given Kagame's well-documented practice of kidnapping,
    jailing, and assassinating critics, are Americans or American residents
    who publicly criticize the Rwandan Government safe in Rwanda?

        Answer. Travel Advisories communicate to U.S. citizens the risks of
    travel to a particular country. The State Department does not believe
    U.S. citizens who criticize the Rwandan Government are in danger of
    kidnapping, jailing, or assassination in Rwanda.

        Question. Should the State Department raise the Travel Advisory for
    Rwanda and add a ``D'' indicator to this Travel Advisory to warn
    Americans of the risk of wrongful detention by the Rwandan Government?

        Answer. The State Department updates Travel Advisories on a regular
    basis. The Wrongful Detention indicator is used when there is a policy
    determination that U.S. citizens face the risk of wrongful detention.
    The State Department does not believe U.S. citizens are in danger of
    wrongful detention in Rwanda.

        Question. Prior to Secretary Blinken's visit to Rwanda in August
    2022, the State Department described Rwanda as a ``strategic partner.''
    Given Kagame's longstanding disregard for basic democratic and human
    rights norms, his decision to once again foment violence and
    instability in neighboring DRC, the illegal detention of Rusesabagina,
    and Kagame's continued efforts to silence critical voices and views
    both in Rwanda and abroad to include inside the United States, do you
    view President Kagame as a credible partner or someone who shares U.S.
    values and interests?

        Answer. The United States and Rwanda share a broad and longstanding
    bilateral partnership. We cooperate in many areas of mutual interest,
    including on public health, education, the environment, and economic
    growth issues. Rwanda is one of the most effective implementers of U.S.
    assistance on the continent. However, as previously noted, U.S. and
    Rwandan policy views diverge in significant ways and those differences
    have become more pronounced in the past year. The United States is
    deeply concerned about Rwanda's involvement in eastern DRC and its
    approach to human rights, including transnational repression and the
    wrongful detention of Paul Rusesabagina. The United States does not see
    eye-to-eye with President Kagame on the best way to govern. If
    confirmed, I will actively engage the Government of Rwanda to resolve
    or reduce areas of concern and disagreement.

        Question. Given the Rwandan military's support for M23, implication
    in the recruitment of child soldiers, and Rwanda's well-documented use
    of cyber tools to target dissidents in the U.S. and around the world,
    was it appropriate for the United States to invite members of the
    Rwandan military to participate in the ``Justified Accord'' exercise in
    Kenya in February 2023 and provide Rwandan security forces with
    training on cyber techniques?

        Answer. All engagements with Rwanda are evaluated through the lens
    of whether the activity supports U.S. interests and is consistent with
    our policy to stabilize the region. If confirmed, I commit to you that
    I will ensure all engagements align with U.S. policy towards Rwanda and
    advance broader U.S. goals and objectives.
        In addition to fighting alongside M23 in eastern DRC, Rwandan
    troops are operating in the Central African Republic and Mozambique.
    There are reports that the Rwandan Government is using the presence of
    Rwandan troops in these countries to target dissidents and secure
    access to natural resources. According to media, several Rwandan
    businesses owned by Rwanda's ruling party have recently started
    operating the mining, private security, and construction sectors in
    Cabo Delgado in Mozambique.

        Question. To what extent are Rwandan military personnel
    coordinating with the Wagner Group in the Central African Republic
    (CAR)?

        Answer. I am not aware of coordination between Rwandan Defense
    Forces and the Wagner Group in CAR.

        Question. Are Rwandan troops in CAR or Mozambique facilitating
    Rwandan Government or business access to natural resources, minerals,
    government contracts, or mining sites?

        Answer. Rwanda has entered into bilateral agreements with the
    Central African Republic (CAR) and Mozambique. Rwanda's 2021 bilateral
    agreement with CAR covers security, transportation, mining, and
    economic planning. Kigali continues to play a constructive role in CAR
    as the leading troop and police contributor to the U.N.
    Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in CAR. In addition,
    Rwanda's efforts to encourage progress on the CAR peace process have
    been constructive. If confirmed, I would be glad to work with State
    Department experts to provide you with a classified briefing to discuss
    this topic in greater detail.
        On July 20, 2022, I wrote to Secretary Blinken to express concern
    about the Rwandan Government's continued disregard for basic democratic
    and human rights norms and the need for U.S. policy to adjust
    accordingly. In the letter, I encouraged the Department to undertake a
    review of our policy toward Rwanda, clarify whether the Department can
    sanction Rwandan officials implicated in the kidnapping of Paul
    Rusesabagina, protect Americans and American residents in Rwanda by
    raising the Department's Travel Advisory for Rwanda from ``Level 1:
    Exercise Normal Precautions'' to ``Level 3: Reconsider Travel,'' and
    consider restrictions on U.S. security assistance to Rwanda.

        Question. Please provide an update on the status of my request to
    conduct a policy review.

        Answer. I understand the interagency is currently reviewing U.S.
    policy towards Rwanda. If confirmed, I look forward to participating in
    that process or helping to implement its decisions. Again, if
    confirmed, I will work to ensure U.S. policy towards Rwanda aligns with
    U.S. national interests and objectives, and will remain in close
    contact with members and staff from the Senate Foreign Relations
    Committee.

        Question. Are Rwandan Government officials responsible for
    transnational repression subject to sanction under the ``Khashoggi
    Ban'' or Executive Order 14078 and the Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery
    and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act?

        Answer. I understand the United States continues to review
    incidents of serious, extraterritorial counter-dissident activity
    following Secretary Blinken's announcement of the Khashoggi Ban in
    February 2021. While I am aware of concerns related to reports of
    transnational repression by the Government of Rwanda, I cannot
    speculate as to how or whether the Khashoggi Ban or Executive Order
    14078 could be applied in any particular case.

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. As a Political-coned officer, I have had the honor and
    pleasure of working closely on human rights issues at virtually every
    stop of my professional career. I have worked closely with human rights
    advocates in Mauritius, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and
    Kenya, supporting them in any way possible and championing their work.
    I have also either drafted or helped manage and supervise the process
    of drafting the Human Rights Report in every one of these countries.
    This human rights advocacy has helped civil society groups advance
    their critical work and sent a clear message to every host government
    that the United States stands shoulder to shoulder with democracy and
    human rights advocates.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Rwanda? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. The United States considers Rwanda to be a constitutional
    republic dominated by a strong presidency. The Rwandan Patriotic Front
    (RPF) has ruled Rwanda since 1994. President Kagame has been in power
    since 2000 and faced elections in 2003, 2010, and 2017, each time
    winning more than 90 percent of the vote. The Government represses its
    political opponents, both in Rwanda and abroad, and members of
    opposition parties face the threat of disappearance, arbitrary arrest
    and detention, and assassination. Kagame has already indicated he plans
    to run in the 2024 presidential election. As the election approaches,
    it is likely Rwanda's political space will become even more
    restrictive, as Kagame seeks to intimidate, disappear, and threaten
    opponents. If confirmed, I will strongly support and promote the
    benefits of democracy--not just in practice but in substance--to
    Rwandans. I will encourage the Government of Rwanda to ensure and
    respect the rights of its citizens to exercise their rights to freedoms
    of expression, conscience, and peaceful assembly, including through the
    electoral process, and underscore that meaningful progress on
    democratic performance will contribute to Rwanda's long-term peace and
    stability and bolster its capacity to achieve Rwanda's ambitious
    development and economic growth goals.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Rwanda? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. As promoting democracy within the Government of Rwanda is a
    difficult task, Mission Kigali's approach to diplomacy and assistance
    recognizes the indispensable role of civil society in Rwanda.
    Democracy, human rights, and governance programming supports civil
    society organizations engaging with their communities and with
    government officials on citizen involvement in government processes.
    Promoting greater government accountability is an integral part of
    this. The Embassy also regularly meets with members of civil society to
    be sure their input is included in our approach to the U.S.-Rwanda
    bilateral relationship. If confirmed, I will strongly support the
    ongoing efforts to promote democracy in Rwanda and encourage my team to
    seek out creative engagement and new programming ideas. As stated
    above, there are significant challenges to promoting democracy in
    Rwanda. However, it is important to further accelerate these critical
    efforts.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will leverage U.S. Government assistance
    resources to support democracy, respect for human rights, and good
    governance as vigorously as possible. I will consult with USAID, the
    State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Rights and Labor, other
    agencies and offices, civil society, and non-governmental organizations
    to determine whether we should pursue new programming approaches that
    might help unlock additional progress. I will ensure all assistance
    programs administered by Mission Kigali are as effective and impactful
    as possible.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Rwanda? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will gladly meet with civil society
    members, local and international human rights and other NGOs, as well
    as other members of civil society in Rwanda. I believe meeting with
    these organizations sends a clear message to the Government of Rwanda
    and these organizations that the United States supports their work,
    leading to incremental progress in the democracy, rights, and
    governance arena. I will work with partners on the ground and the
    Government to stop efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil
    society.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to meeting with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties in Rwanda and will
    welcome their recommendations about what additional steps Mission
    Kigali could take to encourage genuine political competition. Rwanda is
    a global leader in gender equality, but I will advocate for greater
    access and inclusivity for women, as well as minorities and youth
    within political parties.

        Question. Will you and your embassy team actively engage with
    Rwanda on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Rwanda?

        Answer. Yes. Mission Kigali regularly meets with independent, local
    press in Rwanda and, if confirmed, I will welcome the opportunity to
    participate in those engagements. Mission Kigali will continue to
    identify opportunities to discuss and promote press freedom with the
    Government of Rwanda.

        Question. Will you and your embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes. The People's Republic of China (PRC), in particular,
    actively messages in Rwanda. Mission Kigali's public messaging promotes
    U.S. values and explains the value of U.S.-Rwanda bilateral cooperation
    to the people of Rwanda. The United States has a good story to tell in
    Rwanda, a story that can effectively counter disinformation. If
    confirmed, I look forward to telling it wherever and whenever possible.

        Question. Will you and your embassy teams actively engage with
    Rwanda on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. If confirmed, I plan to meet regularly with labor unions
    and workers to hear their concerns and ideas. Engaging with the
    Government of Rwanda, businesses, and trade unions to promote worker
    rights is critical to building a strong middle class and achieving
    sustainable, long-term, inclusive economic growth.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Rwanda, no matter
    their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. Yes. All people deserve to have their human rights and
    dignity respected and defended, regardless of their sexual orientation,
    gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Rwanda?

        Answer. Although Rwanda does not criminalize LGBTQI+ conduct or
    identity, Rwandan society stigmatizes LGBTQI+ persons. Rwandan law does
    not protect LGBTQI+ persons from discrimination based on sexual
    orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics.
    Embassy Kigali reports that LGBTQI+ community members believe that hate
    speech and harassment, especially of transgender persons, is
    increasing. Rwandan law does not provide for marriage equality--but
    neither is marriage equality criminalized. LGBTQI+ persons in Rwanda
    experience societal discrimination, stigmatization, and abuse. LGBTQI+
    civil society and community members report that government officials do
    not adequately respond to reports of abuse and crimes committed against
    LGBTQI+ persons, especially at the local government levels, and thus
    LGBTQI+ persons often do not report crimes committed against them for
    fear authorities would be indifferent or complicit. LGBTQI+ persons
    have difficulty registering non-governmental organizations.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Rwanda?

        Answer. Embassy Kigali assesses there are many opportunities to
    engage the Government of Rwanda, civil society, and the media to
    advance the human rights of LGBTQI+ persons. If confirmed, I look
    forward to exploring these opportunities and supporting LGBTQI+ persons
    in any way I can.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Rwanda?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will be glad to brief relevant Members
    of Congress and/or their staff, as appropriate, in coordination with
    the Bureau of Legislative Affairs.

        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy in Rwanda?

        Answer. If confirmed, one of my top priorities would be to advance
    the goals and objectives of Mission Kigali's Diversity, Equity,
    Inclusion and Accessibility (DEIA) Committee. I would emphasize in Town
    Halls, Country Team, and Senior Staff discussions from the outset that
    the DEIA's work is of paramount importance and will require the focus,
    attention, and input of the entire community. In addition, I will apply
    lessons learned from my time leading Mission Nairobi's DEIA team, while
    also underscoring the importance of active and inclusive mentoring.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Rwanda?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will underscore from the outset in Town
    Halls and discussions with Locally Employed (LE) staff my expectation
    that the entire Mission will be actively engaged in promoting
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility. I will also make it
    very clear that under my leadership, Mission Kigali will not tolerate
    racism, discrimination, or inequality in any form.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will commit to engaging more equitably in
    operations and programming, particularly with potential partners and
    communities that traditionally have been marginalized, excluded, or
    underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership efforts.
        If confirmed, I will ensure Mission staff prioritize travel
    throughout the country, regular engagement and exchanges with host
    country nationals, and the critical contact work that fuels effective
    diplomacy overseas. I would work to remove any impediments standing in
    the way of allowing this to happen so that the Mission team can best
    advance our foreign policy goals.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                 to Eric W. Kneedler by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda, if confirmed, do you commit
    to regularly engaging with the Rwandan Government over its continued
    unlawful detention of U.S. permanent resident and recipient of the
    Presidential Medal of Freedom Paul Rusesabagina?

        Answer. Yes. I have been following Mr. Rusesabagina's case very
    closely. If confirmed, resolving this case will be one of my top
    priorities, and I will maintain high-level engagement with the
    Government of Rwanda and pursue any and all avenues that might help
    resolve this matter as expeditiously as possible.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you view the
    continued unlawful detention of Mr. Rusesabagina in the context of the
    broader U.S./Rwanda relationship?

        Answer. The wrongful detention of Paul Rusesabagina is a
    significant bilateral irritant, and the Department of State has made
    this very clear to the Government of Rwanda on multiple occasions. This
    case is one of a number of issues that has negatively impacted the
    bilateral relationship and is preventing the United States and Rwanda
    from expanding cooperation and collaboration.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, do you commit to
    ensuring that, in coordination with the Belgian Embassy, Paul
    Rusesabagina receives a consular visit on a monthly basis?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. On January 19, 2023, Rwandan authorities reported that
    leading investigative journalist John Williams Ntwali, who reported on
    human rights abuses in Rwanda, died in a vehicle accident a day prior.
    The lack of a credible independent and transparent investigation
    further raises suspicions about the circumstances around his death. As
    U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda, if confirmed, how will you engage the
    Rwandan Government on this issue?

        Answer. The Department of State is concerned about the death of
    John Williams Ntwali and has monitored the case closely from the first
    report. I understand the Government of Rwanda has been forthcoming with
    Embassy Kigali about the case. However, I agree that the rapid
    investigation and closed trial do raise questions. If confirmed, I will
    raise this case and similar cases with Rwandan Government counterparts.
    I will strongly advocate for freedom of expression and media freedom as
    part of the U.S. Government's broader commitment to supporting and
    promoting respect for human rights.

        Question. What is your view of the crisis in Eastern Congo--
    particularly since the reengagement of M23--and Rwanda's role in it?

        Answer. I am alarmed by the situation in eastern Democratic
    Republic of the Congo (DRC), where escalating violence is exacerbating
    immense human suffering, leading to hundreds of deaths and the internal
    displacement of over 600,000 people. I am deeply concerned with
    Rwanda's troop presence in the DRC, which violates the DRC's
    territorial integrity, and their support for the M23 armed group, which
    is public knowledge due to the U.N. Group of Experts midterm report
    released in December. The United States supports the mediation efforts
    led by Angola and the East African Community to resolve the
    longstanding crisis and has been urging the Rwandan and DRC Governments
    at the highest levels for more than a year to deescalate tensions and
    commit to peace. Rwanda's concerns about armed groups espousing
    genocidal ideologies are understandable but must be addressed through
    consultations with the Government of the DRC and cannot justify support
    for other armed groups or incursions by the Rwandan military. I believe
    Rwanda and the DRC have much to gain from cooperative relations with
    neighbors and a more stable region.

        Question. How will you engage the Rwandans on the crisis in Eastern
    Congo as U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will reinforce the messages that Secretary
    Blinken and other senior U.S. officials have delivered: that Rwanda,
    and all countries in the region, must respect the DRC's territorial
    integrity and that Rwandan military incursions into the DRC are not
    acceptable. I will pursue creative solutions to the crisis and work
    with any and all helpful partners. I will explain how Rwanda's actions
    damage our bilateral relationship.
        Rwanda has been, and remains, an important partner to the United
    States, particularly related to security on the continent. Rwanda is
    proving critical to stabilizing the situation in Northern Mozambique
    and potentially in the Central African Republic.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you balance
    the U.S. security relationship with Rwanda with our concerns over
    Rwanda's democratic record, particularly as it relates to repression of
    dissenting voices within and outside Rwanda?

        Answer. The U.S.-Rwanda bilateral relationship is complex. Though
    we cooperate in many areas, there are significant ways in which our
    policy views diverge. As I understand it, the United States has paused
    all new obligations of bilateral security assistance programming to
    Rwanda. If confirmed, I commit to you that I will evaluate all
    engagements with Rwanda with a focus on whether the activity supports
    U.S. interests and is consistent with our policy to stabilize the
    region.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you view the
    continued unlawful detention of Mr. Rusesabagina in the context of the
    broader U.S./Rwanda relationship?

        Answer. The wrongful detention of Paul Rusesabagina is a
    significant bilateral irritant, and the Department of State has made
    this very clear to the Government of Rwanda on multiple occasions. This
    case is one of a number of issues that has negatively impacted the
    bilateral relationship and is preventing the United States and Rwanda
    from expanding cooperation and collaboration.
        In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
    Rwanda remained on Tier 2 for not fully meeting the minimum standards
    for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to
    do so.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Rwanda operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will encourage the Government of Rwanda to
    work on the prioritized recommendations listed in the annual
    Trafficking in Persons report. In particular, I will urge them to
    ensure traffickers are held accountable for their actions by increasing
    effective investigations and prosecutions. I will also encourage them
    to develop a mechanism for screening for potential trafficking victims
    among vulnerable populations in order to refer them to protective
    services.
        In the State Department's 2021 International Religious Freedom
    report, Rwanda was noted to have a strict faith-based organization law
    and the need for transparency in working with religious groups on the
    law's implementation and requirements.

        Question. What is your assessment of religious freedom in Rwanda
    and if confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Religious freedom is a U.S. foreign policy priority. The
    Department continues to closely monitor the religious freedom situation
    in Rwanda and the region. While Rwandan law prohibits religious
    discrimination, the law on faith-based organizations led to strict
    regulations that some civil society and religious groups have noted
    make it prohibitively expensive or burdensome for religious groups to
    operate in Rwanda. If confirmed, I will support the Embassy's ongoing
    efforts, in close coordination with the Office of International
    Religious Freedom and Ambassador at Large Hussain, to engage with the
    Rwandan Government on these issues and promote protections for
    religious freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to engaging with civil society
    on this important issue.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Rwanda increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support Embassy Kigali's ongoing
    efforts to engage with the Government on this issue. I will urge the
    Government to protect religious freedom for people of all beliefs, as
    well as promote greater transparency and equity with the implementation
    of registration and regulation of religious groups and other relevant
    laws.
        In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report, Rwanda was
    identified to have significant human rights issues including unlawful
    or arbitrary killings by the Government, politically motivated
    reprisals, and restrictions on internet freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you direct your Embassy to work
    with the Government to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Though Rwanda is a challenging environment for human
    rights, the Government of Rwanda has demonstrated some willingness to
    engage in dialogue, and there are areas of possible collaboration and
    some potential for progress. If confirmed, I will ensure the Government
    of Rwanda knows democracy and human rights issues are at the forefront
    of U.S. foreign policy and will be on the agenda at every meeting. I
    will direct my team to identify and engage areas of opportunity. If
    confirmed, one of my top priorities would be to take a fresh look at
    human rights-related programming and seek to expand the scope and
    impact of the United States' work on human rights issues.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Embassy Kigali enjoys close collaboration with a range of
    civil society organizations that are able to operate in Rwanda. If
    confirmed, I will encourage the Mission to continue the strong work
    they are already doing to support civil society and promote democracy,
    respect for human rights, and good governance. I will also work to
    identify creative new opportunities to advance these critical efforts.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Kigali?

        Answer. My understanding from the most recent Mission Kigali morale
    survey is that, by and large, morale is quite high within the Embassy.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Kigali?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work to ensure that Mission morale
    remains high and do everything possible to reinforce to the community
    that I have no higher priority than the safety, security, health, and
    welfare of our Mission personnel. In addition, I would make it clear
    that I will do everything in my power to ensure they have all the
    resources and support they need, both personally and professionally.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Kigali?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work to ensure every member of the
    Mission Kigali community has a clear understanding of our Embassy
    goals, their role in advancing them, and how our collective work
    directly advances U.S. national security interests.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Kigali?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work to ensure that Mission morale
    remains high and do everything possible to reinforce to the community
    that I have no higher priority than the safety, security, health, and
    welfare of our Mission personnel. In addition, I would make it clear
    that I will do everything in my power to ensure they have all the
    resources and support they need, both personally and professionally.

        Question. How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. I would describe my management style as calm, accessible
    and characterized by self-awareness and humility with a particular
    emphasis on inclusiveness. I never have and never will tolerate any
    form of bullying, harassment, or discrimination.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. It is unacceptable to berate subordinates under any
    circumstances.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the deputy
    chief of mission?

        Answer. If confirmed, one of my top priorities would be to quickly
    forge a strong and productive working relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission (DCM), who has a wealth of experience in Rwanda from
    her extensive time as Charge d'Affaires. It is essential for the
    Ambassador and DCM to be fully aligned in advancing the work of the
    Mission team, and I would ensure that is the case in Kigali.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your deputy chief of mission?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work to ensure the entire Mission
    community knows not only that the DCM has my full confidence and trust,
    but also that the DCM always speaks authoritatively on my behalf. My
    goal would be to quickly establish that there is no daylight between
    the two of us on any Mission-related issues.
        In order to create and continue employee excellence at the
    Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports (EERs) for
    Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though often lacking

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes, it is critical to provide employees with accurate,
    constructive feedback on their performance in order to encourage
    improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I would support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers.

        Question. In your experience, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    Embassy walls enough to fully accomplish their missions?

        Answer. Yes, during every one of my previous assignments I believe
    U.S. diplomats have been able to get outside of the Embassy's walls
    enough to fully accomplish our respective missions. If confirmed, I
    would ensure Mission staff place a real emphasis on doing so in
    consultation with the Regional Security Officer.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure Mission staff prioritize travel
    throughout the country, regular engagement and exchanges with host
    country nationals, and the critical contact work that fuels effective
    diplomacy overseas. I would work to remove any unnecessary impediments
    standing in the way of allowing this to happen.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                   to Eric W. Kneedler by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May, Secretary Blinken said that the People's Republic
    of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape the
    international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases. As we speak, the Party is
    cracking down on unprecedented student protests across the country.
    With their absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP
    could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.
    Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Yes, the activities of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) represent a significant challenge to
    U.S. economic, political, and security interests globally and in the
    Africa region. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has
    become more repressive at home and more assertive abroad. We will
    defend and strengthen U.S. national security, prosperity, and values;
    defend international law and agreements and the other principles and
    institutions that maintain peace and security; and protect the rights
    of individuals and sovereign nations.
        As Charge d'Affaires, a.i. at our Embassy in Nairobi in my last
    assignment, I saw first-hand how the PRC uses its influence abroad to
    undermine the rule of law, democratic principles, and the broader
    rules-based international order. On May 26, Secretary Blinken said we
    will invest in our domestic strength and align with our allies and
    partners so that we can compete effectively with the PRC to defend our
    interests. If confirmed, I will promote U.S. investments in Rwanda and
    seek to highlight the risks associated with the kinds of PRC engagement
    that could impact Rwanda's security, economy, and sovereignty.
        I will also continue to deepen our partnership with Rwanda and
    engage with the Rwandans to deliver the message that as Rwanda's
    largest humanitarian and development partner, the United States is
    committed to Rwanda's future, in contrast to the PRC's transactional
    approach to engaging with other countries.
        In addition, I will ensure that our vision of regional security and
    prosperity remains the core of a strong U.S.-Rwanda partnership that
    offers an attractive alternative to the type of relationship offered by
    the PRC. If confirmed, I will also work with the Bureau of African
    Affairs and other Department stakeholders, including Department of
    State's new Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives
    and counter harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in Rwanda.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. We are committed to working with Beijing only if it secures
    American jobs, American values, and our way of life for future
    generations. Issues like climate change, the global drug trade, and
    COVID-19 are the very issues that directly threaten our prosperity and
    security. PRC contributions should be scrutinized, however, to ensure
    they are not a springboard for narrow PRC economic interests.
        If confirmed, I will also work with the Department of State's new
    Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Rwandan context.
    This new office, inaugurated immediately following the U.S.-Africa
    Leaders Summit, brings together a group of China experts from
    throughout the Department and beyond to work more effectively with
    colleagues from every regional bureau and experts in international
    security, economics, technology, multilateral diplomacy, and strategic
    communications. In addition, I will direct the members of post's PRC
    working group to work closely with the Regional China Officer based in
    Abidjan.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States broadly, and Mission Kigali specifically,
    should work with the PRC where our interests clearly coincide. Areas of
    potential cooperation include food security, global climate change,
    counter-narcotics, or disaster relief. If confirmed, the Mission would
    be ready to take advantage of such opportunities if they clearly
    advanced U.S. interests and policy goals.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries, or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will consult Department guidance on
    engagement with PRC organizations or representatives to work together
    when it is in U.S. interests to do so.

        Question. During an August 2022 visit to Rwanda, Secretary Blinken
    informed President Kagame that U.S. officials would ``continue to
    engage'' on the questionable detainment of Paul Rusesabagina, who is
    most well-known for sheltering refugees of the Rwandan genocide. Do you
    believe there is any evidence that substantiates the Rwandan
    Government's charges against Rusesabagina?

        Answer. I understand the United States has not taken a position on
    the substance or merits of the charges against Mr. Rusesabagina. The
    Department of State determined he was wrongfully detained, and if
    confirmed, I will fully support that determination and work for his
    release.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you engage to obtain
    Rusesabagina's release?

        Answer. I have been following Mr. Rusesabagina's case very closely.
    If confirmed, resolving this case will be one of my top priorities, and
    I will maintain high-level engagement with the Government of Rwanda and
    pursue any and all avenues that might help resolve this matter as
    expeditiously as possible.

        Question. Have you spoken, or met, with Mr. Rusesabagina's family
    to discuss his detainment?

        Answer. No. As the nominee, it is not appropriate for me to speak
    with or meet Mr. Rusesabagina's family at this time.

        Question. Has Africa Bureau Assistant Secretary Molly Phee met or
    spoken with Rusesabagina's family members? If not, why not?

        Answer. As far as I know, Assistant Secretary Phee has not met with
    Mr. Rusesabagina's family members, although others in the Department,
    including the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, are in
    regular contact.

        Question. Rwanda has partnered with the CCP's Belt and Road
    Initiative and has welcomed infrastructure, China-based technology such
    as Huawei, and military training. What steps will you take to identify
    projects with Rwandan officials and the Development Finance Corporation
    regarding opportunities for U.S. companies to compete with CCP funded
    projects?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work with Embassy Kigali's Deal
    Team--an Embassy interagency working group promoting U.S. trade and
    investment in Rwanda-- to offer alternatives to the PRC's investments
    wherever and whenever possible. The Deal Team can help spur additional
    U.S. investments in the health, banking, housing, hospitality, and
    water treatment sectors, as well as other areas. If confirmed, I would
    also work with the American Chamber of Commerce to explore new
    investment opportunities. The Chamber continues to grow by adding new
    members and engages frequently with the Government of Rwanda to improve
    the investment climate and ensure a level playing field for U.S. firms.
    The Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the U.S. Trade and
    Development Agency (USTDA), the Department of Commerce, and others in
    the U.S. interagency also continue to maintain portfolios in Rwanda
    that I would work to fully leverage. Meanwhile, I would work with
    Embassy Kigali's public affairs team to explain the value of U.S.-
    Rwanda bilateral cooperation to the people of Rwanda.
        At every stop in my diplomatic career, promoting U.S. interests and
    values has been a top priority. For example, I was a member of the
    negotiating team that secured the Enhanced Defense Cooperation
    Agreement (EDCA) agreement between the United States and the
    Philippines. During my last assignment in Kenya, I helped establish
    Mission Nairobi's Deal Team, which aligns the Embassy's entire Country
    Team behind a unified effort to secure economic and commercial
    opportunities for U.S. firms, creating jobs for the American people and
    reinforcing our status as the preferred partner of choice in Kenya.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                  to Eric W. Kneedler by Senator Bill Hagerty

    Combating Anti-Israel Bias in the African Union and Other International
            Forums
              As you know, on February 18, 2023, an Israeli diplomat who
            was an accredited observer with an entry tag was expelled from
            the opening ceremony of the African Union summit. In the
            following days, the African Union Commission Chief stated that
            Israel's observer status that the bloc has been suspended.
            These actions are part of a larger effort to delegitimize
            Israel by states driven by hatred. Just as biased targeting of
            Israel at the United Nations is a grave concern, anti-Israel
            actions and rhetoric in other international forums also cannot
            be ignored. Indeed, what happened to Israel at the AU Summit is
            reprehensible and unacceptable.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you to do to address this
    problem?

        Answer. AU Commission Chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat accepted the
    Israeli Ambassador's credentials in 2021. However, this decision was
    challenged by some AU member states, as permitted by the AU
    Constitutive Act. The AU then established a Heads of State Committee to
    consult on the accreditation issue with plans to report back at the
    2023 AU Summit. The Committee is composed of six member states, with
    three opposing (Algeria, South Africa, Nigeria) and three supporting
    (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda). Faki's acceptance of
    Israel and its observer status are on hold pending his receipt of the
    Committee's recommendation.
        If confirmed, I would work with the Rwandan Government to press the
    AU take immediate steps to confirm Israel as an observer. Multilateral
    institutions are strongest when differing voices and perspectives come
    together to effect changes that impact global populations. Israel's
    impact on Africa is significant, from its contributions to technology
    and resources to bolstering food security efforts via substantive
    trade. Israel is an important partner to the continent. The United
    States and Rwanda are fully aligned on this issue. Rwanda is a strong
    supporter of Israel.

        Question. What would you do to engage with foreign governments and
    ensure that Israel is not unfairly targeted, but rather included in
    future African Union summits and other regional and international
    forums?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with the U.S. Mission to
    the African Union to continue to strengthen Israel's relationship with
    the AU. By harnessing the strong relationships, we have with member
    states across Africa, we can and should elevate Israel's status as an
    important partner to the African Union.

    Chinese Influence in Rwanda
              China's influence in Rwanda has been growing over the past
            decade, with the Chinese Government and Chinese companies
            playing an increasingly prominent role in the country's economy
            and infrastructure development.

        Question. Are you concerned about China having outsized influence
    in Rwanda?

        Answer. Countering the PRC's significant influence and role in
    Rwanda will be a priority for me, if confirmed. Although the People's
    Republic of China (PRC) has not made inroads as substantial in Rwanda
    as in many other parts of Africa, the PRC does have significant
    investments in the transportation, energy, and real estate sectors. If
    confirmed, I will follow the Administration's policy of competing and
    contesting the PRC's engagement in Rwanda as appropriate and advancing
    our national interests.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps would you take to counter
    China's influence?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work with Embassy Kigali's Deal
    Team--an embassy interagency working group promoting U.S. trade and
    investment in Rwanda--to counter the People's Republic of China's (PRC)
    investments wherever and whenever possible. The Deal Team can help spur
    additional U.S. investments in the health, banking, housing,
    hospitality, and water treatment sectors, as well as other areas. If
    confirmed, I would also work with the American Chamber of Commerce to
    explore new investment opportunities. The Chamber continues to grow by
    adding new members and engages frequently with the Government of Rwanda
    to improve the investment climate and ensure a level playing field for
    U.S. firms. The Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the U.S. Trade
    and Development Agency (USTDA), the Department of Commerce, and others
    in the U.S. interagency also continue to maintain portfolios in Rwanda
    that I would work to fully leverage. Meanwhile, I would work with
    Embassy Kigali's public affairs team to explain the value of U.S.-
    Rwanda bilateral cooperation to the people of Rwanda.
        At every stop in my diplomatic career, competing with the PRC has
    been a top priority. For example, I was a member of the negotiating
    team that secured the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)
    agreement between the United States and the Philippines, an agreement
    that allows the United States to rotate troops into the Philippines, as
    well as operate facilities on Philippine bases for both American and
    Philippine forces. During my last assignment in Kenya, I helped
    establish Mission Nairobi's Deal Team, which aligns the Embassy's
    entire Country Team behind a unified effort to secure economic and
    commercial opportunities for U.S. firms, creating jobs for the American
    people and reinforcing our status as the preferred partner of choice in
    Kenya.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                to Pamela M. Tremont by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. ZANU-PF has captured the country's parliament, judiciary,
    and security services in order to ensure political control of the
    country. There is little chance that this year's election will be free,
    fair, transparent, or even non-violent. In such an oppressive
    environment, what opportunities are there to support democratic voices
    and make tangible progress towards accountable, democratic governance?

        Answer. The USG and Embassy Harare continually seek opportunities
    to support media, human rights defenders, and civil society
    organizations--each of which play a key role in the monitoring and
    analysis of democratic trends, advocacy, and training for individuals
    and vulnerable groups. U.S. support enables these groups to speak out
    against oppression and sheds light on the Government's anti-democratic
    and corrupt activities. In addition, U.S. programs support voter
    registration and voter education to encourage Zimbabweans to express
    their political will and hold their elected leaders accountable. As
    civic and political space close in the lead-up to and after this year's
    elections, it will be critical to continue U.S. support for human
    rights advocacy and legal support for individuals and organizations
    that promote democratic governance, especially those targeted for
    suppression and violence.

        Question. If confirmed, what specific actions will you take to
    support civil society, media and others working to increase democratic
    space?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Country Team to
    understand the full scope of U.S. programming and assistance to
    increase democratic space. I will engage in frank and respectful
    dialogue with government and political actors to urge respect for
    fundamental rights. Where and when appropriate, I will publicly promote
    the efforts of civil society organizations, free and independent media,
    and other key actors working in this space. I will make myself and
    members of the Embassy available to civil society for consultation and
    guidance and engage with journalists to convey messages of U.S. values
    and support for democratic processes and institutions.

        Question. The enactment of the PVO Amendment Act would have a
    severe impact on the capability and safety of non-governmental
    organizations in Zimbabwe, including U.S.-funded organizations. What
    specific actions will you take in response to the enactment of the PVO
    Amendment Act, and to the implementation of its provisions against
    NGOs?

        Answer. If confirmed, I am committed to working with Mission Harare
    colleagues to identify, assess, and manage risks associated with the
    potential enactment of the PVO Amendment bill, using USAID's risk
    management framework. If President Mnangagwa signs the PVO Amendment
    bill into law, I will direct embassy messaging to publicly rebuke it
    (in coordination with like-minded embassies). Privately, I will engage
    diplomatically with the Government of Zimbabwe, calling on decision
    makers to exercise restraint in its implementation. I will work with
    the Mission Harare Country Team and colleagues in Washington to
    determine appropriate responses if a U.S.-funded NGO is targeted,
    drawing from the experiences of other embassies in countries where
    similar legislation has been enacted.

        Question. What actions will you take to support affected NGOs,
    particularly USAID partner organizations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will begin my tenure with outreach,
    acknowledgement, and support for the work of USAID implementing
    partners. Civil society actors in Zimbabwe have borne the brunt of
    harassment and scrutiny in recent years and face the prospect of
    increased government interference if the PVO Amendment bill is enacted.
    When appropriate, I will meet publicly with USAID partner organizations
    and conduct site visits to U.S.-funded programs to demonstrate U.S.
    support for these initiatives. I will also ensure all U.S. programs are
    selected in accordance with the Brownback amendment.

        Question. What steps will you take to counter false narratives
    related to U.S. sanctions in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage publicly and privately with
    interlocutors about U.S. sanctions to dispel myths and set the record
    straight for the people of Zimbabwe. As Ambassador, I will use my voice
    and office to reinforce the message that U.S. sanctions are targeted
    against human rights abusers and corrupt individuals and entities to
    prevent them from utilizing U.S. banks and institutions for their ill-
    gotten gains. I will highlight updates to our sanctions list, including
    the removal of individuals and entities from the list so that the
    public can see the sanctions can and are lifted when malign activity
    ceases. I would also highlight corruption and failed economic policies
    as the root causes of Zimbabwe's economic problems.

        Question. Despite the authoritarian nature of ZANU-PF, other
    countries in Southern Africa--many of them strong democracies--have
    been reticent to criticize the regime. The Southern African Development
    Community has not taken any action with regards to pressing the regime
    to open political space. Are there actions the United States could
    undertake to convince countries in Southern Africa to advocate for
    democratic reform in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to constructive engagement
    with the U.S. interagency and my colleagues and counterparts in
    Southern Africa to persuade regional actors such as the Southern
    African Development Community (SADC) to advocate for democratic reforms
    in Zimbabwe, including by emphasizing the destabilizing nature of
    Zimbabwe's current posture and by addressing their concerns about the
    impact of U.S. sanctions. I believe SADC is best suited to impress upon
    the Government of Zimbabwe the need for democratic reform, non-violent
    elections, and productive engagement with the U.S. and others.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you work with U.S. Ambassadors in
    Southern Africa to press governments in the subregion to take
    meaningful bilateral action, and actions through SADC?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage my colleagues and counterparts
    in key Southern Africa Development Community member states to
    coordinate messaging and outreach regarding collective pressure and
    advocacy on Zimbabwe. U.S. Ambassadors in Southern Africa are well-
    placed to understand their host country equities, share information,
    and raise security and stability concerns posed by Zimbabwe for the
    wider region and to identify Southern African individuals who may be
    effective interlocutors with Zimbabwean leaders.

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. Throughout my career, I have promoted and supported
    democracy and respect for human rights, including through U.S.
    electoral assistance programs in Comoros and Zambia. In the Comoros, I
    organized a U.S.-sponsored election observer mission of Mauritian
    observers, thereby increasing the regional observer capacity. In Zambia
    I oversaw the Embassy election observation team for the 2008
    presidential elections. In Kyiv, I coordinated U.S. assistance for the
    2019 Ukrainian presidential election just months after Russia's attack
    on Ukrainian ships ushered in a period of martial law. Our assistance
    gave Ukrainians confidence in the electoral process to elect
    Presidential Zelensky.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Zimbabwe? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. Zimbabwe suffers from numerous challenges to its democracy,
    including endemic corruption, weak rule of law, allegations of human
    rights violations and abuses, shrinking democratic and civic space, a
    captured judiciary, political intolerance, and political polarization
    that pits citizens and critics of the Government against each other. At
    the center of these challenges, the Government of Zimbabwe utilizes
    lawfare to target its rivals. The ruling ZANU-PF party has benefited
    from state capture and has allowed party elites to determine who has
    access to government positions, services, resources, the economy, and
    even justice.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Zimbabwe? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. Zimbabwe's 2013 constitution guarantees human rights and
    fundamental freedoms to all, including the rights to freedom of
    expression, association, and peaceful assembly. The Government of
    Zimbabwe, however, has enacted laws and captured institutions which
    allows for their selective application, frequently against the ruling
    ZANU-PF's perceived opponents in and out of government. If confirmed, I
    will use my voice and office to urge government accountability and
    respect for human rights. I will urge the election commission to
    accelerate voter registration, remediate the delimitation report, and
    publish the voter roll free of charge. I will encourage greater U.S.
    support for organizations and initiatives that aim to expand respect
    for democratic principles, including an independent press and the right
    to freedom of peaceful assembly. I will actively work to support the
    democratic aspirations of those advocating for Zimbabweans'
    constitutional rights and the transparency of electoral processes, and
    I will seek partnership with all those in Zimbabwe who are doing the
    same. These hopes and plans come with associated risks--particularly
    for Zimbabwean activists--from a government eager to close political
    and civic space. In addition, Zimbabwe's autocratic allies will impede
    these efforts and amplify anti-sanctions and anti-democratic
    propaganda.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will utilize all tools at the Embassy's
    disposal to support democracy and governance initiatives in the lead-up
    to, and following, the 2023 elections in Zimbabwe. I will encourage
    colleagues throughout the Embassy to think creatively and to identify
    and promote organizations engaged in innovative programming to give
    voice and agency to the Zimbabwean people. I will seek to increase
    public diplomacy exchanges and bolster NGO efforts with U.S.
    programming assistance through any available and legal funding
    authorities.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Zimbabwe? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights defenders, and non-governmental organizations in
    the U.S. and with local human rights NGOs and other members of civil
    society in Zimbabwe. I am committed to working with Mission Harare
    colleagues and NGOs to identify, assess, and manage risks posed to NGOs
    and civil society organizations by legal and regulatory measures. I
    will direct the U.S. Embassy to engage directly with potentially
    affected organizations to identify creative solutions to ensure their
    operations continue uninterrupted. I will also meet with political
    parties across the spectrum to underscore U.S. commitments to human
    rights, democratic principles, and non-violence. And I will urge the
    Zimbabwean Government, bilaterally and with likeminded partners, to
    uphold Zimbabwe's constitution and the fundamental freedoms enshrined
    in it.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political figures and parties, and I will advocate for access
    and inclusivity for women, members of minority groups, and youth within
    political parties. I will encourage political actors to engage in
    political competition and consensus-building efforts. I will promote
    USAID's ongoing democracy programming, which strengthens civil society
    and other advocacy groups to have equal access to compete and advocate
    for good governance, protects human rights defenders, and promotes
    democratic principles including political competition. I will also
    ensure programming promotes inclusion, protection, and empowerment of
    women, minorities, LGBTQI+, and youth as active contributors to the
    Zimbabwean society.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with
    Zimbabwe on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. Yes and yes.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with
    Zimbabwe on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Zimbabwe, no
    matter their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. Zimbabwe's strict anti-LGBTQI+ laws continue to create a
    hostile environment that disrespects the human rights of members of the
    LGBTQI+ community and restricts their ability to engage in political
    activism or collective action. Same-sex marriage is illegal, and
    members of the LGBTQI+ community are not provided with legal
    protections from discrimination, violence, or targeted harassment. The
    lack of state protection increases the likelihood of community-led
    violence against members of the LGBTQI+ community.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to be an advocate for LGBTQI+
    persons in Zimbabwe and identify opportunities for the U.S. Mission to
    support and promote their rights. I look forward to celebrating their
    diversity and humanity in the safety of USG sponsored events, including
    them in exchange programs that will build their capacity for advocacy,
    and urging the Government to decriminalize homosexuality, as some of
    Zimbabwe's regional neighbors have done.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Zimbabwe?

        Answer. Yes. I will keep the relevant Congressional committees
    apprised, as appropriate, in coordination with the Bureau of
    Legislative Affairs.

        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at Embassy Harare?

        Answer. Diversity and inclusion are priorities for the Secretary of
    State and the Department. As a Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM), I worked
    actively to recruit, hire, and mentor a diverse group of people, both
    U.S. Direct Hire employees and Locally Engaged Staff. At all three
    posts where I was DCM, I ensured there was greater diversity in the
    staff more broadly, but also at the country team level. I am proud to
    have led efforts to include gender and diversity goals as a component
    of the Integrated Country Strategies in Kyiv and Stockholm. In Nicosia
    and Stockholm, I led efforts to hire more diverse local staff and
    recruit from the Turkish-speaking Cypriot community and the Sami
    community respectively. As a mid-level officer, I served as our post
    Equal Employment Opportunity officer and offered anti-sexual harassment
    training to over 400 employees in two languages. I consider it a duty
    and a privilege to recruit and mentor a broad range of officers. I look
    forward to mentoring all officers and local staff in Harare to give
    everyone opportunities for professional development and advancement. I
    would also continue to encourage every employee to report all
    discrimination, harassment, or toxic behavior to the EEO Counselors,
    DCM or, failing that, directly to me. I would also encourage employees
    to use the DEIA tools offered by the Department.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Zimbabwe?

        Answer. As called for in the Department's precepts, I will
    cultivate an environment that values diversity and respect for EEO and
    merit principles. I will model those behaviors and insist that all
    those under my direction hold themselves to the highest standard in
    accordance with Department regulations and the law. I have found that
    cultural shifts, including towards greater tolerance and diversity,
    require repetition of these values, and I would seek to incorporate
    those themes in my engagements with team members.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to engaging equitably in
    operations and programming, particularly with potential partners and
    communities that traditionally have been marginalized, excluded, or
    underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership efforts.
    Like I have in all my previous posts, I will leverage the expertise,
    knowledge, and guidance of our Locally Employed Staff to help navigate
    my understanding of dynamics and trends in Zimbabwe.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                 to Pamela M. Tremont by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. As you are aware, the U.S. relationship with Zimbabwe is
    guided and constrained by conditions set forth in the Zimbabwe
    Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA). What is your understanding
    of how the U.S. can engage with Zimbabwe under ZDERA given that
    conditions for a stronger U.S./Zimbabwe bilateral relationship have not
    been met?

        Answer. I understand that ZDERA guides the U.S. bilateral
    relationship with Zimbabwe. U.S. diplomats regularly cite ZDERA
    criteria--including restoration of the rule of law; free and fair
    elections as determined by independent international monitors;
    commitment to equitable, legal, and transparent land reform; and
    subordination of the military and police to civilian government--when
    engaging with Government of Zimbabwe interlocutors on the topic of
    improving bilateral relations. Given the Government of Zimbabwe's
    failure to make meaningful improvements on these criteria, the U.S.
    maintains its ceiling on bilateral engagement and limits its support
    for Zimbabwe, including through International Financial Institutions. I
    look forward to having frank conversations with the Government
    regarding the criteria for improved relations.

        Question. Do you commit to respecting ZDERA in your relationship
    with the Government of Zimbabwe as U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you counter
    anti-sanctions rhetoric from the Government of Zimbabwe and other
    actors?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage publicly and privately with
    interlocutors about U.S. sanctions to dispel myths and set the record
    straight for the people of Zimbabwe. As ambassador, I will use my voice
    and office to reinforce the message that U.S. sanctions are targeted
    against human rights abusers and corrupt individuals and entities to
    prevent them from utilizing U.S. banks and institutions for their ill-
    gotten gains. We will highlight updates to our sanctions list,
    including the removal of individuals and entities from the list so that
    the public can see the sanctions can be and are lifted when malign
    activity ceases. I would also highlight corruption and failed economic
    policies as the root causes of Zimbabwe's economic problems.

        Question. We are already seeing Zimbabwe's leadership take the
    country down a dark, and unfortunately familiar road ahead of elections
    expected this summer. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, what do you see
    your role being ahead of and following elections in pushing for
    accountability, respect for human rights, and long-term democratic
    reforms in Zimbabwe?

        Answer. Zimbabwe's 2013 constitution guarantees human rights and
    fundamental freedoms to all, including the rights to freedom of
    expression, association, and peaceful assembly. The Government of
    Zimbabwe, however, has enacted laws and captured institutions which
    allows for their selective application, frequently against the ruling
    ZANU-PF's perceived opponents in and out of government. If confirmed, I
    will use my voice and office to urge government accountability and
    respect for human rights. I will actively work to support the
    democratic aspirations of those advocating for Zimbabweans'
    constitutional rights and transparency of electoral processes, and I
    will seek partnership with all those in Zimbabwe and the region who are
    doing the same.

        Question. Do you think it is possible to Zimbabwe to conduct a
    credible and democratic electoral process this year? Why?

        Answer. While it is theoretically possible for the Government to
    hold free and fair elections in 2023, based on several worrying trends
    it is unlikely. The Government of Zimbabwe has tilted the playing field
    in the ruling ZANU-PF's favor using violence, intimidation, coercion,
    patronage, and lawfare tactics. If confirmed, I intend to work
    tirelessly to defend every Zimbabweans' right to express their will
    peacefully.

        Question. How do you intend to ensure that U.S. foreign assistance
    to Zimbabwe, including humanitarian assistance, is not used as a tool
    by the Government of Zimbabwe to buy votes or intimidate voters ahead
    of elections this year?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will direct my staff to ensure all U.S.
    assistance, program activities, and recipient organizations are
    properly vetted to ensure that no U.S. resources are used by, or
    directly benefit, the Government of Zimbabwe to buy votes or intimidate
    voters ahead of elections. All U.S. programming to Zimbabwe undergoes
    thorough vetting and monitoring. I am committed to ensuring that our
    assistance is directed at the people of Zimbabwe, not the Government.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you engage in
    public diplomacy efforts to continue messaging of U.S. support to the
    Zimbabwean people, demonstrated largely through the U.S.' significant
    contribution of humanitarian and development assistance to Zimbabwe?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with Country Team members to
    ensure that officers highlight U.S. humanitarian and development
    assistance contributions while on site visits and travel outside of
    Harare. The U.S. Mission's communications strategy engages print,
    radio, and social media to reach a diverse audience. Targeted messaging
    will continue to highlight the U.S. contribution to development and
    health outcomes in Zimbabwe. This targeted messaging is both time-
    responsive and authentic to U.S. policy and values.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, what will your approach
    be to supporting the USAID Mission, USAID staff, and USAID implementing
    partners across sectors, to conduct their work in support of the
    Zimbabwean people, particularly as conditions for such work may
    deteriorate in the lead-up and aftermath of Zimbabwe's elections later
    this year.

        Answer. If confirmed, I will begin my tenure with outreach,
    acknowledgement, and support for the work of my USAID colleagues and
    implementing partners. Civil society actors in Zimbabwe have borne the
    brunt of harassment and scrutiny in recent years and face the prospect
    of increased government interference with pending legislation. I will
    support the USAID Mission in their efforts to serve at-risk groups and
    communities. In addition, I remain committed to actively working to
    support the democratic aspirations of those advocating for Zimbabweans'
    constitutional rights and the transparency of electoral processes, and
    I will seek partnership with all those in Zimbabwe who are doing the
    same.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you ensure
    that the Embassy, USAID and other U.S. efforts related to Zimbabwe's
    upcoming elections, including those funded by the National Endowment
    for Democracy, are in sync and contributing to a unified effort from
    the United States?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to align all U.S. election-
    related programming and outreach and to coordinate with like-minded
    partners. To execute this effort, I will ensure Front Office
    participation at Elections Working Group meetings. Regular updates from
    the Working Group, particularly around challenges faced by program
    implementers, will inform Embassy diplomatic engagement with the
    Government of Zimbabwe. As the elections near, we will integrate
    lessons learned from implementers in the Working Group and coordinate
    the Embassy's election observation mission with implementers and like-
    minded partners.

        Question. Do you commit to keeping Congress apprised of harassment
    experienced by U.S. citizens, and U.S. organizations and implementing
    partners in Zimbabwe by Zimbabwean officials, political parties,
    security services or other entities ahead of and following elections
    expected later this year?

        Answer. Yes. I will keep the relevant Congressional Committees
    apprised, as appropriate, in coordination with the Bureau of
    Legislative Affairs.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Zimbabwe remained on the Tier 2 Watch List for the second
    consecutive year for not fully meeting the minimum standards for the
    elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so.
    If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help Zimbabwe
    operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the TIP
    report?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will vigorously engage the Government of
    Zimbabwe to make significant efforts to meet the Minimum Standards for
    the Elimination of Trafficking and encourage partnership with civil
    society to address this crime. In particular, I will offer the
    Embassy's guidance and regularly highlight the recommendations of the
    2022 TIP Report, including formally launching and implementing the
    2022-2026 National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons with
    dedicated resources, amending Zimbabwe's anti-trafficking law to
    criminalize all forms of trafficking in persons, and expediting the
    prosecution of trafficking to address significant court backlogs. I
    commit to coordinating closely with the Office to Monitor and Combat
    Trafficking in Persons and report accurate information on human
    trafficking for the annual TIP Report.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
    Freedom report indicated that Zimbabwe had curtailed some freedom of
    religion and assembly. What is your assessment of this religious
    freedom in Zimbabwe and if confirmed, how will you work with the
    Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom to bolster
    religious freedom in-country?

        Answer. Zimbabwe's constitution prohibits discrimination based on
    religious belief and provides for freedom of religion, including the
    freedom to practice, propagate, and give expression to one's religion,
    in public or in private, alone or with others. Embassy Harare enjoys
    strong partnerships with key Christian, Jewish, and Muslim
    organizations and leaders. If confirmed, I commit to working closely
    with the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom to
    engage faith communities and the Government of Zimbabwe on issues of
    religious freedom, religious tolerance, and the role of faith
    communities in supporting political reconciliation and national
    healing.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Zimbabwe increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will publicly and privately engage with
    actors of all faiths, including the Zimbabwe Heads of Christian
    Denominations and the Zimbabwe Interreligious Council, which is now an
    official body that seeks to promote peace, reconciliation, good
    governance, and holistic human development through interfaith action
    and collaboration. I will seek to support effective interfaith work
    underway in Zimbabwe and amplify the voices of faith leaders calling
    for tolerance, religious freedom, human rights, and social cohesion. I
    intend to build on the work of the Embassy team who have engaged and
    partnered with diverse religious leaders working to end child marriage
    and gender-based violence, who have modeled and promoted vaccination in
    the face of Covid-19 and measles outbreaks, and who have promoted
    constitutionalism and democratic engagement among their communities.

        Question. The State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report indicated
    that Zimbabwe continues to have significant human rights abuses
    including unlawful or arbitrary detention by security forces, political
    prisoners, restrictions on freedom of movement and widespread
    corruption and impunity. How will you direct your Embassy to work with
    civil society organizations to improve the human rights situation on
    the ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will encourage Embassy sections to seek out
    additional programmatic assistance from Washington offices to bolster
    the respect for human rights, and for independent media and other civil
    society groups to engage in monitoring, reporting, training, human
    rights support, and advocacy. My team and I will meet regularly with
    human rights defenders and civil society organizations to understand
    the latest trends. Where available, I will support efforts to continue
    U.S. programming for human rights advocacy and legal support,
    particularly as civic and political space continues to close.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you direct your Embassy to work
    with the Government to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will direct the Embassy to engage key
    interlocutors in the Government of Zimbabwe in urging respect for human
    rights, and I will raise our concerns in my bilateral meetings,
    reminding them that the protection of human rights around the world is
    central to U.S. foreign policy. I will direct the Embassy team to
    identify and seek ways to engage with government actors who may be more
    supportive of reforms and oriented toward inclusive development and for
    ways to hold those responsible for human rights violations and abuses
    accountable. I will also encourage Washington offices to publicly call
    out instances of human rights abuses,

        Question. Many U.S. Missions have been under enormous stress over
    the last several years, in large part due to COVID. What is your
    understanding of morale throughout Mission Harare?

        Answer. I understand that Mission Harare enjoys broadly positive
    morale, where staff members understand their roles and contributions,
    see the effects of their work, and feel appreciated. This is a
    testament to a dedicated team and the strong and collaborative
    leadership exhibited by the current Charge d'Affaires and her
    predecessors. I am a strong believer in high morale as a force
    multiplier, and, if confirmed, I look forward to doing what I can to
    boost morale in Harare.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Harare?

        Answer. If confirmed, I intend to build on Mission Harare's
    existing systems and successes. I will show through my words and
    actions that every employee--regardless of nationality, role, or
    employment mechanism--is valued and vital to our Mission's success. I
    manage through discussion, engagement, and visiting my teams' spaces. I
    intend to set a clear vision for the Mission, and to empower our teams
    to help define our collective strategies and objectives to ensure
    awareness, buy-in, and ownership. I also intend to understand the
    Mission's performance on meeting internal support service standards and
    press for improvements to support our staff and families. Finally, I
    plan to ensure all employees have access to mentoring and professional
    development and will continue the practice of using personal resources
    to host employees at my residence to celebrate special events and build
    comradery.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Harare?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will lay out to Mission Harare a vision
    that emphasizes the opportunity and the vital role of each Mission
    element and staff-member. I will apply the Integrated Country Strategy
    (ICS) produced collaboratively by the Mission and engage each Section
    and Agency to emphasize our shared objectives. In so doing, I will
    listen to and learn about their existing and envisioned contributions
    to the ICS, and I will challenge them to share information proactively
    and seek synergies with other mission elements to advance shared
    objectives. I will challenge the Embassy team to develop action plans
    for sections and agencies to work complementarily toward achieving
    ambitious-yet-achievable tangible results.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Harare?

        Answer. If confirmed, I intend to build on Mission Harare's
    existing systems and successes. I will show through my words and
    actions that every employee--regardless of nationality, role, or
    employment mechanism--is valued and vital to our Mission's success. I
    manage through discussion, engagement, and visiting my teams' spaces. I
    intend to set a clear vision for the Mission, and to empower our teams
    to help define our collective strategies and objectives to ensure
    awareness, buy-in, and ownership. I also intend to understand the
    Mission's performance on meeting internal support service standards and
    press for improvements where they are missed to support our staff and
    families. Finally, I plan to ensure all employees have access to
    mentoring and professional development and will continue the practice
    of using personal resources to host employees at my residence to
    celebrate special events and build comradery.

        Question. Management is a key responsibility for Chiefs of Mission.
    How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. Over the course of my career, I have relied heavily on the
    components of consultative and servant leadership, and I believe this
    approach to be the most beneficial in delivering a positive work
    environment and tangible achievements for the Mission team, for USG
    policy priorities, and for the American people. I believe leaders carry
    the mantle of outlining a vision, based on consultation, and in the
    creation of a management environment that values and rewards
    innovation, bold thinking, and achievement. I believe strongly that
    accessibility, approachability, and active listening are the key
    components of success. I also believe in rigorous management of U.S.
    Government resources and fair application of rules and regulations.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. No.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. Leadership is a true team effort, and the relationship
    between a Chief of Mission and Deputy Chief of Mission depends heavily
    on trust, open communication, and a shared approach and vision. As a
    three-time DCM, I know that collaborative and consultative leadership
    requires the DCM to speak openly and honestly on issues facing the
    Mission, both in policy and operational terms. I will invest my support
    and trust to my DCM and ensure that our Mission team understands we
    speak with one voice on issues facing the community and our policy
    priorities. Essential for the success of that approach is a
    professional relationship where honest and open dialogue forms the
    foundation.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your Deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. Though the ultimate responsibility for defining leadership
    rests on the shoulders of the Chief of Mission, sharing of
    responsibilities is vital as we look to develop the next generation of
    Foreign Service Officers. I intend to partner fully with my DCM to
    define and deliver the type of collaborative leadership that creates a
    professional environment most conducive to professional growth and
    achievement. Leadership at its core is a team sport, and effective
    communication is vital. I plan to entrust to her entirely the role of
    Chief Operating Officer.

        Question. In order to create and continue employee excellence at
    the Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports (EERs)
    for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though often lacking. Do
    you believe that it is important to provide employees with accurate,
    constructive feedback on their performance in order to encourage
    improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. I believe constructive feedback is critical to achieve our
    common Mission goals and to shape and prepare the next generation of
    Foreign Service professionals to lead and succeed. Over my years of
    service, I have used constructive and clear feedback and discussion
    with employees at all levels to improve performance, establish new
    targets for achievement, and create opportunity. A vital component of
    constructive feedback is also the ability to identify, cite, and
    recognize achievement through awards, promotions, and recognition.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit fully to supporting and encouraging
    clear, accurate and direct feedback. I have found this to be a critical
    skill as I have assumed roles of greater responsibility throughout my
    nearly 31-year career with the State Department.

        Question. It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
    abroad to meet with local actors, including host government officials,
    non-government organizations, and local citizens. In your experience,
    do U.S. diplomats get outside of our Embassy walls enough to fully
    accomplish their missions?

        Answer. I believe that the key imperative for our diplomats posted
    overseas is to get to know the country of assignment as thoroughly as
    possible, and that cannot be done adequately by remaining in the
    office. Engagement, relationship-building, and understanding is only
    possible through personal contact and experience. Diplomacy is a full-
    contact sport. If confirmed, I will make this approach a priority for
    myself and my team, because when we know and understand our
    environment, we can most faithfully execute on our goals.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with the Regional
    Security Officer and team at Post to ensure that the staff at Embassy
    Harare have the means and resources to safely travel and access all
    local populations to further U.S. priorities. I will always seek to
    balance the importance of person-to-person engagements with the safety
    of my staff.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Pamela M. Tremont by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May, Secretary Blinken said that the People's Republic
    of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape the
    international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases. As we speak, the Party is
    cracking down on unprecedented student protests across the country.
    With their absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP
    could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.
    Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Yes, the activities of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) represent a significant challenge to
    U.S. economic, political, and security interests globally and in the
    Africa region. Under President Xi, the PRC has become more repressive
    at home and more assertive abroad. We will defend and strengthen U.S.
    national security, prosperity, and values; defend international law and
    agreements and the other principles and institutions that maintain
    peace and security; and protect the rights of individuals and sovereign
    nations.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. We are committed to working with Beijing only if it secures
    American jobs, American values, and our way of life for future
    generations. Issues like climate change, the global drug trade, and
    COVID-19 are the very issues that directly threaten our prosperity and
    security. PRC contributions should be scrutinized, however, to ensure
    they are not a springboard for narrow PRC economic interests.
        If confirmed, I will also work with the Department of State's new
    Office of China Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Zimbabwe context.
    This new office, inaugurated immediately following the U.S.-Africa
    Leaders Summit, brings together a group of China experts from
    throughout the Department and beyond to work more effectively with
    colleagues from every regional bureau and experts in international
    security, economics, technology, multilateral diplomacy, and strategic
    communications. In addition, I will direct the members of post's PRC
    working group to work closely with the Regional China Officer based in
    Abidjan.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States will engage constructively with the PRC
    when it is in our interest to do so in Zimbabwe. For example, issues
    like food security, global health. climate change, the global drug
    trade, and COVID-19 are the very issues that directly threaten our
    prosperity and security, and that of Zimbabwe. If confirmed, on climate
    change issues, I will be a staunch advocate for U.S. companies over PRC
    firms as the Government seeks renewable energy solutions to ameliorate
    the impact of climate change in Zimbabwe.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries, or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will consult Department guidance on
    engagement with PRC organizations or representatives to work together
    when it is in U.S. interests to do so.

        Question. Over the last several decades, diplomatic relations
    between the U.S. and Zimbabwe have been strained due to serious
    concerns over patterns of undemocratic governance, political
    repression, human rights violations, and corruption by Zimbabwe's
    dominant political party, ZANU-PF. The U.S. has imposed targeted
    sanctions against Zimbabwean officials for continued politically
    motived violence, public corruption, and breakdown of the rule of law.
    The next Ambassador will be tasked to confront the longstanding
    challenge of engaging with an authoritarian government that has not
    reformed, despite international and domestic pressure, and relations
    with the U.S. and Western governments do not appear unlikely to improve
    over the horizon. Given the challenging relationship with Zimbabwe,
    what would be your top policy goal with Zimbabwe, if confirmed?

        Answer. If confirmed, my top policy goals in Zimbabwe will align
    with the Embassy's Integrated Country Strategy, which calls for
    promoting improved accountable, democratic governance that serves an
    engaged citizenry and respects fundamental human rights; a market-
    oriented economy that provides broad-based economic growth and an
    opportunity for all Zimbabweans to prosper; and improved health and
    well-being of Zimbabwean citizens.

        Question. How would you counter claims by the CCP that U.S.
    sanctions unfairly target the Zimbabwean people?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage publicly and privately with
    interlocutors about U.S. sanctions to dispel myths and set the record
    straight for the people of Zimbabwe. As Ambassador, I will use my voice
    and office to reinforce the message that U.S. sanctions are targeted
    against human rights abusers and corrupt individuals and entities to
    prevent them from utilizing U.S. banks and institutions for their ill-
    gotten gains. I will highlight updates to our sanctions list, including
    the removal of individuals and entities from the list so that the
    public can see the sanctions can and are lifted when malign activity
    ceases. I would also highlight corruption and failed economic policies
    as the root causes of Zimbabwe's economic problems.

        Question. The CCP recently gifted Zimbabwe a parliament building
    and exported advanced surveillance equipment to the country. How will
    you counter the CCP's influence in Zimbabwe, if confirmed?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will draw on the long history of U.S.
    support for the people of Zimbabwe. Since 1980, the United States has
    provided more than $4.5 billion in assistance to Zimbabwe, with the
    bulk of it directed to life-saving health and food support, as well as
    education and defense of democracy. In the last 20 years, U.S.
    assistance has helped extend the life expectancy of Zimbabweans by 17
    years, from 44 years to 61 years, and I believe the Zimbabwean people
    recognize that PRC influence in Zimbabwe does not benefit them. I hope
    to travel frequently and meet as many Zimbabweans as possible to model
    our values and provide contrast to those of Beijing, and I will amplify
    the steadfast support the United States has provided to the people of
    Zimbabwe.
        I will draw from experiences in countering the PRC's influence in
    previous assignments. For example, as Deputy Chief of Mission and
    Charge in Stockholm, my team worked closely with the Swedish Government
    to develop investment screening legislation based on the Committee on
    Foreign Investment in the United States. Our work highlighting the
    PRC's human rights abuses contributed to Swedes having the strongest
    disapproval rates of the PRC of any country in the world, except for
    Japan, according to a Pew poll. As Deputy Chief of Mission in Kyiv, our
    Mission worked with Washington and the private sector to discourage the
    sale of a Ukrainian defense parastatal to a PRC company. If confirmed,
    I will likewise highlight the risks associated with PRC influence and
    investment in Zimbabwe.

        Question. What steps will you take to identify projects with
    Zimbabwean officials and the Development Finance Corporation regarding
    opportunities for U.S. companies to compete with CCP funded projects?

        Answer. It is my understanding that since 2021, the Development
    Finance Corporation agreed to not conduct programming in Zimbabwe
    directly with the Government of Zimbabwe or in a way that will
    indirectly benefit the regime. If confirmed, I look forward to
    exploring opportunities for U.S. companies to invest in Zimbabwe in
    ways that do not benefit the Government of Zimbabwe or the regime and
    remain consistent with U.S. sanctions.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Pamela M. Tremont by Senator Bill Hagerty

    Combating Anti-Israel bias in the African Union and Other International
            Forums
              As you know, on February 18, 2023, an Israeli diplomat who
            was an accredited observer with an entry tag was expelled from
            the opening ceremony of the African Union summit. In the
            following days, the African Union Commission Chief stated that
            Israel's observer status that the bloc has been suspended.
            These actions are part of a larger effort to delegitimize
            Israel by states driven by hatred. Just as biased targeting of
            Israel at the United Nations is a grave concern, anti-Israel
            actions and rhetoric in other international forums also cannot
            be ignored. Indeed, what happened to Israel at the AU Summit is
            reprehensible and unacceptable.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you to do to address this
    problem?

        Answer. AU Commission Chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat accepted
    credentials of the Israeli Ambassador in 2021. However, this decision
    was challenged by some AU member states, as permitted by the AU
    Constitutive Act. The AU then established a Heads of State Committee to
    consult on the accreditation issue with plans to report back at the
    2023 AU Summit. Faki's acceptance of Israel and its observer status are
    on hold pending his receipt of the committee's recommendation.
        According to the AU, AU Chairperson Faki's staff convened the
    Israeli delegation in advance of the AU Summit to ask that the
    delegation not attend the event, because the committee had not yet made
    a final decision. Israeli Deputy Director General (DDG) of the Africa
    Division of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA,) Sharon Bar-
    li, decided to attend the AU Assembly opening ceremony on February 18
    and was subsequently escorted out by AU security.
        A/S Phee raised the issue with both Chairperson Faki and Bar-li at
    the AU Summit in Addis. We are working with Israel and the AU to
    determine the best way to continue advancing Israel's relationship with
    the AU after this setback.

        Question. What would you do to engage with foreign governments and
    ensure that Israel is not unfairly targeted, but rather included in
    future African Union summits and other regional and international
    forums?

        Answer. If confirmed, I plan to advocate for the important role
    Israel plays on the continent with Zimbabwean counterparts and work
    closely with the U.S. Mission to the African Union to continue
    advancing Israel's relationship with the AU. By harnessing our strong
    relationships with member states across Africa, we can and should
    elevate Israel as an important partner to the African Union.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
             to Hon. Richard Mills, Jr. by Senator Robert Menendez

              In your confirmation hearing you congratulated ``president-
            elect'' Bola Tinubu; however preliminary statements from
            elections missions including Yiaga Africa, the Joint National
            Democratic Institute/International Republican Institute Joint
            International Observer Mission, and the European Union Election
            Observation Mission pointed to serious irregularities and
            shortcomings in the administration of elections.

        Question. How would you assess the overall performance of the
    Independent National Electoral Commissions administration of elections?

        Answer. Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
    undertook extensive preparations in advance of Nigeria's February 25
    elections, which included updating and expanding the roll of registered
    voters and organizing elections at 176,846 polling units across
    Nigeria. It did so amid significant insecurity and nation-wide
    shortages of naira currency and fuel. Voting generally took place in an
    orderly manner and although a Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT) showed
    inconsistencies in two states, nation-wide results of the PVT closely
    tracked nation-wide official results--as did the state-level results in
    all 35 of the other 37 states. However, INEC experienced significant
    challenges during the electoral process and struggled to meet citizens'
    expectations on Election Day. These included significant logistics
    issues--exacerbated by naira currency and fuel shortages--and technical
    shortcomings of a results viewing platform which served as a secondary
    means for transmitting results; the official results of Nigerian
    elections are still transmitted on paper. The United States has joined
    other observers in urging the electoral commission to increase
    transparency and improve in the areas needing most attention ahead of
    Nigeria's March 11 state elections. The United States has also urged
    restraint on the part of political parties and their supporters in
    reacting to the results and for the parties to rely on the courts to
    settle any disputes about the outcome of the election. The Mission
    anticipates that political parties will take their grievances to the
    Court of Appeal--the relevant legal forum for challenges in
    presidential elections--in the coming days. Bola Tinubu, who received a
    certificate of return from Nigeria's Independent National Electoral
    Commission (INEC) declaring him the president-elect, endorsed his
    competitors' recourse to the legal process regarding challenges.

        Question. Are the preliminary findings of various election
    observation missions credible?

        Answer. The United States finds the preliminary findings of
    international and Nigerian election observers to be credible and
    generally consistent with U.S. observations of the February 25
    election. Observers noted that voting generally occurred in an orderly
    manner and without interference by security forces. Common Election Day
    challenges identified by observers included reports of widespread
    delayed poll openings, long lines, and overcrowding, which in some
    cases impeded the secrecy of the ballot, and delays in the uploading of
    scanned tally sheets into a public results viewing portal. Various
    observer groups noted that naira currency and fuel shortages
    contributed to logistics challenges. Some observers noted challenges in
    the lead up to the elections, including with voter registration and
    voter card distribution, and a broader environment marked by
    insecurity, disinformation, and allegations of vote buying. We noted
    with concern reports that numerous members of the media were attacked
    during the course of the election, and we urged the Government,
    security forces, political actors, and all citizens to respect the
    media's critical role by refraining from any damaging acts against them
    and ensuring accountability for such acts when they do occur.? Apart
    from the technologies newly used in nation-wide elections, the
    challenges identified by observers were largely consistent with
    challenges observed during previous Nigerian election cycles.

        Question. What information do you have that the irregularities
    reported by observers did not affect the elections outcome?

        Answer. The results of a Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT) conducted
    by Yiaga Africa, a civil society organization which deployed 3,014
    citizen observers to randomly selected polling units across all 36 of
    Nigeria's states and the Federal Capital Territory, found
    inconsistencies in two of Nigeria's states. While these inconsistencies
    are of concern, they were not sufficient to affect overall nation-wide
    results. Nation-wide official presidential results closely tracked the
    results of this PVT, as they showed that Bola Tinubu won 36.6 percent
    of nation-wide votes, while Atiku Abubakar received 29.1 percent, and
    Peter Obi received 25.4 percent. Yiaga Africa's PVT similarly showed
    that Tinubu would receive between 33.4 percent and 37.4 percent of the
    vote; that Atiku would receive between 28.3 percent and 31.1 percent of
    the vote; and Obi would receive between 24.2 percent and 28.4 percent
    of the vote.
        By all indications, Nigeria's elections were highly competitive.
    Each of the top three presidential candidates was the leading vote-
    getter in twelve states, a remarkable first in Nigeria's modern
    political era, reflecting the diversity of views that characterized the
    campaign and the wishes of Nigeria's voters. Opposition presidential
    candidates collectively won 64% of the vote and also won the vote in
    twelve states where the ruling party holds the governorship. In the
    National Assembly elections conducted simultaneously, even with many
    results still being tabulated, opposition parties that had previously
    had little or no representation have already won numerous seats.

              Insecurity impacts Nigerians living in various part of the
            country. While banditry, political violence and terrorism are
            persistent and growing problems for Nigerians in more than one
            region, perhaps most well-known are continuing threats from
            Boko Haram and ISIS West Africa Province in the northeastern
            region. Successive U.S. administrations have supported military
            sales of a variety of air platforms as one way to help Nigeria
            defeat Boko Haram, though it's unclear whether air power alone
            will defeat the organizations. And the human rights track
            record of the Nigerian military is questionable. In December,
            Reuters ran a series of articles that alleged numerous abuses
            by the military including a decade plus secret mass abortion
            program, in its war against Boko Haram.

        Question. What are the major constraints to military effectiveness
    in northeastern Nigeria?

        Answer. The security situation in Northeast Nigeria is highly
    complex, with a decade-long conflict against Boko Haram and ISIS-WA.
    The Nigerian military leadership understands the limits of military
    action generally and air power specifically to end permanently the root
    causes of the conflict. ISIS-WA and Boko Haram will only be permanently
    displaced by a combination of good governance, provision of services,
    and the rule of law. Military forces must provide the Nigerian
    Government the space to do that. The military itself faces capacity and
    human resource limits, particularly in terms of intelligence,
    targeting, holding territory, and civil military relations. U.S.
    programs address these issues through training and capacity building.
    We also support the holistic response, which both the Nigerian
    Government and the United States is required, through support from
    USAID to strengthen civil society institutions, not only in the
    Northeast but throughout the country.

        Question. Upon what analysis is your answer based? Has the
    interagency discussed these constraints and is there consensus among
    the interagency as to these constraints?

        Answer. Our Embassy in Nigeria has regular contact with the
    Nigerian military. All assistance includes monitoring, evaluation, and
    after-action reviews of the military's operations, all of which informs
    the U.S. Government assessment of the Nigerian military's
    effectiveness. We also rely on the vibrant Nigerian civil society and
    research community, as well as international organizations and think
    tanks for information and assessments on Nigerian military
    effectiveness. The interagency discusses these constraints frequently
    through both formal and informal mechanisms, through working groups in
    Embassy Abuja, and in various fora with like-minded partners. There is
    consensus that the response in Northeast Nigeria requires a holistic
    approach and that the military can only provide the secure space to
    allow for improvements in governance, the provision of services, and
    respect for human rights and the rule of law.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit requesting a sense of the
    community related to the major constraints to military effectiveness in
    northeast Nigeria?

        Answer. We rely on the community to continually inform our view of
    the military effectiveness in northeastern Nigeria and constraints to
    the military's capabilities. Mission Nigeria regularly conveys
    information to the community that it gathers through our many partners
    and engagements with civil society. If confirmed, I commit to
    continuing to use this information, requesting updates from the
    community as needed, and engaging new partners as available.

        Question. Should the United States be contemplating arms sales to
    Nigeria given the current allegations?

        Answer. For now, future arms sales should be considered in the
    light of the current allegations and the eventual results of Nigerian
    Human Rights Commission's investigation into the deeply concerning
    allegations in the Reuters articles.
        Arms sales, however, are only one component, albeit an important
    one, of how we help the Nigerians improve their security forces, and
    human rights considerations are part of every arms transfer decision.
    All arms sales are made on a case-by-case basis, but U.S. Foreign
    Military Sales employ a complete package approach that includes
    training, maintenance, and--in the case of Nigeria--capacity building
    designed to improve the military's commitment to the rules of war,
    respect for human rights, and abilities to prevent civilian casualties.
    This capacity building has brought meaningful improvements. The
    Nigerian Air Force has taken several steps in recent years to reduce
    the potential for civilian harm as a result of air operations. It has
    done so by applying lessons learned, implementing new policies and
    doctrine, and undertaking new programs, equipment, and training. An
    ``Air-to-Ground Integration'' (AGI) program provides training and
    equipment to establish specialist teams linking air and ground units to
    improve tactics, techniques and procedures for close air support,
    improve target selection and identification, and mitigate civilian
    harm. It includes training on the Law of Armed Conflict and civilian
    harm mitigation. Also noteworthy is the recent arrival of a military
    justice advisor to be embedded within the Nigerian defense ministry, an
    outcome of the access, trust, and relationships built through ongoing
    U.S. training, equipment, and capacity building programs.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to support
    accountability for human rights abuses by the Nigerian military?

        Answer. I know that consistent engagement at the highest levels of
    the Nigerian Government is a vital tool to ensure accountability.
    Regarding the allegations made in the Reuters reports, U.S. officials
    in both Washington and Abuja have engaged at the highest levels of the
    Nigerian Government to encourage them to conduct a thorough,
    transparent investigation and hold accountable any who are responsible
    for human rights violations and abuses. The United States has also
    encouraged them to engage impartial international voices in their
    effort. This engagement has seen results as the Nigerian Government has
    committed to supporting the investigation by the Nigeria National Human
    Rights Commission. The Chief of Defense Staff publicly pledged to
    support the investigation and make any military personnel available
    that the Commission requests. If confirmed, I would continue to engage
    with the highest levels of the Nigerian Government while, at the same
    time, supporting my team's efforts to engage with local interlocutors
    in the northeast. If the National Human Rights Commission does find
    evidence substantiating these allegations, I would press the Nigerian
    Government to use its full authorities to ensure human rights violators
    face prosecution to the fullest extent of the law and would explore
    pursuing possible visa restrictions or financial sanctions against
    those committing gross violations of human rights.

              According to Transparency International's 2022 Corruption
            Perceptions Index. The Index also found that 43% of respondents
            thought corruption had increased in the previous 12 months, and
            44% of public service users who responded had paid a bribe.

        Question. How much does corruption cost the Nigerian economy every
    year?

        Answer. Corruption costs the Nigerian economy billions of dollars
    each year. Yiaga Africa released a report in 2021 stating that Nigeria
    has lost at least $582 billion since the country's independence in
    1960, due to endemic corruption. Lax regulatory oversight and ad hoc
    implementation of rules and regulations have created conditions for
    criminal actors to operate with impunity in many instances. Case in
    point is the oil and gas sector where poor oversight has led to
    hundreds of thousands of barrels per day of oil lost to crude oil
    theft, decreasing the country's key source of foreign exchange.
    Corruption is a serious blight on the nation's development and one of
    the main impediments to lifting the majority of Nigerians out of
    poverty. The Nigerian economy also loses an untold sum due to the
    perception of corruption that keeps international investors from
    entering the Nigerian market.

        Question. What programs and activities is the U.S. currently
    supporting to combat corruption?

        Answer. U.S. interagency efforts support the return of millions of
    dollars stolen by corrupt Nigerian officials and ensure those funds are
    used for health, infrastructure, and other projects that benefit the
    Nigerian people. We work to strengthen civil society efforts to hold
    the Government accountable for public resources. The U.S. partners with
    select Nigerian states which have demonstrated political commitment to
    improve transparency and accountability in public financial management.
    And we are working to help address petty corruption by the police--the
    most common corruption Nigerians face in their daily lives.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to help combat
    corruption in Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will place anti-corruption efforts at the
    heart of my conversations with Nigerian businesspeople, government
    officials, and civil society organizations. My experience as Ambassador
    to Armenia highlighted the resonance of the U.S. Government amplifying
    the voices of Armenians working to stop corruption, rather than
    allowing the issue to be viewed as a ``demand'' from outside the
    country itself. Additionally, I will direct Mission personnel to help
    advocate for an investment environment in Nigeria that is sound for
    U.S. businesses and corporations. Nigeria represents a huge potential
    market for U.S. investment, and it would be tragic to continue to lose
    ground in this space to adversaries such as China who are known to be
    apt to take advantage of economic and societal vulnerabilities in
    countries with weaker safeguards.

              Nigeria is beginning a new oil and gas project for the first
            time in Northern Nigeria. The Nigerian Government has urged its
            energy sector and international oil companies to adopt
            voluntary principles on security and human rights within the
            sector.

        Question. As a multi-stakeholder initiative aimed at protecting the
    human rights of those impacted by oil prospecting, how will the U.S.
    work to reinforce human rights within Nigeria's energy sector and avoid
    the environmental degradation we have seen in places like the Niger
    Delta?

        Answer. Nigeria's Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) signed in 2021
    heavily relied on USG technical assistance for its completion. If
    confirmed, I will direct my team to continue to engage with the new
    regulatory entities the PIA created, on various facets of its
    implementation. We will work with these entities together with other
    international partners to explore opportunities for technical and other
    forms of assistance to address environmental degradation and other
    ecological threats as well as protecting communities within the oil
    producing regions. I understand that scientists from the EPA also have
    previously worked with Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment and
    the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) to
    provide training on best practices on oil spill prevention, response,
    and remediation, and I would hope to continue those efforts.

        Question. In your view, what non-military investments should the
    U.S. pursue to address insecurity and banditry in Nigeria. How will
    your Embassy utilize peacebuilding efforts to enhance safety and reduce
    violence in Nigeria?

        Answer. The United States is bringing a full range of interagency
    tools to the security challenges in Nigeria to strengthen local
    governance and services and support community conflict mitigation,
    issues that are the underlying root causes of the insecurity in the
    country. We are working to improve law enforcement and access to
    justice, border control, counterterrorism efforts as well as anti-money
    laundering and combatting the funding of terrorists, aviation security
    and the collection of biometrics.
        USAID will continue to train respected local leaders to better
    mediate conflicts and build peace, efforts that have already
    successfully reduced violent conflict in parts of Nigeria. USAID and
    other USG colleagues continue to engage with Nigerian interlocutors on
    opportunities for investment in areas severely affected by insecurity
    and banditry. These engagements have uncovered the need for support to
    boost literacy and education rates and enhance agriculture activity to
    secure the livelihoods of those living in the affected communities. The
    Nigerian Government has also touted ranching as a means of lessening
    potentially deadly confrontations between sedentary farmers and herders
    seeking food sources for their cattle. If confirmed, I will continue to
    use the full range of engagements with Nigerian Government
    counterparts, communities, civil society, and private citizens to
    identify areas where we can get the most out of USG investment.

    Democracy & Human Rights
        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. Work in support of human rights and democracy building has
    been a significant part of my career. As the human rights officer at
    U.S. Consulate St. Petersburg on my second tour, I helped build
    relationships between U.S. human rights groups and Russian counterparts
    newly formed in the aftermath of communism's collapse, as well as
    monitored the effectiveness of U.S. financial and technical support to
    local human rights groups. At U.S. Embassy Baghdad, I served as the
    Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor's (DRL) Senior Democracy
    Advisor, managing DRL's programs to build democratic infrastructure and
    institutions in Iraq, as well as directing DRL's support to the Iraqi
    national election in 2009.
        My work leading U.S. Embassy Yerevan's efforts to counter
    corruption and strengthen civil society in Armenia had the most
    significant impact of my work thus far. Early in my tenure in Yerevan,
    the Embassy made bolstering Armenian voices and civil society groups
    campaigning against corruption a top priority. Drawing on the expertise
    of our Department of Justice office, as well as USAID and public
    affairs teams, the Embassy worked with local Armenian groups to create
    a list of needed anti-corruption legislation and reforms, developed a
    program of technical support for anti-corruption groups to amplify
    their messaging, and adopted an aggressive Embassy public messaging
    campaign to call out specific cases of corruption and identify
    corruption's cost in lost foreign investment. Within two years,
    Armenia's Velvet Revolution took place, largely driven by public
    outrage over corruption, which brought in a new government committed to
    rooting out corruption and strengthening democracy. Among the new
    government's first actions was to propose anti-corruption reforms that
    had been the centerpiece of civil society's requests. Many of the
    members of the new government were alumni and beneficiaries of the
    Embassy's anti-corruption and human rights programs. The Velvet
    Revolution was a ``bottom up'' result of the Armenian people's demand
    for change and democracy, but I do assess the efforts of Embassy
    Yerevan, over many years including my time there, played a significant
    part in marshalling the local leaders and ability to message to the
    public that allowed the Revolution to succeed.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Nigeria? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. Nigeria's democracy faces numerous challenges. Nigeria
    struggles to ensure the consistent application of the rule of law,
    which encourages impunity and creates openings for the rise of violent
    groups and criminal gangs to gain traction in many parts of Nigeria,
    threatening civilian populations. Security forces face allegations of
    human rights violations and abuses and those responsible are often not
    held to account in transparent and accessible proceedings. This lack of
    accountability for those responsible for human rights violations and
    abuses undercuts public trust in the Government. Weak rule of law also
    contributes to corruption, which undermines public trust in government
    institutions and public officials. Protectionist economic policies and
    a weak tax base stifle economic growth and impair the Government's
    ability to deliver essential services to citizens. Despite all of these
    and other challenges however, Nigeria's democracy also has many
    strengths, including a flourishing civil society and thriving
    independent media, and dynamism in some sectors of Nigeria's highly
    diversified economy.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Nigeria? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. The U.S.-Nigeria partnership is built on advancing shared
    democratic values to our countries' mutual benefit. If confirmed,
    strengthening necessary democratic institutions in Africa's largest
    democracy through our diplomatic and programmatic engagements,
    including through U.S. support to strengthen Nigeria's electoral
    system, will be a priority for me. Weak rule of law, corruption, and
    protectionist economic policies are likely to continue to remain
    obstacles but a focus on institution building along with a range of
    diplomatic tools can advance Nigeria's democratic path.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will utilize all available U.S. foreign
    assistance programs and tools to strengthen democracy and good
    governance in Nigeria. State Department and USAID resources are
    critical to achieving our policy goals and advancing our values in
    Nigeria. USAID works in close consultation with the Nigerian
    Government, civil society, local leaders, and citizens to prioritize
    its development goals for a peaceful and prosperous Nigeria. This
    multi-stakeholder approach fosters greater accountability and
    transparency in U.S. foreign assistance programs.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Nigeria? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to meeting with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    United States, and with local human rights NGOs and other members of
    civil society in Nigeria. Nigeria has a robust civil society and I
    understand the Embassy conducts such engagements regularly. I plan to
    build on their good work. I will advocate for unimpeded operation by
    NGOs and civil society, who do much to promote good governance and
    respect for human rights in Nigeria. I will advocate on their behalf
    privately and publicly should it be deemed helpful.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to meet with democratically oriented
    political opposition figures and parties, not just in Abuja but across
    Nigeria. I will encourage political figures and parties to consider the
    equities of all Nigerians, represent the diversity of Nigeria's
    geographic, religious, and ethnic groups, and to run on platforms built
    on substance, not personality. As more political parties are elected to
    key offices in Nigeria's state and federal bodies, I commit to engaging
    with officials from all parties. I will advocate for access and
    inclusivity for women, people with disabilities, members of minority
    groups, and youth within political parties.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with
    Nigeria on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Nigeria?

        Answer. Nigeria has a vibrant and diverse press, and if confirmed,
    I commit to meeting and engaging regularly with independent, local
    press. A well-informed citizenry is required for a functioning
    democracy, so I support the continuation of current embassy and
    Department programs to educate and train journalists, and the expansion
    of such programs where appropriate and where resources are available.
    If confirmed, I will actively engage with the Nigerian Government to
    promote a free, independent press and I will advocate against any
    measures designed to control or undermine press freedom.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. I understand that Mission Nigeria works intensively and
    innovatively with civil society to educate editors, journalists, and
    the public on understanding, recognizing, and countering disinformation
    and propaganda. If confirmed, I will bring my own experience and
    learned lessons on countering state-sponsored disinformation in the UN
    system to help inform Mission Nigeria continuing activities. I would
    also engage government counterparts on these issues as appropriate.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with
    Nigeria on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. Nigeria has a robust community of over 40 labor unions
    which actively organize to support the rights of their workers. I
    understand that Embassy staff engage the Nigerian Government on issues
    involving labor groups and their rights, and the Mission routinely
    engages with the top umbrella labor groups. If confirmed, I commit to
    engaging with Nigerian officials on the right of labor groups to
    organize.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Nigeria, no matter
    their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. The U.S. is a leader in promoting the human rights of
    members of all marginalized communities, including members of the
    LGBTQI+ community. If confirmed, I will use my position to promote
    respect for the human rights and dignity of all Nigerians, no matter
    their sexual orientation or gender identity.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Nigeria?

        Answer. The Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act of 2015 criminalizes
    the LGBTQI+ community in Nigeria. On top of this, in the 12 states in
    northern Nigeria that adhere to sharia penal code, homosexuality is a
    crime with severe penalties. LGBTQI+ persons in Nigeria face
    harassment, threats, discrimination, and incidents of violence against
    them, many times from members of their own community, including close
    family. According to local NGOs, some 10 percent of abuses reported by
    LGBTQI+ persons in Nigeria involve state actors. Invasion of privacy,
    arbitrary arrest, and unlawful detention were the most common abuses
    perpetrated by state actors. Blackmail, extortion, assault, and battery
    were the most common abuses perpetrated by nonstate actors. LGBTQI+
    persons also face stigma, discrimination, and barriers to accessing
    basic health care.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Nigeria?

        Answer. As Secretary Blinken has said, promoting and advancing
    respect for the human rights of LGBTQI+ persons is a foreign policy
    priority for this Administration. If confirmed, I will advocate for the
    human rights and dignity of all people in Nigeria, including LGBTQI+
    persons. I commit to meet with LGBTQI+ civil society members, to seek
    their guidance on how the U.S. Embassy can best support them, and to
    use our voice and resources to promote their rights and wellbeing.

    Congressional Consultations
        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit, in coordination with the State
    Department's Bureau of Legislative Affairs, to promptly accommodate
    requests for briefings and for information by members of Congress, as
    appropriate.

    Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility
        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy and Consulate in
    Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that our Mission creates the
    spaces for discussion and information-sharing about DEIA, both within
    the Embassy and with external interlocutors. With input from across our
    Embassy community, I will ensure that representatives from historically
    marginalized groups are included in Embassy events and as appropriate,
    when U.S. Government delegations visit. I will also encourage our
    managers to participate in DEIA initiatives to help enhance their
    leadership skills around fostering an open and inclusive environment
    for both our U.S. direct hire and Locally Employed Staff.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Nigeria?

        Answer. Nigeria is home to 371 ethnic groups and that ethnic
    diversity can be found among our Locally Employed Staff as well. Coming
    from various cultures and backgrounds, our Locally Employed Staff
    provide a wealth of knowledge and diversity of ideas that has sustained
    the excellent operations of our Mission in a tough security and
    economic environment. If confirmed, I will make sure that we recruit
    and hire from the broadest and most diverse pool of candidates, that I
    empower our leaders across the mission to take reports of inequality
    and discrimination very seriously, and that our Locally Employed Staff
    are provided the environment in which they can be comfortable in
    raising these issues with their leaders, including me.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. Our Mission is already doing excellent work in ensuring the
    State Department meets its DEIA goals in Nigeria. If confirmed, I will
    continue to build on that strong foundation by canvassing the
    perspectives of employees around the Mission to assess where we can
    improve on our DEIA commitments in our operations. Outside of the
    Mission, I will seek to learn from our Nigerian interlocutors about
    their needs and, with my team, assess how to best marry those needs
    with our policy goals to ensure the bilateral relationship goes from
    strength to strength.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
              to Hon. Richard Mills, Jr. by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. What is your assessment of Nigeria's ongoing electoral
    process so far?

        Answer. On February 25, Nigeria held general elections for the
    presidency and National Assembly. Each of the top three presidential
    candidates was the leading vote-getter in twelve states, a remarkable
    first in Nigeria's modern political era, reflecting the diversity of
    views that characterized the campaign and the wishes of Nigeria's
    voters. Opposition candidates collectively won 64% of the national vote
    and won the vote in twelve states where the ruling party holds the
    governorship. The results of a Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT) conducted
    by Yiaga Africa, a civil society organization which deployed 3,014
    citizen observers to randomly selected polling units across all 36 of
    Nigeria's states and the Federal Capital Territory, found
    inconsistencies in two of Nigeria's states but found that the overall
    official results--as well as the state-level results in all 35 of the
    other states--closely tracked the results of their PVT. In the National
    Assembly elections conducted simultaneously, even with many results
    still unknown, opposition parties that had little or no representation
    have already won numerous seats.
        International and Nigerian observers noted that voters experienced
    serious challenges during the electoral process. These included
    significant logistics issues--exacerbated by naira currency and fuel
    shortages--and technical shortcomings of a results viewing platform
    which was serving as a secondary means for transmitting results with
    the intention of increasing transparency; the official results of
    Nigerian elections are still transmitted on paper. The United States
    has joined other observers in urging the electoral commission to
    increase transparency and improve in the areas needing most attention
    ahead of Nigeria's March 11 state elections. The United States has also
    urged restraint on the part of political parties and their supporters
    in reacting to the results, and for the parties to rely on the courts
    to settle any disputes about the outcome of the election. The Mission
    anticipates that political parties will take their grievances to the
    Court of Appeal--the relevant legal forum for challenges in
    presidential elections--in the coming days. Bola Tinubu, who received a
    certificate of return from Nigeria's Independent National Electoral
    Commission (INEC) declaring him the president-elect, endorsed his
    competitors' recourse to the legal process regarding challenges.

        Question. What are some areas where the U.S. needs to engage our
    Nigerian partners following the announcement of the presidential result
    on March 1, 2021 and ahead of the state-level vote on March 11?

        Answer. The United States is urging INEC to take additional steps
    to address widespread delayed poll openings and other logistics
    challenges experienced during the February 25 elections as well as the
    technology issues that led to delays in the uploading and electronic
    transmission of scanned tally sheets to the electoral commission's
    results viewing portal, a mechanism designed to promote public
    transparency to complement the official, hard-copy results. Finally,
    the United States is calling on INEC to proactively communicate with
    the public about the problems experienced during the February 25 polls
    and how it is working to address them ahead of the March 11 state
    elections. U.S. officials are also engaging the candidates and their
    party leadership, alongside diplomatic partners, to welcome and
    reinforce their mutual calls to eschew violence and pursue challenges
    through legal means, as well as encouraging senior Nigerian Government
    officials to continue their roles in calming the security environment
    in the runup to state-level elections for governor scheduled for March
    11.

        Question. Do you think it was premature to congratulate president-
    elect Bola Tinubu and the Nigerian people on the conduct and outcome of
    the February 25 election?

        Answer. The United States recognizes Bola Tinubu as President-
    elect, in line with the official announcement of Nigeria's Independent
    National Electoral Commission made on March 1. This decision was also
    informed by the observations of international and domestic election
    observer missions, including the results of a Parallel Vote Tabulation
    process showing similar and statistically significant vote spreads
    consistent with nation-wide official results. Should candidates or
    parties choose to challenge the election outcome, which is their right
    under Nigerian law, we have urged them to do so through appropriate
    legal mechanisms. It is up to the Nigerian legal system to resolve any
    legal challenges in accordance with Nigerian constitution and law.

        Question. In December, Reuters published a deeply troubling
    investigative piece on forced abortions and child killings by Nigeria's
    military. The Nigerian National Human Rights Commission has begun its
    investigation into the accusations, which the Nigerian Government has
    denied. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, how will you engage the
    Nigerian Government and others on this process?

        Answer. Since the deeply troubling Reuters pieces were published in
    December 2022, U.S. officials in Nigeria have contacted dozens of
    interlocutors who work in, or are familiar with, the Northeast part of
    the country where these allegations are alleged to have occurred. At
    the same time, officials in both Washington and Abuja have engaged at
    the highest levels of the Nigerian Government to encourage them to
    conduct a thorough, transparent investigation and hold accountable any
    who are responsible for human rights violations and abuses. They have
    also encouraged Nigerian authorities to engage impartial international
    voices as part of their effort to address the allegations. This U.S.
    engagement has seen results as the Nigerian Government has publicly
    committed to supporting an investigation by the Nigeria National Human
    Rights Commission. The Chief of Defense Staff publicly pledged to
    support the investigation and make any military personnel available
    that the Commission requests. If confirmed, I would continue to engage
    with the highest levels of the Nigerian Government to press for a
    transparent, full investigation while, at the same time, supporting my
    team's efforts to engage with local interlocutors in the northeast. If
    the National Human Rights Commission does find evidence substantiating
    these allegations, I will press the Nigerian Government to use its full
    authorities to ensure human rights violators face prosecution to the
    fullest extent of the law and would explore pursuing possible visa
    restrictions or financial sanctions against those committing gross
    violations of human rights.

        Question. Do you feel that the Nigerian National Human Rights
    Commission has the capacity, independence and political space to
    conduct a sufficiently thorough investigation of the claims made in the
    Reuters piece, particularly given the short timeline the Nigerian
    Government has discussed for completion of the investigation (late
    March/early April)?

        Answer. My understanding is that the Nigerian National Human Rights
    Commission (NHRC) has a mandate expected to last up to six months, with
    a final report due sometime this summer, although I understand we
    expect interim reports to be issued before then. Additionally, the NHRC
    has identified a series of individuals with reputable backgrounds and
    relevant experience to serve on this panel. The NHRC is considered a
    reputable, independent organization, and I understand U.S. officials
    have strongly advocated with the Nigerian Government to provide it with
    the necessary resources and support to conduct the investigation that
    these allegations warrant. The mission has also encouraged them to
    engage impartial international voices in their effort. Finally, as we
    encourage Nigeria to address allegations of human rights violations and
    abuses, it is important that we support the Nigerian Government and
    people in developing their own institutions with the capacity and
    credibility to respond as an effective Nigerian-led investigation,
    conducted by respected experts in relevant fields, as it will have
    greater credibility and its findings will have more acceptability with
    the Nigerian public than an ``outside'' investigation. If confirmed, I
    look forward to assisting, where appropriate, the investigations of the
    NHRC.

        Question. I have been engaged in discussions with the Department
    over security assistance to Nigeria, considering both the acute
    security challenges Nigeria faces and the concerning human rights
    record of the Nigerian military. As U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria, if
    confirmed, how will you balance these considerations as you engage the
    Nigerian Government on security assistance and in combatting the
    insurgent threat posed by Boko Haram and other groups in the North
    East, and other security challenges across Nigeria?

        Answer. I believe security assistance and human rights are
    inextricably linked as we help Nigeria face its security challenges
    throughout the country. We know that reported human rights violations
    and abuses, especially if the perpetrators are not held to account in
    transparent and accessible proceedings, erodes the trust the Nigerian
    Government needs to ultimately end security threats in the country. As
    ambassador, if confirmed, I will engage with the highest levels of the
    Nigerian Government to urge them to investigate credible accusations of
    human rights violations and abuses and hold those responsible to
    account. At the same time, security assistance is critical to help the
    Nigerian Government create a safe and secure environment for its
    citizens. Consistent with the Leahy Law, we will not provide security
    assistance to units if there is credible information indicating the
    unit or its members have committed a gross violation of human rights. I
    would continue to support assistance where appropriate, such as where
    we could help the Nigerians improve their technical capabilities and
    ability to mitigate civilian casualties while, at the same time,
    increase the professionalism of the Nigerian Armed Forces.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Nigeria remained on Tier 2 for not fully meeting the minimum
    standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant
    efforts to do so. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to
    help Nigeria operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained
    in the TIP report?

        Answer. The Nigerian Government has demonstrated significant and
    increasing efforts and political will to combat human trafficking in
    recent years. In 2022, the National Agency for the Prohibition of
    Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) made several updates to their
    Protocols, Strategic Framework, and National Plan to account for lapses
    found during the COVID pandemic and for the needs of more vulnerable
    populations. Other efforts include recent finalization of a protocol
    agreement with UNICEF to refer children identified in armed conflict to
    civilian authorities. Nigeria also enhanced training and screening for
    trafficking across the travel industry and with social services
    agencies to identify and provide appropriate care for all those
    identified as victims. While there is political will, sustained U.S.
    and Mission Nigeria engagement on this issue will be critical to ensure
    successful implementation, as corruption and official complicity in
    trafficking crimes remain serious concerns. The Mission will continue
    to support NAPTIP's efforts through training and continued engagement.
    If confirmed, I will also encourage robust U.S. engagement with the
    National Police Force, a close NAPTIP partner, to prioritize key
    trafficking issues and to strengthen its coordination with NAPTIP.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, Nigeria was noted to have large scale religious-
    affiliated violence between Christian and Muslim communities. What is
    your assessment of religious freedom in Nigeria and if confirmed, how
    will you work with the Ambassador At Large for International Religious
    Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-country?

        Answer. Religious freedom is enshrined in Nigeria's constitution
    and plays a key role in Nigerian society and its institutions. Because
    religion plays such an important role in Nigeria's social fabric,
    communal conflicts in Nigeria, often over resources or perceived
    grievances, can sometimes take on religious overtones. If confirmed, I
    will ensure that Mission Nigeria's work prioritizes outreach and
    dialogue with religious leaders and faith-based communities, who play a
    critical role in Nigeria's social fabric and who are important voices
    for promoting religious tolerance. I will engage the Government of
    Nigeria on specific cases and areas of concern. I will also seek
    opportunities to strengthen religious freedom protections in Nigerian
    law. Finally, I would continue to support State Department and USAID
    programmatic activities that promote religious tolerance, interfaith
    dialogue, and conflict resolutions programs. I look forward to the
    opportunity, if confirmed, to work with the Ambassador at Large for
    Religious Freedom to find innovative programs to reduce communal
    violence and increase trust across Nigeria's many religious
    communities.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to personally engaging with civil
    society to promote religious tolerance, advance interfaith dialogue,
    and encourage civil society's essential role in conflict prevention and
    community peacebuilding efforts, including by working with faith
    leaders. I would also support programs, including USAID activities,
    that work with civil society to train respected local leaders from a
    variety of religious faiths and ethnic backgrounds to better mediate
    conflicts and build peace, efforts that have already successfully
    reduced violent conflict in parts of Nigeria.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Nigerians increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, in addition to promoting respect for all
    religions and ethnicities by advancing interfaith dialogue with
    religious and community leaders, I would work with the Nigerian
    Government to address the root causes of conflict through better
    governance, rule of law, and accountability for those responsible for
    human rights violations and abuses. I would seek to engage leaders at
    the subnational level to discuss the laws against blasphemy and
    insulting religion. I would also support programs, including USAID
    activities, that work with civil society to train respected local
    leaders from a variety of religious faiths and ethnic backgrounds to
    better mediate conflicts and build peace--efforts that have already
    successfully reduced violent conflict in parts of Nigeria.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report,
    Nigeria was identified to have significant human rights issues
    including unlawful or arbitrary killings by the government, politically
    motivated reprisals, and restrictions on internet freedom. If
    confirmed, how will you direct your embassy to work with the government
    to improve the human rights situation on the ground?

        Answer. Strengthening respect for human rights is fundamental to
    U.S. engagement in Nigeria and around the world. A Nigerian Government
    that demonstrates transparency, seeks and achieves transparent
    accountability for abuses committed by government actors, and that
    fully respects the human rights of its people is a government that will
    help the country thrive. If confirmed, I will seek to advance and
    further institutionalize respect for human rights and accountability
    for those responsible for violations and abuses in our diplomatic and
    programmatic engagements, including through requiring human rights
    capacity building and training in our security cooperation. These
    programmatic engagements would be through a whole-of-government
    approach. For example, with regard to military cooperation, our sale of
    A-29 aircraft includes training on civilian harm mitigation and the Law
    of Armed conflict. For civil society, USAID works with civil society on
    training and capacity building for wide-ranging topics like democratic
    governance, countering trafficking in persons, and greater inclusion of
    persons with disabilities. Our International Narcotic and Law
    Enforcement office programming to strengthen the capacity of Nigerian
    law enforcement includes robust human rights training.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you direct your embassy to work
    with civil society organizations to improve the human rights situation
    on the ground?

        Answer. Nigeria has robust civil society organizations, able to
    operate freely, that are working to promote respect for human rights,
    and with which the U.S. Mission engages on a continuing basis. U.S.
    engagement with and support for them helps to inform U.S. policy,
    provides opportunities to engage with the Nigerian public, including
    with youth, and ensures that we have strong partners for U.S.
    programming. USAID, for example, is supporting CSOs advocating for an
    end to child forced marriage and for greater rights and accessibility
    for people with disabilities. If confirmed, continuing this engagement
    with Nigeria's civil society will be a priority for me.

        Question. According to the Conduct in U.N. Field Missions online
    portal, there are 17 open allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse
    by the country's peacekeepers deployed to U.N. peacekeeping missions,
    in cases from 2017 and 2018. How will you engage with the Nigerian
    Government to ensure that perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse
    from U.N. peacekeeping missions are held accountable?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would engage with the Nigerian Government
    to ensure any allegations of sexual misconduct are dealt with in a
    transparent and timely manner and those responsible held accountable. I
    will also draw upon my work as U.S. Deputy Representative to the U.N.
    addressing issues of peacekeeper accountability with the U.N.
    Secretariat and specific U.N. Missions to advise Nigerian authorities
    on their responsibilities to address allegations of sexual abuse and
    the mechanisms to do so. In this latter regard, Nigeria recently passed
    the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act in part to combat
    the prevalence of gender- based violence. The U.S. Mission continues to
    work with interlocutors, CSOs, and multilateral organizations to ensure
    the full implementation of the act. If confirmed, I would engage with
    the Nigerian Government on any serious and credible allegations of
    sexual exploitation by Nigeria's U.N. peacekeepers brought to my
    attention, and direct Mission personnel to continue to engage at the
    working level with Nigerian counterparts to ensure accountability for
    those responsible and support for victims of sexual violence.

        Question. Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over
    the last several years, in large part due to COVID. What is your
    understanding of morale throughout Mission Nigeria?

        Answer. The COVID pandemic and necessary mitigation strategies
    placed stress and challenges to work operations on Mission Nigeria
    staff, as the pandemic did on U.S. missions worldwide. Mission Nigeria
    leadership's transparent, pragmatic approach to addressing the stress
    on staff and work challenges was centered on ensuring the health and
    safety of all Mission staff, which strengthened Mission morale during a
    difficult time. If confirmed, I intend to maintain that approach as
    Chief of Mission.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be leading a Mission team with strong
    morale despite the real challenges--from a changing security
    environment to the aftermath of the COVID pandemic--that impact all the
    Mission team whether direct hires, locally-employed staff, or family
    members. A key to maintaining and strengthening the Mission's morale,
    in my view, will be regular communication with all staff on Mission
    operations, security issues, and U.S. policies.
        I will continue practices I have successfully used in past
    assignments, including regular ``town hall'' meetings with staff, a
    regular ``open door'' by the Deputy Chief of Mission and myself for
    staff and family members to discuss concerns and ideas, and ensuring I
    create an environment in which all members of the country team,
    regardless of their host agency, are comfortable raising questions and
    new approaches on Mission policies and operations.
        Demonstrating through my own actions, and those of the Mission's
    senior leadership, the Department's principles of diversity and
    inclusion is also a key to maintaining morale. Mission Nigeria has a
    strong track record of building a diverse, inclusive work force,
    whether in the diversity of the team's American direct hires or a
    locally employed work force that represents Nigeria's own diverse
    communities. I look forward to building on that record.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, maintaining a unified vision, messaging, and
    priorities among the fifteen different agencies at Mission Nigeria will
    be a top goal.
        My experience managing other large U.S. missions, such as Mission
    Canada, taught me a key to achieving this goal is making sure the
    Mission's Integrated Country Strategy is a ``whole of Mission'' product
    which I would make clear that all staff should use in setting
    objectives and priorities for their work.
        Consistent messaging, clear priorities, and communication with
    Mission section and agency heads is vital, as are regular consultations
    with agency headquarters and the interagency to hammer out differences
    early. Regular coordination among the various public affairs offices of
    each agency at the Mission is also critical to ensure consistency and
    alignment in our outreach and messaging to the Nigerian public.
        As Chief of Mission, I have also learned the value of being clear
    at Mission country team and staff meetings about my planned schedule of
    meetings and public engagements, spelling out what my messages and
    goals will be, and expecting Mission staff to all mirror that messaging
    and goals as well. Making sure that key policy and messaging points are
    routinely shared to all sections and agencies across the Mission, even
    when not specifically pertinent to a section or agency's own work, is
    the most effective way to ensure a consistent vision and message across
    even the largest U.S. Mission teams.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be leading a Mission team with strong
    morale despite the real challenges--from a changing security
    environment to the aftermath of the COVID pandemic--that impact all the
    Mission team whether direct hires, locally-employed staff, or family
    members. A key to maintaining and strengthening the Mission's morale,
    in my view, will be regular communication on Mission operations,
    security issues, and U.S. policies with all staff.
        I will continue practices I have successfully used in past
    assignments, including regular ``town hall'' meetings with all staff, a
    regular ``open door'' by the Deputy Chief of Mission and myself for
    staff and family members to discuss concerns and ideas, and ensuring I
    create an environment in which all members of the country team,
    regardless of their host agency, are comfortable raising questions and
    new approaches on Mission policies and operations.
        Demonstrating in my own actions, and those of the Mission's senior
    leadership, to the Department's principles of diversity and inclusion
    is also a key to maintaining morale. Mission Nigeria has a strong track
    record of building a diverse, inclusive work force, whether in the
    diversity of the team's American direct hires or a locally employed
    work force that represents Nigeria's own diverse communities. If
    confirmed, I look forward to building on that record.

        Question. Management is a key responsibility for chiefs of Mission.
    How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. My management approach is to put an emphasis on building
    ``one team,'' preventing silos of information among embassy sections
    and agencies and seeking out the staff's frank views as part of my own
    decision-making process.
        I view the Country Team as my primary resource for creative
    strategies on implementing Mission goals and raising policy issues that
    need resolution, while being clear that I expect Country Team members
    and section heads to empower their own staffs to be comfortable
    offering ideas and tactics to achieve Mission objectives, whether
    operational or related to U.S. policies. After appropriate discussion
    and consideration, when a decision is taken, I expect staff, in turn,
    to professionally carry out the decision to their best of their
    abilities. I assess their performance and potential only in that
    regard.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. I do not.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. My Deputy Chief of Mission will be my fully empowered
    partner at Mission Nigeria. If confirmed, I look forward to my Deputy's
    substantive engagement in all aspects of the Mission's operations and
    significant policy decisions, so that he is ready and prepared to fill
    in for me whenever required and whatever the time frame. I want my
    Deputy to provide frank advice to me, whether in larger group settings
    or behind closed doors as the situation may require. I especially look
    to my Deputy to be a direct and frank conduit to me on insights into
    the staff's operational concerns, issues related to family members, and
    overall morale.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your Deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. If confirmed, I plan for my Deputy to substantively engage
    in all aspects of the Mission's operations and significant policy
    decisions.
        With regard to specific leadership responsibilities, I envision
    entrusting him with leadership responsibility for maintaining a
    mentoring and professional-skills building program for direct hires and
    locally employed staff; monitoring Mission employment and hiring
    decisions to ensure we meet our diversity and inclusion goals;
    monitoring the Mission's security environment to alert me and other
    Mission leadership when security decision points are reached; and
    working with Mission supervisors to ensure they are providing
    constructive and accurate evaluations of performance to staff, whether
    those staff are meeting performance requirements or failing to succeed.

        Question. In order to create and continue employee excellence at
    the Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports (EERs)
    for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though often lacking. Do
    you believe that it is important to provide employees with accurate,
    constructive feedback on their performance in order to encourage
    improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. If confirmed, it will be among my highest priorities to
    ensure that Mission Foreign Service staff, across agencies, are
    provided meaningful, accurate, and constructive feedback on their
    performance in regular counseling sessions, as well as in their annual
    written evaluations.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. If confirmed, I pledge to provide clear, accurate, direct
    feedback to my direct ratees and to convey I expect all supervisors,
    across all agencies, to provide the same constructive and direct
    feedback to their staff as well.

        Question. It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
    abroad to meet with local actors, including host government officials,
    non-government organizations, and local citizens. In your experience,
    do U.S. diplomats get outside of our embassy walls enough to fully
    accomplish their missions?

        Answer. Engagement with local actors--whether from civil society,
    the private business sector, or sub-national governments--has been
    central to the work of each U.S. Embassy at which I have served or had
    the honor of leading as Chief of Mission.
        Although security situations can limit access and the ability to
    travel in-country for some colleagues, my overall experience is that
    U.S. diplomats are eager to get beyond Embassy walls to effectively
    engage with a range of local actors and are able to do so to carry out
    their work.
        If confirmed, I will continue to make such engagement with local
    actors a priority for myself and Mission Nigeria staff at all levels,
    consistent with the prevailing security environment.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. Mission Nigeria leadership has successfully worked to
    balance the goal of ensuring U.S. diplomats are engaged with key local
    actors--from civil society to religious leaders--with the requirement
    of ensuring the safety of Mission staff.
        If confirmed, I am committed that among my first goals will be to
    work with Mission Nigeria staff to identify the operational
    challenges--whether logistical, financial, or security--to
    strengthening their access to key local interlocutors. I am committed
    to taking actions that staff identify to expand our access to local
    populations in line with the prevailing security conditions in Nigeria
    at the time.

                               follow-up question

              Question. Do you think it was premature for you to
            congratulate president-elect Bola Tinubu and the Nigerian
            people on the conduct and outcome of the February 25 election
            on March 1? Please respond yes or no.

              Answer. No, it was not premature to congratulate President-
            Elect Bola Tinubu, the Nigerian people, and political leaders
            on a competitive election on February 25. My decision to offer
            congratulations on the election's competitiveness during my
            March 1 confirmation hearing was made after serious reflection,
            taking into consideration the Department's public statement
            shortly before my hearing, although that statement was not
            determinative in my own decision-making.
              My statement, as well as the Department's, was made after
            careful evaluation of available information and the
            announcement of official results by Nigeria's Independent
            National Electoral Commission (INEC). It was informed by the
            results of a credible Parallel Vote Tabulation which closely
            tracked nation-wide results. The election, despite the
            logistical problems and instances of serious violence at some
            polling stations, was highly competitive. Each of the top three
            presidential candidates won twelve states. In more than half of
            Nigeria's states--twenty--the winning presidential candidate
            represented a different party than that of the incumbent
            governor.
              Neither the Department's statement nor my comments diminished
            U.S. concerns about the logistical and technical issues
            surrounding Nigeria's electoral process that clearly failed to
            meet Nigerians' expectations and our own as a friend of
            Nigeria. The United States has been very clear in its public
            statements that INEC must address such issues ahead of
            Nigeria's upcoming state-level elections.
              I was also clear that Nigerian parties who have concerns
            about the electoral process and the announced outcome should
            use legally established mechanisms for resolving such concerns.
            The United States supports the right of all parties to fully
            pursue those mechanisms under Nigerian law, even though I
            understand those processes may be lengthy. We must allow this
            process to proceed. If confirmed, I will monitor the legal
            processes underway and not hesitate to speak out about any
            failures to accord all parties due process under Nigerian law.
              Looking ahead, I will ensure that Mission Nigeria continues
            to press INEC to further strengthen the electoral process
            beyond this election cycle.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
               to Hon. Richard Mills, Jr. by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May, Secretary Blinken said that the People's Republic
    of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape the
    international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases. As we speak, the Party is
    cracking down on unprecedented student protests across the country.
    With their absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP
    could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.
    Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Yes, activities by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and
    CCP represent significant challenges to U.S. economic, political, and
    security interests globally and in the Africa region. Under President
    Xi, the PRC has become more repressive at home and more assertive
    abroad. We will defend and strengthen U.S. national security,
    prosperity, and values; defend international law and agreements and the
    other principles and institutions that maintain peace and security; and
    protect the rights of individuals and sovereign nations. As U.S. Deputy
    Representative to the UN, I have seen first-hand how the PRC uses its
    influence in the U.N. and abroad in ways that undermine the rule of
    law, democratic principles, and the broader rules-based international
    order. In line with Secretary Blinken's speech on May 26, in which the
    Secretary said we will invest in our domestic strength and align with
    our allies and partners so that we can compete effectively with the PRC
    to defend our interests, if confirmed, I will continue to deepen our
    partnership with Nigeria, address our shared concerns, and engage with
    Nigerians to deliver the message that as one of Nigeria's largest
    humanitarian and development partners, the United States is committed
    to Nigeria's future, in contrast to the PRC's transactional approach. I
    will seek to highlight the risks associated with PRC engagement that
    could impact Nigeria's economy, security, democratic principles,
    sovereignty, and U.S. interests. Following on from my predecessor, I
    will also continue to ensure that our vision of regional security and
    prosperity remains the bulwark of a strong U.S.-Nigeria partnership
    that competes successfully with the type of relationship offered by the
    PRC. If confirmed, I will also work with the Department of State's new
    Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Nigerian context.
    This new office, inaugurated immediately following the U.S.-Africa
    Leaders Summit, brings together a group of China experts from
    throughout the Department and beyond to work more effectively with
    colleagues from every regional bureau and experts in international
    security, economics, technology, multilateral diplomacy, and strategic
    communications.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. We are committed to working with Beijing only if it secures
    American jobs, American values, and our way of life for future
    generations. Issues like food security, global health, climate change,
    the global drug trade, and COVID-19 are the very issues that directly
    threaten our prosperity and security and that of Nigeria. PRC
    contributions should be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are not a
    springboard for narrow PRC economic interests.
        If confirmed, I will also work with the Department of State's new
    Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Nigerien context.
    This new office, inaugurated immediately following the U.S.-Africa
    Leaders Summit, brings together a group of China experts from
    throughout the Department and beyond to work more effectively with
    colleagues from every regional bureau and experts in international
    security, economics, technology, multilateral diplomacy, and strategic
    communications. In addition, I will direct the members of post's PRC
    working group to work closely with the Regional China Officer based in
    Abidjan.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States broadly, and Mission Nigeria
    specifically, should only work with the PRC where our interests clearly
    coincide. Limited areas potentially may emerge-perhaps food security,
    counter-narcotics, or disaster relief-where U.S. and PRC interests
    could converge in Nigeria. If confirmed, when appropriate, the mission
    would be ready to consider taking advantage of such opportunities if
    they were clearly beneficial to the Nigerian people as well as aligned
    with U.S. interests and policy goals.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries, or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will consult Department guidance on
    engagement with PRC organizations or representatives to work together
    when it is in U.S. interests to do so.

        Question. The CCP is Nigeria's largest bilateral lender of top
    export destination. CCP construction firms have a number of public
    infrastructure projects in the country to include railways, highways,
    new airport terminals, a deep-water port, and hydroelectric power
    project. What have been the impacts of CCP infrastructure investments
    for Nigeria, and for U.S. interests?

        Answer. The CCP continues to find opportunities to increase their
    influence in Nigeria through these very visible projects, but the
    Nigerian private and public sectors have both indicated that the United
    States remains their partner of choice. China remains a major
    development, trade, and investment partner for Nigeria, and the largest
    source of official finance for Nigeria with $10 billion from 2010 to
    2017, but several key projects have fallen into disrepair or have
    proven to be inappropriate projects for Nigeria. In many cases, the
    selection of PRC firms and financing in these projects is simply due to
    a dearth of available or affordable alternatives. And outstanding PRC
    lending to Nigeria remains relatively limited at only $3.1 billion, or
    4% of Nigeria's total public debt.
        CCP influence continues to expand, but the trend is being met with
    resistance by a skeptical population and politicians are increasingly
    critical. Chinese commercial entities face challenges operating in
    Nigeria and the public is wary of their interventions. If confirmed, I
    will make messaging the failure of Chinese investment and trade, in
    contrast to the values and benefits that U.S. investment brings to
    Nigeria's economy, a priority in my private and public engagements. We
    will continue to work with our likeminded partners to provide Nigeria
    the alternative opportunities provided by our government and private
    sector to ensure we remain Nigeria's partner of choice.

        Question. What steps will you take to identify projects with
    Nigerian officials and the Development Finance Corporation regarding
    opportunities for U.S. companies to compete with CCP funded projects?

        Answer. We have robust engagement with Nigeria on project
    identification and financing. We have a DFC representative in-country
    to support possible U.S. investment in local projects, and the Mission
    saw a visit by DFC CEO Nathan Scott in July of 2022. If confirmed, I
    will direct our Deal team, which includes the DFC, the Department of
    Commerce, and USTDA-which all maintain an in-country presence-to
    enhance our efforts to link U.S. firms with opportunities in Nigeria,
    whether through the International Trade Administration's (ITA) Express
    Leads system, reverse trade missions, or other commercial diplomacy
    tools at our disposal.

        Question. In December 2022, Reuters reported that the Nigerian
    military ran a secret mass abortion program in its war against Boko
    Haram, resulting in at least 10,000 non-consensual abortions. Both
    State and DoD provide assistance and aid to Nigeria for
    counterterrorism purposes. If the claims are found to be credible, what
    should be the consequences for U.S.-Nigeria relations and security
    cooperation?

        Answer. I was shocked to read about the allegations contained in
    the Reuters reports in December 2022. I know that U.S. officials, both
    in Washington D.C. and Abuja, have worked tirelessly to look into these
    claims as well as to press the Nigerian Government to conduct and
    support a thorough, transparent investigation and to hold accountable
    any individual responsible for human rights violations and abuses.
        As per the Leahy laws, the Department does not provide assistance
    to any security force unit if there is credible information that the
    unit has committed a gross violation of human rights. All U.S. security
    assistance is evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and we take credible
    allegations into consideration as we plan security assistance. Looking
    ahead, we expect the Nigerian National Human Rights Commission to
    complete its investigation this summer and, if confirmed, I will
    continue to press the Nigerian Government to see the investigation to
    its conclusion and act on its findings. If these troubling allegations
    are substantiated, I would press the Nigerian Government to fully
    prosecute any individuals implicated, while at the same time exploring
    visa restrictions or financial sanctions against those committing gross
    violations of human rights.

        Question. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and annual
    appropriations legislation prohibit the use of taxpayer money to pay
    for abortions or advocacy to change the legal status of abortions in
    foreign countries. If confirmed, what will you to verify that U.S.
    taxpayer money was not used in any Nigerian Government program
    conducting non-consensual abortions?

        Answer. We are awaiting the conclusion of the Nigeria National
    Human Rights Commission's investigation into the allegations in the
    Reuters reports of December 2022. I do not wish to pre-judge their
    investigation. If confirmed, I pledge to press the Nigerian Government
    to act on any findings of wrongdoing in the report, to include taking
    appropriate actions and ensuring accountability for those responsible
    for human rights abuses and violations. The U.S. Government extensively
    monitors its activities in Nigeria to ensure compliance with all
    relevant U.S. legislation, including the Foreign Assistance Act of
    1961, and the USAID Mission in Nigeria does not fund any services
    associated with abortion. That monitoring will be applied to the
    information that is reported as a result of the Human Rights
    Commission's investigation.

        Question. The status of religious freedom in Nigeria is appalling.
    Nigeria's legal and criminal codes enshrine blasphemy laws informed by
    Shari'a law that are disproportionately wielded against Christians and
    members of minority religious groups. Cases of violence against
    religious Nigerians frequently go un-investigated and un-prosecuted by
    Nigeria's law enforcement agencies. For these reasons, the United
    States Commission on International Religious Freedom recommended last
    year that Nigeria be designated as a Country of Particular Concern
    (CPC) under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. However,
    the State Department did not designate Nigeria as a CPC. Do you agree
    with the State Department that the actions of Nigeria's Government are
    not sufficient for it to be designated as a CPC?

        Answer. Although I was not involved in the decision, I understand
    that State Department assessed Nigeria did not meet the legal criteria
    to be designated a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) in 2022. The
    U.S. Mission in Nigeria and the Department of State writ large closely
    monitor religious freedom dynamics in Nigeria, including threats to
    religious freedom and the efforts of the Nigerian Government to promote
    religious freedom and tolerance. The Embassy engages religious
    institutions and advocacy groups of all faiths in Nigeria, as well as
    civil society and human rights and religious freedom advocates to make
    sure we have the most accurate picture possible, which the Mission
    regularly conveys to Washington. I am committed to ensuring the
    Mission's reporting and views are part of the inter-agency assessment
    on religious freedom in Nigeria and its CPC status. We also regularly
    engage the Government of Nigeria on religious freedom issues of concern
    and advocate strongly for both specific cases of concern and on broader
    issues. If confirmed, I would continue to do the same.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to advocating for Nigeria's
    designation as a CPC?

        Answer. I do not wish to prejudge the Department's annual review
    process on religious freedom designations in 2023, which will be based
    on developments in this calendar year. But I commit to ensuring that
    religious freedom issues will remain a priority for U.S. policy and
    Mission Nigeria if I am confirmed.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to promote religious
    freedom in Nigeria?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that our diplomacy prioritizes
    outreach and dialogue with religious leaders and faith-based
    communities, who play a critical role in Nigeria's social fabric and
    who are important voices for promoting religious tolerance. I will
    engage the Government of Nigeria on cases and areas of concern. I will
    also seek opportunities to strengthen religious freedom protections.
    Finally, I would continue to support State Department and USAID
    programmatic activities that promote religious tolerance, interfaith
    dialogue, and conflict resolution programs.

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
               to Hon. Richard Mills, Jr. by Senator Bill Hagerty

    Combating Anti-israel Bias in the African Union and Other International
            Forums
              As you know, on February 18, 2023, an Israeli diplomat who
            was an accredited observer with an entry tag was expelled from
            the opening ceremony of the African Union summit. In the
            following days, the African Union Commission Chief stated that
            Israel's observer status that the bloc has been suspended.
            These actions are part of a larger effort to delegitimize
            Israel by states driven by hatred. Just as biased targeting of
            Israel at the United Nations is a grave concern, anti-Israel
            actions and rhetoric in other international forums also cannot
            be ignored. Indeed, what happened to Israel at the AU Summit is
            reprehensible and unacceptable.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you to do to address this
    problem?

        Answer. AU Commission Chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat accepted
    credentials of the Israeli Ambassador in 2021. However, this decision
    was challenged by some AU member states, as permitted by the AU
    Constitutive Act. The AU then established a Heads of State Committee to
    consult on the accreditation issue with plans to report back at the
    2023 AU Summit. The Committee is composed of six member states, with
    three opposing (Algeria, South Africa, Nigeria) and three supporting
    (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda). Faki's acceptance of
    Israel and its observer status are on hold pending his receipt of the
    Committee's recommendation.
        As Deputy Representative to the U.N., I worked with the Israeli
    Mission in New York to convey to African Missions the value Israeli
    observer status would bring to the AU. If confirmed, I would continue
    to advocate with Nigerian officials that Israel's role in the African
    Union be finalized and confirmed as an observer. Multilateral
    institutions are strongest when differing voices and perspectives are
    united to enact change that impacts global populations. Israel's impact
    on Africa is significant, from its contributions to technology and
    resources to bolstering food security efforts via substantive trade-it
    is an important partner to the continent, so will be an equally
    important voice in the AU's work.

        Question. What would you do to engage with foreign governments and
    ensure that Israel is not unfairly targeted, but rather included in
    future African Union summits and other regional and international
    forums?

        Answer. Israel's outreach to African nations is something to be
    lauded. If confirmed, as Ambassador I would engage the Nigerian
    authorities, in close coordination with my Israeli colleagues, on the
    targeting of Israel in international fora, and would encourage the
    Nigerians to oppose unfair and unbalanced resolutions in all venues. It
    is worth noting that Nigeria and Israel have enjoyed full diplomatic
    relations for decades and then-President Goodluck Jonathan made the
    first visit by a Nigerian head of state to Israel in 2013.
    Chinese Influence in Nigeria
              Nigeria and China have a significant economic relationship,
            with China being Nigeria's largest trading partner. China has
            invested heavily in Nigeria's infrastructure development,
            including roads, railways, and ports.

        Question. Are you concerned about China having outsized influence
    in Nigeria?

        Answer. Countering the PRC's significant influence and role in
    Nigeria will be a priority for me, if confirmed. While the PRC remains
    a major development, trade, and investment partner for Nigeria, and the
    largest source of official finance for Nigeria with $10 billion from
    2010 to 2017, the Nigerian private and public sectors see the United
    States as their partner of choice. Nigerians overwhelmingly prefer U.S.
    goods, services, and expertise. As is the case globally, PRC influence
    within Nigeria is being met with some resistance by a skeptical
    population, and politicians are increasingly critical. It is noteworthy
    that Taipei has a Trade Office in Nigeria, continuing cultural and
    economic ties with Taiwan despite PRC pressure. All of this does not
    deflect from the fact that the PRC will continue to seek opportunities
    to advance its interests and undermine the rules-based international
    order. We will continue to work with our likeminded partners to provide
    Nigeria alternatives to the PRC's model of authoritarian development,
    mobilize financing mechanisms, and support American businesses to
    compete within this market.

        Question. Do you think China's growing influence has the potential
    to negatively impact U.S. economic and security interests in Nigeria?

        Answer. The PRC's growing influence has the potential to negatively
    impact U.S. economic and security interests in Nigeria. If confirmed, I
    will highlight and model the contrast between our values and trade
    benefits and those of Beijing, building on growing Nigerian public
    skepticism about the PRC's role in the country.
        The PRC's inroads around Africa have come with many reports of
    threats if local governments question or disapprove of the Chinese
    Communist Party's policies, but in Nigeria the PRC does not act with
    impunity. While the PRC has invested in Nigerian infrastructure, such
    as rail, satellites, ports, and airports, PRC-affiliated companies have
    been cited for corrupt practices and have abandoned some projects
    entirely. Similarly, in their fight against violent extremists and
    other security challenges, Nigeria has learned that PRC-made equipment
    is unreliable and ineffective-another reason why Nigeria views the
    United States as its security partner of choice. It is also important
    to note that outstanding PRC lending to Nigeria remains relatively
    limited at only $3.1 billion, or 4 percent of total public debt.
        If confirmed, I will work to strengthen our relationships with
    Nigerian interlocutors and make sure they receive the necessary
    technical assistance to adequately assess development and financing
    initiatives that benefit all Nigerians. We will continue to push
    opportunities for U.S. businesses, build upon recent visits from the
    heads of the Development Finance Corporation and the U.S. Trade and
    Development Agency-for whom Nigeria is a key market-and build on the
    momentum of December's African Leaders Summit. In the face of numerous,
    varied, and prolonged security challenges, we will also continue our
    active engagement with the Nigerian military to create a modern,
    professional, well-equipped fighting force capable of protecting the
    population while respecting human rights.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps would you take to counter
    China's influence?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to lead Mission Nigeria's use
    of our full range of commercial promotion, foreign assistance, public
    diplomacy, and political and military partnerships to counter the PRC's
    influence. I plan to travel frequently, along with Mission Nigeria
    staff, to engage Nigerians to deliver the message that as one of
    Nigeria's largest humanitarian and development partners, the United
    States is committed to Nigeria's future, in contrast to the PRC's
    transactional approach. The Mission will use the tools and support
    provided by the Biden Administration's Partnership for Global
    Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) to enhance the Mission's Deal Team
    process that promotes U.S. firms as the preferred choice for Nigerian
    partners, underscoring the quality and transparency that other
    competitors lack. Our cultural and educational programming will
    continue to amplify U.S. soft power. Nigeria's commitment to mitigating
    the effects of climate change also presents an opportunity for even
    greater collaboration. Nigeria views the United States as the leader in
    climate mitigation and adaptation activities and I will continue to
    utilize engagement in this area to forge even closer ties and provide a
    credible alternative to PRC interests. And I will emphasize the values
    we share with Nigerians, such as our democratic systems and respect for
    individual freedoms.

    The Nigeria Election
              Bola Tinubu of the ruling All Progressive Congress was
            declared winner of the 2023 presidential election on March 1,
            but the opposition has demanded a recount citing major fraud.

        Question. Do you believe the Nigerian presidential election was
    credible and transparent?

        Answer. The results of the election suggest the outcome credibly
    reflects the will of Nigerian voters, despite notable concerns and
    problems with the voting process on election day. Nigeria's Independent
    National Electoral Commission (INEC) had technical and logistical
    challenges during the 2023 election, including late-opening polling
    stations and locations with insufficient voting materials. Delays in
    the electronic transmission of polling unit results sheets-intended to
    serve as a backup to Nigeria's official transmission of voting tallies
    on paper-led to considerable frustration on the part of many voters and
    observers. While the numerous international and domestic observation
    missions also noted these problems, none of them questioned the overall
    legitimacy of the results. In the presidential race, opposition parties
    collectively won 64 percent of the vote; many states voted with the
    opposition-including 12 where the ruling All Progressives Congress
    (APC) party holds the governorship-and a USAID-funded parallel vote
    tabulation validated the national result and the presidential results
    in 35 out of 37 states. In the National Assembly elections, even with
    many results still unknown, opposition parties that had little or no
    representation have already won numerous seats. We have encouraged
    candidates with concerns about the integrity of the election to use
    appropriate legal mechanisms to contest the results and have joined
    other observers in urging INEC to increase transparency of electoral
    processes and improve in the areas needing most attention ahead of
    Nigeria's March 11 state elections.

        Question. What are the prospects for mass protests and violence
    following the election?

        Answer. Since INEC announced the results, all four major parties
    have called on supporters to remain calm and peaceful even as the
    opposition parties have vowed to contest the results of the election
    through established legal means. In the days since the election and
    announcement of results, to my knowledge there have not been mass
    protests or widespread violence.

        Question. Nigeria's two leading presidential parties have each
    departed from longstanding conventions that aim to preserve balance in
    this very diverse country-the APC by putting forth a Muslim-Muslim
    ticket, and the PDP by nominating a northerner for the presidency after
    eight years of rule by another northerner. How do you think this will
    affect the election and broader north-south dynamics?

        Answer. It is too early to predict how this dynamic will play out
    in Nigeria's politics longer term, but the departure from such
    conventions may in fact represent a positive development and a subtle
    shift away from identity politics. The major candidates sought to
    appeal to supporters outside their religion, and while religion was a
    factor, religious identity appears to have played a less defining role
    in the February 25 presidential election as compared with other recent
    Nigerian elections.

    Christian Persecution in Nigeria
              The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom finds
            it ``inexplicable that the U.S. Department of State did not
            include Nigeria or India in its latest designations of
            `Countries of Particular Concern' under the International
            Religious Freedom Act.''
              Religious violence and intolerance directed toward Nigerian
            Christians has worsened in recent years and Nigeria remains the
            deadliest country for Christians. Persecution of Nigerian
            Christians has been carried out by both the Nigerian
            Government, most notoriously through arrests and convictions
            under blasphemy laws, as well as non-state actors, including
            jihadist groups: Islamic State West Africa Province and Boko
            Haram.

        Question. Do you agree with the Biden Administration's decision not
    to designate Nigeria a ``Country of Particular Concern'' under the
    International Religious Freedom Act? Please explain.

        Answer. Although I was not involved in the decision, I understand
    that the State Department assessed Nigeria did not meet the legal
    criteria to be designated a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) in
    2022. Religious freedom is a U.S. foreign policy priority. The U.S.
    Mission in Nigeria and the Department of State writ large closely
    monitor religious freedom dynamics in Nigeria, including threats to
    religious freedom and the efforts of the Nigerian Government to promote
    religious freedom and tolerance. The Embassy engages religious
    institutions and advocacy groups of all faiths in Nigeria, as well as
    civil society and human rights and religious freedom advocates to make
    sure we have the most accurate picture possible, which the Mission
    regularly conveys to Washington. The Mission also regularly engages the
    Government of Nigeria on religious freedom issues of concern and
    advocates strongly on both specific cases of concern and on broader
    issues. If confirmed, I would continue to do the same.

        Question. Do you believe Christian persecution in Nigeria is
    increasing? If no, what is causing the decrease and what can we learn
    from it? If yes, what do you assess to be the principal drivers for the
    increase?

        Answer. The overall security situation in Nigeria is of grave
    concern and is impacting Nigerian Christians, and Nigerians of all
    beliefs. While insecurity has worsened in recent years, the drivers of
    conflict are numerous and overlapping and are not necessarily
    indicative of increasing religious persecution. Experts have cited the
    proliferation of small arms, increasing competition over dwindling land
    and water resources, allegations of human rights violations and abuses
    by security forces, lack of accountability and access to justice, as
    well as politics, ethnicity, and religion among contributing factors.
    Ineffective state security responses, poor governance and service
    delivery, endemic corruption, and a lack of economic opportunity also
    create conditions that can increase risks for conflict and unchecked
    criminality.

        Question. If confirmed, what would be your strategy to encourage
    the Nigerian Government to change anti-Christian blasphemy laws,
    prosecute those responsible for persecuting Christians, and hold
    security forces accountable for failing to protect Christian
    communities?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that Mission Nigeria's work
    prioritizes outreach and dialogue with religious leaders and faith-
    based communities, who play a critical role in Nigeria's society and
    who are important voices for promoting religious tolerance and
    influencing societal attitudes around blasphemy. I will seek
    opportunities to strengthen religious freedom protections in Nigerian
    law. I will engage the Government of Nigeria on specific cases and
    areas of concern. I will press for accountability for abuses and for
    improved civilian security delivery by security forces to ensure
    individuals and religious communities are not victims to violence in
    the first place. Finally, I would continue to support State Department
    and USAID programmatic activities that promote religious tolerance,
    interfaith dialogue, and community-driven conflict resolution
    mechanisms. I look forward to the opportunity, if confirmed, to work
    with the Ambassador at Large for Religious Freedom to find innovative
    programs to reduce communal violence and increase trust across
    Nigeria's many religious communities.
                                   __________

                     WHO Intergovernmental Negotiating Body
                       Pandemic Agreement ``Zero Draft''

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                           WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:41 p.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Christopher
    Murphy presiding.
        Present: Senators Murphy [presiding], Menendez, Shaheen,
    Kaine, Van Hollen, Hagerty, and Ricketts.
        Also Present: Senators Casey and Sullivan.

             OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CHRISTOPHER MURPHY,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT

        Senator Murphy.--the subcommittee to order and we are glad
    to welcome to the committee nominees to be Ambassador to
    Kuwait, Ambassador to Turkmenistan, Ambassador to the UAE,
    Ambassador to the Maldives, and Under Secretary of State for
    Public Diplomacy.
        We are gifted by the presence of several of our colleagues
    who are going to provide introductions. We will start with
    Senator Casey, who will introduce Elizabeth Rood, Senator
    Sullivan, who will introduce Martina Strong, and then Senator
    Shaheen, who will introduce Elizabeth Allen.
        I will introduce the remaining guests. Senator Hagerty and
    I will say a few opening words and then we will get to the
    testimony of our very capable nominees.
        Again, thank you to both Senator Casey and Senator Sullivan
    for joining us here today and I am going to defer to Senator
    Casey and Senator Sullivan to open us up.

                STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT P. CASEY, JR.,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM PENNSYLVANIA

        Senator Casey. Chairman Murphy, thank you and Ranking
    Member Hagerty and members of the Senate Foreign Relations
    Committee.
        Thank you for the opportunity to speak in support of the
    nomination of a fellow Pennsylvanian and devoted civil servant,
    Elizabeth Rood, to be the next U.S. Ambassador to Turkmenistan.
        Elizabeth, thank you for your willingness to serve as well
    as your years of service at the Army War College in Carlisle.
        I would also like to thank Elizabeth's three children--
    Margaret, Alice, and Andrew--and her grandchildren. No one
    enters public service alone. The commitments of such a role
    mean that public servants' families make--must make sacrifices
    as well as the person who is elected or appointed to a
    position.
        Elizabeth has already shown herself to be a tough diplomat
    committed to standing up for U.S. interests and U.S. values.
    The role of Ambassador to Turkmenistan is a critical diplomatic
    position for the United States Government and it will require
    someone with Elizabeth's experience and determination.
        Turkmenistan occupies an important geographic region
    bordering Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea. Rich in
    fossil fuels, Turkmenistan's reliance on Chinese natural gas
    purchases puts the country at the heart of great power
    competition.
        The Government of Turkmenistan's authoritarian rule,
    centralized economy, corruption, and human rights record
    present challenges for our future ambassador.
        Elizabeth's 35-plus years of public service, including
    almost three decades as a diplomat and six years as a public
    school teacher, make her well equipped to promote U.S.
    interests in Turkmenistan.
        Most recently, she served as deputy chief of mission and
    charge d'affaires at U.S. Embassy Moscow. I personally know of
    her commitment to the nation through her efforts to fight for
    the release of a fellow Pennsylvanian and a fellow student of
    the Russian language, international educator Marc Fogel, who
    languishes still in a Russian jail on trumped up charges and
    who requires our continued attention.
        Filling in as an acting Ambassador, Elizabeth led the U.S.
    mission in Moscow for almost five months during the most
    tumultuous time for U.S.-Russia relations since the Cuban
    Missile Crisis due to Russia's unlawful invasion of Ukraine.
        But this is just the latest example of her taking on a
    tough challenge. Throughout her career she has jumped at
    opportunities to do all she can for our country, including
    multiple years-long tours in Afghanistan leading the State
    Department's Critical Export Control Cooperation Office or
    strengthening democracy in the country of Georgia less than 30
    miles from Russian-occupied territory.
        Her exemplary service, qualifications, and eagerness to
    take on difficult assignments make me confident that she will
    honorably represent U.S. interests in Turkmenistan.
        I strongly support her nomination to be the next U.S.
    Ambassador and thank you for the opportunity to speak on her
    behalf.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you, Senator Casey.
        Senator Sullivan?

                    STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and to my fellow
    colleagues in the U.S. Senate it is a great pleasure to be here
    today to introduce to you Martina Strong, the President's
    nominee to be ambassador to the United Arab Emirates.
        I have known Martina since 2003 when we worked together on
    the National Security Council staff during the Bush
    administration. In fact, we had adjoining offices, long hours
    there.
        I want to tell you that Martina literally embodies the
    American dream. She came to the U.S. from communist
    Czechoslovakia as a political refugee at the age of 14 and has
    gone on to enjoy a remarkable exceptional career in the service
    of the American people.
        Her husband, John, who is right behind us, has also served
    our nation very well, retiring as a colonel in the U.S. Army
    after 30 years of service.
        A career member of the Senior Foreign Service and rank of
    minister-counselor, Martina served most recently as charge
    d'affaires at the U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia.
        In fact, although that was supposed to be a temporary
    assignment Martina has been charge in Riyadh for three years
    after nearly two additional years as deputy chief of mission
    there.
        She was the DCM to our former outstanding ambassador to
    Saudi Arabia, General John Abizaid, who called Martina, quote,
    ``a gifted leader and diplomat second to none.''
        Mr. Chairman, it is not an easy time to lead any mission in
    the Gulf, whether Riyadh or elsewhere but Martina's record in
    this crucial region has been exceptional.
        First and foremost, she has been a champion for our fellow
    Americans and their security. She has provided key support for
    our efforts to end the war in Yemen and mobilize assistance for
    Ukraine, and she has helped deliver billions of dollars in
    commercial wins for American companies and American workers
    through relentless advocacy.
        Just yesterday, Boeing, with Martina's assistance,
    announced a landmark $37 billion deal with Saudi Arabia to
    purchase 787 Dreamliners.
        There are a lot of moving pieces in the Persian Gulf. U.S.
    leadership is not something that we can take for granted in
    that region. We have to work at maintaining our strategic,
    security, and commercial advantages.
        We need someone in Abu Dhabi who understands this and who
    has a proven record of doing it. I am confident that Martina
    Strong is that person.
        Mr. Chairman, as some of you know, Senator Van Hollen and I
    co-founded the Senate Foreign Service Officers Caucus a number
    of years ago to highlight and promote the patriotic men and
    women who serve our great nation with integrity, skill, and
    professionalism, who have taken risks for our nation, who have
    sacrificed time away from family and loved ones for months or
    even years in order to promote the foreign policy interests of
    America.
        Martina embodies that type of Foreign Service officer that
    Senator Van Hollen and I had in mind when we started this
    caucus.
        Martina served in Iraq as the political minister-counselor
    in Baghdad during the height of the conflict with ISIS and
    earlier as the U.S. Army's political advisor in Basra during
    the Shi'a militia insurgency. These were multiyear
    unaccompanied tours that entailed much risk and separation from
    her family.
        She has served in Bulgaria as DCM in the Czech Republic,
    Bosnia-Herzegovina, and France. And oh, by the way, in addition
    to English Martina speaks seven languages: Arabic, French,
    Russian, German, Polish, Czech, and Bosnian.
        In addition to a long list of State Department recognitions
    and awards she is the recipient of the Meritorious Presidential
    Rank Award as well as the Department of the Army's Meritorious
    Civilian Service and Superior Civilian Service Awards.
        Martina Strong will serve our country as she always has
    with integrity, honor, and distinction. I urge all of my
    colleagues to strongly support her confirmation.
        Thank you.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much. Thanks, Senator
    Sullivan. Thank you, Senator Casey.
        We know you have busy days ahead of you but we appreciate
    you being here with us to make those introductions.
        And as you depart let me recognize Senator Shaheen.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. JEANNE SHAHEEN,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE

        Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and as a member
    of the committee I will stay up here since there is not a lot
    of room at the table.
        But it is my honor to introduce Elizabeth Allen who is also
    known as Liz--all of her friends and colleagues call her Liz--
    to be Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public
    Affairs.
        That is a position that is critical to advancing our
    foreign policy priorities in every corner of the world. Ms.
    Allen got her professional start at the State Department
    supporting Afghan women and combating human trafficking.
        If confirmed, this would be her sixth role at the
    department. She is an experienced practitioner of public
    diplomacy and longtime communications and public affairs
    strategist.
        Ms. Allen believes deeply in the United States' role in the
    world and she has seen firsthand how our positive affirmative
    vision can reinforce America's leadership.
        Her strong commitment to public service is reflected in the
    eight years she served in the Obama-Biden administration,
    including as White House Deputy Communications Director and
    Deputy Assistant to President Obama and as White House Director
    of Message Planning and Deputy Director of Communications to
    then Vice President Biden.
        Liz previously was a partner at FGS Global where she
    specialized in message and advocacy strategy, reputation and
    crisis management, and executive leadership communications on a
    range of international public policy issues.
        Liz is a native of Buffalo, New York, and she graduated
    magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with a degree in political
    science from the State University of New York at Geneseo.
        Ms. Allen's nomination to this role could not come at a
    more important time. Since it was created in 1999, sadly, this
    role of public diplomacy has been left vacant as often as it
    has been filled.
        In 2021 I led a letter to President Biden calling for an
    appointment to this position. The Under Secretary for Public
    Diplomacy provides the vision, the tools, and the guidance our
    Foreign Service, civil service, and locally-engaged staff need
    to effectively communicate our foreign policy and to build
    sustained relationships.
        Among Ms. Allen's responsibilities in this role will be
    oversight of the Global Engagement Center, an important
    interagency effort that identifies and counters misinformation
    which harms U.S. interests by undermining global public support
    for our foreign policy agenda.
        The Global Engagement Center has had strong bipartisan
    support but its mission has become even more important in the
    last year because of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with Liz Allen to
    ensure the department and its public diplomacy team are well
    positioned to meet this moment and I urge all of the members of
    the committee to support her nomination.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much, Senator Shaheen.
        Before I make a few opening remarks let me just round out
    our introductions. We are very eager to hear from Ms. Karen
    Sasahara, who most recently served as Deputy Assistant
    Secretary in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs with
    responsibility for North Africa.
        She has previously served posts in Jordan, Jerusalem, and
    Yemen, and comes uniquely poised to succeed as our next
    ambassador to Kuwait.
        And we are also pleased to be joined by Mr. Hugo Yon, who
    is currently a senior adviser to the Under Secretary of State
    for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment. He previously
    served in the State Department's Bureau of International
    Organization Affairs, Transportation Affairs, and in several
    positions at the National Security Council.
        Let me just say a few opening words to our panel. You are
    all before us to represent the United States in key posts all
    around the world and, of course, first and foremost, we thank
    you for the service you have rendered to this country and for
    your continued willingness to serve and to your families as
    well for serving alongside you.
        Ms. Sasahara, the United States, of course, has had a very
    distinctive partnership with Kuwait since we helped liberate
    the country from Saddam Hussein's forces in 1991.
        The country's strategic location, large oil and natural gas
    reserves, and its willingness to base and host U.S. troops
    ensures that Kuwait is going to remain very relevant to U.S.
    interests in the Gulf.
        But, interestingly, in comparison to other monarchies in
    the region, particularly in the GCC, Kuwait has also made some
    pretty interesting progress when it comes to participatory
    democracy and I will be interested to hear from you about ways
    in which we can support Kuwait's plans to further such reform
    in the years ahead.
        Ms. Rood, you are headed to Turkmenistan and it is a
    country very rich in hydrocarbons but also home to a repressive
    authoritarian government that has kept the country, largely,
    isolated from the outside world.
        And so the committee is going to welcome your views on how
    to encourage Turkmenistan to diversify its natural gas exports
    away from China, take steps to open its economy and improve its
    human rights record.
        Ms. Strong, the UAE has emerged as an influential economic
    and diplomatic player in the Middle East and beyond. But the
    UAE has not always wielded that influence in ways that support
    U.S. interests, most notably in Yemen and Libya, and recently
    in their willingness to allow their country to become a hub for
    Russia sanctions evasion.
        We are going to look forward to hearing from you on how to
    help us balance and right size that relationship.
        Ms. Allen, you have served as Under Secretary of Public
    Diplomacy on an acting basis for almost a year now. You have
    experienced firsthand the challenges of managing our engagement
    with foreign publics and the media and so we really look
    forward to your very informed views on how to best promote U.S.
    policies overseas and how to counter these increasingly
    sophisticated disinformation campaigns.
        Finally, Mr. Yon, you are nominated to be our first U.S.
    Ambassador with sole responsibility for the Maldives and we--it
    could not come at a better time as we seek to expand our
    diplomatic presence in the Indo-Pacific by opening a new
    embassy in Male.
        It is a country with influences from both India and China
    but they have a really critical role to maintaining peace and
    security in the Indian Ocean and we are glad that you will
    signal our increased attention to that country.
        I look forward to your testimony, and let me turn it over
    to Senator Hagerty for his opening comments.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. BILL HAGERTY,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I want to
    thank all the nominees for appearing today before us and I want
    to thank you for your willingness to serve our great nation.
        Today, we consider nominees for five important positions
    and, first and foremost, I want to congratulate you but even
    more importantly I want to congratulate all of your families.
        I appreciate the sacrifice that your families make to
    support you in the roles that you are hoping to take on and it
    makes a tremendous difference. So congratulations to all of
    them.
        If confirmed, you are going to have the unique opportunity
    and responsibility to represent the most exceptional nation in
    the world. Please remember that every day that you wake up you
    are representing the most exceptional nation in the world.
        I know there may be challenges and may be problems but this
    is America that you are planning to represent. So
    congratulations to you and your families.
        I would like to start with the nominee to be U.S.
    Ambassador to the UAE. The UAE and the United States share a
    history of strong friendship and cooperation.
        The UAE is a very important player in energy markets and in
    regional security and regional commerce, more broadly. I look
    forward to hearing from the nominee about how we can maintain a
    strong partnership while working to counter China's growing
    malign influence in the region and at the same time working to
    address Iranian efforts to destabilize the region.
        Next, I would like to turn to the nominee to be Ambassador
    to Kuwait. Kuwait and the United States enjoy a long history of
    cooperation and Kuwait will be critical to combating the malign
    influence of communist China in the Middle East. I look forward
    to hearing from the nominee on this subject.
        Next, I would like to turn to the nominee to be Ambassador
    to Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan's location and energy resources
    are critical aspects of this important relationship for the
    United States. I hope our next ambassador can continue to build
    strong diplomatic ties.
        And turning now to be--turning now to the nomination to be
    our Ambassador to the Maldives.
        Hugo, it is good to see you again. I want to congratulate
    you on your nomination and to underscore the fact that there is
    a tremendous amount of activity where you are headed and I
    think you are going to play a very critical role in
    establishing our foothold there and our influence there.
        The United States and the Maldives enjoy a very friendly
    relationship and the nation's strategic location is absolutely
    critical to our diplomatic ties in that entire region.
        So I look forward to hearing from you on how we will
    strengthen that relationship as well.
        And last but, certainly, not least, I would like to focus
    on the nominee to be Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and
    Public Affairs.
        The Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
    is tasked with leading the U.S. Government's overall public
    diplomacy effort, increasing the impact of educational and
    cultural exchange, and developing and utilizing new
    technologies to improve the efficiency of our public diplomacy
    programs.
        I look forward to hearing your plan on leveraging this
    position to advance America's interest.
        And to all of our nominees, again, thank you for serving
    our nation and for answering the questions from the committee
    today. I look forward to hearing all of your testimony.
        Mr. Chairman, I yield my time back to you.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much, Senator Hagerty.
        Let me also welcome this committee's good friend, Michael
    Ratney, to the committee. We hope to time these confirmations
    perfectly for your family to get you both to the region as
    expeditiously as possible. Thank you for being here today.
        Why do we not start with Mr. Yon and we will go down the
    line for opening comments? We ask you to keep your comments to
    five minutes or less. Anything extra you can submit for the
    record.

         STATEMENT OF HUGO YUE-HO YON, OF CALIFORNIA, A CA-
          REER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
          OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBAS-
          SADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE
          UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  TO  THE  REPUBLIC OF
          MALDIVES

        Mr. Yon. Chair Murphy, Ranking Member----
        Senator Murphy. Let us just wait to make sure we have a
    working microphone. Do we have somebody from the committee who
    can----
        [Pause.]
        Senator Murphy [continuing]. Look at that. That is
    impressive.
        Mr. Yon. All right. How is that?
        Senator Murphy. That is perfect.
        Mr. Yon. Okay. That is great.
        Chair Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, and distinguished
    Members of the committee, it is a privilege to appear before
    you today. I thank President Biden and Secretary Blinken for
    their confidence in me and their support in nominating me to
    become the first U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Maldives.
        I want to thank my spouse, Liza, without whose support and
    sacrifice I would not be sitting here today. I also want to
    recognize my children, Hudson and Hannah, who have had to
    endure and enjoy the itinerant life of diplomacy.
        If my parents were alive today our life of public service
    would bring smiles to their faces. My father and his family ran
    from China during the tumultuous decade of the Cultural
    Revolution.
        After immigrating to the United States he rebuilt his life,
    ultimately becoming a proud civilian engineer for the U.S.
    Navy. My parents taught me that one can pursue the American
    dream but also serve his or her community and help others to
    advance.
        I have carried these life lessons into my 24 years of
    diplomacy. We shape global rules and norms that allow Americans
    to compete and prosper but also provide opportunity for other
    countries to join in and benefit from an open, free,
    prosperous, and secure world order.
        If confirmed, I would help build the foundation to
    facilitate U.S.-Maldives ties for decades to come.
        As we take this important step towards strengthening our
    bilateral relationship Maldives stands at a historical juncture
    in its own development. I would prioritize expanding and
    deepening our partnership with Maldives in the areas of
    democracy, diversification, and defense.
        On democracy, Maldives is scheduled in the early fall to
    directly elect its president for just the fourth time. As a
    young democracy, Maldives has been building the institutions to
    support and strengthen the democratic process. The country made
    strong commitments at the Summit for Democracy.
        If confirmed, I would continue to prioritize the work of
    the State Department, the USAID, and the Department of Justice
    in sustaining and strengthening democracy in Maldives.
        On diversification, Maldives faces limited options to
    shape, resist, and adapt to global forces. Maldives is well
    known as a world-class tourism destination. That strength is
    also a source of vulnerability for the economy because Maldives
    relies so heavily on this one industry.
        Even as the country endeavors through infrastructure
    investments to expand tourism, sustain its fisheries, develop
    additional sectors in jobs, and adapt to sea level rise and
    land erosion, it still faces vulnerabilities.
        If confirmed, I would build on our work with Maldives on
    financial management and transparency. I would facilitate
    American business engagement and U.S. educational and training
    opportunities to help Maldives diversify their economic partner
    choices for its people and to meet the unique challenges that
    small island nations face.
        Furthermore, Maldives has embraced the principle that all
    countries should engage peacefully for an open, free,
    prosperous, and secure Indo-Pacific region. In the United
    Nations it stood firm against Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
        The Maldives has played a positive role in international
    organizations in search of solutions to global challenges
    including on climate change.
        If confirmed, I would deepen our work together on regional
    and global challenges of mutual priority.
        Third, on defense, the vast waters of Maldives' Exclusive
    Economic Zone sit upon a critical global sea lane through which
    a significant portion of the world's energy and goods transit.
        In securing these waters, the Maldivian people face
    transnational threats such as trafficking, illegal and
    unreported fishing, violent extremism, terrorism, and
    communicable diseases.
        Maldives also must contend with actors who seek to
    undermine democratic values and erode the sovereignty and
    security of nations.
        We are addressing this broad set of challenges including
    through our 2020 Defense Cooperation Agreement, in military
    exchanges and engagement by the State Department and our
    partner agencies.
        If confirmed, I would continue to expand our multifaceted
    partnership to support Maldives' efforts to maintain the
    security, integrity, and openness of the vast ocean territory
    we both work to protect.
        Finally, at the top of my daily priorities list will be
    safeguarding our people, including the over 60,000 Americans
    who visit Maldives' signature tourism destinations each year.
        With that, I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Yon follows:]

                        Prepared Statement of Yue-Ho Yon

        Chair Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, and distinguished Members of
    the committee, it is a privilege to appear before you today. I thank
    President Biden and Secretary Blinken for their confidence in me and
    for their support in nominating me to become the first U.S. Ambassador
    to the Republic of Maldives.
        I want to thank my spouse, Liza, without whose support and
    sacrifice over nearly two decades I would not be sitting here today. I
    also want to recognize my children, Hudson and Hannah, who similarly
    have had to endure and enjoy the itinerant life of diplomacy. If my
    parents were alive today, our life of public service would bring smiles
    to their faces. My father and his family ran from China during the
    tumultuous decade of the cultural revolution. After immigrating to the
    United States, he rebuilt his life ultimately becoming a civilian
    engineer for the U.S. Navy. My parents taught me that one can pursue
    the American dream, but also serve his or her community and help others
    advance. I carry these life lessons into the work of diplomacy, where
    we shape global rules and norms that allow Americans to compete and
    prosper, but also provide opportunity for other countries to join in
    and benefit from an open, free, prosperous, and secure world order.
        If confirmed, I would help build the foundation to facilitate U.S.-
    Maldives ties for decades to come. As we take this important step
    toward strengthening our bilateral relationship, Maldives stands at a
    historical juncture in its own development. I would prioritize
    expanding and deepening our partnership with Maldives in the areas of
    democracy, diversification, and defense.
        On democracy, Maldives is scheduled in the early fall to elect its
    president for just the fourth time. As a young democracy, Maldives has
    been building the institutions to support and strengthen the democratic
    process. The country made strong commitments at the Summit for
    Democracy. If confirmed, I would continue to prioritize the work of the
    State Department, USAID, and the Department of Justice in sustaining
    and strengthening democracy in Maldives.
        On diversification, Maldives faces limited options to shape,
    resist, and adapt to global forces, whether those forces take the form
    of economic, transnational, or environmental challenges. Maldives is
    well known as a world class tourism destination. That strength is also
    a source of vulnerability for the economy, because Maldives relies so
    heavily on this single industry. Even as the country endeavors through
    infrastructure investments to expand tourism, sustain its fisheries,
    develop additional sectors, and adapt to sea level rise and land
    erosion, it faces vulnerabilities. If confirmed, I would build on our
    work with Maldives on financial management and transparency. I also
    look forward to facilitating deeper American business engagement and
    U.S. educational and training opportunities to help Maldives diversify
    economic choices for its people and meet the unique challenges that
    small island nations face.
        Furthermore, Maldives has embraced the principle that all countries
    should engage peacefully for an open, free, prosperous, and secure
    Indo-Pacific region. In the United Nations, it stood firm against
    Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The country has played a positive role in
    international organizations in search of solutions to global
    challenges, including on climate change. If confirmed, I would deepen
    our work on regional and global challenges of mutual priority.
        Third, on defense, the vast waters of Maldives' exclusive economic
    zone sit upon a critical global sea lane through which a significant
    portion of the world's energy and goods transit. In securing these
    waters, the Maldivian people face transnational threats such as
    trafficking, illegal and unreported fishing, violent extremist,
    terrorism, and communicable diseases as well as the environment and
    global economic forces I mentioned earlier. Maldives also must contend
    with actors who seek to undermine democratic values and erode the
    sovereignty and security of nations. We are addressing this broad set
    of challenges, including through our 2020 defense cooperation
    agreement, robust military exchanges, and engagement by multiple State
    Department bureaus and partner agencies. If confirmed, I would continue
    to expand our multi-faceted partnership to support Maldives' efforts to
    maintain the security, integrity and openness of the vast ocean
    territory we both work to protect.
        Finally, at the top of my daily priorities list will be
    safeguarding our people, including the over 60,000 Americans who visit
    Maldives' signature tourism destinations each year.
        I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Hagerty [presiding]. Ms. Allen, please.

           STATEMENT OF ELIZABETH ALLEN,  OF NEW YORK,  NOMI-
            NATED TO BE UNDER SECRETARY OF THE STATE FOR PUB-
            LIC DIPLOMACY

        Ms. Allen. Thank you so much, first, to Senator Shaheen for
    that very kind introduction. I am very grateful for your
    partnership.
        To Chairman Murphy, to you, Ranking Member Hagerty, and
    members of this committee I am very humbled to be here today,
    and having spent the majority of my career in public service I
    am very humbled to be considered by the Senate for this
    important position.
        The virtue of serving the American people runs deep in my
    family. I am the granddaughter of two World War II veterans. I
    am the daughter of parents who taught me the importance of
    voting and civic participation regardless of party.
        I am the sister of a United States Naval Academy graduate
    and U.S. Marine Corps veteran. I am the sister-in-law of a
    civil servant at the Pentagon and I am the friend to many who
    have chosen to dedicate their lives to public service.
        I am joined here today by some of those family and friends,
    including behind me, my dad, Stephen, my mom, Susan, and some
    of those friends and I am deeply grateful for their support.
        I first joined the State Department under President George
    W. Bush and Secretary Condoleezza Rice, working on
    international women's issues. I later returned to work on
    combating human smuggling and trafficking, and in between my
    time in the Obama-Biden White House I spent a year in the
    Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs under Secretary
    Kerry, which is to say that I believe deeply in the work of the
    State Department and its people.
        This nomination to serve as Under Secretary of State for
    Public Diplomacy is the honor of a professional lifetime and I
    thank President Biden for placing his faith in me as his
    nominee.
        Over the past two years under Secretary Blinken I have had
    the privilege of serving as Assistant Secretary of State for
    Global Public Affairs and senior official for Public Diplomacy
    and Public Affairs, and those and other experiences in and out
    of government have reinforced my firm belief that U.S. public
    diplomacy is essential to shaping a more open, prosperous, and
    secure future.
        Our audiences overseas, both online and in person, are
    central to every major foreign policy issue and consequence. It
    is relationships between people, not just relationships between
    government, that are driving geopolitical developments that
    will shape the future.
        And at the same time, as has been mentioned here today, the
    information space is an increasingly contested theater of
    competition, competition for influence. The stakes have never
    been greater and to meet this moment we must be clear eyed
    about the challenges we face.
        Repressive governments envision a future in which freedom
    of expression is criminalized and the flow of information is
    stymied, as we are seeing in Iran. The People's Republic of
    China and Russia vastly outspend us on what they call public
    diplomacy and their growing alignment threatens to upend global
    norms.
        But this is our opportunity. For the United States the
    value proposition of our public diplomacy is different. It is
    about telling America's story, explaining our foreign policy,
    conveying our vision, creating economic opportunity, developing
    the leaders of tomorrow, empowering independent media, and
    calling out foreign propaganda, disinformation, and foreign
    malign influence.
        In doing all of that we build trust and credibility to
    realize an affirmative, forward-looking dynamic vision for
    ourselves and our partners worldwide and, if confirmed, I am
    committed to harnessing the public diplomacy toolkit to address
    these challenges presented by our adversaries and to seize
    opportunities made possible by American leadership.
        That is exactly what our public diplomacy team did in the
    face of Russia's illegal unjustified invasion of Ukraine. We
    identified and analyzed Putin's lies. We worked alongside the
    interagency to declassify intelligence, exposing his plans and
    intentions.
        We conducted hundreds of media interviews to share the
    truth with the American people, the Russian people, and people
    all over the world. We developed and deployed new engaging
    digital products that highlighted stories of Ukrainian
    resilience and of Putin's hypocrisy.
        We leveraged new platforms, technology, and content to
    reach Russian-speaking audiences. We worked with the Ukrainian
    Government to protect cultural heritage, helping the Ukrainians
    preserve their identity and their democracy.
        This work was and remains fundamental to unifying our
    allies and laying out the facts for the world to see. It is
    important to note that public diplomacy benefits us here at
    home as well.
        International students added $32 billion to the U.S.
    economy last year and American exchange program participants
    are returning home with marketable skills that are making them
    more competitive for 21st century jobs. International visitors
    on our programs engage communities across our country and
    programs like the Gilman Scholarship help underserved Americans
    study abroad.
        And, if confirmed, I want to better communicate the
    benefits of foreign policy to our fellow Americans who deserve
    to know what the United States Government is doing around the
    world day in and day out in their interest.
        And finally, most importantly, it would be my great honor
    to lead the more than 5,000 dedicated Foreign Service officers,
    civil service officers, locally-employed staff, eligible family
    members and contractors who comprise our public diplomacy
    workforce across the world.
        If confirmed, and in partnership with you, I look forward
    to better equipping them with the tools, resources, training,
    and leadership needed to meet this critical moment.
        Thank you so much to the committee for inviting me here
    today and I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Allen follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Elizabeth M. Allen

        Thank you, Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, and Members of
    the committee. I am humbled to be here. And, having spent the majority
    of my career in public service, I am honored to be considered by the
    Senate for this important position.
        The virtue of serving the American people runs deep in my family. I
    am the granddaughter of two veterans of World War II. I am the daughter
    of parents who taught me the importance of voting and civic
    participation, regardless of party. I am the sister of a United States
    Naval Academy graduate and U.S. Marine Corps veteran, and the sister-
    in-law of a civil servant at the Pentagon. I am the inspired friend of
    many others who've chosen to serve their country. I am joined here
    today by some of those family and friends--including my dad, Stephen,
    and my mom, Susan--and I am deeply grateful for their support.
        I first joined the State Department as an intern under President
    George W. Bush and Secretary Condoleezza Rice, where I worked on
    international women's issues. I returned after college to work on
    combatting human smuggling and trafficking. Between my time in the
    Obama-Biden White House, I spent a year in the Department's Bureau of
    Educational and Cultural Affairs under Secretary Kerry.
        I believe deeply in the work of the State Department and its
    people.
        This nomination to serve as Under Secretary of State for Public
    Diplomacy is the honor of a professional lifetime, and I thank
    President Biden for placing his faith in me as his nominee.
        Over the past two years under Secretary Blinken, I have had the
    privilege of serving as Assistant Secretary of State for Global Public
    Affairs and as Senior Official for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.
        Those and other experiences, in and out of government, have
    reinforced my firm belief that U.S. public diplomacy is essential to
    shaping a more open, prosperous, and secure future.
        Our audiences overseas--both in-person and online--are central to
    every major foreign policy issue and consequence. It's relationships
    between people--not just governments--that are shaping geopolitical
    developments. At the same time, the information space is an
    increasingly contested theater of competition for influence. The stakes
    have never been greater.
        To meet this moment, we must be clear-eyed about the challenges we
    face. Repressive governments envision a future in which freedom of
    expression is criminalized and the flow of information is stymied, as
    we're seeing in Iran. The People's Republic of China and Russia vastly
    outspend us on what they call public diplomacy, and their growing
    alignment threatens to upend global norms.
        But this is our opportunity. For the United States, the value
    proposition of our public diplomacy is different: it is about telling
    America's story, explaining our foreign policy, creating economic
    opportunity, developing the leaders of tomorrow, empowering independent
    media, and calling out foreign propaganda and foreign malign influence.
    In doing so, we build trust and credibility to realize an affirmative,
    forward-looking, dynamic vision for ourselves and our partners
    worldwide.
        If confirmed, I am committed to harnessing the public diplomacy
    toolkit to address the challenges presented by our adversaries and
    seize opportunities made possible with American leadership.
        This is exactly what the public diplomacy team did in the face of
    Russia's illegal, unjustified, full-scale invasion of Ukraine. We
    identified and analyzed Putin's lies. We worked alongside the
    interagency to declassify intelligence, exposing his plans and
    intentions. We conducted hundreds of media interviews to share the
    truth with the American people, the Russian people, and people around
    the world. We developed and deployed new, engaging digital products
    that highlighted stories of Ukrainian resilience and Putin's hypocrisy.
    We leveraged new platforms, technology, and content to reach Russian-
    speaking audiences. We worked with the Ukrainian Government to protect
    cultural heritage, helping Ukrainians preserve their identity and
    democracy. This work was--and remains--fundamental to unifying our
    allies and laying out the facts for the world to see.
        Public diplomacy benefits us here at home as well. International
    students added $32 billion to the U.S. economy last year, and American
    exchange program participants are returning with marketable skills that
    make them more competitive for 21st-century jobs. International
    visitors on our programs engage communities across our country, while
    the Gilman Scholarship helps underserved Americans study abroad. And if
    confirmed, I want to better communicate the benefits of foreign policy
    to our fellow Americans--who deserve to know what the U.S. Government
    is doing around the world, day in and day out, in their interest.
        Finally, it would be my great honor to lead the more than 5,000
    dedicated foreign service officers, civil service officers, locally
    employed staff, and contractors who comprise our public diplomacy
    workforce across the world. If confirmed--and in partnership with you--
    I commit to better equipping them with the tools, resources, training,
    and leadership needed to meet this critical moment.
        Thank you for inviting me here today. I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Hagerty. Thank you.
        Charge Strong?

          STATEMENT OF MARTINA ANNA TKADLEC STRONG, OF TEXAS,
           A CAREER  MEMBER OF  THE SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,
           CLASS OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED TO  BE AM-
           BASSADOR   EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF
           THE  UNITED  STATES  OF AMERICA TO THE UNITED ARAB
           EMIRATES

        Ms. Strong. Thank you very much, and I would like to also
    begin with a word of thanks to Senator Sullivan. Even though he
    had to depart I really appreciate his kind introduction and the
    friendship throughout the years.
        Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, distinguished
    Members of the committee, it is an honor to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to serve as the next U.S.
    Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates.
        I am grateful to the President and Secretary Blinken for
    the trust and confidence they have placed in me. If confirmed,
    it will be an honor to lead our mission as we continue to
    deepen our nation's strategic partnership with the United Arab
    Emirates.
        Our relationship is critical to U.S. national security at a
    time when our interests in the region are being challenged by
    conventional and asymmetric threats, complex problems like
    climate change, as well as aggressive competitors, particularly
    China.
        If confirmed, I pledge to consult closely with this
    committee in advancing our interests and addressing our
    challenges.
        Mr. Chairman, the safety and security of our fellow
    Americans and U.S. personnel will be my foremost priority, if
    confirmed. I will devote myself to protecting U.S. citizens and
    their interests and you have my commitment that I will advocate
    for detained Americans, their welfare, and their well being.
        If confirmed, I will press Emirati authorities to respect
    American citizens' rights and to meet their international
    obligations including to provide regular consular access to our
    citizens.
        By signing the historic Abraham Accords in 2020 the UAE
    became the first Arab country in generations to normalize ties
    with Israel. Leveraging this opportunity and expanding the
    growing cooperation between the UAE and Israel will buttress
    our shared goals of peace, prosperity, and greater integration
    in the Middle East.
        The UAE will host COP-28 later this year, presenting
    another key opportunity to deepen our collaboration. If
    confirmed, I will work to expand our partnership in these and
    other areas.
        Our commercial and investment ties are dynamic and drive
    prosperity in both our countries. The United States enjoys a
    healthy trade surplus with the UAE, which is the largest market
    for U.S. goods and services in the Middle East. Over 1,500
    American firms are successfully operating in the UAE.
        If confirmed, I will continue to advocate for U.S.
    businesses in the UAE and work to ensure that these positive
    trend lines continue.
        Our security ties with the UAE, a capable and interoperable
    partner, have been central to our fight against terrorism and
    to countering Iran's malign activities across the region.
        If confirmed, I will prioritize our efforts to bolster
    deterrence and regional stability, deescalate regional
    tensions, protect freedom of navigation, especially in critical
    maritime choke points, and support a political settlement to
    the conflict in Yemen.
        If confirmed, I will also be clear with UAE leaders
    regarding our deep concerns pertaining to China, whose
    violations of international law and sovereignty of countries
    around the globe, including the United States, underscore that
    China represents our most consequential geopolitical challenge.
        If confirmed, I will work closely with the administration
    and Congress to counter China's efforts to expand its influence
    in the UAE and the Gulf.
        Our partnership with the UAE is built on a strong
    foundation of decades-long close cooperation and our mutual
    interest in securing a free, rules-based, and prosperous world
    today and for decades to come.
        While we do not agree on all issues, our frank and
    constructive diplomatic engagement has helped us deepen and
    modernize this vital bilateral partnership.
        If confirmed, I will work with the UAE to advance our
    shared values like interfaith tolerance, which is embodied in
    the recently opened Abrahamic House. Our ongoing and vital work
    to address trafficking in persons and to strengthen human
    rights protections will also continue.
        If confirmed, I will ensure that the work of our mission to
    the UAE is firmly anchored in our nation's core priorities and
    our team continues to deliver for the American people,
    companies, and workers.
        In closing, please allow me to take this opportunity to
    thank my husband, John, and our wonderful daughter, Ellie, who
    are joining me here today. I am deeply grateful for their
    boundless love, support, and patience in the face of multiple
    moves and long separations during my several unaccompanied
    tours.
        While they cannot be here today, I am forever indebted to
    my parents, Vojtek and Jarmila Tkadlec, whose courage and
    conviction helped our family escape from communist
    Czechoslovakia and then propelled us from a refugee camp to a
    successful new life in the United States.
        For us, the American dream became a reality in large part
    thanks to the generous assistance of so many. I especially want
    to thank family Seviek, whose help early on launched us on the
    path that led me all the way to this hearing today.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Hagerty, thank you again for
    the privilege of appearing before you and for your
    consideration of my nomination. I welcome your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Strong follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Martina A. Strong

        Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, distinguished Members of
    the committee, it is an honor to appear before you today as President
    Biden's nominee to serve as the next U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab
    Emirates. I am grateful to the President and Secretary Blinken for the
    trust and confidence they have placed in me.
        If confirmed, it will be an honor to lead our Mission as we
    continue to deepen our nation's strategic partnership with the United
    Arab Emirates. Our relationship is critical to U.S. national security
    at a time when our interests in the region are being challenged by
    conventional and asymmetric threats, complex problems like climate
    change, as well as aggressive competitors, particularly China. If
    confirmed, I pledge to consult closely with this Committee in advancing
    our interests and addressing these challenges.
        Mr. Chairman, the safety and security of our fellow Americans and
    U.S. personnel will be my foremost priority, if confirmed. I will
    devote myself to protecting U.S. citizens and their interests, and you
    have my commitment that I will advocate for detained Americans, their
    welfare, and their well-being. If confirmed, I will press Emirati
    authorities to respect American citizens' rights and to meet their
    international obligations, including to provide regular consular access
    to our citizens.
        By signing the historic Abraham Accords in 2020, the UAE became the
    first Arab country in generations to normalize ties with Israel.
    Leveraging this opportunity and expanding the growing cooperation
    between the UAE and Israel will buttress our shared goals of peace,
    prosperity, and greater integration in the Middle East. The UAE will
    host COP28 later this year, presenting another key opportunity to
    deepen our collaboration. If confirmed, I will work to expand our
    partnership in these and other areas.
        Our commercial and investment ties are dynamic and drive prosperity
    in both our countries. The United States enjoys a healthy trade surplus
    with the UAE, which is the largest market for U.S. goods and services
    in the Middle East. Over 1,500 American firms are successfully
    operating in the UAE. If confirmed, I will continue to advocate for
    U.S. businesses in the UAE and work to ensure that these positive
    trendlines continue.
        Our security ties with the UAE, a capable and interoperable
    partner, have been central to our fight against terrorism and to
    countering Iran's malign activities across the region. If confirmed, I
    will prioritize our efforts to bolster deterrence and regional
    stability; de-escalate regional tensions; protect freedom of
    navigation, especially in critical maritime choke points; and support a
    political settlement of the conflict in Yemen.
        If confirmed, I will also be clear with UAE leaders regarding our
    deep concerns pertaining to China, whose violations of international
    law and sovereignty of countries around the globe, including the United
    States, underscore that China represents our most consequential
    geopolitical challenge. If confirmed, I will work closely with the
    Administration and Congress to counter China's efforts to expand its
    influence in the UAE and the Gulf.
        Our partnership with the UAE is built on a strong foundation of
    decades-long close cooperation and our mutual interest in securing a
    free, rules-based, and prosperous world today and for decades to come.
    While we do not agree on all issues, our frank and constructive
    diplomatic engagement has helped us deepen and modernize this vital
    bilateral relationship. If confirmed, I will work with the UAE to
    advance our shared values like interfaith tolerance, which is embodied
    in the recently opened Abrahamic House. Our ongoing and vital work to
    address trafficking-in-persons and to strengthen human rights
    protections will also continue. If confirmed, I will ensure that the
    work of our Mission to the UAE is firmly anchored in our nation's core
    priorities and our team continues to deliver for the American people,
    companies, and workers.
        In closing, please allow me to take this opportunity to thank my
    husband Colonel John Strong and our wonderful daughter Ellie, who are
    joining me here today. I am deeply grateful for their boundless love,
    support, and patience in the face of our multiple moves and long
    separations during my several unaccompanied tours. While they cannot be
    here today, I am forever indebted to my parents, Vojtech and Jarmila
    Tkadlec, whose courage and conviction helped our family escape from
    communist Czechoslovakia and then propelled us from a refugee camp to a
    successful new life in the United States. For us, the American dream
    became a reality in large part thanks to the generous assistance of so
    many. I especially want to thank family Seviek, whose help early on
    launched us on the path that led me all the way to this hearing today.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Hagerty, thank you again for the
    privilege of appearing before you and for your consideration of my
    nomination. I welcome your questions.

        Senator Murphy [presiding]. Thank you very much.
        Ms. Rood?

         STATEMENT OF ELIZABETH ROOD, OF PENNSYLVANIA, A CA-
          REER MEMBER OF  THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
          OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  TO  BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAOR-
          DINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF
          AMERICA TO TURKMENISTAN

        Ms. Rood. Good afternoon, Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member
    Hagerty, and honorable members of this committee. I am grateful
    to have the opportunity to speak with you today and thank you
    for considering my nomination to serve as ambassador to
    Turkmenistan.
        I would like to start by thanking Senator Casey for the
    honor of his introduction, as well as the family, friends, and
    colleagues who have supported me. My family cannot be present
    today but I would like to acknowledge the presence of--I am
    sorry, I would especially like to acknowledge my children,
    Margaret, Alice, and Andrew Kimbrell, who are now grown but who
    have accompanied me in my Foreign Service career.
        I have the honor to have as guest today two former
    ambassadors to Turkmenistan, Ambassador Steven Mann and
    Ambassador Laura Kennedy. Their mentoring and friendship have
    played a large role across the decades in my presence here
    today.
        Since Turkmenistan's independence in 1991 and the
    establishment of diplomatic relations the following year,
    progress in our engagement has been slow but steady. The United
    States has been steadfast in our commitment to Turkmenistan's
    independence, prosperity, sovereignty, and territorial
    integrity and our consistent diplomacy has borne fruit.
        Our persistent diplomatic efforts in recent years have
    yielded expanded U.S. commercial ties with Turkmenistan, a
    broadening of security cooperation to face security threats in
    the region, increased engagement to fight climate change
    through the reduction of methane emissions, unprecedented
    cultural and educational exchanges, and nascent progress on
    human rights highlighted by the Government's pardoning in 2021
    of 16 Jehovah's Witnesses incarcerated for their conscientious
    objection to mandatory military service.
        I believe all these developments demonstrate that
    tenacious, principled engagement with Turkmenistan works. If
    confirmed, I will work to build on this progress to ensure our
    bilateral engagement reaches its full potential.
        I want to underscore that despite our differences the
    United States and Turkmenistan share several important
    interests. We share with Turkmenistan an increasing interest in
    securing the country's borders, particularly its 462-mile
    border with Afghanistan, secure borders to help counter the
    threats posed by terrorism, drug trafficking, and the smuggling
    of other dangerous and illicit materials.
        When we help Turkmenistan secure its borders we are not
    only promoting the sovereignty and stability of Turkmenistan
    and the broader Central Asia region but we are also helping to
    keep the American people and the world safe.
        There is also tremendous potential for our two countries to
    achieve the key administration goal of addressing climate
    change. In the last few years, Turkmenistan has clearly
    demonstrated an awareness of the threat climate change poses
    and the part it can play in combating the threat.
        Turkmenistan's interest in combating climate change
    provides a strong basis for engagement and cooperation with the
    United States.
        As just one example, we have recently offered to share our
    expertise to help Turkmenistan reduce methane leaking and
    venting. We also share with Turkmenistan an interest in
    building commercial ties between our countries.
        Greater commercial ties provide greater opportunities for
    U.S. companies to expand sales and boost the economy of the
    United States while creating greater incentives for the
    Government of Turkmenistan to reduce corruption, strengthen its
    legal system, and improve its business environment.
        We are also investing in preserving Turkmenistan's rich
    cultural heritage. Some of the more notable projects include
    restoration of the country's oldest standing mosque, unique
    forms of folk music, antique carpets and manuscripts, and
    important Silk Road sites.
        This cooperation preserves something valuable to both
    Turkmenistan and the world and has been a high point in our
    bilateral relationship for many years.
        Maintaining a productive relationship with Turkmenistan is
    in the best interests of the United States because it allows us
    to engage with the Government of Turkmenistan on issues of
    vital importance to our national security.
        For example, if confirmed, I will emphasize the importance
    of holding Russia to account for its aggression against Ukraine
    and urge cooperation on the implementation of sanctions on
    Russia.
        I will use every opportunity to urge the Government of
    Turkmenistan to adhere to its international legal obligations
    and commitments, including as a member of the United Nations
    and the OSCE.
        I will also continue to send a strong and clear message
    about the importance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
    including freedom of religion or belief, freedom of expression,
    and civil and political rights, and I will also continue our
    advocacy for labor rights, women's rights, civil society, and
    the rule of law.
        Mr. Chairman, there is tremendous potential for our
    bilateral relationship with Turkmenistan. If confirmed, I look
    forward to partnering with this committee and Congress to build
    on our progress so that we may achieve mutual objectives for
    the benefit of the people of the United States and the people
    of Turkmenistan.
        Thank you for considering my nomination. I look forward to
    answering any questions you might have.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Rood follows:]

                      Prepared Statement of Elizabeth Rood

        Good morning, Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, and
    honorable Members of this committee. I am grateful to have the
    opportunity to speak with you today. Thank you for considering my
    nomination to serve as Ambassador to Turkmenistan.
        I would like to start by thanking Senator Casey for the honor of
    his introduction, as well as the family, friends, and colleagues who
    have supported me. My family cannot be present today, but I would
    especially like to acknowledge my children, Margaret, Alice, and Andrew
    Kimbrell, who are now grown but accompanied me in my Foreign Service
    career. I have the honor to have as guests today two former Ambassadors
    to Turkmenistan, Ambassador Steven Mann and Ambassador Laura Kennedy.
    Their mentoring and friendship across decades play a large role in my
    presence here today.
        Since Turkmenistan's independence in 1991 and the establishment of
    diplomatic relations the following year, progress in our engagement has
    been slow but steady. The United States has been steadfast in our
    commitment to Turkmenistan's independence, prosperity, sovereignty, and
    territorial integrity, and our consistent diplomacy has borne fruit.
        Our persistent diplomatic efforts in recent years have yielded
    expanded U.S. commercial ties with Turkmenistan, a broadening of
    security cooperation to face security threats in the region, increased
    engagement to fight climate change through the reduction of methane
    emissions, unprecedented cultural and educational exchanges, and
    nascent progress on human rights, highlighted by the Government's
    pardoning in 2021 of 16 Jehovah's Witnesses incarcerated for their
    conscientious objection to mandatory military service.
        I believe all these developments demonstrate that tenacious,
    principled engagement with Turkmenistan works. If confirmed, I will
    work to build on this progress to ensure our bilateral relationship
    reaches its full potential.
        I want to underscore that despite our differences, the United
    States and Turkmenistan share several important interests.
        We share with Turkmenistan an interest in securing the country's
    borders, particularly its 462-mile border with Afghanistan. Secure
    borders help counter the threats posed by terrorism, drug trafficking,
    and the smuggling of other dangerous and illicit materials. When we
    help Turkmenistan secure its borders, we are not only promoting the
    sovereignty and stability of Turkmenistan and the broader Central Asian
    region, but we are also helping to keep the American people and the
    world safe.
        There is also tremendous potential for our two countries to achieve
    the key administration goal of addressing climate change. In the last
    few years, Turkmenistan has clearly demonstrated an awareness of the
    threat climate change poses and the part it can play in combating that
    threat. Turkmenistan's interest in combating climate change provides a
    strong basis for engagement and cooperation with the United States. As
    just one example, we have recently offered to share our expertise to
    help Turkmenistan reduce methane leaking and venting.
        We also share with Turkmenistan an interest in building commercial
    ties between our countries. Greater commercial ties provide greater
    opportunities for U.S. companies to expand sales and boost the U.S.
    economy while creating greater incentives for the Government of
    Turkmenistan to reduce corruption, strengthen its legal system, and
    improve its business environment.
        We are also invested in preserving Turkmenistan's rich cultural
    heritage. Some of the more notable projects include restoration of the
    country's oldest standing mosque, unique forms of folk music, antique
    carpets and manuscripts, and important Silk Road sites. This
    cooperation preserves something valuable to both Turkmenistan and the
    world and has been a high point in our bilateral relationship for many
    years.
        Maintaining a productive relationship with Turkmenistan is in the
    best interests of the United States because it allows us to engage with
    the Government of Turkmenistan on issues of vital importance to our
    national security.
        For example, if confirmed, I will emphasize the importance of
    holding Russia to account for its aggression against Ukraine and urge
    cooperation on the implementation of sanctions on Russia. I will use
    every opportunity to urge the Government of Turkmenistan to adhere to
    its international legal obligations and commitments, including as a
    member of the UN and the OSCE.
        I will also continue to send a strong and clear message about the
    importance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom
    of religion or belief, freedom of expression, and civil and political
    rights, and will also continue our advocacy for labor rights, women's
    rights, civil society, and the rule of law.
        Mr. Chairman, there is tremendous potential for our bilateral
    relationship with Turkmenistan. If confirmed, I look forward to
    partnering with this Committee and Congress to build on our progress so
    that we may achieve mutual objectives for the benefit of the people of
    the United States and the people of Turkmenistan. Thank you for
    considering my nomination. I look forward to answering any questions
    you might have.

        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much.
        Ms. Sasahara?

           STATEMENT OF KAREN SASAHARA,  OF MASSACHUSETTS, A
            CAREER  MEMBER  OF  THE  SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,
            CLASS OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR, NOMINATED TO BE AM-
            BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
            THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE STATE OF KU-
            WAIT

        Ms. Sasahara. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Hagerty,
    distinguished members of the committee, I am honored to appear
    before you today as President Biden's nominee to serve as
    ambassador to the state of Kuwait.
        I am grateful to the President and to Secretary Blinken for
    their confidence in me to undertake this important role.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with
    members of this committee to advance U.S. national security
    interests in Kuwait and to ensure that Kuwait remains a strong
    partner for the United States.
        I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to my
    parents, members of that greatest generation whose devotion to
    their family and their sacrifices is why I am here today.
        Likewise to my siblings, who have always supported me no
    matter what, and, of course, my husband, who has been a great
    source of support both personally and as a fellow Foreign
    Service officer.
        If confirmed, I will work with our Kuwaiti partners to
    increase pressure on Iran to stop its destabilizing activities
    in the region. Through my service in Yemen, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
    and elsewhere in the Middle East, I know firsthand the harm
    Iran and its proxies have inflicted on U.S. interests and on
    our allies.
        Iran continues to threaten freedom of navigation in one of
    the world's most critical seaways, threatening regional
    stability and global energy markets. Its support to the Houthis
    in Yemen, Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria, and Hezbollah in
    Lebanon destabilizes the entire region and threatens U.S.
    security interests. If confirmed, I will work with our Kuwaiti
    partners to counter this threat.
        And Kuwait has developed stronger ties across its border
    with Iraq, including normalized trade relations and a
    modernized border crossing. If confirmed, I look forward to
    helping strengthen relationships across the region.
        Kuwait is a member of the Coalition to Defeat ISIS and our
    relationship is vital to the stability and security in the
    Middle East and essential to our own national security.
        In 2021, Kuwait helped the United States relocate more than
    5,000 people from Afghanistan, in addition to their most recent
    efforts to ease the horrific situation in Ukraine.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with the Kuwaiti
    leadership to do even more, given Kuwait's own history with
    unprovoked aggression.
        We cannot ignore our strong economic ties with Kuwait.
    Kuwait invested billions of dollars in construction in capital
    markets and consumer goods in the United States. There are
    significant opportunities for U.S. businesses in Kuwait and, if
    confirmed, I will advocate strongly for American companies.
        Mr. Chairman, human rights are at the core of the
    administration's foreign policy. If confirmed, it will be among
    my highest priorities. This includes strengthening the rights
    of women, stateless residents, and Kuwait's large expatriate
    workforce.
        Recent elections saw the return of women to the parliament,
    something we were very supportive of. Kuwait takes the issue of
    religious freedom seriously and is home to one of the largest
    cathedrals in the region.
        Kuwait is already a leader in the region for allowing space
    for political expression, fostering an independent media, and
    encouraging participatory government. If confirmed, I look
    forward to supporting these important issues in any way that I
    can.
        The United States and Kuwait share a long history that
    forms a strong foundation for the future. Every year thousands
    of Kuwaitis come to study at universities across the United
    States. They return to Kuwait with their experience in the U.S.
    and contribute to building and strengthening their country.
        Mr. Chairman, I want to assure the members of this
    committee that my highest priority, if confirmed, will be the
    safety and security of all Americans in Kuwait.
        Over 30,000 U.S. citizens work as military contractors,
    teachers, and business people, in addition to U.S. Government
    and military personnel. Their presence is emblematic of the
    strong U.S.-Kuwait partnership. Enduring congressional support
    and engagement is also a key element of our partnership.
        I would also like to thank Chairman Menendez for his recent
    visit, and, if confirmed, I would welcome the members of the
    committee to visit as well.
        I would be remiss if I did not take this opportunity to
    congratulate the former Kuwaiti ambassador to the United
    States, Sheikh Salem Al-Sabah, on his appointment to foreign
    minister.
        Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Hagerty, Chairman Menendez,
    members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I look forward to answering your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Sasahara follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Karen H. Sasahara

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, distinguished Members of the
    committee, I am honored to appear before you today as President Biden's
    nominee to serve as Ambassador to the State of Kuwait. I am grateful to
    the President and to Secretary Blinken for their confidence in me to
    undertake this important role. If confirmed, I look forward to working
    closely with Members of this Committee to advance U.S. national
    security interests in Kuwait and to ensure that Kuwait remains a strong
    partner for the United States.
        I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, members
    of that greatest generation whose devotion to their family and their
    sacrifices are why I'm here today. Likewise, gratitude to my siblings,
    who have always supported me no matter what. And of course, my husband,
    who has been a great source of support, both personally and as a fellow
    Foreign Service Officer.
        If confirmed, I will work with our Kuwaiti partners to increase
    pressure on Iran to stop its destabilizing activities in the region.
    Through my service in Yemen, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the
    Middle East, I know first-hand the harm Iran and its proxies have
    inflicted on U.S. interests and on our allies. Iran continues to
    threaten freedom of navigation in one of the world's most critical
    seaways, threatening regional stability and global energy markets. Its
    support to the Houthis in Yemen, Bashar al Assad's regime in Syria, and
    Hezbollah in Lebanon, destabilizes the entire region and threatens U.S.
    security interests. If confirmed, I will work with our Kuwaiti partners
    to counter this threat. Kuwait has developed stronger ties across its
    border with Iraq, including normalized trade relations and a modernized
    border crossing. If confirmed, I look forward to helping strengthen
    relationships across the region.
        Kuwait is a member of the Coalition to Defeat ISIS and our
    relationship is vital to the stability and security in the Middle East
    and essential to our own national security. In 2021, Kuwait helped the
    United States relocate more than 5,000 people from Afghanistan, in
    addition to their most recent efforts to ease the horrific situation in
    Ukraine. If confirmed, I look forward to working with Kuwaiti
    leadership to do even more, given Kuwait's own history with unprovoked
    aggression.
        We can't ignore our strong economic ties with Kuwait. Kuwait
    invests billions of dollars in construction, capital markets, and
    consumer goods in the United States. There are significant
    opportunities for U.S. businesses in Kuwait and, if confirmed, I will
    advocate strongly for American companies.
        Mr. Chairman, human rights are at the core of the Administration's
    foreign policy. If confirmed, it will be among my highest priorities.
    This includes strengthening the rights of women, stateless residents,
    and Kuwait's large expatriate workforce. Recent elections saw the
    return of women to the Parliament, something we were very supportive
    of.
        Kuwait takes the issue of religious freedom seriously and is home
    to one of the largest cathedrals in the region. Kuwait is already a
    leader in the region for allowing space for political expression,
    fostering an independent media, and encouraging participatory
    government. If confirmed, I look forward to supporting these important
    issues in any way I can.
        The United States and Kuwait share a long history that forms a
    strong foundation for the future. Every year, thousands of Kuwaitis
    come to study at universities across the United States. They return to
    Kuwait with their experience in the United States and contribute to
    building and strengthening their country.
        Mr. Chairman, I want to assure the Members of this committee that
    my highest priority, if confirmed, will be the safety and security of
    all Americans in Kuwait. Over 30,000 U.S. citizens work as military
    contractors, teachers, and businesspeople, in addition to U.S.
    Government and military personnel. Their presence is emblematic of the
    strong U.S.-Kuwait partnership. Enduring Congressional support and
    engagement is also a key element of our partnership.
        I would also like to thank Chairman Menendez for his recent visit,
    and if confirmed, I would welcome the Members of the committee to visit
    as well. I would be remiss if I didn't take this opportunity to
    congratulate former Kuwaiti ambassador the United States, Sheikh Salem
    Al-Sabah, on his appointment to Foreign Minister. Chairman Murphy,
    Ranking Member Hagerty, Members of the committee, thank you for the
    opportunity to appear before you today. I look forward to answering
    your questions.

        Senator Murphy. Thank you to all of our witnesses for your
    testimony and, again, for your willingness to serve. We will
    begin a round of five-minute questions and I will begin.
        Let me start with you, Ms. Allen. The Global Engagement
    Center has been a bipartisan apolitical success story, a way
    for the United States to counteract the growing propaganda
    campaigns that emanate out of Moscow, Beijing, and many
    nonstate actors.
        But recently the GEC, as it has come to be known, has
    come--has been under scrutiny and criticism from right-wing
    voices who are promoting just basic conspiracy theories about
    how the GEC is engaged in government censorship or media
    manipulation.
        I sort of cannot keep track of all the buzzwords and
    phrases that they use, which really belies the fact that this
    has been a result of consensus between both parties on the need
    to combat misinformation.
        So let me just ask you, how are you responding to these
    critics and conspiracy theorists and is this not a moment when
    we need to strengthen the GEC's resources and authorities to
    make sure that we can be somewhere close to an even playing
    field with those that have even bigger information operations
    that the United States?
        Ms. Allen. Indeed, Senator. Thank you so much for the
    opportunity to talk about the mission of the Global Engagement
    Center, which is really the critical body working to counter
    our adversaries that attempt to undermine us, undermine our
    credibility, and undermine our vision for the future and, in
    fact, I have talked to members of this committee and staff of
    this committee on a bipartisan basis about ways in which we can
    strengthen the Global Engagement Center.
        Let me be clear. The Global Engagement Center does not
    engage in censorship, does not operate domestically, and does
    not work on U.S. citizens.
        They are focused on countering misinformation,
    disinformation, propaganda, and foreign malign influence aimed
    at overseas audiences and they have four core areas of focus:
    countering the PRC, countering Iran, countering Russia, and
    countering terrorism.
        They are most well known for their exposure of
    disinformation, for their identification and analysis of the
    perpetrators of disinformation and a foreign malign influence,
    and of exposing those that are doing so, of calling out false
    narratives, of calling out lies, and making sure that audiences
    across the world understand that they are being acted against
    intentionally by actors like the PRC and Russia.
        But in addition to their exposure work, I would like to
    note here today they are doing a lot of work behind the scenes
    with governments, partners, and allies across the world and
    this, indeed, is the area in which, if confirmed, I would like
    to continue to push on the Global Engagement Center to expand
    their work.
        They are working with governments across the world on
    analyzing disinformation prior to their elections to make sure
    that elections can be conducted in a fair and free way. They
    are working with partners like Five Eyes, with the U.K., with
    the European Union, and with the G-7 on making sure that
    counter disinformation efforts are on our bilateral and
    multilateral agendas worldwide.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you. Thanks for that very cogent
    explanation of what the GEC does and does not do and we look
    forward to working with you to tell that story.
        Ms. Strong, I noted in your testimony that you correctly
    pointed out that countering Chinese influence in the region is
    going to be amongst your highest priorities.
        But, of course, as you know, you are going to represent the
    United States in a country that has deepening and very worrying
    ties with China. Assistant Secretary Leaf testified before this
    committee in August about administration concerns over Chinese
    inroads into UAE's tech sector.
        The national threat assessment highlighted China's pursuit
    of a potential military base in the UAE. We understand that the
    sale of F-35s and MQ-9s have been halted. The discussions
    around those sales have been halted due to these concerns about
    potential deepening integration between China and the UAE.
        Talk to us a little bit about how worried you understand
    that we should be about this growing security and economic
    partnership and how this will rank amongst your priorities once
    on the job.
        Ms. Strong. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for that
    question.
        The administration has been absolutely clear that China
    poses the most consequential geopolitical challenge for the
    United States and it is a challenge that every single one of
    our embassies, every single one of our ambassadors around the
    world, is focused on. It is my understanding, certainly, that
    our mission in the UAE has made this a top priority, as has the
    department here.
        In terms of the specific concerns, as you noted, we have
    seen China's efforts to increase its influence, gain footholds
    not just in the Gulf but around the world.
        In the Gulf and specifically in the UAE the President has
    been clear that we will work to strengthen our partners. But at
    the same time we will work to ensure that no country can seek
    to dominate or dominate the region militarily or through
    military threats or through military buildups and that,
    certainly, would include an establishment of a Chinese
    installation--military installation in the region.
        We have been very clear with our partners in the region to
    include the UAE that there are certain categories of
    cooperation with China that would run up very directly and
    impact very directly our U.S. national security interests.
        That message has been delivered and we believe that our
    partners in the region are very clear about our concerns,
    especially, as you noted, Mr. Chairman, certain areas of
    cooperation in high-tech, advanced technology, and that could
    potentially impact or threaten the safeguarding and security of
    our own technology, whether commercial or especially in the
    defense sector.
        If confirmed, Mr. Chairman, you certainly have my
    commitment that this will be a top priority for me. Part of the
    answer here, of course, is to strengthen our partnership with
    the UAE.
        They are a capable interoperable partner, and having a very
    robust diplomatic discourse on this topic is going to be
    critical in addressing this challenge.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you for that strong clear answer.
        Senator Hagerty?
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
        In 2021, U.S. intelligence agencies reportedly learned that
    China was secretly building a military facility at a port near
    the UAE capital of Abu Dhabi.
        While the UAE eventually halted construction, subsequent
    developments are challenging U.S.-UAE security cooperation
    including the continued operation of PRC-owned firms at the
    port, the UAE's plans to purchase Chinese aircraft, UAE
    cooperation with PRC-owned firms and 5G communications
    technology, all the above making it extraordinarily
    challenging.
        Charge Strong, do you believe communist China's growing
    presence in the UAE and, more broadly, in the Middle East
    constitute a threat to U.S. national security interests?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Senator. And, certainly, as I noted,
    we are watching with concern China's global efforts. These are
    not just efforts in the Gulf to expand its influence. This is
    very much a focus for all of us around the world and for the
    administration.
        In terms of the specific areas of concern that you have
    noted, it is very much a concern and it is a concern that I
    know was addressed by our intelligence colleagues last week
    during the annual threat assessment, a very detailed look at
    what China is trying to do, what level of threat it poses and,
    again, here in the Gulf and specifically in the UAE this
    requires absolutely a robust diplomatic response.
        As I mentioned, it is my understanding that our mission and
    senior officials of the administration have been very focused
    on this in their engagements with the UAE and, certainly, if
    confirmed, this would be a top priority and I would look
    forward to working with our--all of our interagency colleagues
    and with Congress on addressing this challenge.
        Senator Hagerty. I, certainly, welcome your work--I mean,
    working with this committee. We see this every day and I am
    deeply concerned about the challenge.
        Ms. Sasahara, I want to acknowledge Ambassador Ratney's
    presence here. Thank you both for your service. I think you are
    going to a very challenging neighborhood and you will see from
    different perspectives particularly the challenge that the CCP
    is posing in the region.
        I was quite disturbed to see them brokering arrangements
    between Saudi Arabia and Iran recently. Their presence in Saudi
    Arabia, their aggressive posture toward obtaining new sources
    of energy, all of these challenges, I think, are going to be
    significant.
        And I want to thank both of you for the sacrifice. I
    mentioned families before, but you will be in different
    countries should you be confirmed. But I very much appreciate
    the sacrifice that both of you are making.
        And, particularly, I would like to just ask you the same
    question that I asked Charge Strong. Do you believe communist
    China's growing presence in Kuwait and the broader Middle East
    constitute a serious national security threat for America?
        Ms. Sasahara. Thank you very much for the question,
    Senator.
        I share your concern about aggressive Chinese security
    cooperation and commercial prospecting in the region. Our
    ambassador is confronted every day and if I am confirmed I will
    confront it as well.
        We believe that we are--we remain the strategic partner of
    choice in Kuwait. But we cannot be complacent. We have to stay
    present, we have to be engaged, and we cannot cede space to
    China or to any other country.
        Senator Hagerty. Well put.
        Charge Strong and, again, Deputy Assistant Secretary
    Sasahara, President Biden claimed last year that the
    administration will--quote, ``will not walk away and leave a
    vacuum to be filled by China, Russia, or Iran.''
        But the CCP nevertheless has definitely increased its
    influence in the Middle East and, I think, at America's expense
    over the past couple of years.
        The recent CCP-brokered normalization agreement between
    Saudi and Iran terrorist regimes should be a wakeup call for
    us, I think. But during a press conference in March 13th
    National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan said something that
    concerned me.
        The national security adviser said that the CCP-brokered
    deal between Saudi Arabia and Iran, and I quote--this is from
    Jake Sullivan--quote, ``is something that we think is a
    positive,'' and he added, quote, ``having other countries like
    China promote deescalation is not fundamentally averse to U.S.
    interest.''
        Charge Strong and Deputy Assistant Secretary Sasahara, do
    you agree with National Security Adviser Sullivan's statement
    that the CCP-brokered deal between the Saudis and Iran is a
    positive for the U.S. and, if you are confirmed, would either
    of you welcome more CCP influence in the UAE or in Kuwait?
        I will start with you, Charge Strong.
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Senator. I think it is important to
    note about this announced agreement last week that this is very
    much an agreement that is focused on the relationship between
    Saudi Arabia and Iran.
        It is a relationship that has been very tense, very
    fraught, and we saw it, of course, erupt in September 2019 when
    Iran launched a massive attack on Saudi Arabia's critical
    energy infrastructure and knocked out, in fact, 50 percent of
    that--of their production capacity.
        So the fact that Saudi Arabia was looking to deescalate and
    depressurize their relationship with Iran certainly makes sense
    and when they told us about their efforts, their objective, we
    were certainly supportive as were other countries in the
    region. Iraq--and Iraq----
        Senator Hagerty. To be clear, though, you were supportive
    of China brokering the deal or are you supportive of----
        Ms. Strong. If I may. We were supportive of Saudi Arabia
    seeking a diplomatic path to deescalate their tensions in the
    region. It is--it, certainly, remains to be seen what happens
    next.
        Iran, of course, has a long history of reneging on
    agreements, on commitments. They have an even longer history of
    destabilizing activities in the region, malign activity
    starting first and foremost with their nuclear program, their
    ballistic missile program, their support for proxies, and, of
    course, now more concerningly proliferation of armaments to
    Russia.
        There are many, many question marks about this agreement
    and what the future looks like. What is not in question and
    should never be in question is our partnership with Saudi
    Arabia and in my future, if confirmed, with the UAE we need
    those partnerships. They need to remain strong. We need our
    partners to be interoperable, capable, so that we can get on
    with a lot of important work we have to do.
        There is no question that it is a more competitive
    environment for us. But we need to step up and be present and,
    certainly, not cede any ground to China or any other strategic
    or regional competitor.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you.
        Senator Murphy. Chairman Menendez?
        The Chairman: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for holding this
    hearing.
        Let me thank Senator Hagerty for sitting in even though
    this was not his ranking spot, but we appreciate you being here
    so we could have the hearing of these nominees.
        So it is an incredibly important part of our overall
    duties, even though we all came here to do policy legislation.
    But, nonetheless, nominations are incredibly important to
    execute those policies. So thank you both for doing this.
        And congratulations to all the nominees. I love seeing a
    panel that is career service people being promoted and I think
    that is a great thing. So congratulations to you all and your
    family.
        Ambassador Ratney, it is good to see you here in your new
    capacity confirmed. Maybe you can help your wife get through
    this period of time.
        [Laughter.]
        The Chairman: So you will both be in the region so it will
    be nice.
        Let me turn to a few questions.
        First of all, the UAE--look, the UAE is an important
    relationship for us. But as I have said to their ambassador
    here, you got to decide whose side you want to be on.
        Do you want to be in a world in which China and its vision
    of the world is the world in which you live in or do you want
    to live in a world in which you get to choose how you get to
    thrive, protect your territorial integrity, choose who you
    love, who you marry, how you make your money, and a whole host
    of other things.
        And in that regard, I hope that when you get there that you
    will make it very clear that that is part of your mission and
    part of their interests as well as ours. This is not about
    choose between the United States and China. It is about choose
    what type of world you want to live in, and that is probably
    true for the--all of your assignments collectively, at the end
    of the day.
        To your knowledge--I know you are not there yet, but to
    your knowledge has the UAE provided the United States with
    assurances that it is not going to go forward with its military
    base at the UAE with the Chinese?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and, first,
    absolutely, I will carry that message. It will be a priority,
    if confirmed.
        It is my understanding that we have delivered a very clear
    message to all of our partners in the region but, certainly, to
    the Emirates on the concerns that we have, very deep and grave
    concerns, about certain categories of cooperation with China
    and that cooperation, certainly, would impact on some of our
    very core national security interests that you are referring to
    and it is a message that it is my understanding has been
    delivered at the senior most levels and----
        The Chairman: And what has been the response, to your
    knowledge? Do you know if they have given us assurances they
    are not moving forward with a Chinese base?
        Ms. Strong. Mr. Chairman, it is my understanding that we
    will have administration officials briefing the committee staff
    tomorrow in an appropriate setting on the nature of the
    conversations and the status.
        The Chairman: Okay. I hope my staff tells me what is
    happening. So we will look forward to that.
        Also, in terms of Chinese penetration of the UAE telecom
    system and other technology sectors you are aware of that and
    ready to make sure you make the case why that is not a good
    idea for them or for us?
        Ms. Strong. Absolutely. I have seen the open source
    reporting on this and, clearly, the penetration of Chinese
    equipment in any network is concerning and, certainly, as it
    impacts our cooperation--our security cooperation--this would
    be very concerning. So very much a message that will be topmost
    on my agenda, if confirmed.
        The Chairman: All right. Thank you.
        Ms. Sasahara, I had, as you mentioned, a good visit in
    Kuwait. The relatively new foreign minister, former ambassador
    here, knows the United States well, knows the interest of his
    country vis-a-vis the United States well.
        I am wondering whether you will be able to engage with the
    Kuwaitis about considering accession to the Abraham Accords. We
    had this conversation when we were there, and while it is clear
    to me that they are not ready for that, I think that working
    towards getting ready for that would be a good thing. Is that
    something that you see being engaged in?
        Ms. Sasahara. Thank you very much for the question, Mr.
    Chairman. It is a very important one.
        I share your disappointment that Kuwait is not part of the
    Abraham Accords. To not even consider it is to risk being left
    behind in the region and possibly an outlier, which can be very
    risky in today's global markets and in the strategic security
    environment of that region.
        We have already seen the benefits of the Abraham Accords,
    whether it is in education, tourism, business, as well as
    regional security.
        With your permission, if I am confirmed I would like the
    opportunity to get on the ground and get a sense of what is
    possible and report back to you.
        The Chairman: We appreciate the Kuwaitis being--they host--
    I went to the base there--they host for Thanksgiving. I went to
    the base. We appreciate their participation with us in so many
    different ways but we hope that they will be more forward
    leaning in embracing the possibility of normalization of
    relationships with Israel.
        Lastly, as you know, Turkmenistan's neighbor Uzbekistan
    took important steps to end forced labor in its cotton
    industry, which opened up greater economic opportunities for
    the country.
        Ms. Rood, what--with Uzbekistan as an example, what can be
    done to encourage the Government of Turkmenistan to understand
    that the respect for human rights is not only a moral
    imperative but will create an environment more conducive to
    economic investment and prosperity?
        Ms. Rood. Thank you for that question, Chairman Menendez.
        Labor rights is among the many human rights challenges that
    are central to our bilateral agenda with the Government of
    Turkmenistan, one that we address regularly through our daily
    diplomacy as well as through our recurring annual bilateral
    consultations.
        I am happy to share with you that we see some progress on
    the issue of forced labor and labor rights in Turkmenistan. In
    September and October of this year there were two visits to
    Turkmenistan by the International Labor Organization and
    another visit already just this month.
        The purpose of this visit is to engage with the Government
    of Turkmenistan on labor issues, labor rights, particularly in
    the cotton industry, to provide advice, potentially, technical
    assistance and as well to observe and monitor practices during
    the cotton harvest.
        I hope through this persistent and patient engagement with
    Turkmenistan that we will see continued progress and a
    resolution of the outstanding issues.
        The Chairman: Thank you.
        Ms. Allen, I will leave questions for the record but I do
    not want you to think I do not--have no affection for what you
    are going to do. I am concerned about what institutional
    changes we might use to better educate our diplomats about
    public diplomacy tools as well as content creation and timely
    delivery.
        And, Mr. Yon, I think that your--that the assignment that
    you are being given is an incredibly important one and
    therefore I need to visit you.
        [Laughter.]
        The Chairman: To all of you.
        Ms. Allen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Ricketts?
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        First of all, I would like to add my thanks to each of you
    for serving our great nation and especially those who are the
    career Foreign Service folks.
        Thank you very much for the sacrifices you make on behalf
    of our country, and to the families as well because I know you
    sacrifice alongside your loved one when they are overseas
    representing our nation. So thank you all very much, and I look
    forward to all of you continuing to serve our great country.
        Ms. Sasahara, I was actually in Kuwait when I was governor
    of Nebraska last year visiting some of our National Guard
    soldiers. So I look forward to you being able to take care of
    them while you are there.
        And then, Ms. Strong, you and your team hosted us when we
    were in Saudi Arabia and you and your team did a fantastic job
    while we were there. So thank you very much for being great
    hosts while we were there and it was a very enlightening
    experience.
        Actually, after we visited in Saudi Arabia we went to the
    United Arab Emirates and we had the opportunity to speak with
    government officials there, and one of the key things that we
    heard there was their great dissatisfaction with the United
    States response after their attack, January 17th of 2022.
        Abu Dhabi was attacked by drones and missiles and there was
    not a response from the Biden administration. In fact, I
    believe Secretary Blinken had to several weeks later go back
    and apologize for our silence.
        They equated their attack to their 9/11 and felt like we
    did not respond in time. In fact, I think that is one of the
    things that opens the door for China to have a relationship
    with UAE because then they question our responsiveness and
    whether or not we are going to be good allies in the region.
        If you are confirmed what can you do to help overcome this?
    Like I said, it was pretty bad the way they talked to us about
    this. What can you do to help mend that relationship so that we
    can continue to have a good relationship with the UAE and make
    sure they are staying good allies with the United States and
    helping us on all the things we want to do like prevent
    sanctions leaking into Russia?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Senator, and it was a pleasure, of
    course, to host you in Saudi Arabia and we really appreciated
    the visit.
        With regard to UAE, I completely agree with you that it is
    critical to maintain our strong partnership with the UAE. The
    President was very clear from the early days of his
    administration that our commitment to the region, to the
    partnerships that we have built up over decades in the region,
    is absolute.
        When he came to the region last July he amplified that
    message in his conversations with the region's leaders. What I
    think is important here is focusing on what we are doing now
    and, certainly, there is a very deep security cooperation that
    we share with the UAE. They are, as I mentioned, a very
    capable, interoperable partner to us.
        We have deployed together. We have countered terrorists
    together. The history of achievements is quite extensive. But
    also to have a very forward-looking agenda, which we do. When
    it comes to security, of course, we are working not just
    bilaterally but regionally with the GCC to institute, for
    example, an integrated air and missile defense and a maritime
    security architecture.
        Not all of our support and cooperation, of course, is in
    the public realm and so I am limited in what I can discuss
    here. But, certainly, that is very much a focus and, if
    confirmed, will be a focus for me.
        But beyond the security there is, of course, the
    cooperation that we have now seen blossom under the Abraham
    Accords and this historic achievement should be our focus and,
    certainly, if confirmed, will be my focus because I think that
    it can underpin a lot of positive developments.
        We have already, of course, seen a lot that has been
    achieved and I, certainly, would look forward to growing that
    cooperation and partnership, if confirmed.
        Senator Ricketts. Ms. Strong, I have only got about 40
    seconds left and you preempted my question anyway by getting
    into the Abraham Accords because I do think that was a historic
    U.S. diplomatic achievement and glad that you are going to
    continue to support that.
        I think that is one of the things we heard was important in
    the UAE we visited. You mentioned in your remarks the Abrahamic
    Family Center that has a mosque, a synagogue, and a Catholic
    Church on the site, and that we also heard there are about
    600,000 Israelis have visited UAE since the Accords, which is
    all a very positive sign for continuing cooperation.
        And I would just encourage you to also look for ways that
    we can expand the relationship between not only the United
    States and the United Arab Emirates but also with Israel in
    that cooperation as well.
        But, again, thank you very much for being such a great host
    when we were over there. You and your team, again, did a great
    job. And just a little trivia fact. Nebraska is the state with
    the highest percentage of people who claim Czech ancestry.
    There you go.
        Senator Murphy. Senator Kaine?
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
        Ms. Sasahara, I want to begin with you. We are going to
    have a vote tomorrow that begins the process of repealing war
    authorizations against Iraq--two war authorizations.
        Everybody knows about the 2002 authorization but we still
    have a live war authorization against Iraq from 1991, a war--
    the Gulf War that was for the purpose of driving Iraq out of
    Kuwait.
        My understanding is that the Kuwait-Iraq relationship after
    32 years, they are neighbors. They are productive. They have
    good diplomatic relations. May not agree on everything. You
    never agree on everything with a neighbor.
        But is that your assessment as well, that Iraq-Kuwait
    relations are generally good and have been a positive force for
    stability in the region?
        Ms. Sasahara. Thank you for the question, Senator, and that
    is my understanding as well.
        I think, in one sense, that was a very hard page to turn. I
    think most Kuwaitis over the age of 40 lived through it
    thirty--understand that and remember that it was a brutal
    invasion and an even more brutal occupation. So it was a hard
    page to turn.
        But they are neighbors and that geography is not going to
    change, and I think through diplomatic discussions directly
    they are in a better place, stronger. They are reaching a lot
    of agreements whether it is on maritime, whether it is on
    border security. I think they are in a very, very good place.
        Senator Kaine. That is good. One of the things that is
    hardest in life to do is to beat a sword into a plowshare and,
    yet, you do find in life nations can do it. Germany and Japan
    are two of the United States' most reliable allies right now.
        We were at war with Iraq to topple the Government and last
    week Secretary Austin was in Iraq talking about Iraq's
    important role as a security partner in battling against ISIS
    or other nonstate terrorist groups and checking Iranian
    aggression, trying to be a force for stability in the region.
        It is a credit to the United States that we look at an
    adversary as a temporary adversary and have hope that in the
    future we might be on the same page. It is a credit to other
    nations that they can view us in the same way that, hey, there
    was tough, tough bloodshed even between our nations but we
    would still rather be your partner down the road than be your
    adversary, and one of the reasons I am excited to repeal these
    authorizations--there are many reasons--is I think it sends the
    message even to nations that are adversaries today that you
    could be an adversary of the United States but it is not a
    permanent thing.
        We would want to always prefer the olive branch to the
    arrow and that is why the seal--the eagle on the seal of the
    United States looks toward the olive branch rather than to the
    arrow because that is our preference.
        Ms. Strong, I want to ask you questions, really, just to
    educate me or help me gain understanding. You are leaving a
    very challenging position in Saudi Arabia and you are going to
    a really challenging and important one in the UAE.
        I find Saudi Arabia often so perplexing and I am still
    extremely angry over the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, the
    Virginian Washington Post journalist. I do not think there has
    been accountability for that. I do not think you can allow
    crimes of that magnitude to go with no accountability without
    them proliferating.
        But as a critic I do feel duty bound to also then if I am
    going to be a critic say something positive. Saudi Arabia
    recently announced aid to Ukraine. That is great. Saudi Arabia
    recently announced to construct a new international airline.
    They are purchasing aviation platforms that are made the United
    States.
        They could have done something else and gone elsewhere. But
    they have done that. That is going to be good for the country.
    It will be good for my commonwealth.
        It does appear that there is effort to hold on to a
    ceasefire in Yemen. So what advice would you give this
    committee? We often find ourselves in a tough spot where we are
    angry with Saudi Arabia at some things and, yet, see other
    areas where they are making strides that we could support.
        So as you depart this position what advice would you give
    to the Foreign Relations Committee about the way to
    appropriately exercise oversight over this relationship?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you very much, Senator, and I hesitate to
    give you advice because you framed so aptly the complexities of
    the relationship that we have with Saudi Arabia.
        There are, of course, many, many grave concerns, and you
    mentioned Jamal Khashoggi, whose murder was just a horrific act
    that cannot be repeated and we have made that clear to Saudi
    Arabia. And there are, of course, a long list of concerns
    related to human rights.
        But, as you mentioned, there are also efforts on the part
    of the kingdom and the kingdom's leadership to really remake
    the kingdom and we do have to acknowledge the positive changes
    that are underway there.
        It is spotty. It is far from perfect. It definitely remains
    a work in progress. But what I would urge members of this
    committee is to engage with the Saudis. They need to hear your
    concerns.
        I think a lot of times the distance filters out a lot of
    the nuance and they do not fully appreciate that our concerns--
    your concerns--are grounded in some very core concerns that we
    have that impact on our national security, that may impact on
    our priorities--foreign policy priorities--and hearing that not
    just from me or from my colleagues in the Department of State
    or Department of Defense is very important.
        And I will tell you that I am yet to go to a meeting with a
    senior Saudi and have them say, we are not going to talk about
    a specific problem, if you ask. They are very open.
        As you know, President Biden, when he went to Saudi Arabia,
    raised all of our key issues, all of the painful issues, and he
    was very open in the conversation and the Saudi leadership was
    as well.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you.
        I appreciate you allowing me to go over my time. But I am
    really--I was really looking for advice there and I think that
    is good advice.
        Thanks, Mr. Chair.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you, Senator Kaine.
        I just have one final question and, pending arrivals, we
    can close the hearing out.
        Ms. Strong, I guess I would not paint as rosy a picture as
    I think you have in your testimony and your answers to
    questions about the state of the U.S. relationship with UAE.
        Senator Ricketts mentioned this and I do not think you
    responded to him so I want to talk to you about one
    development. One of the things you referenced in your testimony
    is that we share a mutual interest in securing a free, rules-
    based, and prosperous world with the UAE.
        I do not know that I would phrase it that way. I do not
    think they have interest in a free world. I mean, they are a
    dictatorship. To the extent they support a rules-based world it
    is, certainly, not rules set by their citizens.
        But they are also reportedly really at the hub of sanctions
    evasion when it comes to our ability to keep technology and
    weapons out of Russia. Recent reporting suggests that the UAE,
    maybe more so than many of our other allies, is acting as a
    mechanism and means to get weapons to Russia.
        There is a report that UAE exported 15 times more
    microchips to Russia in 2022 than in 2021. There is other
    reports that UAE exported 158 drones to Russia last year, as
    late as December of last year.
        And so I want to make sure that this is high on your
    priority list because you are suggesting this integrated
    security relationship with the UAE and, yet, what we are
    learning is that the UAE is actually at the center of the
    attempt to try to support Russia against Ukraine.
        I just want to make sure that this is--that you are going
    into this, as I know you are, with eyes wide open about this
    immense challenge we have with them.
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and, absolutely, I am
    very much aware of the concerns that you raise. As you know, it
    is not just me who is concerned about this. This is the entire
    U.S. Government as we seek to mobilize assistance for Ukraine,
    as we are seeking to assist Ukraine counter this brutal
    aggression.
        Part of our effort, of course, is to ensure that we stop
    the flow of the inputs that Putin is using to fuel his war
    machine and this is very much part of the conversations we have
    had with the UAE specifically on direct reexport of
    electronics, dual-use items, and controlled items, and our
    Department of Treasury--our Ambassador O'Brien, who is our
    sanctions coordinator--are working this issue both bilaterally
    and multilaterally with our EU and U.K. partners.
        And this is a focus not just on the UAE although,
    obviously, you noted how high of an interest we have in what it
    is that they are doing. But also it is a global effort to
    ensure that we stem the flows of these items into Russia.
        Senator Murphy. I understand that it is a global effort and
    you have couched a lot of your answers in terms of UAE and
    everybody else.
        But China has a particular interest in the UAE. UAE is a
    particular problem when it comes to sanctions evasion. So I do
    not want to sort of hide UAE in the global effort to counter
    Chinese influence or to combat sanctions evasion. There is a
    particular issue in the UAE that we have to confront.
        Senator Van Hollen?
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank all
    of you for your testimony. Congratulations on your nominations.
        I understand that my friend and colleague, Senator
    Sullivan, talked about our work together co-chairing the
    Foreign Service Caucus. All of you are members of the Foreign
    Service. Thank you for your longtime efforts.
        And, Ms. Allen, thank you for your stepping up for this
    position, and a number of people who used to work for me sing
    your praises very highly.
        So congratulations all, and as I came in I heard Senator
    Murphy asking a couple questions regarding the UAE and
    sanctions evasions that I had planned to take up. I appreciate
    your answers.
        Look, as you know, we have had several envoys, one from the
    Treasury Department, one from the State Department, visiting
    the UAE recently. But conduct does not seem to have changed, at
    least according to most reports.
        We are left with very few options. We want to work with the
    UAE. At the same time, we are going to have to ensure that we
    have the ability to enforce our sanctions.
        Ms. Strong, I assume you agree with that assessment?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Senator, and, yes, we have been very
    clear that our sanctions regimes, our export controls, will be
    vigorously enforced.
        Senator Van Hollen. Right. Well, we have the export control
    part and then we have the financial sanctions and my best
    assessment, based on public reporting, is UAE is violating both
    and so that is a challenge.
        I understand you were asked about the recent agreement--at
    least preliminary rapprochement between Iran and Saudi Arabia
    brokered by China. We do not have to rehash history.
        It is my belief that when the previous administration tore
    up the JCPOA they created openings for others. But regardless
    of how we got here and regardless about our concern about
    China's actions in the region, would you agree that lowering
    the temperature between Iran and Saudi Arabia would be a
    positive development in the region if that holds?
        Ms. Strong. Thank you, Senator. I think, first, it is worth
    noting that Saudi Arabia certainly believed that lowering the
    temperature and deescalating their relationship with Iran was
    important and was needed and, certainly, if the agreements and
    commitments are actually implemented and they do deescalate
    tensions in the region that could be a positive development.
        Certainly, any impact--positive impact on Yemen and
    bringing that conflict to a more durable solution, again, would
    be very important, given our interest in concluding that
    conflict and addressing the humanitarian crisis that still
    exists there.
        But, as I mentioned earlier, it really--it remains to be
    seen to what extent Iran is prepared to set aside its long
    history of destabilizing activities and actually live up to its
    commitments in this regard.
        But part of the answer here has to be our cooperation and
    partnerships in the region and the President has made very
    clear that it is our partnerships in the region that are a
    strong asset for us and really underpin his strategy to build a
    Middle East that is more stable and more integrated.
        And in this regard I think that we also have to take a look
    at our partnerships and shore them up, strengthen them, where
    necessary and continue to work the diplomatic piece because
    that is absolutely critical. It is critical in Yemen. It is
    yielding benefits in Yemen, and we are hopeful that we are
    going to be able to make some progress there.
        Senator Van Hollen. No, I appreciate that and, clearly, do
    not trust and verify. That is, I think, the maxim that we have
    come to adhere to and I think it is wise counsel.
        I was just--I just came--I was a little late to this
    hearing because I came from a meeting with Director Grossi, the
    head of the IAEA, giving his report on his most recent trip to
    Iran where he was cautiously optimistic that they would open
    sites to more daily inspections and verification cameras.
        But as he would emphasize, as you did, as I will, you got
    to--only when actions are taken can we believe the commitments
    that were made.
        If I could just close. Mr. Yon, congratulations. I think
    you will be the first ambassador known to the Maldives, if
    confirmed, and I look forward to continuing a conversation with
    you about our bilateral relationship as well, of course, as the
    issue of climate change, where we know the Maldives are
    probably more exposed than--if not every other country they are
    certainly tied for first and will be underwater at the current
    rate of climate change and sea level rise if we, as an
    international global community, do not work on that issue.
        Way back in the day my father was a career Foreign Service
    officer. He was ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives at
    that time. I believe he was a credit to the Maldives.
        It is a beautiful country but lots of challenging issues
    with--especially with China's efforts to gain even more
    influence in that area. India, obviously, has a historic and
    important role to play.
        But I look forward to continuing our conversation and
    congratulations on being the first U.S. Ambassador assigned
    specifically to the Maldives Islands, and I look forward to
    supporting all of your confirmations. Thank you.
        Senator Hagerty [presiding]. Thank you, Senator Van Hollen,
    and I think it is of particular import that you heard from the
    son of the previous ambassador to that region his
    congratulations. I am sure your father is smiling, Senator Van
    Hollen, to see the advancement of the post that he once held.
        And I would like to stay with you, Hugo, if I might. You
    are going to the Maldives, a very strategic location. Our
    adversaries will have a great deal of interest in what is
    happening there and I think that means that you will need to
    have a very clear-eyed perspective on advancing America's
    interest along with the host nation as you serve there.
        I would like to--and to that end I would like to ask you to
    go back in time with me to the time when you served as the
    Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Affairs at the
    Department of State.
        What was the best deal that you saw cut for American
    interests when you were in that diplomatic post?
        Mr. Yon. Thank you, Senator. At the risk of flattery, it
    was the deal we worked on. It was the deal we did in Japan.
        Senator Hagerty. Absolutely, and I just want to draw that
    point for the rest of the candidates here. I think you need
    ambassadors that wake up every day asking themselves how can I
    advance America's interest, how can I do that in conjunction
    with the host nation, how can we make our nation stronger every
    day.
        Hugo and I worked for a long time together to get a very,
    very tough deal done that was very, very good for America and,
    frankly, it is going to be great for the region. And I just
    hope and pray that all of you will be finding those
    opportunities every day and I trust that you will.
        Congratulations to all of you on your nominations. Again,
    congratulations to your families that are here, too. I
    appreciate that.
        QFRs will be due by the close of business on Friday. I now
    call this meeting adjourned. Thank you.

        [Whereupon, at 4:15 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Hugo Yue-Ho Yon by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights report, the
    Maldives were listed as having significant human rights abuses
    including a lack of independence with the judiciary, serious
    restrictions on freedom of speech, and corruption. How will you direct
    your embassy to work with civil society organizations to improve the
    human rights situation on the ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will add my voice to the Department's
    consistent engagement with Maldivian counterparts, civil society, and
    the public on human rights. I will use our programming to support the
    participation of Maldivians in democratic processes and increase the
    capacity and responsiveness of local governments to the needs of their
    people.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    report, the Maldives remained on Tier 2 for increasing efforts to meet
    the minimum standards to combat trafficking but declined in a few key
    areas, like investigations. How will you work with the host government
    and civil society actors to address these issues if you are confirmed
    as Ambassador?

        Answer. Maldives has demonstrated progress since being upgraded to
    Tier 2 in the annual Trafficking in Persons Report in 2021. If
    confirmed, in line with the TIP Report recommendations, I will urge
    Maldives to increase proactive investigations of trafficking and
    prosecutions and convictions. I will urge Maldives to take these
    actions while respecting due process. I will also strengthen efforts to
    proactively screen vulnerable populations and increase anti-trafficking
    training for front-line officials.

        Question. Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in the Maldives?

        Answer. I do. As Secretary of State Blinken has said, ``human
    trafficking affects us all'' and ``we must work together . . . to
    effectively address this crime.'' If confirmed, I will ask difficult
    questions of the Maldives because our partnership must be rooted in our
    shared values, including a commitment to human dignity. I will report
    accurate information about human trafficking to combat this crime in
    Maldives.

        Question. In the State Department's International Religious Freedom
    report, the Maldives were described as lacking societal and
    governmental respect for freedom of religion. What is your assessment
    of this particular issue, and how will you work with the Ambassador-at-
    Large for International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom
    in country?

        Answer. I am concerned about freedom of religion or belief in
    Maldives. If confirmed, I will encourage senior government leaders to
    create space for discussing sensitive religious issues and work in
    country towards expanding freedom of religion or belief. I will also
    work closely with the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious
    Freedom on engagements to advance human rights, including religious
    freedom.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Hugo Yue-Ho Yon by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with Maldives to
    strengthen democratic values and the commitment to a rules-based
    international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States with the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges we and other
    countries face in common. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized,
    however, to ensure they are neither springboards for narrow PRC
    economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive conditions
    for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to wary cooperation
    with Beijing where our interests may overlap and where such an approach
    can advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    with the People's Republic of China, I would maintain openness to U.S.
    involvement in shared efforts that involve PRC entities, Maldives, and
    third countries or international organizations in areas that lie in our
    collective interests. That said, I would approach such situations with
    skepticism and encourage third parties to scrutinize any such
    arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

        Question. When will mission activities and operations for the
    Maldives transition from Sri Lanka to Male?

        Answer. The Department is transitioning operations to Male in
    phases. A Charge was deployed to execute diplomacy and intensify
    preparations to establish an initial physical presence. U.S. Mission
    Maldives is currently taking steps that could allow staff to move to
    Male as early as summer 2023. However, the full transition of staff,
    equipment, and operations will take place when an Embassy facility is
    approved by Congress.

        Question. What is keeping operations and activities from
    transitioning to the capital sooner?

        Answer. The full transition of all mission elements requires
    congressional approval for the Embassy's location.

        Question. Do U.S and Indian interests coincide with regard to the
    Maldives?

        Answer. The United States and India have a shared interest in
    maintaining stability in the Indian Ocean region and promoting
    democratic values. India has a long history of robust engagement in
    Maldives, and U.S. Mission Maldives personnel are in regular contact
    with the High Commission of India on a range of issues.

        Question. How much debt in the Maldives is owed to China?

        Answer. Maldives accrued significant debt to PRC lenders between
    2013-2018. Since then, Maldives has turned primarily to India and other
    lenders. PRC entities currently hold an estimated 45 percent of the
    country's total external debt.

        Question. How much does China leverage this debt when dealing with
    Male and countering Indian influence?

        Answer. Infrastructure projects present potential leverage for PRC
    geopolitical goals, especially when countries can no longer service
    debt to the PRC. If confirmed, I will facilitate U.S. private sector
    investment and infrastructure support from sources that adhere to
    international standards. This will provide reliable and sustainable
    alternatives to reduce PRC leverage. I will continue U.S. programs that
    support Maldivian authorities' efforts to strengthen sound budget and
    financial management for the economy, including increasing transparency
    of the selection process concerning large infrastructure projects.

        Question. Are there parallels between the CCP's efforts on
    influence and expansion in the Southwest Pacific and with island
    nations in the Indian Ocean?

        Answer. The PRC offers loans, investments, and aid to many
    countries globally including the Southwest Pacific and the Indian Ocean
    Region. It is imperative that the United States has a full-time
    presence on the ground in Maldives to counter unfair and problematic
    PRC economic practices. If confirmed, I will advocate for economic and
    commercial alternatives that adhere to our principles of sovereignty,
    labor rights, and protection of the environment.

        Question. What steps will you take to identify projects, with
    Maldives officials and the Development Finance Corporation, regarding
    opportunities for U.S. companies to compete with CCP funded projects?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will strengthen relationships with Maldives
    stakeholders, government officials, community leaders, and business
    owners to identify projects needs and potential partnerships. I look
    forward to facilitating U.S. private sector engagement in such
    opportunities and will work closely with the U.S. Development Finance
    Corporation and other U.S. economic and trade agencies to deploy the
    full range of economic tools to grow the U.S.-Maldives economic
    relationship and counter PRC influence.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Elizabeth Allen by Senator Robert Menendez

              In the 2022 Report to Congress on Streamlining PD Support
            Functions, the Department noted that a PD CTO ``will create a
            process for inventorying IT investments to identify efficiency
            and effectiveness opportunities across the R Family'' and
            identify where PD can ``leverage enterprise-wide technologies
            and common tools.''

        Question. What progress has the Department made in implementing
    this commitment, and will you fully implement this commitment?

        Answer. The Department has made progress on this commitment and
    plans to fully implement it by the end of this year--which I intend to
    support, if confirmed. The Office of the Undersecretary for Public
    Diplomacy and Public Affairs (R) tasked the Chief Technology Officer's
    Unit (R/PPR/CTO) to manage the project. R/PPR/CTO is reviewing previous
    R Family IT inventory efforts for lessons learned and a draft
    inventory.
        Over the next six to eight months, R/PPR/CTO will work with
    domestic public diplomacy (PD) practitioners to validate the list of
    common technology capabilities currently in use or planned for future
    use. Once that inventory is complete, R/PPR/CTO will develop
    recommendations for achieving efficiencies through consolidation and
    integration of applications and contracts and perform a gap analysis to
    identify where PD practitioners lack necessary technology solutions or
    resources to meet specific capabilities. Finally, R/PPR/CTO will
    analyze this approach and codify it into an SOP for keeping the
    inventory up-to-date and informing a strategic approach to IT
    acquisition for the R Family.

        Question. We are unquestionably losing the information war to China
    and Russia. We are never going to be in a position, for a variety of
    reasons, where we invest as much money or state control into the
    information space, but with the tools you have now, what specific
    institutional changes will you make to better educate our diplomats and
    integrate public diplomacy tools into policy making?

        Answer. Though we will likely never outspend the People's Republic
    of China dollar-for-dollar or match Russia tweet-for-tweet, we can and
    must outmaneuver our adversaries through a whole-of-government approach
    that exposes foreign sources of mis- and disinformation, deploys facts,
    enables the free flow of information, and builds relationships that
    establish trust with the next generation of global leaders. Earlier
    this year, the Bureau of Global Public Affairs (GPA) completed a
    resource-neutral modernization effort to better integrate itself into
    policy making. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA)
    strategically aligns its programming and exchanges with the National
    Security Strategy. The Department has already increased training
    offerings at the Foreign Service Institute focused on countering
    disinformation, while GPA has led Department-wide sessions related to
    strategic communications. The Global Engagement Center is working
    across the interagency, with international partners and allies, and
    with posts overseas to expose and combat foreign disinformation
    threatening our national security. If confirmed, I would ensure that
    the R family is structured appropriately and engaged fully to serve as
    a resource to the Department on these issues and would prioritize
    increased training on strategic communications and countering
    disinformation. Additionally, I would foster the enhanced connectivity
    needed for this whole-of-government approach through efforts to improve
    interagency coordination, such as by placing public diplomacy liaison
    officers at Combatant Commands.

              I'm pleased that after literally years we finally got the
            report on the merger that led to the Bureau of Global Public
            Affairs--nothing like a confirmation hearing to make the
            building move . . .. One concern I hear perpetually is about
            the ability to deliver timely content that is tailored to
            specific countries and regions.

        Question. Can you discuss how you plan to be responsive to posts
    requests for content creation and ensure that it's not just coming as a
    one-way street from Foggy Bottom?

        Answer. The Bureau of Global Public Affairs (GPA) maintains a
    strong partnership with public diplomacy sections at posts, which has
    been critical in meeting the needs of a 24-hour news cycle. GPA has
    found that posts are in the best position to identify and execute on
    their most immediate content needs and has worked intentionally to
    ensure GPA staff support posts by providing guidance on the topics and
    tone of Department content. That said, in instances where posts
    requests specific content or technical assistance, GPA stands ready and
    willing to execute on those asks--and, in fact, are already doing so
    regularly. Last year, our Digital Content team launched an updated
    approach to provide localized content support to the field, working
    closely with select posts to provide digital-first content that shapes
    local conversations and narratives. One example includes a recent video
    produced earlier this year, ``To the People of Russia''--highlighting
    shared cultural and scientific achievement and mutual respect between
    the people of the United States and Russia--which was produced by GPA's
    Digital Content team, working closely with post. The video was released
    from Embassy Moscow's social platforms, ultimately garnering more than
    a million views and more than doubling the Embassy's following on
    Telegram as a result.

              I am a strong supporter of educational and cultural exchange
            programs, and as you may know, have for some time been urging
            better integration of our exchange programs into strategic
            objectives for the Department.

        Question. How can we better integrate some of our programs--many of
    which have longstanding Congressional support and large alumni
    networks--into our broader policy objectives? If we treat the bureau as
    simply programming, we are losing a huge opportunity to directly,
    strategically engage foreign publics and build critical tools.

        Answer. Thank you for your support for exchange programs. Exchanges
    further U.S. foreign policy goals by advancing democratic principles,
    promoting mutual understanding, and furthering our competitive edge.
    The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs' (ECA) 2022 Functional
    Bureau Strategy articulates an additional goal: to increase the
    professional skills of emerging and established U.S. and foreign
    leaders to address global challenges such as countering disinformation
    and mitigating climate change.
        In strategic alignment with the National Security Strategy (NSS),
    ECA supports embassies and consulates in integrating policy priorities
    with strategic public diplomacy programming--using academic, cultural,
    sports, and professional exchanges--in a nimble, transparent, and
    coordinated way to advance U.S. foreign policy goals. Recent examples
    of such integration include: supporting Ukraine through cultural
    heritage protection efforts, countering Russian disinformation,
    increasing Indo-Pacific engagement through the expansion of the Young
    Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative and English language programming,
    and launching a new Fulbright Amazonia initiative to tackle the climate
    crisis in the Amazon Basin.
        With its global reach and proven models for exchanges, ECA is
    positioned to help ensure that U.S. embassies and consulates have the
    tools to build alliances and maintain U.S. leadership. If confirmed, I
    would seek to ensure that ECA's flexible program models continue to be
    adaptable, scalable, and responsive to emergent foreign policy
    priorities.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Elizabeth Allen by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. Please describe the importance of including public
    affairs officers in our diplomatic expansion in the Pacific Islands,
    and describe the steps, if confirmed, you would take to ensure that our
    missions abroad are adequately staffed and resourced to counter
    narratives of malign foreign influence.

        Answer. Public diplomacy (PD) is a critical element in advancing
    vital U.S. interests in the Indo-Pacific region, including the Pacific
    Islands. Over the past five years, public diplomacy has made human and
    financial investments in the Pacific Islands, and the highest PD
    priority requests for FY 2024 were for new U.S. and local staff in the
    Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia. The Department aims to increase our
    public diplomacy staffing level in the Pacific Islands by 130 percent--
    from six PD officer positions to 14--by the end of 2025. In addition,
    the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs has already established
    a new Regional Public Engagement Specialist position that will be based
    in Fiji and will expand PD engagement through American Spaces programs
    across the Pacific Islands. If confirmed, I look forward to working
    with Congress as a key, active partner in implementing our foreign
    policy in the Pacific Islands and ensuring our PD efforts are fully
    resourced and our teams have the tools, training, and leadership needed
    to meet this critical moment.

        Question. How do you measure the value and success of the Bureau of
    Education and Cultural Affairs' exchange programs?

        Answer. With its global reach and proven models for exchanges, the
    Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) is positioned to help
    ensure that U.S. embassies and consulates have the tools to build
    alliances and maintain U.S. leadership. ECA's exchange programs create
    networks--the infrastructure needed to generate trust, credibility, and
    space for dialogue--among current and future leaders. Exchanges provide
    opportunities for American citizens and communities at home and abroad,
    and these programs advance U.S. foreign policy goals by promoting
    democracy and furthering our competitive edge. In 2020, at the
    direction of Congress, an independent review of ECA programs found that
    Ambassadors and other foreign policy leaders recognized exchange
    program contributions to U.S. policy goals and in communicating
    American values.
        ECA's monitoring and evaluation unit employs multiple tools and
    activities to help measure and show the collective impact of ECA's
    work. The new Monitoring Data for ECA (MODE) framework, which tracks
    performance for all ECA programs, has provided the following key
    outcomes: 94 percent of foreign participants indicated an increase in
    understanding of U.S. culture and values after their program, while 95
    percent of participants who were a part of an ECA program with a media
    literacy component reported an increased ability to counter
    disinformation. If confirmed, I would support ECA's continuing use of
    data and performance metrics to assess and enhance program quality, and
    would seek to ensure that ECA's flexible program models continue to be
    adaptable, scalable, and responsive to emergent foreign policy
    priorities.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you work to enhance the State
    Department's efforts to educate the American public about the role of
    the Department overseas?

        Answer. If confirmed, among my priorities would be to better
    communicate the domestic equities and benefits of foreign policy to our
    fellow Americans. As Secretary Blinken told the U.S. Conference of
    Mayors in January, ``Foreign and domestic policy are inextricably
    linked and mutually reinforcing.'' To that end, as Senior Official for
    Public Diplomacy, I encouraged and supported leaders across the
    Department in more than 4,300 domestic outreach engagements throughout
    2022, and prioritized domestic student engagement among our senior
    staff. As Assistant Secretary of Global Public Affairs, I prioritized
    domestic media engagement as a strategic communications tactic. The
    American public has a right to know what their government is doing on
    their behalf and should have the opportunity to share their thoughts
    about policies that affect them. The public diplomacy community doesn't
    ``own'' domestic engagement for the Department, but its benefits to the
    U.S. economy as well as its connection with and impact on communities
    across the United States--through colleges and universities; local
    media engagement; the International Visitor Leadership Program,
    BridgeUSA, and other exchanges; and more--are substantial. If
    confirmed, I would advise Department leaders on these linkages and
    encourage robust subnational programming by ensuring that the offices
    and bureaus under my purview are a bridge between foreign publics and
    U.S. citizens.

        Question. In your opinion, how effective have public diplomacy
    modernization efforts been at the State Department, and what new
    initiatives would you recommend to continue modernizing public
    diplomacy efforts.

        Answer. Modernized public diplomacy is policy-centered, audience-
    driven, and data-informed. To date, the Public Diplomacy Staffing
    Initiative has been implemented at all U.S. missions and has redefined
    Public Diplomacy Section structures and performance management to allow
    for modernized public diplomacy. The Initiative has also raised
    awareness among practitioners about the importance of strategic
    planning, audience research and analysis, and monitoring and
    evaluation. The Department would like to increase resources for
    learning and audience research and analysis support in response to
    field requests, including training, and the team continues to review
    and assess where more is needed--through added staff or resources,
    enhanced skills and expertise, or investments in emerging technology
    and tools. If confirmed, continuing the modernization of both public
    diplomacy tactics and workforce structures will be a top priority.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Elizabeth Allen by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The President's National Security Strategy made it clear
    that the People's Republic of China (PRC) harbors the intention and,
    increasingly, the capacity to reshape the international order in favor
    of one that tilts the global playing field to its benefit. As Secretary
    Blinken has stated, we will invest at home, align our efforts with
    partners and allies, and compete with the PRC to defend our interests
    and build our vision for the future. Under President Xi, the Chinese
    Communist Party has become more repressive at home and more assertive
    abroad, and this makes the work of public diplomacy all the more
    important. I am clear-eyed about the threat the PRC poses--especially
    in the information space and their so-called public diplomacy efforts
    in education--and, if confirmed, I would leverage the U.S. Government's
    broader public diplomacy toolkit to ensure that the international
    system remains rooted in democratic values, not authoritarian ones.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will follow the United States' approach
    towards the PRC, focusing on competing vigorously with the PRC where
    our interests and values differ and cooperating with them when it is
    clearly in the U.S. national interest to do so, such as on climate
    change, global health, food security, and macroeconomic stability.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While competition is the defining feature of our
    relationship with the PRC, if confirmed, I would look to understand
    where there might be areas in the realm of public diplomacy where the
    PRC would constructively work with the United States in good faith,
    when doing so would be clearly in the U.S. national interest. In order
    to advance our interests and out-compete the PRC, the United States
    must have insight into the PRC, and the people of China must have
    opportunities to engage with Americans to gain accurate perspectives on
    the values and culture of the American people.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. As the United States National Security Strategy makes
    clear, and as Secretary Blinken stated, the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) is the greatest geopolitical challenge that we face because it is
    the only competitor with the intent, and increasingly the capability,
    to remake the international order.  Beijing's actions suggest PRC
    officials have the intention to do so.  If confirmed, I would follow
    the United States' approach towards the PRC--focusing on competing
    where our interests and values differ and cooperating when doing so is
    clearly in the U.S. national interest.

        Question. State's public diplomacy structure, and specifically the
    Under Secretary position, has been described as weak and lacks
    authority to direct public diplomacy resources, personnel, and
    activities abroad. Would you agree?

        Answer. I would disagree, and as Senior Official, I worked to
    further integrate public diplomacy and encourage cross-conal
    collaboration; emphasized the strategic imperative of connectivity
    between Washington and practitioners in the field; and advocated for
    public diplomacy officers to be better resourced, better trained, and
    better set up for advancement. If confirmed, I would continue to
    advocate that public diplomacy has a seat at every policy-making table
    and that we continue to collaborate up, down, and across the State
    Department.

        Question. Are you aware of the tweet Charge d'Affairs for
    Afghanistan, Karen Decker, published as the head of the U.S. mission
    requesting Beyonce and Lizzo input to Afghan women's plight and
    compared their situation to American racial and structural issues known
    as Black Girl Magic?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. Are you aware, on February 12, 2023, the same Charge
    d'Affairs tweeted that while it was the birthdate of President Abraham
    Lincoln and he ``did some stuff,'' that it was also the date the NAACP
    was established, implicitly arguing that Abraham Lincoln's birth was
    not as important?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. Both of the tweets mentioned were deleted. Is this the
    type of messaging the State Department envisions influencing foreign
    populations or Americans to advance U.S. interests and national
    security objectives?

        Answer. Social media and digital engagement are core functions of
    public diplomacy and public affairs. The Department encourages its
    staff and principals around the world to speak authentically, and to
    adapt their content to their unique local audiences to effectively
    advance the Department's strategic goals. That often requires a healthy
    amount of risk tolerance and a willingness to try new things.
        With over 1,200 official Department social media accounts, a small
    minority of messages, like these, may miss the mark. These instances
    offer an opportunity to be transparent about missteps and to learn and
    improve. The Department is already implementing further training
    opportunities for leadership and social media practitioners alike.

        Question. How do you envision countering disinformation campaigns
    from malign actors, such as China, Russia, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and
    Venezuela with the diffusion of public messaging platforms and
    authority to overseas missions if confirmed as Under Secretary?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will further the Department's holistic,
    audience-driven approach to countering foreign disinformation and
    malign influence. I will harness the network of more than 5,000 public
    diplomacy practitioners around the world to work across the
    Department--including through the Global Engagement Center, Bureau of
    Global Public Affairs, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, and
    regional bureau Strategic Communications units--to identify false
    narratives that undermine U.S. foreign policy, develop and deploy
    factual messaging to key audiences overseas, and continue to build the
    meaningful relationships necessary to establish trust on the ground
    with the next generation of global leaders.
        Public diplomacy also fosters open information environments and
    empowers independent media that allow populations to see their
    authoritarian regimes' actions, serves as a tool for accountability,
    and conveys U.S. values and policy positions to global audiences,
    presenting our affirmative, forward-looking, dynamic vision for
    ourselves and our partners worldwide as an alternative.

        Question. As Under Secretary, how would you ensure misguided
    messages like those mentioned are not published?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to maintaining an open line of
    communication with Chiefs of Mission and Department leaders to advise
    and encourage audience-driven, data-informed, and policy-centered
    messaging and public diplomacy. I further commit to continuing to
    expand training opportunities for public diplomacy practitioners.

        Question. In 2016 Congress established the Global Engagement Center
    (GEC) to counter foreign state and non-state propaganda and
    disinformation efforts. A State OIG report found the GEC could not
    effectively lead the USG efforts due to authority issues and competing
    government agency efforts, to name a few. What is your opinion of the
    GEC and can you point to any specific instances GEC was the lead and
    not supporting other interagency partner efforts?

        Answer. The GEC has a critical role to play in countering America's
    adversaries and furthering U.S. foreign policy through its mission to
    lead U.S. Government efforts to recognize, understand, expose, and
    counter foreign malign actors' attempts to spread disinformation and
    propaganda outside of the United States that would undermine or
    influence the policies, security, or stability of the United States and
    our allies and partner nations.
        The GEC has led numerous interagency efforts to publicly debunk
    Russia and PRC disinformation, inform global audiences of false
    narratives, and direct them to fact-based sources. For example, GEC's
    May 2022 public exposure report on ``PRC Efforts to Amplify the
    Kremlin's Voice on Ukraine'' illuminated Beijing's demonstrated support
    for Russia in attempting to influence public opinion.
        The GEC concurred with the OIG's 2022 recommendations and has been
    working to address its concerns, including by conducting an
    organizational assessment, drafting a realignment plan, and enhancing
    risk mitigation for its analytics platform. If confirmed, I would work
    closely with GEC's leadership and others to ensure GEC has all policies
    and procedures in place to conform to the OIG recommendations and
    maximize its prospects for success.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
            to Martina Anna Tkadlec Strong by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your role as Ambassador to
    strengthen economic relations among Abraham Accords/Negev Forum
    participants?

        Answer. Building on the Abraham Accords, the UAE became the first
    Arab country to reach a comprehensive trade deal with Israel in 2022.
    Bilateral trade between them reached $3 billion in 2022, surpassing
    2021's $1.2 billion total. If confirmed, I will build on this
    burgeoning economic cooperation between UAE and Israel, seek
    opportunities to bring U.S. firms into trilateral cooperation, and
    expand benefits to the broader region through multilateral initiatives
    like I2U2, the Negev Forum, and Project Prosperity.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your role as Ambassador to
    strengthen social relations among Abraham Accords/Negev Forum
    participants?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to enhance people-to-people
    initiatives between Israel, the UAE, and other countries in the region,
    leveraging ongoing work through institutions like the Negev Forum
    Education and Coexistence and Tourism Working Groups. I will also work
    with religious institutions, non-profit organizations, youth groups,
    and the private sector to encourage non-governmental initiatives that
    promote religious and cultural understanding and strengthen people-to-
    people ties.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your role as Ambassador to
    strengthen security relations among Abraham Accords/Negev Forum
    participants?

        Answer. Israel's integration into the region CENTCOM initiatives
    and its strong partnership with the UAE have created important
    opportunities to enhance regional security and stability. If confirmed,
    I will work to deepen ongoing security cooperation between Israel and
    its neighbors, especially UAE, through bilateral initiatives and
    multilateral efforts including the Negev Forum Regional Security
    Working Group.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your position as
    Ambassador to amplify the success of the Abraham Accords?

        Answer. The Administration strongly supports the historic Abraham
    Accords and normalization agreements between Israel and countries in
    the Arab and Muslim world. If confirmed, I will work to highlight the
    significant benefits of the Abraham Accords for the UAE and the region
    to encourage other countries to join the circle of Abraham Accords
    signatories. I will also support multilateral initiatives like the
    Negev Forum and I2U2.

        Question. If confirmed, what areas do you see as opportunities to
    expand the Abraham Accords?

        Answer. The Administration continues to encourage more countries to
    normalize relations with Israel, as well as join multilateral
    initiatives like the Negev Forum where they can benefit from
    cooperation with its members, including Israel. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working closely with the UAE to support these bilateral and
    multilateral initiatives. In addition to working closely with the UAE
    Government, I will seek to capitalize on opportunities to expand
    cooperation with Israel through private sector and people-to-people
    initiatives.

        Question. How does the UAE play into U.S. considerations for Saudi
    Arabia's request for uranium enrichment capacity?

        Answer. The United States has long sought to limit the spread of
    uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing technologies globally,
    given their potential technical applicability to fissile material
    production for nuclear weapons purposes. We have encouraged states in
    the region to take an approach similar to the United Arab Emirates,
    which made a sovereign decision in 2009 to renounce the development of
    any domestic uranium enrichment or spent fuel reprocessing capabilities
    and to rely on external suppliers for nuclear fuel.

        Question. How does the UAE play into U.S. considerations for Saudi
    Arabia's request for major non-NATO ally status?

        Answer. The United States considers designation of countries as a
    Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) on a case-by-case basis. The United States
    shares a strong security partnership with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    and remains committed to supporting the Kingdom's defensive needs.

    Syria Relations
        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to opposing any normalization
    between the UAE and the Assad regime in Syria?

        Answer. The United States has been clear--both publicly and
    privately with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other countries--that
    we continue to oppose any normalization with the Assad regime without
    progress on the requirements laid out in UNSCR 2254. We also continue
    to stress the need to hold the Assad regime accountable for the
    horrific atrocities it has perpetrated. If confirmed, I will continue
    to uphold this message.

        Question. In your opinion, how has Syria's emergence as a narco-
    state impacted the UAE, and how will it affect your approach with UAE
    officials as Ambassador, if confirmed?

        Answer. The Assad regime is responsible for the death and suffering
    of countless Syrians, the displacement of more than half of the
    country's pre-war population, and now the spread of illicit drugs
    throughout the region. Captagon trafficking by the Assad regime and its
    affiliates poses a significant threat to stability, public health, and
    rule of law in the region, including the UAE. If confirmed, I will work
    to enhance ongoing USG cooperation with the UAE to combat the Captagon
    and other illegal substance trade.

        Question. What opportunities do you see for regional cooperation to
    address Captagon and other illegal substances from Syria?

        Answer. Captagon trafficking affects multiple countries in the
    region, including the Gulf. Regional and international cooperation,
    along with a comprehensive strategy, will be vital to stem the flow of
    drugs into the Gulf and across the region. I understand that several
    U.S. Government agencies currently provide support to our partners in
    the region, including through information sharing and capacity
    building. If confirmed, I will support efforts by the Department and
    other agencies to strengthen regional coordination on this issue.

    Iran Relations
        Question. In your opinion, is normalization with Iran in the UAE's
    best interest?

        Answer. The Emiratis are keenly aware of the threat posed by Iran
    and are exploring diplomatic efforts to de-escalate regional tensions,
    even as the United States and UAE cooperate closely on defense and
    deterrence. The United States also continues to cooperate with the UAE
    to counter Iran's destabilizing activities in the region. If confirmed,
    I will work to keep our partnership with the UAE strong and focused on
    our shared challenges, including those posed by Iran.

        Question. In your opinion, is Iran-UAE normalization in the United
    States' best interest?

        Answer. De-escalation and diplomacy, backed by deterrence and
    defense ties, have been the key to the Administration's approach to the
    Middle East. To the extent that UAE diplomatic engagement reduces
    tensions, it could potentially benefit U.S. partners and their
    interests. However, it is far from clear whether Iran plans to live up
    to its commitments. The United States will also enforce vigorously all
    sanctions and will take action to disrupt sanctions evasion.

    China Relations
              The Chinese-brokered agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran
            has exacerbated concerns China is replacing U.S. leadership in
            the region.

        Question. Please describe your view of China's role in the UAE.

        Answer. The Administration has clearly identified the PRC as
    ``America's most consequential geopolitical challenge,'' and DNI Avril
    Haines testified to the threat that the PRC and the Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) represent to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally. Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    partnerships, including with the UAE. The PRC is trying to translate
    its commercial ties with the region into strategic gains. If confirmed,
    I will work to advance U.S. national security interests and push back
    against the PRC's efforts to expand its influence in the UAE through
    robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy
    programming, and commercial advocacy to bolster the foundational
    pillars of U.S.-UAE bilateral ties.

        Question. Do you believe China's role as a mediator between Saudi
    Arabia and Iran is a net positive for U.S. interests?

        Answer. The United States has long supported efforts to de-escalate
    tensions in the Middle East, including by seeking to end the war in
    Yemen. The March 10 agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran was the
    culmination of two years of engagement, facilitated by Iraq and Oman
    and supported by the United States. The United States remains an
    indispensable partner to the UAE and other countries in the Gulf,
    having brokered the historic Abraham Accords and subsequent agreements
    on overflights of Saudi Arabia and Oman for aircraft to/from Israel,
    advanced peace in Yemen, and developed over decades and across U.S.
    administrations strong, strategic partnerships with countries in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. leadership and ensure
    that we do not leave a vacuum for the PRC to fill.

        Question. Do you believe a Beijing summit hosted by China and
    attended by Iran and Arab monarchies is a net positive for U.S.
    interests?

        Answer. The reported plans for a Beijing summit should be viewed in
    the context of the PRC's track record of irresponsible disregard for
    international law and sovereignty of countries, as well as Iran's
    aggressive posture and malign actions in the region. In addition,
    according to the ODNI Annual Threat Analysis, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''
    The United States has led the region in advancing efforts to de-
    escalate tensions and work with its regional partners to strengthen
    their deterrence and defense capabilities. If confirmed, I will
    continue to work to strengthen the U.S. partnership with the UAE,
    leveraging our longstanding ties and unmatched record of cooperation
    over five decades to ensure that we do not leave a vacuum for the PRC
    to fill. At the same time, I will continue to support the
    Administration's efforts to deter and disrupt Iran's destabilizing
    activities in the region.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to opposing further Chinese
    investments in strategic infrastructure, such as Khalifa Port?

        Answer. There are areas of the UAE's cooperation with China that
    run up against U.S. interests and pose a threat to the security of
    sensitive weapons systems, U.S. defense and commercial technology, and
    information technology. At senior levels we have expressed our concerns
    that certain kinds of cooperation with China will make it more
    difficult to cooperate with the United States. If confirmed, I will
    address these issues forthrightly with UAE leadership to ensure our
    concerns are made clear.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to emphasizing the
    limitations the UAE's relationship with China, including Huawei, place
    on deepening U.S. security relations?

        Answer. If confirmed, it will be a priority for me to ensure that
    the UAE understands and respects that there are categories of
    cooperation with the PRC that impact directly on U.S. national security
    interests, especially the security of sensitive weapons systems, U.S.
    defense and commercial technology, and information technology. We have
    been clear with leaders across the region, including in UAE, that
    certain kinds of cooperation with the PRC will impact our ability to
    work together on national security matters.

    Russia Relations
              U.S. officials and sanctions watchers are concerned that the
            UAE has become the new hot spot for Russian businesses to evade
            Western sanctions, including export controls.

        Question. What is your understanding of Russia-UAE relations,
    especially in banking?

        Answer. Russia and the UAE have worked to deepen their relations in
    recent years in multiple areas, including the banking sector. Russia is
    one of the main sources of tourism to Dubai, and a large expatriate
    Russian population lives and conducts business in the UAE. Senior U.S.
    officials have expressed to UAE leadership our concerns over Russian-
    UAE economic ties and emphasized the importance of preventing Russia
    from obtaining the resources and equipment it needs to prosecute its
    unjust war against Ukraine. Senior Administration officials have been
    clear about the risk to Emirati companies engaged with Russia.
        The United States and our European allies are also pressing the UAE
    to halt all trade between UAE-based firms and Russian specially
    designated nationals, as well as exports of U.S. export-controlled or
    critical dual use goods, especially electronics, to Russia. The
    Administration will use all tools available to us to enforce our
    sanctions and stop Russia from obtaining items it needs for its brutal,
    unacceptable war on Ukraine.

        Question. How can the U.S. incentivize transparency reforms to
    improve sanctions compliance?

        Answer. We are deepening our work to enforce sanctions and export
    control measures and also to end and deter circumvention and backfill,
    including by expanded authorities to close down Russia's access to all
    inputs that can support its war machine. As part of this, we are taking
    new steps to target additional third-country actors across the globe to
    disrupt support for Russia's war from any corner of the world where it
    is identified.

        Question. Do you believe the U.S. should threaten the UAE with
    sanctions if their non-compliance with Russia sanctions continues?

        Answer. The United States, together with our allies in Europe, is
    pushing the UAE to halt all trade between UAE-based firms and Russian
    specially designated nationals, as well as the exports of U.S. export
    controlled or critical dual-use goods to Russia. We will use all the
    tools available to us to enforce our sanctions and stop Russia from
    obtaining the resources it needs for its unjust war.
        If confirmed, I will build on the Administration's efforts to press
    senior UAE officials to work with us to address sanctions violations
    and sanctions evasion networks operating in the UAE. This is critical
    to efforts to help Ukraine defend its sovereignty from the Russian
    illegal invasion.

        Question. The UAE's humanitarian aid to Ukraine is welcomed, but
    more can be done to support Ukraine's fight against Russia's invasion--
    especially in light of the growing Russia-Iran alignment. How will you
    work with the Emiratis to increase their support for Ukraine?

        Answer. Given Ukraine's situation and Russia's unacceptable
    aggression, more can indeed be done. If confirmed, I will work with the
    UAE to strengthen their support for Ukraine and to reduce Russia's
    destabilizing influence. I will also encourage the UAE, as a non-
    permanent UN Security Council member, to support Ukraine's sovereignty
    and territorial integrity through votes in the UN and clear statements
    backing these core tenets of international law.

    U.S. Relations
              The Chinese-brokered agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran
            has exacerbated concerns China is replacing U.S. leadership in
            the region. The UAE, in particular, has spent the last few
            diversifying its partnerships to a fault.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your role as Ambassador to
    bolster confidence in the U.S. partnership and increase UAE
    partnerships with the U.S. Government?

        Answer. There should be no question that the United States remains
    the UAE's most important and reliable partner. If confirmed, I will
    work to expand and deepen our partnership with the UAE in various
    areas, including strengthening the U.S.-UAE security partnership,
    advancing U.S.-UAE commercial ties, deepening our people-to-people
    exchanges, and expanding the growing cooperation between the UAE and
    Israel under the historic Abraham Accords.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you use your role as Ambassador to
    increase UAE partnerships with U.S. businesses?

        Answer. Over 1,500 American firms are successfully operating in the
    UAE and the United States enjoys a healthy trade surplus with the UAE,
    which is the largest market for U.S. goods and services in the Middle
    East. If confirmed, advocating for U.S. businesses in the UAE, as well
    as for UAE investments into the United States, which create jobs for
    Americans will be at the top of my agenda. I will also engage with the
    UAE Government to expand trade opportunities through initiatives like
    I2U2, which is linking India-Israel-UAE-and U.S. economies.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you use your role as Ambassador
    to fight the narrative of U.S. disengagement from the region?

        Answer. It is imperative that our partners in the region continue
    to view the United States as their partner of choice. If confirmed, I
    will work to ensure active U.S. engagement and leadership to strengthen
    our partnerships--and engage publics and key decisionmakers to ensure
    that they appreciate the valuable, ongoing leadership role of the
    United States in the region. The United States has led the region in
    unlocking historic opportunities to achieve greater stability,
    security, and prosperity through the Abraham Accords, the Saudi
    decision to open its airspace to civilian flights traveling to/from
    Israel, the longest period of calm in Yemen, and our close and ongoing
    defense cooperation. If confirmed, I will work to deepen the Emiratis'
    understanding of and appreciation for the benefits of the close U.S.-
    UAE partnership to the region's security and prosperity.

    Trafficking in Persons
        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, the UAE remained on Tier 2 for inconsistent efforts to combat
    human trafficking, including failing to report any investigations into
    human traffickers or labor violations. How will you work with the host
    government and civil society actors to address these issues if you are
    confirmed as Ambassador?

        Answer. The UAE's Tier 2 ranking indicates that the UAE has taken
    certain steps to improve its anti-trafficking enforcement and capacity,
    but much work remains. The UAE has implemented multiple labor reforms
    recently, including safeguards against contract switching, electronic
    wage payment monitoring, improved legal protections for domestic
    workers, and updated worker visa policies to limit vulnerabilities to
    exploitation. However, the UAE has only prosecuted traffickers for
    forced labor in limited instances. If confirmed, I will urge the UAE to
    continue improving TIP enforcement and protections for the victims.

        Question. Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in the UAE?

        Answer. Yes, this is an issue that has long been a priority for me
    and the U.S. Mission to the UAE. If confirmed, I will work with my
    colleagues in the Department to make sure the annual TIP report
    reflects the most accurate assessment of the trafficking situation in
    the UAE.

    International Religious Freedom
        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, the UAE was identified as making progress towards
    increased societal and governmental respect for religious freedom. What
    is your assessment of this particular issue and if confirmed, how will
    you work with office of the Ambassador-at-Large for International
    Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-country?

        Answer. The UAE has initiated reforms to promote religious
    tolerance and is home to a diverse population of nationalities and
    religious groups. A number of churches and temples, including an LDS
    Temple in Dubai and several Evangelical churches, operate freely. The
    UAE also recently opened the Abrahamic Family House, a multi-faith
    physical manifestation of the interfaith tolerance and coexistence that
    the UAE has sought to promote. If confirmed, I will work closely with
    the Ambassador-At-Large on areas where further progress is needed,
    while also highlighting important successes.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report, the UAE
            was identified as having significant human rights abuses,
            including arbitrary arrest, torture, restrictive laws on NGOs,
            and more.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to address these
    instances with the host government?

        Answer. President Biden and Secretary Blinken have been clear that
    human rights are central to our foreign policy and that these concerns
    will continue to be raised with partners as well as adversaries. The
    State Department frequently engages the UAE on a range of human rights
    concerns and will continue to do so. If confirmed, I will urge the UAE
    to do more to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, with a
    special emphasis on the safety and wellbeing of U.S. citizens.

        Question. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. The President and Secretary Blinken raised human rights
    with regional leaders during the July visit to the region. Human rights
    remain at the top of the agenda for all our posts in the region. This
    has been a focus for me in Saudi Arabia, both to address areas of
    significant concern and to encourage progress underway in areas such as
    women's economic and societal participation. Similarly, in the UAE
    there are both areas of progress to build upon and areas of concern to
    address. If confirmed, I will work with civil society groups to seek to
    improve the human rights situation in the UAE.

    State Department Manangement
              Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over the
            last few years, in large part due to COVID.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Abu Dhabi?

        Answer. My understanding is that morale across Mission UAE is high,
    despite many challenges our personnel face, including a tense regional
    security environment and isolation from families and friends during the
    pandemic. Our team is invested in their important mission and
    demonstrates high levels of productivity and professionalism. If
    confirmed, I look forward to supporting this committed team and
    ensuring their morale is high, they have a strong sense of purpose, and
    their hard work is recognized.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Abu Dhabi?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure that every member of our
    Mission knows that I am their champion. I have always prioritized
    listening to my colleagues and their families, addressing their
    concerns, and ensuring they have the resources and support they need.
    Our work is often stressful, challenging, and at times dangerous.
    Therefore, taking care of our team and protecting our employees in
    every respect are among my top priorities as a leader and manager. That
    means protecting our Mission from security threats first and foremost.
    And, it also means ensuring that all of our employees are working in a
    place where they feel safe and free from harassment and disrespect of
    any kind, and where they feel valued and included. If confirmed, I will
    prioritize our team's morale, resilience, and well-being, which will be
    crucial to our success as a Mission in advancing our nation's foremost
    foreign and security policy goals.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Abu Dhabi?

        Answer. In a large, complex Mission such as UAE, ensuring that the
    entire team is oriented around the same core objectives is key to our
    success. The Mission's two diplomatic posts and 13 federal agencies
    must have a thorough understanding of our Integrated Country Strategy
    goals, our plans for accomplishing them, and most importantly, the
    underlying reasons behind our objectives. It will also be incumbent
    upon me, if confirmed, to work closely with our partners throughout the
    U.S. Government, the U.S. Congress, as well as stakeholders in the
    private sector and civil society. Bringing to bear all of the United
    States' core sources of influence, developing innovative approaches,
    and forming broad coalitions have been successful strategies I have
    utilized in the past to strengthen our bilateral partnerships and
    advance top U.S. objectives.

        Question. How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. Throughout my career, I have approached my management
    responsibilities with a focus on being an inclusive and supportive
    leader. I have emphasized several core management principles, which I
    have modeled and have expected every member of the team to adhere to:
    serve the American people with integrity and be responsible stewards of
    the American taxpayers' resources; respect everyone; and empower
    colleagues to lead, generate solutions, and grow as professionals. As a
    leader, I have also prioritized my responsibility to contribute to our
    institutional capacity and mission readiness by mentoring my
    colleagues, especially those in the early stages of their careers. Over
    the years, building and broadening my colleagues' professional skills
    have helped our teams deliver many successes on behalf of the American
    people.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or private?

        Answer. It is never acceptable or constructive to berate anyone in
    any setting. As a leader, I make it clear to the entire Mission that
    respect for everyone is paramount. This means respect for everyone in
    our Mission, for the host government, and for the public with whom we
    interact. I approach my leadership role with humility and patience and
    expect everyone on my team to do the same. When setbacks or mistakes
    occur, we must coach, mentor, and course correct. We should always do
    so in a professional and constructive manner.

        Question. How do you envision your leadership relationship with
    your deputy chief of mission?

        Answer. To be successful, a diplomatic mission requires a close
    partnership, seamless collaboration, open communication, and a unity of
    effort between the deputy chief of mission (DCM) and the chief of
    mission. Having served as a DCM and acting DCM in four embassies and
    having supported numerous outstanding DCMs in earlier assignments, I
    recognize the vital importance of this position in setting the
    Mission's direction, supporting our colleagues and their families, and
    leading the team toward success.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your deputy chief of mission?

        Answer. As a Chief of Mission and in prior senior roles, I have
    prioritized empowering our employees, especially the Deputy Chief of
    Mission, whose role and responsibilities are critical to every
    diplomatic Mission's success, effectiveness, and efficiency. If
    confirmed, I will empower the DCM and also make clear that I have the
    DCM's back. As senior leader and chief of mission, I firmly believe
    that the proverbial buck stops with me. I am also fully committed to
    ensuring that everyone on my team has a professionally enhancing
    experience.

              In order to create and continue employee excellence at the
            Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports
            (EERs) for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though
            often lacking.

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performances in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeeded in their
    roles?

        Answer. Throughout my career, I have focused on effective and
    ongoing performance management as a core pillar of my approach to team
    leadership. When we achieved a victory--big or small--we would
    celebrate it. When we faced a setback or made a mistake as a team or
    individually, we would acknowledge it, address it, learn from it, and
    work on improving our performance. In this regard, constructive
    feedback is critical to professional development and institutional
    performance. I prioritize creating a safe environment to discuss how we
    can do better.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. I take very seriously my responsibility for motivating our
    employees and for promoting accountability. I have always focused on
    ensuring the integrity of our performance management processes, to
    include our evaluations. Performance management is indeed a process and
    requires ongoing, constructive feedback to recognize achievements and
    address development areas. Evaluations must assess employees'
    performance accurately and fairly, reflect their accomplishments fully,
    and document clearly their impact in support of the Mission's
    objectives.

              It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
            abroad to meet with local actors, including host government
            officials, non-government organizations, and fellow foreign
            diplomats stationed in the UAE.

        Question. In your opinion, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    embassy walls enough to accomplish fully their missions?

        Answer. Throughout my career, I have consistently prioritized
    active diplomatic engagement and public outreach. It is critical for
    the conduct of our foreign policy that our policymakers have access to
    diverse streams of information and inputs. At the same time, it is
    important that U.S. diplomats engage host country governments and
    publics frequently to advocate for and explain U.S. policies. American
    taxpayers make significant investments in our diplomatic platforms
    abroad to enable our diplomats to engage in person. It is our
    obligation to make the most of this investment.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with my DCM, regional
    security officer, management officer, and public affairs team, to
    review our budget and the prevailing security conditions in the UAE,
    with the goal of maximizing the impact of our resources and managing
    any relevant security risks appropriately. If confirmed, I will look
    for opportunities to broaden our audiences, reach new segments of the
    society, and ensure our Mission is a role model in terms of inclusive
    events, to include representational events.

        Question. Public Diplomacy is an important aspect of U.S. foreign
    policy efforts. What is the public diplomacy environment like in the
    UAE?

        Answer. The UAE has sought U.S. partnership to build its education
    and culture sectors' capacity, while also engaging with numerous
    prominent U.S. institutions, such as Warner Bros. Inc., New York
    University, Berklee College of Music, and the Guggenheim Museum, to
    establish branches in the country to increase its touristic appeal and
    nurture an ecosystem for cultural creation and academic innovation. At
    the same time, the UAE government closely regulates and censors all
    media in the country, and government institutions are responsible for
    most education and culture activities. Our Mission in the UAE enjoys a
    close relationship with the relevant Emirati institutions, and, if
    confirmed, I will work to deepen our cooperation.

        Question. What public diplomacy challenges do U.S. diplomats face
    there?

        Answer. The ease with which public diplomacy programs can operate
    varies, including within different Emirates. The UAE government closely
    monitors U.S. public diplomacy activities. While the UAE government
    welcomes programming that promotes innovation and entrepreneurship, all
    UAE media is regulated.

        Question. How do you balance the importance of Main State versus
    in-country mission when it comes to tailoring public diplomacy messages
    for foreign audiences?

        Answer. The Department of State, both domestically and in the
    field, works to ensure clear communication of USG policies and
    priorities to audiences in the UAE in a manner that is persuasive and
    mindful of the social, cultural, and political context in the UAE.

              ``Anomalous health incidents,'' commonly referred to as
            ``Havana Syndrome,'' have been debilitating and sidelining U.S.
            diplomats around the world for years. They have caused serious,
            negative consequences for U.S. diplomacy, yet many believe that
            the Department is not doing enough to care for, protect, and
            communicate to its personnel.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to taking this threat
    seriously?

        Answer. The security and health of our personnel are among my
    highest priorities as a leader. If confirmed, I will continue to take
    this threat seriously and to provide expeditious, full, and
    compassionate support for our personnel, when required.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to talking as openly as you
    can to Mission Abu Dhabi personnel?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to speaking as openly as possible to
    our Mission in the UAE about all matters. I am committed to empowering
    our personnel and their families with information and offering them my
    full support when they require it.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
             to Martina Anna Tkadlec Strong by Senator March Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The Administration has clearly identified the PRC as
    ``America's most consequential geopolitical challenge,'' and DNI Avril
    Haines testified to the threat that the PRC and the Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) represent to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally. Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against the PRC's efforts to expand its
    influence in the UAE through robust and forthright diplomatic
    engagements, public diplomacy programming, and commercial advocacy to
    bolster the foundational pillars of U.S.-UAE bilateral ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the PRC's track record of
    irresponsible disregard for international law and sovereignty of
    countries and the CCP's increasingly aggressive posture
    internationally. According to the ODNI's Annual Threat Analysis, the
    CCP is seeking to ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between
    Washington and its partners, and foster some norms that favor its
    authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States would have to determine that any
    potential collaboration with the CCP would--first and foremost--advance
    very clearly defined U.S. national security interests. The United
    States would have to weigh carefully all possible benefits and
    downsides of such cooperation and ensure that the PRC would be unable
    to use such cooperation to advance its own narrow and/or opportunistic
    objectives.
        If confirmed, I will work with the Department of State's new Office
    of China Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful
    behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Middle East.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in the UAE and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that we consider the PRC to be the United
    States' most consequential geopolitical challenge and is committed to
    working to strengthen our partners in the Gulf. If confirmed, I will
    work closely with the Administration and Congress to counter China's
    efforts to expand its influence in the UAE and the Gulf.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to re-assure the UAE of
    the United States' commitment to our bilateral relations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will seek to cement our bilateral
    relationship with the UAE by expanding and institutionalizing our
    partnership in key areas. These include building on the Abraham Accords
    and Negev Forum process and working to ensure security cooperation
    remains robust in order to deter and confront external threats. I will
    also seek to ensure that our cooperation encompasses the future energy
    and scientific opportunities and industries that both countries value.

        Question. The UAE is China's largest non-oil trading partner in the
    region, estimated at more than $50 billion. The UAE has partnered with
    Huawei for domestic network services, is open to using CCP technology,
    and considering construction of a PLA military facility at Khalifa
    port. Taking these into consideration, do you believe the U.S. should
    move forward with U.S. military sales, such as drones and F-35s to the
    UAE?

        Answer. As the United States competes for influence with the PRC,
    we have made clear the importance of safeguarding U.S. advanced
    technology, a core national security priority that could be impacted
    through certain categories of cooperation with the PRC. Should the
    Administration move forward with these proposed defense sales, we will
    seek clear mutual understandings from the UAE regarding its obligations
    and actions before, during, and after delivery. If confirmed,
    protecting U.S. technology and addressing concerning PRC cooperation
    will be priorities for me.

        Question. If so, what assurances should the UAE provide to the U.S.
    regarding the safeguarding and security of U.S. defense technology?

        Answer. The Administration continues to have robust dialogue with
    the UAE on the sale of U.S. defense technology to ensure there are
    unmistakably clear mutual understandings with respect to Emirati
    obligations and actions before, during, and after delivery. Congress
    and the Administration are focused on the same important issues. Should
    the proposed sales move forward, I will ensure that these issues
    continue to be addressed. Sensitive and advanced U.S. technology must
    be protected.

        Question. When Arab leaders met CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping in
    Riyadh late last year, it was determined that China would hold a summit
    for Gulf Cooperation Council member states and Iran in 2023. This is in
    addition to the agreement that Beijing brokered between Riyadh and
    Tehran which was announced last Friday. What do you believe accounts
    for this recent win by China to supplant U.S. leadership in the Middle
    East?

        Answer. The United States has been promoting efforts at de-
    escalation and a reduction in tensions across the region. The March 10
    agreement was the culmination of two years of engagement, facilitated
    by both Iraq and Oman, which we supported. The United States remains an
    indispensable partner to the UAE and other countries in the Gulf,
    having brokered the historic Abraham Accords and subsequent agreements
    on overflights of Saudi Arabia and Oman for aircraft to/from Israel,
    advanced peace in Yemen, and developed over decades and across U.S.
    administrations strong, strategic partnerships with countries in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. leadership and ensure
    that we do not leave a vacuum for Russia or the PRC to fill.

        Question. How would you as ambassador seek to restore the United
    States' role as the region's main power broker?

        Answer. The United States continues to lead the region in efforts
    to create a more secure, more stable, and more integrated Middle East.
    The United States helped Israel and UAE reach for peace through the
    Abraham Accords and continues to advance Israel's integration with the
    region. U.S. diplomacy facilitated the longest period of calm and de-
    escalation in Yemen since the start of the conflict. If confirmed, I
    will work to strengthen U.S.-UAE cooperation, including on regional
    issues. I will pursue diplomacy, backed by close defense cooperation
    and deterrence, to de-escalate and end conflicts and advance our
    objective of a more secure, stable, prosperous, and integrated region.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you facilitate increased trade and
    ties between the UAE and the U.S.?

        Answer. Our trade and investment ties are key components of our
    relationship. Over 1,500 U.S. firms successfully operate in the UAE and
    the United States enjoys a large trade surplus with the UAE, which is
    the largest market for U.S. goods and services in the Middle East. If
    confirmed, I will advocate for U.S. businesses in the UAE, as well as
    job-creating UAE investment in the United States. I will also partner
    with the UAE to expand trade opportunities through initiatives such as
    I2U2, which is linking governments and companies from India, Israel,
    the UAE, and the United States.

        Question. What is your strategy to deepen and expand the UAE-Israel
    relationship to ensure the Abraham Accords continue to benefit both
    countries and long-term U.S. security interests?

        Answer. The Abraham Accords are among the most important and
    promising developments the Middle East in many years. If confirmed, I
    will seize on this historic opportunity to strengthen UAE-Israel ties
    and deepen trilateral and regional cooperation, including through the
    Negev Forum and I2U2. Like the United States, the UAE cares deeply
    about institutionalizing these efforts. We can strengthen our bilateral
    ties with the UAE by championing its historic breakthrough with Israel
    as part of our affirmative agenda.

        Question. With the withdrawal from Afghanistan, what should be
    changed in our security cooperation program with the UAE?

        Answer. Security ties with the UAE, a capable and interoperable
    partner, have been central to our fight against terrorism and other
    defense efforts and continue to advance U.S. interests even after the
    withdrawal from Afghanistan. If confirmed, I will prioritize our
    ongoing efforts to bolster deterrence and regional stability; counter
    terrorism; de-escalate regional tensions; protect freedom of
    navigation, especially in critical maritime choke points; and support a
    political settlement of the conflict in Yemen, while ensuring we do not
    leave a vacuum for Russia or China to fill.
                                  __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
             to Martina Anna Tkadlec Strong by Senator Bill Hagerty

    Combating Iranian Sanctions Evasion Efforts
              The UAE last year reopened its embassy in Iran after more
            than six years of downgraded ties and has deepened trade
            relations. These business ties unfortunately have included
            exports of proliferation-related technology to Iran and the use
            of some UAE financial institutions by Iranian entities.
            Numerous UAE-based entities have been sanctioned by the United
            States for these activities in the last year. Just last week,
            the Biden administration sanctioned 39 entities--many based in
            the UAE--that form a global ``shadow banking'' network built by
            Iran to evade previous sanctions.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you work to encourage our Emirati
    partners to crack down on companies helping Iran gain access to
    international financial and oil markets through sanctions evasion?

        Answer. Any attempt to avoid U.S. sanctions is unacceptable. The
    Administration continuously raises this issue and emphasizes to the UAE
    that we will use all tools available to us to enforce our sanctions and
    to stop Iran's destabilizing malign behavior. Iran continues to
    threaten the UAE's and regional security through its nuclear and
    ballistic missile programs, as well as malign support for militant
    proxies in the region. If confirmed, I will continue the
    Administration's whole of government efforts to press UAE officials to
    work with us to stop sanctions violations and sanctions evasion efforts
    by Iran and affiliated networks.

    Strengthening The Abraham Accords
              In 2020 the U.S. facilitated a historic agreement whereby the
            United Arab Emirates agreed to normalize relations with Israel.
            These agreements have already made tangible contributions to
            regional security and prosperity, furthering U.S. interests.
            Bilateral trade between Israel and the UAE reached $2.59
            billion in 2022, up from $11.2 million in 2019, the year prior
            to the Abraham Accords. The U.S. role in facilitating these
            agreements cannot be overstated. They would not have happened
            without involvement from the United States, and their continued
            strengthening requires active U.S. engagement.

        Question. If confirmed, how specifically do you plan to further
    regional security and prosperity by deepening ties between the UAE and
    Israel

        Answer. The historic Abraham Accords offers a generational
    opportunity to deepen and broaden cooperation between the UAE and
    Israel, as well as other countries, which is central to the
    Administration's strategic objective of a more peaceful, more secure,
    more integrated, and more prosperous Middle East. If confirmed, I will
    actively develop and implement efforts--in bilateral and multilateral
    formats--to support the growing governmental, private sector, and
    people-to-people ties between the UAE and Israel. From trade and clean
    energy partnerships to tourism and interfaith tolerance cooperation,
    there are numerous opportunities to build on the progress and momentum
    already achieved under the Abraham Accords and related initiatives such
    as I2U2 and the Negev Forum. Integrating Israel further into the region
    can anchor the Administration's efforts to expand the circle of peace
    and prosperity throughout the region.

              Last month, the UAE introduced an unfairly one-sided anti-
            Israel Presidential Statement at the U.N. Security Council and
            previously intended on introducing an equally one-sided binding
            resolution at the Security Council. While the Biden
            administration should have blocked this unfair Presidential
            Statement, that a U.S. partner was behind these unjustified
            targeting of the U.S. best friend in the region is also
            discouraging.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you do to engage with the
    Emirati Government to ensure that Israel is not unfairly targeted at
    the U.N. and at other international forums?

        Answer. Unfair and biased targeting of Israel at the United Nations
    and other international fora is unacceptable. If confirmed, just as I
    have done at previous posts, I will engage with senior UAE officials to
    encourage the Emirati Government to take a strong stand and to use its
    influence with other countries against any unjustified and biased
    criticism of Israel.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Elizabeth Rood by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Turkmenistan remained on Tier 3 due to the continued government
    policy of forced labor. How will you work with the host government and
    civil society actors to address these issues if you are confirmed as
    Ambassador?

        Answer. The U.S. Government places a priority on maintaining a
    robust dialogue on human rights and democratic governance. If
    confirmed, I will lead regular human rights dialogues with the Turkmen
    Government. We have seen some progress on religious freedom, release of
    conscientious objectors, accounting for disappeared persons, and
    discussion of human trafficking. The International Labor Organization
    (ILO) recently finalized a road map, currently awaiting approval by the
    President of Turkmenistan, to address forced labor. If confirmed, I
    will work to augment this progress on these critical issues.

        Question. What do you envision as possible avenues of collaboration
    to permanently eliminate the Government's use of forced labor in public
    and private sectors?

        Answer. Labor needs for the annual harvest have decreased in part
    due to a long-running mechanization program involving U.S. industry
    (largely with John Deere harvesters). In part due to significant U.S.
    engagement, the Government of Turkmenistan allowed the ILO to visit
    Turkmenistan in autumn 2022 to discuss reforms to Turkmen labor laws.
    As a result, the Turkmen agreed to a three-stage program in which the
    ILO will perform a legislative review, monitoring and surveys of forced
    labor indicators, and capacity building and training. If confirmed, I
    will continue our engagement with the Government of Turkmenistan aimed
    at eliminating forced labor.

        Question. Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in Turkmenistan?

        Answer. Absolutely. Accurate and regular reporting, in addition to
    our engagement with the Government of Turkmenistan, civil society, and
    industry, are essential to combatting human trafficking and forced
    labor.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, Turkmenistan was described as lacking religious freedom
    and having little tolerance for religious diversity and was eventually
    designated as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC). What is your
    assessment of this issue, and if confirmed, how will you work with the
    office of the Ambassador-At-Large for International Religious Freedom
    to bolster religious freedom in country?

        Answer. Turkmenistan has been designated a Country of Particular
    Concern since 2014. There are indications, however, that the Government
    is loosening its tight grip on some religious groups. The former
    president pardoned 16 prisoners of conscience in 2021 and has not
    jailed conscientious objectors since, but it has also not provided an
    alternative to mandatory military service compatible with conscientious
    objection. The Embassy coordinates closely with the Office of the
    Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. If confirmed,
    I will continue these efforts to improve religious freedom.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report,
    Turkmenistan was listed as having a litany of significant human rights
    abuses, including restrictions on internet freedom, corruption, forced
    labor, and more. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Through a Human Dimension Working Group, Embassy Ashgabat
    promotes human rights, including freedom of religion and belief,
    freedom of movement, labor issues, and women's empowerment, while
    advancing educational and cultural programming. The embassy supports
    efforts to strengthen civil society through programing alumni
    activities and NGO capacity-building. If confirmed, I will direct and
    lead Embassy Ashgabat's continued efforts to engage the Government of
    Turkmenistan, civil society, media, and industry to improve human
    rights.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Elizabeth Rood by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more assertive abroad. We will defend and
    strengthen U.S. national security, prosperity, and values; defend
    international law and agreements and the other principles and
    institutions that maintain peace and security; protect the rights of
    individuals and sovereign nations; and make it possible for all
    countries to coexist and cooperate.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The United States will work with the PRC only when clearly
    in U.S. national interests to do so. We cannot let the disagreements
    that divide us stop us from moving forward on transnational issues that
    demand that we work together, for the good of the American people and
    for the good of the world.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States will work with the PRC only when clearly
    in U.S. national interests to do so. This includes exploring possible
    cooperation on transnational challenges such as counter-narcotics,
    global health, and food security.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. We cannot let disagreements that divide us stop us from
    making progress on the priorities that demand we work together, for the
    good of the American people and for the good of the world. However, the
    Administration has been clear that we consider the PRC to be the United
    States' most consequential geopolitical challenge. If confirmed, I will
    work closely with the Administration and Congress to counter China's
    efforts to expand its influence in Turkmenistan.

        Question. Given the over $8 billion in loans from Chinese entities
    to develop Turkmenistan's gas infrastructure and dependency upon
    China's export market, do you believe Turkmenistan is neutral when it
    comes to international relations and the CCP's regional aspirations?

        Answer. Turkmenistan and China have strong economic ties due to the
    sale of Turkmen natural gas to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
    However, Turkmenistan reportedly has paid off all debt to the PRC for
    pipeline construction. Thus, unlike most other Central Asian countries,
    Turkmenistan is not linked to the PRC by an onerous debt burden, and
    the PRC's influence remains limited. Turkmenistan does not engage in
    security cooperation with China that we are aware of, nor is China
    attempting to play an outsized political role within the country. Based
    on our observation, Turkmenistan has consistently applied its policy of
    ``positive neutrality'' to China, as it has to Russia, Turkiye, and the
    United States.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to promote U.S.-
    led and international projects to develop Turkmenistan's energy
    resources and infrastructure as an alternative to Chinese-backed
    projects?

        Answer. It is important for the United States to engage with
    Turkmenistan to promote free trade, reduce business corruption, and
    expand rule of law to build commercial ties and offer Turkmenistan
    alternatives to PRC commercial interests. We have engaged routinely to
    strengthen U.S.-Turkmenistan commercial ties, and, if confirmed, I will
    continue to do so. An element of this engagement has been to promote
    greater diversification of Turkmenistan's gas exports, reducing
    Turkmenistan's reliance on any one country, including the PRC. If
    confirmed, I will encourage European counterparts to send strong demand
    signals for Turkmen gas, increasing the likelihood Turkmenistan will
    agree to a Trans-Caspian pipeline.

        Question. Is there a role for the U.S. International Development
    Finance Corporation in facilitating U.S. investment in Turkmenistan?

        Answer. Opportunities for direct DFC involvement in Turkmenistan
    are limited, but I anticipate DFC's involvement in region-wide projects
    to benefit U.S. investment in Turkmenistan. If confirmed, I would
    continue to promote a whole-of-government effort--including State
    Department, USAID, Commerce's Commercial Law Development Program, USTR,
    the Export-Import Bank, and DFC--to foster economic resilience in the
    region, improving the workforce and business climate, and increasing
    interconnectivity and diversity of trade routes. I would also continue
    to encourage Turkmenistan's movement toward WTO membership.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you leverage your position to hold
    the Government of Turkmenistan accountable for human rights abuse,
    including the use of forced labor in the cotton industry?

        Answer. In our bilateral relationship with Turkmenistan,
    maintaining a robust dialogue on human rights and democratic governance
    is a top USG priority. If confirmed, I will continue to lead regular
    human rights dialogues, including the Human Dimension Working Group,
    with the Turkmen Government. We have seen some progress on human rights
    in the last two years with regard to forced labor, religious freedom,
    the release of political prisoners, and accounting for disappeared
    persons. Turkmenistan has shown interest in making progress on labor
    rights and worked recently with ILO on a roadmap to address forced
    labor in the cotton harvest. I understand this roadmap is currently
    awaiting approval by the President of Turkmenistan. If confirmed, I
    will work to ensure progress on these critical issues continues.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Karen Sasahara by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Kuwait was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List for its lack of
    sustained commitment to combat human trafficking, including decreased
    funding for protection programs and a lack of standard practices for
    screening potential victims. How will you address these issues with the
    host government and civil society actors if you are confirmed as
    Ambassador?

        Answer. Human trafficking remains an issue of serious concern to
    the U.S. Government and to me personally. Kuwait was downgraded last
    year from Tier II to Tier II watch list due to fewer investigations,
    prosecutions, and convictions of traffickers than in previous years and
    fewer victim identifications. If confirmed, I will press Kuwait to
    increase its anti-trafficking actions by reforming its visa sponsorship
    system and improving oversight of foreign worker recruitment.

        Question.  Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in Kuwait?

        Answer. Yes, I commit to do so.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, Kuwait was noted as having some antisemitic incidents
    and that U.S. officials in country continued engagements with religious
    and government leaders to press on the importance of religious
    tolerance. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the office of the Ambassador-at-Large
    for International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Antisemitism in any form is unacceptable. This is a global
    issue whose spread and practice must be stopped. If confirmed, I will
    continue to support freedom of religion and expression for those of all
    faiths. I was pleased to hear that Director and Principal Deputy to the
    Ambassador-at-Large for the Office of International Religious Freedom
    (IRF) Dan Nadel visited Kuwait on March 1-2; I look forward to working
    with this office.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 Human Rights Report,
    Kuwait was identified as having significant human rights abuses but
    took attempts to punish some officials who committed them but impunity
    remained a problem. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. President Biden and Secretary Blinken have been clear that
    human rights are at the heart of the Administration's foreign policy. I
    wholeheartedly agree. If confirmed, I will work with all relevant
    parties to support progress on human rights issues, including raising
    them at the most senior levels of the Kuwaiti government, making clear
    that advancement in the protection of human rights will further
    strengthen and deepen our relationship. Close consultation with civil
    society is also a key part of our human rights engagement.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Karen Sasahara by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The Administration has identified the PRC as ``America's
    most consequential geopolitical challenge'' and DNI Avril Haines
    testified to the threat that the PRC and the Chinese Communist Party
    (CCP) represents to U.S. national security and leadership globally.
    Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and alliances. If
    confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. national security interests
    through robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy
    programming, and commercial advocacy to bolster the foundational
    pillars of U.S.-Kuwait bilateral ties and to push back against the
    PRC's efforts to expand its influence in the region and to cooperate
    with U.S. partners in areas that could negatively impact directly on
    U.S. national security interests.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the PRC's track record of blatant
    disregard for international law and sovereignty of countries, and the
    CCP's increasingly belligerent international posture. According to the
    ODNI's Annual Threat Analysis, the CCP is seeking to ``undercut U.S.
    influence, drive wedges between Washington and its partners, and foster
    some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States would have to determine that any
    potential collaboration with the CCP would--first and foremost--advance
    very clearly defined U.S. national security interests. The United
    States would have to weigh carefully all possible benefits and
    downsides of such cooperation and ensure that the PRC would be unable
    to use such cooperation to advance its own narrow and/or opportunistic
    objectives. If confirmed, I will work with the Department of State's
    new Office of China Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter
    harmful behavior by the PRC in Kuwait.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Kuwait and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that we consider the PRC to be the United
    States' most consequential geopolitical challenge and is committed to
    working to strengthen our partnerships in the Gulf. If confirmed, I
    will work closely with the Administration and Congress to counter any
    PRC effort to expand its influence at the expense of U.S. interests in
    Kuwait.

        Question. China is a leading importer of Kuwaiti oil and CCP
    General Secretary Xi Jinping met with Kuwait's Crown Prince Al-Sabah in
    December 2022. The CCP have engaged Kuwaiti partners on projects
    including a port project and Kuwaiti telecom providers have partnered
    with Huawei to develop a 5G communications network. If confirmed, how
    do you plan to counter CCP initiatives in Kuwait and beyond?

        Answer. Securing U.S. telecommunications networks and other
    sensitive technology is an Administration priority. The United States
    has been clear to partners there are sectors where their cooperation
    with the PRC precludes cooperation with us because it touches on U.S.
    security interests, including safeguarding our most advanced
    technology. If confirmed, I will engage at the highest level of Kuwaiti
    leadership on these issues. Ensuring the Kuwaitis remain clear-eyed
    about the PRC will be a top priority for me, as will advocating for
    U.S. businesses and ensuring Kuwait is a welcoming, secure environment
    for them.

        Question. To date, the Kuwaitis have chosen to not recognize or
    engage with Israel. If confirmed, how will you work to promote Kuwait's
    participation in the Abraham Accords and broader normalization with
    Israel?

        Answer. I share your concerns that Kuwait has not joined the
    Abraham Accords. The security and economic benefits from the Accords
    have been significant and will continue to grow. To not at least
    explore them is to risk being left behind or being an outlier, which
    comes with a great cost in today's global economy and regional security
    environment. If confirmed I will make it a priority to pursue
    opportunities to advance relations between Kuwait and Israel, and to
    make the case that this is an opportunity worth seizing.

        Question. While U.S.-Kuwait security cooperation is robust and an
    anchor to the bilateral relationship, is the significant U.S. military
    presence and programs in Kuwait as critical to national security as it
    has been in the past, given this administration's withdrawal from
    Afghanistan?

        Answer. Our close security partnership with Kuwait, a Major Non-
    NATO ally since 2004, has been and continues to be a pillar of our
    efforts to promote regional stability and security. The United States
    has a strong interest in maintaining a military presence in Kuwait,
    from where we are able to support Kuwaiti self-defense needs, conduct
    multinational exercises that improve U.S. interoperability and military
    capabilities, and lead the coalition campaign against ISIS in Iraq and
    Syria.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you propose the United States
    adjust its security cooperation program with Kuwait to better reflect
    the changed dynamics in the region?

        Answer. U.S. and Kuwaiti leadership meet regularly, as they have
    done for decades, to review security cooperation and engagements to
    ensure our national security needs are met. If confirmed, I will
    continue to consult with the Kuwaiti leadership, as well as the
    Departments of State and Defense and Congress, to ensure our security
    cooperation remains close, effective, and appropriate for security
    conditions in the region.

        Question. When Arab leaders met CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping in
    Riyadh late last year, it was determined that China would hold a summit
    for Gulf Cooperation Council member states and Iran in 2023. This is in
    addition to the agreement that Beijing brokered between Riyadh and
    Tehran which was announced last Friday. What do you believe accounts
    for this recent win by China to supplant U.S. leadership in the Middle
    East?

        Answer. U.S. leadership in the region remains robust, manifest in
    progress toward peace in Yemen, the ongoing Negev Forum process, and
    unmatched strategic ties with partners such as Kuwait. The recent
    agreement was the culmination of two years of engagement, facilitated
    by Iraq and Oman, which we supported to promote regional de-escalation.
    Our focus is less on where talks were held and more on their outcome.
    Should these talks lead Iran to actually better respect the sovereignty
    of its neighbors and cease interference in their affairs, that would be
    a benefit.

        Question. How would you, as Ambassador, seek to restore the United
    States' role as the region's main power broker?

        Answer. The United States will continue to play its decades long
    role as a vital partner to ensure regional and global stability. We
    have been and remain the strategic partner of choice for Kuwait, and,
    if confirmed, I will ensure we remain an engaged and present partner.
    Kuwait remains one of our strongest and most reliable partners in
    advancing regional security, and if confirmed, I will we will continue
    to work with Kuwait to ensure this close relationship continues.
                                   __________

               Responses to An Additional Question for the Record
              Submitted to Karen Sasahara by Senator Bill Hagerty

        Question. China has also made significant investments in Kuwait as
    part of the CCP's Belt and Road Initiative. If you are confirmed, would
    you welcome more CCP influence in Kuwait?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will prioritize ensuring the Kuwaitis
    remain clear-eyed about the People's Republic of China (PRC). We must
    continue to press the Kuwaitis to counter harmful PRC behavior in areas
    such as telecommunications, as well as false and damaging narratives
    about the United States proffered by the PRC in Kuwait and across the
    broader Middle East. For decades, we have been Kuwait's strategic
    partner of choice and remain so today, but we must remain engaged and
    not cede space to any country.

                                  __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                            THURSDAY, MARCH 30, 2023

                                            U.S. Senate
                                 Committee on Foreign Relations
                                                       Washington, D.C.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:19 a.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Chris Van
    Hollen, presiding.
        Present: Senators Van Hollen [presiding], Kaine, Duckworth,
    and Ricketts.
        Also Present: Senator Sullivan.

              OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

        Senator Van Hollen. Good morning, everybody. The
    nominations hearing of the Foreign Relations Committee will
    come to order.
        I am very pleased to be joined by the ranking member for
    today's hearing, Senator Ricketts, and pleased to serve with
    him on this committee. Congratulations to all four of you on
    your nominations to be our Ambassadors to different and
    important countries around the world. Congratulations to your
    family and loved ones. As someone who grew up in a Foreign
    Service family, I know this requires the support of other
    members of the family and friends. All of you have
    distinguished records within the career Foreign Service. I am
    looking forward to today's hearing. Your nominations are to
    countries in different parts of the world, as you know, from
    East Asia to South America to Europe, so we are going to try
    and cover a lot of territory.
        In the interest of time, and we do not have a lot of time
    this morning, I am going to forgo any opening remarks about
    each of the countries to which you have been nominated to be
    Ambassadors. I do look forward to using that time during the
    question period, and, of course, I will introduce each of you
    fully in a moment. Let me now turn it over to Senator Ricketts
    for any opening comments he may have.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. PETE RICKETTS,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA

        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Well, I
    appreciate the brevity of your opening remarks, and I will
    match it.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Van Hollen. All right.
        Senator Ricketts. So I just, again, want to congratulate
    all the nominees on this opportunity, and thank you very much
    for your previous service to our country and your willingness
    to be able to serve this as well. And I would also like to echo
    the chairman's remarks with regard to your families. I know
    that you all have loved ones who support you, and you would not
    be able to do this without that, so we appreciate the
    sacrifices of your family as well.
        As governor, I had the opportunity to do a number of trade
    missions around the world and visit with embassy staff, and I
    was always impressed by the quality of the people and the
    sacrifices they were willing to make for us. So I just wanted
    to add my thanks to that as well, and with that, Mr. Chairman,
    I am going to turn it back over you, and we can started.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Ricketts. Yeah.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, and, again, congratulations
    to all of you. So let me introduce each of our nominees to the
    committee, and then we will begin with the statements from each
    of you.
        We have here today Ms. Nicole Theriot, who is the current
    U.S. consul general in Karachi, Pakistan. In her over 2 decades
    of experience representing the United States, Ms. Theriot has
    also served as the Deputy Chief of Mission and Charge
    d'Affaires at the U.S. embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, the
    director for immigration and visa security at the U.S. National
    Security Council, and U.S. consulate general in Casablanca,
    Morocco, among many other assignments that have earned her
    numerous State Department awards.
        Ms. Ann Marie Yastishock serves as the USAID senior deputy
    assistant administrator for Asia, and before her current role,
    she served as USAID's mission director in Vietnam, a country to
    which I will be heading next week as part of an official
    congressional delegation. In 2021, she came home from that
    overseas assignment to expedite the transition of the Biden-
    Harris administration as chief advisor to the acting
    administration and chief operations officer for USAID. Ms.
    Yastishock's service was invaluable in jump-starting USAID's
    operations internationally and bringing back the United States
    as a force for service in the world. Congratulations to you.
        Mr. David Kostelancik is--currently serves as the foreign
    policy advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
    General Milley. He has held posts across Eastern Europe and the
    Balkans, including Deputy Chief of Mission and Charge
    d'Affaires at the U.S. Embassy in Budapest, Hungary, also as
    director of the Office of South Central European Affairs and
    director of the Office of Russian Affairs, both in the Bureau
    of European and Eurasian Affairs. Congratulations to you.
        Finally, Ms. Robin Dunnigan is the deputy assistant
    secretary overseeing Central and Eastern Europe for the Bureau
    of European and Eurasian Affairs. She has also served as Charge
    d'Affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in
    Austria and Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Department of
    State's Bureau of Energy Resources. She first joined the State
    Department in 1992, and her 3 decades of experience are
    complemented by her master's degrees in national security
    strategy from the National War College and the Foreign Service
    Institute at Georgetown University. Congratulations.
        Congratulations again to all of you. Why do I not now turn
    it over? We will just go down the dais in order. I chair the
    East Asia Subcommittee. We will start with Ms. Theriot.

          STATEMENT OF NICOLE D. THERIOT, OF LOUISIANA, A CA-
           REER  MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
           OF  COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR  EX-
           TRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE  UNITED
           STATES OF AMERICA TO  THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF
           GUYANA

        Ms. Theriot. Good morning. Thank you so much, Mr. Chairman
    and Ranking Member Ricketts. I am honored to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to be the next U.S.
    Ambassador to the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. I am grateful
    for the confidence the President and Secretary Blinken have
    placed in me and am thankful to you for considering my
    nomination. If confirmed, I will work closely with you and all
    members of Congress to advance our national interests in Guyana
    and the broader Caribbean.
        Over the past 24 years, I have been privileged to represent
    the United States in 10 countries on four continents. Any
    success I have had is due to the support of my family, so I
    would like to take this opportunity to thank them--my spouse,
    Tom Agnew; my father, Preston Terry Theriot; my mother, Brenda
    Foti Theriot, who passed away in September; and my sister,
    Tiffany Theriot--for their steadfast support and unstinting
    love. And I actually learned of my nomination two days after my
    mom passed away, so I am quite sure she had something to do
    with it.
        Two of my previous assignments have been in the Caribbean--
    Haiti and Barbados--and others have been in countries with
    incredible potential for economic growth, so I am familiar with
    both the challenges and opportunities in Guyana. I have worked
    on programs dealing with increasing bilateral trade and
    investment, strengthening security, combatting trafficking,
    increasing sustainable energy and climate resilience, and
    countering corruption, all while enhancing critical people-to-
    people ties that give us an important advantage over others
    operating in the region, including the PRC. Given my service in
    the Caribbean and in countries ripe for economic advancement,
    such as Morocco and Pakistan, I am particularly honored to be
    considered for this important position.
        Guyana is experiencing rapid transformation and has
    tremendous potential, but it also faces challenges, including
    climate change, crime, poverty, and corruption. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Guyanese Government and people to address
    these challenges and proudly champion U.S. values in an
    ethnically, religiously diverse Guyana. I will work with the
    Government to continue responsibly leveraging the country's
    newfound oil revenues to expand economic opportunities, develop
    reliable infrastructure, and increase social services. I will
    work to grow trade and investment and to promote the many
    exciting opportunities for U.S. companies. I will support the
    Guyanese in building upon gains in democratic governance and
    will help them continue to address humanely the influx of
    Venezuelan and other migrants.
        A secure, democratic, and prosperous Guyana will remain an
    important U.S. ally in the region.
        As Secretary Blinken's representative to CARICOM, I will
    work with regional partners, especially through the new U.S.-
    Caribbean Partnership to Address the Climate Crisis, or PACC
    2030, as well as on regional security, human rights, and food
    and energy security. I sincerely thank you for this opportunity
    and look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Theriot follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Nicole D. Theriot

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished Members of
    the Committee, I am honored to appear before you today as President
    Biden's nominee to serve as the next U.S. Ambassador to the Co-
    operative Republic of Guyana. I am grateful for the confidence the
    President and Secretary Blinken have placed in me and am thankful for
    your consideration of my nomination. If confirmed, I will work closely
    with you and all Members to advance our nation's interests in Guyana
    and the broader Caribbean.
        Over the past 24 years, I have been privileged to represent the
    United States in 10 countries on four continents. Any success I have
    had was made possible by my family, so I would like to thank my spouse,
    Tom Agnew, my father, Preston Terry Theriot, my mother, Brenda Foti
    Theriot, who passed away in September, and my sister Tiffany Theriot
    for their unstinting love and steadfast support.
        Three of my overseas assignments have been in the Western
    Hemisphere, including two in the Caribbean--Haiti and Barbados--and
    others have been in countries with incredible potential for economic
    growth, so I am familiar with the challenges and opportunities that
    exist in Guyana. I have worked on programs dealing with security and
    the professional development of law enforcement; on increasing
    bilateral trade and investment; on creating stronger military-to-
    military ties for regional security; on combating drug, weapons, and
    human trafficking; on increasing sustainable energy and bolstering
    climate resilience, and on combatting corruption, all while enhancing
    critical people-to-people ties that give us an important advantage over
    others operating in the region, including the People's Republic of
    China. Given my service in the Caribbean and in countries ripe for
    economic advancement such as Morocco and Pakistan, I am particularly
    honored to be considered for this important position in Guyana.
        Guyana is experiencing rapid transformation. It has tremendous
    potential, with large oil reserves and mineral resources, fertile
    agricultural lands, virgin rainforests, a large U.S. diaspora, close
    ties to the United States, and significant opportunities for
    modernization of infrastructure, policies, and processes. It also,
    however, continues to face significant challenges, including climate
    change, crime, poverty, corruption, and trafficking of several types.
    If confirmed, I will work with the Guyanese Government and people to
    address these challenges and bolster and diversify economic growth,
    strengthen democracy and governance, improve respect for human rights,
    and promote opportunity for all Guyanese.
        If confirmed, I will proudly champion U.S. values in ethnically,
    religiously diverse Guyana. I will work with the Government to continue
    responsibly leveraging the country's newfound oil revenues to expand
    economic opportunities, develop reliable infrastructure, and improve
    and expand social services. I will work diligently to increase
    transparent, reciprocal trade and investment and to promote the many
    exciting opportunities for U.S. businesses. I will support the Guyanese
    Government and people to build upon their gains in democratic
    governance and rule of law. I will help them to continue addressing
    humanely the influx of Venezuelan and other migrants, all while
    respecting Guyana's sovereignty. If confirmed, I will work to identify
    immediate opportunities to support Guyana's efforts to strengthen
    democratic institutions across every sector, including being a central
    partner on regional security. A secure, democratic, and prosperous
    Guyana will remain an important ally to the United States in the
    region.
        Guyana is experiencing a period of unprecedented growth, with the
    IMF designating it one of 2022's highest growth economies. With its
    extensive oil reserves, Guyana must carefully guard against the
    ``resource curse'' by diversifying its economy, capitalizing on gains
    in good governance, and strengthening its civil society in an
    equitable, inclusive manner. The Guyanese Government has recently begun
    to tap into its oil wealth to improve critical infrastructure, health,
    and education. If confirmed, I will help build upon this productive
    path that wisely leverages Guyana's new wealth and encourage continued
    partnerships with both the public and private sectors to make sure
    Guyana's transformation benefits all.
        If confirmed, I will work closely with the Guyanese to help them
    reach their laudable goals of greater security, good governance, and
    economic prosperity, all while enhancing bilateral relations. As
    Secretary Blinken's representative to CARICOM, I will work to increase
    U.S.-Caribbean collaboration, especially through the new U.S.-Caribbean
    Partnership to Address the Climate Crisis (PACC 2030), and in the areas
    of regional stability, security, human rights, food and energy
    security, and climate resilience.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, and Members of the
    committee, I sincerely thank you again for the opportunity to appear
    before you today, and I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you very much for that statement,
    and I apologize the confusion. You, of course, are the nominee
    to Guyana. I had my order mixed up here.
        Ms. Theriot. No worries.
        Senator Van Hollen. Now to--now to East Asia and to our
    nominee to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu,
    Ms. Yastishock. Please proceed with your testimony.

         STATEMENT OF ANN MARIE YASTISHOCK, OF PENNSYLVANIA,
          A CAREER MEMBER OF  THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,
          CLASS OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO BE AM-
          BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY   OF
          THE UNITED STATES OF  AMERICA  TO  THE INDEPENDENT
          STATE OF  PAPUA  NEW GUINEA,  AND TO SERVE CONCUR-
          RENTLY AND WITHOUT  ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION AS AM-
          BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF
          THE UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA TO THE SOLOMON IS-
          LANDS  AND  AMBASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENI-
          POTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  TO THE
          REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

        Ms. Yastishock. Thank you, Senator. Chairman Van Hollen,
    Ranking Member Ricketts, good morning. I am honored to appear
    before you as President Biden's nominee for Ambassador to the
    Independent State of Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the
    Republic of Vanuatu. I am grateful for the confidence shown by
    the President and Senator Blinken in nominating me, and I am
    privileged to represent the United States. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working with Congress to strengthen our ties with
    our Pacific neighbors, advance United States' interest in a
    free and open, connected, prosperous, resilient, and secure
    Pacific region. I aim to achieve this by listening to and
    learning from our Pacific partners and finding a path forward
    together that celebrates the Pacific Way.
        I want to thank the most important people in my life: my
    family. Joining me here are my son, Dmitri; my brother, Daniel;
    my sister, Betsy; and brother-in-law, John. Although my parents
    are not here, I know they are looking down today with pride. As
    the youngest of seven children from a long line of public
    servants, my family inspired me to love this country that has
    given us and me so much. If not for their love, support, and
    encouragement, I would not be sitting here today.
        My passion for international affairs began when I served as
    a volunteer American Bar Association lawyer in Central Asia and
    continued as a Foreign Service officer with USAID. Overseeing
    USAID's Pacific expansion as the senior deputy assistant
    administrator has required a broad-based skill set, which, if
    confirmed, I will bring to our work in Micronesia. As a Pacific
    nation, the United States shares much with these proud
    countries, and World War II bonded us together. I will build
    upon this legacy.
        First, I will prioritize the embassy community's well-
    being, including for our invaluable local staff, so that we can
    better support our commitment to the safety and security of
    U.S. citizens in these islands. Second, we will be very
    present, leveraging our growing footprint, including the
    elevated USAID presence and returning Peace Corps volunteers.
    In Papua New Guinea, together with local and international
    partners, we will advance the 10-year whole-of-government
    effort under the U.S. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote
    Stability. In Solomon Islands, we will address the legacy of
    war by shaping the future through improved natural resource
    stewardship.
        As our Vanuatu friends know all too well, the Pacific faces
    increasing natural disasters and rising sea levels, and
    following President Biden's emphasis on the climate crisis, we
    will support local climate resilience adaptation and
    biodiversity. Success will depend on the strength, resilience,
    and vibrancy of our sovereign partners, which appreciate that
    democratic values, rule of law, and education underpin
    productive, inclusive, and connected societies. Together with
    allies and partners, if confirmed, my team and I will help
    these governments and civil society meet democracy's promises.
        Mr. Chairman and Mr. Ranking Member, thank you again, and I
    look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Yastishock follows:]

                   Prepared Statement of Ann Marie Yastishock

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, Members of the
    committee, good morning. I am honored to appear before you as President
    Biden's nominee for Ambassador to the Independent State of Papua New
    Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the Republic of Vanuatu.
        I am grateful for the confidence shown by the President and
    Secretary Blinken in nominating me, and I am privileged to represent
    the United States. If confirmed, I look forward to working with
    Congress to strengthen our ties with our Pacific neighbors and advance
    the United States' interest in a free and open, connected, prosperous,
    resilient, and secure Pacific region. I aim to achieve this by
    listening to, and learning from, our Pacific partners and finding a
    path forward together that celebrates the ``Pacific Way.''
        I want to thank the most important people in my life: my family.
    Joining me here are my son Dmitry, my brother Daniel, my sister Betsy
    and brother-in-law John. Although my parents are not here, I know they
    are looking down today with pride. As the youngest of seven children
    from a long line of public servants, my family inspired me to love this
    country that has given us and me so much. If not for their love,
    support, and encouragement, I would not be sitting here today.
        My passion for international affairs began when I served as a
    volunteer American Bar Association lawyer in Central Asia and continued
    as a Foreign Service Officer with USAID. Overseeing USAID's Pacific
    expansion as Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator has required a
    broad-based skill set, which, if confirmed, I will bring to our work in
    Melanesia.
        As a Pacific nation, the United States shares much with these proud
    countries, and World War II bonded us together. I will build upon this
    legacy,
        First, I will prioritize the embassy community's well-being,
    including for our invaluable local staff so that we can better support
    our commitment to the safety and security of U.S. citizens in these
    islands.
        Second, we will be very ``present,'' leveraging our growing
    footprint, elevated USAID presence, and returning Peace Corps
    Volunteers. In Papua New Guinea and together with local and
    international partners, we will advance the 10-year, whole-of-
    government effort under the U.S. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and
    Promote Stability. In Solomon Islands, we will address the legacy of
    war while shaping the future through improved natural resource
    stewardship.
        As our Vanuatu friends know all too well, the Pacific faces
    increasing natural disasters and rising sea levels, and following
    President Biden's emphasis on the climate crisis, we will support local
    climate resilience, adaptation, and biodiversity.
        Success will depend on the strength, resilience, and vibrancy of
    our sovereign partners, which appreciate that democratic values, rule
    of law, and education underpin productive, inclusive, and connected
    societies. Together with allies and partners, if confirmed, my team and
    I will help these governments and civil society meet democracy's
    promises.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the committee, thank
    you again and I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you for your
    testimony. Now, as we turn to Ms. Dunnigan, I am pleased that
    we are joined by our friend and colleague and the co-chair
    with--along with myself, of the Foreign Service Caucus. Senator
    Sullivan, the floor is yours.
        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member
    Ricketts. It is a great pleasure and honor to be here today to
    introduce you to Robin Dunnigan, the President's nominee to be
    Ambassador to Georgia. Robin and I have known each other for
    more than 30 years, going back to our days at Georgetown where
    we were both in the Master of Science of Foreign Service
    Program. In fact, at that time, I was dating a beautiful,
    brilliant woman named Julie. Robin was dating a great guy named
    Harry. We were all good friends. Julie and I ended up getting
    married, best thing that ever happened to me, and Robin and
    Harry ended up getting married, best thing that ever happened
    to Harry.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Sullivan. Both Robin and Harry ended up joining the
    Foreign Service. Our professional careers have intersected over
    the years, and we have all stayed very good friends.
        Robin joined the Foreign Service in 1992. She has served
    with Harry in the Foreign Service, and I commend the State
    Department for taking care of a very exceptional couple in six
    different countries--Austria, Vietnam, Turkey, Chile, Cuba, and
    El Salvador--as well as multiple tours in D.C. In Austria,
    Robin was Charge d'Affaires and DCM for 3 years.
        Mr. Chairman, she has served our Nation with honor,
    distinction, and professionalism. And as you mentioned, Mr.
    Chairman, just a few weeks ago before this committee, I note
    that the reason you and I co-founded the Senate Foreign Service
    Officers Caucus was to highlight and promote the integrity,
    skill, and professionalism of those who have worked so hard,
    often at significant sacrifice to their families, to promote
    America's foreign policy interests. Robin embodies the type of
    Foreign Service officer that you, Mr. Chairman, and I had in
    mind when we started the caucus.
        Robin is currently the Deputy Assistant Secretary for
    Central and Eastern Europe, which includes Ukraine. Her work
    over the last 18 months--no surprise--has been dominated by
    helping Ukraine defend itself against the brutal Russian
    invasion and unprovoked war. It has been a 24-and-7 effort over
    at the State Department. As you can imagine, she has been
    deeply engaged in working with our allies in Central Europe in
    support of that effort. Other assignments that she has had
    include 3 years as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of
    Energy Resources from August 2014 to August 2017. There, she
    was way ahead of the curve, encouraging European countries to
    diversify away from Russian energy.
        Clearly all this experience, close to the Russian account,
    is going to serve her and America well in Georgia. In some
    ways, our current problems with Russia started in Georgia back
    in 2008 when Russia invaded Georgia. We talk a lot about how
    Russia's invasion of Ukraine was unprecedented in terms of
    scale and duration. It has been, but the world got its first
    taste of what was in store for Russian sovereign neighbors back
    in 2008 in Georgia. Robin is also an economic officer. She has
    spent much of her career advocating for U.S. companies and
    American workers around the globe. In addition to her
    Georgetown degree, Robin is a distinguished graduate of the
    National War College where she earned her master of science in
    national security.
        Mr. Chairman, I can tell you it is very gratifying to be
    able to induce--introduce Robin Dunnigan this morning. She has
    done so much important work for our Nation, but I am sure Robin
    would agree that her most important work has been raising a
    wonderful family with Harry. Their two children, Andrew and
    Anna, as well as Harry are here today.
        I urge all of my colleagues to strongly support Robin's
    confirmation. Thank you.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Senator Sullivan.
    Thank you for your remarks and for being here today. Ms.
    Dunnigan, the floor is yours.

         STATEMENT OF ROBIN DUNNIGAN, OF CALIFORNIA, A CA-
          REER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS
          OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO BE  AMBAS-
          SADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF THE
          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO GEORGIA

        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you for that kind introduction, Senator
    Sullivan, and thank you for your tremendous service to the
    United States as a Senator, a Marine, and Assistant Secretary
    of State, and many other positions. I would also like to thank
    you and Senator Van Hollen for your strong support of the
    Foreign Service, including as co-founders of the Senate Foreign
    Service Caucus.
        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, distinguished
    members of the committee, thank you for this opportunity. I am
    deeply honored to be President Biden's nominee to serve as U.S.
    Ambassador to Georgia, and I am grateful for the confidence the
    President and Secretary Blinken have placed in me. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely with this
    committee and all members of Congress to advance the interests
    of the United States in Georgia. It has been a privilege to
    represent the United States as a career Foreign Service officer
    for more than 30 years. I have promoted U.S. interests across
    the globe, working to promote American--protect Americans,
    expand our economic prosperity, and promote and defend the
    democratic values at the heart of who we are as a country.
        If confirmed, I will focus on four priorities. First, my
    highest duty will be to ensure the safety and security of the
    team working at the U.S. embassy and of all Americans in
    Georgia. Second, if confirmed, I will work with the Georgian
    Government and the people of Georgia to help them realize their
    dream of being firmly integrated with the EU, NATO, and the
    West. Not only will Euro-Atlantic integration benefit the
    citizens of Georgia, I deeply believe it is in the U.S.
    national interests. We want a democratic Georgia firmly
    integrated with the West, capable of defending its borders and
    able to withstand the pressure of Russian malign activities.
    Georgia has made remarkable progress over the last 30 years,
    but some concerning developments show there is more to do.
        Third, I will strengthen bilateral trade and investment,
    including by increasing U.S. exports and opportunities for
    American companies in Georgia. My final priority will be to
    advocate for Georgia's sovereignty and territorial integrity as
    Russia still occupies 20 percent of its territory. I will work
    with Georgia and our international partners to hold Russia to
    its commitments under the 2008 ceasefire agreement and the U.N.
    Charter.
        Finally, I would like to thank and introduce my family: my
    husband of 30 years, Harry Kamian, who is also a Foreign
    Service officer, and our children, Andrew and Anna. As our
    careers have carried us around the world, Andrew and Anna--oh,
    sorry--have weathered multiple moves, adapting to new schools,
    new friends with remarkable humor and resilience. I am so proud
    of the young adults they have become. I would not be here today
    without the love and support of my family and my extended
    family. My dad, who was a small business owner, and my mom, who
    was a teacher, taught my siblings and me the value of
    integrity, honesty, hard work, and kindness--principles I try
    to live by every day.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, thank you, and I look forward
    to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Dunnigan follows:]

                      Prepared Statement of Robin Dunnigan

        Thank you for that kind introduction, Senator Sullivan. And thank
    you for your tremendous service to the United States, as a Senator, a
    Marine, and an Assistant Secretary of State, among other positions. I
    would also like to thank you and Senator Van Hollen for your strong
    support for the Foreign Service, including as co-founders of the
    bipartisan Senate Foreign Service Caucus.
        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished
    members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear
    before you today. I am deeply honored to be President Biden's nominee
    to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Georgia, and I am grateful for the
    confidence the President and Secretary Blinken have placed in me. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely with this Committee, all
    members of Congress, and your teams to advance the interests of the
    United States in Georgia.
        It has been a privilege to represent the United States as a career
    Foreign Service Officer for more than thirty years. I have promoted
    U.S. interests across the globe, working to protect American citizens,
    expand our economic prosperity, and promote and defend the democratic
    values at the heart of who we are as a country.
        If confirmed, I will focus on four priorities. First, my highest
    duty will be to ensure the safety and security of the team working at
    the U.S. Embassy and of all Americans in Georgia. Having worked over
    the last 18 months to help keep our Embassy team in Kyiv safe in a very
    challenging environment, I know this responsibility is sacred.
        Second, if confirmed, I will work with the Georgian Government and
    Georgian people to help them realize their desire to further integrate
    with the EU, NATO, and the West, and to further their democratic
    future. Not only will Euro-Atlantic integration benefit the citizens of
    Georgia, I deeply believe it is in the U.S. national interest. We want
    a democratic Georgia firmly integrated with the West, capable of
    defending its borders and able to withstand the pressure of Russian
    malign activities, including Russian disinformation. Georgia has made
    remarkable progress over the last 30 years, but some concerning
    developments show more remains to be done. The European Union provided
    Georgia with a roadmap of reforms it should complete to achieve its aim
    of EU candidate status this year. If confirmed, I look forward to
    supporting Georgia as it pursues these reforms.
        Third, I will strengthen bilateral trade and investment, including
    by increasing opportunities for U.S. companies in Georgia and for
    Georgian investment in the United States. I will vigorously promote
    U.S. exports and encourage reforms to foster a fair and transparent
    business environment. I will also work with the Georgian Government to
    defend against potential coercive economic practices, including from
    Russia and the People's Republic of China.
        Russia's brutal war against Ukraine violates the U.N. Charter's
    most fundamental principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.
    Georgians know this Russian playbook all too well, because they saw it
    happen in their own country in 2008 and experience it every day, as
    Russia still occupies approximately 20 percent of Georgian territory.
    My final priority will be to advocate for Georgia's sovereignty and
    territorial integrity. I will commit to work with Georgia and our
    international partners to hold Russia to its obligations and
    commitments under the 2008 ceasefire agreement and the U.N. Charter.
        Our partnership over the past 30 years has benefitted both the
    people of Georgia and the United States. Georgia has been a steadfast
    NATO Partner for Peace since 1994 and was the largest non-NATO
    contributor of forces to Afghanistan, standing side-by-side with
    American troops. We have tremendous people-to-people ties, with
    thousands of exchanges over the decades. If confirmed, I hope to build
    on this strong legacy of partnership and cooperation.
        Finally, I would like to thank and introduce my family, who are
    with me here today. My husband of 30 years, Harry Kamian, who is also a
    Foreign Service Officer, and our children Andrew and Anna. As our
    careers carried us around the world, Andrew and Anna weathered multiple
    moves, adapting to new schools and new friends with remarkable humor
    and resilience. I am so incredibly proud of the young adults they have
    become. I would not be here today without the love and support of
    Harry, Andrew and Anna, and my extended family. My dad, who was a small
    business owner, and my mom, who was a teacher, taught my siblings and
    me the value of integrity, honesty, hard work and kindness, principles
    I try to live by every day.
        Mr. Chairman, Mr. Ranking Member, thank you again for this
    opportunity and I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Ms. Dunnigan, and thank you
    and all those who have introduced, you know, members of the
    family and loved ones. As you said, it is a--it is a team
    effort.
        So, Mr. Kostelancik of Illinois, who was appointed by the
    President--nominated by the President to be Ambassador to the
    Republic of Albania, the floors is yours.

        STATEMENT OF DAVID J. KOSTELANCIK, OF ILLINOIS, A CA-
         REER MEMBER OF  THE SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,  CLASS
         OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,   NOMINATED  TO  BE   AMBAS-
         SADOR  EXTRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE
         UNITED STATES  OF  AMERICA  TO THE REPUBLIC OF ALBA-
         NIA

        Mr. Kostelancik. Thank you, Chairman. Chairman Van Hollen,
    Ranking Member Ricketts, it is a privilege to appear before you
    today. I am honored to be the nominee for U.S. Ambassador to
    the Republic of Albania, and I thank President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken for their confidence in me.
        I want to begin by recognizing those who have made it
    possible for me to be here today. First, I want to honor my
    wife, Trish, for her love, commitment, and support during 30
    years of marriage. I want to thank our three sons--Tim, Dan,
    and Ben--for the sacrifices they have made growing up with
    frequent moves and the demands of life in the Foreign Service,
    and my sister, Kathi, and brother, Ken, for their steadfast
    support. Our parents are no longer with us, but their examples
    of hard work, sacrifice, and lifelong devotion to the Chicago
    Cubs made us what we are.
        [Laughter.]
        Mr. Kostelancik. I am a career Foreign Service officer with
    over 30 years of experience. From 1992 to 1994, I had the
    unique opportunity of serving as the first political economic
    officer assigned to the newly-reopened U.S. Embassy in Albania,
    whose citizens rejected decades of communist dictatorship and
    embraced democracy and freedom. I saw the hope that sprang from
    people's desire for liberty, to revive the dormant links
    between our countries, and transform expectations for a better
    future into reality. Fast forward 30 years, Albania's progress
    as a young democracy is astonishing. Today, Albania plays an
    active role in supporting U.S. global priorities as a NATO ally
    and rotating member of the U.N. Security Council, and in 2022,
    Albania opened EU accession negotiations. Still, there is a
    great deal more we can and must do together.
        If confirmed, I will focus on the following priorities. My
    primary responsibility will be the welfare and safety of U.S.
    citizens in Albania. Second, I would continue work with
    Albanians to strengthen democratic and judicial institutions.
    President Biden identified fighting, corruption, and organized
    crime as part of our national security strategy, key tasks in
    the Western Balkans. Advancing legal and judicial reforms also
    will advance Albania's EU ambitions.
        Third, I would build on our defense partnership. My work
    with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has reinforced
    for me the importance of allies. Iran's cyberattack against
    Albania in 2022 showed the need to develop a multifaceted
    approach to investing in allies' defensive infrastructure and
    training. Finally, I would continue strengthening the business
    climate. U.S. interests are served by promoting a rules-based,
    transparent marketplace in Albania. Albania's progress on these
    objectives advances our own national priorities.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with Congress to
    address these challenges. I would be honored to build on 30
    years of hard work in and with Albania. Thank you for
    considering my nomination. I would be pleased to take your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Kostelancik follows:]

                  Prepared Statement for David J. Kostelancik

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, distinguished Members
    of the committee. It is a privilege to appear before you today. I am
    honored to be the nominee for U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of
    Albania, and I thank President Biden and Secretary Blinken for their
    confidence in me. If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with
    Congress to advance U.S. interests in Albania.
        I want to start by recognizing those who have made it possible for
    me to be here today. First, I want to honor my wife, Trish, for her
    love, commitment, and support for over 30 years of marriage. I want to
    thank our three sons--Tim, Dan, and Ben--for the sacrifices they have
    made growing up with frequent moves and the demands of life in the
    Foreign Service. I want to thank my sister Kathi and brother Ken for
    their steadfast support every step of the way. Our parents are no
    longer with us, but their examples of hard work and sacrifice still
    inspire us.
        I am a career Foreign Service Officer with over 30 years of
    experience. It has been my privilege to work on broadening and
    deepening our bilateral ties with a range of partners and allies. I
    have served in Albania, Turkey, Russia, Hungary, at NATO and the OSCE.
    Much of my career has focused on supporting close relationships between
    the United States and Allies and partners as well as defending and
    advancing respect for human rights. I have also always prioritized the
    welfare and safety of U.S. citizens abroad, and if confirmed I will
    continue to do so in Albania.
        From 1992-94, I had the unique opportunity of serving in Albania as
    the first Political/Economic officer assigned to the newly re-opened
    U.S. embassy after a 52-year break in diplomatic ties. I found myself
    in a rapidly changing country, whose citizens rejected decades of
    communist dictatorship and enthusiastically embraced democracy and
    freedom. I traveled throughout Albania and saw the hope that sprang
    from people's desire for liberty--to revive the dormant links between
    our countries and transform expectations for a better future into
    reality.
        Fast-forward 30 years. Albania's progress as a relatively young
    democracy is astonishing. Today, Albania plays an active role in
    supporting U.S. global priorities. Albania is a NATO Ally and
    contributes humanitarian and military assistance where needed. Serving
    as a rotating member on the United Nations Security Council, it has
    been a close U.S. partner and our co-pen holder on resolutions to hold
    Russia accountable for its war in Ukraine. In July 2022, Albania opened
    European Union accession negotiations, a major step toward EU
    membership and a reflection of Albania's progress on democratic and
    judicial reforms. There is a still a great deal of work to do, however,
    and if confirmed, I will focus on the following three priorities.
        First, I would continue work with Albanians to strengthen
    democratic and judicial institutions. President Biden identified
    fighting corruption and organized crime as part of our National
    Security Strategy, an essential endeavor in the Western Balkans. We
    will work with Albanians to further their efforts to make their
    judicial system more equitable and trusted. We need to continue
    providing guidance and resources for Albanians to succeed in their EU
    ambitions.
        Second, I would build on our defense partnership bilaterally and at
    NATO. My work with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has
    reinforced for me the importance of allies. Iran's cyberattack against
    Albania in 2022 showed the need to develop a multifaceted approach to
    investing in our allies' defensive infrastructure and training. I am
    proud of our coordinated response to Iran's attack and, if confirmed,
    look forward to working with Congress to address critical emerging
    threats and to show the world the United States stands with our Allies.
        Third, I would continue strengthening the business climate in
    Albania. Albania needs our help developing an economic ecosystem that
    creates jobs and opportunities in both our countries, eliminating
    corruption that limits quality of life. We can serve U.S. interests by
    promoting a rules-based and transparent marketplace in Albania.
        U.S. partnership and assistance are vital to Albania as it
    implements domestic reforms, attracts foreign direct investment,
    contributes to regional stability, and remains active in global
    matters. Albania's progress on these objectives advances U.S. national
    priorities. If confirmed, I would build on 30 years of hard work in,
    and with, Albania.
        Thank you for considering my nomination. I would be pleased to take
    your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you very much for your testimony.
    Thank all of you. So we will now begin the rounds of
    questioning, and I am going to start with Papua New Guinea and
    the other Pacific Islands to which you have been nominated.
        Let me--let me ask you about the Pacific partnership
    Strategy that was outlined by the White House in September
    2022. And as you, I am confident, hope you will be confirmed,
    as you take on these new responsibilities, how are you going to
    achieve the goal of ensuring that what we see as the growing
    geopolitical competition in the region does not undermine the
    sovereignty and the security of the Pacific Islands, and,
    specifically, those to which you have been nominated to be our
    Ambassador?
        Ms. Yastishock. Thank you, Senator, very much for that
    question. I think the growing competition is probably one of
    our major concerns in the Pacific Islands and ensuring the
    sovereignty of each of the countries, particularly Papua New
    Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. I think, first of all, we
    need to look at what we bring. It does not start with the
    question of the PRC but what we bring to the table, and that
    is, we bring the advancement of transparency, democratic
    values, also working with civil societies, but also, as I
    mentioned in my statement, listening and learning from our
    Pacific partners under the Pacific Way.
        I think, you know, the other part about it is, is that we
    want to ensure that our countries are not trapped into these
    predatory economic opportunities, that they build the capacity
    and the resilience of each of the countries, not just relying
    on imported labor to build infrastructure but making sure that
    they meet the high standards that are required and what we want
    to see under the Indo-Pacific Strategy. So it is really working
    with our countries to ensure that we are building the
    resiliency, building the capacity, shining the light on those
    activities that are not in compliance with what their
    development goals are, as well as what their vision is for
    their development.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, and I may come back to you
    for some further questions in a moment. But to Ms. Theriot, in
    Guyana, as you know, there have been relatively recent
    discoveries of significant oil reserves. And I know the new
    President is committed to try to make sure that these are
    developed in a responsible way, a transparent way, and where
    the proceeds are invested to benefit the people of his country.
    But we often hear that as the goal at the outset, and in many
    countries we have--we have not seen those different goals
    followed.
        So what can you do as our Ambassador to try to help Guyana
    ensure that there is a responsible development of these
    reserves? And I also understand the President is committed to
    try to invest some of the proceeds in renewable energy. If you
    could just talk about that.
        Ms. Theriot. Absolutely. Thank you very much for that
    question. You are absolutely correct that we have seen the
    ``resource curse'' harm of other countries, and I believe that,
    if confirmed, my role would be to provide guidance and support
    to the Ali government, to the current Guyanese Government, in
    making sure that they do follow very sustainable, appropriate
    ways of developing their oil and gas sector. I think that is
    something that U.S. companies bring to the table.
        U.S. companies provide quality, reliability, and
    sustainability, and the Guyanese have shown that, because of
    their newfound oil wealth, they no longer have to always go
    with the lowest bidder for important infrastructure and other
    projects. Instead, they can now go to the quality, reliable
    company, and they have shown that. In November of 2022, the
    largest tender ever awarded in Guyana went to a U.S.
    consortium, even though that consortium's bid was higher than
    the other bidders, and that is because they bring what Guyana
    is now looking for to the table. They also bring a robust CSR
    package, which helps the people of Guyana.
        So I do believe that with their partnership with the United
    States and with U.S. companies, we can ensure that the resource
    curse is not going to be an issue for Guyana.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, and just in my remaining
    time, one of the issues, as you know, in Guyana is their
    neighbor, Venezuela. And the dictator in Venezuela, Nicolas
    Maduro, has made threatening remarks against Guyana over a
    territorial dispute dating back to the 19th century. Can you
    confirm just for the record that the Biden administration and
    you will stand by Guyana in this territorial dispute?
        Ms. Theriot. Absolutely, Mr. Chairman. We will continue to
    respect and support the current boundaries of Guyana as laid
    out in the 1899 arbitral award, unless or until a competent
    legal body, like the ICJ, decides otherwise, and we really hope
    for a peaceful resolution to this issue.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Ricketts?
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Well, Mr.
    Kostelancik, I am sure you know today is opening day for the
    Cubs. We have the Brewers at home, so hopefully we start off
    the season well.
        On a more somber note, all of you are going to face the
    challenges that the Chinese Communist Party poses. President Xi
    has said that, essentially, he wants to be the world-dominating
    power by 2049, and I do not think that is in any of our
    interests anywhere around the world that that is going to be a
    good thing.
        Ms. Theriot, I want to talk you a little bit about the--
    Guyana. You know, obviously they are a democracy and a friend,
    which is a welcome thing in that part of the--part of the world
    that is so close to us. And as mentioned, in 2015, ExxonMobil
    made a discovery of oil there, and I think that, on a per
    capita basis, that only Kuwait has more oil than Guyana now,
    and we certainly want to encourage that development in a
    responsible way. I think you said earlier that American
    companies provide that reliability, correct?
        My understanding is Guyana Shore Base, a private company
    based in Georgetown, asked the Inter-American Development
    Bank--IDB--for help in upgrading the Guyanese infrastructure,
    and IDB proposed $180 million in debt financing for the
    project. The Biden administration vetoed that, though, and the
    reasoning is they want to back oil and gas projects. And I
    think that is short-sighted given that China has no such
    restrictions and is aggressively signing contracts to build
    infrastructure in Guyana and around the world. And certainly, I
    think we would all agree that we are going to do a better job
    on that and, of course, contrasted with the administration then
    provided sanctions relief to Venezuela's authoritarian Maduro
    regime to boost oil production.
        What are your thoughts on the Biden administration's
    decision to block the IDB loan?
        Ms. Theriot. Thank you very much, Mr. Ranking Member. That
    decision was made in March of 2022. I would say that things
    have changed significantly since the war on the Ukraine has
    dragged on, and energy security is a real concern and a
    significant issue. What I would do, if confirmed, is to make
    sure that there is a level playing field for U.S. companies in
    Guyana. I think that is our entree into ensuring that China
    does not take over this industry. I think it is incredibly
    important that we remain the preferred partner in Guyana,
    whether it be the U.S. Government for security cooperation or
    U.S. companies for oil and gas development. That is something
    that I would work diligently to ensure.
        Senator Ricketts. So do you think blocking the IDB loan was
    against our strategic interests?
        Ms. Theriot. Blocking the IDB loan was in line with the
    current Biden administration--their priority to not contribute
    further to oil and gas development of fossil fuels. I think
    that because that vote is no longer an issue, that we can only
    move forward and work to ensure that U.S. companies are given a
    level playing field in the country.
        Senator Ricketts. So do you think given--what I hear you
    saying is because of the changing circumstances, you think that
    the--well, the world has changed since the invasion of Ukraine.
    Do you think if that were to come up again, that the Biden
    administration should allow that loan to go forward for a U.S.
    company to develop the resources there?
        Ms. Theriot. I would not want to speculate on that. I think
    we would have to see what the decision would be. Guyana's oil
    and gas sector is developing very well through private sector
    investment, and I cannot speculate on what the result of that
    vote would be, sir.
        Senator Ricketts. Do you know what Guyana's reaction to the
    decision to block the IDB loan was?
        Ms. Theriot. They were quite displeased.
        Senator Ricketts. Do you believe that Guyana views the U.S.
    as an unreliable partner and would turn to China because of
    that?
        Ms. Theriot. No, sir, I do not think that is the case, and
    they have shown time and time again that we are the preferred
    partner, both the U.S. Government and U.S. companies.
        Senator Ricketts. And maybe we will have some more time to
    follow up on some of the other things here as well, but I want
    to go to Ms. Yastishock with regard to, again, staying on the
    topic of the CCP and the Solomon Islands. My understanding is
    that China signed an agreement with the Solomon Islands with
    regard to the naval bases there, and this was a surprise to the
    Biden administration. What would you be able to do with regard
    to that agreement to be able to make sure that we continue to
    have a strong relationship with the Solomon Islands, and is
    there a way that we can--that's a 5-year agreement is my
    understanding. Is there a way that we can convince the Solomon
    Islands not to renew that because obviously having the Chinese
    navy so close to our allies in Australia and to shipping lanes
    is certainly a big issue?
        Ms. Yastishock. Thank you, Senator Ricketts, for that
    question. The agreement was signed, and Solomon Islands has
    confirmed and has stated that they are not going to be locating
    PRC bases in the country, but what we will be doing is
    providing additional security assistance through different
    ways. We have discussed a shiprider agreement with the Solomon
    Islands. We are looking at providing additional security
    capacity building, which we think is more sustainable and will
    ensure the sovereignty of the country rather than relying on
    foreign forces. So I think that there is a lot of discussion,
    and I am committed, if confirmed, to continue that discussion
    to ensure the safety of the region but also ensuring that we
    become the partner of choice as well.
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Kaine?
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Mr. Chair, and congratulations to
    each of the nominees. You have very, very stellar backgrounds
    and are well positioned to serve in the positions for which you
    have been nominated. Ms. Theriot--am I my pronouncing it
    right--``THER-io?
        Ms. Theriot. Sir, it is ``TER-io.''
        Senator Kaine. Theriot. Ms. Theriot, I want to follow up on
    Senator Ricketts' points about the IDB loan because I had a
    chance to meet with President Ali last July, a few months after
    the U.S. had blocked their efforts to receive funding for
    energy sector improvements, and it is putting it mildly to say
    they were displeased. They were incredibly disappointed by
    this. And I have had similar discussions with other leaders in
    the region--Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago--who have energy
    resources, but they feel like the United States is standing in
    the way of them developing their own energy resources and
    stopping them from developing their own economies.
        And the point that that President Ali made to me, and
    others have as well, is, okay, you say you are an ally. You
    should want us to be able to develop our economy just like you
    have developed yours. Yes, that is true. You say that you want
    to help nations wean themselves away from overreliance on
    petrol dictators, like Venezuela or Russia or Iran or Saudi
    Arabia, and have more available energy to backstop if they move
    away from petrol dictators. Yes, that is American policy. You
    are blocking us then from doing those things, developing our
    own economy, and creating a resource that can help people move
    away from reliance on petrol dictators, but you are blocking us
    in a foolish way because we can go to China and get these
    investments and without the strings attached.
        I understand and share the administration's priority in
    battling climate change, but as I have said at this committee
    before, there are sort of three goals right now that can be
    somewhat contradictory--battling climate change, helping our
    allies develop their economies, helping people wean themselves
    away from over-dependence on petrol dictators--and they can be
    in conflict. But what I have yet to hear from the
    administration is kind of how do we harmonize these things.
    Instead, it feels like there is a tug-of-war in the White House
    between the we got to help people wean themselves away from
    over-reliance on dictators versus we got to be against fossil
    fuel projects anywhere. And it is taking allies that are good
    allies and pushing them away from us.
        I think there is a strategy that can be articulated by the
    administration that is probably a phasing strategy, that here
    we are during this this war and it is imposing significant
    challenges for nations that have relied on petrol dictators. We
    need to have a strategy that can, in time, move nations away.
    We do want to help allied nations develop their economies, be a
    partner in that. We do not want them to go to China to get
    resources when there are resources that are available that we
    can provide them with. I think--I think there is a phasing
    strategy on this.
        And this is not for you, but I am just saying it because I
    hope somebody from the State Department or the administration
    is listening. You still have not come to Congress and explained
    these competing priorities and how you intend to manage them
    and phase them. But the cost so far has been to take nations
    that are allies of ours and make them angry with us and push
    them to over-reliance possibly on China, which is not a smart
    move long term. So I just want to put that on the record.
        Let me ask you this. The Caribbean region can tend to be
    overlooked. We do recognize that--the Caribbean Basin Security
    Initiative. It is a bipartisan success. It is a regionalized
    cooperation that has demonstrated that the U.S. is remaining a
    partner of choice in the Caribbean. Senator Rubio and I have
    introduced the authorizing legislation for CBSI earlier this
    month, the companion bill on the House side by Representative
    Espaillat. If confirmed, how will you continue to encourage
    Guyana to fully implement provisions of the Inter-American
    Convention Against Corruption and increase resourcing for
    critically-important law enforcement and judicial institutions?
        Ms. Theriot. Thank you very much for that question, Senator
    Kaine. I am well aware of your and Senator Rubio's legislation,
    and I think it is very much needed. It is going to expand and
    enhance CBSI. I think what is important to bear in mind is that
    most of the security issues that Guyana faces are replicated
    throughout the Caribbean, whether it be the need to enhance
    citizen security; to counter the influx of weapons coming into
    the region; to counter narcotics trafficking; to bolster
    climate resilience, or to combat corruption as you just
    mentioned. Those are all problems that exist throughout the
    region, and a regional problem needs a regional solution. That
    is exactly what CBSI is. And we have been doing it for 10-plus
    years, so we have that expertise.
        I am also very pleased to see Guyana becoming more actively
    engaged with some of the other multilateral and regional
    security organizations, like CARICOM IMPACS, including the
    Crime Gun Intelligence Unit, which we assist, and also RSS.
    They are also working more with other bilateral partners,
    including our European colleagues who bring other expertise to
    bear. So I think this is exactly the right approach to address
    these issues, and, if confirmed, I would work to harmonize
    these efforts and also to implement all aspects of the
    legislation that would allow for greater security in both
    Guyana and the greater Caribbean.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Kaine. So, Ms.
    Dunnigan, some questions on Georgia. I am sure you have been
    following the protests there earlier this month over the so-
    called foreign agents bill. And while the Georgian parliament
    ultimately dropped the bill after a massive public outcry, this
    still signals a worrying trend, not just in Georgia but other
    countries around the world, in terms of legislative and other
    crackdowns on NGOs and civil society. And I know in the eyes of
    the protesters in Georgia, it appeared to be an example of
    undue Russian influence.
        If you could just talk a little bit about your perception
    of Russian influence in the Georgian political system today--
    obviously, they are a neighbor--but where that stands because
    we have been watching that closely. And, of course, the EU has
    also been watching it closely and has expressed concerns about
    the state of democracy in Georgia, and it is one of the reasons
    they deferred EU candidate status. So if you could just talk
    about that set of issues.
        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for the
    question. I did follow the protests in Georgia over the foreign
    agents law, and I think it is very--I think they were
    reflective of the Georgian people's desire to have their future
    firmly integrated with the West and the EU. We see this over
    and over again, the Georgian--people of Georgia's commitment to
    this path, and I think it is in our national interest to
    continue to support them in this path.
        I do believe that Russia is implementing malign activities
    in Georgia, including disinformation, and that is having an
    impact on the country. It is why I think our assistance to help
    them implement their democratic reforms is so essential. The EU
    has laid out 12 reforms that Georgia needs to implement in
    order to obtain EU candidate status, and if confirmed, I would
    work closely with the Government to support them in
    implementing those reforms. And I share your concern, Senator,
    and if I were confirmed, I look forward to staying in close
    touch on this issue because I think it is an essential issue
    for the region and in Georgia.
        Senator Van Hollen. Well, thank you. You mentioned
    disinformation and misinformation campaigns. One of those is
    the effort by a lot of Russian propagandists to suggest that
    the United States is trying to draw Georgia into Russia and
    Ukraine, which, of course, is not true. So thank you for your
    efforts that you are going to undertake there.
        Mr. Kostelancik, I was in the Munich Conference not too
    long ago. Senator Shaheen and I met with Prime Minister Rama.
    You mentioned in your opening statement the issue that he
    focused 75 percent of his time on, which is his really
    desperate need for the United States to support Albania's
    efforts to counter cyberattacks that have taken place against
    their infrastructure. I do not need to revisit the history of
    how we got to this point, but can you just emphasize how you
    will work with Albania to meet their concerns and help provide
    the resources necessary to protect their--them from these
    attacks?
        Mr. Kostelancik. Thank you for the question, Senator. Yes,
    those attacks were malicious and did a great deal of damage to
    Albania. I have been proud of the fact that since that time,
    not only the United States, but together with partners from the
    European Union, NATO, and other countries around the world, we
    have brought experts to Albania to help them to begin to
    mitigate, to repair the damage that was done, and to reinforce
    and to build a stronger, more resilient cyber system across
    sectors in Albania.
        The United States has committed $50 million in assistance
    to help Albania at this point, and our cooperation with them
    will continue in both the civilian and defense sectors to
    ensure that Albania can meet future threats and challenges that
    come not just potentially from Iran but from other malign
    activities actors in the cyber sphere.
        Senator Van Hollen. Well, thank you because it was the
    issue that that he focused on during the meeting. We also
    talked about the Open Balkan Initiative, and the prime minister
    was very positive about that as an alternative way to achieve
    economic development in the region as they--as they continue to
    press for EU membership. Finally, as you know, Albania has
    hosted a number of Afghan refugees, and, if confirmed, can you
    assure this committee that you will help provide Albania the
    support they need to continue in that effort?
        Mr. Kostelancik. Thank you, Senator. Yes, I will assure the
    committee, and I pledge that I will do all that I can, together
    with the Albanian Government, with the other parts of the U.S.
    interagency that are involved with the processing of Afghan
    SIVs through Albania, which has been a gracious host since the
    summer of 2021 to Afghans looking for a new home. We will work
    with the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland
    Security, and within the State Department to expedite the
    processing of those persons in Albania as quickly as possible.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Ricketts?
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Ms. Dunnigan, I
    want to go back to what we were talking about previously with
    the Georgian Dream and, of course, the influence of Bidzina
    Ivanishvili. Am I getting that name, really kind of ballpark,
    in the area? And I was wondering, so what--can you get more
    specific about what can we do to combat the influence of what
    is going on there with regard to the--what the Russians are
    trying to do to pull them, Georgia, closer to their sphere of
    influence?
        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you, Senator. It really is a critical
    question, and I deeply believe that our support to continue
    Georgia on this path to build its democratic institutions, to
    strengthen its independent media, to strengthen its judiciary,
    that these are all of the sorts of steps that help strengthen a
    society and make it more resilient to Russian malign activities
    or malign activities by the PRC.
        So the work we do with Georgia in terms of security
    cooperation and economic cooperation, trying to integrate
    Georgia with the West, develop their middle corridor, through
    energy infrastructure and transport infrastructure, these are
    all of the steps that really do help cement Georgia's future
    with the West. And, if confirmed, I would continue to make this
    a priority because I think it is essential.
        Senator Ricketts. Do we need to take a harder line against
    some of these anti-democratic forces in Georgia?
        Mr. Kostelancik. Thank you. I believe it is imperative that
    we are frank with the Georgian Government about concerning
    steps that we have seen, and I would continue to be frank with
    the Government if confirmed. And so that is a conversation that
    I know we are having with the Government now and I would
    continue to have.
        Senator Ricketts. Okay. Thank you. And, Mr. Kostelancik,
    just how do you assess our cyber cooperation with Albania right
    now? Is there more that we need to do?
        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you, Senator, for the question. At the
    moment, we have marshaled resources from the Department of
    Defense, from civilian sources, and from the U.S. Government to
    provide as much expertise, and help, training to Albanians as
    they build out protections against future cyberattacks. We are
    working very closely with the Albanian Government, and I am
    heartened as well by the help and assistance that is rendered
    by European partners, by others from around the world, as well
    as NATO through its Cyber Excellence Center. So there are a
    number of resources that are being applied to the challenge
    right now. If confirmed, I pledge to you that we will continue
    those efforts. They are important to securing Albania's
    cybersecurity, and as a NATO ally, that has great importance
    for us as well.
        Senator Ricketts. So do you assess that Albania is
    satisfied with our efforts?
        Mr. Kostelancik. I believe they are looking for us to
    continue to commit to do more. I will pledge to do all that I
    can, knowing that there are partners besides the United States
    that also have significant expertise and experience that are
    ready to provide that. Working all together, we hope that we
    can address Albania's needs.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Ricketts, and,
    Senator Duckworth apparently is on the way, has some questions.
    So in the meantime, I will follow up with a few questions, and,
    Senator Ricketts, if you would like to as well, please feel
    free to do so.
        I do want to mention that just today, the U.N. General
    Assembly adopted a resolution, led by Vanuatu, that calls upon
    the International Court of Justice to develop an advisory
    opinion clarifying the obligations of states to protect rights
    of future generations from adverse climate change, which does
    bring me, Ms. Yastishock, to a question that I did want to
    follow up with you on regarding the issue of the rainforests in
    Papua New Guinea.
        Obviously, all these countries are directly threatened by
    rising sea levels and climate change. In the case of Papua New
    Guinea, they are also home to 13 percent of the world's
    rainforests, and I know that USAID has been working with them
    to try to develop plans to create alternatives to the current
    practice, which is cutting down a lot of the rainforests, but
    all of us know that that, you know, this is a race against
    time. So I am interested in your thoughts on how we can help
    the people of Papua New Guinea when it comes to making sure
    that their people can have a livelihood and, at the same time,
    make sure that we can protect the rainforests, which would, of
    course, be in their interest and the interest of the entire
    world when it comes to climate change and sea level rise.
        Ms. Yastishock. Thank you, Senator, for question. Yes,
    Papua New Guinea is rich in biodiversity, and the rainforest
    is--and tropical forests are one of the areas that USAID has
    been working on. We have entered into a bilateral agreement
    with Papua New Guinea on biodiversity adaptation as well as
    conservation efforts. Looking at where we have worked in other
    areas, we have adopted a number of livelihood programs that
    ensure the safe use and the resources of the rainforests and
    while also preserving the livelihoods of the people. So if
    confirmed, I will continue that work and build upon it so that
    we are preserving the natural resources of the country.
        Senator Van Hollen. All right. Welcome, Senator Duckworth,
    and the floor is yours.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Senator Van Hollen.
        Senator Van Hollen. And let me--let me also say the gavel
    is going to be yours because I do have to run to another
    meeting momentarily. I want to thank and congratulate, again,
    all of the witnesses for your nominations. I certainly look
    forward to supporting each of your nominations to be
    Ambassadors. Thank you for your service. Senator Ricketts,
    after Senator Duckworth goes, you are, of course, free to
    continue asking questions, but let me turn it over to Senator
    Duckworth.
        Senator Duckworth [presiding]. Wonderful. Thank you. It is
    opening day, by the way. All us Cubbies are super excited. Ms.
    Yastishock--did I pronounce that correctly--thank you for your
    statement today and for your lifelong dedication to public
    service.
        Obviously, there is a significant concern about the growing
    PRC influence in the Pacific Islands region, particularly since
    the announcement of a security partnership between the PRC and
    the Solomon Islands. As you know, this committee has recently
    authorized additional diplomatic resources to be devoted to the
    region as a signal of our dedication and commitment, and I have
    been a strong supporter of those efforts. That said, my own
    regular travels through the Indo-Pacific have reinforced my
    belief that our engagement with regional partners cannot be
    built primarily or solely around a strategic competition with
    the PRC. Rather, I believe that we need to meet our partners
    where they are and to figure out how we work together to meet
    their needs as well as our own. We also need to figure out how
    to leverage our closest regional partners, such as Australia
    and New Zealand, in these efforts.
        What do you see as the key challenges for the United States
    in our efforts to bring the Pacific Island countries into
    closer partnership with the United States, and, if confirmed,
    how would you work to address those challenges in Papua New
    Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu?
        Ms. Yastishock. Thank you, Senator. I think one that you
    put your finger on is that we need to be there, increasing our
    presence through our diplomatic efforts. We're elevating
    USAID's presence in Papua New Guinea to establish a country
    representative office, bringing back the Peace Corps to the
    region. Having our presence there is part of addressing that
    issue.
        I think the other part that we need to focus on is really
    building the capacity of each of the countries. Our difference
    in the model that we bring as compared to others in the region,
    such as the PRC, is to really work with our partners, listening
    to them, learning from them, understanding what their needs
    are, and building their capacity. And we do that in conjunction
    and cooperation with our allied like-minded partners, including
    Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
        We can see that in some of the programs that we are already
    working on, for instance, in Papua New Guinea, on the
    electrification program, which is a joint effort between Papua
    New Guinea, U.S., Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. And so
    that is our difference. That is what we bring is to make sure
    that our partners have the capacity, able to make those
    decisions and decide their own paths forward.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I think there is also--you
    know, in addition to electrification, also healthcare
    opportunities there to do some joint--some joint missions as
    well.
        My colleagues here have heard me speak time and again about
    my interest in elevating the U.S.-ASEAN relationship, which was
    bolstered last year by a special summit in May. As you know,
    last year, the Biden administration also hosted the first-ever
    U.S.-Pacific Island Country Summit here in D.C. in September.
    What role do you see ASEAN playing in the Pacific, especially a
    year like this year when Indonesia is the chair of ASEAN?
    Should we be doing more to encourage ASEAN or its members,
    particularly the major maritime states, like Indonesia and the
    Philippines, to engage regionally with the Pacific Island
    nations?
        Ms. Yastishock. Well, thank you again. I do agree that
    ASEAN could play a major role with building capacity of the
    Pacific Islands. They have a lot to offer as far as issues on
    IUU fishing, how to patrol, how to ensure and work on
    trafficking in persons, and also, as you mentioned, on
    healthcare, to be able to detect and prevent transnational
    threats through diseases. So I do think that there is a lot of
    synergy that can be between the ASEAN countries as well as
    the--as the Pacific Islands.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I am going to switch gears a
    little bit and look to Ukraine and Russia's invasion. You know,
    it has impacted every country in the world, none more so than
    the states that were formerly Russian--under Russian within the
    Soviet Union. While many of our Eastern Bloc allies are some of
    the fiercest advocates for Ukraine, others have hesitated to be
    too far off sides with Russia for various reasons.
        Mr. Kostelancik and Ms. Dunnigan, for Albania and Georgia,
    respectively, can each of you speak to how those countries have
    been managing their responses to the war in Ukraine since the
    invasion last year, and identify some of your early priorities
    for engagement in this area, if confirmed?
        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you, Senator. The Georgian people
    overwhelmingly support Ukraine in this war, and the Georgians
    have taken important steps to support Ukraine. They have sent
    some critical energy equipment to help repair the energy grid
    that Russia has damaged when they started targeting civilian
    infrastructure. They welcomed thousands of Ukrainian refugees
    into Georgia. They have also welcomed many Russian dissidents,
    and activists, and journalists who fled Russia during the war.
    Unfortunately, Georgia knows all too well the threat that
    Ukraine is experiencing since Russia has occupied Georgia since
    2008.
        Senator Duckworth. Mm-hmm.
        Ms. Dunnigan. And if I am confirmed, I will continue to
    work closely with the Georgian Government and support their own
    sovereignty and territorial integrity, and help hold Russia
    accountable to its commitments under the 2008 ceasefire
    agreement and under the U.N. Charter, in the same way we are
    trying to do with Russia in relation to Ukraine.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Mr. Kostelancik?
        Mr. Kostelancik. Thank you for the question, Senator.
    Albania as a NATO ally has, since the beginning of the
    conflict--Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine--offered
    material, and non-lethal, and lethal assistance to Ukraine. It
    has sent its forces to reinforce NATO, reinforcements in front-
    line states as a way of signaling to Moscow our strength as a
    NATO alliance that Albania is proudly part of. And quite
    significantly, as a rotating member of the U.N. Security
    Council and the co-pen holder with the United States on
    resolutions dealing with Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine,
    Albania has been enormously helpful to our diplomatic efforts
    there in New York and throughout the world in bringing
    attention to support Ukraine and to condemn Russia.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Ricketts, did you
    have further questions?
        Senator Ricketts. Yeah, I just have--I just wanted to do a
    quick follow-up with Ms. Dunnigan. So you were just talking
    about Georgia's response to the invasion in Ukraine, and, of
    course, they initially condemned it as unacceptable and
    provided, as you mentioned, some of the resources there. But
    they have not imposed any sanctions on Russia, and there are
    concerns that Georgian businesses are being used to evade some
    of the sanctions we have put on Russia. Can you just talk a
    little about how do you see--again, you would think that the
    Georgians, as you said, were overwhelming in support of
    Ukraine.
        You know, obviously they are very close regionally, and
    there are a lot of cultural ties there, but it seems like the--
    between Kiev and Tbilisi, there is tension. And so how do you
    see the Georgian Government's reaction of not being more
    helpful to Ukraine and less--you know, more condemning of
    Russia, and do you--do you think that we need to do more with
    regard to the sanctions, and are--you know, do you think
    Georgian business are helping to avoid the sanctions? I mean,
    just tell me how you think the Georgian Government thinks about
    this, and what about Georgian companies helping to evade the
    sanctions?
        Ms. Dunnigan. Thank you, Senator. On the sanctions
    question, it is absolutely a priority of the United States to
    ensure sanctions compliance and implementation, or compliance
    if you have not--if you have not signed on to the sanctions
    yourself. And we are having that conversation directly with the
    Georgian Government, with the National Bank of Georgia, with
    the private sector of Georgia, and with the financial sector of
    Georgia. And the Georgian Government wants to comply with these
    sanctions. They have told us, and they have actually asked us
    for some more training to help them with implementation to
    ensure there is not evasion of sanctions with products going
    through Georgia.
        And I absolutely agree with you. Georgia, more than--you
    know, Georgia absolutely should understand that we do not want
    to continue to fund, via sanctions evasion, Russia's war
    machine and its military for future aggression, so that is a
    conversation that we are having with Georgia. In fact, our
    special coordinator for sanctions and other interagency
    officials will be going to Georgia in the coming months to
    continue this important dialogue, and, if confirmed, I will
    certainly make this a priority.
        As far as, you know, providing assistance, and what they
    have done, and why have they not done more, Georgia has also
    been very important in the international fora, as my colleague
    mentioned, both in the U.N. and other multilateral for a, like
    the OSCE, in supporting this and supporting Ukraine, and
    talking--passing resolutions that really call out Russia for
    its aggression. And if I am confirmed, I would continue to work
    with the Government and help them keep doing that. Thank you.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you very much. Senator
    Duckworth?
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. This hearing has now come to
    a close. Thank you to each of you for your service to our
    Nation and your continued willingness to serve on behalf of the
    American people. You obviously are not doing this for the
    glamour or the high pay, so you must do this because your heart
    truly is that of a servant to the people, so thank you. It is a
    tough job that you are each taking on, and I am so proud to
    have been able to made it back here to ask you questions.
        For any members wishing to submit questions for the record,
    the hearing record will remain open until close of business
    tomorrow, Friday, March 31.
        Senator Duckworth. And the committee stands adjourned.
    Thank you.

        [Whereupon, at 11:24 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Nicole D. Theriot by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China (PRC) is the ``only country with both the intent to
    reshape the international order and, increasingly, the economic,
    diplomatic, military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese
    Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far, the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with Guyana to
    strengthen democratic values and the commitment to a rules-based
    international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges we and other
    countries face in common. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized,
    however, to ensure they are neither springboards for narrow PRC
    economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive conditions
    for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests may overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics. We will work with Beijing only if it
    secures American jobs, American values, and our way of life for future
    generations.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China, if confirmed, I
    would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative efforts that
    involve PRC entities and third countries or international organizations
    in areas where it is in U.S. interests to do so. That said, I would
    scrutinize and encourage third parties to scrutinize any such
    arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

        Question. Guyana is a founding member of the Caribbean community
    (CARICOM). Its current President, Dr. Mohamed Irfaan Ali, is working to
    unite Guyanese of all ethnicities, races, and religions in Guyana,
    which is a very much needed approach considering the history of
    tensions between different ethnic groups. How do you assess our current
    relations with Guyana?

        Answer. U.S.-Guyana bilateral relations are excellent. Guyana is a
    steadfast partner and actively recruits U.S. investment. Visiting U.S.
    officials and trade delegations are received regularly by His
    Excellency President Ali, but also by members of the opposition, and on
    all sides, there is a diversity of race and religion. The Guyanese
    Government strongly supports U.S. Government priorities, activities,
    initiatives, and programs, and, if confirmed, I will search for more
    ways to include diverse audiences and beneficiaries so that Guyana's
    economic transformation includes everyone.

        Question. If confirmed, what will be your main priorities as U.S.
    Ambassador in Guyana?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priorities will be to protect U.S.
    citizens and U.S. interests in Guyana and to strive for a stronger
    bilateral partnership that supports improved governance, economic
    prosperity, and security in Guyana. Guiding our efforts will be
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; ensuring climate
    concerns are incorporated into policy making; and emphasizing the
    importance of transparency and accountability at all levels of
    government. This path will provide opportunities for U.S. educational
    institutions, businesses, and citizens to partner with Guyana.

        Question. How will you support deepening Guyana's relations with
    the United States?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to strengthen our relationship
    and build on the momentum of President Ali's recent visits to
    Washington DC and of U.S. Government leadership to Guyana and the
    region. I will encourage cultural exchanges between our countries and
    will support frank discussion of how we can help modernize Guyana's
    systems and infrastructure, whether in the health care, agriculture,
    education, or other sectors. The United States and Guyana share a
    strong relationship based on the common values of openness, diversity,
    and democracy.

        Question. In your previous role as Deputy Chief of Mission at the
    U.S. Embassy in Haiti, you worked through many challenges, including
    the increase in gang violence, lack of leadership and weak government
    institutions. How has your experience working in Haiti prepared you to
    serve as Ambassador in Guyana?

        Answer. My time in Haiti was challenging, and I am grateful for
    that experience because it helped prepare me to weather crises. It
    taught me that security underpins everything. There can be no true
    economic growth or development without security. Guyana has weak
    borders and suffers from corruption and an under-resourced security
    sector. These deficiencies create opportunities for transnational
    criminal organizations. If confirmed, I will use my experience to build
    a stronger security sector, bringing to bear U.S. Government resources,
    including the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative.

        Question. What is your assessment of the border dispute between
    Venezuela and Guyana?

        Answer. Guyana's relationship with Venezuela is complicated, with
    Venezuela claiming nearly two thirds of Guyana's territory as its own.
    In the past few years, the United States and Guyana have solidified our
    partnership. If confirmed, I will expand this partnership and encourage
    a peaceful resolution of this dispute. The 1899 arbitral award
    determined the land boundary between Guyana and Venezuela and should be
    respected unless or until otherwise determined by a competent legal
    body.

        Question. What specific humanitarian support is the U.S. providing
    to support Guyana's efforts to host Venezuelan migrants?

        Answer. The United States provided $3.7 million in funding in FY
    2021 to IOM, UNICEF, UNHCR, and the Pan American Development Foundation
    for multi-sector assistance to Venezuelan migrants. The Guyanese
    Government relies on international assistance to aid the Venezuelan
    population. If confirmed, I will strengthen Embassy efforts to support
    Guyana as it receives those fleeing from insecurity and economic
    hardship. One key opportunity is to continue supporting English
    language classes for migrants who want to work but struggle with the
    language barrier.

        Question. China and Guyana have had a long history of diplomatic
    relations, dating to 1972. It was the first English speaking nation in
    the Caribbean to open relations with the PRC. The Chinese Communist
    Party has provided assistance and support to Marxist political parties
    through Guyana's history. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between Guyana and China?

        Answer. Guyana is a 2018 signatory to the Belt and Road Initiative,
    and China National Offshore Oil Corporation has a 25 percent stake in
    the ExxonMobil-Hess offshore oil venture. Other PRC-linked SOEs have
    undertaken large infrastructure projects in the past. Prior to the
    influx of oil wealth, the Ali administration generally sought lowest
    cost bidders for large projects, but it has been vocal in the press
    recently about the delays and cost overruns by PRC-linked SOEs,
    especially on the international airport project.

        Question. Are there concerns with their existing relationship? If
    so, by whom?

        Answer. While Guyana has historic ties to the PRC through a small
    community of Guyanese descendants of Chinese indentured laborers, many
    Guyanese are concerned about the PRC's poor investment practices. In
    some sectors like mining infrastructure, PRC-linked companies were a
    partner of necessity in a country with limited revenue. However, with
    more oil revenues, the Guyanese Government is increasingly looking to
    invest in high quality goods and services offered by U.S. companies.

        Question. Are you concerned with media reports indicating that
    Guyana's Vice President, Bharrat Jadgeo, has received bribes from
    Chinese companies?

        Answer. Guyana recently scored 39/100 on Transparency
    International's Corruption Perceptions Index. Without strong
    anticorruption efforts, businesses will be at a disadvantage when
    competing for permits and contracts in Guyana, and both Guyanese and
    international businesses care deeply about transparency. If confirmed,
    this will be one of my top priorities for cooperation with the
    Government of Guyana. I will work with the relevant authorities to
    build Guyana's capacity to identify, investigate, and prosecute
    corruption.

        Question. The U.S. is a leading importer of Guyana's oil, with
    China and India following. Guyana's total oil exports earned more than
    $1 billion in revenue to the Government of Guyana in 2022 and benefits
    both the U.S. and Guyana. Unfortunately, the Biden administration wants
    to stop America's use of fossil fuel energy sources such as coal, oil,
    and natural gas. This will hurt American's pocketbooks with increased
    fuel prices, but also assist's China's attempt to achieve energy
    dominance and will force Guyana to partner with the CCP for its
    economic livelihood. In your estimation, which industry or sector
    outside of oil exports in Guyana would result in $1 billion a year in
    revenue for Guyana?

        Answer. Guyana's leadership has been very clear that they will
    continue to develop their energy resources even as they seek to make
    investments in greener and renewable energy. U.S. businesses are key
    leaders in this effort, and we are glad they continue to be chosen to
    partner with Guyana in its development. Guyanese officials emphasize
    the need to diversify its economy. Aside from its historical strength
    in mining and continued exploration efforts for gold and other key
    minerals, it is pushing hard to develop its agriculture, eco-tourism,
    health care, and technology sectors.

        Question. Do you support increased U.S. investment in developing
    Guyana's energy industry, including in fossil fuels?

        Answer. Guyana's energy sector offers extensive economic
    opportunities for U.S. firms in both conventional and renewable energy,
    including in decarbonization and methane reduction. If confirmed, I
    will work to ensure a level playing field for American companies to
    compete fairly and transparently. I will work with the Guyanese
    Government to ensure U.S. firms' contracts and assets continue to be
    respected. Finally, I will partner with the U.S. Export Import Bank,
    Development Finance Corporation, and other agencies to promote the use
    of high-quality U.S. goods and services.

        Question. Do you agree with the Biden administration's decision
    last year to vote against a proposal presented to the Inter-American
    Development Bank to build a port that would support Guyana's oil and
    gas industry?

        Answer. The decision by the Inter-American Development Bank to not
    call for a vote on the port expansion project because of the U.S.
    policy at the time is understandable. My understanding is that the
    project was not voted on or vetoed by the United States, rather it was
    never brought to a vote. That said, energy security is a priority,
    particularly in the Caribbean, and we are glad that the oil and gas
    produced in Guyana is easier and more environmentally friendly to
    refine than most.

        Question. Are you worried that an absence of American investment in
    Guyana's energy industry presents an opening for the Chinese Communist
    Party to increase its role in Guyana's economy?

        Answer. I am encouraged by growing U.S. private sector interest in
    Guyana. Our Embassy is constantly hosting trade delegations, briefing
    U.S. businesses, and supporting Guyanese businesses looking for high-
    quality partners, products, or services. In the last six months, the
    U.S. hosted large and diverse delegations from across the United States
    representing small, medium, and large firms. If confirmed, my job will
    be to make sure we remain responsive to our private sector and to the
    needs of Guyana moving forward in a spirit of true partnership.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to Ann Marie Yastishock by Senator Robert Menendez

    China
              The security pact signed by China and the Solomon Islands
            last year raised concerns about Beijing infringing on the
            Solomon Islands' sovereignty as well as the possibility that
            the PRC could establish a more permanent military presence in
            the area.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you respond to, monitor, and push
    back on an increased presence of the PRC?

        Answer. I will work closely with the Governments of Papua New
    Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu as well as our Pacific Island
    neighbors to build greater stability, security, and economic
    opportunity throughout the region. U.S. security cooperation activities
    include the building, training, and equipping of countries' security
    forces, and joint maritime law enforcement initiatives. I will make use
    of all available tools within the U.S. Government to counter propaganda
    and disinformation through capacity-building training, proactive work
    to expose problematic PRC influence, and arrangement of provision of
    open media sources for the region.

        Question. What changes has the framework agreement yielded so far?

        Answer. The broad nature of the Solomon Islands-PRC bilateral
    security agreement could still leave the door open for the deployment
    of PRC military forces to Solomon Islands. Additionally, we have
    concerns over the expansion of the PRC's internal security and
    surveillance apparatus beyond its own borders. The signing of the
    agreement does not change our commitment to a strong relationship with
    the region and our efforts to strengthen our longstanding bonds with
    the people of Solomon Islands.

        Question. What should the priorities be for the diplomatic team in
    Honiara as the Department seeks to establish a permanent diplomatic
    presence there?

        Answer. In furtherance of U.S. policy in the Pacific, our
    diplomatic team has sought to build our bilateral relationship by
    prioritizing the needs of the people of Solomon Islands, being
    responsive to requests from the Government of Solomon Islands and
    coordinating our efforts with allies and partners. If confirmed, I will
    continue to promote cooperation on unexploded ordnance, the dispatch of
    the USNS Mercy hospital ship to address public health, the return of
    the Peace Corps, climate change initiatives, and strengthened people-
    to-people ties.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Anne Marie Yastishock by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with our Pacific
    Island partners to strengthen democratic values and the commitment to a
    rules-based international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges we and other
    countries face in common. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized,
    however, to ensure they are neither springboards for narrow PRC
    economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive conditions
    for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests may overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China (PRC), if
    confirmed, I would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative
    efforts that involve PRC entities, our Pacific Islands partners, and
    third countries or international organizations in areas where our
    collective interests align. That said, I would scrutinize and encourage
    third parties to scrutinize any such arrangements to ensure they follow
    international norms, feature transparency, and delineate steps to
    verify regularly that all parties are working in good faith.

        Question. In March 2022, the Solomon Islands and China signed a
    security agreement to address ``internal threats'' and included
    protection for Chinese-owned businesses in the country. The week before
    the agreement was signed, the State Department released a report
    attacking the Solomon Islands for their stance on same-sex marriage,
    alienating our Solomon Islander partners. The nation's Prime Minister
    declined to participate with U.S. representatives during a WWII
    memorial marking the Battle of Guadalcanal, as well as temporarily
    barring U.S. naval vessels from docking at its seaports. Is exporting
    an overly progressive social policy in alignment with our national
    security priorities?

        Answer. We promote American values, such as democracy and human
    rights, through diplomatic activities all over the world. Likewise, we
    advance national security through diplomatic engagement as well as
    military presence, multinational training, combined exercises, and
    equipment exports.
        I believe the report you may be referring to is the Human Rights
    Report (HRR), which the Secretary of State is required to submit
    annually to Congress. The HRR captures facts about the observance of
    and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The HRR does not
    contain analysis, makes no judgments, and makes no statements or
    determinations as a matter of domestic or international law. Promoting
    respect for human rights is a U.S. foreign policy priority that
    furthers our national interests and security. Societies that respect
    and defend human rights and fundamental freedoms, democratic
    institutions, and the rule of law are more stable and secure.

        Question. As much as we hate to confront this fact, American power
    and influence has limits in what it can achieve. We face real tradeoffs
    in the objectives we need to pursue. We do not necessarily live in a
    world where we can both confront the growing Chinese Communist Party
    influence and transform traditional culture in the South Pacific to
    adopt the same social norms as Los Angeles. So, in the Solomon Islands,
    what should our priority be--containing the CCP's influence or
    promoting a progressive social agenda?

        Answer. In Solomon Islands, we seek to build our bilateral
    relationship by prioritizing the needs of the people of Solomon
    Islands, being responsive to requests from the Government of Solomon
    Islands and coordinating our efforts with allies and partners. If
    confirmed, I will support locally owned and driven development that is
    sustainable and elevates gender equity and women's economic
    empowerment. We can showcase that supporting good governance and
    increasing the strength of democratic institutions delivers for people,
    enhancing fairness, transparency, and prosperity. If confirmed, I will
    work to increase American influence in this way.

        Question. In your assessment, will the Solomon Islands agreement
    with the CCP result in a permanent military presence?

        Answer. The Government of Solomon Islands stated privately and
    publicly that it will not allow the PRC to build a military base. The
    prime minister said publicly he would like to release more details if
    the PRC agrees. It is up to the PRC to show if it can be transparent on
    security matters that have raised concerns throughout the region from
    many Pacific Island countries. The United States encourages vigilance
    in the face of Beijing's strategy to increase its influence regionally
    through ambiguous, incremental, and escalatory tactics in furtherance
    of its authoritarian aims.

        Question. How do you plan to counter the CCP's strategic agenda in
    the South Pacific as it relates to their bilateral agreements,
    increased presence, and overtures for military bases in the Solomon
    Islands, Vanuatu, and PNG?

        Answer. I will work closely with the Governments of Papua New
    Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu as well as our Pacific Island
    neighbors to build greater stability, security, and economic
    opportunity throughout the region. U.S. security cooperation activities
    include the building, training, and equipping of countries' security
    forces, and joint maritime law enforcement initiatives. The Solomon
    Islands Government has said both privately and publicly that it will
    not allow the PRC to build a military base.

        Question. Should the U.S. be doing more with its allies in the
    region regarding shared interests How do you envision coordinating
    allied efforts if confirmed?

        Answer. Over the past year, the United States has demonstrated our
    deep and enduring partnership with the Pacific Island countries and
    expanded our diplomatic, development, and people-to-people efforts,
    including through the launch of the Partners in the Blue Pacific and
    the U.S.-Pacific Island Country Summit. As a continual part of our
    diplomatic and development activities, we regularly coordinate with
    allies and partners in the region as well as multilateral organizations
    in the advancement of shared interests. If confirmed, I will continue
    to engage with our allies and partners to coordinate and partner on
    policy, development and people-to-people initiatives in Papua New
    Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to promote U.S.-
    led and international projects to develop energy resources and
    infrastructure as an alternative to Chinese-backed projects?

        Answer. The PRC's involvement in the region has grown, we have seen
    a range of increasingly problematic behaviors, including its assertion
    of unlawful maritime claims and the ongoing militarization of disputed
    features in the South China Sea, predatory economic activities
    including illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and
    investments that undermine good governance and promote corruption. We
    must provide positive development alternatives and be visible in our
    programs and engagements with Pacific Island countries. For example, if
    confirmed I will continue efforts to work with the Government of Papua
    New Guinea, Australia, Japan and New Zealand to implement the Papua New
    Guinea Electrification Project to expand access to energy.

        Question. Is there a role for the U.S. International Development
    Finance Corporation in facilitating U.S. investment in PNG, Solomon
    Islands, and Vanuatu?

        Answer. U.S. International Development Finance Corporation has two
    active projects in Papua New Guinea. Reflecting our commitment to help
    build a stronger Pacific region through investment in infrastructure,
    DFC, along with the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, each will
    provide $50 million USD in credit guarantees to Export Finance
    Australia to support the acquisition of Digicel Pacific. If confirmed,
    I will work with the DFC to support negotiation of an Investment
    Incentive Agreement (IIA) with Vanuatu and Solomon Islands to catalyze
    private sector activity, spur economic growth, and advance inclusive
    development. Without an IIA, DFC is unable to finance projects in
    Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. DFC is eager to work in both markets.
                               __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Robin Dunnigan by Senator Robert Menendez

    Georgian Democracy
              The recent image of Georgian police firing a water cannon at
            a protestor fearlessly waving the flag of the European Union
            epitomizes the current moment in Georgia. Georgia's people and
            civil society remain committed to their European future, but
            the Government still must grapple with de-oligarchization and
            polarization to progress on their Euro Atlantic path.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you work to support Georgia in the
    necessary reforms to move with forward with EU accession, while also
    holding the Government accountable when they betray the will of the
    Georgian people and threaten civil society, as they did with their
    recently proposed foreign agent law?

        Answer. The people of Georgia overwhelmingly support EU
    integration, and, if confirmed, I will prioritize helping Georgia
    implement the necessary reforms to achieve EU candidate status. I will
    engage the people and the Government of Georgia and align our
    assistance programming to help further Georgia's Euro-Atlantic
    integration. Georgia has made remarkable progress, but some concerning
    developments show there is more to do. I will engage the Government
    frankly on this topic and will welcome cooperating with you and other
    members of Congress on these issues.

    LGBTQ Rights
              The 2021 attack on Tbilisi Pride, which targeted members of
            the LGBTQ community in Georgia, as well as journalists covering
            the event, was a stark reminder that the authorities in Georgia
            have neglected to protect vulnerable groups.

        Question. How will you use your platform to stand up for Georgia's
    LGBTQ community if confirmed?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will reiterate our solidarity with the
    lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI+)
    community in Georgia. I will stress that the Government of Georgia is
    responsible for safeguarding the right to peaceful assembly, preventing
    discrimination and violence, and ensuring that in Georgia, everyone's
    rights and safety are duly protected. I will also urge the authorities
    to bring all instigators, organizers, and perpetrators of the 2021
    violence at Tbilisi Pride to justice.

    Occupied Territory
              Twenty percent of Georgian territory remains under Russian
            occupation. That is why I firmly believe that as we push the
            Georgian Government to advance the democratic will of the
            Georgian people, we must also support it in further developing
            the means to defend itself.

        Question. How can the United States best support Georgia's
    sovereignty and territorial integrity as Russia's war in Ukraine sends
    shockwaves through the South Caucasus?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will prioritize advocating for Georgia's
    sovereignty and territorial integrity. I will work with Georgia and our
    international partners, including through the Geneva International
    Discussions, to hold Russia to its commitments under the 2008 ceasefire
    agreement and the U.N. Charter. I will continue to support programming
    that brings together people from across Administrative Boundary Lines.
    I will also support assistance that will help Georgia defend its
    borders, deter Russia, and prevent Russia from expanding its influence
    in the region.

        Question. What are the risks and opportunities created by this
    moment?

        Answer. Russia's unprovoked war against Ukraine has shown why it is
    essential we help strengthen the democratic, economic, and security
    resilience of those facing Russian aggression and malign activities.
    This moment is a tremendous opportunity for the Georgian Government and
    the people of Georgia to realize their desire to further integrate with
    the EU, NATO, and the West. If confirmed, I will prioritize supporting
    Georgia's further Euro-Atlantic integration, which in the national
    interest of Georgia, as well as in the national security interest of
    the United States.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Robin Dunnigan by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with Georgia to
    strengthen democratic values and the commitment to a rules-based
    international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges we and other
    countries face in common. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized,
    however, to ensure they are neither springboards for narrow PRC
    economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive conditions
    for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests may overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China, if confirmed, I
    would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative efforts that
    involve PRC entities, Georgia, and third countries or international
    organizations in areas where our collective interests align. That said,
    I would scrutinize and encourage third parties to scrutinize any such
    arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

        Question. Since the 1990s, Georgia's relations with Russia have
    been tense, resulting in Russia invading in 2008, and supporting
    secession movements in the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. There
    have been significant concerns that Russia continues to influence
    Georgian affairs. Most recently, the Government's attempts to enact a
    ``foreign agent'' bill that is inspired by Russia's foreign agents law.
    Georgia has experience firsthand what an attack and occupation is like
    from Russia. In light of Russia's aggression in Ukraine, have you
    noticed a change in the Georgian Government's current approach towards
    Russia?

        Answer. The ruling party's attempt to pass a ``foreign agents''
    bill was concerning. The people of Georgia made it clear this type of
    legislation is incompatible with their Georgian and Euro-Atlantic
    values. Georgia's citizens overwhelmingly support Ukraine and know the
    danger Russia poses, as it continues to occupy approximately 20 percent
    of Georgia's territory. The vast majority of Georgians understand it is
    not in Georgia's interest to move closer to Russia. If confirmed, I
    will prioritize advocating for Georgia's sovereignty and territorial
    integrity, as well as its further Euro-Atlantic integration.

        Question. What is your view regarding Georgia's prospects to
    conduct the reforms needed to become a candidate for EU membership, as
    well as prospects for NATO membership?

        Answer. The people of Georgia overwhelmingly support EU
    integration, which will help improve the lives and security of every
    Georgian. If confirmed, I will prioritize helping Georgia implement the
    necessary reforms to achieve EU candidate status.
        I support Georgia's NATO aspirations. If confirmed, I will continue
    to work with Georgia on strengthening its interoperability with NATO
    and its defensive capabilities, while also promoting the vital
    democratic reforms that are essential for NATO accession.

        Question. Has Russian aggression against Ukraine accelerated
    Georgia's processes to join the EU and NATO? Why or why not?

        Answer. Russia's unprovoked war against Ukraine has shown why it is
    essential we help strengthen the democratic, economic, and security
    resilience of those facing Russian aggression. At the 2022 NATO Summit,
    Allies endorsed additional support for Georgia as one of NATO's
    partners most directly affected by external threats. Also in 2022, the
    EU recognized that Georgia has a ``European Perspective'' and set out
    the reforms Georgia needed to implement to obtain EU candidate status.

        Question. What are your views on the imprisonment of Georgia's
    former president Mikheil Saakashvili and journalist Nika Gvaramia?

        Answer. The United States has emphasized to the Georgian Government
    its responsibility to provide the medical care former President
    Saakashvili needs and to ensure his human rights are respected,
    including his right to privacy. If confirmed, I will continue to follow
    this issue closely.
        As the State Department noted in the 2022 Human Rights report,
    Georgia's Public Defender and human rights organizations have
    criticized Mr. Gvaramia's prosecution, conviction, and sentence. If
    confirmed, I will continue to urge the Government to respect freedom of
    expression and to strengthen the justice system in line with its own
    aspirations and goals.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Robin Dunnigan by Senator Jeanne Shaheen

        Question. With respect to the Georgian Parliament's decision to
    withdraw the controversial ``foreign agents'' law, why did the
    Parliament even consider legislation that would have clearly ended
    their consideration for EU membership?

        Answer. The ruling party's attempt to pass a ``foreign agents''
    bill was concerning, and the people of Georgia made it clear this type
    of legislation is incompatible with their Georgian and Euro-Atlantic
    values. Georgia's citizens overwhelmingly support EU integration, which
    will help improve the lives and security of every Georgian. If
    confirmed, I will prioritize helping Georgia implement the necessary
    reforms to achieve EU candidate status.

        Question. Do you think that our funding levels are appropriate to
    meet our objectives in place? Should the United States consider
    recalibrating their funding levels or conditioning specific funds to
    help encourage meaningful movement on the twelve-point plan outlined by
    the EU?

        Answer. Georgia has made remarkable progress over the past 30
    years, but there is more to do. If confirmed, I will prioritize helping
    Georgia implement the necessary reforms to achieve EU candidate status.
    I am concerned that by conditioning our assistance we could undermine
    our support for the people of Georgia and the democratic institutions
    we want to strengthen. If confirmed, I would welcome consulting with
    you and other members of Congress to ensure U.S. assistance is helping
    achieve our objectives of supporting Georgia's further integration with
    the EU, NATO, and the West.

        Question. If confirmed, how do you see this initiative supporting
    your efforts to advance Georgia's economic potential, strengthen its
    democratic institutions and increase its regional cooperation with
    other Black Sea partners?

        Answer. The State Department is working together with the
    interagency on a comprehensive Black Sea Security strategy that
    promotes greater regional political engagement, security coordination,
    economic cooperation, energy security, and democratic resilience, all
    of which are critical for Georgia. If confirmed, I would work in the
    context of this broader strategy to support Georgia's efforts to
    develop a middle corridor, including in the transportation and energy
    sectors, as well as regional security cooperation.

        Question. Does the United States support a long-term observer
    mission to ensure that next year's elections are free and fair, and
    reflective of the wishes of the Georgian people?

        Answer. The United States supports OSCE election observation
    missions throughout the OSCE region. If confirmed, I will prioritize
    helping to ensure the 2024 parliamentary elections meet the standards
    of the OSCE, including by working with Georgian civil society
    organizations, international organizations, and partner countries. I
    would support an OSCE election observation mission and would encourage
    the Government of Georgia to welcome OSCE election observers, as they
    have in in the past. I would also welcome engagement by you and other
    members of Congress on this issue.
                                  __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to David J. Kostelancik by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. I was pleased to see the EU open accession negotiations
    with Albania, and USAID notify last year of its strategic re-engagement
    with Albania in order to support accession. The EU obviously has a
    large role to play in supporting Albania's accession too. How would you
    see your role in managing donor coordination, and what type of
    assistance should the United States specifically be providing to help
    Albania fulfill its EU aspirations?

        Answer. U.S. assistance helps Albania deter threats, strengthen its
    democratic institutions, and push the necessary reforms to advance
    Albania's Euro-Atlantic integration. I support efforts to combat
    transnational organized crime and counter terrorism, strengthen
    judicial and other government institutions, bolster civil society and
    independent media, promote government transparency, and stiffen the
    fight against corruption. If not remedied, rule of law deficits and
    corruption in the judiciary will constrain Albania's EU membership
    progress, as well as its economic development and democratic
    consolidation.
        With U.S. Government assistance, Albania established in 2016 the
    Special Anti-Corruption Body (SPAK), a specialized anti-corruption and
    organized crime entity. SPAK consists of a Special Anti-Corruption and
    Organized Crime Prosecutor's Office (SPO) and a National Bureau of
    Investigation (NBI) modeled on the FBI. SPAK has arrested former
    ministers, sitting members of Parliament, judges, police, prosecutors,
    mayors, and organized crime kingpins.
        If confirmed, I will work to ensure U.S. resources accelerate
    Albania's EU integration through targeted investment in areas not
    addressed by the EU's growing assistance.
        This includes, for instance, USG assistance to improve the role of
    women in the local decision-making process by strengthening their
    technical capacity to interact with local government officials and
    advocate effectively for improved public services; to strengthen the
    capacity of local civil society organizations in developing government
    oversight, anti-corruption efforts, human rights, gender equality, and
    other USG priorities; and to develop independent investigative
    reporting skills to expose corruption and highlight human rights
    issues.

        Question. What do you see as the remaining obstacles in addressing
    good governance and judicial reforms?

        Answer. The multi-year vetting process in Albania, in which all
    judges and prosecutors are assessed for ties to organized crime,
    unexplained wealth, and professional competence, is vital to restoring
    public trust in the rule of law, removing compromised actors, and
    strengthening good governance. U.S. assistance and monitoring efforts
    are supporting the vetting and selection of trusted new public
    officials and mitigating adjudication backlogs stemming from the
    vetting process.
        Albania's main political parties tend to support U.S. policy and
    positions and advocate for Albania's EU aspirations, though political
    figures often are motivated by personal or partisan motives. The
    Albanian political class has been sluggish to enact reforms that could
    threaten their personal financial interests, power, and patronage
    networks, particularly justice reform and electoral reform. If
    confirmed, I will support efforts to combat corruption and focus the
    Government of Albania's efforts to meet EU accession goals.

        Question. Iran has launched cyber-attacks on NATO member Albania
    for providing safe haven to the MEK at the request of the United
    States. What should be the response to a cyberattack on a NATO ally?

        Answer. NATO is the strongest military alliance in history, as
    critical to ensuring the safety of the American people today as at any
    time since its founding more than 70 years ago. NATO is the unique,
    essential, and indispensable Transatlantic forum to consult,
    coordinate, and act on matters related to our individual and collective
    security. The Administration is working with NATO to strengthen our
    defenses in cyber space and to produce and secure the technologies of
    the future. NATO joined the United States and other partners making
    public statements of support for Albania in the wake of the attack.
        If confirmed, I will continue work to strengthen the Alliance's
    capacity to address all threats to transatlantic security, including
    the malign use of emerging and disruptive technologies, malicious cyber
    and hybrid operations (including misinformation, disinformation, and
    weaponized corruption), and other challenges to the rules-based
    international order.

        Question. While we have seen OFAC designate those responsible and
    we have condemned the attacks, have we done enough to support Albania
    in bolstering its cybersecurity and holding Tehran to account?

        Answer. The Biden administration places alliances at the center of
    U.S. foreign policy and is actively working to ensure these alliances
    reflect and respond to the world we face, in order to make us stronger
    and safer.
        Since our October 2022 Strategic Dialogue, the U.S. has worked with
    Albanian and U.S. experts to refine Albania's cyber needs and establish
    a roadmap for a strong and resilient whole-of-government cyber
    ecosystem. The United States has committed approximately $50 million in
    cybersecurity assistance to Albania's civilian and military sectors--
    one of our largest cyber support contributions to any individual
    country to date. This is not only a response to the recent attacks, but
    a continuation of long-standing U.S. support for Albania's cyber
    capacity development goals, a commitment I intend to carry into the
    future.
        In September 2022, the United States designated Iran's Ministry of
    Intelligence and Security (MOIS) and Iran's Intelligence Minister,
    Esmail Khatib, for engaging in malicious cyber-enabled activities
    against the United States and U.S. allies, including Albania.

        Question. Albania has graciously hosted a large number of Afghan
    evacuees. If confirmed, how will you ensure that the United States
    provides Albania the support that they need as they continue to do this
    important work?

        Answer. Albania was the first European country to offer to host at-
    risk Afghan travelers in August 2021, and it has provided temporary
    protective status for almost 3,000 Afghans and their families to date.
        The U.S. continues to work across the interagency to provide care
    and sustainment for these individuals and their families as we evaluate
    their applications for resettlement to the United States or other
    suitable locations.
        Albania has been an excellent partner in assisting our Afghan
    allies and has expressed a willingness to continue the partnership into
    the future.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to David J. Kostelancik by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds all the reins of power in the People's
    Republic of China and has used this power to commit genocide in
    Xinjiang, flood our communities with fentanyl, and emit by far the
    largest quantity of greenhouse gases in the world today. With their
    absolute control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop
    all of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the
    Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with Albania to
    strengthen democratic values and the commitment to a rules-based
    international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges we and other
    countries face in common. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized,
    however, to ensure they are neither springboards for narrow PRC
    economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive conditions
    for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests may overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the countries or organizations in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China, if confirmed, I
    would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative efforts that
    involve PRC entities, Albania, and third countries or international
    organizations in areas where our collective interests align. That said,
    I would scrutinize and encourage third parties to scrutinize any such
    arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

        Question. The U.S. and Albania maintain excellent relations and the
    U.S. enjoys favorable views from Albanian citizens. They agreed to host
    Afghan evacuees from the U.S. departure from Afghanistan and is a
    likeminded U.S. partner regarding Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Since
    the early 1990s, the U.S. has provided more than $1 billion in
    assistance to Albania regarding development, bolstering civil society,
    and security assistance. How can the U.S. further strengthen bilateral
    cooperation with Albania?

        Answer. Advancing reform of Albania's judiciary is a key U.S.
    priority. Albania has undertaken a major, sweeping justice reform
    effort to make progress toward EU membership and the future Albanians
    demand and deserve. Judicial reform will create a stable, more
    prosperous partner with healthy, strong democratic institutions and a
    better place for U.S. businesses to invest and do business. If
    confirmed, I will do my part to help our partner reach its full
    potential.
        The United States has recently committed approximately $50 million
    in cybersecurity assistance to Albania's civilian and military
    sectors--one of our largest cyber support contributions to any
    individual country to date.
        The U.S.-Albania business relationship also continues to grow. More
    U.S. companies are interested in doing business in Albania primarily in
    priority sectors--energy, tourism, and Information and Communications
    Technology (ICT). Our trade volume with Albania is currently small, and
    there are opportunities to expand in several sectors, including energy,
    tourism, and ICT. If confirmed, I commit to helping the Government of
    Albania improve transparency, rule of law, and security and political
    functionality to further improve the investment climate.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you mitigate external
    authoritarian influence in concert with Albania?

        Answer. This Administration supports a free and active exchange of
    ideas that will strengthen democracy, expand good governance, enshrine
    the rule of law, and cement independence and integrity in the judicial
    sector in Albania. These efforts help to close vulnerabilities to
    malign outside actors.
        A well-informed citizenry is key to strong democratic institutions.
    If confirmed, I will use the full range of options, including exchange
    programs, investigative journalist training initiatives, English
    language education, media literacy programs, and grants to civil
    society to deepen our engagement in Albania, reinforce objective and
    independent analysis, strengthen the fight against combat corruption,
    and promote information literacy.
        I will also press the Albanian Government and political parties to
    advance electoral reforms, especially those recommended by the OSCE's
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights to ensure free and
    fair elections. U.S. assistance to Albania's new justice institutions
    bolsters Albania's resilience not only against corruption, but also
    against malign influence.

        Question. If confirmed, what are your plans to counter corruption
    and organized crime in Albania?

        Answer. U.S. assistance helps Albania deter threats, strengthen its
    democratic institutions, and push the necessary reforms to advance
    Albania's Euro-Atlantic integration. I support efforts to combat
    transnational organized crime and counter terrorism, strengthen
    judicial and other government institutions, bolster civil society and
    independent media, promote government transparency, and stiffen the
    fight against corruption. If not remedied, rule of law deficits and
    corruption in the judiciary will constrain Albania's EU membership
    progress, its economic development, and democratic consolidation.
        With U.S. Government assistance, Albania established in 2016 the
    Special Anti-Corruption Body (SPAK), a specialized anti-corruption and
    organized crime entity. SPAK consists of a Special Anti-Corruption and
    Organized Crime Prosecutor's Office (SPO) and a National Bureau of
    Investigation (NBI) modeled on the FBI. SPAK has arrested former
    ministers, sitting members of Parliament, judges, police, prosecutors,
    mayors, and organized crime kingpins. If confirmed, I will continue
    U.S. support for the SPAK.

        Question. Last year, Albania suffered a cyberattack that the U.S.
    Government determined to have originated in Iran. The attack was so
    damaging that Albania considered invoking NATO's Article 5. These
    attacks are believed to be retribution for Albania's decision to host
    members of an anti-Ayatollah group, the National Council of Resistance
    to Iran. If confirmed, what will you do to ensure the United States
    supports Albania's efforts to strengthen its cyber security?

        Answer. The Biden administration places alliances at the center of
    U.S. foreign policy and actively works to ensure these alliances
    reflect and respond to the world we face, in order to make us stronger
    and safer.
        Since our October 2022 Strategic Dialogue, the Biden administration
    has worked with Albanian and U.S. experts to refine Albania's cyber
    needs and establish a roadmap for a strong and resilient whole-of-
    government cyber ecosystem. The United States has committed
    approximately $50 million in cybersecurity assistance to Albania's
    civilian and military sectors--one of our largest cyber support
    contributions to any individual country to date. This is not only a
    response to the recent attacks, but a continuation of long-standing
    U.S. support for Albania's cyber capacity development goals, a
    commitment I intend to carry into the future.

        Question. How can the United States support Albania to stand up to
    future attempts by Iran to punish or coerce the Albanian Government?

        Answer. NATO is the strongest military alliance in history, as
    critical to ensuring the safety of the American people today as at any
    time since its founding more than 70 years ago. The Administration is
    committed to working with NATO Allies to strengthen our defenses in
    cyber space and to produce and secure the technologies of the future.
    NATO joined the United States and other partners making public
    statements of support for Albania in the wake of the attack.
        If confirmed, I will continue work to strengthen the NATO
    Alliance's capacity to address all threats to transatlantic security,
    including the malign use of emerging and disruptive technologies,
    malicious cyber and hybrid operations (including misinformation,
    disinformation, and weaponized corruption), and other challenges to the
    rules-based international order.

        Question. Given this blatant attack on Albania, an American ally,
    do you support the Biden administration's continued attempts to
    negotiate a nuclear deal with Iran?

        Answer. The Biden administration has made clear its commitment to
    never allowing Iran to acquire a nuclear weapon and believes diplomacy
    is the best way to achieve that goal, which I support. The
    Administration's diplomatic efforts on Iran's nuclear program have gone
    hand in hand with pressure on the regime to curb its destabilizing
    activities. If confirmed, I will continue to advance strong U.S.
    support of our NATO Ally Albania to strengthen its defense in cyber
    space and guard against Iran's destabilizing behavior.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to David J. Kostelancik by Senator Jeanne Shaheen

        Question. If confirmed, how can the United States, through its U.S.
    assistance to Albania, support its EU membership aspirations? Are there
    particular areas where the United States can support Albania in
    addressing remaining reforms?

        Answer. U.S. assistance helps Albania deter threats, strengthen its
    democratic institutions, and push the necessary reforms to advance
    Albania's Western integration. Our programs support combatting
    transnational organized crime and countering terrorism, strengthening
    judicial and other government institutions, and bolstering civil
    society (with an emphasis on youth) and independent media to promote
    government transparency and counter endemic corruption. Weak rule of
    law traditions and a corrupt judicial system are key constraints not
    only to EU membership, but also to economic development, democratic
    consolidation, and stability.
        With U.S. Government assistance, Albania established in 2016 the
    Special Anti-Corruption Body (SPAK), a specialized anti-corruption and
    organized crime entity. SPAK consists of a Special Anti-Corruption and
    Organized Crime Prosecutor's Office (SPO) and a National Bureau of
    Investigation (NBI) modeled on the FBI. SPAK has arrested former
    ministers, sitting members of Parliament, judges, police, prosecutors,
    mayors, and organized crime kingpins.
        U.S. resources help accelerate Albania's EU integration through
    targeted investment in areas left unaddressed by the EU's growing
    assistance, including through assistance with cyber security, COVID-19,
    wildfire emergencies, education, health, social support services to
    Afghan evacuees, and food security in the wake of the Ukraine invasion.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you work with the Government of
    Albania, local organizations, and the individuals themselves to ensure
    that the remaining Afghans are able to transit safely to the United
    States?

        Answer. Albania was the first European country to offer to host at-
    risk Afghan travelers in August 2021, and it has provided temporary
    protective status for almost 3,000 Afghans and their families to date.
        I will continue our work with USG colleagues to provide care and
    sustainment for these individuals and their families as we evaluate
    their applications for resettlement to the United States or other
    suitable locations.
        Albania has been an excellent partner in assisting our Afghan
    allies and has expressed a willingness to continue the partnership into
    the future.

        Question. Can you outline how the United States has supported
    Albania in responding to the attacks, and if confirmed, how will you
    support Albania in strengthening their cyber defenses?

        Answer. The Biden administration has placed alliances at the center
    of U.S. foreign policy and is actively working to ensure these
    alliances reflect and respond to the world we face, in order to make us
    stronger and safer.
        Since our October 2022 Strategic Dialogue, the Biden administration
    has worked with Albanian and U.S. experts to refine Albania's cyber
    needs and establish a roadmap for a strong and resilient whole-of-
    government cyber ecosystem. The United States has committed
    approximately $50 million in cybersecurity assistance to Albania's
    civilian and military sectors--one of our largest cyber support
    contributions to any individual country to date. This funding is not
    only in response to the recent attacks, but also a continuation of U.S.
    support for Albania's cyber capacity development goals, a commitment I
    intend to carry into the future.

        Question. Can you provide an update on discussions with regard to
    Albania's offer of a NATO military port at Porto Romano?

        Answer. Albania is a valued NATO Ally, and we appreciate its
    contributions to regional security. NATO's ongoing refurbishment of
    Albania's Kucova Air Base will directly support NATO air operations in
    the region. Discussions on Porto Romano as we review, along with NATO,
    technical specifications and designs Albania provided. Any final
    decision regarding the Porto Romano offer, or any other offer to NATO,
    will be made by NATO Allies collectively.

        Question. Can you offer your assessment of the Open Balkans
    initiative? Does the United States continue to support the Open Balkans
    Initiative?

        Answer. We see the future of all the Western Balkan countries in
    the European Union, so advancing these countries European integration
    remains a U.S. priority. If confirmed, I will support all economic
    integration efforts, including the Open Balkans initiative, that
    advance the region's European path and benefit all citizens of the
    region.

        Question. How does the Open Balkan initiative fit within the
    domestic and foreign policy priorities for the Albanian Government?

        Answer. Albanian Prime Minister Rama publicly advocates for the
    Open Balkan Initiative as a strong vehicle for regional integration
    and, eventually, Western Balkan integration into the European Union.
    The United States supports regional integration measures that align
    with EU accession priorities. Public support in Albania for EU
    integration remains around 90 percent, and the latest EU Commission
    report shows Albania progressing well on its accession process.

                                   __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                             THURSDAY, MAY 4, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:17 a.m., in
    Room 419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Robert Menendez,
    chairman of the committee, presiding.
        Present: Senators Menendez [presiding], Cardin, Shaheen,
    Murphy, Kaine, Booker, Van Hollen, Risch, Ricketts, Young,
    Cruz, and Hagerty.

               OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY

        The Chairman. This hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations
    committee will come to order. Let me congratulate all the
    nominees before us today on your nominations. Let me welcome
    your family members and friends who are part of the sacrifice
    of serving.
        Whether in the Western Hemisphere or the Middle East, your
    service will come at a challenging time for the United States.
    We are facing growing instability and competition around the
    world.
        That is why our diplomatic engagement, our cooperation with
    allies and partners, our efforts to counter the coercive
    policies of authoritarian states, these are more critical than
    ever for U.S. national security. Now, despite this, we see
    House Republicans hurtling towards debt default.
        Their plan would not only undermine the United States'
    ability to compete with China, but by cutting funding for the
    State Department, USAID, and other agencies on the front lines,
    it would undermine our ability to protect and advance U.S.
    foreign policy.
        I hope today's nominees will not take this lack of
    commitment to advancing American interests on the part of those
    who view that as the appropriate path as a reflection of our
    committee's respect for the work that you do all over the
    world. Indeed, the posts today's nominees must fill are
    critical, and I want to thank each of you, and as I have said,
    your families, for your willingness to serve our country.
        Mr. Brown, Ecuador is experiencing a political turbulence
    that has implications for democracy and the Americas. President
    Lasso is as close a partner of the United States as you can
    get. President Biden receives him at the White House in
    December. That same week, Congress passed my U.S. Ecuador
    partnership to deepen cooperation between our two countries.
        The United States must always stand with democratic leaders
    who share our values and work to improve the quality of life
    for their citizens. We need an ambassador that will work with
    President Lasso to confront organized crime and drug
    trafficking, to support his efforts to address climate change
    and protect Ecuador's environment for all of its citizens and
    support our governments and our private sectors to work
    together to promote inclusive economic growth for both nations.
        And I look forward to hearing you on that. Ms. Syptak-
    Ramnath, is that the correct pronunciation?
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Syptak-Ramnath.
        The Chairman. Syptak, Syptak-Ramnath, okay.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes.
        The Chairman. If confirmed, you will be taking over the
    U.S. Embassy in Lima, as the country has been rocked by
    protests that have left more than 50 people dead. In December,
    Peru raised a significant political crisis when former
    President Castillo resorted to unconstitutional measures in an
    illegal attempt to dissolve Peru's Congress.
        President Castillo was legally removed from office, but the
    political tensions remain. I look forward to hearing from you
    about how the United States can best engage diplomatically in
    this context, and how you will work to strengthen the
    principles shared by our countries, as well as address the
    mutual concerns of our citizens.
        Mr. Nyhus, the assignment to Bridgetown is incredibly
    important. You would not only serve as our representative to
    Barbados, but also as our Ambassador to Antigua, Barbuda,
    Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,
    and the Grenadines, but you only get one salary. I just want
    you to know.
        [Laughter.]
        The Chairman. At the time of growing geopolitical
    competition, it is incredibly important that we double down on
    our relationships with our closest democratic partners,
    including our neighbors in the Caribbean. We must continue to
    advance our relationship based on our shared values, economic
    ties, and the bonds between our people.
        I look forward to hearing about how the United States can
    further strengthen our relationship with the governments of
    Barbados and Prime Minister Mia Mottley, who is a global leader
    on climate change and the environment. This is an incredibly
    important assignment because of the breadth and scope--each of
    those countries have a vote in some of our, as Senator Cantwell
    has pointed out to us on several times.
        Ms. Lempert, I am proud and pleased to see you are the
    President's nominee to our Ambassador to Jordan, a longstanding
    strategic U.S. partner in the region. As someone who has spent
    her entire public service career working on issues facing the
    Middle East, for both Republican and Democratic
    Administrations, whether it was your leadership as the key U.S.
    negotiator, the ten year memorandum of understanding between
    the United States and Israel, securing the largest package of
    assistance in the history of our bilateral relationship, or
    your work to build on the historic Abraham Accords as the
    Administration's point person on the negative framework, your
    experiences will serve you well in leading our Embassy in
    Amman.
        I am a lifelong advocate for a strong U.S., Israel
    relationship, and I know you are as well, and I look forward to
    your leadership as we build even stronger relationships between
    Israel and her neighbors, including Jordan.
        In closing, I must note that there is one nominee not on
    this panel that I hope we can get to at some point. A couple of
    our colleagues have consistently come up to me. And that is
    Ambassador Jean Manes for Columbia. She is a consummate
    diplomat, professional. It has been nearly a year since our
    former Ambassador departed Bogota. The U.S., Colombia
    relationship is too important not to have a confirmed
    Ambassador.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. JAMES E. RISCH,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM IDAHO

        Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate those
    remarks. And I am going to start with the nomination of
    Ambassador to Ecuador. Ecuador is a democratic partner facing
    immense pressures from political forces controlled by former
    President Correa, bad Chinese deals made by Correa a decade
    ago, and violent Mexican cartels seeking access to Europe
    through the Ecuadorian ports.
        The United States has a national interest in a stable and
    prosperous Ecuador. As such, I have joined Chairman Menendez on
    legislative efforts to deepen our economic relations and
    security cooperation with Ecuador.
        I look forward to hearing from Mr. Brown on how the United
    States can best support Ecuador as it works to successfully
    emerge from these crises. On the nomination of Ambassador to
    Peru. Peru is another democratic partner facing a decade's long
    political crisis worsened by President Castillo's failed self-
    coup attempt in December, economic and social pressures related
    to the regional illegal migration crisis, and growing security
    threats from transnational organized crime.
        I hope to hear from the nominee how her experiences in
    other challenging places, as such as Mexico and Mali, will
    inform her priorities and efforts in Lima.
        Turning to the nomination of Ambassador to Barbados and the
    long list of other countries that the nominee will represent us
    in.
        The United States has enjoyed a strong and mutually
    beneficial relations with the nations of the Eastern Caribbean
    for a very long time. Their stable democracies are an example
    for the rest of the continent. We certainly hope that stays
    that way.
        Overall, in the region, despite our shared democratic
    values, the region is a battleground against malign influences
    from China and transnational criminal organizations. I look
    forward to hearing from the nominee on how we can maximize our
    shared values and interests to keep the Caribbean an open and
    thriving part of the Americas.
        Finally, turning to the nomination of Ambassador to Jordan,
    the Kingdom is an essential U.S. partner in an often turbulent
    region. It is clear the Middle East is rapidly changing, and
    strategic competition is alive and well. I think the king, who
    meets with us regularly, both myself and the chairman, works
    very hard to keep our relationship strong and we want to keep
    it that way.
        As China continues to make inroads with our long-standing
    partners, it is vitally important that we have diplomats who
    are ready to roll up their sleeves and compete in the Middle
    East, and I look forward to hearing your thoughts on that.
        As to the Manes Columbia nomination, Mr. Chairman, thank
    you for your remarks.
        I am subject to the same input that you are regarding the
    nomination from some of our members. But I am getting it both
    ways. And I have to say that our staff on our side has received
    complaints about Ms. Manes' leadership ability, interagency
    management style, and judgment while serving as Ambassador in
    charge in El Salvador.
        These are serious matters that we are continuing to look
    into. Moreover, the state IG conducted a board of investigation
    into her questionable leadership and judgment. While the State
    IG recently closed its investigation, I am really disturbed
    that Manes was not forthcoming about the nature of the IG
    investigation on her questionnaire or in the meetings with my
    staff.
        We all know Colombia is a critically important post. It
    requires the highest levels of leadership, skill, and
    interagency cooperation, and there are indications there that
    the country is not going in a good direction that we would like
    to see. Given the aforementioned concerns, I have more vetting
    work to do before putting her on a hearing, and I am not going
    to commit to that, to agreeing to the hearing, but you and I
    will discuss that some more.
        I will work in good faith in that regard, but I want to
    underscore the concerns I have got. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Well, thank you, Senator Risch, for those
    remarks. Let me just say with reference to Ambassador Manes, of
    course, I respect your prerogative and your right to have
    serious vetting.
        I just hope that at some point the vetting can come to a
    conclusion, whatever that conclusion is, and that we bring the
    nominee before the committee and ask her tough questions at the
    end of the day, and that she has her hearing. But I will look
    forward to working with you to get to that point.
        Senator Risch. Thank you. Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. We have the distinguished Chair of the
    Commerce committee with us to introduce one of our nominees, so
    we are going to recognize Senator Cantwell first.
        Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you to
    you and Ranking Member Risch for holding this hearing today and
    for putting the nomination of Roger Nyhus before the committee.
        I represent one of the most trade dependent states in the
    United States. To me, this committee is a very important
    committee in furthering the agenda of opening up markets and
    having good relations around the globe. I will say, as the
    chair of the Chips and Science Conference report, one of my big
    laments is that we were not able to get over the goal line, the
    very important work that this committee contributed,
    particularly in the Indo-Pacific area.
        And it is my hope that we will be able to do that this
    year, so I look forward to working with you. I want to thank
    you for allowing me to introduce Roger Nyhus, who I have worked
    with and known for many years, and wholeheartedly support his
    nomination to the U.S. Ambassador to seven sovereign nations of
    the Eastern Caribbean.
        Roger has made a mark in Washington as a business and civic
    leader, also an advocate for the LGBT community, his Native
    American tribe, the Chinook Nation, and many others. As a
    professional communicator, his core skills as an Ambassador, I
    think, will be to communicate these priorities of the United
    States.
        He earned a bachelor's degree from the famous Edward R.
    Murrow College of Communication at Washington State University,
    and he grew up in a small fishing village of Westport on
    Washington's Pacific Coast. That gave him a keen idea about
    understanding the life and economies of natural resources and
    tourism, like the areas that he will have to represent.
        This background, combined with a proven ability to solve
    complex problems and manage issues that cut across the public
    and private sectors, which really require building trust,
    having diverse stakeholders come to the table, and having
    people who can help communicate the issues and priorities.
    Rodger's career has prepared him for that role.
        Over three decades, he has represented clients in advancing
    global commerce engagement and exchange, is the founder of NCO
    of Nyhus Communications, a leading PR firm in the Pacific
    Northwest, that he grew to the eighth largest Native American
    owned company in Washington.
        He also served as communications director for our former
    Governor Locke, Seattle Mayor Paul Schell, and advocacy officer
    for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. I think these
    experiences give him the critical skills as an Ambassador to
    this important area that you and the ranking member just
    articulated.
        We cannot leave this to just other nations, particularly
    China, to advocate. We need representation and to say what the
    great Americas mean for all of us in the United States in that
    region, so I thank the committee for this opportunity.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Cantwell, for that strong
    introduction. And I know that you have other things to do, so
    feel free to excuse yourself whenever you----
        Senator Cantwell. Well, unless Senator Risch has any
    questions.
        Senator Risch. I was actually going to have her put under
    oath for the questions----
        Senator Cantwell. Yes.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Cantwell. I was going to tell the committee that we
    greatly support moving forward on the Columbia River Treaty.
    So, thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. She would be a formidable challenge, I can
    tell you, Senator Risch.
        Senator Risch. Oh, how well I know.
        The Chairman. All right. We will turn to our nominees. I
    would ask you to summarize your statements in about five
    minutes or so, so that the committee can engage in a
    conversation with you. Your full statements will be included in
    the record, without objection. And, Mr. Nyhus, we will start
    with you and just go down the line.

         STATEMENT OF ROGER F. NYHUS TO BE AMBASSADOR OF THE
          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO BARBADOS,  SAINT KITTS
          AND NEVIS,  SAINT LUCIA,  ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA, THE
          COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA, GRENADA,  AND SAINT VIN-
          CENT AND THE GRENADINES

        Mr. Nyhus. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, and
    distinguished members of the committee, I am grateful to appear
    before you as President Biden's nominee to be the U.S.
    Ambassador to Barbados and six other sovereign nations.
        If confirmed, I would represent the United States and the
    American people to these seven island nations. I would like to
    thank my two Senators, Senator Murray, Patty Murray, and
    Senator Maria Cantwell, who you just heard from, for their
    support and friendship. I am especially grateful to Senator
    Cantwell for her leadership and her introduction. I am the
    proud product of rural America.
        I grew up in West Port, Washington, a small fishing and
    tourist town on the Pacific Ocean. Oceans and coastal
    communities are in my blood. I am the son of a Native American
    mom and a Norwegian American fisherman dad. My family fish for
    salmon, tuna, Dungeness and king crab, shrimp and bottom fish,
    frequently miles off the Pacific coast for days and weeks at a
    time. My tribe, the Chinook Indian Nation, is legendary.
        My ancestors greeted explorers Lewis and Clark at the mouth
    of the mighty Columbia River more than 200 years ago. Chinook
    means strong fighter, and if confirmed, I commit to being a
    strong fighter for the United States, the American people, our
    shared democratic values, our strategic interests, as well as
    those priorities that we work on with the Eastern Caribbean. I
    am from the nation's most trade dependent state.
        Throughout my career, I have been a strong and effective
    advocate for international trade and economic development in
    rural, urban, and diverse communities. Over three decades, I
    grew my strategic communications business to represent
    Seattle's most successful and impactful companies, Fortune 500
    companies, startups, nonprofits. I advise organizations on how
    to solve complex business issues, solve crises, and grow their
    business in the United States and abroad.
        If confirmed, I am eager to put my private sector expertise
    and connections to use for the American people. This
    ambassadorship is unique in the world, representing the United
    States to these seven island nations, these sovereign
    countries, allies, right here in our own hemisphere.
        The countries of the Eastern Caribbean, Antigua and
    Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St.
    Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines comprise a vital
    political and economic region. Due to their close geographic
    proximity, and our shared historical and cultural ties, these
    countries play an outsized role in many important areas. If
    confirmed, my priorities are clear.
        First, hundreds of thousands of American tourists visit the
    Eastern Caribbean each year. If confirmed, my paramount duty
    will be to ensure the safety and security of these visitors, as
    well as the 16,000 Americans who call the region home. This
    includes addressing the illegal trafficking of narcotics,
    people, and guns in the region.
        And specifically, I will work to deepen our security and
    law enforcement partnerships through the Caribbean Basin
    Security Initiative. Second, I will ensure that the United
    States effectively competes with the People's Republic of China
    and remains the partner of choice, the preferred partner in the
    Eastern Caribbean.
        These seven countries are on the front lines of Beijing's
    global power projection through its ever-expanding trade,
    investment ties, and diplomatic presence, as well as the PRC's
    ongoing push to limit Taiwan international engagement. I will
    work to be a strong advocate for our positive U.S. agenda, and
    an active and visible countering force to the PRC's efforts.
        Third, these small island nations are facing a unique and
    evolving climate and energy challenges. I am committed to
    working with each country on specific solutions, employing
    American technology and innovation.
        And through the U.S. initiatives such as PACC 2030, the
    Partnership to Address the Climate Crisis. It is in our
    national interest to help these countries become more resilient
    to the effects of climate change and support their transition
    to renewable fuels, including by increasing their access to
    finance.
        Finally, drawing on my broad private sector expertise, if
    confirmed, I would support U.S. business interests in the
    region. I would be their number one advocate and help identify
    new and expanded opportunities for American innovation and
    investment.
        I look forward to leading the strong and experienced team
    of professionals at the mission, if I am confirmed, and
    collaborating closely with this committee and your staff, and
    together we will advance U.S. interests that benefit the
    American people in this very important region so close to our
    shores. I am happy to answer your questions. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Nyhus follows:]

                      Prepared Statement of Roger F. Nyhus

        Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, and distinguished Members
    of the committee. I am grateful to appear before you as President
    Biden's nominee to be the U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern
    Caribbean. If confirmed, I would represent the United States and the
    American people in seven island nations.
        I would like to thank the two senators from my home state of
    Washington--Senator Maria Cantwell and Senator Patty Murray--for their
    support. I am especially grateful to Sen. Cantwell for her leadership,
    kind introduction, and partnership over many years.

    Rural America
        I am the proud product of rural America. I grew up in Westport,
    Washington, a small fishing and tourist town on the Pacific Ocean.
    Oceans and coastal communities are in my blood. I am the son of a
    Native American Mom and a Norwegian-American fisherman Dad. My family
    fished for salmon, tuna, Dungeness and king crab, shrimp, and bottom
    fish, frequently miles off the Pacific Coast for days or weeks at a
    time.

    Family
        My tribe--the Chinook Indian Nation--is legendary. My ancestors
    greeted explorers Lewis and Clark at the mouth of the mighty Columbia
    River more than 200 years ago. Chinook means ``strong fighter,'' and,
    if confirmed, I commit to being a strong fighter for the United States,
    the American people, our strategic interests and democratic values, as
    well as our shared priorities in the Eastern Caribbean.

    Private Sector Experience
        I am from the nation's most trade-dependent state. Throughout my
    career, I have been a strong and effective advocate for international
    trade and economic development in rural, urban, and diverse
    communities. I have represented numerous clients in advancing global
    commercial engagement and people-to-people exchange.
        Over three decades, I grew my strategic communications business to
    represent Seattle's most successful and impactful Fortune 500
    companies, startups, and nonprofits. I advised organizations on how to
    navigate complex business issues, manage crises, and grow in the United
    States and overseas. If confirmed, I am eager to put my private sector
    expertise and connections to use for the American people.

    Post Priorities
        This U.S. ambassadorship is unique in the world--representing the
    United States to seven sovereign nations right here in our own
    hemisphere. The countries of the Eastern Caribbean--Antigua and
    Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia,
    and St. Vincent and the Grenadines--comprise a vital political and
    economic region. Due to their close geographic proximity and our shared
    historical and cultural ties, these countries play an outsized role in
    many important areas.

        If confirmed, my priorities are clear:

        First, hundreds of thousands of American tourists visit the Eastern
    Caribbean each year. If confirmed, my paramount duty will be to ensure
    the safety and security of these visitors as well as the many thousands
    of Americans who call the region home. This includes addressing the
    illegal trafficking of narcotics, people, and guns in the region.
    Specifically, I will work to deepen our security and law enforcement
    partnerships with the Eastern Caribbean through the Caribbean Basin
    Security Initiative.
        Second, I will ensure that the United States effectively competes
    with the People's Republic of China and remains the partner of choice
    in the Eastern Caribbean. These seven countries are on the frontlines
    of Beijing's global power projection through ever-expanding trade,
    investment ties and diplomatic presence, as well as the PRC's ongoing
    push to limit Taiwan international engagement. I will work to be a
    strong advocate for our positive U.S. agenda, and an active and visible
    countering force to the PRC's efforts.
        Third, these small island nations are facing unique and evolving
    climate and energy challenges. I am committed to working with each
    country on specific solutions employing American technology and
    innovation, and through U.S. initiatives such as the Partnership to
    Address the Climate Crisis (PACC 2030). It is in our national interest
    to help these nations become more resilient to the effects of climate
    change and support their transition to renewable fuels, including by
    increasing their access to finance.
        Finally, drawing on my broad private sector experience, if
    confirmed, I would support U.S. business interests in the region and
    help identify new and expanded opportunities for American innovation
    and investment.

    Conclusion
        If confirmed, I look forward to leading the strong and experienced
    team of professionals at the mission and collaborating closely with
    this committee and its staff. Together, we will advance U.S. interests
    and benefit the American people in this important region so close to
    our shores. I am happy to answer your questions. Thank you.

        The Chairman. Thank you. Ms. Lempert.

          STATEMENT OF YAEL LEMPERT TO BE  AMBASSADOR OF THE
           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM
           OF JORDAN

        Ms. Lempert. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch,
    distinguished members of the committee, it is an honor to
    appear before you today as President Biden's nominee to serve
    as a U.S. Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. I
    would like to thank the President and the Secretary of State
    for the confidence that they have shown in me with this
    nomination.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with this committee
    and the Congress more broadly on U.S. interests in Jordan.
    Since joining the Foreign Service 25 years ago, I have spent
    most of my career working either in or on the Middle East and
    North Africa, including in Iraq, Egypt, Libya, and Israel, as
    well as in domestic assignments at the State Department, and on
    the national security staff under three Presidents.
        It is impossible to sufficiently express my appreciation to
    my family for their stalwart support throughout my career,
    especially to my husband, Andrea, who is here today, and our
    wonderful daughter Bianca, who is on her sixth-grade field trip
    to New York City, so is not here, who are most impacted by this
    itinerant lifestyle. And to my parents and siblings, who no
    matter how much worry I caused them, serving in a post war zone
    and through a revolution, always supported me in this life of
    serving our country.
        I want to particularly recognize my late father, U.S. Air
    Force captain and ophthalmologist Philip Lempert, who instilled
    in me a devotion to public service and always believed in me
    and that I would reach this day. As President Biden has said,
    the role Jordan plays as a force for stability in the Middle
    East cannot be overstated.
        The strategic partnership between the United States and the
    Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is key to advancing U.S. priorities
    throughout the region and to promoting regional security and
    stability.
        The United States has a profound interest in supporting the
    political and economic reform agenda laid out by the Jordanian
    government to address persistent economic, environmental, and
    regional challenges, from unemployment, to water scarcity, to
    the spillover effects of the crisis in Syria. U.S. priorities
    in Jordan are focused on supporting economic growth,
    strengthening water security, and deepening our strong security
    cooperation.
        These goals are advanced through our new seven-year
    assistance MOU, which supports key reforms centered on
    improving the lives of Jordanians, including essential public
    services, tackling the water crisis, and expanding economic
    opportunities.
        Thanks to strong Congressional support, U.S. economic
    assistance to Jordan using Fiscal Years 2023 funds includes
    over $1.2 billion aimed at bolstering Jordan's stability and
    strengthening our partnership.
        If confirmed, I will work with Jordanian leaders, the IMF,
    and others to support Jordan's reform and modernization
    efforts, and to ensure that our assistance package is used
    effectively. As a major non-NATO ally and crucial member of the
    global coalition to defeat ISIS, Jordan has long been a key
    ally in the fight against terrorism, while also supporting
    international peacekeeping efforts and providing humanitarian
    assistance.
        Our new MOU includes a minimum of $400 million annually in
    foreign military financing for Jordan, making it among the
    largest recipients of FMF globally. This funding bolsters
    Jordan's capacity to play a stabilizing role in the Middle
    East.
        It helps to address emerging threats and ensures continued
    operability--interoperability with U.S. and coalition forces.
    Jordan has long offered a refuge to those displaced by regional
    conflicts and crises, most recently in the extraordinary
    generosity that the Jordanian government and its people have
    shown to Syrians.
        The United States has contributed over $2.2 billion in
    humanitarian aid to Syrian refugees in Jordan since the
    conflict in Syria began. If confirmed, I will continue to
    advocate for humanitarian assistance from our partners and the
    international fora to promote burden sharing and ensure that we
    collectively provide for those in need.
        I will also promote regional integration and support
    Jordan's important role in contributing to regional peace and
    prosperity. Next year marks 30 years since Jordan signed its
    historic peace treaty with Israel.
        Jordan's commitment to working towards peace between
    Israelis and Palestinians, as well as partnering with the
    United States and others to advance de-escalation efforts, is
    indispensable. The U.S. Embassy in Jordan is among the largest
    in the world, with a talented, dedicated, and diverse team of
    American and local staff that, if confirmed, I would be so
    proud to lead.
        The safety and security of the embassy team and of U.S.
    citizens in Jordan, including the over 33,000 Americans
    residing there and the more than 150,000 American tourists who
    visit annually, will always be my foremost priority.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Risch, and distinguished
    members of the committee, if confirmed, I will work to further
    strengthen the vital U.S., Jordan partnership, and to ensure
    that it serves U.S. interests and reflects U.S. values. I thank
    you for the opportunity to appear before you today, and I look
    forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Lempert follows:]

                       Prepared Statement of Yael Lempert

        Chairman, Ranking Member, distinguished Members of the committee,
    it is an honor to appear before you today as President Biden's nominee
    to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. I
    would like to thank the President and the Secretary of State for the
    confidence they have shown in me with this nomination. If confirmed, I
    look forward to working with this committee, and the Congress more
    broadly, on U.S. interests in Jordan.
        Since joining the Foreign Service 25 years ago I have spent most of
    my career working either in or on the Middle East and North Africa,
    including in Iraq, Egypt, Libya, and Israel, as well as in domestic
    assignments at the State Department and on the National Security
    Council staff under three Presidents. It is impossible to sufficiently
    express my appreciation to my family for their stalwart support
    throughout my career, especially to my husband, Andrea, and our
    wonderful daughter, Bianca, who are most impacted by this itinerant
    lifestyle, and to my parents and siblings, who--no matter how much
    worry I caused them, serving in a post-war zone and through a
    revolution--always supported me in this life of serving our country. I
    want to particularly recognize my late father, U.S. Air Force Captain
    and ophthalmologist Philip Lempert, who instilled in me a devotion to
    public service, and always believed in me and that I would reach this
    day.
        As President Biden has said, ``The role Jordan plays as a force for
    stability in the Middle East can't be overstated.'' The strategic
    partnership between the United States and the Hashemite Kingdom of
    Jordan is key to advancing U.S. priorities throughout the region, and
    to promoting regional security and stability. The United States has a
    profound interest in supporting the political and economic reform
    agenda laid out by the Jordanian government to address persistent
    economic, environmental, and regional challenges--from unemployment to
    water scarcity to the spillover effects of the crisis in Syria.
        U.S. priorities in Jordan are focused on supporting economic
    growth, strengthening water security, and deepening our strong security
    cooperation. These goals are advanced through our new seven-year
    assistance MOU, which supports key reforms centered on improving the
    lives of Jordanians--including essential public services, tackling the
    water crisis, and expanding economic opportunities. Thanks to strong
    Congressional support, U.S. economic assistance to Jordan using Fiscal
    Year 2023 funds includes over $1.2 billion aimed at bolstering Jordan's
    stability and strengthening our partnership. If confirmed, I will work
    with Jordanian leaders, the IMF and others to support Jordan's reform
    and modernization efforts and to ensure that our assistance package is
    used effectively.
        As a Major Non-NATO Ally and crucial member of the Global Coalition
    to Defeat ISIS, Jordan has long been a key ally in the fight against
    terrorism, while also supporting international peacekeeping efforts and
    providing humanitarian assistance. Our new MOU includes a minimum of
    $400 million annually in Foreign Military Financing for Jordan, making
    it among the largest recipients of Foreign Military Financing globally.
    This funding bolsters Jordan's capacity to play a stabilizing role in
    the Middle East, helps to address emerging threats and ensures
    continued interoperability with U.S. and Coalition forces.
        Jordan has long offered a refuge to those displaced by regional
    conflicts and crises, most recently in the extraordinary generosity
    that the Jordanian government and its people have shown to Syrians. The
    United States has contributed over $2.2 billion in humanitarian aid to
    Syrian refugees in Jordan since the conflict in Syria began. If
    confirmed, I will continue to advocate for humanitarian assistance from
    our partners and in international fora to promote burden sharing and
    ensure we collectively provide for those in need. I will also promote
    regional integration and support Jordan's important role in
    contributing to regional peace and prosperity. Next year marks 30 years
    since Jordan signed its historic peace treaty with Israel; Jordan's
    commitment to working towards peace between Israelis and Palestinians,
    as well as partnering with the United States and others to advance de-
    escalation efforts, is indispensable.
        The U.S. Embassy in Jordan is among the largest in the world, with
    a talented, dedicated, and diverse team of American and local staff
    that, if confirmed, I would be proud to lead. The safety and security
    of the Embassy team and of U.S. citizens in Jordan--including the over
    33,000 Americans residing there and the more than 150,000 American
    tourists who visit annually--will always be my foremost priority.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished Members of the
    committee, if confirmed, I will work to further strengthen the vital
    U.S.-Jordan partnership and to ensure that it serves U.S. interests and
    reflects U.S. values. I thank you for the opportunity to appear before
    you today and I look forward to your questions.

        The Chairman. Well, thank you. So far, our nominees have
    not been affected by the State Department's inability to stay
    to five minutes, so thank you very much. Mr. Brown.

         STATEMENT OF ARTHUR W. BROWN  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR  OF
          THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF EC-
          UADOR

        Mr. Brown. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished
    members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to
    appear here today as President Biden's nominee to be the next
    U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Ecuador.
        I am grateful to President Biden and Secretary Blinken for
    the trust and confidence they have shown in nominating me for
    this position. I appear before you today, accompanied by my
    wife, Krista.
        I would like to first publicly honor you and express my
    deep gratitude and love for you. We began our public service
    journey in West Africa, where we met in 1991, serving as Peace
    Corps volunteers. You in Togo, I in Benin. Krista, without your
    sacrifices, we would not have completed over 30 years of
    service with the Federal Government doing the nation's work, so
    thank you. It has been an honor of a lifetime to serve the
    United States of America.
        My career as a Foreign Service Officer is taking me to
    Southwest Asia, Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean,
    showing that democracy can deliver. And if confirmed, I believe
    my experience will serve me well in Ecuador.
        If confirmed, the safety and security and welfare of U.S.
    citizens and mission personnel will be my top priority. Ecuador
    is a strategic partner for the United States in South America
    as we see democratic governance under pressure around the
    region.
        If confirmed as Ambassador, I will prioritize strengthening
    our bilateral relationship and bolstering cooperation with
    Ecuador, including supporting the U.S. Ecuador Partnership Act
    of 2022, and the proposed Innovation and Development in Ecuador
    Act, the IDEA Act.
        If confirmed as the next Ambassador, I will continue the
    excellent work of the U.S. mission in Ecuador, working with the
    Ecuadorian government, the private sector, civil society
    institutions, the Ecuadoran citizens to advance democracy,
    promote human rights, and the inclusion of historically
    marginalized communities, and support anti-corruption and crime
    prevention programs, and promote inclusive economic
    development, environmental conservation efforts.
        As cartels expand their influence, local gangs align with
    them engaged in open warfare to control drug trafficking
    routes. Such robberies have provoked the worst violence in
    Ecuador's recent history, with increased prison deaths and a
    record homicide rate in 2022.
        If confirmed, I will focus on our mutual security interests
    to combat drug trafficking and associated violence. In addition
    to these challenges, there are opportunities. Ecuador joined
    the UN Security Council in January for the fourth time as a
    critical--at a critical juncture in history.
        If confirmed, I will further our collaboration with the
    Ecuadorian government, in conjunction with our mission to the
    UN to support Ecuador's stance for its democratic principles.
    Mr. Chairman, ranking member, and members of the committee,
    thank you for considering my nomination today. I look forward
    to any questions you may have.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Brown:]

                     Prepared Statement of Arthur W. Brown

        Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, and Distinguished Members
    of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you
    today as President Biden's nominee to be the next U.S. Ambassador to
    the Republic of Ecuador. I am grateful to President Biden and Secretary
    Blinken for the trust and confidence they have shown in nominating me
    for this position.
        I appear before you today accompanied by my wife; Krista; I would
    first like to publicly honor you and express my deep gratitude and love
    for you. We began our public service journey in West Africa, where we
    met in 1991 serving as Peace Corps Volunteers (you in Togo and I in
    Benin). Today, we are the proud parents of Arrington (19) and Ella (15)
    who are in school and could not be here today. Krista, without your
    sacrifices, we would not have completed over 30 years of service with
    the federal government doing the Nation's work.
        It has been the honor of a lifetime to serve the United States of
    America. My career as a Foreign Service Officer has taken me to
    southwest Asia, Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean, and if
    confirmed, I believe my experience will serve me well in Ecuador. I
    have experience in expanding public health and education programs,
    promoting economic development and environmental activities, and
    strengthening governance and rule of law projects. I have dedicated
    decades of service to helping countries show that democracy can
    deliver. I look forward to leading our dynamic interagency teams at the
    Embassy in Quito and our consulate in Guayaquil. U.S. Mission Ecuador
    is doing amazing work advancing this important bilateral relationship,
    and I would use my experience, if confirmed, to bolster the team's
    outstanding efforts.
        If confirmed, the safety and security of U.S. citizens and Mission
    personnel will be my top priority. I will prioritize initiatives that
    protect and advance the interests of U.S. citizens in Ecuador.
        Ecuador is a strategic partner for the United States in South
    America as we see democratic governance under pressure around the
    region. If confirmed as Ambassador, I will support the implementation
    of the proposed Innovation and Development in Ecuador (IDEA) Act, and
    the U.S.-Ecuador Partnership Act of 2022. Strengthening our bilateral
    relationship and continued cooperation with Ecuador through deepening
    trade and commercial ties, increasing cooperation on security matters,
    promoting mutual and inclusive economic growth, and cooperating on
    issues of mutual interest will be key priorities for me.
        As the United States and Ecuador confront our shared challenges, if
    confirmed as the next ambassador, I will work with the Government of
    Ecuador, the private sector, civil society institutions, and Ecuadorian
    citizens to advance democracy, promote human rights and the inclusion
    of historically marginalized communities, support anticorruption and
    crime prevention programs, and promote inclusive economic development
    and environmental conservation efforts.
        Ecuador faces many challenges, including increased violence
    perpetrated by transnational criminal organizations. As cartels expand
    their influence, local gangs aligned with them engage in open warfare
    to control drug trafficking routes. Such rivalries have provoked the
    worst violence in Ecuador's recent history, with increased prison
    deaths and a record homicide rate in 2022. The Ecuadorian Government
    and the Ecuadorian people have not backed down from these drug
    trafficking organizations. However, they need our support. U.S.
    Government assistance helped Ecuador interdict hundreds of metric tons
    of drugs in 2022. If confirmed, I will focus on our mutual security
    interests, continuing initiatives led by our diplomatic mission in
    Ecuador to bolster the Government's efforts to combat drug trafficking
    and associated violence.
        In addition to these challenges, there are opportunities. Ecuador
    joined the U.N. Security Council in January for the fourth time at a
    critical juncture in history. If confirmed, I will further our
    collaboration with the Ecuadorian Government, in conjunction with our
    mission to the U.N., to support Ecuador as it stands for its democratic
    principles.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the committee, thank
    you for considering my nomination today. I look forward to any
    questions you may have.

        The Chairman. Okay. Extra time. And considering how long
    you have been in the State Department, you haven't been
    infected. So, next, we will hear from Ms. Syptak-Ramnath.

         STATEMENT OF STEPHANIE SYPTAK-RAMNATH TO BE AMBAS-
          SADOR OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO  THE RE-
          PUBLIC OF PERU

        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member
    Risch, distinguished members of the committee, I am deeply
    honored to be here today and grateful to President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken for placing their confidence in me to serve
    as the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Peru.
        If confirmed, I commit to working with the committee and
    other members of Congress to advance the interests of the
    United States, protect the safety of our citizens, promote
    democracy and human rights, and strengthen a bilateral
    relationship that has endured for close to 200 years.
        As the daughter and granddaughter of career military
    officers who served our country in World War II and Vietnam, it
    has been an honor to dedicate the past 32 years of my life to
    U.S. Government service, including as an officer in the Navy.
    My diplomatic career has allowed me to represent the United
    States in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, and the Arab
    world, and to bring American optimism, leadership, and values
    to diverse audiences.
        My husband, Gautam, here with us today, has joined me in
    this adventure and in representing the diversity and
    opportunity that the United States represents. My daughters,
    Malena and Sophia, join us in this life of commitment. I am
    grateful to all three for their resilience, love, and support,
    as well as that of Gautam's mother, Subadra Ramnath, who has
    been an important part of our success.
        I am honored to have my father, Colonel Michael Syptak,
    with us today, as I am eternally grateful for his example of
    devotion to faith, family, and country. I would also like to
    pay tribute to my mother, Eileen, who I know is looking down on
    us from heaven. She taught me to love God first and raised me
    with high expectations of excellence and service.
        The call to service, specifically the Foreign Service, is a
    tremendous responsibility to both advance U.S. policy goals and
    represent the very best of American values in every
    interaction, both public and private.
        And that is my commitment to you, if confirmed, in leading
    U.S. engagement in Peru. Peru is experiencing a
    transformational moment in its history. If confirmed, I will
    ensure the United States remains a steadfast partner for Peru's
    democratic institutions and the people they serve, prioritizing
    human rights and ensuring understanding, inclusion, and respect
    in all interactions.
        And we will continue to support the people and government
    of Peru as they work to overcome the current political
    instability and protect the democracy, they have fought so hard
    to build. Peru is home to many dual Peruvian and U.S. citizens,
    and an important destination for American citizen travelers,
    researchers, and students.
        It is also a key economic partner with a two-way trade that
    surpasses $22 billion and a destination for strategic U.S.
    investment. If confirmed, I will prioritize the protection of
    the more than half a million Americans who visit Peru each
    year. I will also work with the U.S. private sector to promote
    inclusive and sustainable growth, and to highlight the benefits
    of doing business with the United States.
        Our companies promote unparalleled transparency, cutting
    edge technology, quality engineering, and a commitment to
    social and environmental responsibility. With Peru, we will
    continue to advance our shared climate and environmental goals,
    including the protection of Peru's diverse ecosystems, seek
    regional solutions to the challenges of irregular migration,
    and address the scourges of illicit drug and human trafficking
    and other transnational organized crime.
        I thank the members of Congress for your steadfast support
    for U.S. aid and State Department programs in Peru. If
    confirmed, I pledge to continue working with you to ensure that
    we are good stewards of the resources provided by the American
    people.
        I look forward to leading the extraordinary interagency
    team in Lima, and to benefit from the wise counsel of our more
    than 600 locally employed staff in understanding the diversity
    of the country and how we can most effectively engage.
        Our locally employed staff are the heart of our diplomatic
    missions around the world, and any success I can claim as a
    U.S. diplomat is due primarily to their devotion and dedicated
    service. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, thank you for
    considering my nomination, and I look forward to your
    questions. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Syptak-Ramnath follows:]

                 Prepared Statement of Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath

        Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Risch, distinguished Members of
    the committee, I am deeply honored to be here today and grateful to
    President Biden and Secretary Blinken for placing their confidence in
    me to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Peru. If
    confirmed, I commit to working with this committee and other Members of
    Congress to advance the interests of the United States, protect the
    safety of our citizens, promote democracy and human rights, and
    strengthen a bilateral relationship that has endured for close to 200
    years.
        As the daughter and granddaughter of career military officers who
    served our country in World War 2 and Vietnam, it has been an honor to
    dedicate the past 32 years of my life to U.S. Government service,
    including four years as an officer in the Navy. My diplomatic career
    has allowed me to represent the United States in Africa, Asia, Latin
    America, Europe, and the Arab world; and to bring American optimism,
    leadership, and values to diverse audiences.
        My husband, Gautam, here with us today, has joined me in this
    adventure and in representing the diversity and opportunity the United
    States represents. My daughters, Malena and Sophia, joined us in this
    life of commitment to the Foreign Service. I am grateful to all three
    for their resilience, love, and support, as well as that of Gautam's
    mother, Subadra Ramnath, who has been an important part of our success.
        I am honored to have my father, Col. Michael Syptak, with us today
    as I am eternally grateful for his example of devotion to faith,
    family, and country. I would also like to pay tribute to my mother,
    Aileen, who I know is looking down on us from heaven. She taught me to
    love God first and raised me with high expectations for excellence and
    service.
        The call to service, specifically the Foreign Service, is a
    tremendous responsibility to both advance U.S. policy goals and
    represent the very best of American values in every interaction, both
    public and private. And that is my commitment to you, if confirmed, in
    leading U.S. engagement in Peru.
        Peru is experiencing a transformational moment in its history. If
    confirmed, I will ensure the United States remains a steadfast partner
    for Peru's democratic institutions and the people they serve,
    prioritizing human rights and ensuring understanding, inclusion, and
    respect in all interactions. And we will continue to support the people
    and Government of Peru as they work to overcome the current political
    instability and protect the democracy they have fought so hard to
    build.
        Peru is home to many dual Peruvian and U.S. citizens, and an
    important destination for American citizen travelers, researchers, and
    students. It is also a key economic partner, with a two-way trade that
    surpasses $22 billion and a destination for strategic U.S. investment.
    If confirmed, I will prioritize the protection of the more than half a
    million Americans who visit Peru each year. I will also work with the
    U.S. private sector to promote inclusive and sustainable growth and to
    highlight the benefits of doing business with the United States. Our
    companies
        promote unparalleled transparency, cutting edge technology, quality
    engineering, and a commitment to social and environmental
    responsibility.
        With Peru, we will continue to advance our shared climate and
    environmental goals, including the protection of Peru's diverse
    ecosystems; seek regional solutions to the challenges of irregular
    migration; and address the scourges of illicit drug and human
    trafficking and other transnational organized crime that rob
    communities of the security required for prosperity.
        I thank the members of Congress for your steadfast support for
    USAID and State Department projects in Peru. If confirmed, I pledge to
    continue working with you to ensure that we are good stewards of the
    resources provided by the American people as we work with our
    municipal, state, and federal partners in Peru to create a more secure,
    more prosperous, and more inclusive society.
        I look forward to leading the extraordinary interagency team in
    Lima and to benefitting from the wise counsel of our more than 600
    locally employed staff in understanding the diversity of the country
    and how the United States can most effectively engage. Our locally
    employed staff are the heart of our diplomatic missions around the
    world, and any success I can claim as a U.S. diplomat is due primarily
    to their devotion and dedicated service.
        Mr. Chairman, Members of the committee, thank you for considering
    my nomination. I look forward to your questions. Thank you.

        The Chairman. This is an all-star cast. Everybody has
    stayed under five minutes, so. Let me, before we start a series
    of five-minute rounds, ask some questions on behalf of the
    committee as a whole that we ask of nominees, speaks to the
    importance the committee places on responsiveness by all
    officials to the Executive Branch.
        And I would ask each of you just to give me a verbal yes or
    no to each question. Do you agree to appear before this
    committee and make officials from your office available to the
    committee and designated staff when invited?
        Mr. Nyhus. Yes.
        Ms. Lempert. Yes.
        Mr. Brown. Yes.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes. Senator.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to keeping the committee fully
    and currently informed about the activities under your purview?
        Mr. Nyhus. Yes, sir.
        Ms. Lempert. Yes, Senator.
        Mr. Brown. Yes, Senator.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes, Senator.
        The Chairman. Do you commit to engaging in meaningful
    consultation while policies are being developed, not just
    providing notification after the fact?
        Mr. Nyhus. Yes, Senator.
        Ms. Lempert. Yes, Senator.
        Mr. Brown. Yes, Senator.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes, Senator.
        The Chairman. And finally, do you commit to promptly
    responding to requests for briefings and information requested
    by the committee and its designated staff?
        Mr. Nyhus. Yes, Senator.
        Ms. Lempert. Yes, Senator.
        Mr. Brown. Yes, Senator.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes, Senator.
        The Chairman. Thank you all. For the record, each of the
    nominees has responded yes to all the questions, so we will go
    to a series of five-minute rounds. Ms. Syptak-Ramnath, in the
    past seven years, Peru has had six Presidents. Pretty
    remarkable.
        The level of political instability has significantly
    affected not only our efforts to strengthen bilateral relations
    with Peru, but the ability of Peruvian democracy to deliver
    results for its people, including ensuring their safety and
    security.
        I have one of the largest Peruvian Diasporas in the nation,
    and I hear from them all of the time. While protests against
    the current Boluarte government have decreased since their
    height in February, President Boluarte and congress remain
    highly unpopular, and efforts to address citizen demands,
    including calls for early elections, have seemingly stalled.
        Meanwhile, the Peruvian people continue to face growing
    security, economic, and migration challenges. So, what is your
    assessment of the stability and viability of the Boluarte
    government, and what steps would you take to work with Peru to
    strengthen its institutions and be able to meet the ability to
    respond to the challenges I have just discussed?
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Thank you, Senator, for that very
    important question. So, President Boluarte is in power due to
    the democratically authorized process in the constitution, and
    she is our partner in working to see how the United States can
    support the government and the people of Peru in emerging from
    this moment of instability.
        I think it is critically important that we continue to work
    with civil society and across the many sectors of the--of Peru
    to ensure that we understand what the issues are at play and
    how we as the United States can bring our resources to bear to
    support both the people and the government of Peru in
    strengthening the institutions that have, you know, come into
    question as to their effectiveness.
        The U.S. Embassy and thanks to Congress, we have
    significant resources in USAID, and I know we have a very
    strong military relationship. Our Peace Corps volunteers just
    returned to Peru. So, I think we are blessed with a number of
    resources to really understand what the needs of the people, of
    the government of Peru are and how we can support them.
        The Chairman. Well, one of the issues there is the question
    of human rights, and I would expect you to be a strong voice in
    standing up for human rights within the country. Is that
    something we can expect?
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Yes, Senator.
        The Chairman. Mr. Brown, last year, Congress passed, and
    President Biden signed my U.S. Ecuador Partnership Act. It is
    the first standalone piece of legislation dedicated to U.S.
    foreign policy towards Ecuador.
        The U.S. Ecuador Partnership Act requires the State
    Department, USAID, and other relevant agencies to submit a
    comprehensive strategy to Congress on how to bolster our
    bilateral ties, including on issues regarding countering
    transnational crime, inclusive economic development, protecting
    Ecuador's environment and natural resources.
        We expect these strategies to be shared with Congress in
    June. If confirmed, do you commit to ensuring swift and
    effective implementation of these strategies and to regularly
    meet with my office to discuss progress on implementation?
        Mr. Brown. Thank you, Senator, for the question. Yes, to
    answer it specifically and directly. If confirmed as
    Ambassador, my approach would be a whole of Government
    approach. The U.S. Partnership Act for it with Ecuador is a
    very important legislation. The U.S. relationship with Ecuador
    is strong and the community development work that is going on
    with the people of Ecuador is strong.
        Strengthening different democratic institutions and
    promoting inclusive economic growth, supporting environmental
    conservation initiatives, and expanding capabilities to address
    corruption and crime that is going on in Ecuador will be a
    primary focus.
        This legislation that you authored, Senator, is something
    that I will be focusing on as I am--if confirmed as Ambassador
    there, I will be reporting back. And I pledge to work with the
    committee whenever possible to highlight our successes of how
    we are implementing the Act.
        The Chairman. Well, thank you for that. Last month I
    traveled to Quito and met with President Lasso during my
    Congressional delegation of South America. This was my second
    trip to Ecuador in the last six months.
        This is the most democratic President aligned with the
    United States and its values that we have in the entire
    hemisphere. That is a pretty big statement. But he is besieged,
    as the Ecuadorian people, amid rising levels of drug
    trafficking, violence, targeted killings of government
    officials, and so much more.
        So, if you are confirmed, I would ask you to engage
    robustly in how the United States can help Ecuador meet those
    challenges as a partner in our collective interests. Is that
    something I can expect you to do?
        Mr. Brown. Certainly, Senator. We do know right now that
    Ecuador is a strong partner with the United States. Our
    engagement, a whole of Government approach from our program
    with USAID, INL, OSC right now is making inroads to help
    strengthen some of those democratic institutions. I will be
    reporting back, and you can count on me and my team, the U.S.
    mission in Quito to be able to respond to all of those elements
    to help strengthen the security posture in Ecuador.
        The Chairman. Thank you. I will take one other minute. Ms.
    Lempert how do--we are both--as the ranking member said, we are
    very strong supporters of the U.S., Jordan relationship. We
    think Jordan is essential.
        However, I get concerned that not only Jordan but others in
    the region are cozying up to Assad, and it will be a horrific
    global statement that after the butchery that Assad has been
    part of, we now in invite him back without consequence. How do
    you see dealing with that?
        Ms. Lempert. Thank you, Senator, for this important
    question. I want to be clear, our views on Assad are that he
    has been the source of nothing but misery for Syria and for the
    region. The United States will not normalize with the Assad
    regime, and we do not support others normalizing with Damascus.
        We have made this abundantly and vocally clear to our
    partners, and we will continue to do so. The United States
    believes that a political solution, as outlined in UN Security
    Council Resolution 2254, is the only solution to a political
    crisis in Syria. There is clearly an array of views across the
    Arab world on engagement with the Assad regime.
        We remind our partners that our sanctions architecture
    remains in place and will be enforced in accordance with our
    laws, and also of the primacy and the importance of UN Security
    Council Resolution 2254.
        In fact, the Secretary of State is speaking with the
    Jordanian Foreign Minister this morning to raise our concerns
    and discuss the meeting that occurred in Jordan on Monday. If
    confirmed, this will be a priority topic of discussion.
        The Chairman. Some of the statements coming out of the NSC
    make me worry that we are diminishing 2254, and that is not
    something we should do. So, I look forward to your engagement.
        Before I turn to Senator Risch, I know you are known to be
    somewhat of a shawarma aficionado and have made the point of
    publicly sampling shawarma during your travels to the Middle
    East. I know this is going to be a sensitive question, but
    where is the best shawarma in the Middle East?
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, it is a deeply sensitive question,
    and you can get me in trouble in the region, but I think it
    will come as no surprise, given where I have been nominated to
    head to that in my opinion, it is a close contest, but
    Jordanian shawarma is without doubt the best shawarma in the
    Middle East.
        The Chairman. Very well done. I am going to ask Senator
    Kaine to preside as the chair of the Western Hemisphere
    subcommittee as I go to the floor. Senator Risch.
        Senator Risch. Thank you. Ms. Lempert, obviously you have
    as good an understanding and knowledge of the Jordanian
    situation as anyone, and I am impressed with that here.
        I am also impressed with your strong view on normalization
    with the Assad regime. It is dicey, as you know, because there
    is the--when we talk with the Arabs, they are soft on the
    issue.
        They think this has gone on long enough and that
    normalization would be good for the region and for themselves,
    which frankly, you can understand. Having said that, I think we
    are a little more neutral on it, and in looking at what Assad
    has done over the years is just--it is stunning. He falls in
    the same category as Hitler, Putin, and himself and some others
    that have done some pretty bad things.
        Again, I hope you will continue to give that strong
    statement that you have. I think that you heard the chairman,
    he and I share the same view on that, that this is--that this
    is just simply not acceptable to the United States.
        These countries are going to have to deal with it as they
    see appropriate, but it is going to cause nothing but
    difficulties with us if they try to cozy up to this guy, that
    cannot possibly be accepted into normalcy after what he has
    done.
        One of the things that--another concern we have as far as
    Jordan is concerned is, I know that you played a leading role
    in the Negev Forum and that--which grew out of the Abraham
    Accords.
        And we are concerned that Jordan does not have the warm
    embrace maybe that it should. What are your thoughts on that?
        Ms. Lempert. First of all, Senator, let me just reiterate
    on Syria. I am in complete agreement with you and the chairman.
    And as you have heard from the Secretary of State, U.S. policy
    on Syria and on normalization with the Assad regime will not
    change. With regard to your question about Jordan, Israel
    relations.
        I would note that the peace treaty between Jordan and
    Israel has been a pillar of regional stability for the past 30
    years. There is a strong relationship, a relationship that is
    not without its strengths, like all relationships, but one
    that, if confirmed, I will work to strengthen and advance.
        And part of that would be encouraging Jordan to participate
    in, among other regional integration efforts, the Negev Forum,
    which as you rightly point out, is building upon the historic
    Abraham Accords and creating an unprecedented multilateral
    framework of Israel and its regional partners focused on
    further cementing and advancing peace.
        It makes all kinds of sense for Jordan to be there. Jordan
    is the second Arab country that signed a peace treaty with
    Israel, and I will continue to encourage them to do so, just as
    I have in my current position.
        Senator Risch. Well, I really appreciate that. The other
    thing, I think from a domestic standpoint in Jordan, the
    chairman, I think, outlined as clearly as possible the warm
    relationship we enjoy with the king.
        Obviously because of the demographics in the country, that
    is not shared by everyone in the country. And I do not know if
    you have thoughts on how we can ratchet that up. Obviously, he
    is in a better position than we are to advance it. But what--do
    you have any thoughts on that?
        Ms. Lempert. I am sorry, Senator. Do you mean in advancing
    the strike that the strengthening the U.S.----
        Senator Risch. Our Jordanians view of us. I mean, you know,
    we do a lot for them, but I am not sure it is fully appreciated
    there by the masses.
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, if confirmed, I can tell you that
    that is going to be a top priority for me working with our
    embassy team, getting out and about in Jordan, explaining the
    role that the United States has played in supporting the
    Jordanian people. And I want to get the news out about that as
    much as possible as we work with our Jordanian partners.
        Senator Risch. I appreciate it.
        Mr. Brown, you have got a heavy lift. There are things
    happening in Ecuador that indicate the country is headed in the
    wrong direction, as you probably know.
        Their coca crop was at an all-time high of 500,000 acres in
    the last crop. This is not a good sign because obviously that
    the greater the drug problem, the greater the problem it is for
    us, for democracy in the country and everything else.
        And we have we have seen some awful examples of this on the
    continent. What are your thoughts on this?
        Mr. Brown. Senator, thank you for the question. If you are
    referring to the transport of cocaine from narcotrafficking
    networks through--from Colombia and through--and from Peru, the
    country is really being impacted, there is no doubt about that.
        But with U.S. intervention over the past year, Ecuador has
    been able to seize more cocaine tonnage than it has ever done.
        2022 had record seizure, but there is so much more that
    needs to be done. The instability that is being created in the
    communities where drug trafficking has taken over, especially
    in some of the coastal communities, it is a problem.
        So, if I am confirmed as Ambassador, I want to use a whole
    of Government approach, working with--throughout the
    interagency, something I have done throughout my career, to
    sort of figure out strategically how to engage in these
    communities, to work with the Government and those local
    communities to--it is not about just seizing cocaine being
    transported.
        And it is not just about arresting corrupt people that are
    involved in narcotrafficking, but it is also about dealing with
    some of the root problems of why young people are choosing
    illicit crime and committing these acts and working with the
    government on that.
        So, you have my firm commitment to help reduce crime and
    violence that is going on in Ecuador at the moment.
        Senator Risch. Well said. I would say that the record
    seizures are probably the result of record production, so that
    would explain that. I think, again, your focus on that is
    absolutely critical because the--obviously, it is a huge
    problem for Ecuador itself, but every ounce of that that leaves
    the country is a huge problem for the U.S. of A. So, thank you
    for being willing to serve there and I hope you will focus on
    that. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you. Senator Cardin.
        Senator Cardin. Well, let me thank all four of you for your
    continued or willingness to step forward to serve our nation,
    and I thank your families because it truly is a family
    commitment.
        So, thank you very much for that. There is a common thread
    here for the four nominees to serve in our hemisphere, and that
    is, as we have already talked about, drug trafficking. I was
    recently in Ecuador, and I am convinced that President Lasso is
    committed to doing what he can to help in that regard, but he
    will tell us the challenges he has in his neighboring
    countries.
        And we know that the political leadership in our hemisphere
    is changing, and their view towards drug trafficking has
    changed. So, the challenge is, how do we develop a coordinated
    strategy, including the United States, in dealing with the
    narcotrafficking that comes through our hemisphere?
        And so I want to ask each of the three nominees for our
    hemisphere, how do you intend not only to work within your
    country that you will be assigned to, but recognizing that we
    have to establish a U.S. strategy for the region, that
    particularly, I might tell you in Ecuador, is a challenge with
    the policies in Colombia where they are not exactly in sync as
    to how to deal with drug trafficking.
        How do you represent the U.S. interests to be effective in
    curtailing the amount of illegal trafficking of drugs? I will
    start with Mr. Brown, because I think Ecuador--by the way, I
    think we have a very close relationship with Ecuador today, and
    I think we can build on that. So, how do we deal with that?
        Mr. Brown. Thank you, Senator Cardin, for the question. And
    to state affirmatively, President Lasso is a strong partner.
    Ecuador is a democratic nation, and the Ecuadorian people--the
    U.S. and Ecuadorian people, along with the government there,
    are in solidarity to confront this problem.
        I think what is really important is that regionally we
    discuss these issues and have the correct forum to be able to
    discuss this from country to country. You are right, there is
    not a consistent policy in Colombia, in Peru that impact
    Ecuador. I certainly pledge as Ambassador, if I am confirmed,
    to help sponsor any dialog that needs to be done to help at a
    policy level and then in an implementation level to confront
    this problem.
        The transnational organized crime is crippling a country
    like Ecuador. They are being impacted and they need additional
    support. As long as I am Ambassador there, if confirmed, they
    will get that support.
        Senator Cardin. Before I go on to the other two nominees, I
    just want to underscore that in Ecuador, they are a close ally
    and friend. They have serious corruption issues that they have
    to deal with.
        And in all four of your countries that you are being
    nominated for, we need to make sure that we are laser focused
    on American values and anti-corruption issues, which are
    challenging in all four of the regions we are talking about.
    So, I just want to make that point. In Peru, you have got a
    problem of civility on the ground. It is a challenging
    atmosphere in which to operate. But it is also a country that
    has a focus on narcotrafficking. What is your strategy?
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Thank you, Senator. What I am learning
    about our efforts in Peru is that the work on coca eradication
    is holistic, and I think that is important. So not only are we
    working to help eradicate the crops, but our USAID is coming in
    to provide licit livelihoods, opportunities for that.
        Our INL is working on community policing, rule of law. So,
    we really have to look at this very holistically. It is not
    just about destroying the crops. It is about what do we bring
    in afterwards to make sure that people have the ability to live
    prosperous and secure lives? But for your question on the
    regional aspect of it, you are absolutely right, Senator. And
    we as the United States have remarkable convening power.
        And fortunately, we tend to have relationships that can
    bring people together. And I agree that that is something that
    we need to be doing just as we are trying to work on a regional
    basis on migration as well.
        The other thing I note is USAID does have a regional office
    based in Lima that covers many of these countries, so there is
    another place that we can see how we can work together.
        Senator Cardin. Eastern Caribbean, I do not want to leave
    that our, but first, let me just set this up. We need to be
    more invested. You are right about China's influence, so we see
    other concerns.
        We do not have the support within OAS that we would like to
    see among the Caribbean states. So, we have to invest more in
    the region itself. But drug trafficking is also an issue within
    the East Caribbean. Your response?
        Mr. Nyhus. Absolutely. Thank you, Senator. And it is even
    beyond narcotics. It is guns and people as well. And I would
    say there is a model in the Eastern Caribbean that is working.
    It is called the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative.
        And I know that centers Kaine and Rubio recently introduced
    a reauthorization funding package. That program is working. Its
    13 countries, so it is really Caribbean wide. And that, from
    what I have learned in my briefings, I think that is a program
    that is worth deepening and strengthening, and it is certainly
    something that, if confirmed, I would spend a great deal of
    time on.
        Senator Cardin. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you. Senator Ricketts.
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And
    congratulations on all our nominees on being nominated for
    these very important positions. And I want to say thank you for
    your willingness to step up and serve the United States, and
    especially to our career Foreign Service people. I had the
    privilege as Governor to travel on to a number of different
    countries on trade missions and was always very impressed by
    our Foreign Service staff.
        So, I know that whatever mission you end up in, you will
    have great teams behind you. And also, to your families as
    well, because I know they all will sacrifice along with you
    when you are overseas. Ms. Lempert, let us start talking about
    Jordan. One of the things that I am concerned about is the
    Chinese Communist Party and their expansion around the world
    has been discussed here today.
        The CCP and the PLA have a track record tied to Huawei, and
    Jordan recently chose Ericsson and Nokia to do their 5G
    network. And this is a little courageous considering that I
    think both the 2G and 3G and 4G are done by Huawei.
        And of course, also Jordan is a partner in China's Belt and
    Road Initiative, and China has a track record of penalizing
    people who do not do what they want. For example, when three
    years ago Australia asked for--had the temerity to ask for an
    investigation to COVID in China, China launched a trade war
    against them.
        So, given the fact that Jordan is such a close ally and has
    chosen to not use Huawei, what can we do to be able to make
    sure that they do not face additional economic pressure from
    the CCP? What can we do to make sure that they do not backtrack
    on this decision, and how can we support them, if there is some
    retaliation by the PRC?
        Ms. Lempert. Thank you, Senator, for raising this important
    topic. The President and the Secretary have been clear, China
    presents America's single most consequential geopolitical
    challenge. The strategic competition with the PRC will be the
    defining feature of U.S. diplomacy for certainly the duration
    of the rest of my career and likely well beyond.
        And there is not a U.S. Ambassador or a U.S. embassy
    anywhere in the world that is not focused squarely on this. And
    if confirmed, that would certainly be the case for me in
    Jordan. You rightly point out the decision that Jordan just
    took.
        I think what we can do is continue to double down on our
    partnership with Jordan. Ultimately, our ability to compete
    with the PRC in the Middle East rests on the continued strength
    of our partnerships.
        And for all of the region's challenges, and they are
    manifold, our deep and decades long strategic cooperation with
    our partners across the Middle East, none more so than Jordan,
    remain an asset that no other country can match. So, if
    confirmed, I would work to remain engaged and focused on
    limiting China's influence in Jordan.
        Actually, the largest Chinese investment in Jordan is a
    power plant, Attarat Power Plant, $2.2 billion. It is a case
    study in the risks of engaging in major infrastructure projects
    with China. It is mired in international arbitration and a case
    of overpromising and under-delivering. And I think it is
    important that examples like that continue to be highlighted.
    We cannot be complacent about China, and if confirmed, I will
    not be.
        Senator Cardin. Great. Thank you very much, Ms. Lempert.
    Mr. Nyhus, same sort of thing with the CCP in this hemisphere
    where we have the CCP making investments, and Ecuador has also
    got issues, so is Peru. What I would like to know is just
    talking about, you know, going back to 1949 and Taiwan being
    separate from the PRC, President Xi has made it very clear he
    wants to reunify Taiwan by force if necessary.
        And diplomatic relations have been established in many
    Caribbean countries. However, since President Tsai took over, I
    know that 10 countries around the world have switched--to the
    PRC, including Honduras, which cut ties with Taiwan in March,
    and of the only 13 countries have formal relations, and a
    number of them in the Caribbean, including Belize, Haiti, St.
    Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
        What can we do, and what can you do in particular, to make
    sure that we continue to have strong relationships in the
    Caribbean? And can we--how can we counter what the PRC is doing
    with regard to investment or the private, public partnerships?
    What can we do to make sure that we are doing our part to be
    able to keep those relationships, you know, focused toward the
    United States and not the PRC?
        Mr. Nyhus. Absolutely. Thank you, Senator. Coming from the
    private sector, I actually have spent a couple of decades in
    telecom, in wireless communications. I worked with Craig McCaw,
    the pioneer of the US and global cellular networks.
        So, in 5G in particular, I think that is an opportunity for
    American companies and allied companies because a lot of
    companies do not want to look at these small countries because
    they are too small to deploy a technology. And so, I think
    there are opportunities for us to look more regionally as
    opposed to at an individual company--or excuse me, country
    level.
        I do think there is--I think the U.S. companies are the
    best way to compete against China in the Belt and Road
    Initiative and such. These countries are small, they are debt
    ridden, which makes them susceptible to Chinese influence.
        They also, as you mentioned, there are 3 of the 13
    countries that recognize Taiwan are in the 7 that I would be
    responsible for. And I think using the U.S., the power of the
    U.S., you know, our values, our companies, I think there is an
    opportunity to tell a story, and to deepen that story and
    connection with these allies.
        These are democratic countries. We can do more to elevate
    the U.S. values and U.S. brand and U.S. companies, quite
    honestly. I would be a strong advocate, if confirmed, for U.S.
    companies in this region, and especially on the technology
    side. So that is really what I would do, if I am confirmed.
        Senator Cardin. Great. Thank you, Mr. Nyhus. Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you to the witnesses. Congratulations
    on your nominations. It is a great panel. Just a few comments.
    And Mr. Nyhus, I have some questions for you. So, Ms. Syptak-
    Ramnath, what a wonderful country, Peru, but six Presidents in
    six years. I mean, it is very, very challenging. It is a very
    challenging environment.
        And obviously, my colleagues have asked a number of
    questions. But doing what we can do to offer advice on anti-
    corruption efforts. I mean, it is going to be so very critical
    to you, and I know you are up to the task.
        Mr. Brown, I have been to Ecuador twice in the last few
    years, and after many, many years of a pro-Chinese orientation,
    the country beginning in 2021, in a fairly surprising election,
    both at the Presidential and the parliamentary level, really
    embraced a different path, wanting--having seen the downsides
    of being too close to China, whether it is shoddy
    infrastructure projects, drilling in the Amazon, illegal
    fishing around the Galapagos, I think they realized a different
    direction was necessary.
        But I will say I have not been satisfied with the degree of
    attention that the Administration has paid to Ecuador.
    Ecuador's requests were fairly modest when they embraced a much
    more pro-U.S. orientation, and their requests included. ``We
    are the only nation on the Pacific Coast of the Americas that
    does not have a trade agreement with the United States.
        ``We would like to do that. Could we be added to a trade
    agreement like the Colombia trade agreement? We do not mind
    high standards, we just want to not be the only nation not in
    the network of a trade agreement.''
        But the Administration has been unwilling to pursue that,
    and I think that is a huge, missed opportunity.
        I would just encourage, and I know from your background,
    that you would do all you can to try to attract more attention.
    And Ms. Lempert, just for you, there is a Virginian--a Virginia
    family member, Bassem Awadallah, who is imprisoned in Jordan
    under murky circumstances. Our mission in Jordan does have
    visits with him in prison.
        His family in Virginia has a weekly call with the State
    Department to check on him, and I would just ask, should you be
    confirmed that you maintain communication about the case with
    my Virginia constituents. Mr. Nyhus, I want to say to you,
    should you be confirmed, you will have the honor of having the
    longest title of any member of the United States Diplomatic
    Service.
        I have been just looking at your name tag and I would
    clearly flunk an eye chart test even with my 2.0 reading
    glasses on. But it is an important part of the world, and the
    fact that your embassy has such a broad reach, including many
    different independent nations with a fairly small size, makes
    it a challenging task. There is staffing shortages and morale
    issues everywhere.
        Talk about how your own experiences position you to manage
    so many different nations with such a small embassy staff.
        Mr. Nyhus. Thank you, Senator. I think it is a great
    question and certainly one I have had a lot of time to think
    about. I will say that I am really, I am very excited and
    honored about this opportunity. I come from rural America, as I
    mentioned. I grew up in a town of 1,200 people. I know what it
    is like to be forgotten and kind of left out.
        And I spent my career fighting for the underdog. And I
    think these countries are small, but they are incredibly
    mighty, and they are incredibly important. And I think that
    travel is a big challenge for this embassy. Getting from
    country, from country to country, there aren't interconnecting
    flights that are easy.
        I think that is the biggest challenge for the Ambassador. I
    do think that there is a strong desire for more engagement from
    the United States, and especially the Ambassador. And if
    confirmed, I commit to spending more time outside of the
    embassy, actually in the countries, and engaging with the
    leadership, but also the civil society.
        I do think that I do--I want to point out that there is
    global attention on this region, I think, thanks in large part
    to Prime Minister Mia Mottley of Barbados. She has--is not only
    a regional leader, but she is a global leader. And I would look
    forward to deepening that relationship in a bold and impactful
    way, if I am confirmed.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you. Well, you mentioned the Caribbean
    Nation Security Initiative. We voted it out of committee
    yesterday with a unanimous vote. It is my hope we can take that
    up on the floor.
        I think that has been a successful effort. The last thing I
    will say before calling on Senator Cruz is there is also a
    regional security system that is done through the State
    Department's international narcotics control strategy. That has
    also had some success. The nation of Guyana has recently
    completed the process to become part of that regional security
    system.
        And I would urge you to focus on that, that there may even
    be some advantages in broadening that regional security system
    to deal with security efforts in Haiti, for example.
        So, I would commend your attention to that. With that, I
    will call on Senator Cruz, and I will yield the chair to
    Senator Shaheen.
        Senator Cruz. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Welcome, everyone.
    Congratulations on your nominations, Ms. Lempert, I want to
    start by asking you about the case of Ahlam Tamimi. As you
    know, she is an FBI most wanted terrorist. She helped
    mastermind a horrific attack in Israel in 2001.
        That attack injured over 100 people and killed 15,
    including seven children and a pregnant woman. The pregnant
    woman was an American, Judith Greenbaum. One of the murdered
    children was also an American, Malki Roth. Jordan has for some
    time been harboring to Tamimi and refused--and is refusing to
    extradite her to the United States. They say that our
    extradition treaty with them is not valid.
        Three years ago, I questioned our Ambassador to Jordan,
    Ambassador Wooster, about the United States position on this
    issue, which he answered in testimony to this committee. I
    would now like to ask you about your understanding.
        First, Ambassador Wooster testified in writing that the
    United States believes the government of Jordan is wrong and
    that our extradition treaty with them is valid. Is that also
    your understanding?
        Ms. Lempert. Thank you, Senator, for raising this important
    question. And if I may, I would just like to begin by
    acknowledging what a difficult and frustrating issue this has
    been for the Congress, for those of us in the Executive Branch,
    but most of all, for the families of the American citizen
    victims of Ahlam Tamimi's horrific crimes, Malki Roth and
    Shoshana Judith Greenbaum.
        If confirmed, I will do everything in my power to ensure
    that Ahlam Al-Tamimi faces justice in the United States for her
    horrific crimes. And to your precise question, Senator, yes,
    that is my understanding.
        Senator Cruz. Thank you. And I appreciate your strong
    commitment on this. I can tell you I have personally raised
    this issue face to face multiple times with the King of Jordan,
    and we need to get this resolved.
        Second, Ambassador Wooster committed to me and to this
    committee in writing that he would explore all options,
    including and specifically including withholding military and
    economic assistance from the government of Jordan to secure
    Tamimi's extradition. I would like to hear if you are willing
    to make the same commitment today.
        Ms. Lempert. Senator. I think our relationship with Jordan
    is multifaceted and extremely important. There are obviously
    some issues that we are not going to agree on. I think that
    what I can confirm to you is that I will do everything in my
    power to ensure that Ahlam Al-Tamimi faces justice in the
    United States.
        As to the specifics of that, I would have to defer to my
    colleagues at the Department of Justice as this is a law
    enforcement issue, and I am willing to explore a variety of
    ways to continue this discussion with the Jordanians.
        Senator Cruz. Does that variety of ways include potentially
    withholding military and economic assistance?
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, I think that that would need to be
    weighed very carefully against the range of issues and
    priorities that we have with the Jordanians before considering
    such a step, which I think would be profound. I would want to,
    if confirmed, get out there and try and work on this and see if
    we can make progress in other ways.
        Senator Cruz. Well, and let me be clear, I am not asking
    you to commit today to withholding that aid, but your
    predecessor committed in writing that that was one of the
    options on the table to force Jordanian cooperation.
        And you said you want to consider it further and consider
    it with your colleagues. I am going to ask you to do that, and
    follow up to this hearing, I am going to ask you in writing
    again the same questions I asked your predecessor, and I very
    much hope the answer is the same. We need to use every tool we
    have--and I have no desire to cut off aid to Jordan.
        What I have desire is to get this terrorist who murdered
    Americans to face justice. Let me shift to another topic
    briefly. In 2004, President Bush provided assurances to our
    Israeli allies about how the United States envisions a final
    peace deal between Israel and the Palestinians.
        Specifically, the so-called Bush letters stated that Israel
    would not be expected to withdraw from all of its cities and
    towns in the West Bank.
        And I want to read you part of that assurance. ``In light
    of new realities on the ground, including already existing
    major Israeli population centers, it is unrealistic to expect
    that the outcome of final status negotiations will be full and
    complete return to the armistice lines of 1949.''
        Is it your understanding that these assurances are still
    the policy of the United States?
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, the President has been clear that
    in--as we pursue the goal of a two-state solution, that it
    would be along 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps. So, I
    believe that that speaks to exactly the question that you are
    raising.
        Senator Cruz. So, is your answer, yes?
        Ms. Lempert. Yes.
        Senator Cruz. Okay. Thank you.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you. Senator Van Hollen.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And
    congratulations to all of you on your nominations. Ms. Lempert,
    if I could start with you. Congratulations. Thank you for the
    points you made in your opening statement regarding the fact
    that Jordan is a very important partner of the United States,
    major non-NATO ally.
        Thank you also for mentioning the issues of the need to
    move forward on political and economic reform in Jordan. Also,
    Jordan's role as custodian of the Temple Mount, I-Haram al-
    Sharif, and the other issues that were raised, including the
    fact that they are right now having to absorb lots of refugees
    from Syria.
        A very important ally at a very important time. Let me just
    briefly say in response to Senator Cruz, I think it has always
    been envisioned that any two-state solution would, as you said,
    involve land swaps. I would also point out that the Bush
    Administration was very clear about objecting to expansion of
    settlements.
        For example, E1 specifically, Secretary Condoleezza Rice
    was very strongly opposed to. Yesterday was World Press Freedom
    Day, and the reports that came out showed that journalists are
    experiencing increased threats on their life. President Biden
    spoke eloquently the other night at the White House
    Correspondents Dinner about the need to protect the safety of
    journalists.
        So, I want to ask you about a case of an American citizen
    perspective journalist Shireen Abu Akleh, who was killed in a
    shooting covering an IDF operation in Jenin on the West Bank
    about a little less than a year ago. At the time, the President
    made clear, and the Secretary of State made clear that the
    United States was going to insist on accountability, both
    because we wanted to protect journalists and because we were
    dealing with a U.S. citizen.
        In fact, a letter that the State Department sent to me, and
    others said, ``as the President made clear during his visit to
    the region, we will continue to insist on full accountability
    of Ms. Abu Akleh's tragic death.'' They go on to say, ``in this
    case, just as with any wrongful death, but particularly of an
    American citizen, we have made clear that we expect
    accountability.'' My question to you is, have we seen that
    accountability as of today?
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, thank you for raising this question.
    Shireen Abu Akleh's death almost one year ago, I think next
    week it will be one year, was a tragedy. Not only was Shireen
    an American citizen, but she was, as you pointed out, a
    renowned reporter who earned the respect of audiences around
    the world.
        I was honored to be in the Secretary of State's meeting
    last year with the Abu Akleh family, where we underscored our
    deepest condolences for their loss. I can tell you that we
    continue to underscore, at the level of the Secretary of State,
    the importance of accountability in her killing, and we will
    continue to do so.
        Senator Van Hollen. No, I appreciate that response. And of
    course, your answer indicates that we have not yet seen any
    accountability in her shooting death. The U.S. security
    coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian authority recently
    updated his report, he submitted a summation report on the
    killing of Shireen Abu Akleh. You are aware of that, right?
        Ms. Lempert. I am aware of that document. I have not yet
    seen it myself.
        Senator Van Hollen. You have not yet read it. Okay. Well,
    we requested this document from the Administration for well
    over almost two weeks now, and we were told that they were
    going to send it back to the coordinator for, ``technical
    changes'' they say deal with classification issues, which is
    fine.
        I just want to be really clear that we, I, and maybe other
    members of the committee want to see that report and we want to
    see that report in full without any substantive changes or
    edits. Can you commit to that?
        Ms. Lempert. Yes, Senator. I understand that the department
    has been in touch with your staff about the document in
    question and is working through those technical issues.
    Unfortunately, the document is still being reviewed for
    appropriate classification. The Administration is working to
    have it completed as soon as possible.
        I want to assure you that the department has not and will
    not make any substantive changes to the document. The
    Administration is only working to address the classification
    issue. And again, it is my understanding that my colleagues are
    in touch with the committee to ensure that you are able to
    review the full document as soon as possible.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. We look forward to getting
    it right away. Thank you.
        The Chairman. Senator Shaheen.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am glad you are
    back.
        The Chairman. So am I.
        Senator Shaheen. And I want to begin by congratulating each
    of you on your nominations, and thanking you for your
    willingness to serve, for those of you who are career Foreign
    Service officers, for your willingness to continue to serve the
    country and for you, Mr. Nyhus, for your willingness to serve
    as well, and appreciate your family's commitment to that
    service.
        I was in--excuse me, for the three of you who were
    nominated for Latin American countries, I was in Latin America
    last month with a group, a bipartisan delegation. Sadly, we did
    not visit any of the countries that you are being nominated to
    represent, but or just to go to.
        But what we did hear there was the importance of having
    Ambassadors on the ground from the United States, and how
    important that is in the region, not only for United States
    interests, but as we are looking at how we offset the influence
    from the PRC and other actors who may be interested in
    subverting U.S. interests.
        In this 118th Congress, we have only confirmed three
    Ambassadors, so I do hope we can move your nominations as
    quickly as possible. One of the other things that we heard on
    that trip was the interest in, on the part of those countries,
    in doing business with the United States, and improving our
    trade relations and encouraging the private sector to look at
    Latin America as an opportunity to invest.
        That sometimes has been overlooked. So can each of the
    three of you who are going to Latin America, if confirmed, can
    you speak to how you see we might better encourage those trade
    opportunities and other economic opportunities with Latin
    America. And I will start with you, Ms. Syptak-Ramnath.
        Ms. Syptak-Ramnath. Thank you. Well, we are fortunate to
    have a free trade agreement with Peru that we signed in 2009.
    And thanks to that, we have seen an increase in our trade from
    $9 billion to $22 billion.
        And we are continuing to be the top investor in Peru.
    Clearly, what our private sector needs are transparent and
    leveled playing fields. And what, if confirmed, I would do as
    U.S. Ambassador to Peru is to continue to work with the private
    sector to make sure that we are making the case for U.S.
    business there.
        We have competitors, and we have competitors that may have
    low costs now, but in the long term will have very high costs
    for the people of Peru. So, if confirmed, I commit to working
    with the private sector to make the case for private and for
    U.S. businesses and U.S. investment. Thank you.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you. Mr. Brown.
        Mr. Brown. Thank you, Senator. If confirmed as Ambassador,
    I certainly will be doing my hardest to promote U.S.
    enterprise. U.S. companies engaging in Ecuador, I think is very
    important. There is no doubt that U.S. companies efficiently
    and effectively produce results on the ground.
        I will be working with the Ecuadorian government to
    understand how best we can collaborate and promote American
    enterprise in Ecuador. I think that there are clear examples
    from an infrastructure perspective where the government in the
    history has chosen PRC led activities.
        And we know that the debt structure, the financing, and the
    actual infrastructure construction, I think that there are
    doubts about the effectiveness of PRC's results. So, all we can
    do is promote American companies, and if confirmed as
    Ambassador there, I will be a champion for those initiatives.
        Senator Shaheen. Well, thank you. I agree. I think we heard
    some buyer's remorse when we were visiting. Mr. Nyhus.
        Mr. Nyhus. Thank you, Senator. This question is very close
    to my heart. As a private sector business leader, I see
    business as a critical element in any ambassadorship, but
    especially for mine, if I am confirmed. I have worked in all
    the sectors that matter to this region, from technology, global
    health, finance, and energy.
        These are areas where I will deploy my connections and my,
    quite honestly, my communications abilities, I think, to
    promote U.S. goods and services. And I think just to remember
    is not just products, it is services, it is banking. That is
    much needed in this region. So, I would certainly look forward
    to hosting trade delegations.
        I think my friends in Seattle who are watching right now
    are probably already planning one, if confirmed, of course. And
    I would welcome Congressional delegations as well, because I
    think folks avoid this region because it is a beautiful place
    with sand and sun, and so there are perceptions of, oh, let us
    not go to the nice place.
        But these countries are on the front lines of climate
    change, of the China influence. So, I think it would be welcome
    to have you come and visit.
        Senator Shaheen. Well, thank you all very much for that. I
    think Latin America offers a tremendous opportunity in our own
    backyard and we need to do a better job of taking advantage of
    it.
        I am really pleased that legislation I sponsored with
    Senators Durbin and Boozman was included in the Western
    Hemisphere Partnership Act that we passed out of this
    committee. It is designed to double U.S. trade to Latin
    America. So hopefully that will help you as you take over these
    responsibilities.
        I have one more question, and this one also is for you, Ms.
    Syptak-Ramnath. Peru's government faces challenges with drug
    trafficking, money laundering, and transnational crime. And
    last December, an arbitration tribunal adjudicated a claim
    brought against the government of Peru for lack of payment on
    Peruvian agrarian reform bonds.
        I assume you are familiar with this case, but the tribunal
    ruled that Peru must repay Gramercy Fund Management, the
    property--the properly updated value of the matured land bonds.
    And I raised this because this is an issue that affects U.S.
    pension funds, including in New Hampshire.
        Unfortunately, Peru still has not paid the arbitration
    award. If confirmed, will you commit to raising this issue with
    the government of Peru and to keeping Congress updated on the
    progress to get this settlement paid? Yes, Senator, I will.
    Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Two last questions. The rest I
    will submit for the record. Mr. Nyhus, I heard your opening
    statement and what--but one of the challenges we have in the
    Caribbean is the challenge of China and of the Caribbean
    nations voting in ways that are contrary to where I think they
    should be in terms of alignment at the OAS and other
    international institutions.
        Over the last decade, the United States' complacent
    approach to the Caribbean has created a power vacuum, allowing
    China to assert its influence at the expense of our national
    interests, security, prosperity. China has become one of the
    largest trading partners for many Caribbean nations, allowing
    it to further expand its predatory economic practices.
        Nevertheless, the United States continues to fail to
    dedicate sufficient resources and attention to the Caribbean
    nations, particularly those in the eastern Caribbean. So, if
    confirmed, what steps will you take to strengthen our ability
    to compete with China in the region?
        How will you strengthen the visibility and impact of U.S.
    diplomatic efforts not just in Barbados, but across the eastern
    Caribbean?
        Mr. Nyhus. Thank you, Chairman Menendez. This is a topic
    that will be one of my top priorities, if confirmed as
    Ambassador. I come from Seattle. As I mentioned in my
    statement, we are the most trade dependent state in the nation,
    so we know a lot about China. We see it in action in our
    community.
        We are engaged. I worked for a friend and mentor, Governor
    Gary Locke, who was the nation's first Chinese American
    Governor. I traveled to China with him on a trade delegation. I
    have had a lot of experience with China. I think, you know, a
    lot of these small countries see this, you know, easy Chinese
    money as very enticing. And I think part of the job of the
    Ambassador is to ensure they know what they are getting for
    their increased debt, and also showing some alternatives.
        And I think that, you know, the U.S. private sector, I
    think we do not have a lot of U.S. Government money to give a
    round like the Chinese do, but we certainly have an incredible
    private sector that I would like to see us promoting more in
    the region.
        And again, not just as a one off for a small nation but
    looking at it more holistically like in the 5G rollout. So, I
    think the power of communication is also really incredible. I
    hear that a lot from the post, that that having someone with my
    background as a professional communicator, a PR person, I
    actually know how to generate interest and advocate for
    American companies.
        I have spent 30 years doing that. So, I look forward to, I
    think, deepening the connections with these countries in the
    leadership, but also introducing them to the great U.S.
    industries that are out there, that may not look at these
    countries right now because they are so small.
        The Chairman. Well, I appreciate that. But one of the
    things I really would like to see upon your confirmation is a
    robust engagement, particularly at the OAS. These countries
    have an equal vote as anybody else in the hemisphere, but they
    consistently vote against our positions, and we are
    consistently seeking to try to help them.
        So, something is a disconnect there between our desire to
    help them and what we do. And they are voting in adversity to
    our interests, so I hope that you will make that a priority.
        Mr. Nyhus. Absolutely. Senator. I spoke with the Ambassador
    to the OAS yesterday about this very topic and would look
    forward to partnering with him.
        The Chairman. Finally, Ms. Lempert, before I turn to
    Senator Hagerty, Jordan has been an important advocate for calm
    stability, particularly given its role with respect to the holy
    sites in Jerusalem.
        It is hosting of the recent Aqaba meetings with senior
    officials from the U.S., Israel, Egypt, and Jordan. And the PA
    went a long way towards easing tensions. How do you evaluate
    the current state of relationship between Israel and Jordan,
    and what steps can you take as Ambassador to bring Jordan into
    the Negev Forum?
        Ms. Lempert. Thank you, Senator, for the question. The
    peace treaty between Israel and Jordan has been a pillar of
    regional stability for the past 30 years. That said, there is
    always room for growth. And if confirmed, that would be
    something that I would definitely want to work together with
    Jordan on.
        I think there is a variety of interesting avenues to
    pursue, Project Prosperity, the water for solar deal between
    the UAE, Israel, and Jordan with U.S. support is one such
    example of, I think, very interesting way to take advantage of
    increasing regional integration and move forward economic
    initiatives.
        I do think that Jordan belongs in the Negev Forum. In my
    current capacity, I have made that point to Jordanian
    officials. If confirmed, I look forward to encouraging them to
    do so. I believe that as the second Arab country to make peace
    with Israel, it makes absolute sense.
        There is an empty seat at the table of the Negev Forum
    where Jordan should be, and this is a very interesting, new
    multilateral grouping, building on the Abraham Accords that
    really could advance peace and regional integration, but also
    cooperation regionally on these transnational issues such as
    water, food, security, health, energy.
        And I think it would really behoove Jordan to be there. I
    think it would benefit them. At the risk of taking too much
    time, I am sorry, but I also very much agree with you about the
    important role that Jordan had played in convening the meeting
    in Aqaba in February, and then there was a subsequent meeting
    in Sharm el-Sheikh in March, and we are looking to work with
    our regional partners, Jordan chief among them, to continue
    those meetings, because it is very, very important to help de-
    escalate tensions.
        The Chairman. Thank you. Senator Hagerty.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to
    stay on the topic of Jordan, if I could, Ms. Lempert. Is border
    security important?
        Ms. Lempert. Senator, thank you for the question. More
    security for Jordan or----
        Senator Hagerty. Border security.
        Ms. Lempert [continuing]. Oh, I am sorry. Thank you. Yes,
    Senator, border security is very important.
        Senator Hagerty. Do you support physical security measures
    like border walls?
        Ms. Lempert. In Jordan, Senator?
        Senator Hagerty. Let's say on Jordan.
        Ms. Lempert. I think I would have to defer to the
    Jordanians, whether they think that such measures----
        Senator Hagerty. But we are spending American taxpayer
    dollars for border security in Jordan. Are you familiar with
    the President's budget request?
        Ms. Lempert. I am, sir. In terms of moving forward border
    security in Jordan, yes.
        Senator Hagerty. One hundred ten million dollars is
    requested in the Fiscal Years 2024 budget to include border
    security for Jordan. And you request that--you support that
    request, I just want to make this clear.
        Ms. Lempert. I do support that request.
        Senator Hagerty. Okay. Hasn't the United States Government
    built a giant wall along Jordan's border?
        Ms. Lempert. With--in the border with Jordan----
        Senator Hagerty. With United States taxpayer dollars, the
    U.S. Government built a wall along Jordan's border.
        Ms. Lempert [continuing]. The U.S. Government has worked
    with Jordan to enhance its border security in a variety of
    ways. Senator.
        Senator Hagerty. Let us be clear, U.S. taxpayer dollars
    have been deployed in this regard. Is that correct?
        Ms. Lempert. That is correct.
        Senator Hagerty. And as our nominee, you would be
    responsible for overseeing future funding in this regard. Is
    that correct?
        Ms. Lempert. That is correct, Senator, if confirmed.
        Senator Hagerty. In fact, the Omnibus, last year provides
    for at least $150 million for border security in Jordan. It is
    a large amount of taxpayer dollars. And if you think about the
    purpose of this is to provide physical security, to keep people
    from illegally crossing into Jordan. Is not that correct?
        Ms. Lempert. It is to provide physical security, to stop
    drug smugglers, to deal with the threat of Jordan's neighbor,
    Syria. Obviously, the conflict there continues, and it is a
    dangerous neighborhood.
        Senator Hagerty. Well, I would think that if the funding
    request that has been put in place for the coming year is the
    size it is, there must be a belief that this sort of funding is
    important and that this sort of physical security is effective.
    Is that correct?
        Ms. Lempert. In the Jordanian context, I do believe that
    that is correct, Senator.
        Senator Hagerty. Well, you have been very clear to talk
    about this in the Jordanian context. I just think it is an
    important lesson for us to learn as Americans, that we are
    spending United States taxpayer dollars to support border
    security in a country that we are trying to build stronger
    relations with.
        I think we ought to be learning a lesson ourselves because
    there is not a penny in the President's budget to support our
    own border security here. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Hagerty. I am almost
    enticed to follow Senator Hagerty down his road, but I am not
    going to. I know Senator Risch is very happy I am not going to
    do that. We should have a discussion about that at some point,
    which I would enjoy. I always appreciate my colleagues'
    insights.
        The record for the hearing will remain open until the close
    of business on Friday, May the 5th. Please ensure that
    questions for the record are submitted no later than the close
    of business, Friday.
        I would say to our nominees that as soon as you get,
    assuming you get questions, I am sure each of you will have
    some questions, for the record, to answer them expeditiously.
    Because the quicker you answer them, and the fuller that you
    answer them, you know, sufficient to be responsive to the
    question, not just to highlight it, but be responsive,
    otherwise there will be a reiteration of the question.
        The quicker we can consider your nominations before the
    business committee hearing of the Senate so we can vote on your
    nominations and send you to the floor. With the thanks of the
    committee for your testimony and your service, this hearing is
    adjourned.

        [Whereupon, at 11:55 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Roger F. Nyhus by Senator Robert Menendez

    Environment and Climate
              Barbados is one of the Caribbean's most vulnerable nations to
            climate change. Under the leadership of its Prime Minister, Mia
            Mottley, Barbados has become an international champion of the
            global environmental movement, campaigning and fighting against
            climate change, pollution, and deforestation. This includes
            leading efforts like the Bridgetown Initiative, which calls for
            reforms in development finance to better assist and equip
            developing nations to address the effects climate change.

        Question. If confirmed, what measures will you take to strengthen
    U.S. support to Barbados in addressing these environmental and climate
    challenges?

        Answer. The Caribbean is on the frontlines of the climate crisis,
    including sea level rise that threatens low-lying islands like Barbados
    and exacerbates storm surge associated with hurricanes. Strengthening
    energy security and building climate resilience can unlock new business
    opportunities and safeguard communities.
        Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley is not only a regional leader
    on climate, but also a global one. Her tireless advocacy is giving
    voice to small island developing countries around the world. Fostering
    an even closer working relationship with Prime Minister Mottley will be
    a priority, if confirmed. There are tremendous opportunities to
    collaborate on many issues we share, including regional security,
    climate resilience, energy security, food security and water scarcity.
        If confirmed, I would support the Biden Administration's efforts to
    promote the evolution of the Multilateral Development Banks to meet the
    challenges of the 21st century. If confirmed, I would advance the U.S.-
    Caribbean Partnership to Address the Climate Crisis (PACC 2030), the
    U.S. Government's flagship partnership with Caribbean countries to
    advance climate adaptation and resilience, and to expand clean energy
    programs across the region, including Barbados and the other countries
    of the Eastern Caribbean. With a comprehensive, adaptive, and goal-
    oriented approach, we will seek to support our Caribbean neighbors in
    addressing energy security and climate adaptation and resilience with
    the urgency these challenges demand.
        As an example, the Administrator of the U.S. National Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) traveled to Barbados in April and led
    a workshop with the Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology to
    advance regional climate services and their applications for national
    planning and adaptation efforts. The State Department is also providing
    support to Dominica as it develops a 10-megawatt geothermal power plant
    and transmission lines to build a more resilient and reliable grid.
    These types of assistance initiatives will help create the right
    conditions to attract new renewable energy partnerships.
        If confirmed, I will support the work of PACC 2030 both in Barbados
    and the rest of the Eastern Caribbean to facilitate collaboration
    between the U.S. private sector and Caribbean companies to support
    renewable energy infrastructure project development. I will also bring
    the power of public diplomacy to bear in advancing this important
    initiative. The Eastern Caribbean has participated in U.S.-sponsored
    professional development and network-building programs for experts
    working on climate resilience, infrastructure transformation, and the
    switch to renewable energy. I will continue to use public diplomacy
    initiatives to support our partner countries and advance our priorities
    in the Eastern Caribbean. I will also use the power of U.S. messaging
    to highlight these building blocks of success and other stories that
    advance U.S. climate priorities.

    China in the Caribbean
              Over the last decade, the United States' complacent approach
            to the Caribbean has created a power vacuum allowing China to
            assert its influence at the expense of our national interests
            and the security and prosperity of populations in the region.
            Today, China has become one of the largest trading partners for
            many Caribbean nations, allowing it to further expand its
            predatory economic practices. Nevertheless, the United States
            continues to fail to dedicate sufficient resources and
            attention to Caribbean nations, particularly those in the
            Eastern Caribbean. We must reassert our leadership and ensure
            the number of U.S. personnel and diplomatic posts we have are
            commensurate to what is needed to ensure that the United
            States, not China, is the primary partner of choice going
            forward.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to strengthen our
    ability to compete with China in the region? How will you strengthen
    the visibility and impact of U.S. diplomatic efforts not just in
    Barbados, but across the Eastern Caribbean?

        Answer. The Caribbean is the United States' third border, and I am
    very concerned with the PRC's efforts to project problematic influence
    in the region. Whether investing in Caribbean infrastructure, growing
    its regional diplomatic presence, or including them in its Belt and
    Road Initiative, the PRC has established considerable influence in the
    region.
        If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against problematic PRC influence in the
    Eastern Caribbean, through robust and forthright diplomatic
    engagements, public diplomacy programming, and commercial advocacy. To
    ensure the U.S. is the preferred partner going forward, this also means
    being responsive to Caribbean needs and priorities, particularly on
    climate, and this Administration is committed to doing so.
        In particular, as a business leader with 30 years of private sector
    experience in a variety of key sectors, I will intensively pursue
    increased trade and market opportunities for U.S. businesses and
    innovation in the region--and the broader Caribbean. I will pay special
    attention to promoting and, ideally, expanding U.S. business interests,
    which I believe is an effective counter to PRC's Belt and Road
    Initiative.
        Embassy Bridgetown is an important regional post. I will be a
    strong advocate for the resources necessary to achieve our goals, if
    confirmed. While interconnection among the seven countries is weak, if
    confirmed, I commit to prioritizing time to travel and present a
    strong, visible, and engaged presence in each country, and I will ask
    my team to do the same. I will also invite Congressional and staff
    delegations to the mission to learn about and witness the PRC's
    problematic practices and the U.S. response firsthand.
        I understand that the Department of State and USAID have recently
    committed resources for six new U.S. direct hire positions for Embassy
    Bridgetown, the establishment of new USAID satellite offices in
    Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname, and last year increased INL program
    funding for the Eastern Caribbean. I also understand that Embassy
    Bridgetown has received additional funds to facilitate more regional
    travel and that the Department of State is actively considering whether
    to open new posts in the Eastern Caribbean. If confirmed, I will
    support these and other efforts to further develop relationships and
    areas of cooperation with host governments in the Eastern Caribbean and
    to counter the increasingly assertive moves of the PRC, Cuba,
    Venezuela, and other state and non-state actors.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Roger F. Nyhus by Senator James E. Risch

    Chinese Influence in the Region
        Question. Are there any areas of engagement by the People's
    Republic of China in the Eastern Caribbean that raise concerns for U.S.
    interests?

        Answer. The People's Republic of China (PRC) makes little secret of
    its aspirations for recognition and influence in the Caribbean. Whether
    investing in Caribbean infrastructure, responding to storms and natural
    disasters, or including Caribbean nations in its Belt and Road
    Initiative, the PRC seeks to establish considerable influence in the
    region.
        Nevertheless, the United States shares long-standing ties,
    democratic values, and regional security interests with all seven of
    these countries, and we remain their preferred partner. If confirmed, I
    will support U.S. companies and urge our partners to conduct rigorous
    due diligence on public projects involving the PRC or any other
    potentially problematic actor, to avoid risks to national security and
    sectors such as critical infrastructure.

        Question. How will your experiences in China inform your work as
    Ambassador to Barbados and neighboring Caribbean countries?

        Answer. If confirmed as Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern
    Caribbean, countering problematic PRC influence in the region will be
    central to my ambassadorship and one of my top priorities.
        I built and owned a small business--a strategic communications firm
    in Seattle--focused on promoting U.S. companies and their products and
    services across the U.S. and around the world. I have deep sector
    experience in energy, including fossil fuels (promoting an
    international export terminal for Powder River Basin coal) and
    biofuels; health care, global health and pharmaceuticals; aviation;
    technology and telecommunications; manufacturing (airplanes and glass);
    travel and tourism; real estate development; agriculture; seafood; and
    global philanthropy--all relevant to the seven independent nations I
    would cover, if confirmed.
        I not only want the United States to be the preferred partner to
    these seven Eastern Caribbean democracies, but I also want the United
    States--and American businesses--to win and prosper. I believe the
    strength and innovation of the U.S. private sector is an effective
    counter to China's Belt and Road Initiative. Promoting U.S. businesses
    and creating new and expanded opportunities for them will be core to my
    ambassadorship, if confirmed. I have worked with hundreds of Fortune
    500 companies, startups and nonprofits.
        The PRC undermines U.S. interests through disinformation. As a
    communications professional, I will use the power of communications to
    ensure our partners are clear-eyed about the PRC's problematic
    influence and to promote the United States' positive agenda not only in
    the seven Eastern Caribbean countries but in the region as well. These
    countries may be small, but they are vitally important to U.S.
    interests. If confirmed, I will be a strong fighter for U.S. interests
    and the American people in the region. I will work to counter
    problematic PRC activities, promote a positive U.S. agenda and U.S.
    business interests, and strongly support the three nations that have
    diplomatic relations with Taiwan --Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
    and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines--in their efforts to resist
    Beijing's pressure.

        Question. Nearly half of the countries covered by Embassy Barbados
    maintain relations with Taiwan, while the other half have relations
    with the PRC and joined the BRI.

        Answer. Three of the seven countries covered by Embassy Barbados
    maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan--St. Kitts and Nevis, St.
    Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. This constitutes nearly half
    of the countries that have diplomatic ties with Taiwan in Latin America
    and the Caribbean. If confirmed, I would seek to buttress these
    important relationships with Taiwan, especially given Honduras's recent
    change in diplomatic ties from Taiwan to the PRC.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you advance U.S. interests in
    reducing malign Chinese influence in the Eastern Caribbean?

        Answer. The Biden administration has clearly identified the PRC as
    ``America's most consequential geopolitical challenge,'' with the PRC
    and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) representing a threat to U.S.
    national security and leadership globally. Under President Xi, the CCP
    has become more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad, seeking
    to undercut U.S. influence and partnerships, including with the
    countries in the Eastern Caribbean.
        The PRC Government also uses transnational repression by reaching
    outside its borders to harass, surveil, and threaten individuals into
    silence who are critical of the PRC Government, including in the
    Eastern Caribbean.
        If confirmed, I will work aggressively to advance U.S. national
    security interests and push back against the PRC's efforts to expand
    its influence in the Eastern Caribbean through robust and candid
    diplomatic engagements, increased public diplomacy programming, and
    strong commercial advocacy for U.S. businesses and innovation.

        Question. Do you agree it is in the interests of the United States
    to deepen collaboration with Taiwan in those countries with which we
    maintain diplomatic relations?

        Answer. Yes, I strongly agree. Taiwan's relationships in the
    region--official and unofficial--reinforce the hemisphere's democratic
    values and support sustainable development. I believe we must stand
    together to support our democratic partner, Taiwan. If confirmed, I
    commit to supporting existing ties between Taiwan and the three
    countries in the Eastern Caribbean that maintain diplomatic relations
    with Taiwan and to pursuing new and creative ways to deepen that
    collaboration as well, including collaborating with other U.S.
    Ambassadors and third-country counterparts in Taiwan's diplomatic
    partners in the Caribbean and elsewhere.

        Question. Would you support Taiwanese efforts, if any, to deepen
    trade and cultural ties with Caribbean countries with which they do not
    currently have diplomatic relations?

        Answer. I would encourage partner nations in the Eastern Caribbean
    to deepen cooperation with and support for Taiwan. I would share with
    partners that our trade with Taiwan, for instance, advances U.S.
    interests and helps create economic opportunity in our country. Indeed,
    Taiwan is a global leader in advanced manufacturing, democratic
    governance, and public health, to name just a few areas in which the
    international community benefits from engagement with Taiwan.

    Anti-Money Laundering
        Question. If confirmed, how do you intend to engage with Barbadian
    authorities to address the anti-money laundering concerns flagged by
    the Financial Action Task Force in Barbados? Would Barbados benefit
    economically from addressing these pending AML concerns?

        Answer. Yes, I will absolutely engage with Barbadian authorities to
    address the anti-money laundering concerns flagged by the Financial
    Action Task Force (FATF) in Barbados.
        FATF sets internationally recognized standards for anti-money
    laundering and counterterrorism financing (AML/CTF). FATF promotes
    international cooperation to identify, disrupt and dismantle money
    laundering schemes. Since February 2020, Barbados has been on FATF's
    list of Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring (``gray list'') of
    countries that are working with FATF to meet international AML/CTF
    standards. Appearing on this list can seriously damage the
    international reputation of countries that fail to meet their
    international commitments. Barbados has committed to resolving the
    deficiencies identified by FATF. If confirmed, I would encourage
    Barbados to continue working with FATF to address any issues identified
    in its action plan; ensure that accurate, up to date beneficial
    ownership information is available to authorities; and further pursue
    repatriation or sharing of confiscated assets with other countries.

    Trafficking in Persons
        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Barbados was upgraded to Tier 2 for its significant efforts to
    improve its anti-trafficking capacity but failed to secure any
    convictions against traffickers, among other key issues. How will you
    address these issues with the host government and civil society actors
    if you are confirmed as Ambassador?

        Answer. Combating transnational organized crime will be a top
    priority, if confirmed. The trafficking of narcotics, guns and people
    are real threats to the region and the United States.
        As reported in the 2022 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report, human
    traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Barbados, Saint
    Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Antigua and Barbuda. If
    confirmed, I will encourage and work with the countries of the Eastern
    Caribbean to strengthen their efforts to investigate and prosecute sex
    and labor traffickers and sentence convicted traffickers to significant
    prison terms. I will also urge these countries to proactively screen
    victims and provide any identified victims with trauma-informed
    services. I will additionally urge these countries to continue to
    undertake measures to prevent people from becoming victims of human
    trafficking. If confirmed, I also commit to supporting civil society
    partners working on this important issue.

        Question. Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in Barbados?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to reporting current and
    accurate information regarding the reality of the trafficking situation
    in Barbados and all other Eastern Caribbean countries.

    International Religious Freedom
        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, Barbados was described as having significant societal
    and governmental respect for religious freedom. What is your assessment
    of this particular issue and if confirmed, how will you work with the
    office of the Ambassador At Large for international religious freedom
    to bolster religious freedom in-country?

        Answer. As a person of faith, I strongly support religious freedom.
    Barbados and the other countries in the Eastern Caribbean have solid
    democracies and a strong commitment to and respect for human rights,
    including freedom of religion or belief. If confirmed, I will continue
    the Embassy's strong engagement on promoting religious freedom with
    Eastern Caribbean counterparts, civil society and the public. I will
    also look for ways to use our programming to support civil society and
    governments' work on this important issue.

    Human Rights
        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report,
    Barbados was identified as having few significant human rights abuses
    but the U.S. Mission can still support the work of civil society actors
    in country or regionally to better improve respect for human rights.
    How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil society
    organizations to improve the human rights situation on the ground?

        Answer. Barbados and the other countries in the Eastern Caribbean,
    all stable democracies, have values that largely align with the United
    States. These countries have a tradition of respecting human rights,
    such as freedom of expression, and also of respecting the media. But we
    can do more to support the capacity of civil society organizations in
    the Eastern Caribbean. The Embassy currently supports civil society
    through exchanges and grants, including programs promoting independent
    journalism and supporting entrepreneurship, women's empowerment and a
    free press. If confirmed, I will explore ways to continue and deepen
    this support through more robust programming, capacity building and
    visibility.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Roger F. Nyhus by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The Chinese Communist Party under President Xi has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. If confirmed, I
    will work to advance U.S. national security interests and aggressively
    push back against the PRC's efforts to expand its problematic influence
    in the Eastern Caribbean, through robust and forthright diplomatic
    engagements, public diplomacy programming, and commercial advocacy.
    Importantly, three of the remaining 13 countries that maintain
    diplomatic ties with Taiwan are in the Eastern Caribbean--Saint Kitts
    and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. If
    confirmed, I will continue to support Taiwan's international
    relationships. I will also work with all seven countries to leverage
    the inherent advantages of our democracies and to ensure the
    international system remains rooted in democratic values.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    clearly are strategic competitors. The Biden administration believes we
    face some common challenges that we must work together to address,
    including transnational crime, nonproliferation, climate change and
    global food security.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States competes vigorously with the PRC, and, if
    confirmed, I will do the same in the Eastern Caribbean. The United
    States manages competition with the PRC responsibly and is open to
    cooperation with Beijing where our interests clearly overlap and where
    our cooperation can advance solutions to transnational challenges.
        If confirmed, I will work closely with the Congress, U.S.
    Government officials, including other U.S. Ambassadors in the region
    and like-minded third-country diplomatic partners, to advance U.S.
    interests and counter harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in
    the Eastern Caribbean.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be a strong fighter for the United
    States and the American people--above all else. I will prioritize
    advancing U.S. national security interests in the Eastern Caribbean and
    countering efforts by our strategic and regional competitors who may
    wish to undermine them. I would encourage others, to include the seven
    countries in the Eastern Caribbean, to closely scrutinize any
    activities that involve the PRC, to ensure they are transparent and
    that all parties are working in good faith.

        Question. What is your understanding, and how would you assess,
    cooperation of Eastern Caribbean states with the U.S. on
    counternarcotics efforts in Florida's back-yard?

        Answer. I believe the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI) is
    a success story, and, if confirmed, I would be a strong advocate for
    the program. Thank you for your leadership and strong support of this
    work. Since launching in 2010, CBSI has been a shining example of
    effective regional security cooperation. The 13 Caribbean countries
    engaged in this U.S. partnership are disrupting illicit trafficking and
    transnational crime. Simply put, CBSI is making citizens safer in the
    United States and in the Caribbean.
        CBSI's three core pillars are to reduce illicit trafficking,
    increase citizen security, and prevent youth crime and violence. As of
    2022, the U.S. Government has provided over $800 million in CBSI
    funding, greatly benefitting Caribbean partners.
        If confirmed, I commit to being a strong and outspoken advocate for
    CBSI and its continuing work to keep the Caribbean safe for all of us.

        Question. In your opinion, is CBSI improving the Eastern
    Caribbean's drug interdiction capability?

        Answer. Criminal organizations in the Eastern Caribbean include
    both local and transnational groups that traffic drugs, guns, and other
    illicit goods, while also laundering money and committing financial
    crimes to fuel their enterprises and enable corruption, threatening
    regional and U.S. national security.
        CBSI programming has produced quantifiably positive outcomes in
    improving the Eastern Caribbean's drug interdiction capabilities,
    through its capacity-building work with CARICOM IMPACS and the Regional
    Security System. CBSI programs have had success in deterring and
    disrupting illicit drug trafficking by improving regional maritime
    security, port and border security, and interdiction capacity. As just
    one example, between 2010 and 2019, Eastern Caribbean countries
    achieved a 454 percent increase in cocaine seizures. Nevertheless, CBSI
    merits continued, concerted efforts with our partners.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you improve it?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to ensure the CBSI programs are
    working for the United States and our Caribbean partners. Since 2010,
    CBSI has greatly improved the region's capacity to combat illicit
    trafficking and disrupt organized crime. The reauthorization of CBSI
    seeks to update this 13-year-old program to ensure it can address the
    hardships we and the region are facing today. If confirmed, I will work
    to ensure CBSI and related programs work to address key challenges,
    including trafficking in persons, cybersecurity, and strengthening the
    ability of countries to prepare for and respond to natural disasters.
    It is important the United States Government assist our democratic
    allies to counter old and new threats alike, protecting our homeland in
    the process.

              I see that you have led trade missions to Cuba as part of
            your job representing the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of
            Commerce and for Alaska Airlines. Speaking on behalf of the
            Cuban exile community in Miami, many of whom are barred by the
            regime from returning to visit their family members, it is
            heartbreaking to see Americans travel to Cuba and provide
            tourism dollars to a regime that continues to deny basic human
            rights to its own people.

        Question. During your trips to Cuba, did you meet with any Cuban
    Government officials?

        Answer. I did not meet with any Cuban Government officials during
    either of my two brief trips to Cuba. My role as a guest of the Seattle
    Chamber and a consultant to Alaska Airlines was to network with the
    U.S.-based Seattle delegations of government, business, civic, and
    educational leaders traveling on these trips. These two-day educational
    trips were highly controlled, and guests were not allowed to engage
    with Cuban nationals. I have no connections to or with Cuba, and I do
    not support Cuba's authoritarian regime. Even though I was in Havana
    only about 48 hours, I was able to witness firsthand the failed and
    crumbling policies of the current government.

        Question. If so, were any subject to U.S. sanctions?

        Answer. N/A

        Question. If so, did you receive a license from the Office of
    Foreign Asset Control that provided you an exemption from sanctions to
    meet with these officials?

        Answer. N/A

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to upholding U.S. law that
    prohibits providing assistance to Cuban Government entities?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will uphold all U.S. laws regarding
    interactions with Cuba and its officials, to include the prohibition on
    providing assistance to Cuban Government entities.

              You have a substantial record of supporting a progressive
            social agenda in Seattle and in private business. You will now
            be charged with advocating for our prosperity and national
            security efforts in the great power competition with China. I
            will note your resume shows little to no experience in living
            or working overseas, advancing Americas prosperity outside of
            the Northwest region of the U.S., nor a firm grasp of the
            complex national security apparatus you will be expected to
            helm as an Ambassador.

        Question. Will you prioritize Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and
    Accessibility considerations over the dire need to ensure our Nation
    can compete with the rise of the Chinese Communist Party?

        Answer. Countering problematic PRC activities in the region will be
    one of my top priorities, if confirmed as Ambassador to Barbados and
    the Eastern Caribbean.
        I built and owned a small business--a strategic communications firm
    in Seattle--focused on promoting U.S. companies and their products and
    services across the United States and around the world. I have deep
    sector experience in energy, including fossil fuels (promoting an
    international export terminal for Powder River Basin coal) and
    biofuels; health care, global health and pharmaceuticals; aviation;
    technology and telecommunications; manufacturing (glass and airplanes);
    travel and tourism; real estate development; seafood; and global
    philanthropy--all relevant to the seven independent nations I would
    cover, if confirmed.
        I not only want the United States to be the preferred partner to
    these seven Eastern Caribbean democracies, but I also want the United
    States--and American businesses--to win and prosper. I believe in the
    strength and innovation of the U.S. private sector. Promoting U.S.
    businesses and creating new and expanded opportunities for them will be
    core to my ambassadorship, if confirmed. I have worked with hundreds of
    Fortune 500 companies, startups and nonprofits. My approach and private
    sector engagement will be nonpartisan. In my three decades in business,
    I can safely say that more than half of my clients and many of my
    senior leaders were Republicans. My business was always nonpartisan.
        The PRC misuses communications to create disinformation and doubt
    about how the United States is the partner that consistently delivers
    for the people of the Eastern Caribbean. As a communications
    professional, I will use the power of strategic messaging to counter
    the PRC and promote the United States' positive agenda not only in the
    seven Eastern Caribbean countries but in the broader region as well.
        If confirmed, I would highlight America's strong stance on
    religious freedom, human rights, and diversity and inclusion,
    juxtaposed against the record of the PRC on these issues, to make it
    clear that our shared values and interests give the United States a
    competitive advantage and make us the preferred partner for the
    countries of the Eastern Caribbean. And I would continue with the
    inclusive and engaging leadership style that brought me success in the
    private sector.

        Question. China has increased engagement with the Eastern Caribbean
    region over the past 20 years and some members of CARICOM have signed
    onto the Chinese Communist Party's Belt and Road Initiative for
    infrastructure developments. What is your characterization of the
    existing relationship between the region and China?

        Answer. The PRC has been expanding its influence in the Eastern
    Caribbean. In recent years, the PRC has made notable economic and
    political gains. Whether investing in Caribbean infrastructure,
    responding to storms and natural disasters or including Caribbean
    nations in its Belt and Road Initiative, the PRC has established
    considerable influence in the region.
        Three of the remaining 13 countries that have diplomatic ties with
    Taiwan are in the Eastern Caribbean. If confirmed, I will work closely
    with and strongly support Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint
    Vincent and the Grenadines to highlight Taiwan's positive influence in
    the region. In addition, the United States shares democratic values and
    regional security interests with all seven countries. If confirmed, I
    will work hard to ensure that the United States remains the preferred
    partner for all of these sovereign nations.

        Question. Are there concerns with their existing relationship? If
    so, by whom?

        Answer. The United States and other partners are concerned about
    the coercive economic pressure the PRC exerts. We echo long-standing
    calls from Caribbean capitals that PRC actions respect local laws and
    interests, including on the human rights of all persons and protections
    for the environment.
        If confirmed, I will use my 30 years of private sector experience
    to better engage U.S. companies and technologies to create new and
    expanded opportunities to counter problematic PRC activities. I believe
    the U.S. private sector is the best counter to the PRC's Belt and Road
    Initiative. As Ambassador, if confirmed, I will lead my team in
    pursuing opportunities for American companies to compete for projects
    and contracts in these countries.
        In addition, if confirmed, I will urge our country partners to
    conduct thorough due diligence on public projects to avoid the risks to
    national security, data privacy, and supply chain resiliency posed by
    many PRC investments, particularly in sectors such as critical
    infrastructure.

        Question. If confirmed, what initiatives will you focus on to
    provide U.S. businesses fair competition regarding infrastructure
    projects in the region?

        Answer. As I mentioned above, if confirmed, I will use my 30 years
    of private sector experience to better engage U.S. companies and
    technologies to create new and expanded opportunities to counter the
    PRC. Specifically, I believe the U.S. private sector is the best
    counter to the PRC's Belt and Road Initiative. As Ambassador, if
    confirmed, I will tirelessly pursue opportunities and work on
    initiatives that help level the playing field for American companies to
    compete for projects and contracts in these countries.
        The PRC offers loans, investments and aid to many countries
    globally including in the Eastern Caribbean, but at what cost and with
    what strings attached? It is imperative that the United States work to
    counter unfair and problematic PRC economic practices. If confirmed, I
    will advocate for economic and commercial alternatives that adhere to
    our principles of respecting sovereignty, labor rights, and protection
    of the environment.
        Specifically, if confirmed, I will engage at the highest level with
    the countries to which I am accredited to secure U.S.
    telecommunications networks, other sensitive technology, and critical
    infrastructure. Shining a light on problematic PRC practices in this
    area will be a top priority for me, as will advocating for U.S.
    businesses and ensuring this region is a welcoming, secure market for
    them.

              USAID's aim in the Eastern Caribbean is focused on disaster
            resilience, climate change, and climate finance to name a few.
            However, many of the clean energy aid programs, such as solar-
            powered aid projects and wind turbines projects, source these
            products or components made in China. Besides USAID subsidizing
            China's industry by using solar panels and wind turbines parts
            for aid projects, the production of these items in China is
            anything but ``clean'' and simply provides the veneer that
            these USAID projects somehow reduce Co2 emission. Further,
            there is ample concern that components used in these projects
            are likely connected to forced labor in China.

        Question. Are you concerned that solar panels, wind turbines, or
    other ``clean'' energy products/components made in China might be
    produced with slave labor?

        Answer. It is well-established that the PRC uses forced labor in
    Xinjiang, not only in the solar industry but also in supply chains for
    products used across the economy. If confirmed, I will work with our
    partners, including the private sector, to promote accountability for
    the PRC Government's conduct and take joint action to ensure Eastern
    Caribbean supply chains are free from the use of forced labor.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you verify current and future
    ``clean'' energy projects in the region are sourced from non-China
    suppliers?

        Answer. The United States Government has several tools it can use
    to promote more transparent and secure supply chains. For example, the
    Global Magnitsky sanctions program holds individuals and entities
    accountable for forced labor and other human rights abuses, and the
    Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act prohibits the importation of goods
    into the United States that were produced in Xinjiang, unless the
    importer demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the goods
    were not produced using forced labor. If confirmed, I commit to using
    the full range of options available to me to prevent any person or
    entity from benefiting from forced labor for projects in the Eastern
    Caribbean and to advocate for high-quality products and U.S. suppliers
    in the renewable energy sector.
        I believe the U.S. private sector is the best counter to the PRC's
    Belt and Road Initiative. As Ambassador, if confirmed, I will
    aggressively pursue opportunities for American companies to compete for
    clean energy projects and contracts in these countries, and I will
    advocate for economic and commercial alternatives that adhere to our
    principles of sovereignty, labor rights, and protection of the
    environment.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Yael Lempert by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. The Middle East has become ground zero for strategic
    competition. Our Gulf partners are quick to point to the
    Administration's overly restrictive arms sales policies, disastrous
    withdrawal from Afghanistan, endless Iran nuclear negotiations, pivot
    to the Indo-Pacific, and initial repudiation of the Abraham Accords as
    a reason to ``diversify'' their relationships. China is taking full
    advantage of this opportunity both economically and diplomatically. How
    do you address criticism that Biden Middle East policies have pushed
    our partners to China and away from the United States?

        Answer. While we are clearly in a competitive global environment,
    it is also clear where our competitive advantages lie--American
    partnerships in the Middle East are unmatched, as is our ability to
    build alliances, partnerships, and cooperative solutions. The United
    States remains deeply committed to regional peace, security and
    prosperity as we strengthen decades-long strategic cooperation with our
    regional partners. We continue unrivaled defense cooperation with our
    partners to meet their security requirements, to include our robust
    military and security presence, provision of assistance, training and
    intelligence sharing. Our partners strongly prefer U.S. security
    partnerships and military equipment to those of the People's Republic
    of China. Our affirmative agenda of regional engagement is anchored by
    work to support economic development, mitigate food and water
    insecurity, address climate change, enhance maritime security, and
    cooperatively bolster air and missile defense, while also promoting
    regional integration through the Negev Forum and other efforts, as well
    as our ongoing work to deepen, strengthen, and expand the Abraham
    Accords.
        It is imperative that our partners in the region continue to view
    the United States as their partner of choice. If confirmed, I will work
    to ensure continued active U.S. engagement and leadership to further
    strengthen and deepen our partnership with Jordan, engaging the public
    and key decisionmakers to underscore the ongoing vital role of the
    United States in the region, and of our unmatched cooperation with
    Jordan.

        Question. I understand you have played a leading role in the Negev
    Forum, which has grown out of the historic Abraham Accords. Despite the
    1994 peace treaty with Israel, Jordan has not been a full participant
    in the progress brought about by the Accords. Jordan's peace with
    Israel continues to be cold with little public support for relations
    with Israel, despite the significant benefits Jordan receives from its
    partnership with Israel. If confirmed, how will you work with Jordan to
    continue deepening its relationship with our ally Israel? How do we
    increase the understanding amongst the Jordanian public of the
    importance of this relationship?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to work with the Government
    of Jordan to identify areas of cooperation and mutual benefit with
    Israel that strengthen their diplomatic, economic, and people-to-people
    ties. I will encourage Jordan to participate in regional coordination
    efforts, such as the Negev Forum. I will also encourage further
    regional economic integration that strengthens Jordan's security and
    resilience. Project Prosperity--the water-for-solar energy deal between
    Jordan and Israel--is an excellent example of such regional economic
    integration efforts. The positive benefits to Jordan help demonstrate
    to the Jordanian people the value of the Jordanian-Israeli relationship
    and the benefits of expanding cooperation.

        Question. I understand you have played a leading role in the Negev
    Forum, which has grown out of the historic Abraham Accords. Despite the
    1994 peace treaty with Israel, Jordan has not been a full participant
    in the progress brought about by the Accords. Jordan's peace with
    Israel continues to be cold with little public support for relations
    with Israel, despite the significant benefits Jordan receives from its
    partnership with Israel. Are you familiar the Prosperity Blue and
    Prosperity Green plans between Israel, Jordan and the UAE? What role
    can the U.S. play in helping these projects come to fruition?

        Answer. Jordan, Israel, and the UAE entered into the Project
    Prosperity agreement to bring UAE investment to Jordan to build a solar
    plant that would share clean, sustainable energy with Israel in
    exchange for water to help address Jordan's acute water needs. At
    COP27, Jordan and Israel renewed their commitment to Project Prosperity
    and agreed to continue furthering the initiative with the UAE. The
    U.S., led by the Office of the Special Envoy for Climate Affairs,
    continues to work closely with Project Prosperity partners, emphasizing
    the shared benefit this project offers and encouraging the parties to
    sign binding agreements to implement the project in December at COP28.

        Question. I understand you have played a leading role in the Negev
    Forum, which has grown out of the historic Abraham Accords. Despite the
    1994 peace treaty with Israel, Jordan has not been a full participant
    in the progress brought about by the Accords. Jordan's peace with
    Israel continues to be cold with little public support for relations
    with Israel, despite the significant benefits Jordan receives from its
    partnership with Israel. How can we encourage Jordan to take part in
    the Negev Forum Working Groups, in a constructive manner, while not
    allowing complex issues related to the Palestinians to slow progress on
    unrelated issues that benefit all partners?

        Answer. The United States strongly supports Jordan joining the
    Negev Forum.
        By advancing projects and initiatives in the Negev Forum's six
    topical working groups that benefit the members and demonstrate the
    value of regional cooperation, we are optimistic that countries not yet
    part of the Negev Forum, including Jordan, will be incentivized to
    join. If confirmed, I will continue U.S. efforts to encourage Jordan to
    participate in the Negev Forum, which will help to strengthen Jordan's
    economy, security, and resilience.

        Question. What is current U.S. policy on normalization with the
    Assad regime?

        Answer. The Administration will not normalize relations with the
    Assad regime nor do we support others normalizing with Damascus. We
    will not lift sanctions on Syria or change our position to oppose
    reconstruction in regime areas of Syria until there is authentic
    progress toward a political solution consistent with UN Security
    Council Resolution 2254.

        Question. How will you work as Ambassador to oppose efforts to
    ``rehabilitate'' Assad, who has murdered thousands of civilians in
    Syria?

        Answer. The United States has made clear in our diplomatic
    discussions with partner countries that we do not support normalizing
    relations with the Assad regime. If confirmed, I will continue to
    strongly underline that position, as well as underscore the need for
    accountability for the Assad regime's horrific atrocities against
    Syrians and that anyone seeking to invest in Syria would risk sanctions
    exposure. The United States believes that stability in Syria can only
    be achieved through a political process in line with U.N. Security
    Council Resolution 2254, and will continue working with allies,
    partners, and the UN to ensure that a durable political solution
    remains within reach.

        Question. Jordan has long played the role of mediator on Israeli-
    Palestinian issues. However, we've seen a Palestinian refusal to
    reposition security forces outside of Ramallah, U.S. assistance has
    failed to drive down levels of violence, the PA has lost significant
    credibility, and more Palestinians turn to terror groups to advance
    their causes. Why has our approach to Palestinian policy failed to
    change conditions on the ground?

        Answer. The Administration is deeply concerned about rising levels
    of violence in the West Bank that have claimed both Israeli and
    Palestinian lives. As you note, Jordan has an important role to play on
    Israeli-Palestinian issues; earlier this year, we partnered with Jordan
    and Egypt to hold the first such Israeli-Palestinian meetings at the
    political level in nearly a decade. At these ``Quint'' meetings in
    Aqaba and Sharm El Sheikh in February and March respectively, we urged
    Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) to take steps to de-escalate
    tensions, including resuming security cooperation with Israel, ending
    incitement, and refraining from settlement activity and demolitions.
    The Aqaba and Sharm El Sheikh meetings helped to restore a measure of
    calm during the sensitive period in which Passover, Ramadan, and Easter
    converged. We will continue working with Israel, the PA, and our
    regional partners to stabilize the West Bank and build towards a just
    and lasting peace between Israelis and the Palestinians.

        Question. Jordan has long played the role of mediator on Israeli-
    Palestinian issues. However, we've seen a Palestinian refusal to
    reposition security forces outside of Ramallah, U.S. assistance has
    failed to drive down levels of violence, the PA has lost significant
    credibility, and more Palestinians turn to terror groups to advance
    their causes. What role do you see for Jordan in Palestinian policy
    moving forward?

        Answer. In recent months, Jordan's leadership was crucial in
    convening Israeli and Palestinian officials, along with representatives
    from Egypt and the United States, in Aqaba and in Sharm el-Sheikh, to
    advance de-escalatory measures. While more work remains to be done to
    reduce the levels of violence, Jordan's continued engagement with the
    parties remains indispensable to maintaining positive momentum toward a
    sustainable calm. If confirmed, I will work closely with Jordan in
    support of efforts to bolster stability in the West Bank, promoting
    security for Palestinians and Israelis alike, and preserving the
    prospects of a two-state solution.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons
    Report, Jordan was identified as Tier 2 for sustained efforts to combat
    human trafficking, but did fall short several key areas. How will you
    work with the host government and civil society actors to address these
    issues if you are confirmed as Ambassador?

        Answer. Overall, the Government of Jordan demonstrated significant
    and increasing efforts over the previous reporting period. However, it
    did not meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking
    in several key areas. If confirmed, I will continue the work of our
    Embassy to encourage the Government of Jordan to increase efforts to
    reduce lenient sentencing of convicted traffickers, proactively screen
    for and identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations, and
    continue increasing efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex
    trafficking and labor trafficking crimes. I will work with relevant
    government officials, international human rights NGOs, and members of
    Jordanian civil society toward this end.

        Question. Do you commit to reporting accurate information as it
    pertains to the reality of the trafficking situation in Jordan?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to reporting accurate information on
    the topic of trafficking in persons in Jordan via our annual,
    Congressionally-mandated Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report and will
    work closely with the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in
    Persons to encourage collaborative efforts with the Government of
    Jordan to combat human trafficking.

        Question. In the State Department's 2021 International Religious
    Freedom report, Jordan was identified as generally lacking societal
    respect for religious freedom. What is your assessment of this
    particular issue and if confirmed, how will you work with the office of
    the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom to bolster
    religious freedom in-country?

        Answer. The Jordanian constitution safeguards ``the free exercise
    of all forms of worship and religious rites,'' and stipulates there
    shall be no discrimination based on religion. Nevertheless, the
    government denies official recognition of most non-Abrahamic faiths,
    and converts from Islam to Christianity report societal ostracism,
    threats, and verbal and physical abuse. Jordanian law criminalizes some
    acts of free expression, including blasphemy against Abrahamic faiths
    and insulting the Prophet Muhammad, punishable by one to three years'
    imprisonment.
        If confirmed, I will work with the Office of Ambassador-at-Large
    Rashad Hussain to engage the Government of Jordan at all levels to urge
    respect for freedom of religion or belief and work with civil society
    towards progress on peaceful coexistence.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report,
    Jordan was identified as having significant human rights abuses,
    including violence against women and threats of violence against
    minorities, including the use of torture, censorship, arbitrary arrest,
    and more. If confirmed, what steps will you take to address these
    instances with the host government?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue our Embassy's efforts to
    encourage the Jordanian government at all levels to uphold human rights
    and fundamental freedoms for all in Jordan, including, but not limited
    to, members of ethnic and religious minority groups, women and girls,
    LGBTQI+ persons, and persons with disabilities. I will also engage with
    international human rights NGOs, human rights defenders, journalists,
    and other members of Jordanian civil society to underscore our support
    for civil society, freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly, and
    association, and media freedom.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report,
    Jordan was identified as having significant human rights abuses,
    including violence against women and threats of violence against
    minorities, including the use of torture, censorship, arbitrary arrest,
    and more. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil society
    organizations to improve the human rights situation on the ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, the Embassy team and I will work with senior
    officials, international human rights NGOs, and Jordanian civil society
    to enhance judicial independence, promote accountability among the
    security forces, and instill respect for the rule of law and human
    rights. I will also focus on expanding registration and operating space
    for civil society and addressing our concerns about the Government's
    use of broad criminal provisions to restrict those exercising
    fundamental freedoms. Prioritizing engagement with human rights
    defenders, journalists, and other members of Jordanian civil society is
    key to advancing our human rights priorities in Jordan.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
                Submitted to Yael Lempert by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The Administration has clearly identified the People's
    Republic of China (PRC) as ``America's most consequential geopolitical
    challenge''. Earlier this year, Director of National Intelligence Avril
    Haines testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally''. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut
    U.S. influence and alliances. If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S.
    national security interests and push back against the PRC's efforts to
    expand its influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic
    engagements, public diplomacy programming, and commercial advocacy to
    bolster the strong pillars of U.S.-Jordanian ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the PRC's track record of
    irresponsible disregard for international law and sovereignty of
    countries, and the CCP's increasingly aggressive posture
    internationally. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system''.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. The United States would have to determine that any
    potential collaboration with the CCP would--first and foremost--advance
    very clearly defined U.S. national security interests. The United
    States would have to carefully weigh all possible benefits and
    downsides of such cooperation and ensure that the PRC would be unable
    to use such cooperation to advance its own narrow and/or opportunistic
    objectives. If confirmed, I will work with the Department of State's
    new Office of China Coordination, to advance U.S. objectives and
    counter harmful behavior by the PRC and other actors in the Middle
    East.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Jordan and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to counter China's efforts to
    expand its influence in Jordan and the region.

        Question. What is your assessment of the current state of U.S.-
    Jordanian relations?

        Answer. Our relationship is strong, as evidenced by our wide-
    ranging cooperation, and the 2022 signing of our $10.15 billion, seven-
    year assistance MOU, the longest and largest such MOU with Jordan.
    Jordan is a long-time, essential strategic partner of the United States
    on a wide range of shared concerns and regional challenges. We work
    closely together to advance mutual objectives on key issues, such as
    countering terrorism and extremism, including pursuing the enduring
    defeat of ISIS, promoting stability in Iraq, and preserving prospects
    for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

        Question. What is your assessment of the presence of Russian
    military forces along the Jordanian-Syrian border?

        Answer. Russia maintains a nominal presence of military police in
    southern Syria.

        Question. Is this a potential source of leverage for Russia over
    Jordan?

        Answer. Russia maintains a nominal military presence in southern
    Syria. There is concern among some partners that the withdrawal of that
    presence could create a vacuum which could be exploited by Iran or its
    proxies. However, Jordan has consistently been aligned with us in
    voting on Ukraine at the United Nations. Jordan has demonstrated
    diplomatic support for Ukraine at key moments, including voting for
    major U.N. resolutions, such as a February 2023 U.N. General Assembly
    resolution calling for a cessation of hostilities and for Russia to
    ``immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw all of its
    military forces from the territory of Ukraine,'' and on U.N. General
    Assembly resolutions in March and October 2022, rejecting Russia's
    invasion and condemning Russia's illegal annexation of four partially
    occupied regions in Ukraine.

        Question. If Russia removes their security forces from Syria's
    border with Jordan to fight in Ukraine, do you believe Iranian-backed
    militias, such as Hezbollah, would fill the void along Jordan's border?

        Answer. There is concern among some partners that the withdrawal of
    Russia's nominal military presence in southern Syrian could create a
    vacuum which could be further exploited by the IRGC, Hizballah, and
    other groups commanded or supported by Iran that threaten regional
    stability and the security of our allies and partners. These forces
    play a particularly destabilizing role in Syria, threatening prospects
    for a peaceful resolution to the conflict. We are committed to
    countering the threats posed by Iran but are also clear-eyed on the
    destructive role Russia has played in Syria. We will continue to work
    with our allies and partners to push back against Iran's destabilizing
    activities in Syria and to seek a political resolution to the Syrian
    conflict.

        Question. Does Hezbollah's presence in southern Syria pose a threat
    to Jordan?

        Answer. Yes, along with other Iranian-aligned groups. Jordan shares
    our concerns about the malign presence of Iran and its proxies in
    Syria. U.S. security assistance to Jordan helps to bolster the security
    and stability of a vital partner against threats such as these. If
    confirmed, I will work to deepen our security and other cooperation
    with Jordan to continue addressing these threats.

        Question. In your opinion, how porous is the border between Jordan
    and Syria?

        Answer. United States security assistance has bolstered Jordan's
    border security, enabling it to mitigate the spillover effects from the
    conflict in Syria and deter malign influences in the region, which
    helps to advance our mutual objectives on key issues such as pursuing
    the enduring defeat of ISIS. If confirmed, I will work to deepen our
    cooperation with Jordan on border security, and to ensure that
    instability in Syria does not threaten the security of such a critical
    partner.

        Question. Is this a serious problem in regards to narcotics
    smuggling and for counterterrorism purposes?

        Answer. The United States cooperates with regional partners,
    including Jordan, to strengthen local port and border security and
    counter narcotics smuggling through information sharing and capacity
    building. This includes efforts to counter captagon smuggling and
    consumption, which is a major issue in the region. In September 2022,
    the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement allocated
    $2.5 million in annual INCLE funds to establish a bilateral program in
    Jordan to help it address the illicit drug trade, which will bolster
    regional stability and help deter malign actors.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to assure Jordan that its
    security does not depend on Russian forces in Syria?

        Answer. While Russia maintains a nominal presence of military
    police in southern Syria, United States security assistance enables
    Jordan to mitigate the spillover effects from the conflict in Syria and
    deter malign influences in the region through effective border
    security; this advances our mutual objectives on key issues such as
    countering illegal drug trafficking and pursuing the enduring defeat of
    ISIS. If confirmed, I will support longstanding U.S. efforts to
    strengthen Jordan's border security and push back on Russia's
    destructive activities in Syria and throughout the region.

        Question. Recently, a Jordanian Member of Parliament was arrested
    for allegedly smuggling weapons into Israel's Judaea and Samaria
    region. This has led to a deterioration in Jordan-Israel ties. How
    would you manage the bilateral relationship between Jordan and Israel?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to work with the Government
    of Jordan to identify areas of cooperation and mutual benefit with
    Israel that strengthen the diplomatic, economic, and people-to-people
    ties between the two countries. I will encourage Jordan to participate
    in regional coordination and integration efforts, such as the Negev
    Forum, and will continue U.S. support for efforts to address shared
    areas of concern, such as water scarcity, through Project Prosperity's
    water-for-solar energy initiative. I will underscore the importance of
    continued Jordanian-Israeli cooperation in the pursuit of regional
    stability, including through actions that ease tensions and encourage
    de-escalation, including through the ``Quint'' mechanism (U.S., Israel,
    Palestinian Authority, Jordan, Egypt) that has featured productive
    discussions between the parties in Aqaba and Sharm El Sheikh.

        Question. At $1.3 billion in foreign military financing, Jordan is
    expected to be one of the largest recipients of U.S. security
    assistance after Ukraine, Egypt, and Israel in FY 2023, and U.S.
    assistance to Jordan accounts for approximately 40 percent of official
    aid Jordan receives annually. How is U.S. security enhanced by taxpayer
    investment in Jordan?

        Answer. The Jordanian Armed Forces play a key role in regional
    stability. United States security assistance provides Jordan with
    strategic capabilities to support our partnership, including to ensure
    the enduring defeat of ISIS, providing border security, and deterring
    malign influences in the region. The strength of the U.S.-Jordanian
    partnership demonstrates our sustained commitment to partners in the
    Middle East and joint defense against hybrid threats by state and non-
    state actors. The U.S. will provide $425 million in Foreign Military
    Financing (FMF) to Jordan in FY 2023. The high levels of FMF included
    in the seven-year bilateral Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)--a
    minimum request of $400 million per year--reflect the outsized
    contribution by the Jordanian Armed Forces to regional security and
    stability. U.S. assistance contributes to a more resilient and stable
    Jordan, and consequently, a stronger and more capable partner for the
    U.S. as we address regional and security challenges.

        Question. In your view, what would happen if the U.S. did not
    provide a high level of foreign military financing to Jordan?

        Answer. U.S. security assistance to Jordan, including Foreign
    Military Financing, helps the United States confront a wide range of
    threats to our national security, including by enabling Jordan's
    participation in coalition efforts to ensure the enduring defeat of
    ISIS. U.S. support and security cooperation have also enabled Jordan to
    support other U.S. national security priorities. Because of our
    longstanding partnership, Jordan provided critical support over the
    years to our operations in Afghanistan. It has also enabled Jordan to
    participate in seven U.N. peacekeeping missions, including MONUSCO in
    the Democratic Republic of Congo and MINUSMA in Mali. Without U.S.
    security assistance, it is unlikely that Jordan would be able to
    cooperate with us on these and myriad other shared security priorities,
    which could create additional burdens for our own military.

        Question. What is your view regarding Jordan's economy, given its
    debt load of 114 percent GDP in 2021, and that $2.4 billion of its
    annual economic output comes from remittances from the estimated
    800,000 Jordanian's living overseas?

        Answer. Jordan faces a variety of internal and external challenges,
    including protracted regional crises that have disrupted trade, a
    chronic water deficit, and a burgeoning young population anxious for
    economic opportunities, as well as the lingering effects of the COVID-
    19 epidemic, which has contributed to limited economic growth and a
    high rate of unemployment. The Jordanian government has launched a
    home-grown, ten-year Economic Modernization Vision and a Public Sector
    Modernization Roadmap to systematically address these challenges.
        The United States supports Jordan's modernization reform agenda.
    Our recently signed seven-year assistance MOU supports targeted
    assistance to help Jordan effectively tackle key aspects of its
    economic and modernization reform effort regarding economic growth, and
    water sector improvements, including deficit reduction.

        Question. If confirmed, which aid programs will you focus on to
    promote Jordanian economic growth with U.S. business partners?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will advocate for U.S. businesses and will
    focus on those aid programs that encourage and empower Jordan to
    attract foreign direct investment, including from the United States,
    which currently totals less than $1 billion. If confirmed, I will
    continue to pursue programs intended to bolster digital infrastructure
    to help bolster broadband speed and drive down data costs in Jordan--
    key to improving the business investment climate.A sustainable water
    supply is also critical to Jordan's economic growth--and, ultimately,
    to its ability to partner with U.S. businesses. If confirmed, I will
    continue to use U.S. assistance to tackle Jordan's water scarcity
    through both improved infrastructure and water governance, as outlined
    in our bilateral MOU.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
                Submitted to Yael Lempert by Senator Todd Young

        Question.  If confirmed, how will you work with Jordan to continue
    deepening its relationship with our ally Israel? How do we increase the
    understanding amongst the Jordanian public of the importance of this
    relationship?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to work with the Government
    of Jordan to identify areas of cooperation and mutual benefit with
    Israel that strengthen their diplomatic, economic, and people-to-people
    ties. I will encourage Jordan to participate in regional coordination
    efforts, such as the Negev Forum. I will also encourage further
    regional economic integration that strengthens Jordan's security and
    resilience. Project Prosperity--the water-for-solar energy deal between
    Jordan and Israel - is an excellent example of such regional economic
    integration efforts. The positive benefits to Jordan help demonstrate
    to the Jordanian people the value of the Jordanian-Israeli relationship
    and the benefits of expanding cooperation.

        Question. Are you familiar the Prosperity Blue and Prosperity Green
    plans between Israel, Jordan and the UAE? What role can the U.S. play
    in helping these projects come to fruition?

        Answer. Jordan, Israel, and the UAE entered into the Project
    Prosperity agreement to bring UAE investment to Jordan to build a solar
    plant that would share clean, sustainable energy with Israel in
    exchange for water to help address Jordan's acute water needs. At
    COP27, Jordan and Israel renewed their commitment to Project Prosperity
    and agreed to continue furthering the initiative with the UAE. The
    U.S., led by the Office of the Special Envoy for Climate Affairs,
    continues to work closely with Project Prosperity partners, emphasizing
    the shared benefit this project offers and encouraging the parties to
    sign binding agreements to implement the project in December at COP28.

        Question. How can we encourage Jordan to take part in the Negev
    Forum Working Groups, in a constructive manner, while not allowing
    complex issues related to the Palestinians to slow progress on
    unrelated issues that benefit all partners?

        Answer. The United States strongly supports Jordan joining the
    Negev Forum. By advancing projects and initiatives in the Negev Forum's
    six topical working groups that benefit the members and demonstrate the
    value of regional cooperation, we are optimistic that countries not yet
    part of the Negev Forum, including Jordan, will be incentivized to
    join. If confirmed, I will continue U.S. efforts to encourage Jordan to
    participate in the Negev Forum, which will help to strengthen Jordan's
    economy, security, and resilience.

        Question. What can the U.S. do to help Jordan stop the smuggling of
    arms and drugs across its borders?

        Answer. Jordan continues to face spillover effects from the
    conflict in Syria, including the illicit trafficking of drugs and arms.
    Over the last 10 years, U.S. security assistance has significantly
    improved Jordan's ability to control its northern border and to
    interdict illicit smuggling attempts. The United States has supported
    the Jordan Border Security Program, an integrated border security
    surveillance, detection, and interdiction system, along 350 miles of
    Jordan's land borders. The United States continues to cooperate with
    regional partners, including Jordan, to strengthen local port and
    border security and counter narcotics smuggling through information
    sharing and capacity building. Additionally, in September 2022 the
    State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law
    Enforcement (INL) allocated $2.5 million in annual INCLE funding to
    establish a bilateral INL program in Jordan to help it address the
    threat posed to the Kingdom by illicit drugs, to bolster regional
    stability and help deter malign actors.

        Question. Jordan is currently harboring Ahlam Tamimi a Palestinian
    terrorist responsible for the bombing of a pizzeria in Jerusalem that
    killed 15-year-old U.S. citizen Malki Roth and U.S. citizen Judith
    Greenbaum who was pregnant at the time. The United States has long
    sought the assistance of the Jordanian Government in sending Ms. Tamimi
    to stand trial in the U.S. for the murders. If confirmed, will you make
    this case a priority?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will do everything in my power to
    ensure that Ahlam al-Tamimi faces justice in the United States for her
    horrific crimes.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
                 Submitted to Yael Lempert by Senator Ted Cruz

    Abraham Accords
              In February 2021, the White House instructed the State
            Department to stop signaling support for the Abraham Accords.
            The State Department implemented that guidance, including
            through specific guidance distributed on February 4 by a
            staffer in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. That internal
            guidance instructed staffers to no longer even refer to the
            relevant agreements as ``Abraham Accords,'' and to instead call
            them ``normalization agreements.'' The guidance specifically
            stated that ``we are no longer using `Abraham Accords' to refer
            to the normalization of relations between Israel and other
            countries.'' On April 1 Spokesperson Ned Price told reporters
            that the policy of the State Department was to ``call them
            normalization agreements.'' On May 18, White House Spokesperson
            Jen Psaki said ``Aside from putting forward a peace proposal
            that was dead on arrival, we don't think [the Trump
            administration] did anything constructive, really, to bring an
            end to the longstanding conflict in the Middle East.'' On June
            4 the Washington Free Beacon (WFB) confirmed the existence of
            the policy, citing ``two internal State Department emails''
            reviewed by the outlet.
              At the time you were a high-ranking official in NEA, and
            would afterwards be appointed Acting Assistant Secretary. The
            staffer who sent the internal guidance was a press officer for
            Israel and Palestinian Affairs, which at the time was overseen
            by then-Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Israel and
            Palestinian Affairs Hady Amr.

        Question. When did you become aware of the guidance sent from the
    White House?

        Answer. During the referenced time period, I was serving as Charge
    d'Affaires, a.i. at the U.S. Embassy in London, which reports to the
    Bureau of European Affairs. I was not aware of any such guidance from
    the Department, and referred in any discussions I had in the United
    Kingdom about the Abraham Accords to them as such. I did not begin my
    current assignment in NEA until the end of August 2021.

        Question. When did you become aware of the internal guidance issued
    by the NEA staffer?

        Answer. I was not aware of any such guidance at the time.
    Subsequently, I became aware of questions about the existence of such
    guidance, but I have not seen it.

        Question. Did you clear the internal guidance sent by email from
    the NEA staffer? If yes, please explain your rationale for clearing it.
    If no, do you believe it was appropriate for such guidance to be issued
    within your bureau without you clearing it?

        Answer. I was serving at the U.S. Embassy in London during the
    referenced time period, and did not begin my current assignment in NEA
    until the end of August 2021. I thus did not clear on any internal
    guidance issued within NEA during this timeframe, and would have had no
    basis to do so, as I was not serving in NEA at that point.

        Question. Did you ever discuss the internal guidance with Mr. Amr?

        Answer. No, I did not discuss with Mr. Amr any internal guidance
    related to this topic as I was serving in the United Kingdom.

        Question. Did you clear the language that Mr. Price used in his
    press briefings, and specifically his statement on April 1 that
    regarding the Abraham Accords the State Dept. ``call[s] them
    normalization agreements?''

        Answer. No. I was serving at the U.S. Embassy in London at the
    time, and did not begin my current assignment in NEA until the end of
    August 2021, so did not have any reason to review or clear on such a
    statement.

        Question. Do you believe that the United States should not support
    the Abraham Accords?

        Answer. Quite the opposite, I strongly support the Abraham Accords.
    The President, Secretary of State, and other officials, including
    myself, have been clear, privately and publicly, that the United States
    strongly supports the Abraham Accords, which are in the national
    security interests of the United States. As such, we are continuing to
    work with Israel and other regional countries to deepen them, build
    upon them, and expand the circle of peace. These efforts include the
    establishment of the Negev Forum, which I am proud to have played a
    role in creating and building.

        Question. Do you believe that State Department officials should not
    use the phrase ``Abraham Accords?''

        Answer. No. State Department officials, from the Secretary of State
    down, regularly use the phrase ``Abraham Accords.'' When I began my
    current assignment in NEA at the end of August 2021, following my
    assignment at the U.S. Embassy in London, the first public engagement I
    had was to speak on behalf of the State Department at a September 15,
    2021 event celebrating the one-year anniversary of the Abraham Accords,
    hosted by the Abraham Accords Institute of Peace. In my remarks, I
    repeatedly referred to the Abraham Accords, and have done so routinely
    since then, privately and publicly.

        Question. Please transmit any other internal guidance which you
    cleared--emails, memos, cables, notes, decision memos, briefing papers,
    instructions, etc.--that instructed staffers not to signal support for
    the Abraham Accords, including by not using the phrase ``Abraham
    Accords.''

        Answer. As I never cleared on any such internal guidance, I have no
    documents to submit in response to this question. Any request for
    Department records will need to be addressed to the Department.

        Question. Do you believe that the policy outlined in the February 4
    email, i.e. to downplay the significance of the Abraham Accords as
    ``normalization agreements,'' was in the national security interests of
    the United States? Please also describe any effects that you believe it
    had on US diplomacy more broadly.

        Answer. I was not aware of any such State Department policy. I
    regularly referred to the agreements as the ``Abraham Accords'' in any
    relevant discussions I had in the context of my then-assignment in the
    United Kingdom. Secretary Blinken noted in a January 27, 2021, press
    availability that, ``First, as we've said, we very much support the
    Abraham Accords. We think that Israel normalizing relations with its
    neighbors and other countries in the region is a very positive
    development, and so we applauded them, and we hope that there may be an
    opportunity to build on them in the months and years ahead.''
        The Abraham Accords are in the national security interests of the
    United States. The Biden administration's strong embrace of the Abraham
    Accords, and efforts to build upon them in a variety of ways, has been
    a key focus of U.S. efforts in the region.

        Question. In your own assessment, is Ms. Psaki's May 18 assessment
    tenable, i.e. that the Trump administration did not do ``anything
    constructive. to bring an end to the longstanding conflict in the
    Middle East.''

        Answer. The Abraham Accords were more than constructive; they were
    historic. That is why the United States is continuing to work to
    expand, deepen, and build upon them. I have noted publicly that the
    Abraham Accords are historic and have created the opportunity for a
    transformation in the region. I have been at the center of the current
    Administration's efforts to build on them, including through the
    creation of the Negev Forum, an unprecedented multilateral grouping of
    Israel and its regional partners, aimed at cementing and further
    advancing regional peace and regional integration.

        Question. In May 2020, then-nominee and now-ambassador to Jordan
    Henry Wooster submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee on
    Foreign Relations in response to several questions I asked him about
    the case of Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al-Tamimi. In 2017, the Department of
    Justice unsealed a criminal complaint against, and an arrest warrant
    for, al-Tamimi. She is charged with conspiring to use a weapon of mass
    destruction against U.S. nationals outside the U.S., resulting in
    death, for helping to mastermind an August 9, 2001 attack in Jerusalem.
    The attack killed 15 people, including two U.S. nationals, Judith
    Shoshana Greenbaum, a pregnant 31-year-old school teacher, and Malka
    Chana Roth, who was 15 years old. Al-Tamimi is a Jordanian national who
    is being harbored in Jordan, and whose address is known to the
    Government of Jordan. The United States has asked the Jordanians to
    extradite her. They have thus far refused.
        In his written testimony, Ambassador Wooster committed to
    leveraging American assistance to Jordan, including potentially
    withholding aid, to secure al-Tamimi's extradition. I am now going to
    ask you the same questions I asked him, and I very much hope your
    answers will be the same.
        Please describe the extent to which Jordan's refusal to extradite
    Tamimi has affected U.S.-Jordanian relations? For reference, Ambassador
    Wooster's answer to this question was ``We continue to ask that the
    Government of Jordan arrest Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al-Tamimi and agree to
    extradite her to the United States. The Government of Jordan has been
    unwilling to accede to our request due to the Court of Cassation's
    ruling that our bilateral extradition treaty is not valid. We continue
    to dispute the court's claim, as we exchanged instruments of
    ratification that brought the treaty into force on July 29, 1995 and
    the treaty has not been terminated. We continue to raise this issue at
    the highest levels in order to reach a satisfactory solution.''

        Answer. The Administration continues to engage with the Government
    of Jordan at the highest levels to press that Jordan arrest Ahlam Aref
    Ahmad Al-Tamimi and agree to extradite her to the United States. Our
    assessment of the U.S.-Jordan extradition treaty remains the same. We
    continue to dispute the Court of Cassation's ruling that our bilateral
    extradition treaty is not valid. We continue to raise this issue at the
    highest levels in order to reach a satisfactory solution. In my current
    position, I have raised this issue with senior Jordanian officials. If
    confirmed, I commit to making this a priority and doing everything in
    my power to ensure that Ahlam Aref Ahmad al-Tamimi faces justice in the
    United States for her horrific crimes.

        Question. In May 2020, then-nominee and now-ambassador to Jordan
    Henry Wooster submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee on
    Relations Committee in response to several questions I asked him about
    the case of Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al-Tamimi. In 2017, the Department of
    Justice unsealed a criminal complaint against, and an arrest warrant
    for, al-Tamimi. She is charged with conspiring to use a weapon of mass
    destruction against U.S. nationals outside the U.S., resulting in
    death, for helping to mastermind an August 9, 2001 attack in Jerusalem.
    The attack killed 15 people, including two U.S. nationals, Judith
    Shoshana Greenbaum, a pregnant 31-year-old school teacher, and Malka
    Chana Roth, who was 15 years old. Al-Tamimi is a Jordanian national who
    is being harbored in Jordan, and whose address is known to the
    Government of Jordan. The United States has asked the Jordanians to
    extradite her. They have thus far refused.
        In his written testimony, Ambassador Wooster committed to
    leveraging American assistance to Jordan, including potentially
    withholding aid, to secure al-Tamimi's extradition. I am now going to
    ask you the same questions I asked him, and I very much hope your
    answers will be the same.
        What options and leverage does the United States have to secure
    Tamimi, including potentially withholding assistance to the Government
    of Jordan? For reference, Ambassador Wooster's answer to this question
    was ``The United States has multiple options and different types of
    leverage to secure Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al-Tamimi's extradition. We will
    continue to engage Jordanian officials at all levels not only on this
    issue, but also on the extradition treaty more broadly. U.S. generosity
    to Jordan in Foreign Military Financing as well as economic support and
    other assistance is carefully calibrated to protect and advance the
    range of U.S. interests in Jordan and in the region.''

        Answer. The Departments of State and Justice continue to pursue all
    viable means to ensure Ahlam Aref Ahmad al-Tamimi faces justice in the
    United States. As Ambassador Wooster noted, the United States has
    multiple options and different types of leverage to secure Ahlam al-
    Tamimi's extradition. If confirmed, I will continue to engage Jordanian
    officials at all levels not only on this issue, but also on the
    extradition treaty more broadly.
        U.S. generosity to Jordan in Foreign Military Financing as well as
    economic support and other assistance is carefully calibrated to
    protect and advance the range of U.S. interests in Jordan and in the
    region.

        Question. In May 2020, then-nominee and now-ambassador to Jordan
    Henry Wooster submitted written testimony to the Senate Committee on
    Foreign Relations in response to several questions I asked him about
    the case of Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al-Tamimi. In 2017, the Department of
    Justice unsealed a criminal complaint against, and an arrest warrant
    for, al-Tamimi. She is charged with conspiring to use a weapon of mass
    destruction against U.S. nationals outside the U.S., resulting in
    death, for helping to mastermind an August 9, 2001 attack in Jerusalem.
    The attack killed 15 people, including two U.S. nationals, Judith
    Shoshana Greenbaum, a pregnant 31-year-old school teacher, and Malka
    Chana Roth, who was 15 years old. Al-Tamimi is a Jordanian national who
    is being harbored in Jordan, and whose address is known to the
    Government of Jordan. The United States has asked the Jordanians to
    extradite her. They have thus far refused.
        In his written testimony, Ambassador Wooster committed to
    leveraging American assistance to Jordan, including potentially
    withholding aid, to secure al-Tamimi's extradition. I am now going to
    ask you the same questions I asked him, and I very much hope your
    answers will be the same.
        Can you commit to using those options and leverage to secure
    Tamimi's extradition? For reference, Ambassador Wooster's answer to
    this question was ``If confirmed, I would explore all options to bring
    Ahlam Aref Ahmad Al- Tamimi to justice, secure her extradition, and
    address the broader issues associated with the extradition treaty.''

        Answer. If confirmed, I would explore all options to bring Ahlam
    Aref Ahmad al- Tamimi to justice, secure her extradition, and address
    the broader issues associated with the extradition treaty.

    Background
              The Biden administration has sought to pressure the
            Government of Egypt on issues ranging from energy to human
            rights. The administration has withheld assistance from the
            Government of Egypt, a policy that has been publicly justified
            by reference to Egypt's imprisonment of among others Muslim
            Brotherhood figures. Public reports suggest that Biden
            administration officials have in particular pressured Egypt
            regarding the case of Salah Soltan, a Muslim-Brotherhood linked
            preacher imprisoned by the Egyptian government on terrorism
            related charges. Soltan is a notorious hate preacher. He has
            said: ``I travel all over the world, and I met supporters of
            Al-Aqsa, of the prisoners, of Jerusalem, and of Palestine--
            people who thirst for the blood of the Jews, and who are eager
            for the promised war against the sons of Zion, until Palestine
            is liberated in its entirety.'' He has also said ``I want our
            brothers, and the whole world, to know what's going on these
            days, during Passover. Read Dr. Naghuib Al-Kilani's book, Blood
            for the Matzos of Zion. Every year, at this time, the Zionists
            kidnap several non- Muslims [sic]--Christians and others... By
            the way, this happened in a Jewish neighborhood in Damascus.
            They killed the French doctor, Toma, who used to treat the Jews
            and others for free, in order to spread Christianity. Even
            though he was their friend and they benefited from him the
            most, they took him on one of these holidays and slaughtered
            him, along with the nurse.
              Then they kneaded the matzos with the blood of Dr. Toma and
            his nurse. the world must know these facts about the Zionist
            entity and its terrible corrupt creed. The world should know
            this.'' He has also said ``Any Zionist--tourist or other--who
            enters Egypt must be killed. We will not kill tourists from any
            [other] country. We stress that this fatwa is directed only
            toward those Zionists, who destroyed our country, killed our
            people, and shed our blood on our land.''
              The Biden administration has also engaged Egypt regarding the
            administration's efforts to deliver gas to Lebanon through a
            route that includes Syria, in likely violation of American
            sanctions, including the Caesar Act.

        Question. Have you engaged the Egyptian Government on the case of
    Salah Soltan in any way?

        Answer. The Administration supports further strengthening the
    United States' strategic partnership with Egypt while seeking tangible
    improvements by the Government of Egypt on human rights. In that
    context, the Department of State has raised Mr. Soltan's case with
    Egyptian authorities. Other U.S. officials and I have encouraged the
    Government of Egypt to ensure Mr. Soltan and all detainees have access
    to appropriate medical care, the ability to meet with family members
    and lawyers, and other rights guaranteed to them under Egyptian and
    international law.

        Question. Have you specifically conveyed requests to the Egyptian
    Government to release Soltan?

        Answer. In my discussions with the Government of Egypt about Mr.
    Soltan, I have encouraged the Government of Egypt to ensure he has
    access to appropriate medical care, and other rights guaranteed to him
    under Egyptian and international law. I have also noted the bipartisan
    interest from some members of Congress in seeing a resolution to Mr.
    Soltan's case.

        Question. Do you consider the Muslim Brotherhood to be a terrorist
    group?

        Answer. To so designate a group, the Department of State uses
    credible, sourced evidence to demonstrate that the organization meets
    the statutory criteria. At this time, the Administration has not
    designated the Muslim Brotherhood as a foreign terrorist organization.

        Question. Do you consider any of these statements by Mr. Soltan to
    be antisemitic hate speech?

        Answer. I strongly condemn antisemitism in all its forms and share
    the deep concern about antisemitic rhetoric, including in Egypt. The
    referenced statements attributed to Mr. Soltan denigrating and calling
    for violence against Jewish people are reprehensible and are rightly
    condemned as antisemitic.

        Question. Do you consider any of these statements by Mr. Soltan to
    advocate genocide against Jews?

        Answer. The referenced statements attributed to Mr. Soltan
    denigrating and calling for violence against Jews are reprehensible and
    antisemitic.

        Question. Do you consider Mr. Soltan to be a ``hate preacher?''

        Answer. The referenced statements attributed to Mr. Soltan clearly
    constitute hateful and reprehensible rhetoric.

        Question. Have you engaged the Government of Egypt on issues
    related to the delivery of gas to Lebanon through Syria? If so, please
    describe those engagements.

        Answer. Other U.S. officials and I have engaged the Government of
    Egypt to discuss the acute energy crisis in Lebanon. These engagements
    reflected that the proposal to deliver gas from Egypt to Lebanon, with
    potential World Bank support pending Lebanon's progress on required
    reforms, could potentially help Lebanon address its acute power crisis
    in a sustainable and transparent manner. We have informed all parties
    that Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control must review the final
    contracts and financing terms in order to be able to conduct its final
    sanctions assessment.A central element of all such engagements with the
    Government of Egypt has been that U.S. sanctions targeting the Assad
    regime remain in place, and are an important tool to press for
    accountability for the Assad regime, to include on its atrocious record
    of human rights abuses.

        Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used for
    activities or operations aimed at disarming Hizballah during your
    tenure as Ambassador? A rough estimate or a range will be sufficient.

        Answer. I have never served as Ambassador to Lebanon. U.S.
    assistance strengthens the professional capacity of the Lebanese Armed
    Forces (LAF) and reinforces its role as the sole legitimate defender of
    Lebanese territorial integrity. Thanks to U.S. training and equipment,
    the LAF continues to defend Lebanon from terrorist organizations and
    other militant groups, thereby undercutting Hizballah's claim that the
    Lebanese need Hizballah and its weapons to protect Lebanon from
    external threats.

        Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used for
    activities or operations aimed at disrupting Hizballah military
    activities other than through disarming them during your tenure as
    Ambassador, e.g. through roadblocks? A rough estimate or a range will
    be sufficient.

        Answer. I have never served as Ambassador to Lebanon. U.S. security
    assistance strengthens the professional capacity of the Lebanese
    security services, enabling them to defend Lebanon from terrorist
    organizations and other militant groups, thereby undercutting
    Hizballah's claim that the Lebanese need Hizballah and its weapons to
    protect Lebanon from external threats. U.S. security assistance
    includes training and equipment that has also improved the frequency
    and sophistication of Lebanese anti-crime operations, including to
    counter drug trafficking, which works against Hizballah's interests.

        Question. Please describe the degree to which, in your assessment,
    Hizballah continues to influence or exert control over the Beirut-Rafic
    Hariri International Airport or facilities located within the airport.

        Answer. The Administration is clear-eyed about the threat that
    Hizballah poses and remains concerned by reports that Hizballah
    continues to exert influence over Lebanese ports of entry. We continue
    to target Hizballah's financial and logistical capabilities through a
    range of tools, including sanctions. U.S. foreign assistance to the
    Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF)
    enables them to maintain a robust security presence in the airport,
    including elements which regularly benefit from U.S. training.

        Question. Is it your assessment that the Beirut-Rafic Hariri
    International Airport maintains effective antiterrorism efforts?

        Answer. Lebanon has taken steps to improve antiterrorism controls
    at Beirut International Airport. For example, Lebanon has made efforts
    to implement U.N. Security Council Resolutions 2396 and 2309 by
    collecting air travelers' biographic data and providing updates to the
    INTERPOL watchlist. Lebanese security services routinely coordinate
    with the United States to investigate individuals involved in terrorism
    and share information about falsified travel documents. Regrettably,
    government budget shortfalls have prevented significant progress on
    biometric collection and storage capabilities.

        Question. Please describe the degree to which, in your assessment,
    Hizballah continues to influence or exert control over the Port of
    Beirut or facilities located within the port?

        Answer. Hizballah's continued influence over the Port of Beirut
    remains a concern, as it supports the terrorist group's illicit
    activities and deprives the Lebanese government and people of much
    needed customs revenue. We continue robust engagement with the
    Government of Lebanon and likeminded partners on the need to strengthen
    security at Lebanon's ports of entry. We continue to use sanctions to
    target Hizballah's financial and logistics capabilities. For instance,
    in 2019 the United States designated Hizballah security official Wafiq
    Safa, who has exploited Lebanon's ports and border crossings to smuggle
    contraband, facilitate Hizballah travel, and facilitate the passage of
    illegal drugs and weapons into the Port of Beirut, routing certain
    shipments to avoid scrutiny.

        Question. Is it your assessment that the Port of Beirut maintains
    effective antiterrorism measures?

        Answer. The Port of Beirut was decimated by the explosion in August
    2020, and due to budget shortfalls resulting from the economic crisis
    the government has not been able to fully rebuild it. Some security
    infrastructure at the container terminal remains dysfunctional. The
    Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) has maintained perimeter security at the
    port since the blast and plays an important role in deterring terrorist
    activity in and around the facility.

        Question. In your capacity as an NEA official, did you convey
    concerns to the Lebanese Armed Forces or the Lebanese government that
    their level of coordination or cooperation with Hizballah during their
    2017 Arsal operations risked compromising American support, including
    but not limited to security assistance?

        Answer. During that timeframe in 2017, I was serving as Acting
    Deputy Assistant Secretary for Egypt and North Africa, and thus did not
    engage Lebanese officials on this as it was not in my purview.

        Question. Did you clear policies providing livelihood support for
    LAF and ISF members?

        Answer. In my capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for
    Near Eastern Affairs (NEA), I maintained oversight of all offices in
    the bureau responsible for U.S. foreign assistance in the region,
    including the policies that drive them. NEA manages the livelihood
    support program for the Lebanese Armed Forces, while the Bureau of
    International Narcotics and Law Enforcement manages the livelihood
    support program for the Internal Security Forces (ISF). Our teams
    worked together, along with other bureaus and offices within the
    Department, to design a program consistent with applicable U.S. laws.
    The Government of Israel is aware of this program and, in general,
    supports efforts to strengthen the role of Lebanon's legitimate
    security services in shoring up domestic stability.

        Question. What steps has the State Department taken to ensure that
    livelihood support provided to LAF and ISF members are not spent in
    businesses owned by Hizballah or individuals linked to Hizballah?

        Answer. The Department undertakes rigorous measures to mitigate the
    risk that U.S. assistance might benefit terrorist groups, including
    thorough oversight, vetting, project monitoring, and other risk
    mitigation practices carried out by the U.S. government and trusted
    implementing partners. Historically, the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)
    and Internal Security Forces (ISF) have maintained exemplary compliance
    with U.S. monitoring requirements. Through our engagement on the
    livelihoods program, LAF and ISF senior officers committed to
    safeguarding livelihood resources. To ensure accountability, in
    addition to U.S. government personnel monitoring and extensive
    reporting from the implementing partner, the Department mandated that
    this program utilize a third-party monitor, which will visit LAF and
    ISF units throughout the country to document where and how livelihood
    recipients are spending their funds.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be the statutory
    basis for providing livelihood support for LAF members.

        Answer. The LAF livelihood support program was funded from
    Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) funds, which I understand are available
    for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in
    furtherance of the national security interests of the United States
    consistent with the authority in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be the statutory
    basis for providing livelihood support for ISF members.

        Answer. The Internal Security Forces (ISF) livelihood support
    program was funded from the International Narcotics Control and Law
    Enforcement (INCLE) account, which I understand is appropriated to
    carry out foreign assistance programming for counternarcotics and other
    anti-crime purposes consistent with the authority in the Foreign
    Assistance Act of 1961.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to by any precedents
    for providing livelihood support for LAF members.

        Answer. The United States has provided livelihood support to
    foreign security partners in extraordinary circumstances, as has been
    the case in Somalia using Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) funds. The
    Department works closely with all relevant interagency stakeholders to
    ensure such programs include robust risk mitigation protocols and clear
    exit plans.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to by any precedents
    for providing livelihood support for ISF members.

        Answer. International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (INCLE) funds
    have been used to provide limited stipends for targeted, vetted groups
    outside the region. The Department works closely with all relevant
    stakeholders to ensure such programs include robust risk mitigation
    protocols and clear exit plans.

        Question. In January and March 2022, the ISF announced that it had
    dismantled 17 different Israeli espionage networks that were operating
    against Hizballah. Do you believe that these actions enhanced American
    national security?

        Answer. The Department is concerned by any Lebanese government
    action that may benefit Hizballah, especially if it also affects
    Israel's security.I understand that our diplomats in Beirut constantly
    encourage our Lebanese security partners to focus on their core
    mission, which is to meet the internal security needs of the Lebanese
    people. Broadly speaking, I believe U.S. support for the Internal
    Security Forces (ISF) enhances American national security.
    Strengthening the Lebanese state, including its security forces,
    weakens Hizballah's flawed argument that it is the sole defender of
    Lebanon. Our support to the ISF continues to build the institution's
    professionalism and capacity to counter internal threats that have the
    potential to destabilize the country and the region.

        Question. In April and May 2023, the LAF and ISF participated in
    the deportation of Syrian refugees back into territory controlled by
    the Assad regime. Do you believe that these actions enhance American
    national security?

        Answer. The Administration is concerned by these reports and
    remains in contact with representatives of the U.N. High Commissioner
    for Refugees and the Lebanese government. We have conveyed our concerns
    to Lebanese authorities and continue to discuss the issue of Syrian
    refugee protections with involved stakeholders. We consistently
    reiterate that all refugees and displaced persons should be treated
    humanely, and anyone detained should be afforded all applicable legal
    protections.

        Question. Did you clear the decision to rename NEA/IPA in April
    2022? If not, do you agree with the decision? If you either cleared on
    the decision or agree with it, please describe your rationale for doing
    so.

        Answer. I support the State Department's March 2022 decision to
    update the name of the ``Office of Israel and Palestinian Affairs'' to
    the ``Office of Israeli and Palestinian Affairs.''The updated name
    ensures greater consistency in naming conventions for country desks
    across the Department of State, using the adjectival form of the
    country, region, or group, such as with the Office of North African
    Affairs, Office of Iraqi Affairs, and Office of Iranian Affairs in NEA;
    the Office of Northern European, Baltic, and Arctic Security Affairs in
    EUR; the Office of Canadian Affairs in WHA; and the Office of East
    African Affairs in AF, among others.

        Question. Did you clear the decision to waive Congressional anti-
    terrorism sanctions in order to facilitate the October 2022 visit to
    Washington, D.C. by Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the
    PLO Hussein AlSheikh? If not, do you agree with the decision? If you
    either cleared on the decision or agree with it, please describe your
    rationale for doing so.

        Answer. The U.S. Government unequivocally rejects terrorism in all
    its forms and has consistently condemned terrorist attacks and
    incitement by Palestinian actors and groups. I supported the State
    Department's decision to engage in the meetings that the Department and
    other agencies held with the PLO delegation because they were aimed at
    advancing U.S. interests, including our steadfast commitment to
    Israel's security and to enhancing Israeli-Palestinian cooperation,
    including security cooperation, and reinforcing commitments to non-
    violence and countering terrorism. The State Department's approach to,
    and decision to engage in, the meetings was consistent with advice
    obtained from the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice,
    which was subsequently published and shared with Congress. Per that
    advice, no ``waiver'' under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1987 was
    required.

        Question. Did you clear language accusing the Government of Israel
    of changing the status quo on the Temple Mount in January 2023? If not,
    do you agree with the decision to publicly accuse the Israelis? If you
    either cleared on the decision or agree with it, please describe your
    rationale for doing so.

        Answer. While I am not familiar with the referenced language, the
    United States has consistently called for all parties to uphold the
    historic status quo on the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif, and to refrain
    from unilateral steps that exacerbate tensions. The United States also
    continues to respect the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty, which
    recognizes the special role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in
    Muslim holy shrines in Jerusalem.

        Question. Do you believe that publicly expressing concerns with the
    Government of Israel's efforts to advance judicial reform is in the
    national security interest of the United States? If yes, please
    describe your rationale for believing so.

        Answer. As the President has said, ``The genius of American
    democracy and Israeli democracy is that they are both built on strong
    institutions, on checks and balances, on an independent judiciary.
    Building consensus for fundamental changes is really important to
    ensure that the people buy into them so they can be sustained.'' The
    strength of the U.S.-Israel partnership is rooted in shared interests
    and democratic values, which have served to anchor bilateral
    cooperation for 75 years. Accordingly, the Administration works with
    Israel to advance both the interests and values central to the national
    security interests of both our countries.

        Question. Is it your understanding that it is still the policy of
    the United States that ``In light of new realities on the ground,
    including already existing major Israeli populations centers, it is
    unrealistic to expect that the outcome of final status negotiations
    will be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949, and
    all previous efforts to negotiate a two-state solution have reached the
    same conclusion. It is realistic to expect that any final status
    agreement will only be achieved on the basis of mutually agreed changes
    that reflect these realities?''

        Answer. Yes. President Biden has been clear that the vision of two
    states along the 1967 lines with mutually agreed land swaps remains the
    best way to achieve a peace agreement between Israel and the
    Palestinians that protects Israel's long-term security and its status
    as a Jewish and democratic state.

    Illegal Leaks of Trump Official's Health Status
              In October 2020, the Washington Post revealed that the
            director of policy planning at the State Department, Peter
            Berkowitz, had tested positive for COVID-19 after a trip he had
            just taken to Britain, Hungary, and France. The Post cited
            ``four U.S. and foreign officials familiar with the
            situation,'' including an official who ``said that Berkowitz's
            mask-wearing and social distancing practices were lax during
            the trip.'' As you know, the leak of a U.S. official's medical
            status is illegal, and doing so to undermine allies' confidence
            in the State Dept. harms American interests. Indeed, the Post
            wrote ``[f]ollowing Berkowitz's visit to London, British
            officials have started being more selective about approval of
            American delegations. [and] postponed an upcoming trip by
            Elliott Abrams, the U.S. special envoy for Iran and Venezuela,
            officials said.'' You were the Deputy Chief of Mission at the
            U.S. Embassy in London when that leak occurred.

        Question. Do you believe that the leaks of Mr. Berkowitz's health
    status to the Washington Post undermined confidence in the State
    Department among our allies?

        Answer. Due to privacy considerations, I cannot provide information
    related to Mr. Berkowitz's health status at that time. In general, I
    take protecting personally identifiable information (PII) and other
    sensitive information as a core responsibility as a public servant and
    if confirmed, I will work to ensure all Embassy Amman personnel will
    strictly follow such rules and regulations.
        I do not believe the referenced press article undermined confidence
    in the State Department among our allies. The U.S. Embassy in London
    acted in strict compliance with local regulations in place at the time,
    which our UK partners appreciated. Subsequent critical visits to London
    from Washington continued, without concerns raised by our UK partners.

        Question. Were you involved in any internal investigations related
    to the leak? If so, please describe your role and any determinations
    from those investigations.

        Answer. Once press inquiries about Mr. Berkowitz were made to the
    State Department and the U.S. Embassies in London and Paris, the press
    team at Embassy London immediately worked to determine how and from
    where a leak could have emanated. The conclusion, conveyed to the
    Ambassador and me, was that the leak did not emanate from Embassy
    London.

        Question. If there were no investigations inside the U.S. Embassy
    in London related to the leaks, please describe your rationale for not
    conducting such investigations.

        Answer. Once press inquiries about Mr. Berkowitz were made to the
    State Department and the U.S. Embassies in London and Paris, the press
    team at Embassy London immediately worked to determine how and from
    where a leak could have emanated. The conclusion, conveyed to the
    Ambassador and me, was that the leak did not emanate from Embassy
    London.
                                   __________

                              follow-up questions
    Background
    Egypt
              In previous QFRs, I asked if you had specifically conveyed
            requests to the Egyptian Government to release Salah Soltan.
            You did not answer that question, but instead said that you
            ``noted the bipartisan interest from some members of Congress
            in seeing a resolution to Mr. Soltan's case.'' You also said
            that you ``have encouraged the Government of Egypt to ensure
            Mr. Soltan and all detainees have access to appropriate medical
            care, the ability to meet with family members and lawyers, and
            other rights guaranteed to them under Egyptian and
            international law.''
              I sent you a series of statements by Soltan calling for
            genocide against Jews, and asked you if you considered them to
            be anti-Semitic, including: ``I travel all over the world, and
            I met supporters of Al-Aqsa, of the prisoners, of Jerusalem,
            and of Palestine--people who thirst for the blood of the Jews,
            and who are eager for the promised war against the sons of
            Zion, until Palestine is liberated in its entirety,'' Every
            year, at this time, the Zionists kidnap several non-Muslims
            [sic]--Christians and others... They killed the French doctor,
            Toma, who used to treat the Jews and others for free Even
            though he was their friend and they benefited from him the
            most, they took him on one of these holidays and slaughtered
            him, along with the nurse. Then they kneaded the matzos with
            the blood of Dr. Toma and his nurse,'' and ``Any Zionist--
            tourist or other--who enters Egypt must be killed. We will not
            kill tourists from any [other] country. We stress that this
            fatwa is directed only toward those Zionists, who destroyed our
            country, killed our people, and shed our blood on our land.''
            You responded that you condemn antisemitism and that those
            statements were ``attributed'' to him.

              Question. Did you specifically convey requests to the
            Egyptian Government to release Soltan?

              Answer. No. I have noted to Egyptian Government officials the
            interest of some members of Congress in a resolution to Mr.
            Soltan's case. I have separately urged the Egyptian Government
            to fulfill the legislative conditions on a portion of U.S.
            assistance that Egypt make clear and consistent progress in
            releasing political prisoners and in providing detainees with
            due process of law.

              Question. Did you specifically convey requests on behalf of
            the Biden administration to the Egyptian Government to release
            Soltan?

              Answer. No. I have urged the Egyptian Government to ensure
            that Mr. Soltan has access to appropriate medical care, and
            other rights guaranteed to him under Egyptian and international
            law. I have also noted the interest of some members of Congress
            in a resolution to Mr. Soltan's case. I have not conveyed a
            specific request on behalf of the Biden administration for Mr.
            Soltan's release.

              Question. If you did specifically convey requests to the
            Egyptian Government to release Soltan, did you also encourage
            Egypt to release all detainees, by name? If not, please
            describe the policy rationale for prioritizing Soltan's
            release?

              Answer. I did not specifically convey requests to the
            Egyptian Government for Mr. Soltan's release.

              Question. Do you acknowledge that Soltan did indeed make
            those statements?

              Answer. Yes, I acknowledge that Mr. Soltan made those
            statements.

              I asked you whether you have ``engaged the Government of
            Egypt on issues related to the delivery of gas to Lebanon
            through Syria.'' You answered that you did, and described a
            ``proposal to deliver gas from Egypt to Lebanon,'' which I
            understand would include transiting gas through Syria. You also
            answered that ``[a] central element of all such engagements
            with the Government of Egypt has been that U.S. sanctions
            targeting the Assad regime remain in place.''

              Question. Please describe why you believe that proposal would
            not violate sanctions targeting the Assad regime, including
            specifically the Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act.

              Answer. No final determination has yet been made about the
            U.S. sanctions implications of that proposal. We received
            provisional contracts for both the electricity and gas deals
            last year. The final financing terms and contracts are still
            being discussed by the parties and the World Bank. The
            Departments of Treasury and State still need to review details
            of the final financing terms and contracts to assess any
            relevant sanctions concerns. Only at that time will we have the
            information needed to make any final determinations. The
            Department of State looks forward to continuing to consult with
            Congress on this important issue.

              In previous QFRs, I asked you a series of questions regarding
            the degree to which U.S. assistance to Lebanon has been used
            for disarming or disrupting Hezbollah's military activities.
            You acknowledged that in your capacity as Principal Deputy
            Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern Affairs (NEA) you
            maintained oversight of all offices in the bureau responsible
            for U.S. foreign assistance in the region. You did not answer
            those questions, and instead wrote about undermining
            Hezbollah's narrative. I also asked you whether in your
            assessment the Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport and
            Port of Beirut maintain effective antiterrorism efforts. You
            did not answer those questions either.

              Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used
            for activities or operations aimed at disarming Hezbollah
            during your tenure at NEA in the Biden administration? A rough
            estimate or a range will be sufficient.

              Answer. All U.S. Government efforts are ultimately aimed at
            fostering a stable, sovereign Lebanese state free of
            Hizballah's malign influence. U.S. security assistance is aimed
            at increasing the Lebanese Armed Force's (LAF) professional
            capacity as the legitimate defender of Lebanese territorial
            integrity and as a strong state institution, which remains the
            best way to erode Hizballah's malign influence. Ultimately the
            LAF responds to the orders and guidance of the country's
            civilian leadership, which continues to express concern that
            attempts to disarm Hizballah by force could trigger civil war
            and destabilize the region. The LAF has proven itself capable
            of applying our assistance to face a broad range of evolving
            threats. U.S. security assistance to Lebanon enables counter
            terrorism operations against ISIS, and Al-Qaeda affiliates, in
            addition to operations against captagon traffickers and arms
            smuggling networks on the Syrian border, some of whom are
            alleged to be affiliated with Hizballah.

              Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used
            for activities or operations aimed at disrupting Hezbollah
            military activities other than through disarming them during
            your tenure at NEA in the Biden administration, e.g. through
            roadblocks? A rough estimate or a range will be sufficient.

              Answer. All U.S. Government efforts are ultimately aimed at
            fostering a stable, sovereign Lebanese state free of
            Hizballah's malign influence. U.S. security assistance
            strengthens the professional capacity of the Lebanese security
            services, enabling them to defend Lebanon from terrorist
            organizations and other militant groups, thereby undercutting
            Hizballah's claim that the Lebanese need Hizballah and its
            weapons to protect Lebanon from external threats. U.S. security
            assistance includes training and equipment that has also
            improved the frequency and sophistication of Lebanese anti-
            crime operations, including against captagon traffickers and
            smuggling networks on the Syrian border, which works against
            Hizballah's interests.

              Question. Is it your assessment that the Beirut-Rafic Hariri
            International Airport maintains effective antiterrorism
            efforts?

              Answer. The Department of State shares your concerns about
            Hizballah's influence at Beirut-Rafic Hariri International
            Airport; moreover, widespread corruption in Lebanon also
            undermines the integrity and effectiveness of anti-terrorism
            efforts at the airport. The Department of State would welcome
            the opportunity to offer a classified briefing to go into
            further details on our assessment of anti-terrorism efforts at
            the airport. The Department and the Embassy continue to engage
            senior Lebanese officials on the need to strengthen
            counterterrorism measures at the airport and other ports of
            entry and have seen a commitment on behalf of the Government of
            Lebanon to interdict high-risk individuals and cargo. U.S.
            foreign assistance to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the
            Internal Security Forces (ISF) enables them to maintain a
            robust security presence in the airport, including with
            elements which regularly benefit from U.S. training.

              Question. Is it your assessment that the Port of Beirut
            maintains effective antiterrorism measures?

              Answer. The Department of State shares your concerns about
            Hizballah's influence at the Port of Beirut; moreover,
            widespread corruption in Lebanon also undermines the integrity
            and effectiveness of anti-terrorism efforts of partners like
            the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), which maintains perimeter
            security at the port and plays an important role in deterring
            terrorist activity in and around the facility. As such, we are
            not satisfied with anti-terrorism efforts at the Port of
            Beirut. Due to the explosion in August 2020, some security
            infrastructure at the container terminal remains dysfunctional
            and the capacity of the port remains greatly diminished. As
            Lebanon looks to rebuild the port, the Department continues to
            engage senior Lebanese officials on the need to ensure security
            measures, including anti-terrorism measures, are in line with
            international best practices.

              I asked you whether you cleared policies providing livelihood
            support for LAF and ISF members. You did not answer that
            question. You responded that ``the Government of Israel is
            aware of this program and, in general, supports efforts to
            strengthen the role of Lebanon's legitimate security services
            in shoring up domestic stability.'' I also asked you what steps
            the State Department has taken to ensure that livelihood
            support provided to LAF and ISF members are not spent in
            businesses owned by Hezbollah or individuals linked to
            Hezbollah. You answered that the LAF and ISF maintain
            compliance with U.S. monitoring requirements, which is
            irrelevant to this question, and that ``the Department mandated
            that this program utilize a third-party monitor, which will
            visit LAF and ISF units throughout the country to document
            where and how livelihood recipients are spending their funds.''

              Question. Did you clear policies providing livelihood support
            for LAF and ISF members?

              Answer. Yes. In my capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant
            Secretary for Near Eastern Affairs (NEA), I maintained
            oversight of all offices in the bureau responsible for U.S.
            foreign assistance in the region. This included participating
            in the institutional clearance process that resulted in the
            recommendation to provide livelihood support to the Lebanese
            Armed Forces (LAF) and Internal Security Forces (ISF). This
            temporary and extraordinary program was approved to offset the
            unprecedented financial and other strains on these two national
            security forces due to Lebanon's ongoing economic crisis. The
            LAF and ISF are the only remaining state institutions with
            cross-confessional support capable of guaranteeing the
            country's stability. The LAF and ISF have taken on new
            challenges, especially in maintaining domestic social order
            even as the collapse of Lebanon's currency has hollowed out
            personnel salaries. Buttressing both institutions figures as
            part of a larger Administration effort to bolster the Lebanese
            state and avoid outright collapse, which could precipitate the
            return of sectarian militias, prompt civil war, strengthen
            Hizballah, and threaten Israel's security. This temporary
            program supplements our larger efforts to press Lebanon's
            political leadership to move on critical reforms and government
            formation.

              Question. Does the Government of Israel support this specific
            policy, of providing livelihood support for LAF and ISF
            members?

              Answer. The Israeli Government has been briefed on this
            program and has not objected. I understand that the Government
            of Israel supports U.S. efforts to strengthen Lebanon's
            legitimate military and security services, and the Lebanese
            state itself as the country experiences a profound economic
            crisis which could impact domestic stability.

              Question. Please provide details of the arrangement the State
            Department has with the third-party monitor, including who the
            third-party monitor is, how often they will be visiting those
            units, how many units they will be visiting, and so on.

              Answer. The U.N. Development Programme (UNDP), as the primary
            implementer for the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Internal
            Security Forces (ISF) livelihood support programs, issued a
            subcontract to consulting firm BDO as the third-party monitor
            for this program, according to a competitive process. Per the
            monitoring plan, BDO will gather data from all ISF and LAF
            barracks in Lebanon and provide reports on a monthly basis.
              Each month, for the duration of the program, BDO will travel
            to each base location, collect data from ISF or LAF members,
            and cross-reference the recipients' information with the
            approved list of eligible recipients. BDO plans to collect 100
            percent of all data via in-person interviews rather than via
            remote surveys.

              Question. Please transmit any documents between the
            Department and this third-party monitor detailing the
            arrangement.

              Answer. The Department of State entered into assistance
            agreements with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
            to implement the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Internal
            Security Forces (ISF) livelihood support programs. UNDP
            contracted with consulting firm BDO to conduct monitoring
            surveys and data analysis. BDO designed its monitoring plan
            according to requirements defined by both UNDP and the
            Department of State and the Department has full access to the
            results of BDO monitoring. The Department did not enter into an
            agreement directly with BDO; they were subcontracted by UNDP as
            the primary implementer.

              I asked you for the statutory basis for providing livelihood
            support for LAF members, and you responded that the program is
            funded from Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) funds. When the
            livelihood support program initially became public, reports
            indicated that the support from come from Foreign Military
            Financing (FMF) funds.

              Question. In your capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant
            Secretary for NEA, were you aware of plans to use FMF for
            livelihood support?

              Answer. Yes, in my capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant
            Secretary for Near Eastern Affairs (NEA), I was aware of the
            Department's discussions about the use of FMF for livelihood
            support to the LAF.

              Question. In your understanding, why did the Department
            choose to use PKO funds instead?

              Answer. The Department determined that this program was an
            appropriate use of PKO funding. In making this decision, the
            Department considered feedback provided during the
            Congressional consultation and notification process.

              I asked you about operations by Lebanon's Internal Security
            Forces (ISF) to dismantle Israeli assets in Lebanon that were
            operating against Hezbollah. The U.S. funds the ISF, including
            providing livelihood support for ISF members. You answered that
            ``Broadly speaking, I believe U.S. support for the Internal
            Security Forces (ISF) enhances American national security.
            Strengthening the Lebanese state, including its security
            forces, weakens Hizballah's flawed argument that it is the sole
            defender of Lebanon. Our support to the ISF continues to build
            the institution's professionalism and capacity to counter
            internal threats that have the potential to destabilize the
            country and the region.'' I consider this answer to be deeply
            troubling.

              Question. Do you believe that it is in the U.S. national
            security interest for the ISF to dismantle Israeli assets that
            operate against Hezbollah, because it undermines Hezbollah's
            narrative?

              Answer. No. The Department of State does not assess that any
            reported effort by the Internal Security Forces (ISF) to
            dismantle such networks is in the U.S. national security
            interest. This is why the Department continues to urge the ISF
            to focus on its core mission--bolstering stability and meeting
            the internal security needs of the Lebanese people. Our support
            to the ISF continues to build the institution's professionalism
            and capacity to counter internal threats that have the
            potential to destabilize the country and the region.

              Question. Your original answer cited a ``naming convention''
            that doesn't exist. I'd like to give you another opportunity to
            explain why you supported changing the name of NEA/IPA

              Answer. The name change of NEA/IPA was an administrative
            action, not a policy decision. The administrative change made
            the name of NEA/IPA consistent in its use of the adjectival
            form. The State Department's regional bureaus, including NEA,
            routinely use the adjectival form of countries and sub-regions
            in the name of offices. While I did not personally sign the
            memo regarding the name change, I supported the decision on
            this basis. The name change did not have any policy
            implications on the state-to-state relationship with Israel,
            nor was it intended to have such implications.

              Question. Do you believe that the name change signals that
            U.S. is leveling its relationship with Israel to the same level
            as the U.S.-Palestinian relationship?

              Answer. No. The U.S.-Israel relationship dates back 75 years
            and is a strategic state-to-state partnership. The name change
            did not have any impact on policy and did not in any way change
            the way the U.S. views the special bond between the United
            States and Israel.

              Question. I was not asking about a waiver under the Anti-
            Terrorism Act. The relevant waiver was issued pursuant to
            section 604 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal
            Year 2003, i.e. ``Denial of Visas to PLO and Palestinian
            Authority Officials.'' Did you clear the decision to provide
            that waiver and, if not, do you support providing it?

              Answer. Yes, I participated in the institutional clearance
            process that resulted in the recommendation to the Secretary of
            State to find the PA/PLO non-compliant and to provide a waiver.
            In regard to section 604 of the Foreign Relations Authorization
            Act, Fiscal Year 2003, every Administration since its
            enactment, upon finding the PLO or PA in non-compliance with
            certain commitments, has taken the approach of imposing a
            sanction and waiving it upon the basis of such a waiver being
            in the national interest of the United States. Beginning in
            2019, with the closure of the PLO Office in Washington, the
            previous Administration determined it was appropriate to impose
            the sanction of the denial of visas to PLO and PA officials,
            and then waive it. I participated in the institutional
            clearance process that resulted in the State Department
            clearance of packages recommending decisions to impose and
            waive the same visa sanctions in 2021 and 2022.

              Question. Regarding the OLC advisory that you cited, did you
            clear the decision to request it, and if not, do you support
            that decision?

              Answer. I fully support implementation of the Anti-Terrorism
            Act of 1987. In this vein, I supported the Department seeking
            advice from the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) at the Department
            of Justice on compliance with the Anti-Terrorism Act.

              Question. Do you agree with the decision not to have State
            Department officials meet with Minister Smotrich when he was in
            Washington, D.C.?

              Answer. It is my understanding that Minister Smotrich did not
            request to meet with any State Department officials during his
            visit to Washington, D.C. As there were no requests, there was
            not a decision made about any meetings with State Department
            officials.

              Question. If you do agree with that decision, please
            distinguish between the sorts of engagement you support with
            Secretary General Al-Sheikh about Israeli-Palestinian
            cooperation from the sorts of engagement that would have
            occurred with Minister Smotrich.

              Answer. As noted in my previous response, there was no such
            decision about meetings with Minister Smotrich and State
            Department officials during his visit to Washington.

              Question. Do you believe that Minister Ben-Gvir's visit was a
            change in the Temple Mount status quo?

              Answer. No. I do not think the visit represented a change in
            the status quo. The United States expressed concern about the
            visit's potential to exacerbate tensions.

              Question. In previous QFRs, I asked you about an October 2020
            leak to the Washington Post of the medical data of Peter
            Berkowitz, who was then the director of policy planning at the
            State Department. The leak was in the context of a trip
            Berkowitz had just taken to Britain, Hungary, and France, and
            the Washington Post story included specific and extensive
            details related to U.S.-British diplomacy. You were the Deputy
            Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in London when the leak
            occurred. I specifically asked you about any internal
            investigations related to the leak. You answered that there was
            an investigation conducted by the press team, and the
            conclusion--which was conveyed to the Ambassador and to you--
            was that the leak did not emanate from Embassy London. Please
            describe the press team's investigation.

              Answer. I instructed the Embassy's press team to conduct a
            thorough review of who could have been in touch with the
            journalist from the Washington Post who reported the story. The
            press team's leadership queried all members of their staff to
            ensure none had violated Embassy policy on communicating with
            members of the press. I also asked the press team's leadership
            about any engagement with the Washington Post concerning the
            story. I reaffirmed to all Embassy section heads strict
            guidelines which prohibit any engagement with the media without
            prior approval from the Embassy's Public Affairs section.

              Question. What other communications did you have with the
            press team about the leak? Did the press team interview you or
            the Ambassador in the context of trying to figure out who
            leaked, or just convey to you the results?

              Answer. I communicated with the Embassy's press team that the
            Ambassador and I were upset about the leak, and coordinated
            with them on suggested press guidance to use in response to it,
            that they were working with Washington on (the Department had
            the lead in responding to incoming inquiries). The press team
            did not interview the Ambassador or me, knowing both of us had
            a strict policy of not speaking with journalists unless it was
            coordinated through them.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Yael Lempert by Senator Bill Hagerty

              The Kingdom of Jordan is one of the United States' most
            important friends in the Middle East. Jordan was designated a
            U.S. major non-NATO ally and the United States is Jordan's
            single largest provider of bilateral assistance. In fiscal year
            2023, over $1.6 billion was appropriated for bilateral
            assistance to Jordan. As you noted in your testimony, the $400
            million that the U.S. sends to Jordan in Foreign Military
            Financing is premised on Jordan playing a stabilizing role in
            the Middle East. However, recent statements made by King
            Abdullah, the Jordanian Foreign Minister, and members of the
            Jordanian parliament that incited violence against Israel are
            deeply concerning. Just one day before armed extremists
            recently barricaded themselves inside the Al Aqsa Mosque in
            Jerusalem, reportedly with incendiary devices, King Abdallah of
            Jordan declared it, and I quote, ``the duty of every Muslim to
            deter Israeli escalations against holy sites in Jerusalem,'' an
            implicit green light for potential violence.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to conveying to the
    Government of Jordan, in the strongest possible terms, that incitement
    to violence against Israel and Jews by Jordanian officials--at any
    level of the Government--is wholly unacceptable and will not be
    tolerated?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to make clear that
    encouraging violence against Israel and Jews is wholly unacceptable. I
    will also continue to work closely with both the Israeli and Jordanian
    Governments to encourage them to deepen bilateral cooperation and
    regional integration efforts.

        Question. Did you find it alarming that a Jordanian Member of
    Parliament reportedly sought to smuggle hundreds of guns and assault
    rifles across the border, presumably to be used against Israelis?

        Answer. I have seen media reports about the arrest of the Jordanian
    Member of Parliament. I would defer to the Governments of Israel and
    Jordan for further details on the specifics of the case. However, in
    general, any action to encourage violence, or in contravention of the
    law, should be condemned and that individual held accountable.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to making clear to the
    Government of Jordan that members of Parliament who partake in
    incitement to violence and who attempt to smuggle arms to extremists
    must be held fully accountable?

        Answer. Yes. In general, any action to encourage violence, or in
    contravention of the law, should be condemned and that individual held
    accountable.

                              follow-up questions

    Leak of Information About State Department Official
              In October 2020, the Washington Post reported that Peter
            Berkowitz, at the time the State Department's Director of
            Policy Planning, had tested positive for COVID-19 after work
            travel to Britain, Hungary, and France. As you know, the leak
            of a U.S. official's medical information is illegal. You were
            serving as the Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in
            London when that leak occurred, and thus were one of a small
            circle of people who had access to the leaked medical
            information.

              Question. Do you have any information pertaining to who
            leaked Mr. Berkowitz's medical information?

              Answer. I do not have any information pertaining to who
            leaked Mr. Berkowitz's medical information, which could have
            emanated from the range of foreign interlocutors that he met
            with, in addition to the U.S. embassies he visited or the
            Department of State.
              I take protecting personally identifiable information (PII)
            and other sensitive information as a core responsibility as a
            public servant and if confirmed, I will work to ensure all
            Embassy Amman personnel will strictly follow such rules and
            regulations.

              Question. Did the U.S. embassy in London conduct an
            investigation into the leak? If not, please describe your
            rationale for not conducting such an investigation. If yes,
            please describe the determinations of that investigation?

              Answer. Once press inquiries about Mr. Berkowitz were made to
            the State Department and the U.S. embassies in London and
            Paris, the press team at Embassy London analyzed who may have
            shared the medical information. The conclusion, conveyed to the
            Ambassador and me, was that the information was not shared with
            the press by any Embassy London employee.

    Leaks of Information While Serving on the National Security Council
              You served on the National Security Council (NSC) during the
            Obama administration from 2014 until 2017. You subsequently
            served on NSC during the Trump Administration for a period of
            time in 2017.

              Question. Did you sign and complete a Classified Information
            Nondisclosure Agreement (SF-312) prior to serving on the NSC
            during the Obama Administration and the Trump administration?

              Answer. When I first started working at the State Department
            in 1998, I signed a non-disclosure agreement for classified
            information. I also completed all official forms I was
            requested to before and during my tenure on the NSC, and
            believe I signed the SF-312 form prior to starting my detail at
            the NSC in 2014. As a career public servant, I take protecting
            classified information as a core responsibility.

              Question. While serving on the NSC during the Trump
            Administration, did any news reports emerge on President
            Trump's Middle East policies that contained unauthorized leaks
            of sensitive or classified information?

              Answer. Yes.

        Question. During the Trump administration, did you ever participate
    in unauthorized leaks of sensitive or classified information to news
    reporters?

        Answer. Absolutely not. I have never participated in an
    unauthorized leak of any sensitive or classified information to news
    reporters, neither during the Trump Administration nor at any other
    time during my 25 years of government service.

    Leaks of Information About a U.S. Department of State official (2nd
            follow-up)
              In October 2020, the Washington Post reported that Dr. Peter
            Berkowitz--the Director of Secretary of State's Policy Planning
            Staff (S/P) at the time--had tested positive for COVID-19 after
            official State Department travel to Britain, Hungary, and
            France. As you know, the leak of a U.S. Government official's
            medical information is illegal. You were serving as the Deputy
            Chief of Mission (DCM) at U.S. Embassy London when that leak
            occurred and therefore were one of a small circle of people who
            had access to the leaked medical information.
              In testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, you
            stated that you ``do not have any information pertaining to who
            leaked Mr. Berkowitz's medical information''. Additionally, you
            stated: ``the press team at Embassy London analyzed who may
            have shared the medical information. The conclusion, conveyed
            to the Ambassador and me, was that the information was not
            shared with the press by any Embassy London employee.''

              Question. Please provide step-by-step details about the
            structure of and the steps taken in this investigation,
            starting with who led the investigation and which personnel
            carried it out?

              Answer. I instructed the Embassy's press team to conduct a
            thorough review of who could have been in touch with the
            journalist from the Washington Post who reported the story. The
            press team's leadership queried all members of their staff to
            ensure none had violated Embassy policy on communicating with
            members of the press. I also asked the press team's leadership
            about any engagement with the Washington Post concerning the
            story, and also discussed with other relevant section chiefs. I
            reaffirmed to all Embassy section heads strict guidelines which
            prohibit any engagement with the media without prior approval
            from the Embassy's Public Affairs section.

              Question. Were you personally involved in the internal
            investigation related to the leak? If so, please describe your
            role.

              Answer. I instructed the Embassy's press team to conduct a
            thorough review of who could have been in touch with the
            journalist from the Washington Post who reported the story. I
            also asked the press team's leadership about any engagement
            with the Washington Post concerning the story, and also
            discussed with other relevant section chiefs. I reaffirmed to
            all Embassy section heads strict guidelines which prohibit any
            engagement with the media without prior approval from the
            Embassy's Public Affairs section.

              Question. Who else participated in overseeing the
            investigation?

              Answer. The Minister-Counselor for Public Affairs and Press
            Spokesman queried their team, and assessed that inappropriate
            information, such as medical information, was not leaked by
            Embassy London, and could have emanated from the wide range of
            foreign interlocutors with whom Mr. Berkowitz met (who in
            accordance with contact tracing protocols at the time, would
            have been informed if they had been exposed to COVID), in
            addition to other U.S. embassies he visited or the Department
            of State.

              Question. Did the press team at Embassy London interview you
            on the possibility that you leaked this information? If not,
            why not? If yes, was a simple denial sufficient?

              Answer. The press team did not interview me, or the
            Ambassador, knowing both of us had a strict policy of not
            speaking with journalists unless it was coordinated through
            them.

              Question. Were simple denials sufficient for all those
            questioned as part of the investigation?

              Answer. Yes.

              Question. Did the investigation of this leak include any
            analysis of phone records, e-mail correspondence, or other
            forms of electronic communication?

              Answer. No.

              Question. What specific role did you, in your capacity as
            Deputy Chief of Mission at U.S. Embassy London, play in the
            Embassy's preparation for Mr. Berkowitz's visit?

              Answer. I reviewed the schedule that the Embassy team
            prepared for Mr. Berkowitz, and consulted with the team about
            what meetings to recommend for him with UK Government
            officials. I also joined some of his meetings with UK
            Government officials.

              Question. Did you convey, in any way and at any time, any
            hostility towards Mr. Berkowitz or disapproval of Mr.
            Berkowitz's planned visit to U.S. Embassy London?

              Answer. No, not that I recall.

              Question. Did you convey, in any way and at any time, any
            guidance or direction to those responsible for the
            investigation that expressed hostility towards Mr. Berkowitz or
            disapproval of Mr. Berkowitz's visit to U.S. Embassy London?

              Answer. No, not that I recall.

              Question. Will you provide us with the conclusions of U.S.
            Embassy London's investigation into the leak of Mr. Berkowitz
            medical status?

              Answer. The conclusion of the Embassy press team's review was
            that there was no reason to believe that inappropriate
            information, such as medical information, was shared with the
            press by an Embassy London employee. The information reported
            in the article could have emanated from the range of foreign
            interlocutors with whom Mr. Berkowitz met (who, in accordance
            with contact tracing protocols at the time, would have been
            informed if they had been exposed to COVID), in addition to the
            other U.S. embassies he visited or the Department of State.

              Question. While you were at U.S. Embassy London, did any
            investigations into potential leaks of information about Trump
            administration officials ever conclude the Embassy was
            responsible for a leak?

              Answer. In separate instances regarding potential disclosures
            of unclassified information regarding the Ambassador, the
            conclusion reached was that they likely emanated from personnel
            who had departed Embassy London, or could possibly have
            emanated from Embassy staff. The Ambassador and I underscored
            to Embassy staff that any such actions were unacceptable. We
            regularly reiterated the Embassy's policy which prohibits any
            engagement with the media without prior approval from the
            Embassy's Public Affairs section.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Arthur W. Brown by Senator Robert Menendez

    Security
              Ecuador is facing an increasingly dire security situation
            amid rising levels of drug trafficking, violence, targeted
            killings of government officials, and deadly prison riots. The
            magnitude of these security challenges has forced President
            Lasso to declare several state of emergencies and request
            additional international assistance, a request he personally
            made to our delegations both times. The United States should
            always strive to stand with democratic leaders who share or
            values and are seeking to improve the safety and security of
            their people. Failing to stand with Ecuador in its hour of need
            by bolstering security and law enforcement cooperation risks
            jeopardizing our commitment to democratic partners, regional
            security in the Americas, and ultimately U.S. national
            interests.

        Question.  Is it your assessment that current U.S. security and law
    enforcement assistance to Ecuador is sufficient to address Ecuador's
    security challenges?

        Answer. U.S. security and law enforcement assistance to Ecuador is
    robust and effective. Drug seizures in Ecuador have reached historic
    levels. The United States and Ecuador also signed several instruments
    and established new programs to enhance counternarcotics and law
    enforcement cooperation. The Department of Defense provides equipment
    and training to the Ecuadorian military to increase patrols of the
    rivers used by drug traffickers on the Colombian border. I look forward
    to--if confirmed--continuing this collaboration while seeking more
    opportunities to expand security cooperation.

        Question. If confirmed, what measures will you take to help
    Ecuador's government address these urgent security challenges?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will lead the already fantastic work of the
    U.S. Mission in Ecuador equipping the police and justice sector
    institutions with investigative training, technical advisors,
    technology, software, vehicles, facilitating record drug seizures, as
    well as strengthening the ability of authorities to prosecute criminal
    activity. I will continue our active drug- demand reduction program,
    training social and health officials, community activists, and business
    leaders to join forces to push narcotrafficking out of neighborhoods. I
    will continue support for Department of Defense and State Department
    programs to boost Ecuadorian navy and air force capabilities to patrol
    maritime and aerial borders.

    Economy
              Under the Lasso Government, Ecuador has demonstrated a strong
            interest in bolstering economic ties with the United States. I
            am proud that the Biden administration has taken some important
            steps in this direction by updating our bilateral Trade and
            Investment Council Agreements and including Ecuador within the
            Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity. But, there is
            more that we can do. That is why I wrote to U.S. Trade
            Representative Tai and Secretary of State Blinken last year to
            encourage them to take steps to set the stage for free trade
            negotiations with Ecuador. And that is why Ranking Member Risch
            and I introduced the Innovation and Development in Ecuador Act
            to make Ecuador eligible for inclusion under the Caribbean
            Basin Economic Recovery Act, which would reduce U.S. tariffs on
            nearly 50 percent of Ecuadorian exports to our country.

        Question. Mr. Brown, what are your thoughts on both opening free
    trade negotiations with Ecuador and having Ecuador be included as a
    beneficiary country within the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act?
    Do you support these efforts?

        Answer. I support efforts to strengthen our bilateral economic and
    commercial ties. Still, the Biden-Harris Administration remains focused
    on strengthening the domestic economy through investments in American
    workers and competitiveness before signing new trade deals.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Arthur W. Brown by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. Would you agree that the absence of a trade agreement
    with the United States puts Ecuador at an economic disadvantage
    compared to Colombia and Peru?

        Answer. U.S.-Colombia and U.S.-Peru Free Trade Agreements certainly
    benefit both pairs of countries. The United States has a strong
    economic partnership with Ecuador, as demonstrated by the passage of
    the U.S.-Ecuador Partnership Act of 2022 as part of the NDAA and the
    signing of an Open Skies Agreement in November 2022. If confirmed, I
    will continue supporting our robust bilateral relationship to the
    benefit of both our countries, including continued coordination in
    implementing the Protocol on Trade Rules and Transparency that went
    into effect in August 2021. The Biden-Harris administration remains
    focused on strengthening the domestic economy through investments in
    American workers and competitiveness before signing new trade deals.

        Question. If confirmed, what measures or actions do you intend to
    take improve the business environment for U.S. firms to compete
    effectively in Peru?

        Answer. To improve the business environment for U.S. firms in
    Ecuador, if confirmed, I will maintain our focus on expanding bilateral
    trade and investment and strengthening effective economic governance
    and legal certainty in Ecuador. If confirmed, I will support continued
    implementation of the Protocol on Trade Rules and Transparency that
    went into effect in August 2021 while working to advance our robust
    commercial relationship with Ecuador, boosting U.S. exports and
    reducing trade barriers between the two countries.

              Colombia's crop of illicit coca has reached historically high
            levels. Meanwhile, the Petro Government has stopped voluntary,
            forced, and aerial eradication, and it is seizing significantly
            lower amounts of cocaine and heroin that the previous
            government.

        Question. What impact does this situation have on the security
    environment in Ecuador?

        Answer. The Colombian Government continues to forcibly eradicate
    coca and seized approximately 210.9 metric tons of cocaine (184.6
    metric tons of cocaine HCL and 26.3 metric tons of cocaine base)
    between January and April 2023. Nonetheless, given Ecuador remains a
    primary transit route for criminal organizations trafficking Colombian
    cocaine to the United States and other overseas markets, the
    anticipated increased coca cultivation and cocaine production in
    Colombia are cause for concern. We expect to see continued increases in
    violence and cocaine seizures as additional drugs transit Ecuadorian
    territory; if confirmed I will continue to work closely with Ecuador's
    security forces to prevent Ecuador being used as a transshipment point
    for drugs bound for the United States and Europe, and also to stem the
    record violence drug gangs are bringing to Ecuadorian streets.

        Question. Please describe your understanding of the influence of
    Mexican drug cartels in Ecuador.

        Answer. Since 2017, Ecuador has faced intensifying violence and
    citizen insecurity along the northern border with Colombia, and coastal
    cities, including Guayaquil. Violence is in part driven by Mexican drug
    trafficking groups exerting influence on local gangs, who provoked the
    worst prison riots in Ecuador's history in 2021 and record homicide
    rates last year.
        Escalations in 2022 included targeted assassinations of police and
    prosecutors, IED attacks, coordinated attacks by narcotrafficking gangs
    against security forces, and a near doubling of the homicide rate.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to expedite security
    cooperation projects to increase security at Ecuador's ports and
    counternarcotic efforts in the Pacific?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to continue close cooperation with
    Ecuadorian authorities, including Ecuador's Navy, Coast Guard, custom's
    officials, and national police, to increase security at Ecuador's
    ports, and combat narcotics trafficking along the Pacific.

        Question. Is the Chinese fishing fleet off the coast of Galapagos a
    source of concern regarding drug trafficking from South America?

        Answer. The PRC fishing fleet off the coast of the Galapagos
    remains a source of concern regarding potential illicit activity,
    including illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, drug
    trafficking, and other activities of concern.
        We do not have concrete information about the scale of potential
    drug trafficking via this fleet, as shipments are primary headed to the
    Asia-Pacific region.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to engage Ecuadorian society
    and authorities about establishing competitive and transparent
    infrastructure project selection and public procurement processes that
    promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and
    adherence to international global standards and norms?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to engaging Ecuadorian partners
    including civil society and authorities to establish competitive and
    transparent infrastructure project selection and public procurement
    processes.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to prioritize engagements
    with Ecuadorian society and authorities about establishing frameworks
    or mechanisms to review and address the long-term financial
    sustainability and national security implications of foreign
    investments in strategic sectors or services in Peru?

        Answer. If confirmed as the next U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador, I
    commit to engaging with Ecuadorian society and authorities to address
    long-term financial sustainability and national security implications
    of foreign investments in Ecuador.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Ecuador operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. By the end of 2021, the Government of Ecuador had increased
    prosecutions and convictions of traffickers, brought charges against
    three individuals in a high-profile case involving forced labor
    allegations, and continued to work with governments in the region to
    combat trafficking in persons. Earlier this year, Ecuador's National
    Assembly also passed an important law to better align the Government's
    efforts to combat trafficking in persons and protect victims. Despite
    ongoing progress, there remains work to be done. If confirmed, I will
    encourage authorities to criminally prosecute and convict labor
    traffickers and complicit officials, expand specialized services for
    all victims, increase funding and support for civil society actors, and
    combat domestic and transnational criminal groups involved in
    trafficking in persons, as well as other crimes.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Freedom of religion or belief stands among the United
    States' most important founding principles, and remains central to the
    Biden-Harris Administration's commitment to upholding and advancing
    human rights. If confirmed, I commit to continue U.S. Embassy Quito's
    outstanding work promoting and bolstering Ecuador's societal respect
    for religious diversity. If confirmed, I also will work closely with
    Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom Rashad Hussain
    to build on existing efforts to promote religious freedom and combat
    intolerance in all its forms in Ecuador and around the world.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to engaging directly with
    Ecuador's diverse civil society and religious and spiritual actors on
    this matter, including with Ecuador's Indigenous communities.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Ecuador increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will prioritize engaging with religious and
    spiritual actors, along with other civils society actors, to fully
    understand the myriad ways others disrespect religious freedom. From a
    place of understanding, I would collaborate with the Ambassador-at-
    Large for International Religious Freedom to leverage the appropriate
    tools to increase societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom, if confirmed.

        Question. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will direct U.S. Embassy Quito to continue
    meeting with civil society, faith-based organizations, labor unions,
    and advocates of peace and human rights to incorporate their input
    wherever possible. Such sessions remain of incredible value to us as
    policymakers because they give us a broader and deeper view of the
    issues. I will also work with others throughout the Department,
    including the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, to ensure
    support for civil society-led efforts to strengthen democratic
    institutions and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms.

        Question. Would you agree that the absence of a trade agreement
    with the United States puts Ecuador at an economic disadvantage
    compared to Colombia and Peru? Please answer yes or no, and explain
    why.

        Answer. While a conclusive answer would require further comparative
    economic analysis, given the market access between partner FTA
    countries, I would answer yes with the information available to me.
    With that said, I understand Ecuador and the United States have
    expanded economic and commercial ties in the past few years. Both
    countries signed the Protocol on Trade Rules and Transparency in
    December 2020, facilitating trade across several sectors. In October
    2022, USTR Tai and Ecuador's Production Minister Prado committed to
    establishing a Fair-Trade Working Group and exploring potential
    negotiations on labor, environment, and digital trade. Ecuador also
    ranked as a top beneficiary of the Generalized System of Preferences
    (GSP) prior to its December 2020 expiry.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Arthur W. Brown by Senator Marco Rubio

              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute
            control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all
            of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.

        Question. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United
    States?

        Answer. The Chinese Communist Party has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad Under President Xi. If confirmed, I
    commit to helping defend U.S. national security and advancing our
    values and prosperity; defend international law, agreements,
    principles, and institutions that maintain peace and security; protect
    the rights of individuals and sovereign nations; and make it possible
    for all countries to coexist and cooperate. I will continue our work
    with Ecuador to strengthendemocracy and the rules-based international
    order if confirmed.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. It may be possible for the PRC to make constructive
    contributions toward solving challenges we and other countries face in
    common, despite the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) remaining strategic competitors. Any PRC contributions must be
    reviewed closely, however, to ensure they are neither launchpads for
    narrow PRC economic interests nor platforms to create more permissive
    conditions for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to supporting the United States'
    efforts to manage competition with the PRC responsibly. This includes
    maintaining openness to cooperation with Beijing where our interests
    may overlap and where our cooperation can advance solutions to
    transnational challenges. Such areas include possibly climate change,
    counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation, food security,
    and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would maintain openness to U.S. involvement
    in cooperative efforts that involve PRC entities, Ecuador, and third
    countries or international organizations in areas where our collective
    interests align in line with the Administration's approach on
    competition and cooperation with the People's Republic of China. I
    would carefully review and encourage third parties to scrutinize any
    such arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

              Under President Guillermo Lasso, Ecuador has sought a closer
            relationship with the U.S. However, the U.S. has not been
            responsive to Ecuador's request for a free trade agreement,
            and, as I noted in a letter late last year, the Development
            Finance Corporation (DFC) does not appear to be on track to
            honor the Trump administration's commitment to provide $2.8
            billion in investments for Ecuador. The United States is
            Ecuador's largest trading partner, with petroleum as the top
            export.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to promote U.S.-
    led and international projects to develop energy resources and
    infrastructure in Ecuador?

        Answer. Ecuador is an important market for the U.S. International
    Development Finance Corporation (DFC), not just in the Western
    Hemisphere but globally, and DFC is committed to continuing to work to
    strengthen Ecuador's private sector and the country's economic
    stability. In fact, DFC's largest exposure in the Western Hemisphere is
    in Ecuador with $1.7 billion of loans and investments. DFC's
    investments in Ecuador include support for the country's health sector,
    small businesses, and major infrastructure, among others. If confirmed,
    I will continue facilitating DFC's great work to promote infrastructure
    and other sectors. I will also work with USTDA to help develop
    infrastructure, including through their recent expansion of USTDA's
    Global Procurement Initiative in Ecuador, if confirmed. Additionally, I
    will work with the State Department's Bureau of Energy and Resources to
    facilitate technical assistance for Ecuador's energy sector.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to work with President
    Lasso's administration to continue to strengthen our relations and
    cooperation on security and counter narcotics programs?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to working with President
    Lasso's administration to bolster growing security cooperation and
    deepen our bilateral relationship.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to working with the DFC to
    provide the full $2.8 billion in investments to Ecuador, as promised by
    the previous administration?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to engaging the DFC to explore
    options for providing investments in Ecuador.

              Ecuador incurred significant debt to China under President
            Correa's leftist policies. In January 2023, Ecuador and China
            concluded technical talks surrounding a free trade agreement,
            after receiving no positive indication from the United States
            for a U.S.-Ecuador free trade agreement.

        Question. If confirmed, how do you aim to compete with China's
    increased leverage in Ecuador?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will prioritize strengthening our bilateral
    trade relationship through our bilateral Trade and Investment Council.
        Additionally, I will serve as a champion for U.S. business in
    Ecuador if confirmed. U.S. companies stand as partners of choice due to
    their fair and transparent business practices, state of the art
    technology, quality construction and engineering, and commitment to
    corporate social responsibility.

        Question. What tools will you use to ensure Ecuador does not move
    closer to China and away from likeminded partners in the region?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue U.S. efforts to address the
    PRC's inroads into the Western Hemisphere through extensive and
    productive diplomatic, economic, and security dialogues with our
    partners in the region. Mission Ecuador works with the Ecuadorian
    government to create a business and investment climate that thrives on
    transparency and competitiveness. This allows U.S. companies to compete
    with PRC companies on a more level field, particularly for government
    tenders and procurement contracts.

                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
             to Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath by Senator Robert Menendez

    Mexico
              Ms. Syptak-Ramnath, given your current post, I have one
            question about Mexico. On December 12, 2022, the United States
            and Mexico celebrated 200 years of diplomatic relations. While
            Mexico remains one of the United States' most important
            partners, many of President Lopez Obrador's actions have set
            the clock back on both U.S.-Mexico relations and Mexican
            democracy. As you know, I've expressed significant concern
            about troubling backsliding on issues related to rule of law,
            human rights, and democracy under President Lopez Obrador's
            watch. These include President Lopez Obrador's politicization
            of the Mexican judiciary, failure to protect journalists,
            militarization of civilian institutions, and, most recently,
            erosion of the country's independent electoral system. Frankly,
            I have been disappointed by the lack of forceful, public rebuke
            of these actions by senior leadership at our Embassy in Mexico
            City.

        Question. As you reflect on your time in Mexico City, do you
    believe the United States has been publicly vocal enough on issues of
    democratic backsliding under President Lopez Obrador?

        Answer. I share your commitment to democratic principles, human
    rights, and the rule of law in Mexico and around the world. The
    Administration and the Mission Mexico team regularly raise these issues
    with officials at the most senior levels of Mexico's Government and in
    meetings with members across all of Mexico's political parties and
    civil society organizations. Our security and economic frameworks
    highlight rule of law, anti-corruption, and accountability as key
    shared values.
        We work across the U.S. Government to ensure strong public support
    for Mexico's democratic institutions, including the judicial and
    legislative branches. We partner with like-minded embassies to continue
    to raise the issue of press freedom in public fora, including through a
    joint Ambassadorial op-ed published this month on that topic. We remain
    fully committed to ensuring the enduring strength of democracy and good
    governance in Mexico and press these issues in public and private.
        If confirmed as Ambassador to Peru, I will continue my life-long
    work to advance our country's commitment to democracy and human rights.

        Question. What remain your biggest concerns for Mexico and our
    bilateral relationship moving forward?

        Answer. My three tours in Mexico impressed upon me the critical
    nature of the U.S.-Mexico relationship and its daily impact on millions
    of U.S. citizens. My biggest concern is we find ways to maintain open,
    honest, respectful, and productive relations with the Government of
    Mexico--both federal and state--as well as with the Mexican public
    across administrations. We must strike a balance in our bilateral
    relationship that underscores our joint commitment to democratic
    principles, while continuing to build upon existing cooperation on
    shared priorities to stem irregular migration, strengthen security
    cooperation, combat the production and trafficking of fentanyl and
    other synthetic drugs, and fortify our economic ties.

    Protests/Human Rights
              Since President Castillo's unconstitutional attempt to
            dissolve the Peruvian Congress in December, there have been
            widespread, and oftentimes violent, anti-government protests
            throughout Peru. These protests have resulted in the tragic
            deaths of over 60 Peruvians, a significant number of which have
            occurred at the hands of Peruvian security forces, who have
            been credibly accused of excessive use of force and other human
            rights violations. Let me be clear. Violence by both the
            Government and protestors is unacceptable and will only result
            in the further erosion of Peru's hard-fought democracy.
            Peruvians must strive to express their political opinions
            peacefully, and the Peruvian Government must simultaneously
            ensure accountability for any human rights violations
            committed.

        Question. Ms. Syptak-Ramnath, if confirmed, do you commit to
    publicly calling for accountability for human rights violations
    committed by Peruvian authorities, including violations committed in
    response to protests this year?

        Answer. I share your concerns about the violence that marked the
    protests and its deleterious effects on Peru's democracy.
    Accountability is critical to ensure respect for human rights and to
    strengthen public confidence. Since the protests began on December 7,
    2022, the United States publicly supported the right for peaceful
    demonstrations, respect for the rule-of-law, and the Peruvian
    Government's stated commitment to investigate all protest-related
    deaths. If confirmed, that message will be an inherent part of my
    engagement with Peruvians and partners in the region.

        Question. What steps will you take to ensure that human rights
    issues remain a priority for the United States in Peru?

        Answer. The promotion and protection of human rights are requisite
    for any democratic society and foundational values to U.S. engagement
    around the world. If confirmed, human rights will stand among my top
    areas of focus with government interlocutors. I will make clear that
    human rights form a critical component of USG assistance and
    engagement, and that safeguarding them strengthens Peru and the entire
    region. I will support the Government of Peru in its efforts to swiftly
    investigate potential violations of human rights and to bring to
    justice those responsible for any such violations, ensuring this USG
    priority remains clear. Military and police training in Peru--
    particularly in human rights--is critical, and I will make clear
    fundamental freedoms remain foundational to our partnership and our
    assistance.

    Migration
              Peru is the second-largest host country for Venezuelans, with
            about 1.5 million migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees living
            in the country as of late last year. Historically, the country
            has taken important steps to welcome Venezuelan refugees and
            migrants, including temporarily regularizing their status to
            provide them with the rights to work and access essential
            services. But as the current migration crisis in the Peru-Chile
            border shows, communities hosting refugees and migrants
            throughout the Americas, including those in Peru, are
            struggling with rising levels of regional migration and require
            additional support and assistance from the United States and
            the international community, as I have called for in my
            regional plan to manage migration and refugee challenges.

        Question. In your view, what more can be done to strengthen
    integration and inclusion programs for migrants and refugees in Peru?

        Answer. The U.S. Embassy in Peru has done important work in
    supporting the integration and inclusion of migrants in Peru, including
    supporting the transfer of professional credentials that allow migrants
    to more easily find employment and working closely with the Government
    of Peru to ease economic burdens of migrant communities. If confirmed,
    I will continue this positive engagement with the Government of Peru at
    national and sub-national levels to identify gaps in existing programs
    for integration and inclusion for migrants as well as migrant-hosting
    communities. If confirmed, I will work across the interagency to direct
    U.S. Government support, including technical assistance, to assist Peru
    in targeting its highest priorities for these populations.
        Peru endorsed the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and
    Protection, a framework that includes initiatives to support
    regularization and integration of migrants into their host communities.
    Peru leads the working group on ``Combatting Xenophobia,'' bringing
    together other endorsing countries to find collaborative and innovating
    ways to fight discrimination and better integrate migrants into their
    host communities. If confirmed, I will support the Peruvian
    Government's efforts to turn its commitments under these lines of
    effort into reality.

                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
             to Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. Please provide an update on the negotiations with Peru on
    a Non-Lethal Air Interdiction Agreement.

        Answer. I understand that negotiations remain ongoing with Peru on
    an agreement governing the use of U.S. assistance for non-lethal
    interception of civil aircraft. Such an agreement would further U.S.
    interests in ensuring our assistance is used effectively and consistent
    with U.S. and international law, including with respect to the safety
    of civil aircraft in service.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to expeditiously finalize and
    robustly implement the Non-Lethal Air Interdiction Agreement with Peru?

        Answer. If confirmed, I intend to ensure the successful conclusion
    of the negotiation of this agreement remains a priority.

        Question. In your opinion, what areas of engagement by the People's
    Republic of China in Peru raise greatest concerns for U.S. interests?

        Answer. In my opinion, the People's Republic of China's growing
    presence in Peru's critical infrastructure and critical mineral sectors
    raise the greatest concerns for U.S. interests.

        Question. If confirmed, how do you intend to engage with the
    Peruvian people and authorities about concerns regarding malign Chinese
    influence?

        Answer. If confirmed, I intend to raise concerns regarding
    problematic People's Republic of China activities directly with the
    Government of Peru. Our objective is not to stand against the Chinese
    people, but to stand up for democracy, fair competition, the
    environment, security, and human rights.
        If confirmed, I will ensure all the Embassy's programs and people
    serve as examples of the benefits of working with the United States,
    and that we effectively tell our story to the Peruvian people.

        Question. If confirmed, how do you intend to improve the business
    environment for U.S. firms to compete effectively in Peru?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage the Government of Peru and its
    financial institutions to ensure a level playing field for U.S
    businesses. I will meet regularly with the U.S. private sector to both
    understand their challenges and work together to identify
    opportunities. My experiences in Mexico and Singapore have shown me
    that U.S. businesses bring innovation, transparency, excellence, and
    fair labor practices that can transform societies and the world. If
    confirmed, I will continue my strong support for our U.S. private
    sector partners and the values they represent.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to engage Peruvian society
    and authorities about establishing competitive and transparent
    infrastructure project selection and public procurement processes that
    promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and
    adherence to international global standards and norms?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to promoting these practices
    critical to building public trust and ensuring quality investment. Peru
    aspires to attract quality investment, as evidenced by its interest in
    accession to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
    While Peru is not a member of the World Trade Organization's Agreement
    on Government Procurement, promoting the practices you highlighted in
    your question would advance both the interests of the United States and
    Peru and deliver clear advantages for both of our citizenry.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to prioritize engagements
    with Peruvian society and authorities about establishing frameworks or
    mechanisms to review and address the long-term financial sustainability
    and national security implications of foreign investments in strategic
    sectors or services in Peru?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to undertaking this important work
    and to enlisting the expertise of interagency partners in doing so.

        Question. Peru is an important source for temporary guest-workers
    working as sheepherders in my home state of Idaho and across the U.S.
    If confirmed, do you commit to provide expeditious consular services to
    qualified H-2A visa applicants that are vital to our domestic
    agricultural industry, including sheepherders?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will do so. Embassy Lima has a robust
    outreach program to communities that provides approximately 1,200
    workers annually on H2-A visas to staff open range sheepherding
    operations in the Western United States. To meet this demand, the
    consular section conducts outreach through in-person visits and media
    in Peru and in 2022 introduced outreach materials in Indigenous
    languages spoken in several of these communities. Embassy Lima's
    Consular Section maintains regular communication with petitioning U.S.
    ranches and reserves sufficient visa appointments to ensure that all
    H2-A participants can quickly schedule visa interviews.

              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report
            Peru remained on Tier 2 for not fully meeting the minimum
            standards for the elimination of trafficking but making
            significant efforts to do so.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Peru operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. The United States and Peru share a commitment to combating
    human trafficking in all its forms. If confirmed, I will engage the
    Peruvian Government to achieve progress on the priorities set forth in
    the recommendations in the TIP Report. Specifically, I will urge
    progress in increasing Peruvian Government funding to implement the
    National Policy Against Human Trafficking, including through allocating
    dedicated anti-trafficking budgets for relevant institutions;
    increasing Peruvian Government funding for victim protection, including
    availability of services to meet the needs of adult victims, boys,
    LGBTQI+ individuals, and labor trafficking victims; and strengthening
    and institutionalizing training for criminal justice officials on
    enforcing anti-trafficking laws, employing victim-centered, trauma-
    informed procedures, and awarding compensation to victims.

              The U.S.-Peru Child Protection Compact (CPC) to combat child
            trafficking began in 2017 and now has been extended to 2024.

        Question. What steps will you take to ensure that the progress
    achieved during the CPC will be sustained past the closure of the
    compact?

        Answer. The U.S.-Peru CPC Partnership demonstrates our countries'
    multi-year commitment to address the crime of child trafficking in
    Peru. If confirmed, I will build upon the many accomplishments of the
    CPC and work with the Peruvian Government to implement the commitments
    they made under the Partnership over the last seven years. This
    includes advocating for the application of national TIP legislation
    when prosecuting traffickers; encouraging the expansion of
    comprehensive, trauma-informed protective services to child victims to
    areas outside the scope of the CPC Partnership, including increasing
    the funding allocated for child TIP shelters; and promoting the
    continued implementation of the National Policy Against Human
    Trafficking, which the CPC was instrumental in helping develop, pass,
    and implement across all relevant Peruvian ministries addressing this
    crime

        Question. What is your assessment of religious freedom in Peru and
    if confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Freedom of religion or belief stands among the United
    States' and Peru's most important founding principles, and remains
    central to the Biden-Harris Administration's commitment to upholding
    and advancing human rights.
        Peru's constitution protects freedom of religion, and the
    Government of Peru and civil society widely support religious freedom
    in law and practice. Social cohesion across religious and spiritual
    lines is strong, making religious actors relevant interlocutors on
    human rights issues of concern.
        For instance, the highly diverse Interreligious Council of Peru
    played a mediation role in efforts to deescalate violence in 2022.
        If confirmed, I pledge to continue the U.S. embassy's good work to
    highlight the important role religious actors can serve in humanitarian
    efforts and to promote religious tolerance. If confirmed, I also will
    work closely with Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious
    Freedom Rashad Hussain to build on existing efforts to emphasize the
    importance of equal treatment of all religious groups under the law in
    Peru and around the world.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on promoting religious freedom?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to engaging directly with
    Peru's diverse civil society, including religious and spiritual actors,
    representatives of Indigenous communities, and faith-based
    organizations, on this matter.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Peru increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will seek consultations with
    representatives of diverse faith and belief communities to better
    understand concerns regarding their free exercise of freedom of
    religion or belief. If confirmed, I will raise these concerns with
    governmental officials and pursue solutions to strengthen and exchange
    best practices on religious freedom at the bilateral level.

              The State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report describes
            significant human rights issues in Peru including unlawful or
            arbitrary killings, restrictions on free expression and media
            and violence and threats against journalists.

        Question. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Freedom of expression and freedom of association are
    fundamental freedoms and, I believe, the foundation of successful,
    prosperous democracies. That message will be inherent in all our
    engagement. If confirmed, I will prioritize hearing from civil society
    organizations of all types to understand their various perspectives.
    Once I hear their concerns, their needs, and their views, then I will
    have a clearer picture of how to direct my team and how to best partner
    with the diplomatic community and other international organizations.

        Question. How will you approach addressing these serious human
    rights issues with the Peruvian Government?

        Answer. If confirmed, human rights will be among my top areas of
    focus with government interlocutors. I will make clear that our
    partnership, our good work on migration, economic endeavors, and law
    enforcement all have protecting human rights as the common and primary
    thread. I will remind them of the imperative for Peru to investigate
    potential violations of human rights and bring to justice those
    responsible for any such violations. Military and police training in
    Peru--particularly in human rights--is critical, but, if confirmed, I
    will make clear that our partnership and our assistance demand a clear
    respect for human rights.

              According to the Conduct in U.N. Field Missions online
            portal, there are four open allegations of sexual exploitation
            and abuse by Peruvian personnel deployed to U.N. peacekeeping
            missions, in cases from 2021 and 2023. The Peruvian Government
            has pending action in all the cases.

        Question. How will you engage with the Peruvian Government to
    ensure that perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse from U.N.
    peacekeeping missions are held accountable?

        Answer. I understand there are currently three open allegations of
    sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) by Peruvian personnel in U.N.
    peacekeeping missions since 2020-2023 pending the Peruvian Government's
    final action, according to the Conduct in U.N. Field Missions online
    portal. In one case, U.N. reimbursements to Peru have been suspended as
    an interim action.
        If confirmed, I will encourage the Peruvian Government to hold
    perpetrators accountable for SEA if any of the cases are substantiated,
    and to report the final results of those efforts to the U.N.
    Additionally, I will encourage the Peruvian Government to conduct a
    comprehensive review of SEA within their military and develop steps to
    prevent SEA violations in the future.

                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to Stephanie Syptak-Ramnath by Senator Marco Rubio

              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute
            control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all
            of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.

        Question. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United
    States?

        Answer. The Chinese Communist Party has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad under President Xi. We will continue to
    defend our U.S. national security interests and advance our core values
    and prosperity; defend international law and institutions that maintain
    peace and security; promote the rights of individuals and sovereign
    nations; and work to enable all countries to coexist and cooperate.
        If confirmed, I will continue our work with the Government of Peru
    to strengthen our shared democratic values and the commitment to a
    rules- based international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving shared challenges we and
    other countries have in common.
        Any PRC activities must be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are
    neither springboards for narrow PRC economic interests nor platforms to
    create more permissive conditions for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the
    People's Republic of China where we differ, we must manage this
    competition responsibly. This includes an openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to shared transnational challenges, to include
    possibly climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-
    proliferation, food security, and inclusive economic growth.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on strategic
    competition and cooperation with the People's Republic of China (PRC),
    if confirmed, I would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in
    cooperative efforts that involve PRC entities, Peru, and third
    countries or international organizations in areas that align with our
    collective interests and are consistent with U.S. law. Importantly, I
    would scrutinize--and encourage third parties to scrutinize--any such
    arrangements to ensure they are in keeping with U.S. values, follow
    international norms, feature transparency, and delineate steps to
    verify regularly that all parties are working in good faith.

              A critique of successive Peruvian governments and civil
            society writ large has been widespread corruption and
            inadequate public services. This has led to a dearth in public
            trust in Peru's leadership and the resignation or impeachment
            of four of the last six Presidents of Peru. In your previous
            role at the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City, you worked through
            many challenges, including narco-gang violence, weak government
            institutions, and questionable rule of law practices.

        Question. How do you assess the current government's stability and
    overall level of corruption in Peru?

        Answer. Allegations of corruption and nepotism among former
    president Castillo's cabinet ministers and associates contributed to
    Peru's ongoing political turmoil. Frequent turnover of key personnel
    and a lack of political will to effect strategic and institutional
    change within the Ministry of Interior and the Peruvian National Police
    have previously made it difficult to implement lasting successes.
    President Boluarte recently ordered the removal of the Commanding
    General of the Peruvian National Police for allegations of bribery. We
    support President Boluarte's efforts to uncover corruption and
    acknowledge these types of activities as a sign the current
    administration is performing the required functions of a government
    committed to combatting corrupt practices. Transparency is key to
    earning the trust of citizens in countries around the world. If
    confirmed, I will support the Government of Peru, its citizens, and its
    civil society in their efforts to increase public trust.

        Question. If confirmed, which programs will you focus on to
    increase the rule of law in Peru and counter corruption as U.S.
    Ambassador?

        Answer. Effective and efficient justice systems are crucial to
    democracy, economic development, and limiting spaces where criminal
    organizations can operate and thrive. They begin with professional
    policing mechanisms and run through the courts where citizens look for
    justice and accountability. If confirmed, I will continue the Embassy's
    focus on the rule of law, access to justice for vulnerable populations,
    and successful prosecutions of criminal actors in order to address
    regional and global criminal and environmental threats. If confirmed, I
    will work with my team to continue building the capacity of Peruvian
    judges, prosecutors, police, and defense attorneys, and we will
    strengthen internal integrity bodies and anticorruption measures in the
    justice sector.
        My experience in Mexico has taught me it is critical to work with
    host governments to address the financial infrastructure of criminal
    organizations, identify and confiscate assets derived from these
    crimes, and successfully prosecute the people and organizations
    responsible. If confirmed, I will work with the Government of Peru
    towards these ends.

              The State Department has labeled their highest travel
            advisory level of ``Do Not Travel'' to the Peruvian-Colombian
            border due to drug trafficking and criminal activity.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you increase the Peruvian ability
    to counter illicit cross-border drug trade and capacity to fight crime
    and secure their border?

        Answer. We must focus on building sustainable programs that will
    disrupt illicit drug trafficking, promote efficient and transparent
    criminal justice system, and combat transnational criminal activity. If
    confirmed, I will continue to partner with the Peruvian National Police
    on national-level programs that demonstrate success in building the
    capacity of their forces in the border regions. This includes expanding
    support for interdiction operations, increasing training for Peruvian
    customs (SUNAT) and anti-narcotics police officials (DIRANDRO), and
    identifying additional areas where limited investments can have the
    greatest impact in securing Peru's borders. If confirmed, I will
    additionally examine ways that we can partner with U.S. Embassy Bogota
    to engage on these issues trilaterally.

        Question. How will you support deepening Peru's relations with the
    United States?

        Answer. The United States and Peru have a steadfast partnership
    based on shared respect for democracy, human rights, rule-of-law,
    security, and inclusive economic prosperity. If confirmed, I will work
    with my Peruvian counterparts to advance our shared goals and
    strengthen a bilateral relationship that has endured for close to 200
    years. Critical to this relationship are the people-to-people programs
    that foster understanding and broaden our deep ties. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department to strengthen programming across our
    large network of binational centers, increase educational exchange, and
    look for innovative ways to work with the Peruvian diaspora in the
    United States to ensure our mutual success.

        Question. If confirmed, will you publicly support the Peruvian
    people's desires to maintain the democratic values enshrined in the
    country's constitution?

        Answer. The United States remains committed to helping Peru
    strengthen its democratic institutions. The political turmoil that has
    prevailed over the last two decades has raised concerns about the
    erosion of Peruvians' confidence in their democracy and political
    stability. If confirmed, I will continue to voice my support publicly
    and privately to the Peruvian Government for our shared goal of
    preserving Peru's democracy and political stability. The people of Peru
    deserve stable democratic institutions that follow Peru's constitution,
    adhere to the Inter-American Democratic Charter, and carry out the
    mandates of democratic governance.

              Last month, the current Ambassador to Peru celebrated the
            Ocho Sur, an American mining company. This prompted protests by
            an indigenous community that claims ancestral ties to the land
            Ocho Sur bought from the Peruvian government.

        Question. What is your assessment of this claim to land owned by
    Ocho Sur?

        Answer. My understanding is that Ocho Sur is a Peruvian palm oil
    company in eastern Peru. It is backed by U.S. investment and the
    current investors took ownership in 2016. As Ambassador Kenna publicly
    highlighted, it has created a significant amount of formal employment
    and economic development in that region. I also understand that Peru's
    highest court (constitutional court) ruled in 2022 that the Indigenous
    community's claims that their ancestral lands were taken was deemed of
    no merit. During Ambassador Kenna's visit, she met with members of that
    indigenous community who expressed support for Ocho Sur and their many
    social responsibility programs. I understand, furthermore, the
    community members have publicly decried actions by NGOs and other
    activist groups who have purported to act on their behalf but without
    community input or authorization.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to ensure that U.S.
    investment in the region is not called into question by local
    communities?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will hold U.S. companies to the high
    standards agreed upon through the United States-Peru Trade Promotion
    Agreement (PTPA). If confirmed, I will regularly meet with U.S.
    companies, individually and through local chambers, and encourage them
    to respect local laws and interests, uphold labor, environmental, and
    social safeguards, and foster inclusive growth in line with
    international best practices. U.S. firms remain subject to the Foreign
    Corrupt Practice Act, and foreign governments understand this. Wherever
    they go, U.S. investors help create economic growth and prosperity and
    increase the size and scope of the formal economy. If confirmed, I will
    work with the U.S. private sector to build strong relations with local
    communities as an important signal of the benefit of doing business
    with the U.S.

              Since 2010, the People's Republic of China and Peru have
            maintained a free trade agreement and the PRC is now Peru's
            main trading partner in copper, precious metals, mineral fuels,
            and other commodity export fields. A Chinese company will soon
            complete construction of a ``mega-port'' in Chancay that could
            give the People's Liberation Army (PLA) a base to operate from
            in Latin America, given Beijing's strategy of establishing
            dual- use infrastructure throughout the developing world.

        Question. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between Peru and China?

        Answer. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has an extensive
    economic relationship with Peru. Driven by its growing demand for
    mineral ore and fish products, the PRC is the top destination for
    Peru's exports, with 28.29 percent export share (based on value)
    compared to 16.10 percent for the United States between 2016-2020.
    Building off their initial entry into Peru with large-scale
    infrastructure and resource extraction projects, PRC engineering
    companies have transitioned to secure smaller sub-national
    infrastructure contracts, often with the support of PRC banks. While
    PRC investment in mining has largely stalled, PRC companies continue to
    pursue opportunities in energy and transportation. We are concerned
    about the PRC's controlling interest and ownership of the megaport
    under construction in Chancay and its potential national security
    implications on Peru and the United States. If confirmed, I will
    continue to monitor these developments and search for partners within
    the United States and other western nations to offer alternatives to
    the PRC as well as to engage in dialogue with the Peruvian people and
    government on the long-term costs of doing business with the PRC.

        Question. Is there a role for the U.S. International Development
    Finance Corporation in facilitating U.S. investment in Peru?

        Answer. Yes, the DFC's role in providing loans and loan guarantees,
    equity investments, and political-risk insurance for development
    projects could help Peru address their infrastructure gap, while
    simultaneously providing an alternative to PRC investment. If
    confirmed, I will work closely with the Department, the DFC, and other
    potential economic partners to facilitate U.S. investment in Peru.

        Question. Do you agree that the DFC should be given more discretion
    to support investment in ``high income'' countries, like Peru, in order
    to provide a U.S.-alternative to Chinese investment bids?

        Answer. DFC has a range of important tools under the BUILD Act to
    support private sector-led development and advance our foreign policy
    goals, including in countries like Peru and in Latin America more
    broadly. The Secretary of State, who chairs the DFC Board, provides a
    certification to Congress that investments DFC undertakes in upper
    middle-income countries, such as Peru, are in the national interest. A
    range of projects are covered under an existing, categorical
    certification for upper middle-income countries. The requirement for
    the Department's certification of the national interest in upper
    middle-income countries supports DFC's dual development and strategic
    priority mandate.

              Currently, the Chinese Communist Party requires Chinese
            companies to ensure that ports overseas should be built so they
            can accommodate PLA navy ships. These guidelines stem from the
            PRC's 2017 National Defense Transportation Law.

        Question. Are you concerned that this law could apply to the
    Chancay port?

        Answer. Yes, we have concerns about People's Republic of China's
    controlling interest and ownership of the megaport under construction
    in Chancay and its potential national security implications on Peru and
    the United States. If confirmed, I will work closely with colleagues at
    the Department and across the U.S. government to monitor developments
    on this project and to respond appropriately.

        Question. How will you communicate the risks to the Peruvian
    Government of doing business with the PRC?

        Answer. If confirmed, I intend to raise concerns regarding
    problematic People's Republic of China (PRC) activities directly with
    the Government of Peru and the short, medium, and long-term costs of
    doing business with the PRC that we have seen around the world. Our
    objective is not to stand against the Chinese people, but to stand up
    for democracy, fair competition, the environment, security, and human
    rights. We share these values with our Peruvian partners.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to encourage the Peruvian
    Government to work with U.S. business to counter Chinese presence in
    the country?

        Answer. U.S. companies promote unparalleled transparency, cutting
    edge technology, quality engineering, and a commitment to social and
    environmental responsibility. If confirmed, I commit to encouraging the
    Peruvian government to work with U.S. business to counter the predatory
    PRC economic practices we have seen around the world.

        Question. Before the war in Ukraine, Peru imported significant
    amounts of fertilizer from Russia for food production and disruptions
    to this supply chain have caused food prices to sharply rise both in
    Peru and the region. If confirmed, which programs will you focus on to
    increase food security in Peru and promote self-reliance and resilience
    in the food sector as U.S. Ambassador?

        Answer. USAID manages several ongoing programs to address food
    security concerns in Peru, including initiatives to help smallholder
    cacao and coffee farmers increase productivity and incomes, adapt to
    climate change, and reduce their dependence on imported synthetic
    fertilizer. USAID also partnered with the World Food Program to
    directly support 792 community kitchens with equipment, food, technical
    assistance, and transportation support, reaching an estimated 116,000
    people since July 2021. In addition, USAID finances Save the Children
    and World Vision emergency food assistance programs in Peru that combat
    hunger among vulnerable populations, including migrants and refugees.
    USAID has committed $42.6 million in FY 2022 to address food insecurity
    throughout Peru. If confirmed, I will continue this important focus of
    our USAID programming.

        Question. How do you characterize the relationship between Peru and
    Russia? Are there existing elements of concern to our national
    security?

        Answer. After initial reluctance to denounce Russia for its
    invasion of Ukraine, Peru has subsequently consistently voted to
    condemn Russia's invasion in multilateral fora. Peru has been most
    affected by rising fertilizer prices as a result of the Kremlin's
    unprovoked war. Peru also operates military equipment of Russian or
    Soviet origin but is interested in transitioning to other platforms. If
    confirmed, I will work with interagency partners and U.S. private
    sector to identify opportunities to diminish Peru's dependence on
    Russian military equipment and other key commodities as well as to
    monitor any Russian activity that could threaten U.S. national
    security.

                                  __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                             TUESDAY, MAY 16, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:06 p.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Christopher
    Murphy presiding.
        Present: Senators Murphy [presiding], Kaine, Booker, Van
    Hollen, Ricketts, and Young.
        Also Present: Representative Slotkin.

             OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CHRISTOPHER MURPHY,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT

        Senator Murphy. Good afternoon. It is my pleasure to
    convene the committee today for an important nominations
    hearing. You are all before us to represent the United States
    in key posts overseas in the Middle East and sub-Saharan
    Africa.
        We want to collectively thank you for your willingness to
    serve the American people and this administration. We are going
    to make brief opening remarks and then we will turn it over to
    our nominees for your remarks and then we will engage in a
    series of dialogues.
        Ms. Escrogima, the United States has a distinctive
    partnership with Oman as a country that plays a really
    important role in mediating different disputes and conflicts in
    the Gulf, especially when it comes to Iran and Yemen.
        I was there a few years ago pushing the Omanis to take a
    more active role in midwifing peace negotiations in Yemen and
    today it is more important than ever before for our Ambassador
    to Oman to support that back channel role.
        Ambassador Johnson, you are headed to Lebanon where the
    economic and political crises continue to deteriorate. As I
    told you privately, our Lebanon policy has helped prevent
    collapse but we have to admit it has not been successful in
    prompting the political elites to make the compromises
    necessary to rescue the economy. Your job will be to help us
    think out of the box as to how we allow Lebanon to make a major
    leap forward.
        Mr. Massinga, the brutal conflict in Ethiopia's northern
    Tigray region was the world's deadliest conflict in 2022. All
    sides committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.
        While many Ethiopians and the international community
    welcomed a preliminary peace deal signed by the federal
    government and the Tigrayan authorities in November,
    significant challenges in the peace process lie ahead and other
    simmering conflicts remain unaddressed.
        Mr. Hunt, there were mass protests in Sierra Leone last
    summer and the skyrocketing costs of living continue to drive
    unrest there. At least 20 civilians and six police officers
    died in those clashes with the economic situation still dire
    and political tensions running high ahead of elections next
    month. Working with our partners and allies to help prevent
    more violence there will be critical.
        And, finally, Ambassador Popp, you are nominated to lead
    our post in Uganda. A lot to talk about with respect to Uganda
    but their parliament just passed one of the most extreme anti-
    LGBT laws in the world that puts LGBT individuals in Uganda in
    great danger and may embolden other countries in the region to
    crack down on those rights as well. The world is watching. We
    look forward to talking to you about that important topic.
        I am looking forward to discussing how all of you are going
    to represent the administration and advance our U.S. interests
    and safeguard U.S. personnel abroad.
        We thank you all for being here today for the sacrifice you
    are making on behalf of the country.
        And with that I will turn it over to the ranking member,
    Senator Young.

                     STATEMENT OF HON. TODD YOUNG,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM INDIANA

        Senator Young. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to thank our
    five nominees today for their distinguished careers in public
    service to the United States both at home and abroad.
        The positions for which you have been nominated represent
    the front lines of American diplomacy in increasingly
    challenging times. I look forward to all our nominees today
    explaining their vision and plans for advancing American
    leadership and interest at their respective posts.
        In Oman, our engagement with this strategic partner must
    continue to further U.S. interests and finding a sustainable
    peace in Yemen, reasserting clear control of vital sea lanes,
    and not permitting Iran the space to undermine security and
    stability in the region.
        In Beirut our goals are increasingly undermined by
    prolonged political stasis supercharged by Hezbollah and public
    corruption and economic collapse. Nor can we forget the massive
    arsenal of increasingly sophisticated munitions Hezbollah has
    trained on Israel.
        In Ethiopia our ambassador will immediately be responsible
    for reasserting American leadership and pursuing accountability
    in a country recently torn apart by horrific conflict, a
    conflict fueled in part by regional actors.
        Our ambassador in Kampala will be tasked with moving our
    bilateral relationship beyond one of humanitarian and security
    aid and towards a U.S. position that actually pushes back
    attempts by strategic competitors to swallow that country
    whole.
        And our ambassador to Sierra Leone will represent the U.S.
    in a country with immense potential but a need for sustained
    political and economic growth and stability.
        So all of you have your work cut out for you and each of
    you will have a different perspective on what American
    leadership and engagement means for each of the posts you have
    been nominated for.
        I look forward to our discussion today and thank you again
    for your willingness to continue serving the United States.
        Senator Murphy. Let me provide brief introductions and then
    I will ask you to all make opening statements in the order of
    introduction. I ask you to keep your opening comments to five
    minutes or less. Your full statement will be made part of the
    record.
        Ms. Ana Escrogima currently serves as the general counsel
    at the U.S. Consulate General in Montreal. She has previously
    served our country in a variety of posts, mostly in the Middle
    East, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Algeria, Iraq, and Syria.
        Ambassador Lisa Johnson is the principal deputy assistant
    secretary in the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law
    Enforcement Affairs. She has previously served as an ambassador
    to Namibia from 2018 to 2022, coming before the committee for a
    second time.
        Mr. Ervin Massinga is the principal deputy assistant
    secretary in the State Department's Bureau of African Affairs.
    He previously served as a United States Trade Representative
    trade policy officer. His postings overseas have included
    Sudan, Guinea, Chile, and the Dominican Republic.
        Mr. Bryan Hunt serves currently as the senior policy
    adviser to the United States Transportation Command at the
    Scott Air Force Base in Illinois. His career in the State
    Department has a long list of overseas posts including
    Mozambique, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Guinea Bissau,
    and Botswana.
        And finally, Ambassador William Popp currently serves as
    our ambassador to Guatemala, again a second time before this
    committee, previously serving in Brazil, Kenya, Colombia,
    Angola, and Nicaragua.
        Welcome to you all. I look forward to your testimony and to
    engaging with you over the course of this hearing. I will turn
    it over to you.

         STATEMENT OF ANA A. ESCROGIMA, OF NEW YORK, A CAREER
          MEMBER  OF  THE SENIOR FOREIGN  SERVICE,  CLASS  OF
          COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR  EXTRAOR-
          DINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF THE UNITED STATES OF
          AMERICA TO THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

        Ms. Escrogima. Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Young, and
    distinguished members of the committee, it is my honor to
    appear before you as President Biden's nominee to represent the
    United States as Ambassador to the Sultanate of Oman. I am
    grateful for the trust that the President and Secretary Blinken
    have placed in me.
        I want to take a moment to acknowledge my father, Pedro
    Escrogima, and my mother, Ana Fernandez, immigrants from the
    Dominican Republic and retired career public servants from the
    great city of New York. My siblings and my brother-in-law, who
    are here today, and myself, we all admire their example of
    courage of conviction and dedication to family.
        I want to thank my husband Houssam, my partner on this
    exciting journey, which became more exciting with the arrival
    of our one-year-old son, Pedro. I understand that our little
    guy is watching on screen along with Grandma and Grandpa,
    although he may not exactly realize what is happening.
        Senators, I have spent most of my career in the Foreign
    Service in the Middle East protecting the interests and
    security of the American people. If confirmed, I will draw on
    this experience to advance U.S. values and national security
    interests in Oman. I will work every day to ensure the safety
    and wellbeing of our Mission Oman team and the American
    citizens working, traveling, and studying in Oman.
        The warm and enduring U.S. relationship with the Sultanate
    of Oman dates to the earliest days of our republic. We
    established commercial relations 190 years ago in our first
    trade agreement with an Arab state.
        Today, the U.S.-Oman free trade agreement supports American
    jobs and drives bilateral trade, which reached a record high of
    $4.2 billion in 2022, a 30 percent increase from the prior
    year.
        This February Oman hosted the inaugural U.S.-Oman Strategic
    Dialogue where we pledged to build our economic relationship
    for the future.
        We have a strategic opportunity to support Oman's economic
    diversification toward renewable energy, manufacturing, and
    logistics sectors.
        We signed a $500 million dollar EXIM MOU that will support
    American companies seeking to be a part of that transition. If
    confirmed, I will work with our Omani partners to grow trade
    and commercial ties and build opportunities for our countries
    to innovate, contribute to global energy security, and create
    further prosperity.
        Now, the bright and prosperous future we seek in the region
    is only safeguarded if we can address the security challenges
    that affect Oman and its neighbors.
        The Gulf is vital to key U.S. national security priorities
    and the Sultanate of Oman has consistently been a valued
    partner in advancing those priorities.
        Together, we have worked to disrupt Iranian weapons
    smuggling and pursue peace in Yemen, which has seen the longest
    period of calm since the war began. We partner with Oman to
    address security challenges in the Strait of Hormuz through
    which 88 percent of the region's oil transits.
        Since 1996 Oman has hosted the Middle East Desalination
    Research Center, the longest functioning regional integration
    mechanism that includes Israel.
        If confirmed, I intend to build on these solid foundations
    to explore further avenues for deepening regional integration,
    prosperity, and security.
        I will focus on countering Iran's destabilizing actions and
    on advancing concrete strategic alternatives to the PRC's
    aggressive practices in the region.
        I will encourage Oman to build on its announcement
    permitting Israeli civilian over flight through its airspace by
    taking additional steps including consideration of full
    normalization with Israel.
        We are in an exciting moment in the U.S.-Oman people-to-
    people relationship. We recently announced the resumption of
    the Fulbright Program for Omanis and a new partnership between
    Oman and the Arizona National Guard.
        If confirmed, I would support exchanges that advance shared
    priorities and bring together students and experts to take our
    relationship forward into the future.
        Thank you for the opportunity to testify. I look forward to
    your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Escrogima follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Ana A. Escrogima

        Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Young, and distinguished Members of
    the committee: It is my honor to appear before you as President Biden's
    nominee to represent the United States as Ambassador to the Sultanate
    of Oman. I am grateful for the trust that the President and Secretary
    Blinken have placed in me.
        I am joined on this special occasion by my father, Pedro Escrogima,
    and my mother, Ana Fernandez, immigrants from the Dominican Republic
    and retired career public servants. My siblings and I admire their
    example of service and dedication to family. I want to thank my husband
    Houssam Eddine Beggas, my partner on this exciting journey, which
    became even more exciting with the arrival of our year-old son Pedro. I
    understand our little guy is watching on screen, although he may not
    exactly realize what is happening.
        Senators, I have spent most of my Foreign Service career protecting
    the interests and security of the American people in the Middle East.
    If confirmed, I would draw on this experience to advance U.S. values
    and national security interests in Oman. I will work every day to
    ensure the safety and well-being of our Mission Oman team, and the
    American citizens working and traveling in Oman.
        The warm and enduring U.S. relationship with the Sultanate of Oman
    dates to the earliest days of our republic. We established commercial
    relations 190 years ago, in our first trade agreement with an Arab
    state. Today, the U.S.-Oman Free Trade Agreement supports American jobs
    and drives bilateral trade, which reached a record high of $4.2 billion
    in 2022, a 30 percent increase from the prior year. This February, Oman
    hosted the inaugural U.S.-Oman Strategic Dialogue, where we pledged to
    build our economic relationship for the future. We have a strategic
    opportunity to support Oman's economic diversification toward the
    renewable energy, manufacturing, and logistics sectors. We signed a
    $500 million EXIM MOU that will support American companies seeking to
    be a part of that transition. If confirmed, I will work with our Omani
    partners to grow trade and commercial ties, and build opportunities for
    our countries to innovate, contribute to global energy security, and
    create further prosperity.
        The bright and prosperous future we seek in the region is only
    safeguarded if we can address the security challenges that affect Oman
    and its neighbors. The safety and wellbeing of Americans in Oman will
    be my top priority. The Gulf is vital to key U.S. national security
    priorities in the region, and the Sultanate of Oman has consistently
    been a valued partner in advancing those priorities. Together, we have
    worked to prevent smuggling across Oman's borders and to pursue a
    resolution to the conflict in Yemen and move the peace process forward.
    We partner with Oman to address security challenges in the Strait of
    Hormuz, through which 88 percent of the region's oil transits. Oman has
    since 1996 hosted the Middle East Desalinization Research Center, the
    longest functioning regional integration mechanism that includes
    Israel.
        If confirmed, I intend to build on these solid foundations to
    explore further avenues for deepening regional integration, prosperity,
    and security. I will focus on countering Iran's destabilizing actions,
    and on advancing concrete, strategic alternatives to the People's
    Republic of China's aggressive practices in the region. I will
    encourage Oman to build on its announcement permitting Israeli civilian
    overflights through its airspace by taking additional steps, including
    consideration of full normalization with Israel.
        We are also in an exciting moment in the U.S.-Oman people-to-people
    relationship. We recently announced the resumption of the Fulbright
    program for Omanis and a new partnership between Oman and the Arizona
    National Guard. If confirmed, I would support exchanges that advance
    shared priorities and bring together students and experts to take our
    relationship forward into the future.
        Thank you for the opportunity to testify. I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much.

         STATEMENT OF LISA A. JOHNSON,  OF VIRGINIA, A CAREER
          MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF MIN-
          ISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR EX-
          TRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE  UNITED
          STATES OF AMERICA TO THE LEBANESE REPUBLIC

        Ms. Johnson. Chairman Murphy, Ranking Member Young,
    distinguished members of the committee, it is an honor to
    appear before you today as President Biden's nominee to serve
    as U.S. Ambassador to the Lebanese Republic.
        I would like to express my gratitude to the President and
    Secretary of State for the confidence they have shown in me. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working very closely with this
    committee and with Congress more broadly to advance our
    nation's interests in Lebanon.
        Please permit me to acknowledge my parents and my brother
    without whose steadfast support I would not be here today. I am
    deeply grateful for their encouragement as well as that of
    mentors, colleagues, and dear friends during my more than 32
    years serving the American people at home and abroad.
        If confirmed, I would be honored to return to Lebanon where
    I had the privilege of serving from 2002 to 2004. During that
    time, I gained a deep admiration for the vibrancy of the
    Lebanese people and a sobering appreciation for the challenges
    they face, including endemic corruption, poor governance, and
    Hezbollah's continued threat to their country's sovereignty and
    security.
        Unfortunately, Lebanon today stands on the brink of
    collapse, battling what the World Bank has described as one of
    the world's three worst economic crises of the past 150 years.
        In this, the Lebanese people bear the costs of their
    leaders' inaction. Lebanon's leaders have failed to implement
    critical economic reforms required for an IMF program, the
    country's only realistic path to recovery.
        They also have yet to elect a president and form a
    government, depriving the Lebanese people of leadership when
    they need it most. The way forward is clear. Lebanon must elect
    a president, form an empowered government, and implement long
    overdue reforms.
        If confirmed, I look forward to continuing U.S. efforts to
    support the Lebanese government and Lebanese people every step
    of the way.
        I am grateful for the strong bipartisan congressional
    support for the Lebanese Armed Forces and Internal Security
    Forces as trusted partners in maintaining Lebanon's stability
    and security.
        Since 2006, we have provided more than $3 billion in
    security assistance, enabling these forces to strengthen
    Lebanon's sovereignty, mitigate instability, disrupt
    terrorists, and counter Hezbollah's false narrative that its
    illicit weapons are necessary to defend Lebanon.
        We also remain committed to UNIFIL's mission and to the
    safety of U.N. peacekeepers who continue to play a critical
    role in defusing tensions in Lebanon. I am heartened, too, by
    the substantial U.S. development assistance we provide to the
    Lebanese people. For example, last year we provided over $100
    million U.S.dollars to support the Lebanese private sector,
    enhance service delivery, and improve access to education.
        Importantly, we also provided over $400 million for
    critical humanitarian assistance for the most vulnerable,
    including both Syrian refugees and vulnerable Lebanese.
        The way ahead for Lebanon will not be easy. I am all too
    aware there are entities that stand in the way of progress in
    pursuit of self-interest. As demonstrated by our recent
    sanctions designations, the United States remains committed to
    fighting corruption in Lebanon, which I will continue to
    prioritize, if confirmed.
        I also am clear eyed about the threat Hezbollah poses to
    Lebanon's sovereignty and stability as well as to the United
    States, to Israel, and to the wider region.
        Recent U.S. sanctions against financiers, drug traffickers,
    and a sanctions evasion network all demonstrate the United
    States is committed to targeting those with Hezbollah ties. If
    confirmed, I will continue to pursue all tools to advance U.S.
    counterterrorism objectives.
        There is, however, cause for optimism. Lebanon's recent
    conclusion of a historic maritime boundary agreement with
    Israel, brokered by the United States, demonstrates what the
    country's leaders can achieve if they set aside partisan and
    personal interests and put those of the country and Lebanese
    people first.
        If confirmed, I look forward to invoking that same sense of
    unity and purpose to press Lebanon's leaders along the path to
    both political and economic recovery.
        Finally, as a former Ambassador, I know well that advancing
    U.S. interests is a team effort. If confirmed, I would be
    honored to lead Embassy Beirut's talented, dedicated, diverse
    team of American and Lebanese staff whose safety and security
    along with that of the more than 40,000 U.S. citizens residing
    in Lebanon will always be my top priority.
        Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today
    and I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Johnson follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Lisa A. Johnson

        Mr. Chairman, ranking member, distinguished Members of the
    Committee, it is an honor to appear before you today as President
    Biden's nominee to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the Lebanese Republic. I
    would like to express my gratitude to the President and Secretary of
    State for the confidence they have shown in me. If confirmed, I look
    forward to working closely with this committee, and Congress more
    broadly to advance our nation's interests in Lebanon.
        Please permit me to acknowledge my parents and brother, without
    whose steadfast support I would not be here today. I am deeply grateful
    for their encouragement, as well as that of mentors, colleagues, and
    dear friends during my more than 32 years serving the American people
    at home and abroad.
        If confirmed, I would be honored to return to Lebanon, where I had
    the privilege of serving from 2002 to 2004. During that time, I gained
    a deep admiration for the vibrancy of the Lebanese people and a
    sobering appreciation of the challenges they face, including endemic
    corruption, poor governance, and Hezbollah's threat to their country's
    sovereignty and security.
        Unfortunately, Lebanon today stands on the brink of collapse,
    battling what the World Bank has described as one of the world's three
    worst economic crises in the past 150 years. In this, the Lebanese
    people bear the costs of their leaders' inaction. Lebanon's leaders
    have failed to implement critical economic reforms required for an IMF
    program, the country's only realistic path to recovery. They also have
    yet to elect a president and form a government, depriving the Lebanese
    people of leadership when they need it most.
        The way forward is clear: Lebanon must elect a president, form an
    empowered government, and implement long overdue reforms. If confirmed,
    I look forward to continuing U.S. efforts to support the Lebanese
    Government and people every step of the way.
        I am deeply grateful for bipartisan congressional support for the
    Lebanese Armed Forces and Internal Security Forces as trusted partners
    in maintaining Lebanon's stability and security. Since 2006, we have
    provided more than $3 billion in assistance, enabling these forces to
    strengthen Lebanon's sovereignty, mitigate instability, disrupt
    terrorists, and counter Hezbollah's false narrative that its illicit
    weapons and fighters are necessary to defend Lebanon. At the same time,
    we remain committed to UNIFIL's mission and the safety of U.N.
    peacekeepers, who play a critical role in diffusing tensions in
    southern Lebanon.
        I am heartened, too, by the substantial development assistance the
    United States provides to the Lebanese people. Last year, we provided
    over $100 million to support the private sector, enhance service
    delivery, and improve access to education. We also provided over $400
    million in humanitarian assistance for the most vulnerable, including
    Syrian refugees and vulnerable Lebanese.
        The way ahead for Lebanon will not be easy. I am all too aware
    there are entities that stand in the way of progress in pursuit of
    self-interest. As demonstrated by our recent sanctions designations,
    the United States remains committed to fighting corruption in Lebanon,
    which I will continue to prioritize, if confirmed. I also am clear-eyed
    about the threat Hezbollah poses to Lebanon's sovereignty and
    stability, as well as to the United States, Israel, and the region.
    Recent U.S. sanctions against financiers, drug traffickers, and a
    sanctions evasion network demonstrate the United States is committed to
    targeting those with Hezbollah ties. If confirmed, I will continue to
    pursue all tools to advance U.S. counterterrorism objectives.
        There is reason for optimism. Lebanon's conclusion of a historic
    maritime boundary agreement with Israel--brokered by the United
    States--demonstrates what the county's leaders can achieve if they set
    aside partisan and personal interests and put those of the country and
    people first. If confirmed, I look forward to invoking that same sense
    of unity and purpose to press Lebanon's leaders along the path to
    political and economic recovery.
        As a former Ambassador, I know well that advancing U.S. interests
    is a team effort. If confirmed, I would be honored to lead Embassy
    Beirut's dedicated, talented, diverse team of American and Lebanese
    staff, whose safety and security--along with that of the more than
    40,000 U.S. citizens residing in Lebanon--will always be my top
    priority.
        Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today, and I
    look forward to your questions.

        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much. Just before you begin,
    let me welcome Representative Slotkin to the committee today, I
    believe here in support of her friend, Ms. Escrogima. Thank you
    very much for being here.

          STATEMENT OF ERVIN JOSE MASSINGA, OF WASHINGTON, A
           CAREER  MEMBER  OF  THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN SERVICE,
           CLASS OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED TO BE AM-
           BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF
           THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE FEDERAL DEMO-
           CRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

        Mr. Massinga. Senator Murphy, Senator Young, and
    distinguished members of the committee, thank you for the
    opportunity to speak with you and to answer your questions on
    my nomination to be the United States Ambassador to the Federal
    Republic of Ethiopia.
        I thank President Biden and Secretary Blinken for this
    tremendous opportunity to serve my country, and my wife,
    Lauryne, for helping to make all of this possible in countless
    ways.
        My story is like all Americans with my family having many
    different origins, from my mother's roots in Louisiana where
    her parents and grandparents worked tirelessly to establish an
    educational foundation for later generations despite the
    enormous challenges of that era, to my father's parents and
    grandparents who struggled with the Portuguese colonial regime
    in what is now Mozambique.
        I am deeply humbled today to appear before the United
    States Senate as an ambassadorial nominee. My parents
    themselves provided clear guidance and instilled bedrock values
    that I have aspired to emulate from discipline, integrity, and
    treating with people with kindness and respect.
        Public service has always been a hallmark of my family,
    from my mother's national level leadership in the social
    services arena to her father's service in World War II in a
    refinery and her mother's service as a school principal.
        If confirmed by this body I pledge I will do my utmost to
    live up to those values and models in leading this important
    diplomatic mission.
        My career includes challenging tours in China, Latin
    America, and leadership roles in Guinea, Sudan, and Washington,
    all of which have reinforced my core belief that there is no
    higher calling than to serve my fellow Americans and to also
    mentor the next generation of Foreign Service professionals.
        Mr. Chair, the United States seeks a trusted partner in
    Ethiopia, a country significant not only for its strategic
    location and growing population but for its economic potential
    as well as its prominent role in history and the global
    community.
        The last two years have tested our bilateral relationship.
    The conflict that began in late 2020 wrought horrific
    violations and abuses upon the citizens of Ethiopia.
        In response, as required by U.S. law, the United States
    placed restrictions on our foreign assistance and suspended
    Ethiopia's trade benefits under the AGOA--Africa Growth and
    Opportunities Act.
        But our diplomatic engagement never faltered, and to the
    credit of Ethiopian federal government and the Tigrayan
    regional authorities they left the door open to our efforts to
    seek a peace agreement in concert with our partners, notably
    the African Union, Kenya, and South Africa.
        The November 2022 cessation of hostilities agreement
    silenced the guns and I am deeply proud of the role the
    Department of State played in facilitating that outcome.
        We continue to focus on supporting the implementation of
    that agreement, be it through human rights monitors,
    humanitarian assistance, or transitional justice.
        But more must be done to ensure peace in Ethiopia is
    durable. I believe we must be ready to support Ethiopia in all
    ways that further our own policy objectives.
        Chief among those objectives is security and stability in
    the Horn of Africa. Historically, Ethiopia has been an exporter
    of stability, for example, being one of the largest global
    contributors to U.N. peacekeeping operations.
        But instability within Ethiopia, notably Oromia, threatens
    to destabilize the region. We welcome the recent announcement
    of government talks with the OLA and we stand ready to
    facilitate those discussions if asked.
        Ethnic tensions persist and youth unemployment is high, now
    exacerbated by the need to demobilize thousands of soldiers
    following the cessation of hostilities in the north.
        Investment in the country's democratic and economic reforms
    will address the root causes of conflict, including economic
    and social fragility. At the same time we need to ensure there
    is accountability for the atrocities committed during the
    conflict. That is key to ensuring true reconciliation and
    durable peace.
        To that end, we should support Ethiopia's nascent
    transitional justice efforts. Transitional justice is a key
    part of any country's path from war to peace and Ethiopia will
    be in urgent need of international support and technical
    expertise as it seeks to heal, pursuing the key transition
    justice elements of truth telling, accountability, reparations,
    and guarantees of nonrecurrence.
        We should support these efforts not just out of a
    commitment to peace and human rights but also because a durable
    peace in Ethiopia will promote security throughout the Horn of
    Africa, making Americans at home and abroad safer.
        Finally, we should be clear eyed about our primary mission
    in any overseas embassy, to protect and serve U.S. citizens. In
    that context, I echo the thanks extended to the government of
    Ethiopia for enabling the evacuations out of Sudan.
        I am proud to make it my mission to ensure U.S. citizens in
    Ethiopia can expect the highest level of attention and service
    that they deserve.
        Thank you very much.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Massinga follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Ervin J. Massinga

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Young, and Distinguished Members of
    the committee, thank you for the opportunity to speak with you and to
    answer your questions on my nomination to be the U.S. Ambassador to the
    Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
        I thank President Biden and Secretary of State Blinken for this
    tremendous opportunity to serve my country, and my wife Lauryne for
    helping to make all of this possible in countless ways.
        My story is like all Americans, with my family having many
    different origins. From my mother's roots in Louisiana, where her
    parents and grandparents worked tirelessly to establish an educational
    foundation for later generations despite the enormous challenges of the
    era, to my father's parents and grandparents, who struggled with the
    Portuguese colonial regime in what is now Mozambique, I am deeply
    humbled today to appear before the United States Senate as an
    ambassadorial nominee. My parents themselves provided clear guidance
    and instilled bedrock values that I have aspired to emulate, from
    discipline, integrity, treating people with kindness and respect.
    Public service has always been a hallmark in my family, from my
    mother's national level leadership in the social services arena, to her
    father's service in a World War 2 refinery and her mother's service as
    a school principal. If confirmed by this body, I pledge I will do my
    utmost to live up to these values and models in leading this important
    diplomatic mission.
        My career includes challenging tours in China, Latin America, and
    leadership roles in Guinea, Sudan and Washington, all of which have
    reinforced my core belief that there is no higher calling than to serve
    my fellow Americans and mentor the next generation of foreign policy
    practitioners.
        Mr. Chair, the United States seeks a trusted partner in Ethiopia--a
    country significant not only for its strategic location and growing
    population, but for its economic potential as well as its prominent
    role in the history and the global community.
        The last two years have tested our bilateral relationship. The
    conflict that began in late 2020 wrought horrific violations and abuses
    upon the citizens of Ethiopia. In response, as required by U.S. law,
    the United States placed restrictions on our foreign assistance and
    suspended Ethiopia's trade benefits from the Africa Growth and
    Opportunity Act. But our diplomatic engagement never faltered, and to
    the credit of the Ethiopian federal government and Tigrayan regional
    authorities, they left the door open to our efforts to seek a peace
    agreement in concert with our partners--notably the African Union,
    Kenya, and South Africa.
        The November 2022 cessation of hostilities agreement silenced the
    guns, and I am deeply proud of the role the State Department played in
    facilitating that outcome. We continue to focus on supporting the
    implementation of the agreement--be it through human rights monitors,
    humanitarian assistance, or transitional justice. But more must be done
    to ensure peace in Ethiopia is durable. I believe we must be ready to
    support Ethiopia in all ways that further our own policy objectives.
        Chief among these objectives is security and stability in the Horn
    of Africa. Historically, Ethiopia has been an exporter of stability,
    for example by being one of the largest global contributors to UN
    peacekeeping operations. But instability within Ethiopia, notably in
    Oromia, threatens to destabilize the region; we welcome the recent
    announcement of government talks with the OLA and we stand ready to
    facilitate these discussions if asked. Ethnic tensions persist and
    youth unemployment is high--now exacerbated by the need to demobilize
    thousands of soldiers following the cessation of hostilities in the
    north. Investment in the country's democratic and economic reforms will
    address the root causes of conflict, including economic and social
    fragility.
        At the same time, we need to ensure there is accountability for the
    atrocities committed during the conflict. That's key to ensuring true
    reconciliation and durable peace. To that end, we should support
    Ethiopia's nascent transitional justice efforts. Transitional justice
    is a key part of any country's path from war to peace, and Ethiopia
    will be in urgent need of international support and technical expertise
    as it seeks to heal, pursuing the key transitional justice elements of
    truth-telling, accountability, reparations, and guarantees of non-
    recurrence. We should support these efforts not just out of a
    commitment to peace and human rights, but also because a durable peace
    in Ethiopia will promote security throughout the Horn of Africa, making
    Americans at home and abroad safer.
        Finally, we should be clear-eyed about our primary mission in any
    overseas embassy--to protect and serve U.S. citizens. In that context,
    I echo the thanks extended to the Government of Ethiopia for enabling
    the evacuations out of Sudan. I am proud to make it my mission to
    ensure U.S. citizens in Ethiopia can expect the high level of attention
    and service that they deserve.

         STATEMENT OF BRYAN DAVID HUNT, OF VIRGINIA, A CAREER
          MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF MIN-
          ISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR EX-
          TRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE  UNITED
          STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE

        Mr. Hunt. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Young, and Members
    of the committee, thank you for this opportunity to appear
    before you as President Biden's nominee to be the next U.S.
    Ambassador to the Republic of Sierra Leone.
        I would like to thank the President and Secretary Blinken
    for the trust they have placed in me with this nomination. If
    confirmed, I will work closely with this committee to advance
    our nation's partnership with Sierra Leone.
        For more than two decades it has been my honor to serve as
    a member of the United States Foreign Service, oftentimes in
    dangerous and austere locations. I could not have done so
    without the love and support of my family and friends, many of
    whom are here today.
        If confirmed, I look forward with their help to once again
    strive to advance U.S. interests in Africa, a region of the
    world on which I have focused much of my career and one which I
    believe has the potential in the coming decade to play an even
    greater role on the world stage provided the democratic
    aspirations of its young and vibrant population are met.
        The Republic of Sierra Leone has demonstrated that
    democratic progress is possible. Since the end of the country's
    devastating decade-long civil war in 2002 and with sustained
    support from international friends, including the United
    States, the people of Sierra Leone have rebuilt, maintained
    peace, and most importantly, hewed to a democratic path through
    four rounds of national elections that were broadly judged to
    be free and fair.
        Next month Sierra Leoneans will once again head to the
    polls and much more important than the political outcome will
    be the manner and environment in which this latest electoral
    contest is conducted.
        A free and fair election that is competitive, inclusive,
    and held peacefully is essential both for the prosperous future
    that the people of Sierra Leone desire and for an expanded
    U.S.-Sierra Leonean partnership.
        If confirmed I will ensure that support for democracy and
    good governance remains at the forefront of the embassy's work
    with the goal of helping Sierra Leoneans institutionalize their
    democracy and ensure it delivers.
        Despite progress, Sierra Leone ranks 181st out of 189
    countries on the U.N.'s Human Development Index. The 2014 to
    2016 Ebola epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic have stressed a
    health system already struggling with high rates of maternal
    mortality, child malnutrition, neglected tropical diseases, and
    malaria.
        Sierra Leone made effective use of U.S. health security
    investments to fully vaccinate 70 percent of its eligible
    target population against COVID-19.
        Its government should, however, continue to allocate
    resources to the health sector not only to protect its own
    citizens but also to sustainably safeguard the region and the
    broader international community from future disease outbreaks.
        If confirmed, I will work with Sierra Leonean leaders to
    ensure that public health remains a top national priority and
    that U.S. funding is used effectively to complement Sierra
    Leone's own efforts.
        Sierra Leone has made progress in establishing a market-
    based economy and has taken steps to protect workers' rights.
    U.S. investment in and trade with Sierra Leone has the
    potential to advance prosperity both for Americans and Sierra
    Leoneans.
        If confirmed I will work closely with the U.S. business
    community to advocate for reforms that enhance Sierra Leone's
    ability to attract high-quality foreign investment, including
    through regional market integration, while simultaneously using
    trade development tools to help ensure U.S. businesses remain
    competitive in the Sierra Leonean marketplace.
        I hold paramount the safety and security of the hundreds of
    U.S. citizens resident in Sierra Leone and the entire U.S.
    Embassy team, including U.S. citizen employees, their families,
    and our Sierra Leonean colleagues. If confirmed, I would do
    everything within my power to ensure their security and
    wellbeing.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, members of the committee, I
    am committed to working with you all to advance American
    interests overseas. Thank you for the opportunity to appear
    before you and I welcome your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Hunt follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Bryan David Hunt

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Young, and members of the Committee,
    thank you for this opportunity to appear before you as President
    Biden's nominee to be the next U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of
    Sierra Leone. I would like to thank the President and Secretary Blinken
    for the trust they have placed in me. If confirmed, I will work closely
    with you to advance our nation's partnership with Sierra Leone.
        For more than two decades, it has been my honor to serve as a
    member of the U.S. Foreign Service--oftentimes in dangerous and austere
    locations. I could not have done so without the love and support of my
    family and friends, many of whom are here today. If confirmed, I look
    forward, with their help, to once again strive to advance U.S.
    interests in Africa--a region of the world on which I have focused much
    of my career and one which I believe has the potential in the coming
    decade to play an even greater role on the world stage--provided the
    democratic aspirations of its young and vibrant population are met.
        The Republic of Sierra Leone has demonstrated that democratic
    progress is possible. Since the end of the country's devastating decade
    long civil war in 2002 and with sustained support from international
    friends, including the United States, the people of Sierra Leone have
    rebuilt, maintained peace, and most importantly hewed to a democratic
    path through four rounds of national elections that were broadly judged
    to be free and fair. Next month, Sierra Leoneans will once again head
    to the polls and much more important than the political outcome will be
    the manner and environment in which this latest electoral contest is
    conducted. A free and fair election that is competitive, inclusive, and
    held peacefully is essential both for the prosperous future that the
    people of Sierra Leone desire and for an expanded U.S.-Sierra Leonean
    partnership. If confirmed, I will ensure that support for democracy and
    good governance remains at the forefront of the embassy's work with the
    goal of helping Sierra Leoneans institutionalize their democracy and
    ensure it delivers.
        Despite progress, Sierra Leone ranks 181st out of 189 countries on
    the U.N.'s Human Development Index. The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic and
    the COVID-19 pandemic have stressed a health system already struggling
    with high rates of maternal mortality, child malnutrition, neglected
    tropical diseases, and malaria. Sierra Leone made effective use of U.S.
    health security investments to fully vaccinate 70 percent of its
    eligible target population against COVID-19. Its government should,
    however, continue to allocate resources to the health sector not only
    to protect its own citizens but also to sustainably safeguard the
    region and the broader international community from future disease
    outbreaks. If confirmed, I will work with Sierra Leonean leaders to
    ensure that public health remains a top national priority and that U.S.
    funding is used effectively to complement Sierra Leone's own efforts.
        Sierra Leone has made progress in establishing a market-based
    economy and has taken steps to protect workers' rights. U.S. investment
    in and trade with Sierra Leone has the potential to advance prosperity
    both for Americans and Sierra Leoneans. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with the U.S. business community to advocate for reforms that
    enhance Sierra Leone's ability to attract high-quality foreign
    investment, including through regional market integration, while
    simultaneously using trade development tools to help ensure U.S.
    businesses remain competitive in the Sierra Leonean marketplace.
        I hold paramount the safety and security of the hundreds of U.S.
    citizens resident in Sierra Leone, and the entire U.S. Embassy team,
    including U.S. citizen employees, their families, and our Sierra
    Leonean colleagues. If confirmed, I would do everything within my power
    to ensure their security and well-being.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, members of the Committee, I am
    committed to working with you all to advance American interests
    overseas. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you. I welcome
    your questions.

         STATEMENT OF WILLIAM W. POPP,  OF MISSOURI, A CAREER
          MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF MIN-
          ISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR EX-
          TRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY   OF  THE  UNITED
          STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

        Mr. Popp. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Ranking Member, members of the
    committee, it is an honor to appear before you as the
    President's nominee to serve as the next United States
    Ambassador to the Republic of Uganda.
        I would like to begin by thanking my family, particularly
    my wife of 24 years, Milena, and my daughter, Alicia Pilar. I
    am grateful to them for joining me in the privilege, joys, and
    sacrifices of serving our nation overseas.
        As a career member of the Foreign Service for more than 23
    years I have been honored to represent the United States in
    seven overseas assignments across Africa and the Western
    Hemisphere, including as our current U.S. Ambassador to
    Guatemala as well as serving in Washington.
        In each of these duties I have advanced U.S. interests,
    promoted our democratic values, and worked with host nations to
    achieve shared goals. If confirmed, I believe this experience
    will be valuable in leading our mission, advancing bilateral
    goals with Uganda, and furthering our regional objectives.
        Our relationship with Uganda has advanced important U.S.
    interests over the years, including working together through
    PEPFAR and other U.S. health programs to save millions of lives
    from HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and other health threats.
        We have likewise strengthened regional security and
    counterterrorism including in Somalia. Uganda, with U.S.
    assistance, currently provides protection to more than 1.5
    million refugees and asylum seekers who have been forced to
    flee their home countries in east and central Africa.
        We have also faced challenges, including human rights
    violations and limited democratic space. These challenges
    impact not only Uganda but also the United States' interests in
    a freer, more prosperous, and secure region.
        If confirmed, I will work steadfastly to advance U.S.
    interests and values and to pursue security, prosperity, good
    governance, and democracy with Ugandans.
        First, we must protect our citizens' security. This
    includes cooperating to fight transnational criminal
    organizations, countering violent extremism, and strengthening
    border security. It also includes effectively preventing,
    detecting, and responding to health threats, addressing food
    insecurity, and supporting climate resilience.
        Second, we must broaden prosperity for both countries
    through sustainable economic growth, mutually beneficial trade,
    and formal job creation. With one of the youngest populations
    in the world generating opportunities for Ugandan youth and
    women is particularly vital.
        U.S. assistance is an important part of the solution but so
    is working with the public and private sectors to create an
    enabling environment for businesses to thrive and support
    entrepreneurship.
        If confirmed, I will seek to create more opportunities that
    generate jobs, support U.S. businesses, and assist
    entrepreneurs.
        Third, rule of law, transparency, good governance and
    respect for human and labor rights for all are essential for
    Ugandans to achieve the full potential of their democracy. U.S.
    engagement can help build the capacity of public institutions
    to deliver services to the Ugandan people. In working with
    civil society, the private sector, youth leaders and
    innovators, we can foster prosperity, opportunity, and
    integrity.
        A more just and equitable Uganda will spur investment,
    stability, and development for all Ugandans. We also will
    continue to support the equal protection and nondiscrimination
    of members of all minority groups.
        In addition to pursuing these objectives, if confirmed, I
    will make protecting the thousands of U.S. citizens living and
    traveling in Uganda my highest priority.
        I will also lead the more than 600 U.S. and Ugandan
    professionals in the U.S. mission to advance our bilateral and
    regional agenda by creating a safe, equitable, and respectful
    workplace and I will vigilantly safeguard resources and
    maximize the effectiveness across U.S. agencies to build a
    brighter future with Uganda.
        I also commit to working closely with you and the other
    members of the Senate, members of the House of Representatives,
    and your staffs. Thank you for the honor to appear before you
    today. I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Popp follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of William W. Popp

        Mr. Chairman, Mr. Ranking Member, Members of the Committee, it is
    an honor to appear before you as the President's nominee to serve as
    the next United States Ambassador to the Republic of Uganda.
        I would like to begin by thanking my family, particularly my wife
    of 24 years, Milena, and my daughter Alicia Pilar. I am grateful to
    them for joining me in the privilege, joys, and sacrifices of serving
    our nation overseas.
        As a career member of the Foreign Service for more than 23 years, I
    have been honored to represent the United States in seven overseas
    assignments across Africa and the Western Hemisphere, including as the
    current U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala, as well as in Washington. In each
    duty, I have advanced U.S. interests, promoted our democratic values,
    and worked with host nations to achieve shared goals. If confirmed, I
    believe this experience will be valuable in leading our Mission,
    advancing bilateral goals with Uganda, and furthering our regional
    objectives.
        Our relationship with Uganda has advanced important U.S. interests
    over the years, including working together through PEPFAR and other
    U.S. health programs to save millions of lives from HIV/AIDS, Ebola,
    and other health threats. We have likewise strengthened regional
    security and countered terrorism, including in Somalia. Uganda, with
    U.S. assistance, currently provides protection to more than 1.5 million
    refugees and asylum-seekers who have been forced to flee their home
    countries in East and Central Africa.
        We have also faced challenges, including human rights violations
    and limited democratic space. These challenges impact not only Uganda
    but also the United States' interest in a freer, more prosperous, and
    secure region.
        If confirmed, I will work steadfastly to advance U.S. interests and
    values and to pursue security, prosperity, good governance, and
    democracy with Ugandans.
        First, we must protect our citizens' security. This includes
    cooperating to fight transnational criminal organizations, countering
    violent extremism, and strengthening border security. It also includes
    effectively preventing, detecting, and responding to health threats,
    addressing food insecurity, and supporting climate resilience.
        Second, we must broaden prosperity for both countries through
    sustainable economic growth, mutually beneficial trade, and formal job
    creation. With one of the youngest populations in the world, generating
    opportunities for Ugandan youth and women is particularly vital. U.S.
    assistance is an important part of the solution, but so is working with
    the public and private sectors to create an enabling environment for
    businesses to thrive and support entrepreneurship. If confirmed, I will
    seek to create more opportunities that generate jobs, support U.S.
    businesses, and assist entrepreneurs.
        Third, rule of law, transparency, good governance, and respect for
    human and labor rights for all, are essential for Ugandans to achieve
    the full potential of democracy. U.S. engagement can help build the
    capacity of public institutions to deliver services to the Ugandan
    people. Working with civil society, the private sector, youth leaders
    and innovators, we can foster prosperity, opportunity, and integrity. A
    more just and equitable Uganda will spur investment, stability, and
    development for all Ugandans. We must also continue to support the
    equal protection and non-discrimination of members of all minority
    groups.
        In addition to pursuing these objectives, if confirmed, I will make
    protecting the thousands of U.S. citizens living and traveling in
    Uganda my highest priority. I will also lead the more than 600 U.S. and
    Ugandan professionals in the U.S. mission to advance our bilateral and
    regional agenda by creating a safe, equitable, and respectful
    workplace. And I will vigilantly safeguard resources and maximize
    effectiveness across U.S. agencies to build a brighter future with
    Uganda. I also commit to working closely with you and the other members
    of the Senate, members of the House of Representatives, and your
    staffs.
        Thank you for the honor to appear before you today. I look forward
    to your questions.

        Senator Murphy. Thank you all very much for your testimony.
    We will start a round of five-minute questions. I will start
    with you, Ambassador Johnson.
        I enjoyed our conversation together. I wanted to give you
    just an opportunity to expand upon your comments regarding the
    status of the Lebanese Armed Forces.
        Every time I go I am more and more impressed at the
    capability of the Armed Forces and their willingness, often at
    great risk to themselves, to put themselves in between the
    factions inside that country that often are very close to
    coming to significant long-term conflict.
        They have stood up for protesters, protected the right of
    people to provide their views, and they also were really one of
    the few things that stands in between Hezbollah having even
    more control of the insecurity environment than they do today.
        Maybe I am making the case for you. But tell me if you
    agree with my assessment of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the
    reasons why we have had good bipartisan support for continued
    funding to keep them operational.
        Ms. Johnson. Thank you very much, Senator, and I greatly
    appreciate your deep interest in Lebanon and support for the
    Lebanese Armed Forces and Internal Security Forces, as well as
    the bipartisan support of Congress for that purpose.
        I share your view. We have spent a lot of funding on
    security assistance for the Armed Forces, developing them into
    a professional and capable force capable of meeting any threat
    in Lebanon.
        Specifically, we bolstered the capabilities to defend
    Lebanon's territorial integrity, to mitigate instability, to
    combat terrorism, to dismantle drug trafficking and smuggling
    networks, to preserve--maintain law and order.
        They have carried out these missions very well, as you have
    noted. They are a quite trusted partner for the United States
    with actually an absolutely exemplary end use monitoring record
    in terms of the way they keep track of the assistance that we
    provided to them.
        I am very proud to continue partnering with them, and one
    of the most important things in supporting the Lebanese Armed
    Forces, in particular, is that it really undermines Hezbollah's
    narrative, their false claim that their weapons are necessary
    to defend Lebanon.
        As we continue to see the Lebanese Armed Forces deploy
    effectively to meet, really, any threat it debunks that claim
    and lays it bare.
        So, if confirmed, I would continue to advocate for very
    strong, robust security assistance to Lebanese Armed Forces and
    Internal Security Forces. They are doing a great job of
    bolstering stability and security in this part of the world at
    a very difficult time for Lebanon.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you very much.
        Ambassador Popp, the attacks on homosexuals and LGBTQ
    individuals in Uganda are, frankly, extraordinary. The
    parliament passed legislation in March that goes further than
    making same-sex relations punishable by life in prison, which
    is an effect of the 2014 law.
        It now creates a new offense of aggravated homosexuality
    that is punishable by death and by making the promotion of
    homosexuality punishable by up to 20 years in prison. It would
    criminalize failing to report knowledge of individuals engaged
    in homosexual conduct.
        I guess I am interested that you did not mention this in
    your prepared testimony and I am worried that this sort of
    avoidance in your testimony of this extraordinary piece of
    legislation that is sitting in front of the president's desk
    for signature as we speak is a signal of an intent to
    deprioritize this issue because it might upset the Ugandan
    government.
        Can you clarify your opening remarks and can you tell us
    what the U.S. response will be if the president signs this law?
        Mr. Popp. Yes, Senator. Thank you for the question. And by
    no means my not mentioning it in the testimony am I
    deprioritizing it.
        I would say that I share your concern. It is a very
    troubling piece of legislation. It is not yet signed, as you
    noted, but it is something that is very threatening not only to
    members of the LGBTQI community in Uganda but, frankly, to all
    Ugandans.
        The implications and potential impact of this legislation
    if signed and enacted could have major negative repercussions
    for all Ugandans that are interested and need access to medical
    care, health care, particularly individuals who may be HIV or
    AIDS positive but also the impact that it could have, frankly,
    on Uganda's international reputation, its ability to attract
    investment, tourism, and, frankly, the opportunity to advance
    as a democratic society that includes all Ugandans.
        So when I mentioned in my testimony, obviously, that we
    must continue to support all Ugandans and prevent
    discrimination that is, certainly, included in the element of
    LGBTQI and the anti-homosexual act.
        Senator Murphy. I appreciate that. I do not think it is
    enough to raise the general concern about fair treatment of
    individuals regardless of sexual orientation, race, ethnicity
    inside Uganda.
        I think you have got pay special attention to this just
    abnormally vitriolic and dangerous attack on LGBTQ individuals
    and I appreciate your clarifying statement.
        Senator Young?
        Senator Young. Mr. Massinga, the Ethiopian economy has
    shown significant growth and potential but it has also faced
    certain structural challenges and socio economic disparities.
        How would you support Ethiopia in advancing sustainable
    economic development, attracting investments, and fostering job
    creation and how can these efforts be used to leverage
    accountability measures for the role of members of the
    government in Tigray conflict?
        Mr. Massinga. Senator Young, thank you for the question.
        If confirmed, helping Ethiopia and the Ethiopian people and
    economy get back on track, back on the track that we saw prior
    to the most recent conflict, would be uppermost in our--amongst
    our objectives.
        The government prior to the conflict had engaged in a
    thorough set of reforms designed to enable the country to
    continue moving ahead forcefully on the economic side in
    telecommunications, banking, logistics, et cetera.
        That was derailed by--to a great extent by the current
    conflict and in the current context the macro economy is
    struggling with the immense costs imposed by the conflict.
        We look forward to working with the government, the people,
    the business community, to reinvigorate those reforms and those
    processes, and as the American ambassador I would be honored,
    if confirmed, to ensure that our model--our growth model, the
    Western growth model, the American growth model--would be one
    that the people of Ethiopia would recognize would be useful, if
    not essential, for growth forward.
        It is no secret that there are others around the world,
    other major economic economies, that are interested in
    Ethiopia, that are interested in investing in Ethiopia. Our
    growth model is the strongest one for long-term growth and I
    will be steadfast, if confirmed, in ensuring that the people of
    Ethiopia recognize that.
        Senator Young. Thank you. And among the countries that is
    no doubt interested in supplanting the United States,
    certainly, competing against the influence of the United States
    in Ethiopia is China. In fact, Ethiopia is a central hub for
    China's Belt and Road Initiative to the tune of some $4
    billion.
        What potential risks and challenges do you perceive in
    Ethiopia's increasing economic reliance on China and how would
    you work to mitigate any negative consequences for Ethiopia's
    long-term development and sovereignty?
        Mr. Massinga. Senator, thank you for that follow-on
    question.
        Again, China is deeply invested in Ethiopia and is looking
    to continue that investment. As we have seen in many countries
    around the world, that investment is not cost free nor is that
    model the most appropriate model for long-term growth.
        And, Senator, if confirmed, I look forward to working with
    the Ethiopian business community and government to ensure that
    they understand the costs associated with that.
        Senator Young. Are there--are there government agencies--
    U.S. government agencies, regional partners, international
    organizations that you would regard as best placed to help
    address and, perhaps, counterbalance some of the malign
    influence of China and other adversaries in the country of
    Ethiopia?
        Mr. Massinga. Of course. Within the United States
    government--Department of Commerce, USTR, other specialized
    agencies and telecommunications--certainly would be part of all
    that and, of course, the international community would also be
    essential to help demonstrate to the Ethiopian people and the
    government that that model really is the best way to go
    forward.
        Senator Young. Of course, some of those agencies hopefully
    have a presence in the embassy, right, which is a good thing.
        Ambassador Johnson, China has been expanding its Belt and
    Road Initiative, of course, globally, as we just mentioned in
    Ethiopia. But Lebanon signed on to that initiative in 2017.
        Are there any ongoing or proposed BRI projects that you are
    aware of in Lebanon that you believe could have negative long-
    term implications for the United States, our partners, or our
    interests?
        Ms. Johnson. Yes, Senator. Thank you very much for the
    question.
        Yes, Lebanon did sign on to the Belt and Road Initiative.
    However, my understanding is that there are no significant
    Chinese investments in Lebanon. We continually reiterate with
    our partners' concerns risks of deeper engagement with China,
    of problematic nontransparent financial and infrastructure
    investments.
        That was very much a focus for me in my previous role as
    ambassador to Namibia and I can assure you it would be priority
    for me if confirmed as ambassador to Lebanon.
        Senator Young [presiding]. Thank you so much.
        Senator Kaine? Yes, sir.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you, Senator Young, and
    congratulations to all of you nominees. It is a really well-
    qualified panel.
        Ambassador Johnson, I want to drill down on the aspect of
    your testimony where you talked about the severity of the
    economic--really economic, political challenges facing Lebanon
    right now.
        Sometimes in this committee and on the Hill there is a
    debate about, okay, how does it affect us--how does it affect
    the world, the internal challenges in Lebanon.
        Should Lebanon continue on the path that it is on, a
    downward spiral characterized by a challenged economy, a lot of
    refugees, the inability to organize the government--should it
    continue on that path, what are the consequences for the region
    that the United States needs to be very worried about?
        Ms. Johnson. Yes, Senator, it is a very important question.
    Thank you. Thank you for that.
        The reason Lebanon remains a real priority for the United
    States is it is just at the intersection of U.S. national
    security interests in the Middle East. I mean, you have got
    Israel on the southern border, which has to defend itself from
    Hezbollah.
        You have got Syria and instability and war the brutal
    dictator Assad has fomented. You have got Iran supporting
    through its proxy Hezbollah destabilizing activity in both
    Lebanon and the region. We cannot ignore any of this.
        And then there is, of course, the historic ties we have
    with the Lebanese people. Lebanese are--form a really important
    part of our diaspora here in the United States and the rich
    cultural fabric that they contribute to.
        So, I do not think we can allow Lebanon to reach the worst-
    case scenario, which is why we are doing a number of things. I
    mean, I mentioned several in my opening statement--the
    humanitarian assistance for the most vulnerable and supporting
    the Lebanese Forces to provide stability while we push
    Lebanon's leaders to do the necessary things, the hard things
    they will need to do.
        I mean, first, elect a president. They have got to form a
    government. That government has got to be capable of bringing
    in the different parties that are necessary to take the really
    hard decisions, to do the reforms they need to get done for
    that IMF package. It is the only way out.
        Senator Kaine. The presence of Hezbollah poses a huge risk
    to Israel but there are at least some potential positives that
    the Lebanese government in the past has explored together with
    Israel, whether they might do energy projects in tandem in the
    Mediterranean.
        So there is not only a need to protect against the
    influence of Hezbollah but there is the opportunity for some
    cooperation should the situation in Lebanon stabilize.
        I want to associate myself with the comments you made
    earlier about the Lebanese Armed Forces, having visited
    Lebanon, spent time with them, spent time with the U.S. troops
    that are there training them.
        They are not perfect. Nobody is perfect. But in terms of a
    stabilizing force in a nation that desperately needs one you do
    not really have many better options if there are any better
    options than the Lebanese Armed Forces. I agree with you on
    that.
        Ambassador Popp, it is good to see you again. My colleagues
    and I really enjoyed being with you in Guatemala in the summer
    of 2021 and I will ask--I will just make one point about Uganda
    but then I am going to ask you some Guatemala questions since I
    have you.
        I just want to associate myself with what Senator Murphy
    said about the need to be really active in trying to provide
    safe haven for LGBTQ Ugandans. We cannot dictate the internal
    politics of a country. That is not what diplomacy is about.
        But as I have traveled around the world as a member of this
    committee often I have heard from LGBTQ activists in countries
    that were it not for the United States, were it not for the
    embassy, were it not for a consulate being a place of safe
    haven where they could come and dialogue about their hopes and
    aspirations and what they hope to contribute to their own
    countries, if it were not for the U.S. there would not be a
    safe space for them.
        And so while we might not be able to have a huge impact on
    domestic politics in Uganda, the role of the ambassador is
    really important in creating a place where people can be
    treated with equality, the North Star virtue of this country.
    So I would just encourage you in that way.
        When we talk about immigration issues at the border we
    often talk about the U.S.-Mexico border. But there are two
    other really important borders in terms of immigration flows to
    the United States in the Americas.
        One is the border between Colombia and Panama, and the
    other is the border between Guatemala and Mexico. From your
    experience as the ambassador in Guatemala. how cooperative has
    Guatemala been in trying to help us deal with immigration
    issues in the south to north flow at their border with Mexico?
        Mr. Popp. Thank you, Senator, for the questions.
        First, I just want to make sure I am very clear. I fully
    agree with your point on the U.S. embassy and the U.S.
    Ambassador's role in supporting all communities including the
    LGBTQI community, and if confirmed as ambassador to Uganda I
    would be Chief of Mission that would be engaged with that
    community and continuing to have an active regular dialogue
    with them as I have done so in Guatemala.
        In regards to your question about the border of Guatemala
    and their border security measures, they have been partners
    effectively not only with their border with Mexico, which is,
    as you note, a very important transit point for migrants headed
    north to our Southwest border, as well as their border with
    Honduras.
        They have been effective on different occasions of stopping
    mass movements of individuals including caravans but also in
    working with us and U.S. law enforcement in particular to
    counter the alien smugglers and the human traffickers and the
    individuals who have been--are criminally taking advantage of
    migrants and, unfortunately, putting people in positions of
    great risk and danger.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you. I am going to need to--I am a
    minute over so I want to cede time to my colleagues. But I
    appreciate that answer. Thank you.
        Senator Young. Thank you.
        Senator Ricketts?
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you very much.
        I would like to start by echoing what Chairman Murphy and
    Ranking Member Young said to say thank you for your service to
    our country and the sacrifices that you and your families make
    to be able to serve our great nation. It is appreciated and you
    all should be congratulated on being nominated for these posts.
        Ambassador Johnson, I am going to start with you as this is
    the 70th anniversary of Israel, one of our closest friends in
    the world and, certainly, in the region, and Israel since its
    inception has endured attacks from state actors and nonstate
    actors, most recently Hamas.
        We talked about Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic jihad, the--
    Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, just to name a few,
    and I had the opportunity to see this personally when I was in
    Israel earlier this year.
        You can see how small a country is when you fly in a
    helicopter you can see the ocean on one side and the Syrian
    border on the other side, and we were at the Lebanese border
    where Hezbollah had been digging tunnels through solid
    limestone for 10 years to be able to get inside Israel and
    attack them and that--and then, of course, during the Passover
    in early April Israel endured the largest rocket attack coming
    from Lebanon since the Lebanese war in 2006 and, obviously,
    this is all being encouraged by--it is even being done by Hamas
    or Islamic jihad and certainly encouraged by the IRGC.
        So what can we do to prevent southern Lebanon from becoming
    a staging area for these types of rocket attacks on Israel?
        Ms. Johnson. Thank you, Senator, for your question.
        I share your deep concern with the attacks that have been
    emanating on Israel both from Lebanon and more recently from
    Gaza.
        The United States' commitment to Israel's security is
    absolutely ironclad and Israel will continue to exercise its
    inherent right to self-defense. But we have to do more. The
    Lebanese have to do more.
        Hezbollah--there are a number of ways that we have been
    targeting Hezbollah, since 2005 over 200 sanctions on
    individuals and entities going after their finances, and that
    is important in terms of their ability to access weapons.
        I understand that they are--that Hezbollah is under
    financial stress--economic stress--due to some of these
    sanctions. We have been able to enlist some of our partners in
    the Gulf--Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar--to join us in these
    sanctions.
        Just last week the FBI seized 13 internet domains of
    Hezbollah, which is another way to try to cut off their
    support. We do continue very much to support UNIFIL's mission
    in southern Lebanon.
        UNIFIL has played an effective role in monitoring the
    cessation of hostilities since the 2006 war between Israel and
    Lebanon and also plays a stabilizing role along--on the Blue
    Line with their reporting activities and especially the ability
    of the peacekeepers to get in there and defuse tense
    situations.
        Now, I am not going to say that they have been able to
    fully implement their mandate. They have not. They have been
    prevented from accessing key areas of concerns like the tunnels
    that you mentioned.
        If confirmed, I would call on the Lebanese authorities to
    uphold their responsibility to allow UNIFIL to operate in all
    the areas necessary to fulfill their mandate and we also need
    to continue to work with Lebanese Armed Forces to do more joint
    patrols and have a stronger presence in southern Lebanon. I do
    think those things will help.
        Senator Ricketts. Absolutely. I mean, again, 10 years to
    dig the tunnels through solid limestone was a very loud, noisy
    process, and as we observed from the Israeli side of the border
    Hamas is still there. I mean, they are still there watching us.
        And, obviously, Lebanon has got--75 percent of its
    population is in poverty. They have not had a president in six
    months or whatever it is. Very complicated. The economy is in
    meltdown.
        My understanding is the Iran foreign minister was there
    recently to talk--really, start trying to get their candidate,
    Suleiman Franjieh, to be the new president.
        What would that mean if Suleiman Franjieh was actually the
    new president of Lebanon? How would that impact our relations
    with Lebanon and relations with how Lebanon was going to
    interact with Israel?
        Ms. Johnson. Senator, thank you for the question. I share
    your concern about Iran's malign influence in Lebanon,
    including through Hezbollah.
        What we have been continuing to advocate is that the
    Lebanese parliament is going to have to choose the next
    president. It is not for the international community to decide.
        But we have really expressed the qualities that we believe
    are important--someone that is free from corruption, someone
    that can unite the country, that puts the interests of the
    people first, that can build a coalition to implement the
    reforms.
        Some candidates will not meet that--will not meet that bar.
    We have been very clear with all across Lebanese political
    spectrum that that is what needs to happen. We have been
    delivering a united message with our partners, with France,
    with Saudi Arabia, with Qatar. We share the same goal and it is
    the one that I have stated.
        Senator Ricketts. All right. So real briefly because I have
    already run out of time, too, what is your analysis of the
    political stalemate? Where does it go?
        Ms. Johnson. I am an optimist, Senator.
        [Laughter.]
        Ms. Johnson. Everything I read leads me to believe they are
    getting closer. They are getting closer. I just--they need to
    assume the urgency that the situation demands. This is--it is
    really time for the Lebanese leaders and political leadership
    to step up.
        Electing the president is just the first step. It gets us
    to some of those next stages where we need to form a government
    that is capable of providing services to the people, that can
    operate transparently, that puts corruption in the rearview
    mirror.
        The reforms are not going to be easy; I won't lie. But they
    really have to do it to secure that World Bank loan and get
    some necessary liquidity into the economy. So electing the
    president is the first step but it is a path and they are going
    to need our support.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Ambassador.
        Senator Murphy [presiding]. We do not generally make
    pessimists ambassadors but we do not--we definitely do not send
    pessimists to Lebanon.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Murphy. Senator Booker?
        Senator Booker. I am deferring to Senator Van Hollen.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Senator Booker,
    and thank you, Mr. Chairman. Congratulations to all of you on
    your nominations and thank you for your service as part of the
    Foreign Service.
        And let me start with you, Ambassador Johnson, and on
    Lebanon, right, you have to be an optimist and I think you were
    there 20 years ago.
        Senator Murphy and I were there in 2021 on a trip, and as I
    look at the situation today not that much has changed since our
    trip in 2021 and maybe it has not changed that much in 20
    years. But let me--let me look to the future a little bit.
        When Senator Murphy and I were last there it was just as
    they were coming out of the last political crisis and forming a
    new government for a little while. Now they are back in a
    political crisis.
        But Salameh--as you know, Mr. Salameh, I think, has been
    the head of the central bank for a very long time. He has been
    indicted in many European countries, I believe. I also
    understand that his tenure will come to an end on June 30th.
        Is that correct? And what would his departure mean for the
    opportunity to try to deal with some of the reform and
    corruption issues?
        Ms. Johnson. Senator, thank you very much for the question.
        Yes, his term is coming to an end. I think it is in July,
    but I would stand to be corrected. I believe it is also up to
    the president of Lebanon to appoint the next central bank
    governor. So, all the more reason that we need to have the
    Lebanese parliament get a president in place.
        But we are very much looking forward to working with
    whoever the Lebanese decide who the next central bank governor
    will be. That person will be critical in undertaking the
    reforms necessary to get to that IMF package. Probably chief
    among them is the restructuring of the banking sector.
        Senator Van Hollen. Got it.
        On the electricity situation--I apologize if you already
    covered this territory before I arrived--but that, of course,
    has been a chronic problem, these--the limits on electricity
    each day in Lebanon.
        Our current ambassador, Ambassador Shea, came up with an
    innovative idea some time ago to help Egypt produce some
    electricity that would be transported through Jordan, Syria,
    and on to Lebanon.
        There were a number of issues that, obviously, had to be
    resolved to make sure it was compliant with the Caesar Act. But
    my question now is I understand that the main hang up now is
    the fact that Lebanon has not conformed to the World Bank
    proposals. Am I--is that correct?
        Ms. Johnson. Largely correct, Senator. Where we are at--I
    mean, two hours of electricity a day you cannot run a business
    on that much less an economy or a country. So, it has been very
    important to the U.S. government to push for long-term
    sustainable energy solutions for Lebanon.
        Chief among those has been discussion of a natural gas deal
    from Egypt and an electricity deal with Jordan that would be
    financed by the World Bank. So, where Lebanon is at right now,
    as you noted, is there are a number of kind of reforms that
    need to be done of the sector to get them to that World Bank
    loan and they are close.
        I would actually like to commend some of the progress they
    have made. One is they raised electricity tariffs for the first
    time in over 30 years. That is an important part of the cost
    recovery plan requirement.
        They have also advertised in The Economist magazine for a
    regulating--regulator authority. So, they have taken a number
    of the steps that would be necessary for that World Bank loan
    and they are getting close. But they need to complete those
    reforms so the World Bank can vote on that loan.
        Senator Van Hollen. No, I thank you. I appreciate that, and
    everything we can do, of course, to push them in the right
    direction would be helpful to the people of Lebanon.
        I should say while we are on Lebanon I do believe we have
    two treasurers there, both in the American University of Beirut
    and the Lebanon University. I just met with the precedent of
    the latter and they are sort of islands of hope in the middle
    of a pretty desperate situation.
        Very quickly, if I could turn to you, Mr. Massinga, and it
    is good to see you in person having talked to you, I think, via
    Zoom and, obviously, a very delicate situation in Ethiopia.
        A number of the surrounding countries, the African Union,
    and the United States have worked hard to get the very fragile
    peace agreement.
        What is your current assessment of that situation and, if
    confirmed, one of your really most important jobs will be to
    try to make sure we nurture that agreement and make sure that
    it is sustainable, going forward.
        So, what do you see as the biggest challenge at this time?
        Mr. Massinga. Thank you, Senator, for the question.
        To be succinct, I think the biggest challenge, going
    forward, is the economic situation. We have seen tremendous
    progress in cementing the cessation of hostilities and some
    progress in establishing a reconciliation effort as well as
    transitional justice.
        If confirmed it would be among my highest objectives to
    continue nurturing those two processes to move forward. But at
    the same time we have to be clear eyed and recognize that the
    people of Ethiopia are facing a very difficult economic
    situation which has been worsened enormously by the drought
    that is impacting the entirety of the Horn and, of course, the
    conflict itself.
        But make no mistake, moving ahead in continuing to cement
    the peace, which has been hard won through efforts by the
    international community, the regional community, and the United
    States would be top on my list.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. I look forward to supporting
    all your nominations. Congratulations.
        Thank you.
        Senator Murphy. Senator Booker?
        Senator Booker. Mr. Massinga, you and I have a commonality
    besides being bald Black men. We both have deep roots in
    Louisiana and there is no reason for me saying that besides the
    fact that I want to recognize.
        I really want to go to another place, interestingly enough,
    I found out I have roots to from having my DNA tested, which is
    Sierra Leone.
        There was this interesting 2020 study that showed that
    views of China are going down significantly in their political
    economic partnership while views of the United States are
    actually going up, and I am wondering is there something we can
    learn there as we have a bit of a rivalry on the African
    continent for influence in the continent as a whole. What can
    we learn from Sierra Leone in that sense?
        Mr. Massinga. Well, I would say a couple of things,
    Senator.
        First and foremost, China has not helped itself. It has
    done immense damage to its reputation in Sierra Leone through
    its own actions. Its continued engagement in illegal,
    unreported, and unregulated fishing off the Sierra Leonean
    coast, its continued illegal logging in Sierra Leone's forests,
    its continued pursuit of mineral agreements that violate both
    international best practice and Sierra Leone's own
    environmental and labor standards have, frankly, left a bad
    taste in a lot of Sierra Leoneans' mouths towards what China
    brings to the table.
        But I think complementary to that what my colleagues at the
    embassy have done is really to carry forward America's story
    and to try to offer real alternatives to what the People's
    Republic of China is putting on the table, I think, to the work
    that the Development Finance Corporation has done there and
    looking at projects that they can support American investment
    in.
        I think of the work of the Millennium Challenge Corporation
    has done, very importantly, in trying to deliver first the
    initial threshold projects and now, hopefully, a full compact
    for the people of Sierra Leone, which will be transformational
    in terms of its infrastructure.
        So, I think it is a combination of the people of Sierra
    Leone learning the realities of dealing with the People's
    Republic of China but also our own ability to offer
    alternatives for the country's development.
        Senator Booker. I appreciate that and, if confirmed, how do
    you think we can further double down on those development of
    economic interests between Sierra Leone
        --setting a standard, in a sense?
        Mr. Massinga. Yeah. If confirmed, Senator, one of my top
    priorities will be to work with the American business community
    to try to make sure that they are actively engaged in helping
    Sierra Leone shape its future.
        I believe there are immense opportunities for investment
    across the board in Sierra Leone and, certainly, with the
    investments that we have made through the Development Finance
    Corporation and the Millennium Challenge Corporation there are
    going to be opportunities for U.S. business that, frankly, can
    benefit not just Sierra Leone but also benefit us back home in
    the United States.
        So, if confirmed, I would work very closely with those
    private sector elements--private sector elements of the U.S.
    that is present in Sierra Leone and also try to bring to the
    table an even more active Development Finance Corporation, an
    even more active MCC, an even more active trade development
    authority to make sure that we are actively offering those
    alternatives to what China is trying to still sell to the
    Sierra Leonean government.
        Senator Booker. I am really grateful.
        Ms. Escrogima, how are you?
        I feel like you have been left out as well in this
    conversation and I am not sure if you were happy about that or
    were you------
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Booker. I am one of the Senate founding members of
    the Abraham Accords Caucus here and I am very concerned about--
    very hopeful about the possibility of normalizing relations
    going on in Oman.
        And so I am wondering how does Oman view, in your opinion,
    the potential benefits of building relations with Israel,
    potential risks, and what kind of role can you play?
        Ms. Escrogima. Thank you, Senator.
        As someone who has lived and worked in the region for the
    better part of 20 years let me say I think the Abraham Accords
    is one of the most positive developments we have seen in a
    generation and, if confirmed, I would, certainly, work to make
    the case to our Omani partners to consider normalization with
    Israel and participation in regional fora like the Negev Forum.
        Oman is no stranger to this type of diplomacy, hosting
    since 1996 the longest lasting regional mechanism that has
    included Israel, the Regional Desalination Center.
        Oman has hosted three visits from Israeli prime ministers,
    most recently in 2018, and, of course, in February Oman agreed
    to Israeli over flight, which has opened up new trade routes
    from Israel to Asia.
        So, if confirmed, I would look forward to hitting the
    ground and working with my team to see how we can make the case
    with our Omani partners for pursuing normalization.
        Senator Booker. Well, I look forward to trying to help from
    the Senate side and, perhaps, work with you to continue to
    expand that.
        Mr. Popp, a lot has been discussed already. Uganda is
    frustrating to me because there are just a lot of human rights
    issues that are really pressing.
        The State Department's latest human rights report
    documented serious restrictions of political rights and civil
    society--unlawful killings, forced disappearances, and even
    torture by state agencies, parts of Ugandans'--Uganda's
    government.
        Add to that Senator Murphy already pointedly expressed
    concerns about a stunning--a law that is going to undermine our
    efforts and the successes we have through PEPFAR in the region.
        They have an important role for this--our bilateral
    relationship is really important when it comes to United States
    interests, its regional interests in that area promoting
    democracy, human rights, but also just general security issues
    and it is just a very difficult balance.
        Could you maybe address the concerns I have for a
    government that started out so hopeful years ago and now seems
    to be slipping towards a behavior that is demonstrably violent,
    unjust, and undemocratic?
        Mr. Popp. Thank you, Senator.
        Yes, you sum it up very clearly and accurately. I think the
    concern is that Uganda is headed in a direction that is not
    good for Ugandans in all of these areas, and as friends of
    Uganda and the region and of the people of Uganda we should be
    clear about where those challenges are, be clear eyed in how we
    assess ways to work forward with civil society, with other
    stakeholders in the country.
        Obviously, issues of torture, violence, those types of
    abuses have to be rejected completely and clearly in our
    diplomacy, in our conversations and discussions with the host
    government, and also find ways to support increases in
    democratic space instead of restrictions.
        That is everything from building space for NGOs and for
    organizations that are advocating for all the communities that
    are facing challenges.
        It includes making sure that we are talking with all
    stakeholders in the country, including the political
    opposition, so that we are hearing very clearly about ways to
    find solutions, going forward, to change, hopefully, in a
    constructive way the trajectory that Uganda is on.
        At the same time, as you note, there is a number of areas
    where Uganda has previously been an important partner on
    security and regional stability and, of course, we want to try
    to continue to find ways to work in those areas because it is
    an area that faces a lot of challenges, as we have seen even
    recently.
        Senator Booker. And with the chair's indulgence a comment--
    a quick question and then a final comment. The quick question,
    yes or no, do you plan on meeting with LGBTQ leaders in Uganda,
    civil society groups that are advocating for the protection and
    the safety and security of the LGBTQ community there?
        Mr. Popp. Yes, absolutely.
        Senator Booker. Thank you.
        And then the comment is just to the five of you. These are
    committee hearings we have often when it comes to confirming
    ambassadors. I just want to say thank you. My intention is to
    support each of you on the floor. It is a tremendous sacrifice
    and many of you have had a career doing this remarkable work.
        When I travel around from Lebanon to the subcontinent of
    Africa I am just in awe of the commitment not just of our
    ambassadors there but also their staffs as well and the
    families of folks.
        So to the families behind everyone, thank you, and to the
    five extraordinary servants of this country I just give you my
    gratitude.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Murphy. Thank you, Senator Booker.
        The ranking member and I are going to hold you here for a
    short second round of questions and I will turn it over to
    Senator Young.
        Senator Young. Thank you, Chairman.
        Ms. Escrogima, Oman is essential in efforts to
    constructively engage with Iran while also providing a check on
    its malign influences in the region. I am thinking here about
    Iranian harassment of commercial shipping vessels but there
    are, of course, other areas in which Oman has been and can be
    helpful, moving forward.
        How will you work with the Omani government and private
    sector to encourage stronger compliance within Oman with U.S.
    sanctions on Iran?
        Ms. Escrogima. Thank you for the question, Senator.
        As you noted, our security relationship with Oman is
    strong. It dates back four decades and includes military
    access, joint exercises.
        We have stepped up maritime interdictions in the Gulf that
    has denied the flow of lethal aid to the Houthis and,
    certainly, this is an ongoing conversation and, if confirmed, I
    would look forward to arriving and checking with my team and
    seeing what more we can do and you have my pledge that I will
    ensure that Oman is compliant with all relevant sanctions.
        Senator Young. It is a good idea consulting with your team.
    I do it a lot. So I understand and I will look forward to
    following that important work.
        I would like to get your views on Oman's efforts to promote
    regional peace in--regional peace and the Abraham Accords. It
    is clear that Oman favors engagement over confrontation even
    with countries whose interests do not completely align.
        I was encouraged to learn of Oman permitting over flights
    of Israeli carriers earlier this year and in your testimony
    you're referred to the Mideast Desalinization Research Center.
        However, Oman has yet to pursue normalization with Israel.
    In your view, what are the primary reasons for Sultan Haitham's
    hesitation in having Oman join the Abraham Accords and, if
    confirmed, how would you advocate for Oman to finally take this
    step?
        Ms. Escrogima. Thank you for raising this, Senator.
        It is true Oman's commitment to mediation and de-escalation
    in the region makes it a vital partner in many of our efforts
    to engage in diplomacy to depressurize and deescalate tensions
    in the region, and the Omanis have told us that they would like
    to see more progress on the Israeli-Palestinian track of peace
    negotiations before looking at pursuing normalization with
    Israel and we, of course, keep our Omani partners briefed up on
    our efforts in that regard.
        And at the same time I think it is important to continue
    making the case for the regional integration and economic
    benefits of pursuing normalization with Israel as we begin to
    see the impact of the Abraham Accords in the Negev Forum and
    the benefits that are accruing to states who are participating.
        Senator Young. Thank you.
        Ambassador Johnson, you may recall that last year Senator
    Van Hollen and I urged Secretary Blinken and the administration
    to engage with Lebanon to ensure fairness and transparency in
    its parliamentary election.
        Lebanon, nonetheless, appears no closer to having a
    complete government due to its inability to elect a president
    and it is a very thorny issue. But, if confirmed, what U.S. and
    multilateral policies would you support to help build consensus
    and finally break this political impasse?
        Ms. Johnson. Well, Senator, yes, I very much share your
    concern about the stalled presidential election. As I have
    mentioned, Lebanon needs to elect a president so they can move
    forward on the reforms toward the IMF package.
        So, we have to leverage--if confirmed, I would leverage all
    diplomatic tools to continue to push all sectors within
    Lebanon, all political leaders, to step up and do what they
    need to do for the Lebanese people and for parliament to elect
    a president, and the way we are going about this Ambassador
    Shea discusses all the time with all the leaders on the ground.
        Our assistant secretary for Near Eastern affairs, Barbara
    Leaf, was just in Beirut in March. We have been meeting with
    our international partners. You mentioned the multilateral
    effort, and we thank very much the efforts of France, Saudi
    Arabia, Egypt, Qatar, who partnered with us in the meeting in
    Paris in February to deliver a united message to the Lebanese
    political leadership.
        So, if confirmed, I would continue to use those tools
    pressing across all spectrums of Lebanese society but also
    ensuring we deliver that unified message with our international
    partners.
        Senator Young. Thank you for your response. I have one more
    line of questioning for you and it pertains to Hezbollah. If
    confirmed, would you meet with leaders of Hezbollah?
        Ms. Johnson. No, Senator, I would not. They--Hezbollah is a
    U.S.-designated terrorist organization.
        Senator Young. Will you work with ministries run by
    Hezbollah or its allies?
        Ms. Johnson. Senator, I think we have been very careful. I
    would like to point to we have sanctioned members of parliament
    and allies in parliament for their ties to Hezbollah.
        I think we are raising the costs for anyone of doing
    business with Hezbollah or seeking closer ties and I think it
    has sent a strong warning to others. It, certainly, complicates
    our diplomacy if key ministries are held by ministers who are
    aligned to Hezbollah.
        Senator Young. How should the U.S. deal with Lebanese
    parties or politicians that align themselves with Hezbollah?
        Ms. Johnson. Senator, we do have tools that we can leverage
    to deal with that, and I would be committed to using those
    tools when there is evidence that the interagency and the
    United States could pursue.
        Senator Young. Can you elaborate on the tools?
        Ms. Johnson. As I mentioned earlier, our sanctions tools
    have been very, very effective in going after them and we've
    designated over 200 individuals and entities.
        Some of these are on the financial side. Some of these are
    facilitators. Some of these are weapons smugglers. Some of
    these are drug traffickers.
        So there have been many ways we have been able to get at
    the things that enable Hezbollah to continue its illicit and
    terrorist activities.
        Senator Young. Thank you.
        Mr. Hunt, I will sort of end my questions with you, sir.
    The mining sector is a crucial part of Sierra Leone's economy.
    But local Sierra Leoneans do not seem to be reaping the
    benefits of many of the large-scale projects.
        China has sponsored gold mining operations and those have
    had a particularly brutal impact on Sierra Leone's land, their
    water. How would you promote responsible and sustainable mining
    practices that benefit both Sierra Leone and international
    investors?
        Mr. Hunt. Senator, it is--there is no question that the PRC
    has blatantly ignored Sierra Leone's own environmental and
    labor standards while it has carried out its mining projects in
    Sierra Leone.
        The Sierra Leonean people, from what we can tell based upon
    polling that your colleague referenced, have very clearly
    taken--are very clearly of the opinion that the PRC is not a
    trusted partner in this sector.
        So, from my perspective, if confirmed, what I would attempt
    to do is to try to help identify trusted partners, primarily
    from the United States or other Western allies, who are
    prepared to follow the various international regimes that are
    in place to ensure best practices in the mining sector.
        Senator Young. And who would you work with as you look to
    identify trusted private sector partners?
        Yes, sir?
        Mr. Hunt. Certainly. Ideally, I would hope to work with the
    U.S. Foreign Commercial Service, first and foremost, to see if
    we have private sector American businesses that can provide the
    technology and the investment that Sierra Leone needs.
        In the absence of that I would turn to our closest friends
    and allies--the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia--who have
    well established--well established mining sectors in their
    economy.
        Senator Young. Sierra Leone has made efforts to attract
    foreign investment, improve its business environment. What
    measures would you support to encourage U.S. companies to
    invest in Sierra Leone beyond what you have indicated you would
    do as it pertains to trusted mining partners and how would you
    address any concerns related to bureaucracy, corruption, or
    legal protections for investors?
        Mr. Hunt. Certainly, Senator.
        I think it is a very important question. When I think about
    how best to attract investment to Sierra Leone, if confirmed,
    first and foremost, I would look to the Sierra Leone diaspora
    in the United States.
        There are many of our own citizens who have deep ties to
    the country, deep interest in its future, and have expressed an
    interest already in coming and investing there.
        Secondly, I would want to talk to those who are looking to
    invest as well as those who already have businesses in Sierra
    Leone to understand the obstacles that they are facing in
    engaging in trade and investment in the Sierra Leonean economy.
        In the past in various posts where I have served in
    leadership roles I have been an active advocate for the
    reduction of bureaucracy, the reduction of obstacles, the
    implementation of international best practices, and if
    confirmed I would hope to do that as ambassador to Sierra Leone
    in close concert with the rest of our country team and the
    various agencies that have been set up in the U.S. government
    to support U.S. businesses working overseas.
        Senator Young. Thank you, sir. Thank you all.
        Mr. Chairman?
        Senator Murphy. Thank you, Senator Young.
        I am just--this panel reminds me of how well served we are
    at the State Department. We are all asking you questions as if
    you were already at posts, as if you are intimately familiar
    with these countries, and you are answering the questions as if
    you are already there, which just tells us how well suited you
    are for these roles, how well trained you are, how lucky we are
    to have you.
        Just I have two final wrap-up questions. In the vein of
    maybe asking an unfair question to a nominee who is not on the
    ground yet I wanted to ask you, Mr. Massinga, about how the
    U.S. has viewed Abiy.
        I mean, this is remarkable. We go from Nobel Prize to civil
    war within 12 to 18 months. We are celebrating him as a
    statesman who is willing to set aside grievance to make peace
    with his neighbors, and some critics of our policy will say
    that we kind of misread the core political dynamics in the
    country and that our support for Abiy ended up underwriting his
    confrontational approach with his rivals, including the TPLF.
        And so I just wonder what you think--in hindsight, was our
    assessment of Abiy off? Did we make a mistake to make this bet?
    Did we end up providing him with cover to allow him to engage
    in the kind of tactics that have gotten us to this sort of
    moment of crisis?
        Mr. Massinga. Senator Murphy, in response to that question
    let me start with where we are now and then maybe loop back
    towards the historical part you are talking about.
        The U.S. understands and regards all actors, all leaders in
    Ethiopia, through a clear-eyed lens. Ethiopia did not arrive at
    the position where it is now and the horrendous conflict that
    we have seen in recent years accidentally.
        There were many factors that led and contributed to this
    conflict and the conflict was pitiless, and the leaders that
    were associated with that conflict we all understand and see
    them clearly and see all the dynamics very clearly for what
    they are.
        Having said that, they are the leaders of the country and
    so we will work with them intensively to rebuild the country.
    We are seeing enormous energy and optimism amongst many of the
    former combatants to stitch that country together and, Senator,
    I look forward to working with them and all of you in that
    endeavor, if confirmed.
        Going back to your somewhat difficult question, probably
    there was some level of excessive optimism. However, our
    engagement with Ethiopia over many years has been deep and
    intense due to the size of our diaspora--a very important
    diaspora in our country--and the love that many Americans have
    for Ethiopia, the size of their country, and the importance of
    that country in Africa and the region.
        Going forward, again, I, as ambassador, if confirmed, will
    look forward to working with all of you and all stakeholders to
    recognize through a clear-eyed, again, manner the stakes
    involved and to help that country move forward.
        Senator Murphy. Optimists sometimes have a hard time
    learning lessons because we believe that if there are obstacles
    in the past they do not need to be obstacles in the future.
        We can just do a better and more innovative and more
    thorough job of surmounting them the next time we need them.
    The U.S. is particularly bad at learning lessons, in part
    because we do not believe that there is any barrier that we
    cannot surmount.
        And so I just ask that question to make sure that as we try
    to push forward with our friends and our partners in Ethiopia
    that we are also looking backwards as well.
        Final question, Ambassador. I want to talk to you just a
    bit more about Lebanon. I just want to talk to you a little bit
    about what you know regarding Hezbollah's propaganda and
    information ability.
        It was pretty stunning to me when I was there with Senator
    Van Hollen. As was mentioned, we put on the table this very
    innovative program to try to get gas delivered to Lebanon from
    Egypt and this was an initiative that the United States was
    leading on.
        And, yet, it was a liability for us when we were there
    because Hezbollah had let people know that in fact it was the
    United States that was stopping this initiative, that the
    Caesar sanctions were the only thing standing in the way of
    Egyptian gas getting to Lebanon and that was the narrative that
    was the dominant narrative, not that the United States is
    trying to find innovative creative means to get gas to Lebanon
    but that the United States is standing in the way of gas
    getting to Lebanon.
        It just feels to me that we are completely outgunned and
    outmanned when it comes to Hezbollah's effort to spin a
    narrative compared to our embassy and our State Department's
    ability to tell the real story of what is going on.
        I am not necessarily looking for a full diagnosis of what
    is wrong with U.S. information operations but this is a
    capability that Hezbollah has that is serious and has to be
    confronted, correct?
        Ms. Johnson. Absolutely, Senator. I agree with you. The
    disinformation is dangerous and seeks to undermine our
    objectives and the good work we are doing together with our
    Lebanese partners.
        It is just--it shows, I mean, two things. The most
    important is the need for very active proactive public
    diplomacy on the part of the U.S. government. If confirmed I
    would very much look forward to a very active forward-leaning
    public diplomacy program in Lebanon.
        One thing Lebanon does have is a very vibrant press corps.
    So, I think there are many opportunities to get our story out.
    At the same time we have to counter the disinformation that is
    out there.
        Not the only way to do it but I was--I was heartened by the
    creative seizure by the FBI of the 13 internet domains last
    week and I would look forward to using all the tools at our
    disposal to counter Hezbollah disinformation, if confirmed. It
    is a very important point.
        Senator Murphy. Great. Well said.
        Thank you all for your testimony. We really do appreciate
    you sticking with us and answering all these tough questions.
    We are going to allow members to submit questions for the
    record until the close of business tomorrow.
        And with thanks to the committee, to our nominees, and to
    the staff, this hearing is now adjourned.

        [Whereupon, at 3:29 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Ana A. Escrogima by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Oman operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. As President Biden has said, the promotion of universal
    values, including human rights, is one of five pillars of our Middle
    East strategy, as laid out in the National Security Strategy. Human
    trafficking is a top priority. If confirmed, I will engage with the
    Omanis at the highest levels, including the Human Rights Commission,
    the Ministries of Labor and Foreign Affairs, the judiciary, law
    enforcement and others working on this topic, to increase their efforts
    to investigate, prosecute, and convict traffickers for forced labor
    crimes, specifically of migrant workers and domestic servants.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to reporting the reality of
    the trafficking situation as accurately as possible?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
    Freedom Report, Oman was noted for having a lack of governmental and
    societal respect. What is your assessment of this particular issue and
    if confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Oman is an important partner to the United States; but I
    understand that limitations on civil society, freedom of expression,
    and freedom of association exist. If confirmed, I will work with Omani
    Government officials to reinforce U.S. support for freedom of religion
    and belief, including non-belief, and the needs of faith communities as
    well as agnostics and atheists. If confirmed, I will meet regularly all
    religious communities in Oman to discuss their needs and ability to
    practice their faith, in collaboration with our Ambassador-at-Large for
    International Religious Freedom .

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
    Freedom Report, Oman was noted for having a lack of governmental and
    societal respect. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging
    with civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will make it a priority to engage with
    Omanis and international civil society and, when appropriate, to
    elevate their concerns to the appropriate Omani officials. I also
    commit to engaging with the Government of Oman to honor and uphold
    fundamental freedoms.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
    Freedom report, Oman was noted for having a lack of governmental and
    societal respect. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to
    help Oman increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answer. The Administration has been clear that human rights,
    including freedom of religion, are central to our foreign policy and
    that these concerns will continue to be raised with partners as well as
    adversaries.  Oman has historically had a high degree of religious
    tolerance. Oman's Basic Law protects the right of individuals to
    practice other religions; however, recent blasphemy prosecutions were
    concerning. If confirmed, I will also meet regularly with leaders and
    representative of all religious communities in Oman to discuss their
    needs and ability to practice their faith.

        Question. In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Oman
    was noted as having several significant human rights abuses, including
    arbitrary detention and arrest, restrictions on freedom of expression,
    and more. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil society
    organizations to improve the human rights situation on the ground?

        Answer. The Administration has made clear that human rights are a
    key pillar of our foreign policy. I understand that Embassy Muscat and
    our leadership here engage regularly on human rights concerns.
    Department leadership just raised human rights with a delegation of
    senior Omani officials earlier this month. If confirmed, I will press
    the government of Oman to uphold and protect human rights, including
    loosening restrictions on fundamental freedoms and elevating TIP
    concerns. I also will engage with civil society and elevate their
    concerns, as appropriate, with relevant Omani officials.

                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Ana A. Escrogima by Senator Marco Rubio

    U.S.-Oman Relationship
              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute
            control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all
            of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.

        Question. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United
    States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against PRC efforts to expand its problematic
    influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public
    diplomacy, and commercial advocacy to bolster U.S.-Oman ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC and other actors in the Middle East.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Oman and countering efforts by our strategic and
    regional competitors to undermine those interests. The Administration
    has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential geopolitical
    challenge facing the United States, and that the United States is
    committed to working to strengthen our partners in the region. If
    confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and interagency
    colleagues and Congress to address China's efforts to expand its
    influence in Oman and the region.

        Question. The State Department describes the U.S.-Oman relationship
    as a longstanding one based upon economic, defense, and trade
    partnerships. Oman was the first Persian Gulf state to sign a long-
    standing strategic partnership in the 1980s and has received over $853
    million in aid since 1946. In addition to the aid, Oman permits the
    U.S. military to use its facilities and Oman has had over 70 Foreign
    Military Sales cases valued at over $2.7 billion. The U.S. and Oman
    additionally enjoy a Free Trade Agreement that was ratified in 2006,
    with the U.S. being Oman's largest trading partners. What is your
    assessment of the current state of U.S.-Omani relations?

        Answer. Oman is a strategic partner in a critically important
    region, located at a key naval chokepoint through which 30 percent of
    the world's maritime oil shipments pass. Our longstanding partnership
    with Oman helps to advance a wide range of shared goals, including
    regional stability and security, counterterrorism, and economic
    diversification. The 2023 U.S.-Oman Strategic Dialogue deepened our
    cooperation in trade, investment, clean energy, education, and people-
    to-people ties.

        Question. How is U.S. security enhanced by taxpayer investment in
    Oman?

        Answer. Oman promotes stability and peace in the Middle East. The
    United States and Oman work closely to promote freedom of navigation in
    the key naval chokepoint of the Strait of Hormuz to counter piracy and
    to combat weapons and narcotics trafficking. Oman permits the U.S.
    military to use its facilities. Oman has also been a valuable
    diplomatic partner, facilitating important regional mediation efforts
    that advance our goal to end the war in Yemen, secure the release of
    wrongfully detained American citizens, and deescalate other regional
    conflicts and tensions.

    Arms Transfers to Oman
        Question. In your view, what would happen if the U.S. did not
    provide a high level of foreign military sales to Oman?

        Answer. Oman's purchase of U.S. military equipment reinforces our
    strategic and security cooperation; strengthens interoperability with
    U.S. forces; and contributes to the U.S. economy. Its decision to use
    its own funds to purchase U.S. equipment is a testament to the
    technical quality of our defense articles, as well as the strength of
    the bilateral relationship. Enhancing Oman's security promotes
    stability and prosperity in the region.

        Question. If confirmed, which aid programs will you focus on to
    promote continued and improved economic growth with U.S. business
    partners in Oman?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will focus on improving the climate for
    U.S. businesses in Oman, promoting economic bilateral ties, and
    advocating for U.S. companies. Tools like the Commercial Law and
    Development Program and the U.S. Advocacy Center at the Department of
    Commerce create a level playing field for U.S. companies and encourage
    inclusive economic growth. Our Free Trade Agreement with Oman is a
    tremendous resource to promote mutually beneficial trade and economic
    growth. EXIM's February 2023 MOU with Oman will also help catalyze U.S.
    exports and Oman's economic diversification and growth in strategic
    sectors.

    China
        Question. Oman and China have been cultivating ties regarding oil
    trade. Oman exports 85 percent of its oil to China and the CCP has lent
    more than $3.6 billion in financing for an industrial park in the port
    of Duqm. Additionally, China is the 5th largest foreign investor in
    Oman, with one Chinese company taking a 49 percent stake in one of
    Oman's electricity transmission companies. What is your
    characterization of the existing relationship between Oman and China?

        Answer. Oman rightfully considers the United States its strategic
    partner. The PRC enjoys no such special relationship in Oman. PRC
    investment in Duqm largely did not materialize, giving the Omani
    government a clear understanding of the risks of problematic PRC
    investment.

              Sultan Haitham is actively diversifying Oman's economy away
            from hydrocarbons, shifting away from the PRC and other oil net
            importers. Many tools, including the Free Trade Agreement and
            EXIM financing, ensure the United States benefits from Oman's
            economic transformation.

        Question. Are you concerned with their existing relationship?
    Please explain.

        Answer. I am confident in the enduring strength of the U.S.-Oman
    partnership, which Oman prioritizes. The PRC is the only competitor
    with both the intent to reshape the international order and,
    increasingly, the economic, diplomatic, military, and technological
    power to do it. If confirmed, I will remain vigilant to promote trusted
    vendors and encourage Oman to be cautious of investments and projects
    that could infringe on its sovereignty--while ensuring that the United
    States remains present as a trusted strategic partner.

        Question. Late last year, Arab leaders met CCP General Secretary Xi
    Jinping in Riyadh. It was then determined that China would hold a
    summit for Gulf Cooperation Council member states, including Oman, and
    Iran in 2023. This is in addition to the agreement that Beijing
    brokered between Riyadh and Tehran which was announced in April. What
    do you believe accounts for this recent win by China to supplant U.S.
    leadership in the Middle East?

        Answer. The United States has a long and constructive track record
    promoting de-escalation and a reduction in Middle East regional
    tensions, and we welcome efforts that advance this goal. We will
    encourage our partners to press the PRC to hold Iran accountable for
    its commitments. Our engagement with the GCC remains regular and robust
    and, if confirmed, I will continue our engagement with GCC partners to
    increase cooperation on regional security and press for an end to
    destabilizing Iranian behavior.

        Question. How would you, as Ambassador, seek to restore the United
    States' role as the region's main power broker?

        Answer. Our commitment to the region is unshakeable. The United
    States will proactively deter threats, defend our people and interests,
    and support the defense of our partners in the region. In recent days,
    our military increased its defensive posture in the Gulf to respond to
    Iranian attacks. The United States is uniquely positioned to serve as a
    strategic and security partner to the countries of the region, while
    also working to resolve conflicts such as the war in Yemen and to
    pursue new possibilities for regional integration and de-escalation.

    Israel/Abraham Accords
        Question. Oman has opened their airspace to Israeli commercial
    flights to Asia. This is a significant step towards normalization of
    relations between the two countries. If confirmed, how will you
    approach the Omani's regarding their possible adoption and entry into
    the Abraham Accords?

        Answer. I strongly support the Abraham Accords. If confirmed, I
    will highlight the economic and diplomatic benefits of increased
    regional integration. Oman was the first Gulf state to host an Israeli
    prime minister. It subsequently hosted two more, including PM Netanyahu
    in 2018. Since 1997, Oman has hosted the Middle East Desalination
    Research Center (MEDRC), which brings together scientists from Israel
    and Arab states to water cooperation in the region. If confirmed, I
    will make it a priority to find opportunities to advance relations
    between Oman and Israel.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Lisa A. Johnson by Senator James E. Risch

              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Lebanon was ranked as Tier 2 but has significant work to do to
            better meet the minimum standards to combat trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Lebanon operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will engage with the Government of Lebanon
    to press for progress on the 2022 TIP Report recommendations, as well
    as the 2023 TIP Report recommendations, once released; those step
    include establishing and implementing victim identification procedures,
    ensuring trafficking victims are not inappropriately penalized for
    crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked, and enacting
    labor reforms to prevent exploitation of migrant workers, including
    workers under the visa sponsorship system and artiste visa program.
        I will also work with U.S. Government stakeholders, including the
    Department of State's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in
    Persons (J/TIP), to encourage programming on these issues. For example,
    J/TIP is currently funding a project with the International
    Organization on Migration (IOM) to strengthen protection assistance for
    victims of trafficking, prevent trafficking by building resilience of
    those at risk through awareness and empowerment initiatives, and
    strengthen the evidence base on trafficking to support reform advocacy
    efforts.

        Question. If confirmed, how can you encourage the Lebanese
    caretaker government to better incorporate government procedures to
    identify victims of trafficking?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will, in coordination with J/TIP and other
    stakeholders, engage with the government to finalize and implement
    standardized victim identification procedures. I will work to ensure
    these procedures are incorporated into frontline responders' daily
    work, including law enforcement and immigration officials. In addition,
    I will work with J/TIP to ensure stakeholders receive capacity-building
    training to better identify trafficking victims, including through the
    ongoing J/TIP-IOM project.

              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report Lebanon was noted as lack for religious freedom,
            but noted significant efforts by the U.S. Embassy to encourage
            interfaith dialogue.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Religious freedom is a central American value and
    supporting international religious freedom is a key tenet of the
    Administration's foreign policy. I share your concerns about certain
    limitations on religious freedom, and freedom of conscience, in
    Lebanon. Civil marriage does not exist in Lebanon because many
    Christian and Muslim leaders continue to fear that permitting civil
    marriage would threaten their ability to administer their own religious
    affairs. Couples who want a non-religious ceremony typically travel to
    countries where civil marriages are allowed, such as Cyprus. If
    confirmed, I will work with the Ambassador At Large for International
    Religious Freedom and our partners in Lebanon's vibrant civil society
    to promote and protect religious freedom in Lebanon.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to engaging civil society
    organizations both in the United States and in Lebanon to promote
    religious freedom and the welfare of religious minority groups for the
    benefit of all Lebanese.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Lebanon increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue the Administration's existing
    efforts to promote interfaith dialogue and urge the country's religious
    leaders to take steps to counter violent extremism related to religious
    belief, including by continuing to engage Lebanese government officials
    on the need to encourage tolerance, dialogue, and mutual respect among
    religious groups, meeting with the leaders of all recognized sects on a
    regular basis to encourage interfaith dialogue, and exploring options
    to promote religious freedom through our existing bilateral assistance
    programs. I will also use outreach activities to the public, especially
    the younger generations, to foster a greater sense of the value of
    tolerance among faiths and interfaith dialogue.

              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Lebanon
            was noted for having a litany of significant human rights
            abuses, including serious restrictions on freedom of assembly,
            press, expression, and more.

        Question. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. I share your concerns about the range of reported
    significant human rights issues detailed in the 2022 Human Rights
    Report, including serious restrictions on freedom of expression,
    refoulement of Syrian refugees, widespread and endemic corruption, and
    violence against members of the LGBTQI+ community in Lebanon. If
    confirmed, my embassy team and I will work with the Bureau of
    Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, as well as directly with civil
    society organizations and human rights defenders in Lebanon to promote
    respect for human rights and help ensure that Lebanon stands as a
    vibrant and multicultural beacon for the rest of the region.

                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Lisa A. Johnson by Senator Marco Rubio

              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute
            control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all
            of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.

        Question. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United
    States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will work to advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against the PRC's efforts to expand its
    problematic influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic
    engagements, public diplomacy programming, and commercial advocacy to
    bolster the strong pillars of U.S.-Lebanese ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC and other actors in the Middle East.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Lebanon and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to address China's efforts to
    expand its influence in Lebanon and the region.

        Question. Iranian backed Hezbollah, which the State Department has
    designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), operates freely
    in Lebanon as a militia force, a political party, and provides social
    services. Iran uses Hezbollah in Lebanon as a proxy force to threaten
    Israel's existence. What is your assessment of the current state of
    U.S.-Lebanon relations?

        Answer. The Administration remains clear-eyed about the threat
    Hezbollah poses to Lebanon's sovereignty and stability, as well as to
    the United States, Israel, and the region. Iran's malign influence in
    Lebanon, exercised through its proxy, Hezbollah, harms the Lebanese
    people, who also continue to grapple with one of the world's worst
    economic crises. To combat Iran and Hezbollah's destabilizing
    influence, the United States continues to support the Lebanese people
    and legitimate Lebanese security forces, and is pressing the political
    class to elect a president, form an empowered government, and implement
    critical reforms needed to secure an International Monetary Fund
    program.
        If confirmed, I will continue to use all available tools--including
    diplomatic engagement and sanctions recommendations--to push back
    against Hezbollah and Iran's influence and bolster Lebanon's
    sovereignty, security, and stability.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you work with the Government of
    Lebanon, which has members of an FTO actively participating in the
    Government?

        Answer. I share your concerns about Hezbollah's participation in
    Lebanon's current caretaker government, which includes two cabinet
    ministers appointed by Hezbollah. The Administration does not engage
    with Hezbollah-appointed ministers; nor will I, if confirmed. We also
    do not provide assistance that has a high risk of benefitting
    ministries headed by Hezbollah-appointed ministers. If confirmed, I
    commit to continuing to ensure rigorous safeguards remain in place to
    mitigate the risk that any designated terrorist group benefit from U.S.
    Government activities in Lebanon.

        Question. How will you incentivize a government infiltrated by
    Hezbollah to support U.S. goals in the region regarding security?

        Answer. I understand that despite the presence of two Hezbollah
    ministers in the current Lebanese caretaker government, the Department
    does not assess that the Government is controlled by Hezbollah. If
    confirmed, I will use all available tools--including recommendations to
    the Department for imposition of sanctions alongside diplomatic
    engagement--to erode Hezbollah's influence and counter its
    destabilizing activities. I also look forward to continuing robust U.S.
    assistance to Lebanon's legitimate security forces, which helps build
    their capabilities and professionalism, as well as counter Hezbollah's
    false narrative that it needs weapons to protect Lebanon.

        Question. Since 2018, the U.S. has provided more than $1 billion
    dollars for development, humanitarian, and security assistance to
    Lebanon, making the U.S. the largest donor. USAID provides significant
    aid and according to USAID's Scaling Up Renewable Energy (SURE)
    website, the program aims to meet international climate commitments,
    strengthen energy security via private investment and procurement of
    clean electricity. However, many of the clean energy aid programs, such
    as solar-powered aid projects and wind turbines projects, source these
    products or components that are made in China, which is often linked to
    slave labor. Besides USAID subsidizing China's industry by using solar
    panels and wind turbines parts for aid projects, the production of
    these items in China is anything but ``clean'' and simply provides the
    veneer that these USAID projects somehow reduce CO2
    emission. Further, there is ample concern that components used in these
    projects are likely connected to forced labor in China. How will you
    ensure that USAID solar panels, wind turbines, or other ``clean''
    energy products/components are not made in China by slave labor for use
    in Lebanon?

        Answer. I understand that USAID/Lebanon has implemented safeguards
    to ensure that its partners are in compliance with U.S. laws and
    regulations regarding the prohibited use of forced labor, particularly
    in light of PRC human rights abuses in Xinjiang, China. USAID
    implementing partners are required to conduct due diligence of any
    proposed vendors of solar panels. The implementing partner also
    validates upon equipment delivery through an inspection report that
    equipment is not from any entities excluded from receiving federal
    assistance. As an extra safeguard, USAID requires implementing partners
    to notify their respective Contracting Officer's Representative (COR)
    prior to solar panel purchases to ensure adequate checks have been
    made. CORs are also required to conduct site visits to check that the
    equipment installed matches the list of approved equipment, including
    verifying the equipment matches the approved manufacturer.
        If confirmed, I will work with my USAID colleagues to maintain
    strict adherence to these safeguards.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you ensure implementing or third-
    party partners for these ``clean'' energy aid projects by USAID in
    Lebanon are required to source from non-China suppliers?

        Answer. USAID requires implementing partners to include standard
    language in their subcontracts with local companies that prohibit the
    subcontractors from purchasing materials from prohibited PRC suppliers
    (following the H.R. 6256 the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act). If
    confirmed, I will work with my USAID colleagues to maintain strict
    adherence to this requirement.

        Question. Are you aware that a current USAID project in Lebanon
    uses Chinese sourced solar-panels?

        Answer. I understand that USAID's solar interventions are being
    implemented through mechanisms that allow the purchase of goods and
    services from the United States, Lebanon as the recipient country, and
    developing countries other than advanced developing countries. However,
    the allowable origin of goods is broad as long as it does not include
    any countries that are prohibited due to Office of Foreign Assets
    Control sanctions or country-specific legislation. China is not a
    prohibited source country, though certain manufacturers (as listed in
    Section 889 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act
    and H.R. 6256 Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act) are prohibited.
        If confirmed, I will work with my USAID colleagues to ensure U.S.-
    funded programs support U.S. and Lebanese businesses to the maximum
    extent possible.

        Question. If confirmed, will future ``clean'' energy aid products,
    funded by USAID in Lebanon, contain Chinese produced solar panels or
    wind turbines?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my USAID colleagues to
    maintain strict adherence to all applicable restrictions related to
    purchasing goods and services from prohibited PRC suppliers. I
    understand that USAID's implementing partners must conduct due
    diligence to ensure compliance with all award terms and federal
    regulations, including provisions prohibiting implementing partners
    from using forced labor. USAID takes specific measures to encourage
    implementing partners engaged in projects related to solar energy to
    exercise thorough due diligence and engage appropriate legal advice,
    due to persistent concerns with the prevalent use of forced labor in
    solar panel supply chains. In addition, USAID requires implementing
    partners to prohibit subcontractors from purchasing materials from
    prohibited PRC suppliers.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
                Submitted to Lisa A. Johnson by Senator Ted Cruz

              America's strategy in Lebanon has for decades been aimed at
            bolstering state institutions against Hezbollah, including
            prominently the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal
            Security Forces (ISF). Despite these efforts, Hezbollah
            continues to exert significant influence over Lebanese state
            institutions, which in turn are unwilling or unable to take
            action against the Iran-backed terror group. Additionally, in
            summer 2017 Hezbollah launched an offensive in the Arsal
            Mountains alongside a campaign by the LAF, US-supplied weapons
            were used by the LAF in that operation, and Lebanese media
            outlets reported that the LAF was providing de facto fire cover
            for Hezbollah operations. These challenges--the fragility of
            state institutions, the influence of Iran-backed terrorist
            groups, the inefficiency of American security assistance,
            etc.--have persisted over several years when you have been a
            high-ranking official at the Bureau of International Narcotics
            and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), which administers many of
            these policies.
              More recently, the State Department has begun to provide
            livelihood support to LAF and ISF members, i.e. salaries for
            Lebanese troops and police officers. INL specifically oversees
            the livelihood support for the ISF. If confirmed, you would
            have significant responsibilities overseeing livelihood support
            to both the LAF and ISF. Hezbollah exercises significant
            control over sectors of the Lebanese economy, and operates
            businesses--supermarkets, gas stations, wholesale operations,
            and so on--which they use to finance terrorism against the
            United States and our allies, including Israel. It is not clear
            what if any steps the State Dept. has taken to ensure the
            salaries being provided to LAF and ISF members are not spent in
            those sectors or businesses, i.e. providing material support
            for terrorism.
              Alongside these policies, the Biden administration has also
            sought to implement a proposal in which gas from Egypt would be
            delivered to Lebanon through a route that includes Syria, in
            what experts have described as a straightforward violation of
            American sanctions, including the Caesar Act.

        Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used for
    activities or operations aimed at disarming Hezbollah during your
    tenure at INL? A rough estimate or a range will be sufficient.

        Answer. All U.S. Government assistance to Lebanon is ultimately
    aimed at fostering a stable, sovereign Lebanese state free of
    Hezbollah's malign influence. U.S. security assistance is aimed at
    increasing the professional capacity of both the Lebanese Armed Forces
    (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF) as strong state
    institutions, which remains the best way to erode Hezbollah's
    influence. The LAF and ISF have proven themselves capable of applying
    our assistance to face a broad range of evolving threats, including
    counterterrorism operations against ISIS and Al-Qaeda affiliates, and
    operations against captagon traffickers and arms smuggling networks on
    the Syrian border, some of whom are alleged to be affiliated with
    Hezbollah.

        Question. What percent of U.S. assistance to Lebanon was used for
    activities or operations aimed at disrupting Hezbollah military
    activities other than through disarming them during your tenure at INL,
    e.g. through roadblocks? A rough estimate or a range will be
    sufficient.

        Answer. All U.S. Government assistance to Lebanon is ultimately
    aimed at fostering a stable, sovereign Lebanese state free of
    Hezbollah's malign influence. U.S. security assistance strengthens the
    professional capacity of the Lebanese security services, enabling them
    to defend Lebanon from terrorist organizations and other militant
    groups, thereby undercutting Hezbollah's claim that the Lebanese need
    Hezbollah and its weapons to protect Lebanon from external threats.
    U.S. security assistance includes training and equipment that has also
    improved the frequency and sophistication of Lebanese anti-crime
    operations, including against captagon traffickers and smuggling
    networks on the Syrian border, which works against Hezbollah's
    interests.

        Question. Please describe the degree to which, in your assessment,
    Hezbollah continues to influence or exert control over the Beirut--
    Rafic Hariri International Airport or facilities located within the
    airport.

        Answer. I share your concerns about Hezbollah's influence at
    Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport; moreover, I understand that
    widespread corruption in Lebanon also undermines the integrity and
    effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts at the airport. The
    Department of State would welcome the opportunity to offer a closed
    briefing on our assessment of the degree to which Hezbollah continues
    to influence or exert control at the Beirut-Rafic Hariri International
    Airport. The Administration continues to engage senior Lebanese
    officials on the need to strengthen counterterrorism measures at the
    airport and other ports of entry and has seen a commitment on behalf of
    the Government of Lebanon to interdict high-risk individuals and cargo.
    U.S. foreign assistance to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the
    Internal Security Forces (ISF) enables them to maintain a robust
    security presence in the airport, including with elements that
    regularly benefit from U.S. training.

        Question. In your assessment, does Hezbollah use the Beirut-Rafic
    Hariri International Airport for illicit activities related to the
    trafficking of narcotics internationally?

        Answer. I assess that captagon, cocaine, and other narcotics
    trafficking, including but not limited to Beirut-Rafic Hariri
    International Airport, directly benefits malign actors including
    Hezbollah-affiliated groups and individuals. I share your concerns
    about use of the Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport to traffic
    illicit drugs, and I was heartened to see reports that Lebanese
    authorities have stepped up enforcement efforts, including, for
    example, through a reported seizure of more than half a million
    captagon pills at the airport in May 2022. Ending the scourge of drug
    trafficking the world over--including the captagon trade in the Middle
    East--is an Administration priority. If confirmed, I will bring to bear
    my INL experience to bolster the capacity of the Government of Lebanon
    to counter the rising drug trade in the region.

        Question. In your assessment, does the Beirut--Rafic Hariri
    International Airport maintain effective antiterrorism efforts?

        Answer. We assess that Lebanese security services, working with the
    U.S. Government and international partners, are working to improve
    counterterrorism controls at Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport,
    but that widespread corruption in Lebanon continues to undermine the
    integrity and effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts at the airport.
    The Department of State would be pleased to offer a closed briefing on
    antiterrorism efforts at Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport.
    U.S. foreign assistance to the Lebanese Armed Forces and Internal
    Security Forces enables them to maintain a robust security presence in
    the airport, including elements which regularly benefit from U.S.
    training. That said, further improvement is required. As such, the
    Department and the Embassy continue to engage senior Lebanese officials
    on the need to further strengthen counterterrorism measures at the
    airport and other ports of entry.

        Question. Please describe the degree to which, in your assessment,
    Hezbollah continues to influence or exert control over the Port of
    Beirut or facilities located within the port?

        Answer. I share your concerns about Hezbollah's influence at the
    Port of Beirut; moreover, widespread corruption in Lebanon also
    undermines the integrity and effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts
    of partners like the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), which maintains
    perimeter security at the port and plays an important role in deterring
    terrorist activity in and around the facility. The Department of State
    would welcome the opportunity to offer a briefing on our assessment of
    the degree to which Hezbollah continues to influence or exert control
    at the Port of Beirut.

        Question. In your assessment, does Hezbollah use the Port of Beirut
    for illicit activities related to the trafficking of narcotics
    internationally?

        Answer. I am concerned by reports that Hezbollah continues to exert
    influence over ports of entry, which both supports the terrorist
    group's illicit activities, including related to narcotics trafficking,
    and deprives the Lebanese people and government of much needed customs
    revenue. The best way to address malign influence at ports of entry is
    through strengthening the legitimate security agencies present at those
    same locations, a strategy we have already employed through, for
    example, providing training and equipment for the LAF and ISF.

        Question. In your assessment, does the Port of Beirut maintains
    effective antiterrorism measures?

        Answer. We assess that Lebanon has taken steps to better secure the
    Port of Beirut, including improving counterterrorism measures, but that
    widespread corruption in Lebanon continues to undermine the integrity
    and effectiveness of counterterrorism efforts at the Port of Beirut.
    The Department of State would be pleased to offer a closed briefing on
    antiterrorism efforts at the port of Beirut. The Lebanese Navy, with
    assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and international
    partners, is in the first phase of completely rebuilding the Beirut
    Naval Base at the port, which will increase surveillance and
    interdiction capabilities in the port area. The Lebanese Armed Forces
    benefits from coordinated U.S. training and support, including
    maintaining perimeter security at the port, which plays an important
    role in deterring terrorist activity in and around the port. That said,
    further improvement is required, including further strengthening
    counterterrorism controls. Moreover, the Port of Beirut still has not
    recovered full operability following the August 2020 explosion. Some
    security infrastructure at the container terminal remains dysfunctional
    and diminished port capacity persists. As such, the Department and the
    Embassy continue to engage senior Lebanese officials on the need to
    ensure security measures, including counterterrorism measures at the
    port, are in line with international best practices.

        Question. Did you clear policies providing livelihood support for
    ISF members? If not, do you support providing livelihood support for
    ISF members?

        Answer. Since serving as INL Deputy Assistant Secretary (DAS) from
    October 2021, Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary (A/PDAS)
    since October 2022, and PDAS since February 2023, I have not cleared on
    any policies or programs related to Lebanon. When the program concept
    was approved in December 2021, I was serving as the INL DAS responsible
    for Europe and Asia, and therefore my duties did not include clearing
    policies related to INL's efforts in the Middle East. I do, however,
    support this program, as I understand that the Internal Security Forces
    (ISF) (as well as the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)) plays a key role in
    bolstering the Lebanese state to avoid outright collapse, which could
    precipitate the return of sectarian militias, prompt civil war,
    strengthen Hezbollah, and threaten Israel's security.

        Question. Do you support providing livelihood support to LAF
    members?

        Answer. Yes. I understand that this temporary and extraordinary
    program was approved to offset the unprecedented financial and other
    strains on the LAF due to Lebanon's ongoing economic crisis. The LAF is
    a key state institution holding the country together in this time of
    crisis. Buttressing the LAF figures as part of a larger Administration
    effort to bolster the Lebanese state and avoid outright collapse, which
    could precipitate the return of sectarian militias, prompt civil war,
    strengthen Hezbollah, and threaten Israel's security. The LAF is one of
    the only remaining state institutions with cross-confessional support
    capable of guaranteeing the country's stability. The LAF has taken on
    new challenges, especially in maintaining domestic social order even as
    the collapse of Lebanon's currency has hollowed out personnel salaries.
    This temporary program supplements our larger efforts to press
    Lebanon's political leadership to move on critical reforms and
    government formation.

        Question. What steps has the State Department taken to ensure that
    livelihood support provided to LAF and ISF members are not spent in
    businesses owned by Hezbollah or individuals linked to Hezbollah?

        Answer. I understand that the Department of State has put in place
    robust and thorough risk mitigation measures to minimize the risk that
    U.S. assistance might benefit terrorist entities, including Hezbollah.
    These measures include counterterrorism namecheck vetting, financial
    oversight, in-person monitoring, and extensive reporting requirements.
    While I was not involved in the program's development when serving in
    INL, I understand that the program is utilizing a third-party monitor,
    which will conduct visits to LAF and ISF units throughout the country
    to document how livelihood recipients are spending their funds. This
    third-party monitoring is in addition to U.S. Government monitoring and
    extensive reporting from the implementing partner. If confirmed, I will
    do everything in my power to ensure that not a single dollar of U.S.
    assistance benefits Hezbollah.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be the statutory
    basis for providing livelihood support for LAF members.

        Answer. The LAF livelihood support program was funded from
    Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) funds, which I understand are available
    for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in
    furtherance of the national security interests of the United States
    consistent with the authority in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be the statutory
    basis for providing livelihood support for ISF members.

        Answer. The Internal Security Forces (ISF) livelihood support
    program was funded from the International Narcotics Control and Law
    Enforcement (INCLE) account, which I understand is appropriated to
    carry out foreign assistance programming for counternarcotics and other
    anti-crime purposes consistent with the authority in the Foreign
    Assistance Act of 1961.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be any precedents
    for providing livelihood support for LAF members.

        Answer. The United States has provided livelihood support to
    foreign security partners in extraordinary circumstances, as has been
    the case in Somalia using Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) funds. The
    Department works closely with all relevant interagency stakeholders to
    ensure such programs include robust risk mitigation protocols and clear
    exit plans.

        Question. Please describe what you understand to be any precedents
    for providing livelihood support for ISF members.

        Answer. International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE)
    funds have been used to provide limited stipends for targeted, vetted
    groups. The Department works closely with all relevant stakeholders to
    ensure such programs include robust risk mitigation protocols and clear
    exit plans.

        Question. In January and March 2022, the ISF announced that it had
    dismantled 17 different Israeli espionage networks that were operating
    against Hezbollah. Do you believe that these actions enhanced American
    national security?

        Answer. No. The Department of State does not assess that any
    reported effort by the Internal Security Forces (ISF) to dismantle such
    networks is in the U.S. national security interest. This is why the
    Department continues to urge the ISF to focus on its core mission--
    bolstering stability and meeting the internal security needs of the
    Lebanese people. Our support to the ISF continues to build the
    institution's professionalism and capacity to counter internal threats
    that have the potential to destabilize the country and the region.

        Question. In April and May 2023, the LAF and ISF participated in
    the deportation of Syrian refugees back into territory controlled by
    the Assad regime. Do you believe that these actions enhance American
    national security?

        Answer. No. I share your concerns about the Lebanese Armed Forces'
    (LAF) involvement in recent deportations of Syrians residing in Lebanon
    back to regime-controlled territory without ensuring access to all
    applicable legal protections. According to the United Nations High
    Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), among those deported were
    individuals registered with or known to UNHCR. However, the LAF has
    denied deporting anyone with UNHCR documentation, and the LAF has since
    confirmed it has ceased any involvement in deportations. Further, I
    understand that according to the information available at this time,
    including from the U.N. and Lebanese Government and security services,
    the Internal Security Forces (ISF) may have been involved in the
    arrests of some Syrians but did not play a role in these recent
    deportations. If confirmed, I will continue to reiterate that all
    persons in Lebanon, including refugees, should be treated in accordance
    with international human rights law, that anyone detained should be
    afforded all applicable legal protections, and that the principle of
    non-refoulement should be respected.

        Question. Do you support the Biden administration's proposal to
    bring gas to Lebanon via routes in Syria? If so, is it your assessment
    that the proposal would violate American sanctions against the Syrian
    regime, including the Caesar Act? If you do not believe the proposal
    violates sanctions, please explain why not.

        Answer. Yes, I do support this proposal to help address Lebanon's
    acute energy crisis, which is having a devastating impact on critical
    life-saving infrastructure such as hospitals and the water supply.
    However, I understand that no final determination has been made about
    the U.S. sanctions implications of that proposal. The Administration
    received provisional contracts for both the electricity and gas deals
    last year. The final financing terms and contracts are still being
    discussed by the parties and the World Bank. The Departments of
    Treasury and State still need to review details of the final financing
    terms and contracts to assess any relevant sanctions concerns. Only at
    that time will we have the information needed to make any final
    determinations. The Administration looks forward to continuing to
    consult with Congress on this important issue.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to Ervin Jose Massinga by Senator Robert Menendez

              In recent hearings on Sudan, the Sahel, and Russia I have
            expressed concern that the State Department's Africa Bureau
            appears to be allergic to sanctioning African government
            officials. On May 23, 2021, Secretary Blinken announced a visa
            restriction policy under Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the
            Immigration and Nationality Act on the issuance of visas for
            any current or former Ethiopian or Eritrean Government
            officials, or others responsible for, or complicit in,
            undermining resolution of the crisis in northern Ethiopia.

        Question. Has the State Department designated anyone using this
    authority?

        Answer. The Department of State has taken steps to impose
    restrictions on multiple individuals under the 3C visa restriction
    policy for current or former Ethiopian or Eritrean Government
    officials, members of the security forces, or other individuals as
    announced by the Secretary of State on May 23, 2021. This includes
    those who have engaged in wrongful violence, or other abuses, against
    people in northern Ethiopia, as well as those who have hindered access
    of humanitarian access to those in the region.

        Question. Do you believe imposition of sanctions can be a useful
    policy tool?

        Answer. Yes, foreign policy-related sanctions can be effective in
    helping to counter and deter threats to national security posed by
    particular activities of individuals, private enterprises and/or
    countries. The Department seeks to maximize their economic impact on
    targets and to minimize the damage to U.S. economic interests. Beyond
    the imposition of sanctions, the THREAT of sanctions is also a useful
    tool to use in complex negotiations. We also work to remove economic
    sanctions when appropriate to reward and incentivize improved behavior
    or demonstrate U.S. support for foreign government actions.

        Question. Can the threat of sanctions be effective if sanctions are
    never actually imposed?

        Answer. Yes, the announcement of a visa restriction or sanction
    regime as a first step, before any designations, has in some instances
    been helpful in deterring behavior contrary to U.S. foreign policy
    goals.
        For example, since the outbreak of armed conflict in northern
    Ethiopia in November 2020, the United States has engaged in intense
    diplomacy and pressed the Government of Ethiopia and the Tigray
    People's Liberation Front (TPLF) to cease hostilities without
    preconditions, ensure access to lifesaving humanitarian assistance, and
    end human rights abuses and violations. These efforts, implicitly back
    by the threat of possible sanctions in the event of continued fighting,
    helped incentivize the Government of Ethiopia and the TPLF signing a
    cessation of hostilities agreement on November 2, 2022. All options
    including sanctions remained on the table during this period, as they
    still do.
        There are many such examples. Sometimes, the use of SOME sanctions
    against SOME actors serves as a warning to others that additional
    action by the United States may be forthcoming should our policy goals
    not be met.

              On November 1, 2021, the Department of State amended the
            International Traffic in Arms Regulations to add and update the
            entry for Ethiopia to deny licenses and other approvals for
            exports of defense articles and defense services to certain
            end-users.

        Question. Has the Administration revised the amendment since it
    took effect?

        Answer. No, the Department of State has not made further revisions
    to the entry for Ethiopia, since amending the International Traffic in
    Arms Regulations (ITAR) on November 1, 2021. The 2021 amendment
    codified that it is the policy of the United States to deny licenses
    and other approvals for exports of defense articles and defense
    services to certain end-users in Ethiopia.

        Question. If confirmed, what criteria will you recommend the
    Administration use to determine whether the U.S. should once again
    allow licenses and other approval for export of defense articles for
    Ethiopia?

        Answer. The Department of State updated ITAR Sec. 126.1 on November
    1, 2021, consistent with the Secretary of State's May 21, 2021
    announcement of human rights related restrictions with respect to
    Ethiopia and Eritrea. Since the signing of the cessation of hostilities
    agreement on November 2, 2022, the human rights situation in northern
    Ethiopia has improved dramatically and parties have acknowledged the
    need for transitional justice. That said, I would recommend that any
    proposal for exporting defense articles to Ethiopia continue to be
    subject to a rigorous review process, including as necessary Leahy
    vetting, to ensure that those articles would be used as intended by
    cleared personnel to advance U.S. policy interests.

        Question. In your view, should assistance to Ethiopia from the
    International Financial Institutions including the World Bank and
    International Monetary Fund be resumed? What safeguards, if any, should
    be put in place to assure that projects are carried out?

        Answer. The State Department acts consistently with the IFI Act
    provision to not channel assistance to the government of any country
    which engages in a pattern of gross violations of internationally
    recognized human rights (GVHR)--unless such assistance is directed
    specifically to programs which serve the basic human needs of the
    citizens of such country. Since the November 2, 2022 cessation of
    hostilities agreement, there has been a marked improvement in the human
    rights situation in northern Ethiopia. As the human rights situation
    evolves in Ethiopia, the Secretary will continue to review the
    applicability of relevant restrictions.
        Audits and other engagements of programs and operations across
    agencies can help ensure that foreign assistance programs are conducted
    effectively and efficiently, in accordance with statutory standards and
    authorities.

              President Biden terminated Ethiopia from the African Growth
            and Opportunity Act (AGOA) effective January 1, 2022. Ethiopia
            did not meet the criteria due to gross violations of
            internationally recognized human rights being perpetrated by
            the Government of Ethiopia and other parties to the conflict in
            northern Ethiopia.

        Question. Do you believe the Government of Ethiopia meets the
    criteria set in law?

        Answer. The annual AGOA review process, in which State and the
    interagency review each country's eligibility, has just begun. AGOA
    eligibility determinations are made in September by the interagency
    Trade Policy Staff Committee. Although there has been significant
    progress towards meeting specific benchmarks related to the conflict in
    northern Ethiopia, Ethiopia must also satisfy the statutory
    requirements. Because the review has only just started, we are unable
    to pre-determine the State Department's position on Ethiopia's AGOA
    eligibility.

        Question. What specific actions must the Government of Ethiopia
    take to meet the criteria?

        Answer. AGOA criteria in U.S. law stipulates that, among other
    criteria, a country must not engage in gross violations of
    internationally recognized human rights. Offensive military operations
    in northern Ethiopia have ceased following the signing of the cessation
    of hostilities agreement on November 2, 2022. Ethiopia has clear
    benchmarks for a pathway toward reinstatement, and the United States
    will continue to work with the Government of Ethiopia to achieve that
    objective. Ethiopia's progress toward meeting its benchmarks and
    statutory requirements will be assessed by the interagency Trade Policy
    Staff Committee in September.

        Question. What steps will you take, if confirmed, to ensure that
    individuals implicated in the diversion of U.S. donated food aid to
    Ethiopia are held accountable?

        Answer. The U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of
    the Inspector General is investigating the diversion of food aid in
    Ethiopia, and we are engaging with partners (including WFP) at both the
    headquarters and field levels to ensure appropriate risk mitigation
    systems to strengthen program monitoring and oversight are in place. If
    confirmed, I would work closely with USAID's Bureau of Humanitarian
    Assistance to ensure that USAID-supported food assistance resumes only
    when strong oversight measures are in place and we are confident that
    assistance will reach the intended vulnerable populations based on the
    humanitarian principles of humanity, independence, impartiality, and
    neutrality.

              The war in northern Ethiopia was characterized by egregious
            abuses by all parties to the conflict. On March 20, Secretary
            Blinken announced the determination that members of the
            Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF), EDF, TPLF forces, and
            Amhara forces committed war crimes during the conflict in
            northern Ethiopia, and that members of the ENDF, the EDF, and
            Amhara forces also committed crimes against humanity, including
            murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence, and
            persecution.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take to support
    accountability for these crimes?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would continue to support ongoing
    transitional justice and accountability efforts in Ethiopia, which are
    key to securing a sustainable peace. Meaningful accountability can only
    take place through active participation by all parts of Ethiopian
    society in a credible transitional justice process, consultations for
    which are currently underway in Ethiopia. If confirmed, I will seek to
    strengthen the efforts of NGOs, civil society, and the international
    community to support fact-finding, documentation, and justice. We will
    also use the tools at our disposal to encourage accountability.

        Question. Do you believe the Ethiopian judicial system can credibly
    prosecute perpetrators?

        Answer. The Ethiopian judicial system will need the technical and
    political support of international partners. On the technical side,
    there are ongoing efforts to build capacity through small grants and
    trainings. On the political side, the international community must
    continue to push the Government toward sincere and robust justice and
    accountability in order to break the cycle of violence in Ethiopia. If
    confirmed, I would press the Government to approach the need for
    justice after the recent conflict seriously, honestly and
    transparently, and use the tools at our disposal to advance that goal.

        Question. Does the State Department have a position on whether
    Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed bears any level of responsibility for the
    crimes committed in Ethiopia by Eritreans forces?

        Answer. One of the goals of a robust transitional justice process
    would be to identify responsible parties and bring them to justice.
    This is why it is essential that we support nascent transitional
    justice efforts both technically and politically, as well as
    international fact-finding and documentation.
        Related to the specific question concerning PM Abiy, this is a
    decision of the Ethiopian people to make through their judicial
    institutions.

              In December of 2021, the United Nations Human Rights Council
            established the International Commission of Human Rights
            Experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE). ICHREE's mandate includes
            investigating allegations of violations and abuses of
            international human rights law international humanitarian law
            and international refugee law in Ethiopia committed since 3
            November 2020 by parties to the conflict. Its mandate ends in
            September of this year.

        Question. I understand ICHREE's mandate will not be renewed.
    Considering the scale of the abuses in northern Ethiopia, why won't the
    mandate be renewed?

        Answer. ICHREE, of which the mandate began in 2021, will provide a
    comprehensive report in September 2023. The European Union proposed
    creation of ICHREE and the United States Government supported the
    mandate. More recently, the European Union has made it clear it is not
    planning to seek renewal of its current mandate, which expires in
    September. It is our unambiguous understanding that there is very
    little international support, particularly among African states, for
    extending the mandate.
        The U.S. Government will continue to support independent human
    rights organizations, including the United Nations, to paint a complete
    picture of the abuses that took place during the conflict.

        Question. Did the State Department agree to allow ICHREE's mandate
    to expire in exchange for the Ethiopian Government dropping its efforts
    to disband ICHREE's mandate early?

        Answer. As stated above, the European Union is not planning to
    pursue ICHREE's renewal. This decision takes into account the continued
    adherence to the cessation of hostilities agreement and the dramatic
    reduction in reports of human rights violations and abuses in northern
    Ethiopia. Our long-term goal is to support domestic capacity for human
    rights accountability and transitional justice, and ICHREE's
    comprehensive report in September 2023 will be a valuable contribution
    to this goal.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you ensure the Ethiopian people,
    the Human Rights Council and U.N. headquarters receive regular, public
    reporting from an independent, credible entity about abuses and
    violations that occurred in the course of the conflict?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support independent and credible human
    rights organizations working in Ethiopia to document and investigate
    human rights violations and abuses. I will also coordinate with
    likeminded nations to ensure the international community speaks with
    one voice on the importance of credible and transparent reckoning with
    violations committed by all sides of the conflict. We believe credible
    efforts are being made on this front, but more must be done to ensure
    they have the technical and political backing they need to succeed.

        Question. I understand the ICHREE investigators do not have
    unfettered access to Ethiopia. What will you do if confirmed to ensure
    they have full access to carry forward with their work until the end of
    its mandate?

        Answer. ICHREE negotiates access issues directly with the
    Government of Ethiopia. We have pressed the Government of Ethiopia to
    support the ICHREE mission and allow the team access and have
    repeatedly noted that the cycle of violence in Ethiopia cannot be
    broken without meaningful steps towards accountability and justice. The
    U.S. Government will continue to support independent human rights
    organizations, including the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for
    Human Rights, to document and investigate human rights abuses that took
    place during the conflict. Our assessment of the situation on the
    ground will always be a composite of information we receive from many
    institutions and voices.

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. I am proud of many actions undertaken to promote human
    rights, but sometimes the most important impact is that on just one
    family. While in China, I, along with colleagues, helped a Uigher
    family escape the PRC and come to the United States for resettlement.
    Beyond that, in Guinea as DCM, I worked intensively with the Ambassador
    to demand credible elections on the National and subnational level, and
    personally worked with the electoral commission to ensure its work was
    honest. Again, in Guinea, I worked with USAID to ensure funding of a
    parallel vote tabulation system that proved effective in demonstrating
    to the public the elections reflected the will of the people.
        In Sudan while in CDA status, I publicly demanded that the
    Government respect the rights of Christian worshippers who were being
    bullied by a powerful official over a land dispute--the Government
    convoked me to complain, but quietly backed down on the matter. More
    recently, during the Kenyan elections of 2022, as Acting Assistant
    Secretary I worked closely with Ambassador Whitman, State/DRL, and much
    of the policy making interagency to steer a course that was seen as
    balanced and effective in promoting our values while bolstering the
    stability of a key partner.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Ethiopia? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. There are many challenges to democratic development in
    Ethiopia, which stalled during the conflict in northern Ethiopia and
    remains threatened by violence in Oromia and Amhara regions. The
    absence of transitional justice throughout Ethiopia's history has
    entrenched impunity and degraded rule of law and public trust in the
    justice system. Further, as the most recent Human Rights Report
    highlighted, Ethiopia ranks poorly in press freedom, with journalists
    being arrested or intimidated. Civil society organizations that don't
    agree with the Government are also under threat. This has an overall
    chilling effect on freedom of speech. If confirmed, I will champion
    international support for Ethiopia's institutions that underpin
    participatory and accountable governance, rule of law, authentic
    political competition, civil society, human rights, and press freedom.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Ethiopia? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. The U.S. Government directly supports several democracy
    programs in Ethiopia in the form of small grants from USAID, State/DRL,
    and USIP. However, the current assistance pause prevents some
    programming that could advance key U.S. objectives in the country. More
    broadly, our policy towards Ethiopia is designed to be a combination of
    incentives (potential future reinstatement of AGOA and international
    funding support) and disincentives (Executive Order 14046 sanctions) to
    encourage the Government of Ethiopia to build on the progress in
    national dialogue and transitional justice it has made since November
    2022.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. With the resources at our disposal, we will focus on
    developing robust institutions, strengthening democratic systems, and
    supporting civil society organizations. It is my belief that long-term
    peace in Ethiopia depends not just on a willingness by leaders to lay
    down arms, but on developing a capacity to deal with future problems
    (and take account of those in the past) at a local level. We will
    therefore prioritize issues like transitional justice, press freedom,
    human rights, conflict prevention and mitigation, civic engagement, and
    accountability as we work with non-governmental actors to build
    capacity.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Ethiopia? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed I plan to meet regularly with civil
    society and NGOs. I will continue to use the policy and legal tools at
    our disposal to empower these organizations and encourage a greater
    role for NGOs and civil society in Ethiopia.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities, and youth within
    political parties?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will meet with democratically-oriented
    political opposition figures and parties. One of our primary goals in
    Ethiopia is to promote democracy, an inclusive political system, and
    good governance, and I will continue our policy of meeting with both
    government and opposition leaders. Certainly women, minorities, and
    youth within democratically-oriented opposition groups will be key
    interlocutors with me and the Embassy staff if confirmed.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with
    Ethiopia on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Ethiopia?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed I will meet and engage with members of
    the press, including local and independent press. The lack of press
    freedom was noted in the most recent Human Rights Report, and promoting
    press freedom is a key goal for this administration.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes, I plan to build upon the collaboration I currently
    have with the State Department's Global Engagement Center and related
    USG institutions and will, if confirmed and through leading the whole
    country team, actively engage with civil society and government
    counterparts on countering disinformation and propaganda. This is not
    only a priority for the United States, itis a priority for the
    Government of Ethiopia. If confirmed, I will look for ways to work with
    external actors, the Global Engagement Center, and the GOE to counter
    disinformation and propaganda disseminated in Ethiopia.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with
    Ethiopia on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, my team and I will actively engage with
    Ethiopia on the right to unionize and organize. Our Embassy colleagues
    currently liaise regularly with labor groups, including the
    Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions, and I would intend for our
    engagement on labor issues to remain robust.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Ethiopia, no
    matter their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. Yes, I will commit to use my position as ambassador to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Ethiopia, no
    matter their sexual orientation or gender identity.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Ethiopia?

        Answer. As noted in State's most recent Human Rights Report,
    consensual same-sex sexual conduct is illegal in Ethiopia and
    punishable by three to fifteen years' imprisonment. While we are not
    aware of any recent prosecutions or incarcerations under this law,
    reports of violence against LGBTQI+ people occur, and discrimination
    against the LGBTQI+ community is permitted in Ethiopia. If confirmed, I
    will use my position to defend the human rights and dignity of all
    people in Ethiopia, no matter their sexual orientation or gender
    identity.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Ethiopia?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure first and foremost that all
    employees within my purview receive the respect and dignity they
    deserve. I will protect staff from discrimination and create a safe
    working environment. Outside the Embassy, I will support civil society
    leaders and NGOs working to defend the rights of all people in
    Ethiopia, regardless of their sexual orientation, and lend my political
    and diplomatic support to their message as they carry out their
    important work.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Ethiopia?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will work with the Bureau of
    Legislative Affairs to offer briefings for Members of Congress and
    their staffs when I am back in Washington for visits or consultations.
    The Ethiopia team has actively and frequently engaged with the Hill;
    from my current role as PDAS in the Africa Bureau, I have noted and
    appreciated the mutual understanding this has fostered.

    Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility.
        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy in Ethiopia?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will lead the American
    and Ethiopian professionals in Mission Ethiopia to advance our national
    security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful workplace. I will
    communicate my commitment to a workplace in which diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility are core tenants of our mission culture. I
    will also make clear that discrimination, harassment, and bullying are
    unacceptable and take swift action to address any such issues that may
    arise. I will demonstrate my commitment to equal employment opportunity
    (EEO) principals and the work of Mission EEO counselors and locally
    engaged staff advisors.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Ethiopia?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will demonstrate
    through actions and words that diversity, equity, inclusion, and
    accessibility (DEIA) is a priority, and reinforce with my staff it
    should also be a priority for them. I will also make clear my strong
    opposition to harassment, discrimination, and bullying and ensure a
    prevention plan is in place. I will hold supervisors accountable and
    expect them to hold their team members accountable for acts of
    harassment, discrimination, or bullying. I will ensure mission
    personnel have access to all the resources they need to combat racism,
    discrimination, and inequality. If confirmed, I will meet regularly
    with post's DEIA council at Mission Ethiopia, participate in community
    activities to increase dialogue and inclusion, and promote a positive
    work environment among the Embassy team.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to engaging more equitably in our
    operations and programs and will lead Mission Ethiopia to build
    relationships with all communities in Ethiopian society through active
    outreach. I will carefully monitor, evaluate, and coordinate the design
    and implementation of programming and assistance and extend their reach
    as far as possible. I will ensure that our representational events and
    public diplomacy programs include marginalized and underrepresented
    groups and that our human resources team uses diverse panels in hiring
    processes to ensure applicants are not being disadvantaged. I will work
    with our locally employed staff to expand our outreach efforts and
    leverage the various languages spoken within our mission to assist our
    U.S. officers in making connections beyond the capital.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Ervin Jose Massinga by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. What is your understanding of the division of labor
    between yourself as U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if confirmed, and
    Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa Hammer?

        Answer. SEHOA plays an instrumental role in supporting the
    department's diplomatic goals in the region. My understanding is that
    if confirmed, I would lead the bilateral relationship within Ethiopia
    while SEHOA would focus on complementary efforts, such as ensuring
    implementation of the cessation of hostilities agreement, coordinating
    with regional actors, and participating in engagements outside of
    Ethiopia. I have worked with Ambassador Hammer effectively during his
    tenure as SEHOA, and fully anticipate that collaborative, productive
    working relationship will continue if confirmed.

        Question. If confirmed, will you commit as U.S. Ambassador to
    placing a strong emphasis on thoughtful and balanced public diplomacy,
    including on social media, traditional press, and Embassy-produced
    content?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will emphasize public diplomacy,
    including on social media, traditional press, and Embassy-produced
    content. Given recent ethnic tensions, Ethiopia is particularly
    susceptible to propaganda and hate speech. Countering false narratives
    and promoting and highlighting U.S. values-oriented policy messages
    will be a key pillar of my strategy.

              On March 20, 2023, Secretary Blinken made an atrocities
            determination for Ethiopia, finding that actors committed war
            crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing
            throughout the conflict in northern Ethiopia. I publicly called
            for accountability for atrocities committed in Ethiopia in
            April 2021, May 2021, June 2021, August 2021, September 2021,
            November 2021, December 2021, March 2022, June 2022, July 2022,
            August 2022, and November 2022, and introduced S.Res.97 (117th
            Congress) and was the lead-cosponsor on S.3199 (117th Congress)
            with Senator Menendez to call for and require accountability
            measures. Additionally, Senate Foreign Relations Committee and
            House Foreign Affairs Committee staff repeatedly raised the
            question of an atrocities determination for the conflict in
            Northern Ethiopia in regular calls with the State Department
            for over two years.

        Question. Given your role as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary
    of State for African Affairs as deliberations about the atrocities
    determination were ongoing, what is your perspective on why the
    Department made the atrocities determination for the conflict in
    northern Ethiopia in March 2023 after two years of conflict and an
    agreement on the cessation of hostilities, and not used as an
    accountability tool when the atrocities were occurring?

        Answer. We focused the core of our diplomatic efforts on bringing
    the parties together and facilitating a cessation of hostilities, given
    that most gross violations of human rights were occurring in the
    context of the fighting. While our assessment was that an atrocity
    determination during that sensitive period of diplomacy would not have
    contributed to ending the conflict or the human rights abuses, the
    parties to the conflict were aware that a determination was
    forthcoming, and that the United States had other tools at its disposal
    (such as sanctions authorities) to press for an end to the fighting and
    to promote negotiation. It is our view that the existence of sanctions
    authorities (as well as their use during various points during the
    conflict) as well as the knowledge an atrocities determination would
    eventually come contributed to the eventual decision of the parties to
    seek a negotiated solution.
        After achievement of the cessation of hostilities agreement, the
    Secretary decided, based on a careful review of the law and facts, that
    an atrocity determination was necessary to document the serious human
    rights abuses during war and to highlight the need for justice and
    accountability. Justice and accountability will be of vital importance
    if peace is to hold in Ethiopia, and we are supporting (both
    financially and diplomatically) ongoing efforts to those ends.

        Question. The State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report on
    Ethiopia notes the September 2022 finding by the International
    Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE) that the
    Ethiopian federal government and allied regional state governments
    implemented a ``wide range of measures designed to systematically
    deprive the population of Tigray of material and services indispensable
    for its survival,'' and ICHREE assessed that the federal government had
    committed the war crime of using ``starvation as a method of warfare.''
    The State Department's statement on its atrocities determination does
    not mention this--does the State Department concur with ICHREE's
    finding that the federal government systematically deprived Tigray's
    population of food and other indispensable materials?

        Answer. The determination was not intended to be an exhaustive
    accounting of all acts that constituted atrocities over the course of
    the conflict.
        Given that there have been allegations of many different specific
    war crimes in this armed conflict, we decided to address the category
    of war crimes collectively and not attempt to make public
    determinations as to each specific war crime. Our focus was on the
    final determination, which was that all parties to the conflict
    committed war crimes.

        Question. How will the atrocities determination impact your
    approach to engaging with the Government of Ethiopia, the Tigray
    People's Liberation Front, and the Ethiopian people in your role as
    U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if confirmed?

        Answer. The determination does not speak to individual criminal
    responsibility, which will need to be determined through credible
    justice processes. The atrocities determination acknowledged the
    severity of crimes committed by all sides of the conflict, and we will
    continue to recognize these abuses and push for credible justice. This
    requires working with all sides to ensure that the transitional justice
    process continues to move forward, and continuing to emphasize that
    there must be accountability for those responsible for human rights
    violations and abuses, including those in positions of command.

        Question. In your view, what implications does the atrocities
    determination have for the U.S./Ethiopia relationship?

        Answer. The atrocities determination is a public declaration based
    on careful review of the law and the facts. The Ethiopian Government
    does not agree with the atrocity determination, which it has made clear
    in public statements. However, the determination underscores the extent
    of human rights abuses committed during the conflict and helps focus
    our policy on key priorities to ensure accountability and a durable
    peace, such as transitional justice, democracy, and human rights. It
    establishes new areas for bilateral cooperation.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to submitting any new
    information that may contribute to updating the Department's atrocities
    determination?

        Answer. The Secretary's atrocities determination was not meant to
    be an exhaustive list of crimes. If confirmed, I would continue the
    Embassy's ongoing efforts to gather information on atrocities and human
    rights violations, which will inform our general bilateral relationship
    and policy. We also continue to support comprehensive transitional
    justice, which must include truth telling and criminal accountability;
    credible transitional justice processes will also shed light on the
    abuses committed during the conflict. Whether or not a new or updated
    atrocity determination is appropriate will depend on the circumstances
    on the ground and the information that emerges.

              On April 6, 2023, USAID notified my staff of the discovery of
            widespread diversion of U.S.-branded food aid in Tigray.
            Administrator Power announced the suspension of food aid to
            Tigray on May 4. Last week, USAID notified my staff of the
            discovery of widespread diversion of food aid--in the same
            manner as discovered in Tigray--in Gambella. USAID suspects
            that diversion occurred in other regions of Ethiopia, where a
            large segment of the population suffers from acute food
            insecurity. USAID, the World Food Programme (WFP), and other
            food aid implementers are conducting investigations across
            Ethiopia.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if confirmed, how will
    you engage with the Government of Ethiopia on the issue of the
    diversion of U.S.-sponsored food aid?

        Answer. I have zero tolerance for any fraud, waste, or abuse of
    U.S. taxpayer-funded resources. I expect the ongoing USAID Office of
    the Inspector General investigation into food diversion in Ethiopia to
    lead to concrete recommendations for improving oversight over U.S.-
    funded assistance. In advance of these OIG determinations though, I
    will, if confirmed, insist on sustained access to ensure robust
    monitoring and oversight while also pressing for major reform of the
    existing food assistance system to ensure greater accountability among
    implementing partners and authorities at the federal, regional, and
    local levels. I will also press Ethiopian authorities at all levels to
    hold accountable those found to be responsible for the diversion of
    U.S. assistance away from its intended beneficiaries. The Government of
    Ethiopia has formed a committee to coordinate with regional authorities
    on food diversion investigations.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if confirmed, will you
    commit to laying out specific actions the Ethiopian Government needs to
    measure their demonstrated cooperation on an investigation into the
    diverted food aid?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with my USAID colleagues on
    identifying and communicating to the Government of Ethiopia the
    specific steps the Government must take to demonstrate their
    cooperation on the investigation into food diversion.

        Question. If investigations find that there was collusion to divert
    U.S. food aid by Ethiopian officials at the national level, how should
    this impact the U.S./Ethiopia relationship?

        Answer. I will press the Ethiopian leadership to hold everyone
    found to be responsible for the diversion of U.S. assistance to
    account--including Ethiopian Government authorities at all levels.
        We cannot assess the potential impact on the U.S./Ethiopia
    relationship until the investigation is complete.

        Question. What accountability tools should the U.S. pursue against
    those responsible for the widespread diversion of U.S. food aid to
    Ethiopia?

        Answer. Ethiopian authorities are responsible for any criminal
    prosecution of those found to have been involved in the diversion of
    U.S. assistance away from its intended beneficiaries. If confirmed, I
    would insist that the Government and all implementing partners
    institute the appropriate oversight measures within their respective
    organizations.

        Question. As Chief of Mission in Ethiopia, if confirmed, how will
    you work with the USAID Mission Director and other USAID colleagues to
    ensure that USAID is doing all it can to monitor the distribution of
    U.S. food aid to Ethiopia and to ensure against widespread diversion?

        Answer. As previously stated, I have zero tolerance for any fraud,
    waste, or abuse of U.S. taxpayer-funded resources. If confirmed, I will
    work closely with the USAID team in Addis Ababa to ensure the full
    implementation of all recommendations put forward by USAID's Office of
    the Inspector General following its investigation into food diversion
    in Ethiopia.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if confirmed, how will
    you work with WFP colleagues to ensure that U.S.-sponsored food aid
    reaches its intended beneficiaries?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with WFP and USAID to
    ensure American generosity is not misused. Our implementing partners
    must share the burden of accountability as we assist beneficiaries
    across Ethiopia. As WFP's largest donor in Ethiopia and globally, the
    United States should insist on WFP's full compliance with any
    recommendations put forward by USAID's Office of the Inspector General
    following its investigation into food diversion.

        Question. Significant lobbying has been conducted in Washington to
    restore Ethiopia's eligibility under the African Growth and Opportunity
    Act (AGOA). Should Ethiopia be eligible for trade preferences under the
    African Growth and Opportunity Act for 2024?

        Answer. In November 2021, the United States Trade Representative
    (USTR) articulated specific human rights-related benchmarks to the
    Government of Ethiopia as a pathway toward reinstatement of AGOA
    eligibility. Although there has been significant progress towards
    meeting specific benchmarks related to the conflict in the north,
    Ethiopia must also satisfy the statutory requirements. The annual AGOA
    review process, in which State and the interagency review each
    country's eligibility, has just begun and so we are unable to pre-
    determine the State Department's position on Ethiopia's AGOA
    eligibility for 2024.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, how will you engage with
    Ethiopian stakeholders on the AGOA issue if confirmed?

        Answer. Ethiopia's ineligibility for AGOA privileges was triggered
    by the gross violations of internationally recognized human rights
    perpetrated by its government. If confirmed, I will work with
    international and domestic human rights monitors and organizations to
    press the Ethiopian Government to refrain from engaging in gross
    violations of human rights, and to encourage its active cooperation
    with relevant actors to investigate and hold to account perpetrators of
    such abuses.

        Question. Given the State Department's determination that ethnic
    cleansing, among other crimes, has occurred in western Tigray, how is
    the Department determining whether Ethiopia has made progress in
    meeting the AGOA requirements in that area, given the continued lack of
    access by human rights monitors? Does the State Department consider
    Ethiopia's lack of cooperation with the ICHREE to constitute a lack of
    cooperation in international efforts to eliminate human rights
    violations (an AGOA eligibility requirement)?

        Answer. To be eligible for AGOA benefits a country must ``not
    engage in gross violations of internationally recognized human rights
    (GVHRs).'' At this time, we have heard from credible human rights
    organizations with an on-the-ground presence in the north that they
    have not received new reports of ongoing GVHR by the Government of
    Ethiopia, including in western Tigray. We are also not aware of the
    Ethiopian Government preventing international human rights monitors
    from accessing western Tigray; rather, we understand current lack of
    travel to the region is based on security concerns. Our Embassy has
    pressed the Government to grant travel access to western Tigray, and to
    date has been largely unsuccessful.

              On March 8, 2023, Secretary Blinken and First Lady Jill Biden
            honored Meaza Mohammed at the 2023 International Women of
            Courage Awards at the White House. Ms. Mohammed has a long
            history of supporting anti-Semitic and pro-genocide Ethiopian
            activists, including Tadio Tantu. In particular, after she
            attended the White House ceremony, Mohammed tweeted a picture
            with Secretary Blinken and First Lady Biden. The accompanying
            text advocated for the release of Tantu. Ms. Mohammed's support
            for Tantu is concerning because he has advocated for treating
            Tigrayans as the Germans treated the Jews. A 2004 article
            entitled Get Lost Judae has a particularly disturbing excerpt:
              ``This is an achievement of the German's struggle. The bees
            are stirred. The tigers are on the move. The bee knows what to
            do when its hive is messed with. The German lion is angered. It
            is on fire. It has no patience to tolerate the Jewish anymore.
            What about us, Ethiopians? How long are we to tolerate the
            Judaes? When will we stop petitioning to serve as underlings of
            our Judae rulers? How long will we be ruled by the enemy of the
            country and the people? How long will we buy goods from their
            businesses? How long shall Ethiopia continue pouring honey and
            milk for our ruler and their people? Why is our slavery
            limitless? Why don't we understand that we are waiting our
            death, though already as good as dead? Get closer and listen to
            them. You will listen our rulers' peoples discussing which
            model of heavy-truck to buy, while you and your friends talk
            about a warning letter from the servants of our rulers for
            failing to pay utility fee on time''

        Question. Due to this alarming association with Tantu and the
    promotion of his racist cause, do you feel that the White House should
    revoke Ms. Mohammed's award?

        Answer. Ms. Meaza is a journalist who has been outspoken in her
    advocacy for the women who have been victims of sexually-based violence
    in the northern conflict--whether from Amhara, Tigray, or Afar. She is
    also active in her advocacy for the release of individuals, especially
    journalists, who have been imprisoned by the Government of Ethiopia.
    Ms. Meaza's post celebrating the award read: ``On
    #InternationalWomensDay we must all come together to be a voice for the
    voiceless. That is why I continue to call for justice for young women
    (students) kidnapped from Dembi Dolo University and to
    #FreeTadiosTantu, the elderly journalist.'' I am not familiar with the
    quotation attributed to Mr. Tantu, an outspoken columnist who has been
    arrested and imprisoned multiple times over the twenty years since the
    cited article was published.

        Question. What role did the Bureau of African Affairs play in
    identifying Ms. Mohammed as a potential International Women of Courage
    awardee?

        Answer. Ms. Meaza was nominated for consideration for this award by
    the Embassy in Addis Ababa, for her courage in continuing to report on
    and advocate for the victims of sexually-based violence in the northern
    conflict--whether from Amhara, Tigray, or Afar--despite multiple
    arrests and detentions in retaliation for her reporting.

        Question. What vetting took place before awarding Ms. Mohammed with
    the International Women of Courage award? What was the Bureau of
    African Affairs' role?

        Answer. Nominations for the International Women of Courage Award
    are submitted by embassies and consulates overseas, in response to an
    annual call for nominations by the Office of Global Women's Issues. In
    addition to interviewing the potential nominees, posts conduct research
    on their prospective nominees' associations and affiliations, current
    and past social media postings, public speaking engagements, and other
    publications, as well as media by or about the nominee. Ms. Meaza is an
    activist whose personal views do not reflect the policies of the USG.
    If confirmed, I will ensure a continued rigorous vetting process for
    nominees of all USG-funded programs.

        Question. In light of the recent determination that atrocities, war
    crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing occurred in
    Ethiopia, do you condemn the narrative that Ms. Mohammed supported
    toward Tigrayans?

        Answer. Ms. Meaza's nomination was in recognition of her advocacy
    for media freedom. I am not familiar with the quotation attributed to
    Mr. Tantu. Any rhetoric that encourages hate and division is
    deplorable, and I condemn it in the strongest terms.

              Your testimony stated, ``I believe we must be ready to
            support Ethiopia in all ways that further our own policy
            objectives.''

        Question. Beyond offering to facilitate talks between the
    Government of Ethiopia and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), what
    specific support do you envision?

        Answer. Thus far the United States has not been involved in the
    ongoing talks between the Ethiopian Government and the Oromo Liberation
    Army (OLA). We have made clear to the Government as well as Oromo
    interlocutors with access to the OLA that we stand ready to support as
    long as U.S. involvement is agreeable to both sides. While it is too
    early to tell what support might be requested with regard to Oromia, in
    the case of the cessation of hostilities agreement between the
    Government and the TPLF, we provided transportation to the negotiations
    for the latter as well as technical advice on running productive
    negotiations. We could also consider supporting confidence-building
    measures to reduce mistrust between the parties, in coordination with
    international partners, to facilitate the negotiation, implementation
    and sustainability of any agreement reached in the talks.

        Question. How should the U.S. support Ethiopia to ``address the
    root causes of conflict, including economic and social fragility?''
    Please be specific.

        Answer. Beyond historical grievances, we know that much of
    Ethiopia's recent instability has been exacerbated by youth
    unemployment, a lack of economic growth, entrenched impunity, and
    elite-level competition for political power and resources. Ethiopia's
    ethno-federalist structure may also contribute to ethnic tensions. The
    Ethiopian Government is endeavoring to address these challenges through
    its nascent transitional justice and accountability process, National
    Dialogue Commission, and economic reforms. The United States will
    support Ethiopia in making these initiatives credible, genuine,
    inclusive, and able to address the country's current instability and
    fragility.

              I agree with your testimony that ``we need to ensure there is
            accountability for the atrocities committed during the conflict
            [in northern Ethiopia]. That's key to ensuring true
            reconciliation and durable peace.'' President Biden issued an
            executive order ``imposing sanctions on certain persons with
            respect to the humanitarian and human rights crisis in
            Ethiopia'' on September 17, 2021; however to date, only
            Eritrean individuals and entities have been designated.

        Question. What role did you play as Principal Deputy Assistant
    Secretary of State for African Affairs in deciding not to impose
    sanctions on any Ethiopian individuals or entities for atrocities
    committed during the war in northern Ethiopia?

        Answer. Since the outbreak of conflict in northern Ethiopia in
    November 2020, the United States has engaged in intense diplomacy and
    pressed the Government of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation
    Front (TPLF) to cease hostilities without preconditions, ensure access
    to lifesaving humanitarian assistance, and end human rights abuses and
    violations. These efforts, implicitly backed by the threat of sanctions
    in the event of continued fighting, helped incentivize the Government
    of Ethiopia and the TPLF signing a cessation of hostilities agreement
    on November 2, 2022. The Administration's decision to impose sanctions
    on individuals and entities is weighed alongside other policy tools to
    help us meet U.S. objectives--in this case, to end the conflict.
        As the African Affairs PDAS, I was integrally involved in the
    policy-making discussions and processes in this decision, as I am in
    nearly all key policy matters.

        Question. Under President Biden's executive order, do you feel that
    ``ensuring accountability for the atrocities committed during the
    conflict'' includes designating Ethiopian individuals and entities for
    sanctions? If not, why not.

        Answer. If an Ethiopian individual or entity has been identified as
    committing an atrocity, supported with evidence defined under strict
    legal requirements and statutory information, and sanctioning furthers
    our prioritized foreign policy goals, then I support sanctioning. If
    confirmed, I will continue to do so within the interagency process.

        Question. What other accountability measures should the United
    States employ?

        Answer. In addition to the possibility of sanctioning individuals
    and entities for atrocities, we have suspended most bilateral foreign
    assistance as well as support for international financial institutions'
    programs that go beyond addressing basic human needs. We have also
    suspended Ethiopia's eligibility for the African Growth and Opportunity
    Act. Moreover, we are supporting the transitional justice and
    accountability process, which should be the centerpieces of truth,
    reconciliation and transparency that the victims of the atrocities
    committed during the conflict deserve. We will consider additional
    measures if appropriate.

              During your confirmation hearing, you responded to a question
            from Sen. Young that ``you would be steadfast in ensuring that
            the people of Ethiopia understand'' that the American growth
            model is the strongest for long-term growth.

        Question. How will you carry this out in practice if confirmed?

        Answer. Ethiopians and the Ethiopian Government already understand
    that the American free-market growth model is the strongest one for
    long-term development and prosperity. Once assistance restrictions are
    lifted when warranted under law and consistent with our policy and
    values, the United States should re-engage Ethiopia in the broad range
    of economic growth programs offered by U.S. Government agencies and
    international organizations, including USAID, USTDA, USTR, the World
    Bank, International Monetary Fund, Power Africa, DFC, MCC, etc. The
    United States should also be ready to provide technical assistance to
    the Government of Ethiopia as it redoubles efforts to implement its
    free-market economic reform plan. When appropriate, I plan to serve as
    a strong champion of U.S. and likeminded countries' corporate
    investment and engagement with Ethiopia.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed, will you communicate
    publicly about the costs associated with Chinese predatory lending,
    Belt and Road Initiative, and other malign projects and investments?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will be forthright in my public statements
    and diplomatic engagement about the differences between Chinese
    bilateral lending and multilateral or private lending, as well as the
    associated consequences for Ethiopia. Whenever possible, I will present
    alternatives with likeminded partners, multilateral organizations, and
    the private sector as a counter Chinese bilateral lending, projects,
    and investments.

              In response to Senator Murphy, who discussed the
            ``remarkable'' shift with Prime Minister Abiy from ``Nobel
            Prize to civil war within 12-18 months'' and how critics would
            say that the U.S. ``misread the core political dynamics in the
            country and that our support for Abiy ended up underwriting his
            confrontational approach with his rivals, including the TPLF,''
            you said, ``probably there was some level of excessive
            optimism.''

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia, if
    confirmed, approach all actors in Ethiopia, including Prime Minister
    Abiy, ``for what they are?''

        Answer. If confirmed, I will continue to engage key actors in
    Ethiopia but remain clear-eyed about our expectations and U.S. policy
    goals. Diplomacy has a key role to play in creating and sustaining a
    bilateral relationship that both supports the people of Ethiopia and
    helps us achieve our policy goals. The leadership of Ethiopia, at the
    federal and regional level, are the primary actors responsible for
    ending the savage conflict of recent years and establishing a durable
    governance foundation upon which the country can move forward on a
    solid, sustainable basis. In that context, we must focus on what is
    possible and attainable while holding to our core values.

        Question. What other situations have the Bureau of African Affairs
    approached with ``excessive optimism?''

        Answer. While it would be imprudent to directly compare Ethiopia to
    other countries in the region, it is the case that diplomacy exists in
    a space of incomplete and sometimes inaccurate information. We do our
    best to make informed decisions, but none of our policies is perfect or
    beyond fault. The most important thing, for me, is that we continue to
    try to make the best, most informed decisions based on our core values
    and policy goals, engage in course correction when needed, and ensure
    our policymaking processes fully incorporate diverse voices, opinions
    and approaches.

    Sudan
              While those directing Sudan policy within the Administration
            were preparing for an imminent declaration of a civilian
            government, they seem to have missed obvious signs of the
            impending collapse of the negotiation process and ensuing civil
            war that forced American diplomats to dodge roving gun battles
            and airstrikes.

        Question. How did the State Department fail to respond to the
    apparent signs of an impending crisis in Sudan? Why was the Biden
    Administration caught flat-footed in its crisis response, which
    needlessly endangered U.S. Embassy personnel and did not sufficiently
    forewarn American citizens?

        Answer. We share the Sudanese people's deep disappointment in the
    conflict started by Sudan's military leaders. Our engagement since the
    October 2021 military takeover focused on restoring the promise of the
    revolution and fostering the resumption of the civilian-led transition.
    We supported Sudanese-led efforts and process. In supporting a
    Sudanese-led process, our approach emphasized the need for the military
    to finally move from political control to an appropriate role--
    protecting the people of Sudan and the country's borders--under
    civilian-led rule. Neither the Department nor our diplomats were blind
    to the risks. We understood the pathway to restoring a civilian-led
    government was always going to be difficult, as was establishing a
    unified military.
        The U.S. Department of State and our embassies and consulates
    abroad have no higher priority than the safety and security of U.S.
    citizens abroad. Our Travel Advisory for Sudan has been Level 4: Do not
    Travel since August 2021. Once the crisis began, Secretary Blinken's
    around-the-clock diplomatic efforts enabled the security conditions to
    allow the United States and our allies and partners to undertake
    departure operations by air, land, and sea.

        Question. What, if anything, did the State Department do to address
    concerns reportedly raised by international non-governmental
    organizations (NGOs) with the Embassy and USAID in the aftermath of the
    2021 coup (and previously) that the international community would not
    be able or willing to support the evacuation or extraction of
    international staff of NGOs?

        Answer. We remained in close communication with our NGO partners
    throughout our work to support Sudanese-led efforts to transfer power
    to a civilian government; that regularly communication included
    discussions related to security. After April 15 once fighting between
    the SAF and RSF broke out. In a multinational effort, the USG, in
    concert with allies and partners, supported the departure from Sudan of
    more than 2000 private U.S citizens, lawful permanent residents,
    locally employed staff, their immediate family members, NGO staff, and
    nationals from allied and partner countries.

        Question. What direct role did you have, if any, in the evacuation
    planning and staffing decisions of the Embassy in the weeks leading up
    to the evacuation?

        Answer. Assistant Secretary Phee and I remained in close
    communication with Ambassador Godfrey in the weeks leading up to the
    crisis that started on April 15. I was in official training from April
    17 for three weeks.

        Question. What problems did Embassy Khartoum encountered in trying
    to implement its evacuation plan, and what lessons were learned?

        Answer. Regardless as to how much time is spent developing an
    evacuation plan, no amount of planning can foresee every possibility.
    As the Department does for every evacuation, Embassy Khartoum will
    document lessons learned in order to improve future evacuation efforts.
    Learning from what happened with the Khartoum evacuation, AF is already
    asking posts to maintain communication groups through popular mobile
    chat applications to facilitate alternate means of quick communication
    with locally employed staff.

        Question. Did Embassy Khartoum have contingency plans in place in
    case post could not execute the emergency evacuation plan? Were these
    contingency plans implemented? Why or why not?

        Answer. Embassy Khartoum maintained an Emergency Action Plan that
    included multiple evacuation plans for getting staff out and plans for
    if staff were cut off from the Embassy. These plans were implemented
    and helped successfully consolidate staff to the Alternate Command
    Center, before moving all American staff and their family members to
    the Embassy prior to evacuation.

        Question. With evidence of a deteriorating security situation in
    Sudan, did the Department consider moving to authorized or ordered
    departure before fighting broke out? Please describe the Department's
    deliberations on this matter, including your input.

        Answer. No, the post Emergency Action Committee did not consider
    moving to authorized or ordered departure prior to the initial request
    due to the presence of armed fighters in the streets of Khartoum. As
    soon as it was safe to move staff and families, the Embassy suspended
    operations and evacuated all staff members and families.
        As stated earlier, I was in official training from April 17 for
    three weeks.

        Question. Do all posts in sub-Saharan Africa maintain emergency
    evacuation plans? If so, what direct role have you played, if any, in
    their development?

        Answer. Each diplomatic post around the world maintains an
    emergency action plan, which includes an evacuation plan. These plans
    are largely developed by posts overseas, as on-the-ground experts. The
    plans must be reviewed and revalidated annually. As the Principal
    Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of African Affairs, I do not
    have a direct role in their development.

        Question. How often are emergency evacuation plans updated for
    posts in sub-Saharan Africa?

        Answer. Emergency Action Plans, which include sections on
    evacuation planning, are reviewed and revalidated annually.

        Question. Doe emergency evacuation plans for posts in Sub-Saharan
    Africa include contingencies in case the primary plan is not
    executable?

        Answer. Yes, Embassies in Sub-Saharan Africa all have Emergency
    Action Plans, that include sections on evacuation planning. These plans
    include contingency plans if primary routes are unavailable.

        Question. In your role as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for
    the Africa Bureau, did you ever raise concerns within the Department
    regarding contingency planning for any evacuation plans at an Embassy
    in Africa? If so, where and when?

        Answer. The Department periodically reviews the viability of
    maintaining diplomatic missions at our higher risk posts abroad. As the
    Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Africa Bureau, I present
    to Department leadership the political justifications and risks
    associated with maintaining our diplomatic presence at many of our
    posts in Africa, to include our posts in Nigeria (April 2023), Somalia,
    Sudan and South Sudan (February 2023), Mali and Burkina Faso (October
    2022), and Ethiopia (June 2022). These reviews consider contingency
    plans and risks prior to needing to evacuate.

        Question.  How will you draw upon the lessons of the crisis in
    Sudan to adapt to your role as Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in
    Addis Ababa, a post with a high risk for conflict but with
    significantly more personnel, if confirmed?

        Answer. More posts evacuate or draw down in AF than all the other
    geographic regions combined. I plan to incorporate lessons learned from
    these evacuations into Embassy Addis Ababa's crisis planning. This
    includes, inter alia, developing an approachable leadership structure
    to ensure I remain informed of fluid situational developments and that
    the Embassy has mechanisms in place to communicate with staff at all
    times.
        The size of Embassy Addis Ababa requires focused attention in the
    context of emergency planning, a lesson learned from the 2021 period of
    Ordered Departure.

        Question.  What is the current posture of the Department in Sudan?

        Answer. The Department temporarily suspended operations at U.S.
    Embassy Khartoum and evacuated all official Americans from Sudan.

        Question.  Under what conditions would the Department decide to
    move Embassy personnel back to Khartoum?

        Answer. As conditions in Sudan improve, Embassy Sudan's Emergency
    Action Committee will meet to discuss changes to the security
    environment. The committee will then make a recommendation to the
    Ambassador, who may then request the Department reopen the Embassy. Any
    decision to restart operations will be based on verified changes to the
    security environment in Sudan.

        Question. What is the timeline for returning to Embassy Khartoum
    once the Department decides to do so?

        Answer. Prior to temporarily suspending operations, the Embassy
    disabled and destroyed sensitive computer networks and communications
    equipment and sealed the building. Before returning to full operations,
    the Bureau of Diplomatic Security, in conjunction with the Bureau of
    Information Resource Management and the Bureau of Overseas Buildings
    Operations would need to determine the timeline for resuming operations
    based on any damages sustained to the physical plant, security systems,
    and in controlled access areas and availability of locally employed
    staff to assist.

        Question. Did Embassy personnel have to abandon their personal
    belongings to be evacuated? If yes, is the Department compensating them
    for their losses?

        Answer. Yes. Given the short timeline to departure and the non-
    permissive environment at the time of evacuation, unfortunately
    personnel had to abandon personal belongings. Employees will be able to
    file claims through private insurance, once it is officially determined
    that there has been a loss. Claims denied by private insurance may then
    be resubmitted to the Department for adjudication of a loss claim.

        Question. Has there been any damage to Embassy Khartoum or
    personnel housing, including the Chief of Mission residence?

        Answer. The Embassy compound and some personnel housing units have
    sustained damage.

        Question. Is it the Department's policy to allow Mission Chiefs to
    take annual leave regardless of conditions in the host country? If not,
    under what conditions would a Chief of Mission have annual leave denied
    or canceled if previously approved?

        Answer. Like all employees, Chiefs of Mission are entitled to
    annual leave, which is vital to an employee's wellbeing and resiliency.
    An Assistant Secretary, as the supervisor for a Chief of Mission, may
    cancel previously approved annual leave or deny annual leave at his/her
    discretion.

        Question. As Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Africa
    Bureau, what role did you play in deciding to not recall Ambassador
    Godfrey from his leave back to Khartoum earlier?

        Answer. Ambassador Godfrey was given permission to be away from
    post before the fighting escalated. He unilaterally returned to post
    earlier than originally planned. I was not involved in this decision.

              The two warring generals, Burhan and Hemetti, have direct
            links to the genocide in Darfur, oversaw the death of many
            Sudanese civilians and the abuse of countless more during their
            reign, and continue to steal Sudan's resources. They also
            removed a sitting civilian-led transitional government in
            October 2021. The United States has not held these generals
            accountable but instead fed their lust for legitimacy by
            repeatedly making them central to the Administration's policy
            for a ``democratic transition'' in Sudan. As a result, the U.S.
            has less leverage today in Sudan since the removal of Omar al-
            Bashir in 2019. It seems to me we helped elevate these two
            monsters.

        Question. Do you assess the United States should have taken action
    against the warring generals, Burhan and Hemetti, their vast financial
    interests, and/or their foreign backers to contain and weaken their
    stranglehold on the Sudanese people earlier?

        Answer. We put pressure on the military government and led, with
    our partners, international efforts to support a Sudanese-led process
    to form a civilian-led government. This pressure included a sanctions
    designation on the Central Reserve Police, the suspension of all
    assistance to the Government, including from the $700 million
    appropriated by Congress in FY 2021, and coordinating multilateral
    action to pause HIPC Debt Relief and any support from international
    financial institutions.

              On May 4, President Biden issued an executive order (EO)
            imposing sanctions on certain persons destabilizing Sudan and
            undermining the goal of a democratic transition. However, as we
            have seen in Ethiopia, the Administration has not designated
            any individuals or entities for sanctions since the
            announcement of the EO.

        Question. What is the Department of State's perspective on
    designating Sudanese individuals and entities under the executive order
    issued by President Biden on May 4 related to Sudan?

        Answer. The Executive Order underscores our policy aims to end the
    conflict, support Sudan's transition to democracy, and to promote
    accountability for those who undermine it or commit serious human
    rights abuses. As the Secretary said on May 22, if the ceasefire is
    violated, we will know, and we will hold violators accountable through
    our sanctions and other tools at our disposal. We continue to
    intensively monitor and evaluate ceasefire conditions up to the time of
    submission of these questions for the record.

        Question. In your role as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for
    the Africa Bureau, did you advocate against sanctioning Generals Burhan
    or Hemetti at any time during your tenure? If so when?

        Answer. Between October 25, 2021, and April 15, 2023, I and other
    State Department officials frequently reassessed our approach to Sudan,
    explored alternatives, and prepared for contingencies including the use
    of sanctions. Throughout this period, the Bureau has explored the use
    of other pressures, including the suspension of direct assistance and
    preventing HIPC Debt Relief or support from international financial
    institutions, and use of sanctions and visa restrictions on those
    responsible for human rights abuses.
        As PDAS, I coordinate and orchestrate policy review processes. It
    is not appropriate to characterize one official's position, including
    my own, in the policy development process.

        Question. What accountability measures do you think the United
    States should use in the case of Sudan?

        Answer. We have consistently supported the Sudanese people's
    demands for freedom, peace and, critically, justice. We will continue
    to support Sudanese-led efforts to advance justice and accountability,
    including ongoing efforts, such as documentation of human rights abuses
    and violations, to lay the groundwork for justice accountability in the
    future.

              On May 11, 2023, the parties to the conflict--the SAF and
            RSF--signed the Jeddah Declaration of Commitment to Protect the
            Civilians of Sudan with the facilitation of Saudi Arabia and
            the United States. While the Jeddah Declaration does secure
            commitments from the parties to protect civilians and the
            movement of humanitarian aid, it only achieved a commitment
            ``to prioritizing discussions to achieve a short-term
            ceasefire,'' and to ``scheduling subsequent expanded
            discussions to achieve a permanent cessation of hostilities.''

        Question. What, if any, practical impact has the outcome from the
    Jeddah talks had on the situation on the ground in Sudan?

        Answer. Given the brutality of the conflict, our immediate focus
    has been on stopping the fighting to relieve the suffering of the
    Sudanese people. The Jeddah talks have focused on a short-term
    ceasefire to facilitate humanitarian assistance and restoration of
    essential services. This is in line with the step-by-step approach
    agreed by the parties. The Sudanese people have not given up hope and
    neither should we.

        Question. Instead of subsiding, fighting in Khartoum and West
    Darfur has intensified since the Jeddah talks. Reports of rape by RSF
    combatants have increased significantly, and reports from humanitarian
    organizations suggest that SAF-affiliated authorities have increased
    bureaucratic impediments to aid operations. How have humanitarian and
    human rights pledges agreed to at the Jeddah talks impacted the
    bureaucratic barriers to aid operations and cases of sexual violence
    since given that they both seemingly have worsened?

        Answer. We have received deeply disturbing reports about an
    increasing number of attacks, gender-based violence, including sexual
    violence, and looting against Sudanese civilians and foreign civilians,
    to include humanitarian workers, and humanitarian facilities and
    assets. As Ambassador Godfrey tweeted on May 16, we are deeply alarmed
    by reports of sexual violence at the hands of armed actors across
    Sudan. All parties to the conflict must fulfill their obligations under
    international humanitarian law and undertake efforts to prevent such
    violence, enable medical care and other services for survivors, and to
    seek accountability for perpetrators.
        We continue to monitor these reports and commend local and
    international organizations who are providing services to survivors and
    taking steps to help break the cycle of impunity. We continue to
    document these abuses and violations. It's imperative for perpetrators
    to be held accountable.

        Question. To what extent are U.S. diplomats in Jeddah focused on
    seeking a ceasefire versus pressing the parties to allow unhindered
    humanitarian access while negotiations continue?

        Answer. They are deeply focused on humanitarian access, both in
    terms of pressing for removal of obstacles and achieving a ceasefire to
    facilitate humanitarian assistance and restoration of essential
    services. The parties agreed to a seven-day, short-term ceasefire
    starting May 22 to facilitate the delivery and distribution of
    humanitarian assistance, restore essential services, and withdraw
    forces from hospitals and essential public facilities. The parties also
    agreed to facilitate the safe passage of humanitarian actors and
    commodities, allowing goods to flow unhindered from ports of entry to
    populations in need.

        Question. How is Ambassador Godfrey coordinating his outreach to
    Sudanese civilians with other regional and international actors
    undertaking similar efforts, including UNITAMS, the African Union, and
    East African governments?

        Answer. Ambassador Godfrey and other senior officials are
    frequently engaging Sudanese civilian leaders, Resistance Committees,
    and civil society to work toward the shared goal of establishing
    civilian democratic governance in Sudan as soon as possible, and to
    harmonize civilian and international assistance efforts. We are
    coordinating this outreach with the African Union, IGAD, East African
    governments, and UNITAMS and other partners.

              In the Foreign Policy article ``How the U.S. Fumbled Sudan's
            Hopes for Democracy,'' a spokesperson for the State Department
            stated ``U.S. engagement after the October 2021 military
            takeover was centered on supporting Sudanese civilian actors in
            a Sudanese-led process to re-establish a civilian-led
            transitional government.''

        Question. Do you agree with that characterization of the U.S.
    policy after the October 2021 coup?

        Answer. I would agree that U.S. engagement after the October 2021
    military takeover was centered on supporting Sudanese civilian actors
    in a Sudanese-led process to re-establish a civilian-led transitional
    government in line with the democratic aspirations of the Sudanese
    people.

              The same Foreign Policy article references an early 2022
            ``memo [that] was written and circulated within the State
            Department's Bureau of African Affairs warning of the risks of
            current U.S. policy on Sudan and listing potential scenarios
            that could emerge from the rivalry between Burhan and Hemetti,
            including those tensions erupting into a full-scale conflict
            [the memo] was meant to go to U.S. Secretary of State Antony
            Blinken's desk, but the draft was heavily edited, watered down,
            and never passed out of the bureau.''

        Question. Are you aware of the existence of this memo? If yes, did
    you ever see it? Did you contribute to the memo?

        Answer. In the normal course of the work in this are there have
    routinely been products prepared by staff working on Sudan that
    discussed a variety of risks, including that of conflict between the
    Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces and how best to
    mitigate against those risks. Since 2021, senior State officials have
    been well aware of ongoing tensions between SAF and RSF leadership, and
    have engaged in frequent diplomacy, often working closely with
    civilians, to defuse tensions between the SAF and RSF, including in the
    days before April 15, 2023. As an institutional matter, as PDAS I would
    have reviewed products that included those circulated to the A/S and to
    the 7th floor.

        Question. Were you part of conversations where the memo was
    discussed internally? If yes, what decisions were made as to how to
    handle it?

        Answer. There have been a number of memos and internal
    deliberations on this subject. We carefully considered policy proposals
    and different opinions on our policy on Sudan and did not dismiss
    dissenting views. AF's recommendations on this subject over this period
    were used to structure frequent, intensive diplomacy over many months
    designed to defuse and end tensions between the SAF and RSF.

        Question. Did you edit or change the contents of the memo? If so,
    what were your changes?

        Answer. As PDAS I focused on ensuring that all memos had concise
    and cogent analysis and clear policy recommendations, including on
    memos related to supporting a democratic transition in Sudan.
        I do not feel it is appropriate to characterize one official's
    position, including my own, in the policy development process.

    South Africa

        Question. Last week, a delegation of senior South African officials
    travelled to the United States to meet with State Department officials,
    ostensibly about the U.S.-South Africa relationship. On May 11, U.S.
    Ambassador to South Africa Brigety, in a press conference in
    Johannesburg, ``bet [his] life'' on the claim that South African
    weapons and ammunition were loaded onto Russian vessel the ``Lady R''
    from December 6-8, 2022. South Africa's foreign ministry has denied the
    claim. Then, on May 12, Amb. Brigety apologized for his remarks to
    Foreign Minister Pandor after being summoned to a meeting with her.
    Secretary Blinken did the same in a call with Minister Pandor. Was
    Ambassador Brigety authorized to accuse the South African Government of
    supplying arms to Russia publicly? If no, why not?

        Answer. Ambassador Brigety was authorized to speak with local South
    African press about the visit in early May of a delegation of South
    African officials to Washington, D.C. Those meetings in early May
    included discussion of the Lady R and South Africa's assurance that an
    investigation was underway, as President Ramaphosa subsequently
    confirmed in a statement. As Ambassador Brigety subsequently clarified,
    as did the State Department spokesperson, we intend to keep
    conversations with the South Africans regarding our serious concerns in
    diplomatic channels moving forward.

        Question. Did the Department raise the issue of potential transfer
    of arms to the Russian Government or Russia-affiliated entities or on a
    Russian-sanctioned vessel with the South African Government? If so,
    when, and were you personally involved or present for any of those
    conversations?

        Answer. Since the docking of the Lady R in a South African naval
    port in early December 2022, U.S. officials--including Secretary
    Blinken, APNSA Sullivan, Assistant Secretary Phee, and others--have
    raised the matter on multiple occasions with South African
    counterparts. I was not personally present at those conversations.

        Question. Do you agree with the State Department's decision to not
    publicly pushback against the South African Government and ANC party
    members when they personally attacked and portray Ambassador Brigety
    negatively and make anti-American statements?

        Answer. In my capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, and
    in Acting Assistant Secretary status of the time the interview with
    Ambassador Brigety was made public, I was integrally part of
    discussions about how to manage our diplomatic relations with South
    Africa before and after Ambassador Brigety's interview. Our goal was to
    ensure that South African officials understood the depth of our concern
    about the Lady R and our desire to continue conversations about it in
    diplomatic channels without letting those conversations disrupt work on
    common priorities. I stand by our decision to keep those priorities in
    balance.

        Question. How do you think the apologies and walking back of the
    accusations will impact the U.S. relationship with South Africa?

        Answer. I believe our relationship with South Africa is both
    complex and resilient. We will continue to have frank and sometimes
    difficult conversations with South African officials when we disagree--
    as is the case when South Africa takes actions that appear to
    contradict its stated position of ``non-alignment''--but we will at the
    same time pursue a robust and affirmative agenda on long-standing
    priorities like health and trade.

        Question. What signals do you think the apologies and walking back
    of the accusations send to other governments who are considering acting
    against the national security interests of the United States?

        Answer. I do not think there is any government in the world that
    does not understand how seriously the United States takes our national
    security interests and the interests of our allies and partners, nor do
    I think any country doubts our resolve and our willingness to take
    action. South Africa is undertaking an investigation of the Lady R
    matter, and our bilateral relationship continues to address a wide
    range of complex matters. We are moving past this.

        Question. Did Secretary Blinken raise with Foreign Minister Pandor
    the photos and other accounting of her meeting with Ambassador Brigety
    released publicly that were seemingly intended to portray him as being
    scolded and spoken down to by the South African Government?

        Answer. Secretary Blinken spoke with Minister Pandor immediately
    after her meeting with Ambassador Brigety, and therefore the photos and
    descriptions in question were not yet public when they spoke.

        Question. How is the State Department engaged with the United
    States Trade Representative on South Africa's eligibility under the
    African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)?

        Answer. The State Department and USTR are in regular contact
    regarding AGOA matters. AGOA eligibility is determined by the Trade
    Policy Staff Committee, which consists of multiple agencies across the
    U.S. Government.

        Question. If there is evidence that elements within South Africa's
    Government or ruling ANC party took part in facilitating a reported
    arms transfer to the Russian Government or Russia-affiliated entities
    or on a Russian-sanctioned vessel, do you think the Administration
    should use its existing authorities to hold those individuals and
    entities accountable?

        Answer. We do not publicly preview sanctions decisions. The Biden-
    Harris Administration has shown that it does not hesitate to use
    existing authorities as appropriate to curtail Putin's ability to fund
    and supply his war machine. As you know, I have been deeply involved in
    policymaking efforts to attack and degrade Russian PMC's Wagner's
    African reach and fundraising capabilities--I am a serious, committed
    officer on the Russia security portfolio.
        The Department of State is, as always, open to classified
    discussions with you and your colleagues to discuss in further detail.

        Question. As of May 17, 2023, which senior members of Africa Bureau
    leadership had direct conversations with Ambassador Brigety about the
    South Africa press conference and reaction?

        Answer. I and other Africa Bureau leadership speak regularly with
    Ambassador Brigety, as we do with all our Chiefs of Mission in the
    field, on a range of topics. I spoke with Ambassador Brigety
    immediately following the press conference. Deputy Assistant Secretary
    Robert Scott spoke to him on multiple issues pertaining to the
    bilateral relationship, both before the Ambassador's comments in
    question and the week subsequent to them (Scott was on official travel
    the week of the actual press conference).

    Elections
              Elections are expected to be called for late July in
            Zimbabwe. In addition to the persistent restrictions on
            political and civic space in Zimbabwe and the regular use of
            the institutions and resources of the state to the benefit of
            the ruling ZANU-PF party, the pre-election period in Zimbabwe
            has been marred by: the jailing (without bail) and convictions
            of opposition leaders and critical voices on politically-
            motivated charges; the threat of draconian legislation
            regulating NGOs; and significant flaws in the voter
            registration process.

        Question. What is your view on the prospects for democratic
    elections in Zimbabwe later this year?

        Answer. The Government of Zimbabwe has tilted the playing field in
    the ruling ZANU-PF's favor using intimidation, coercion, patronage,
    lawfare tactics, and at times, violence. Absent significant change in
    the immediate term, it is difficult to see how this can lead to free
    and fair elections in 2023.

        Question. How have you prepared your colleagues at Embassy Harare
    for the inevitable increased strain on the bilateral relationship and
    pressure placed on the staff in country from a deteriorating political
    environment in Zimbabwe leading up to the 2023 polls?

        Answer. In my capacity as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of
    African Affairs, I directed the Bureau of African Affairs to connect
    with Washington-based counterparts in the Department of State and USAID
    to identify support mechanisms for Embassy Harare's election
    preparations. The AF Bureau has worked closely with Embassy Harare to
    develop and deliver messages to the Government of Zimbabwe on our
    expectations regarding this year's elections. Further, the Embassy team
    conducted scenario planning and crisis management exercises to prepare
    for a range of election-related outcomes.

        Question. At what point do the pre-election conditions make it
    impossible for Zimbabwe to hold legitimate democratic elections?

        Answer. The United States will use all tools at its disposal to
    determine whether the 2023 harmonized elections in Zimbabwe are free
    and fair. I remain concerned about the worrying trends in the lead-up
    to the elections, including the Government of Zimbabwe's use of
    intimidation, coercion, patronage, lawfare tactics, and at times,
    violence.

              Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) are
            expected for December of this year. In addition to the
            logistical challenges posed by holding nation-wide elections in
            DRC, the ongoing State of Siege and conflict in Eastern Congo,
            exacerbated by the presence of Rwanda-backed M23 rebels and the
            delays in conducting a legitimate voter registration exercise
            (among other issues) make it near certain that elections will
            be delayed and/or impossible to hold across the country.

        Question. What lessons have you learned from the State Department's
    handling of the 2019 electoral process in DRC, including the
    controversial ``victory'' of President Tshisekedi?

        Answer. Successful elections in 2023 should be free and fair, with
    inclusive, transparent and impartial electoral processes, and held in
    accordance with constitutional deadlines. President Tshisekedi has
    firmly expressed his commitment to free and fair elections, held on
    time, but we must remain engaged at the highest levels throughout the
    elections planning process to ensure the DRC Government takes the
    necessary legal, financial, and technical actions to ensure a better
    election in 2023.

        Question. Have you been satisfied with the Presidency of Felix
    Tshisekedi, whom the State Department was quick to support as the
    ``winner'' of the 2019 elections despite serious questions about the
    legitimacy of the outcome?

        Answer. Since he assumed power in 2019, President Tshisekedi and
    his administration have shown a commitment to working closely with the
    United States on areas of bilateral interest, including peace in
    eastern DRC, preservation of the environment, public health, and
    strategic minerals. Our bilateral relationship has also allowed us to
    engage critically with the DRC Government on areas of concern, such as
    combatting trafficking-in-persons, anti-corruption efforts, and
    professionalization of the Congolese security sector.
        No leader is perfect, and the Democratic Republic of Congo remains
    a country suffering weak institutions. The United States continues to
    work with the Government and President Tshisekedi on these and other
    matters of concern to us and the people of that country and region.

        Question. How is the State Department engaging with Congolese
    officials, including President Tshisekedi, on the challenges to the
    current electoral process?

        Answer. The Department continues to call on the DRC Government to
    ensure that political and civic space remains open in the lead up to
    the elections so that the Congolese people can express their views
    peacefully. The United States is the largest donor of funding for
    activities in support of free and fair 2023 elections, providing $24.75
    million that: strengthens transparency of electoral processes and
    electoral administration, improves civic education, and empowers
    communities to participate in elections.

        Question. What accountability measures are being discussed for
    spoilers to elections in DRC?

        Answer. The U.S. Government is willing to consider the full range
    of diplomatic and legal tools, including sanctions, in order to promote
    accountability and help ensure the DRC can hold free and fair elections
    in accordance with constitutional deadlines.

    Nigeria
        Question. I have been engaged in discussions with the Department
    over security assistance to Nigeria, considering both the acute
    security challenges Nigeria faces and the concerning human rights
    record of the Nigerian military. In your opinion, how should the
    Department balance these considerations as it engages with the Nigerian
    Government on security assistance and in combatting the insurgent
    threat posed by Boko Haram and other groups in the North East, and
    other security challenges across Nigeria?

        Answer. The Department shares your commitment in ensuring that our
    security cooperation takes human rights concerns into account and is
    consistent with our objective of strengthening respect for human rights
    in Nigeria. Our security cooperation seeks to strengthen the capacity
    of Nigeria's Armed Forces to more effectively address security threats,
    protect civilians, and institutionalize respect for human rights and
    the laws of armed conflict. Pursuant to the Leahy laws, the Department
    does not provide security assistance to any security force unit if
    there is credible information that the unit has committed a gross
    violation of human rights. We will continue to vet all Nigerian
    security force units nominated for assistance. Human rights
    considerations play a critical role in the evaluation of any arms
    sales.
        A focus on human rights and civilian protection is fundamental to,
    and built into, every major U.S. security cooperation engagement with
    Nigeria. The Department is committed to ensuring that this remains the
    case as we prepare to work with a new Nigerian Administration.

              Nigeria held national-level elections on February 25, 2023
            and state-level elections on March 11 [sic], 2023. On March 1,
            the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) announced
            Bola Tinubu of the All Progressives Congress won the
            presidential election with 36.61 percent of the vote. That same
            day (March 1), State Department spokesman Ned Price stated from
            the podium that the ``United States congratulates the people of
            Nigeria, President-elect Tinubu, and all political leaders on
            the results of the February 25th presidential election. This
            competitive election represents a new period for Nigerian
            politics and democracy.'' The February 25 elections were marred
            by technical challenges and low voter turnout, and reports of
            vote buying, voter intimidation, attacks on polling stations,
            and accusations of fraud. Presidential candidates Peter Obi and
            Atiku Abubakar challenged the results in Nigerian courts. The
            Nigerian Court of Appeal began proceedings on the election
            challenges on May 8. The inauguration of President-elect Tinubu
            is scheduled for May 29, 2023.

        Question. What is your assessment of Nigeria's 2023 electoral
    process?

        Answer. Domestic and international observers noted significant
    logistical and technical shortcomings on February 25 for the national
    elections, as well as concerns about incidents of violence and
    intimidation, especially surrounding the March 18 state-level
    elections. For many Nigerians, the electoral process did not meet their
    expectations. The United States echoed many of these concerns in its
    public statements following the elections.
        Despite these shortcomings, many neutral observers believed the
    official outcome reflected the will of those who voted. A
    comprehensive, USAID-supported Parallel Vote Tabulation process of the
    February 25 presidential race, run by a highly respected implementing
    partner that has carried out such tabulations in multiple previous
    Nigerian presidential elections, produced data that was consistent with
    the official results in 35 out of 37 states; the discrepancies in the
    two other states were not close to changing the overall outcome.
        Nigeria's February and March 2023 elections were also highly
    competitive. In the presidential election, each of the top three
    candidates was the leading vote-getter in twelve states, a remarkable
    first in Nigeria's modern political era, reflecting the diversity of
    views that characterized the campaign and the wishes of voters. In more
    than half of Nigeria's states--twenty-- the winning presidential
    candidate represented a different party than that of the incumbent
    governor. Many of Nigeria's state-level elections were also highly
    competitive, with the control of six governorships changing party
    hands. Although voter turnout proved to be disappointingly low,
    engagement by civil society and the media before, during, and following
    the elections was robust and energized, and advanced the cause of
    informed, issue-based politics.
        In response to incidents of violence and voter intimidation during
    the election cycle, the U.S. Government-imposed visa restrictions on
    specific individuals for undermining the democratic process.

        Question. Do you think it was premature for the State Department to
    congratulate president-elect Bola Tinubu and the Nigerian people on the
    conduct and outcome of the February 25 election on March 1?

        Answer. I understand your concerns, and we carefully considered
    what would be an appropriate response. We believed it was important
    immediately after the election to recognize the determination and
    commitment to democracy of the Nigerian people, especially amidst the
    challenges that they confronted during the voting process.
        In addition to our understanding through the Parallel Vote
    Tabulation that the announced results accurately reflected the national
    vote, the State Department offered congratulations to President-elect
    Tinubu based on the official declaration of the outcome by the sole
    body empowered by the Nigerian constitution to do so--the Independent
    National Electoral Commission (INEC). Presidential candidates Peter Obi
    and Atiku Abubakar were fully within their rights to file legal
    challenges using the well-established mechanisms for doing so; indeed,
    legal challenges have been filed by losing candidates in almost every
    presidential election since democracy returned to Nigeria in 1999. The
    Court of Appeals' Electoral Tribunal is currently holding hearings
    regarding these challenges, and per the Nigerian constitution has 180
    days to issue a ruling; if an appeal of that ruling is filed by the
    losing party, the Supreme Court will have 60 days to make a final,
    binding ruling. The legal process will thus extend well past the May 29
    inauguration date, as it has in previous presidential election cycles.
        Given these factors, the Department made the decision to recognize
    the announced victory of Mr. Tinubu.
        However, the State Department's March 1 statement did not diminish
    U.S concerns about the technical shortcomings of an electoral process
    that clearly failed to meet Nigerians' expectations. That same
    statement also called on Nigeria's Independent National Electoral
    Commission (INEC) to address such issues ahead of Nigeria's then-
    upcoming state-level elections.

              In December 2022, Reuters published a deeply troubling
            investigative piece on forced abortions and child killings by
            Nigeria's military. On April 19, 2023, Reuters published a
            follow up piece ``More women describe enduring forced abortions
            in Nigerian Army programme.''

        Question. What is your assessment of the Nigerian National Human
    Rights Commission's investigation into these allegations?

        Answer. Nigeria's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is
    conducting a serious and thorough investigation into the deeply
    troubling allegations reported by Reuters. On February 7, the NHRC
    inaugurated the Special Independent Investigative Panel on Human Rights
    Violations in Counter-Insurgency Operations in North-East Nigeria.
    Since opening its investigation, the Panel--which is headed by Abdu
    Aboki, a well-respected former Supreme Court justice, along with six
    legal, medical, and civil society experts, plus a military liaison--has
    made multiple visits to Nigeria's North East and interviewed dozens of
    witnesses, including health care workers, NGO workers, military
    personnel, and government and U.N. officials. The NHRC recently told
    our Embassy staff that it was planning additional trips to Borno State
    in order to reach more rural areas as they seek to the fullest possible
    picture of what may have transpired. The NHRC has reported that the
    military is cooperating with the investigation and is offering the NHRC
    full access to military personnel and installations.
        We continue to monitor the work of the NHRC investigative panel,
    which is expected to last several more months, and press Nigeria's
    Government to ensure accountability for wrongdoing based on its
    findings and recommendations. I do not wish to pre-judge the results of
    any investigation currently underway.

        Question. What is your assessment of how the U.S. Embassy in Abuja
    responded to the Reuters report?

        Answer. I was satisfied with the work our Embassy in responding
    immediately to these reports, which involved immediate outreach to
    dozens of contacts across the full spectrum of our relationship, in
    order to gather initial perspectives. The Department was shocked and
    remains deeply concerned by the allegations in Reuters' reports. After
    the reports were published, U.S. officials in Abuja and Washington
    pressed the Nigerian Government to conduct a thorough and transparent
    independent investigation and ensure accountability for any wrongdoing.
    From this, we have seen results--on February 7, Nigeria's National
    Human Rights Commission (NHRC) inaugurated its investigative panel with
    a mandate to investigate Reuters' allegations, and determine
    culpability, compel appropriate damages or compensation, and recommend
    appropriate legal action by civil or military justice systems if
    warranted. Senior Nigerian officials--including President Buhari and
    Chief of Defense Staff Irabor (in a change from his initial comments)--
    pledged to support the investigation and assured that the Government
    would help facilitate its work. Everything we have seen since suggests
    that has been the case, and we recently learned that President Buhari
    has agreed to provide supplemental funding to the NHRC to support the
    Special Panel.

              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Ethiopia was listed as Tier 2 Watch List for the second year in
            a row for its lack of sustained efforts to meet the minimum
            standards to combat trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Ethiopia operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. The most recent TIP report outlined several steps Ethiopia
    could take to improve its anti-TIP efforts, including expanding
    training to regional officials outside of Addis, screening for
    trafficking indicators among vulnerable populations, developing a
    national action plan, and collaborating with international NGOs to
    increase the Government's capacity to combat trafficking. My
    understanding is the Ethiopia in making good progress in implementing
    these recommendations and, if confirmed, I will support these efforts
    within legal and policy guidelines.

              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report Ethiopia had significant religious freedom
            issues in country.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Many of the religious tensions in Ethiopia are rooted in
    political and ethnic conflicts. Therefore, the key to ending religious
    persecution in Ethiopia is achieving lasting political peace. If
    confirmed, I will work to facilitate peace in Ethiopia and make the
    free expression of religion one of my core priorities.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to engaging with civil society
    on the importance of religious freedom. This is something the Embassy
    team does already, and I look forward to continuing the great work it
    does in this area.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Ethiopia increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. The most important step that can be taken to help Ethiopia
    increase its societal and governmental respect for religious freedom is
    the achievement of a durable peace in the country. Religious conflicts
    in Ethiopia are often rooted in political and ethnic conflicts. If
    confirmed, I would stress with all interlocutors that the United States
    considers the respect for religious freedom a fundamental human rights
    issue--and one with far-reaching effects on the overall health of the
    bilateral relationship.

              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report there were
            a litany of significant human rights abuses attributed to the
            Government in Ethiopia.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Civil society organizations have a vital role to play in
    ensuring the respect for human rights in Ethiopia. If confirmed, I
    would continue ongoing efforts to support--both financially and
    diplomatically--human rights-based organizations working in the
    country. Outside perspective and technical knowledge will be a key
    component in ensuring a durable and lasting peace in Ethiopia.

    State Management and Oversight
              Please answer the following questions based on your
            experience as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for
            African Affairs from 2021-present.

        Question. What is the process within the Bureau of African Affairs
    for decision making, particularly related to difficult or controversial
    issues?

        Answer. Prior to deciding on a difficult or controversial issue, I
    endeavor to ensure that the Bureau gathers all available facts and
    surfaces perspectives from as many viewpoints as possible, including
    dissenting views relative to existing policy. I invite stakeholders in
    to discuss viewpoints and rigorously test hypotheses and policy
    concepts before the Bureau makes a final decision.
        No process is perfect--we will never have all the facts, and
    ensuring all viewpoints are heard and engaged is our aspiration, but
    not possible to achieve without fault. What is important in my
    estimation of leadership is the ability of an institution to be able to
    make course corrections with new information, new insights and when we
    see current approaches falling short.

        Question. What role do you play, as a member of Bureau leadership,
    in decision making processes?

        Answer. I am the decision maker when the Assistant Secretary is out
    of the office or unavailable. When the Assistant Secretary is in the
    office, I coordinate the policy review processes of the Bureau, provide
    my own recommendation if appropriate, and ensure that she has the
    information and strongest analysis we can muster to make a well-
    informed decision. I try to maintain a constant policymaking assessment
    apparatus, to ensure the decisions made remain fit for purpose and
    consistent with evolving circumstances.

        Question. Is there space for communicating dissent within the
    Bureau for African Affairs?

        Answer. I aspire to achieve an unequivocal ``yes'' to the question,
    and constantly strive to live up to that aspiration.
        Valuing opinions, trust, and fostering a harassment-free workplace
    are all key to ensuring dissenting views are expressed and heard. In
    the Bureau of African Affairs, we actively promote sharing of various
    opinions and do not tolerate employee harassment. Employees may express
    dissent through the formal Department-wide dissent process, but are
    also welcome to use less formal mechanisms, such as offering multiple
    perspectives in decision memos or through face-to-face interactions.
        The Assistant Secretary and I purposely solicit wide ranging views
    on difficult topic to test current policy thinking and inform new or
    review policy processes. Our aim cannot be to incorporate every view
    into every policy, but to ensure we understand the range of options,
    tools, tradeoffs, and cost/benefit assessments.

        Question. How do you manage dissent within the Bureau of African
    Affairs?

        Answer. As stated above, by valuing opinions, trust, and fostering
    a harassment-free workplace are all key to encouraging and managing
    dissent. In the Bureau of African Affairs, we actively promote sharing
    of various opinions and do not tolerate employee harassment. When
    personnel communicate policy disagreement, I will organize appropriate
    discussions with key stakeholders to test the proposition.

              Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over the
            last several years, in large part due to COVID.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Addis Ababa?

        Answer. The aftermath of a three-month ordered departure from
    November 2021 to February 2022, combined with continuing in-country
    travel restrictions related to the conflict in northern Ethiopia, have
    impacted morale at Embassy Addis Ababa. It is now more challenging to
    recruit diplomatic staff and many of our positions remain vacant
    without qualified bidders. Our Locally Employed Staff are still
    impacted by conflict-related issues that continue to arise. The Mission
    strives to support all employees through these challenges while meeting
    Mission objectives.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Addis
    Ababa?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will demonstrate my commitment to respect
    for all, customer service, professional development, safety and
    security, and quality of life issues. I will ensure the mission has
    access to resources to support a positive, respectful, and inclusive
    workplace. I will hold supervisors accountable and expect them to hold
    their teams accountable for conduct and performance. Incidents will be
    addressed immediately.
        I will recognize and reward high performers and promote work-life
    balance and safe social activities to build community resilience.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Addis Ababa?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will lead the American
    and Ethiopian professionals in Mission Ethiopia to advance our national
    security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful workplace. I will
    continue to ensure our Embassy in Ethiopia is working together as a
    team, including through an active diversity council, Federal Women's
    Program, and professional development program that promote respect for
    each other and a shared commitment to advancing U.S. national interest
    through diplomacy, public outreach, and programs.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Addis
    Ababa?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will demonstrate my commitment to respect
    for all, customer service, professional development, safety and
    security, and quality of life issues. I will ensure the mission has
    access to resources to support a positive, respectful, and inclusive
    workplace. I will hold supervisors accountable and expect them to hold
    their teams accountable for conduct and performance. Incidents will be
    addressed immediately.
        I will recognize and reward high performers and promote work-life
    balance and safe social activities to build community resilience.

              Management is a key responsibility for Chiefs of Mission.

        Question. How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. I would ideally compare myself to a musical conductor or
    band leader--setting the tone, pace and overall direction, but inviting
    creativity, individual and group excellence to shine, and innovation. I
    would also describe my management style as respectful, collaborative,
    dedicated, and committed to integrity.
        Ultimately, I strive to serve the mission team and community. I
    lead with a consistent goal for excellence in our internal management
    and operational platforms in the mission, high customer service, and
    high morale in the community as essential ingredients to achieving
    success in our external diplomatic, public outreach, and programmatic
    goals. I also firmly believe in the principle that the ``buck stops
    with me.'' Meaning, I try to take full responsibility for actions taken
    by those who I supervise and institutions I direct.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. As I mentioned in my statement before the committee on May
    16, my parents provided clear guidance and instilled bedrock values
    that I aspire to emulate, including discipline, integrity, and treating
    people with kindness and respect. It is never acceptable or
    constructive to berate subordinates or other individuals, either in
    public or in private.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. As a previous two-time deputy Chief of Mission and a
    current Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, I have over a decade of
    experience serving successfully in a deputy role or supervising. I
    believe that the deputy and Chief of Mission must communicate well with
    one another and with the mission team, have a shared commitment to
    integrity, and both be focused on serving the community and their
    mission team. I believe in working as a partner with my deputy,
    complementing and reinforcing each other wherever possible. I know my
    deputy will be called upon to have important conversations with me from
    time to time to express a viewpoint that is not appropriate for a wider
    audience within the Mission, even with the senior personnel.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. I believe in developing the skills of my deputy Chief of
    Mission to be ready to lead at any moment. This means including the
    deputy Chief of Mission in operations and external engagements, while
    also identifying specific leadership responsibilities. If confirmed, I
    would delegate to my deputy responsibilities such the leading
    professional staff development programs, chairing key coordination
    working groups, and supervising emergency and crisis response
    exercises. I would support and reinforce those duties wherever helpful.

              In order to create and continue employee excellence at the
            Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports
            (EERs) for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though
            often lacking

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes, I believe it is essential to provide all employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance, as well as
    reward employees who successfully fulfill their roles. Throughout my
    Foreign Service career have actively provided such feedback and
    recognition, including for Locally Employed Staff, and by implementing
    additional recognition mechanisms such as Local Staff Member of the
    Month and Local Staff Member of the Year awards in my last two
    postings.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I would support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to all employees to improve performance
    and reward high achievers, as I have done throughout my Foreign Service
    career.

              It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
            abroad to meet with local actors, including host government
            officials, non-government organizations, and local citizens.

        Question. In your experience, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    Embassy walls enough to fully accomplish their missions?

        Answer. In my experience U.S. diplomats generally strive to get
    outside our Embassy walls to advance mission goals. I believe that with
    clear and coordinated planning, consistent security and emergency
    accountability training, and prioritization on public outreach, it is
    possible, and essential, for U.S. diplomats to get outside of embassies
    and the capital cities of their host countries as much as possible. If
    confirmed, I would lead Mission Addis Ababa to actively and safely
    engaging in robust public outreach and travel outside of the Embassy
    and Addis Ababa.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work closely with the Embassy's
    Regional Security Office and Public Affairs Office to ensure that all
    U.S. diplomats and local staff have the necessary training,
    communications platforms for emergency accountability tools to safely
    travel and access local populations. I would also work with the Public
    Affairs Office to ensure that all staff have training in public
    messaging to engage Ethiopians in all parts of the country. Finally, I
    would work with the Management team and Washington to budget sufficient
    travel resources to support appropriate outreach to advance our U.S.
    national interests in Ethiopia.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Ervin Jose Massinga by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    efforts to expand its problematic influence, through robust and
    forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial
    advocacy to bolster U.S.-Ethiopia ties. As an officer with substantial
    experience working in China and interfacing directly with PRC
    officials, I understand the stakes, the PRC's tools and approaches, and
    its weaknesses.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will energetically advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior
    by the PRC.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Ethiopia and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to address the PRC's efforts to
    expand its influence in Ethiopia and the region.

        Question. Despite the March 2022 African Union-brokered truce
    between the Ethiopian Government and Tigray forces in the north, ethnic
    tensions remain. All sides engaged in the conflict, including
    neighboring Eritrean forces who invaded and occupied the north of the
    country, are accused of forced recruitment, committing crimes against
    humanity, and carrying out war crimes. Some estimates state that more
    than 500,000 have died during the war from killings, starvation, and
    lack of health care. What is your assessment of the current state of
    U.S.-Ethiopian relations?

        Answer. A stable, prosperous, and democratic Ethiopia is in the
    U.S. national interest. Two years of conflict strained the bilateral
    relationship but also weakened Ethiopia economically and exacerbated
    interethnic tensions within its borders. The United States seeks to
    restore this relationship and help Ethiopia rebuild, but our ability to
    provide financial assistance will be limited until we assess there is
    no longer a pattern of gross violations of human rights committed by
    the Government of Ethiopia. We are pleased to observe significant
    progress in this area. To ensure durable peace, we are urging Ethiopia
    to address recent atrocities through an independent, inclusive, and
    comprehensive transitional justice process. If confirmed, I will
    encourage further progress in this regard.

        Question. Who or what is the greatest threat to the peace process
    currently in place?

        Answer. We are confident the signatories to the cessation of
    hostilities agreement--the Government of Ethiopia and the Tigray
    People's Liberation Front--are committed to its successful
    implementation and note significant progress. Remaining challenges
    include the continued presence of Eritrean Defense Forces in border
    areas as well as Amhara irregular forces in contested parts of Tigray
    regional state. There is also a need for Ethiopia to source financial
    support for its nationwide disarmament, demobilization, and
    reintegration (DDR) initiative. If confirmed, I will help mobilize
    international partners to share the financial responsibility for DDR in
    Ethiopia.

        Question. Civil conflict in Tigray is not the only internal
    conflict. How would you describe the violence in other parts of the
    country and ethnic groups?

        Answer. Poverty, unemployment, ethnic tensions, and a lack of trust
    in regional and federal authorities continue to be drivers of violence,
    well after silencing the guns in Tigray. This is especially the case in
    Amhara and Oromia regions. Developing dispute resolution mechanisms at
    the community level and among civil society groups are a core focus of
    U.S. development funding in Ethiopia. If confirmed, I will encourage
    Ethiopia's national dialogue process to address long-standing
    grievances that have been historical drivers of conflict.

        Question. The U.S. is Ethiopia's largest donor, providing
    approximately $2.5 billion in aid over the past two years. USAID
    recently suspended aid to the northern region of Ethiopia due to theft
    and diversion of humanitarian supplies. If confirmed, how will you
    ensure U.S. taxpayer assistance is used for what it is intended?

        Answer. I have zero tolerance for any fraud, waste, or abuse of
    U.S. taxpayer-funded resources. I expect the ongoing USAID Office of
    the Inspector General investigation into food diversion in Ethiopia to
    lead to concrete recommendations for improving oversight over U.S.
    assistance. These will likely include additional use of third-party
    monitoring as well as greater accountability among implementing
    partners and authorities at the federal, regional, and local levels. If
    confirmed, I will press Ethiopian authorities at all levels to hold
    accountable those found to be responsible for the diversion of U.S.
    assistance away from its intended beneficiaries.

        Question. Will you commit to this Committee and American citizens
    that USAID employees under your authority will provide appropriate
    oversight and not solely utilize implementing partners to verify aid is
    not stolen or diverted?

        Answer. Yes, I commit to this.

        Question. In your opinion, what assurances must be in place before
    assistance is resumed for these challenging areas?

        Answer. Assurances for better oversight and accountability with
    regard to aid diversion must come from Ethiopian authorities at the
    federal, regional, and local levels. I also believe our implementing
    partners responsible for the actual distribution of assistance--be they
    U.N. organizations or non-governmental organizations--should provide
    assurances that they have increased their capacity to oversee
    operations across the entire country. If confirmed, I would hold all
    parties involved to the highest standards.

        Question. Ethiopia maintains strong ties with China, as their
    largest trading partner and foreign investor. It is estimated that
    Ethiopia has more than $13 billion in loans for significant
    infrastructure projects. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between Ethiopia and China?

        Answer. The PRC is Ethiopia's largest bilateral lender and
    investor. The Government of Ethiopia views the PRC as an important
    partner that has helped the country accomplish key infrastructure
    development objectives, but the relationship is transactional, and the
    PRC's non-concessional approach to lending, in addition to often poor
    quality of infrastructure built and weak skills transfer mechanisms,
    increasingly shows itself as a poor model for development. There are
    not deep person-to-person or cultural ties like those that exist
    between the United States and Ethiopia. If confirmed, I will engage
    Ethiopia on its own terms, continue to deepen our person-to-person
    diplomacy, and advance our affirmative agenda.

        Question. The Development Finance Corporation (DFC) was considering
    a multi-billion-dollar investment in Ethiopia, to include multinational
    bids for a telecom license in Ethiopia, however these plans were frozen
    in 2021. If confirmed, will you press DFC to resume looking for
    investment projects in Ethiopia?

        Answer. Despite current economic headwinds, Ethiopia has promising,
    long-term growth prospects and represents a potentially attractive
    market for U.S. business. Prior to the northern conflict, its economy
    was among the fastest growing in the world. If confirmed, I will press
    the DFC to resume looking for investment opportunities in Ethiopia that
    meet the organization's legally mandated due diligence criteria.

        Question. Which other programs will you support which will deepen
    U.S. investment in and with Ethiopia to counter Chinese initiatives?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will focus on ensuring a level playing
    field for American businesses and calling out coercive and questionable
    business practices by unscrupulous actors like the PRC when necessary.
    Ethiopians and the Ethiopian Government already understand that the
    American free-market growth model is the strongest one for long-term
    development and prosperity. Once assistance restrictions are lifted
    when warranted under law and consistent with our policy and values, the
    United States should re-engage Ethiopia in the broad range of economic
    growth programs offered by U.S. Government agencies and international
    organizations, including USAID, USTDA, USTR, the World Bank,
    International Monetary Fund, Power Africa, DFC, MCC, etc. The United
    States should also be ready to provide technical assistance to the
    Government of Ethiopia as it redoubles efforts to implement its free-
    market economic reform plan. When appropriate, I plan to serve as a
    strong champion of U.S. and likeminded countries' corporate investment
    and engagement with Ethiopia.
        I will also draw attention to the Partnership for Global
    Infrastructure Investment (PGII) as a viable alternative to PRC
    infrastructure investment. PGII was launched at the November 2022 G20
    meeting and will introduce collaboration mechanisms among G7 countries
    and across all U.S. Government agencies to direct investment to
    projects in developing countries focused on climate and energy
    security, digital connectivity and health and health security--
    including related transportation infrastructure like ports, railroads,
    and other connective infrastructure.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Bryan David Hunt by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. I have focused much of my State Department career on the
    promotion of democracy and respect for human rights. As Charge in
    Georgetown, Guyana, I led our team in collaborative efforts with like-
    minded international partners to advance free and fair local and
    national elections. Our combined efforts resulted in the first peaceful
    transition of power in the country in more than two decades following
    national elections that were judged by international and domestic
    observers to be free and fair and to reflect the will of the people and
    the organization of long-delayed local government elections judged to
    be free and fair and reflect the will of the people. During my time as
    Principal Officer in Lahore, Pakistan, I helped lead U.S. Mission
    efforts to push-back against efforts by the then-military regime to
    declare martial law, jail politicians and civil society activists, and
    permanently disrupt the planned transition back to civilian rule. U.S.
    Mission efforts pressured the military to abandon its attempt and
    ensured a transition back to civilian rule, including national
    elections that were judged to be broadly free and fair.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Sierra Leone? These challenges might
    include obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and
    institutions, rule of law, authentic political competition, civil
    society, human rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as
    possible.

        Answer. The lack of independence of key election-related
    institutions, insufficient judicial independence, insufficient
    legislative oversight, and endemic corruption stand out as some of the
    most significant challenges to democracy and democratic development in
    Sierra Leone. I understand that as the country moves toward elections
    in June 2023, our Embassy has already raised concerns about the need to
    ensure a level playing field for all political parties, the importance
    of sustained media freedom, and the imperative of ensuring freedoms of
    association and peaceful assembly.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Sierra Leone? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would hope to use Sierra Leone's 2023
    national elections as a catalyst to encourage the government, political
    opposition, civil society, and other stakeholders to embark on a
    national reflection on the state of Sierra Leone's democratic
    institutions. I would work closely with like-minded partners to ensure
    that recommendations from the 2023 international and domestic election
    observation reports--particularly those related to the politicization
    of key electoral institutions--formed a key part of that reflection and
    resulting reforms. I would seek to use available U.S. democracy and
    governance funding to support the long-term strengthening of
    institutions identified for genuine reform and to support an
    independent judiciary, democratic political parties, and effective and
    independent civil society and media institutions. My hope would be to
    advance more independent, non-partisan institutions able to ensure the
    long-term viability of Sierra Leone's democracy and deliver for all
    Sierra Leonean people. Potential impediments include the highly
    partisan nature of Sierra Leone's politics, the intersection of
    partisan politics and ethnic identity, ingrained corruption, and the
    lack of human capacity. It is my hope that addressing these challenges
    will help Sierra Leone build on the gains it has made since the end of
    its civil war in 2002.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. I understand that the U.S. Government assistance resources
    for promotion of democracy and governance in Sierra Leone are limited.
    If confirmed, I would, therefore, seek to focus those limited resources
    on capacity-building programming that is central to reforming and
    strengthening Sierra Leone's democratic institutions and holding those
    institutions, including political parties, accountable to the country's
    citizens, particularly those historically underrepresented in national
    politics. I would also support efforts to strengthen accountable
    governance both at the national and local council level and will
    promote initiatives that prevent violence and foster peace and national
    cohesion. This would include continuing our work to strengthen civil
    society, build independent media, and advance the independence of key
    electoral and judicial institutions. In the processes used to
    administer such assistance, I would prioritize capacity building of
    Sierra Leonean institutions, ensuring funding awards are made in a
    transparent fashion, and overseeing our implementing partners to
    facilitate delivery of results.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Sierra Leone? What steps will you take to pro-actively
    address efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via
    legal or regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes. Human rights, civil society, and other non-
    governmental organizations all play an essential role in advancing
    democratic governance, respect for human rights and fundamental
    freedoms, and assisting Sierra Leone to develop into a more stable,
    secure, and prosperous partner for the United States. If confirmed, I
    commit to meet with civil society members, human rights and other non-
    governmental organizations in the United State, local human rights non-
    governmental organizations, and other members of civil society in
    Sierra Leone. It is essential that non-governmental organizations and
    civil society are afforded freedom to express their opinions and
    conduct their activities. If confirmed, I would advocate this position
    to government, non-governmental, and civil society leaders. I would
    continue and expand upon the Embassy's efforts to facilitate
    connections between government and civil society organizations to build
    trust and mitigate unhelpful restrictions on civil society or non-
    governmental organizations.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I would engage with representatives from
    across the democratically oriented political spectrum, including the
    ruling party and opposition parties, and would ensure that Embassy
    colleagues did the same. I would also advocate for political parties to
    adopt credible, internal democratic mechanisms. I understand that the
    Embassy has joined international partners in calling for an increased
    commitment to issues-based politics and dialogue and cooperation among
    political parties on issues of national interest. If confirmed, I would
    continue this practice, as well as the Embassy's advocacy for access
    and inclusivity for women, minorities, and youth within political
    parties.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with
    Sierra Leone on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Sierra Leone?

        Answer. Yes. I am committed to supporting media freedom and
    strengthening journalistic professionalism and to meeting regularly
    with independent, local press in Sierra Leone. If confirmed, I would
    continue the Embassy's practice of engaging with the media, like-minded
    partners, civil society, and non-governmental organizations to
    underscore the importance of an independent, professional, and open
    media to a free and democratic society. I would work to address any
    government efforts designed to control or undermine press freedom
    through legal, regulatory, or other measures. If confirmed, I would
    also support expanded educational and exchange opportunities for local
    media to help strengthen journalistic professionalism and build
    capacity. I understand that in the past, the Embassy has hosted these
    exchanges to raise awareness on issues such as public health, mis/
    disinformation, democracy, and elections. If confirmed, I would seek to
    continue those efforts.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I would engage with like-minded
    international partners, civil society, the media, and government
    counterparts to counter disinformation and propaganda disseminated by
    foreign state and non-state actors in Sierra Leone and would ensure
    that the Embassy team did likewise.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with
    Sierra Leone on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would continue our Embassy's efforts to
    promote internationally recognized labor rights, including for
    independent trade unions. I understand that the government of Sierra
    Leone generally protects the right to bargain collectively. If
    confirmed, I would advocate for continued improvements in this area as
    well as fair and consistent enforcement of labor laws.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Sierra Leone, no
    matter their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. I understand that the U.S. Embassy in Sierra Leone is
    already working to defend the human rights and the dignity of all
    people in Sierra Leone, no matter their sexual orientation or gender
    identity. If confirmed, I am committed to continuing and building upon
    this work.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Sierra Leone?

        Answer. According to the 2022 Human Rights Report, ``LGBTQI+
    advocates reported the community faced challenges ranging from stigma
    and discrimination to denial of public services such as health care and
    justice.'' Human rights defenders in Sierra Leone report that societal
    prejudice against LGBTQI+ persons is strong and dissuades many LGBTQI+
    persons from publicly identifying as such. This prejudice has
    significant impacts on the ability of LGBTQI+ persons to access
    employment, health care, and housing. Sierra Leone maintains a
    colonial-era law that criminalizes same-sex activity among men, but not
    among women.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Sierra Leone?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would support LGBTQI+ persons in Sierra
    Leone through outreach and inclusion in mission activities, and by
    speaking out on the importance of protecting the human rights of
    members of the LGBTQI+ community. I would meet periodically, and ensure
    that staff met regularly, with members of the LGBTQI+ community, to
    ensure the Mission's work continues to ``do no harm'' and was always
    cognizant of the priorities of LGBTQI+ persons in Sierra Leone. I would
    facilitate linkages between LGBTQI+ groups and other human rights-
    oriented civil society groups to ensure that the human rights of
    LGBTQI+ individuals are included as part of broader human rights
    advocacy efforts with the Sierra Leonean government. I would seek to
    advocate with the Sierra Leonean government for the protection of human
    rights of all in Sierra Leone, including members of the LGBTQI+
    community, and would prioritize advocacy for the issues of greatest
    importance to the LGBTQI+ community. I would also seek opportunities,
    where appropriate, to demonstrate U.S. support for the protection of
    the human rights of LGBTQI+ individuals publicly.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Sierra Leone?

        Answer. I have great respect for and place high value on the
    importance of the relationship between the executive and legislative
    branches of government. If confirmed, I commit to, working through the
    Department, to make myself available to fully brief Members of Congress
    and/or their staff each time I am in Washington for visits and
    consultations during my tenure as Ambassador to Sierra Leone.

        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy in Sierra Leone?

        Answer. If confirmed as chief of mission, I will lead the American
    and Sierra Leonean professionals in Mission Sierra Leone to advance our
    national security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful
    workplace. I will communicate my commitment to a workplace in which
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility are core tenets of our
    mission culture. I will also make clear that discrimination,
    harassment, and bullying are absolutely not acceptable and take swift
    action to address any such issues that may arise. I will demonstrate my
    commitment to equal employment opportunity (EEO) principals and the
    work of Mission EEO counselors and locally engaged staff advisors. I
    will support and participate in programs that promote respect and
    diversity.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Sierra Leone?

        Answer. If confirmed as chief of mission, first, I will demonstrate
    that diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) is a
    priority, through actions and words, and reinforce with my staff it
    should also be a priority for them. I will also make clear my strong
    opposition to harassment, discrimination, and bullying and ensure a
    prevention plan is in place. I will hold supervisors accountable and
    expect them to hold their team members accountable for acts of
    harassment, discrimination, or bullying. I will ensure mission
    personnel have access to all the resources they need to combat racism,
    discrimination, and inequality. If confirmed, I will meet regularly
    with post's DEIA council at Mission Sierra Leone, participate in
    community activities to increase dialogue and inclusion, and promote a
    positive work environment among the Embassy team.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, l commit to engaging more equitably in our
    operations and programs and will lead Mission Sierra Leone to build
    relationships with all communities in Sierra Leonean society through
    active outreach. I will carefully monitor, evaluate, and coordinate the
    design and implementation of programming and assistance and extend
    their reach as far as possible. I will ensure that our representational
    events and public diplomacy programs include marginalized and
    underrepresented groups and that our human resources team uses diverse
    panels in hiring processes to ensure applicants are not being
    disadvantaged. I will work with our locally employed staff to expand
    our outreach efforts and leverage the various languages spoken within
    our mission to assist our U.S. officers in making connections beyond
    the capital.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Bryan David Hunt by Senator James E. Risch

    Democracy and Elections
              Sierra Leone will hold elections on June 24. While elections
            will likely occur before you arrive at post, if confirmed, you
            will serve as U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone in the post-
            election period and in the initial months of the term of the
            president, parliament and local authorities.

        Question. What is you view of the role of a U.S. Ambassador in
    supporting democratic institutions and democratic governance?

        Answer. I view the role of a U.S. Ambassador in supporting
    democratic institutions and democratic governance as four-fold. First,
    the U.S. Ambassador should work in tandem with like-minded partners to
    advocate with political actors--both inside and outside of government--
    to strengthen democratic institutions and democratic governance
    practices in line with international best practices. In doing so, the
    U.S. Ambassador should advocate for transparency and accountability in
    government decision making and space in which political parties, civil
    society, and independent media can operate freely. Second, the U.S.
    Ambassador should work closely with independent, host country pro-
    democracy voices to help amplify their calls for review/reform of
    democratic institutions and democratic governance practices and to
    press for debate, consideration, and, as appropriate, enactment of
    reforms. Third, the U.S. Ambassador in a post-electoral environment
    should be pressing government institutions, opposition parties, and
    civil society to review and act upon the recommended reforms contained
    in national and international observation reports on the electoral
    contest to ensure that future contests are conducted in-line with
    international best practices. Finally, the U.S. Ambassador should be
    working with the Country Team and Washington to assess the democracy
    and governance programs in which the U.S. Government is involved and to
    ensure that such programs are adequately working to provide technical
    support for strengthening of key democratic institutions--both
    governmental and non-governmental.

        Question. Do you commit to using your platform as U.S. Ambassador
    to Sierra Leone, if confirmed, to publicly amplify and support the
    democratic aspirations of the people of Sierra Leone?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to using my platform as U.S.
    Ambassador to Sierra Leone to publicly amplify and support the
    democratic aspirations of the people of Sierra Leone.

        Question. In your view, how can the United States better support
    the democratic aspirations of the people of Sierra Leone?

        Answer. The lack of independence of key election-related
    institutions, insufficient judicial independence, insufficient
    legislative oversight, and endemic corruption stand out as some of the
    most significant challenges to the democratic aspirations of the people
    of Sierra Leone. To better support these aspirations, if confirmed, I
    would work with Sierra Leonean pro-democracy stakeholders and like-
    minded international partners to use Sierra Leone's 2023 national
    elections as a catalyst to encourage the Government, political
    opposition, civil society, and other stakeholders to embark on a
    national reflection on the state of Sierra Leone's democratic
    institutions. The United States should advocate that the
    recommendations from the 2023 international and domestic election
    observation reports--particularly those related to the politicization
    of key electoral institutions--form a key part of that reflection and
    resulting reforms. Available U.S. democracy and governance funding
    should be used to support the long-term strengthening of institutions
    identified for genuine reform and to further develop an independent
    judiciary, democratic political parties, and effective and independent
    civil society and media institutions.

    Relationship with USAID
        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Sierra Leone, you will be Chief of
    Mission in a country with significant development challenges. While the
    U.S. has a significant foreign assistance portfolio in Sierra Leone,
    the USAID/Guinea Mission covers Sierra Leone from Conakry. How will you
    approach partnership with the USAID Mission Director and other USAID
    colleagues covering Sierra Leone remotely?

        Answer. I recognize that, if confirmed, I would be leading a U.S.
    Government team comprised of personnel from multiple agencies, some
    based outside of Freetown. If confirmed, I would work closely with my
    USAID colleagues covering Sierra Leone remotely by holding regular
    coordination meetings involving USAID senior staff in Freetown, the
    USAID Mission Director in Conakry, and, as needed, key USAID personnel
    in Washington. Open and robust communication between the USAID Mission
    in Conakry and the Embassy in Sierra Leone is a must whether it is
    about planning for USAID activities in Sierra Leone, including the
    development of strategic priorities; implementation and evaluation of
    USAID programming in Sierra Leone; or international donor coordination.
    I would seek to ensure that a common approach that meets the needs of
    all stakeholders is adopted on key issues and already have assurances
    from USAID that they welcome increased collaboration. If confirmed, I
    would plan to make regularly scheduled visits to the USAID Mission in
    Conakry and, again, have received assurances from USAID that they will
    also schedule routine visits, including the USAID Mission Director, to
    Freetown.

    Trade and Investment
              Marampa Mines is the largest U.S. investment in Sierra Leone.
            Owned by the Gerald Group, in partnership with the Government
            of Sierra Leone, this major investment to increase iron ore
            production has led to the direct employment of some two
            thousand Sierra Leoneans, with a positive ripple effect in the
            local economy. In our competition with China, we should be
            supporting U.S. mining operations throughout Africa. Over the
            last several years, the U.S. Embassy in Freetown has been
            supportive of this project, advocating on its behalf with the
            Government and publicly visiting its site on at least two
            occasions.

        Question. Are you aware of Marampa Mines?

        Answer. Yes. I am aware of Marampa Mines and if confirmed, would
    seek to engage regularly with its leadership, and to provide Embassy
    support and advocacy where appropriate.

              In your testimony, you stated that a priority of yours will
            be to ``work closely with the U.S. business community to
            advocate for reforms that enhance Sierra Leone's ability to
            attract high-quality foreign investment, including through
            regional market integration, while simultaneously using trade
            development tools to help ensure U.S. businesses remain
            competitive in the Sierra Leonean marketplace.''

        Question. How would you practice commercial diplomacy on behalf of
    U.S. investments in Sierra Leone?

        Answer. I understand that Sierra Leone's economy has significant
    potential for private sector investment, with abundant mineral
    resources, large areas of fertile land, well-stocked fisheries, and
    tourist development potential. If confirmed, I would work with Embassy
    Freetown's Deal Team to enhance our efforts to link U.S. firms with
    opportunities in Sierra Leone, whether through the International Trade
    Administration's (ITA) Express Leads system, reverse trade missions, or
    other commercial diplomacy tools at our disposal. I would ensure that
    our economic officers leverage our substantial economic toolkit, which
    includes Prosper Africa, Power Africa, USTDA, the Export Import Bank,
    and the DFC to help support U.S. businesses seeking to invest in or
    trade with Sierra Leone. If confirmed, I would utilize DFC and other
    trade development tools such as the Trade Development Agency and the
    Export-Import Bank to offer viable alternatives to PRC-proposed debt-
    financed infrastructure projects. If confirmed, I would meet regularly
    with U.S. companies doing business in Sierra Leone and those interested
    in expanding their presence in Africa to understand investment and
    trade impediments in Sierra Leone and would advocate for their removal,
    using USAID trade and investment policy development tools as
    appropriate to support the Government of Sierra Leone in such reform
    efforts. Given the comparatively small size of the Sierra Leonean
    market, I would advocate for Sierra Leone's further economic
    integration into the wider West African marketplace and for continued
    reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade with its
    neighbors.

        Question. What is your assessment of Sierra Leone's greatest
    barriers to increased two-way trade and investment with the United
    States?

        Answer. Although the Government of Sierra Leone has a generally
    favorable attitude toward two-way trade and investment with the United
    States, and generally treats U.S. companies in a non-discriminatory
    fashion, U.S. businesses face obstacles, including corruption, low
    human capital development, poor infrastructure, and intermittent rule
    of law concerns. In addition, the small size of the Sierra Leonean
    domestic economy deters some U.S. businesses from the cost of entry
    into this new market. If confirmed, I would continue to urge the
    Government of Sierra Leone to improve on these investment and trade
    climate issues to strengthen their economy and make it a more
    attractive location for American businesses including through continued
    pursuit of full economic integration with other West African states.

        Question. What is your understanding of the tools at your
    disposal--including through Prosper Africa--as U.S. Ambassador to
    Sierra Leone, if confirmed, to support addressing barriers to trade and
    investment in the enabling environment, including the need for economic
    and political reforms?

        Answer. If confirmed, I understand that I would be able to access
    expertise within the State Department, USAID, and the Department of
    Commerce, including through Prosper Africa, to support addressing
    barriers to trade and investment in the enabling environment, including
    the need for economic and political reforms. Each of these agencies
    have programs that could potentially be utilized to assist the
    Government of Sierra Leone in analyzing barriers to trade and
    investment and in developing reform strategies to address such
    barriers. In addition, it is my understanding that, if confirmed, I
    would be able to use the full-range of U.S. Government trade and
    investment development agencies--including USTDA, the Export Import
    Bank, and DFC--to provide direct USG assistance to U.S. companies
    looking to expand trade and investment in Sierra Leone. Such assistance
    could help overcome barriers to trade and investment such as project
    financing and political risk. My understanding is that Prosper Africa
    serves as a one-stop shop through which U.S. and African companies can
    access USG assistance for expanded two-way trade and investment.

        Question. How will you work with Prosper Africa leadership to
    ensure that Sierra Leone can benefit from Prosper Africa resources,
    tools and expertise?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would seek to identify through consultation
    with the U.S. business community active in Sierra Leone those areas in
    which USG expertise could be most beneficial to removing barriers to
    trade and investment in Sierra Leone. I would work with Prosper Africa
    leadership and the Sierra Leonean Government to identify ways in which
    Prosper Africa could engage on such issues and provide technical
    assistance to advance necessary reforms. I would also anticipate a
    regular dialogue with Prosper Africa leadership, both in Washington
    D.C. and on the continent, to identify resources, tools and expertise
    that are best fitted to Sierra Leone.
        Moreover, I would look to expand contact between the Embassy Deal
    Team and Prosper Africa to ensure that Prosper Africa was fully aware
    of emerging opportunities in the Sierra Leonean marketplace with an eye
    to bringing its tools, resources, and expertise to bear in identifying
    and assisting U.S. companies to take advantage of such opportunities--
    particularly in cases where an alternative to PRC investment is
    required.

    Sudan
              From 2019-2022, you worked in the Office of South Sudan and
            Sudan within the Bureau of African Affairs, including as the
            office director. You also served as the Acting Deputy Assistant
            Secretary for East Africa and the Sudans within the Bureau of
            African Affairs in 2021. Understanding that you have not been
            involved with Sudan policy since 2022, the following questions
            are about your work on Sudan from the ouster of President Omar
            al-Bashir in 2019.

        Question. In your experience, what is the process within the Bureau
    of African Affairs for decision making, particularly related to
    difficult or controversial issues? Was bureau leadership welcoming of
    opinions and/or dissent? How was dissent, in your experience, handled?

        Answer. During my time as Office Director for South Sudan and
    Sudan, I worked for three different Africa Bureau Front Offices. While
    each had its own processes for decision making, in general terms, I
    found that each consulted closely with the Sudan Office, Embassy
    Khartoum, the Sudan Special Envoy (when filled), and other State
    Department and interagency stakeholders to assess all of the courses of
    action available to us--consistent with State Department senior
    leadership guidance--in order to advance the democratic transition in
    Sudan and to understand fully the risks and benefits of each potential
    course of action prior to making final decisions. In my experience,
    discussion on policy options was robust, and the Africa Bureau Front
    Offices welcomed feedback on whether or not courses of action being
    pursued were achieving desired results. In my experience, the Africa
    Bureau Front Offices were willing to adjust policy approaches based on
    feedback and the evolution of events on-the-ground. I also found them
    open to innovative thinking on alternative courses of action.

              In the Foreign Policy article ``How the U.S. Fumbled Sudan's
            Hopes for Democracy,'' a spokesperson for the State Department
            stated ``U.S. engagement after the October 2021 military
            takeover was centered on supporting Sudanese civilian actors in
            a Sudanese-led process to re-establish a civilian-led
            transitional government.''

        Question. Do you agree with that characterization of the U.S.
    policy after the October 2021 coup?

        Answer. I would agree that U.S. engagement after the October 2021
    military takeover was centered on supporting Sudanese civilian actors
    in a Sudanese-led process to re-establish a civilian-led transitional
    government in line with the democratic aspirations of the Sudanese
    people.

              The same Foreign Policy article references an early 2022
            ``memo [that] was written and circulated within the State
            Department's Bureau of African Affairs warning of the risks of
            current U.S. policy on Sudan and listing potential scenarios
            that could emerge from the rivalry between Burhan and Hemeti,
            including those tensions erupting into a full-scale conflict
            [the memo] was meant to go to U.S. Secretary of State Antony
            Blinken's desk, but the draft was heavily edited, watered down,
            and never passed out of the bureau.''

        Question. Are you aware of the existence of this memo? If yes, did
    you ever see it? Did you contribute to the memo?

        Answer. I am not in a position to comment upon the accuracy or
    characterizations of media reports not based upon official Department
    communications. There were, of course, a large number of memos and
    policy papers that were drafted during my time in the Office of South
    Sudan and Sudan, including papers that discussed generally the risks of
    conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support
    Forces, and, of course, included discussions of how to avoid and
    mitigate against those risks. Given my institutional position in the
    office, I would likely have reviewed and contributed to all such
    papers.

        Question. Were you part of conversations where the memo was
    discussed internally? If yes, what decisions were made as to how to
    handle it?

        Answer. Again, I am not in a position to comment upon press
    reporting that is not based upon official Department communications. In
    my institutional position, I would receive feedback from the Africa
    Bureau Front Office on various and numerous internal written products.
    Aside from the timeframe when I served as Acting DAS, I was not
    generally involved in discussions related to when, whether, or in what
    final form to move written products forward to senior State Department
    principals.

        Question. Did you edit or change the contents of the memo? If so,
    what were your changes?

        Answer. Again, I am not in a position to comment on any matters in
    press reporting where such reporting is not based upon official
    Department communications. Consistent with my institutional role as an
    Office Director, I provided input to numerous products designed to
    ensure that the challenges and recommended courses of action to senior
    policymakers were clearly articulated and that they reflected Africa
    Bureau Front Office policy guidance. My edits on products related, in
    general terms, to the prospect for conflict between the Sudanese Armed
    Forces and the Rapid Support Forces would have focused on ensuring that
    the risk of conflict was clearly articulated and that policy
    recommendations reflected effective approaches to diminish further the
    political and economic influence of military actors.

              On May 4, 2023, President Biden issued an executive order on
            imposing sanctions on certain persons destabilizing Sudan and
            undermining the goal of a democratic transition. To date, no
            individuals or entities have been designated for sanctions
            under the executive order. We understand that there were robust
            debates within the State Department as to whether or not to
            pursue sanctions for certain individuals and entities, dating
            back to at least the October 2021 coup.

        Question. During your time in the Bureau for African Affairs
    covering Sudan after the October 2021 coup, what was your stance on
    whether or not to pursue sanctions against the leadership of Sudan's
    military junta?

        Answer. Between October 25, 2021, and July 2022, I and other State
    Department officials frequently reassessed our approach to Sudan,
    explored alternatives, and prepared for contingencies including the use
    of sanctions. I, and others, have preferred the use of other pressures
    that were more likely to have a meaningful impact on military regime
    leaders' finances, given the lack of their financial assets subject to
    U.S. jurisdiction. These included the suspension of direct assistance
    and preventing HIPC Debt Relief or support from international financial
    institutions, advising international businesses against investing in
    Sudanese military/government-controlled companies, restricting USG and
    international contracting with Sudanese military-owned security and
    logistics companies, establishing international mechanisms to restrict
    the export of Sudanese gold by military and military-linked companies,
    and use of sanctions and visa restrictions on those responsible for
    human rights abuses. I also favored working with Congress to craft
    legislation that would have allowed for sanctions against third country
    entities handling financial assets belonging to leaders of the military
    regime, their family members, and businesses.

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report
            Sierra Leone remained on Tier 2 for its efforts to meet the
            minimum standards to combat trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Sierra Leone operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained
    in the TIP report?

        Answer. I understand that the State Department's Office to Combat
    Trafficking-in-Persons has provided a grant to the University of
    Georgia to work with the Government of Sierra Leone and non-
    governmental organizations to strengthen efforts to prevent
    trafficking-in-persons, specifically the sex and labor trafficking of
    children. This program would carry out similar, integrated work in
    other regional countries and would, if successfully implemented, help
    address many of the recommendations contained in the Sierra Leone
    Trafficking in Persons report. If confirmed, I would press the
    Government of Sierra Leone to take full advantage of this assistance,
    to adopt the legal and procedural reforms recommended as part of it,
    and to cooperate fully with regional partners in combating trafficking.
    I would also meet regularly with implementors of this grant on-the-
    ground to ensure effective implementation.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Sierra Leone was noted as generally having
            governmental and societal respect for religious freedom.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. The Sierra Leonean constitution provides for the protection
    of fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual, including
    freedom of thought and of religion. The law prohibits religious
    discrimination and allows all persons to observe their own religious
    practices and to change religions without interference from the
    Government or members of other religious groups. If confirmed, I would
    continue the Embassy's long-standing advocacy for religious tolerance
    and freedom, and engagement with members of all faiths in Sierra Leone.
    I would work closely with the Ambassador-at-Large for International
    Religious Freedom and Office for International Religious Freedom, so
    our approach in Sierra Leone to promoting religious freedom is informed
    by the most recent guidance and best practices.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to personally engage with civil
    society on promoting religious freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Sierra Leone increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would use my position to host religious
    leaders for roundtable discussions, and I would meet with religious
    leaders during in-country trips to emphasize the important role they
    can play to prevent and mitigate conflict. I would leverage our Public
    Diplomacy programming and exchanges to find opportunities to expose
    young leaders to religious freedom issues. I would also seek
    opportunities for U.S.-based experts on religious freedom to visit
    Sierra Leone and interact with various audiences in and out of the
    capital.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Sierra
            Leone was noted for having significant human rights abuses
            which included corruption, a lack of freedom of expression and
            assembly, and more.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Working with civil society organizations is critical to our
    understanding of the human rights situation in Sierra Leone as they are
    on the frontline of addressing challenges facing their communities. If
    confirmed, I would encourage my team to continue to work closely with
    civil society so that the United States has an accurate picture of
    human rights concerns so that we can address them with the Government
    and design programming to improve the human rights situation in Sierra
    Leone. I understand the Embassy discusses human rights issues with the
    Government at the highest level and I would continue to do this, if
    confirmed. In such interactions, I would seek to be forthright with the
    Government about our concerns and would press for transparent,
    independent legal processes through which accountability could be
    addressed.

    State Management and Oversight
              Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over the
            last several years, in large part due to COVID.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Freetown?

        Answer. My understanding is that morale is good at Mission Freetown
    despite the challenging environment and the lingering impact of stress
    from COVID-19. Personnel in Freetown have a strong sense of purpose and
    mission. They see the results of their work and see the rewards,
    including through promotions.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Freetown?

        Answer. My tours overseas have taught me the importance of being
    attentive to each employee's professional development and ensuring that
    they know how their work fits into the Embassy's mission and
    achievement of Department goals. It also is important to take care of
    the needs of eligible family members through employment, quality
    education, and activities that bring the community together. Creating
    and maintaining an environment free of harassment and bullying is a
    hallmark of my leadership style and essential for employees to
    flourish. If confirmed, I would model the importance of work-life
    balance and ensure our managers know how to set priorities and
    negotiate deadlines to avoid employee burn out and promote resilience.
    I would advocate with Washington to ensure that assigned workload and
    deadlines are appropriate for a post of Sierra Leone's limited size and
    would seek to ensure that assigned workload dovetails with our agreed-
    upon policy objectives in Sierra Leone.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Freetown?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would be leading a U.S. Government team
    comprised of personnel from multiple agencies. This means ensuring all
    agencies understand the mission and activities of others and discussing
    the tradeoffs that often need to be made on foreign policy goals or
    Embassy operations together. I have found that a structured approach
    should include weekly Country Team meetings, weekly meetings with
    agency leaders that include the DCM to discuss programs and events, and
    mission-wide participation in the Integrated Country Strategy and
    Mission Resource Request planning cycles. Mission-wide off-sites and
    professional development days would be used to review our progress and
    develop our workforce skillsets and build a sense of community and
    mission. Finally, if confirmed, under my leadership, Mission Freetown
    would review our goals and achievements as we update our Integrated
    Country Strategy. This is an effective tool to keep all agency activity
    in-line with our mission goals.

    Management is a Key Responsibility for Chiefs of Mission
        Question. How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. I strive to maintain a workplace atmosphere where mistakes
    are turned into learning opportunities. I would coach our employees
    through decision-making processes to develop their leadership skills
    and provide regular mentoring and support. I am decisive, but inclusive
    of a wide range of views and will communicate the ``why'' of a decision
    to make sure those who were involved and those not involved understand
    what the Executive Office will be doing and the rationale for it. If
    confirmed, the Deputy Chief of Mission and I would be attentive to
    workplace issues and create an environment free from bullying,
    harassment, and discrimination.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. It is never acceptable or constructive to berate
    subordinates. Performance and conduct management needs to be a regular
    and ongoing process. Mistakes are learning opportunities and correcting
    them should be an inclusive, constructive process that is done in
    private.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. As a former DCM and long-term Charge d'Affaires myself, I
    understand what it takes to establish and nurture a strong,
    collaborative relationship between the Ambassador and DCM. If
    confirmed, I would listen and learn from the experience of the current
    DCM and respect the relationships she has established with Sierra
    Leonean officials and within the mission. I view the DCM role as a
    force multiplier and as someone who must be ready to step in during my
    absence, so she will be involved in key internal and external meetings.
    I would expect her to deliver her honest, frank opinion so that
    together we can make the best decisions possible. I would create an
    environment in which she can feel free to disagree with me when we
    consider options or suggest course corrections but would ensure that we
    present a united front to the mission once a decision is made.
    Leadership at the top must be proactive, consistent, and fair. If
    confirmed, I am confident the DCM and I would be able to create a
    positive work experience for our team in Freetown.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your Deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. The Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) is arguably the most
    difficult position at post. If confirmed, I would leverage my
    experience as a DCM to establish a strong and symbiotic relationship to
    oversee mission operations and conduct our foreign policy. If
    confirmed, as I lead the mission, I would need to be able to work
    through the DCM to ensure that we are protecting U.S. Government
    resources across agencies, running an efficient Interagency Cooperative
    Services platform, and supporting our personnel needs. The DCM would
    play the role of chief operating officer of the mission but also be
    involved in our foreign policy agenda. I would include her in meetings
    with government officials and in communications with Washington. She
    would ensure that performance management, budget oversight, and human
    resources platforms are performing effectively, and our operations
    soundly steward U.S. Government resources. I would expect her to
    develop her managerial skills across all aspects of mission life and
    would coach her as needed. I also would ensure that the DCM and our
    other employees share in our representational activities to expand our
    outreach activities. I would expect the DCM to oversee our leadership,
    mentoring, Family Advocacy, and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and
    Accessibility programs.

              In order to create and continue employee excellence at the
            Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports
            (EERs) for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though
            often lacking.

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes. I believe that establishing open communications
    between employees and their supervisors is at the core of effective
    performance management. Throughout my career, I have mentored
    supervisors on how to provide effective feedback and write employees'
    performance reviews and counseling documents. If confirmed, I would
    continue to pay close attention to developing the performance
    management skills of our supervisors and the employee's understanding
    of how the system benefits their professional development. I would seek
    to ensure that top performers are rewarded and that those with
    performance challenges receive the appropriate, constructive feedback
    and support required to address them.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes. I believe that establishing open communications
    between employees and their supervisors is at the core of effective
    performance management. Throughout my career, I have mentored
    supervisors on how to provide clear, accurate, and direct feedback and
    write employees' performance reviews and counseling documents that
    include such feedback. If confirmed, I would continue to pay close
    attention to developing the performance management skills of our
    supervisors and the employee's understanding of how the system benefits
    their professional development. I would seek to ensure that top
    performers are rewarded and that those with performance challenges
    receive the clear, accurate, and direct feedback and professional
    development support required to address them.

              It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
            abroad to meet with local actors, including host government
            officials, non-government organizations, and local citizens.

        Question. In your experience, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    Embassy walls enough to fully accomplish their missions?

        Answer. I believe that Mission leadership largely sets the tone and
    the expectations that determine whether U.S. diplomats sufficiently get
    outside of our Embassy walls. Throughout my career, I have consistently
    modeled going outside of the mission walls to meet and cultivate a wide
    range of contacts in and outside the capital and major cities. I do not
    believe that it is possible to be effective as a diplomat without such
    significant outreach. If confirmed, I would continue to reach beyond
    the Embassy walls and to encourage all Embassy staff to do likewise. To
    enable these efforts, I would work closely with my DCM and the Regional
    Security Office to ensure that we are managing any associated risks
    smartly and proactively and that we identify and receive the resources
    necessary to support robust Mission in-country travel.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would encourage and support in-country
    travel with adequate security resources and mentor employees on
    thinking-outside-the-box on how to reach local populations. On a
    regular basis, I would ensure that our employees are maintaining
    contacts with regional leaders at all levels and meeting with them in
    their areas and when they come to the capital. This also means ensuring
    that employees are using representational events and funds to cultivate
    contacts and promote mission goals. I would support cross-cultural
    learning from our locally employed staff and U.S. employees as well as
    learning of local languages.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Bryan David Hunt by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I would advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against People's Republic of China (PRC)
    efforts to expand its problematic influence, through robust and
    forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial
    advocacy to bolster U.S.- Sierra Leone ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    would work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Sierra Leone and countering efforts by our
    strategic and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I would work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to address the PRC's efforts to
    expand its influence in Sierra Leone and the region.

        Question. U.S. and Sierra Leone relations have been described as
    warm and cordial, and in early 2021, the Millennium Challenge
    Corporation (MCC) concluded a four-year, $44.4 million project to
    deliver water and electrical services in and around Freetown. What are
    the outcomes of the MCC program?

        Answer. MCC and the Government of Sierra Leone completed the $44
    million threshold program in March 2021. The program supported reforms
    and improved governance in the water and electricity sectors. By
    supporting independent regulation, strengthening public utilities, and
    increasing transparency and accountability, the program helped to
    deliver water and electricity services more effectively to the people
    of Sierra Leone. The tariff reforms adopted by the national electricity
    utility as part of the threshold program increased revenues by $1
    million USD per month. The threshold program improved clean water
    access through the construction of 10 new water kiosks operating under
    a public, private partnership model. The newly constructed water kiosks
    are providing safe, accessible, and sustainable water to 15,000
    residents, while also significantly reducing the time spent by
    community members on water collection. A new digital map of Freetown's
    water distribution system allows the Guma Valley Water Company to
    better assess the water system's performance and more efficiently
    address service delivery problems. The threshold program also ``set the
    stage'' for expanding critical access to electricity for Sierra
    Leoneans and supported the U.S. Government's Power Africa initiative.

        Question. What are the other major opportunities of the U.S.-Sierra
    Leone partnership?

        Answer. U.S. partnership with Sierra Leone has the ability to
    solidify Sierra Leone's rejection of the PRC's authoritarian, state-
    centric model of development. Through continuing to offer viable
    private sector infrastructure development alternatives and investing in
    democratic institutions that deliver effective services to the Sierra
    Leonean people, the United States can advance the democratic, free-
    market development model desired by most Sierra Leoneans, undercut PRC
    inroads in West Africa, advance global health security, and advance
    prosperity for both Americans and Sierra Leoneans. If confirmed, I
    would focus on the strengthening of democratic institutions,
    development of Sierra Leone's public health sector, and advancing U.S.
    investment in and trade with Sierra Leone in order to further the U.S.-
    Sierra Leone partnership.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you further utilize U.S.
    Development Finance Corporation projects, like the one regarding debt
    finance for a new power plan in Freetown?

        Answer. I understand the Embassy has robust engagement with Sierra
    Leone on project identification and financing and that DFC
    representatives visit Sierra Leone often to determine how to support
    possible U.S. investment in local projects. For example, DFC CEO Scott
    Nathan visited in July 2022. If confirmed, I would direct our Deal Team
    to enhance our efforts to link U.S. firms with opportunities in Sierra
    Leone appropriate for DFC financing, whether through the International
    Trade Administration's (ITA) Express Leads system, reverse trade
    missions, or other commercial diplomacy tools at our disposal. I would
    pay particular attention to utilizing DFC to offer viable alternatives
    to PRC-proposed debt-financed infrastructure projects. If confirmed, I
    would meet regularly with U.S. companies interested in expanding their
    presence in Africa to discuss opportunities in Sierra Leone and to
    underscore DFC as a potential tool to support their businesses.

        Question. China is Sierra Leone's top trade partner in the mining
    industry and the CCP has financed a number of the country's
    infrastructure projects, including port, rail, and ore mining projects.
    While President Bio canceled some CCP projects upon assuming office,
    Bio has since continued to express support and signed new contracts
    with CCP firms and projects. Do Sierra Leonean ties to China threaten
    U.S. interests?

        Answer. I understand that Beijing's engagements in Africa are
    expanding, including in Sierra Leone. I also understand that the PRC
    continues to exploit--both legally and illegally--Sierra Leonean
    resources, particularly in the fisheries, forestry, and minerals
    sectors. I am gravely concerned that such PRC activities and its
    proposed infrastructure investments in Sierra Leone are not being
    carried out in line with internationally accepted standards, such as
    those spelled out in the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business
    and Human Rights, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative,
    and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. If
    confirmed, I would seek to identify and promote socially responsible
    foreign investment alternatives to those being pushed by the PRC--
    particularly U.S. investment--that promote sustainable development and
    respect for human rights of all individuals.

        Question. According to reports, positive perceptions of China in
    Sierra Leone dropped between 2015 and 2020. What do you believe
    accounts for this drop?

        Answer. Despite billions in PRC investment and over 50 years of
    relations with Sierra Leone, the United States remains the partner of
    choice for most Sierra Leoneans. A recent Afrobarometer survey found
    that Sierra Leoneans view the economic and political influence of the
    United States on their country more favorably than that of the PRC. The
    U.S. Embassy promotes sustainable development and respect for human
    rights of all individuals. U.S. Embassy engagement on important issues
    such as public health, democracy and governance, and trafficking in
    persons are often featured on the front page of newspapers, discussed
    on the radio and television, and posted on social media. I believe that
    U.S. Embassy engagement on these topics throughout the country has
    provided an opportunity for Sierra Leoneans to see and hear from the
    United States to better understand our core values and partnership with
    Sierra Leone. If confirmed, I will continue these engagements and meet
    with Sierra Leoneans all over the country to demonstrate U.S.
    commitment to deepening our partnership.
        There is also a substantial Sierra Leonean diaspora population
    residing in the United States with close connections to the country. If
    confirmed, I will engage with the Sierra Leone diaspora in the United
    States.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to William W. Popp by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. The Department of State's 2022 Country Reports on Human
    Rights Practices for Uganda documents arbitrary killings, forced
    disappearance, restriction to freedom of expression, and torture by
    government agencies. On March 28, 2022, I asked the Administration to
    provide (1) ``a list of detention facilities known to be used by
    Ugandan security forces for illegal detention and torture, as well as
    the units that operate these facilities and the senior officers
    responsible for their operation;'' and (2) ``a list of units and
    security force members in Uganda barred from receiving training and
    assistance under the Leahy Laws.'' With regard to Ugandan units and
    security force members barred under Leahy, the Africa Bureau stated
    that ``we have not worked with the Special Forces Command since early
    2016; we also do not work with elements of the Chieftaincy of Military
    Intelligence, which have been credibly implicated in gross violations
    of human rights.''
        Please clarify the following: Have the Chieftancy of Military
    Intelligence (CMI) and the Special Forces Command been denied training
    under the Leahy Laws?

        Answer. Following interagency reviews of the human rights practices
    of the Special Forces Command (SFC) and elements within the Chieftaincy
    of Military Intelligence (CMI), these groups were determined to be
    ineligible for U.S. training and assistance. All support to the SFC
    ceased in 2016. The SFC and CMI have not been proposed for further
    training or assistance since that time, so application of the Leahy law
    has not arisen.

        Question. The U.S. imposed visa restrictions on the former head of
    CMI under a previous administration. Has the U.S. also imposed visa
    restrictions on the current or former leadership of the Ugandan Special
    Forces Command? If not, why not?

        Answer. Designations under some legal authorities may or must be
    privately held. On April 16, 2021, Secretary Blinken announced visa
    restrictions under Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the Immigration and
    Nationality Act, but under U.S. law, individual visa records are
    confidential. We cannot provide details about who is affected, but
    Secretary Blinken did announce that they would be applied against
    Ugandan security forces who were ``responsible for the deaths and
    injuries of dozens of innocent bystanders and opposition supporters, as
    well as violence against journalists that occurred before, during, and
    after the elections.'' I understand additional visa restrictions will
    be considered as new evidence and information become available.

        Question. Are there other ``elements'' of CMI that continue to
    receive U.S. assistance? If yes, please specify what ``elements'' of
    CMI continue to receive U.S. assistance, what type assistance they
    receive, and why these ``elements'' of CMI have not also been banned
    under Leahy for human rights abuses.

        Answer. Some units and individuals of CMI that are not accused of
    human rights abuses remain eligible for technical assistance. These
    units and individuals primarily have investigatory responsibilities
    under policing functions and have received limited U.S. technical
    assistance to counter illicit trade in goods. As the Ugandan military
    has expanded its role into a variety of non-military functions,
    including law enforcement, U.S. Government agencies believe that
    continuing to retain very limited and focused contact with law
    enforcement investigatory offices that fall under the CMI umbrella, but
    which have no human rights concerns, furthers U.S. security and law
    enforcement interests. For example, recently, the U.S. Government
    provided assistance to a unit of CMI that is active in combatting
    illegal trafficking of conflict minerals to help reduce the trafficking
    of illegally obtained minerals from eastern DRC through Uganda.

        Question. Please provide, as requested more than a year ago, a full
    list of the names of Ugandan security force members and units denied
    training under Leahy.

        Answer. As the nominee to serve as Ambassador to Uganda, I have not
    been involved any decisions or vetting of Ugandan security force
    members or units. However, I understand that no list of names or units
    denied training exists because so few have been candidates for training
    in recent years and of the few individuals trained, all have passed
    Leahy vetting. In that time, U.S. Government agencies have only
    provided very limited technical assistance to a small component of CMI,
    where there was no evidence that any training recipient has engaged in
    human rights violations or abuses. The training assistance was non-
    military in nature and all of the participants nominated to participate
    in this training passed Leahy vetting. Additionally, for the very
    limited assistance available to Ugandan military forces primarily for
    peacekeeping operations, I understand that the U.S. Embassy in Kampala
    has fully Leahy vetted all participants and restricted the training to
    that which incorporates human rights components.

              In recent hearings on the Sudan, the Sahel, and Russia I have
            expressed concern that the State Department's Africa Bureau
            appears to be allergic to sanctioning African Government
            officials. In Uganda, where the Government relies on torture,
            forced disappearances, and extra judicial killings to silence
            critics, sanctions could be an important tool for pressuring
            Ugandan officials to respect rule of law and basic democratic
            and human rights norms. But sanctions cannot work if we do not
            use them. Under Section 7031(c) visa restrictions are mandatory
            if the Secretary of State has ``credible information''
            implicating--either directly or indirectly--a current or former
            government official in corruption or human rights abuses.
            During your tenure as Ambassador to Guatemala, the United
            States sanctioned dozens of individuals in Guatemala. In
            Uganda, on the other hand, this Administration has announced
            only one sanction under 7031(c) for human rights abuses and
            that designation--while revealed publicly in December 2021--was
            actually made several years before. This Administration has not
            imposed any new 7031(c) restrictions on any Ugandan officials
            for human rights abuses or corruption, despite widespread human
            rights violations and corruption within the Museveni regime.

        Question. How many individuals were subjected to sanctions in
    Guatemala during your tenure as Ambassador? How many of these
    individuals were Guatemalan Government officials?

        Answer. Since 2020, 65 individuals have been designated in
    Guatemala under either Global Magnitsky, Section 7031(c), or the
    Section 353 Corrupt and Undemocratic Actors Report. Of that total, 38
    have been government officials (including the judiciary, legislative,
    and executive branches) or former government officials designated for
    their activities during their public tenure. The other designees have
    been from the private sector or members of family of primary designees.
    Additional individuals have been privately designated under Section
    212(a)(3)(c) authorities.

        Question. Based on your experience, are sanctions effective? Please
    provide some examples of how sanctions had an impact during your tenure
    as U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala.

        Answer. I believe we should use the tools Congress has given the
    Executive Branch to fight corruption and prevent human rights
    violations and abuses. The use of sanctions and visa restrictions can
    be effective when based on clear facts and applied as part of an
    overall strategy to support respect for human rights, counter
    corruption, and encourage democratic governance.
        While I served as U.S. Ambassador in Guatemala, the United States
    designated more than 60 individuals and their family members in
    accordance with authorities provided by the U.S. Congress. We have used
    all available tools, including Global Magnitsky for the first time and,
    where possible, have done coordinated joint designations with
    likeminded international partner governments. Many of the designations
    have received prominent public attention, helping dissuade corrupt
    officials, impeded malign actors, increased transparency in economic
    sectors threatened by corruption, and increased accountability for
    violators of human rights.
        If confirmed, I will work diligently with willing Ugandan
    authorities, national and international non-government organizations,
    and U.S. Government agencies to support the rule of law. Such efforts,
    combined with targeted use of sanctions and visa restrictions in
    accordance with U.S. law, can help demonstrate that the United States
    is a tireless and sure partner on human rights issues in keeping with
    our nation's values.

        Question. If confirmed, will you commit to considering using
    sanctions as a tool to increase pressure on governments and individual
    government officials to respect basic democratic and human rights
    norms?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed I commit to doing so in accordance with
    the statutory requirements of the sanctions, designations, and visa
    revocations authorities provided by the U.S. Congress to the U.S.
    Executive Branch.

        Question. Does the Department currently have a sanctions strategy
    for Uganda? If not, will you commit to drafting one if confirmed?

        Answer. The Department of State remains committed to continually
    evaluating the potential for new sanctions and visa restrictions
    targets for Uganda, particularly in acute cases such as recent
    legislation which would violate the human rights of the LGBTQI+
    community. In general, the Department continually gathers evidence of
    allegations of human rights abuses and violations and corruption for
    consideration of new sanctions proposals. If confirmed, I commit to
    developing a working group within the Embassy comprised of all
    stakeholder offices and agencies at post to ensure coordination in the
    gathering of evidence, sharing information on alleged perpetrators of
    human rights abuses and violations and corruption, and development of
    nominations for designations review in Washington. I initiated this
    approach at U.S. Embassy Guatemala, which was productive in enhancing
    coordination and use of the tools that the Congress has given the
    Executive Branch to fight corruption and prevent human rights abuses.

              Earlier this year, the Ugandan parliament passed ``anti-
            homosexuality'' legislation that will violate the human rights
            of all Ugandans, increase violence toward LGBTQI+ individuals,
            and greatly undermine efforts to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS.
            When Uganda adopted similar legislation in December 2013, the
            United State redirected funding away from the Ugandan
            Government, cut some security assistance, and imposed travel
            bans on senior Ugandan officials implicated in human rights
            abuses or corruption.

        Question. How do you intend to engage with the Ugandan Government
    on this issue? Please outline specific strategies that you plan to use
    to advocate for the protection of the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals in
    Uganda.

        Answer. If confirmed, and after consultation with the local LGBTQI+
    community to ensure our actions ``do no harm,'' I would engage the
    Ugandan Government and Ugandan stakeholders directly about how the
    anti-homosexuality bill has increased the threat of violence against
    the LGBTQI+ community and undermined respect for human rights. If
    President Museveni signs the bill into law and it is implemented, the
    law could impact U.S. foreign assistance and deter trade, investment,
    and tourism to Uganda. It could also have serious consequences for the
    viability of the U.S. PEPFAR program, the fight against HIV/AIDS, and
    the health of all Ugandans.
        I would engage the Ugandan Government on the importance of
    protecting the fundamental human rights and safety of LGBTQI+ people as
    well as upholding Uganda's international legal commitments to protect
    and defend the human rights of all people. I would point out that
    individuals responsible for violence or human rights abuses against
    LGTBTQI+ persons could be subject to sanctions, public designations,
    and/or visa restrictions under U.S. law. I would work with the Embassy
    team to publicly and privately engage civil society organizations,
    including those that represent the LGBTQI+ community or are working in
    public health areas including HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. I
    would coordinate with international and local implementing partners to
    publicly underscore how the fear and discrimination stoked by the AHA
    is deterring people from receiving health treatment, thereby risking
    the lives of Ugandans from all backgrounds. I would also consult with
    civil society on their priorities to protect LGBTQI+ persons from
    violence and work to identify areas in which U.S. assistance programs
    could be directed or increased to help prevent violence and
    discrimination. Finally, I would ensure that our programming and
    resources for advancing human rights and governance goals for all
    Ugandans, regardless of their identity or background, are implemented
    efficiently and effectively.

        Question. What steps will the Department take now to ensure that
    our response to the new iteration of Uganda's ``anti-homosexuality''
    bill includes and expands upon the actions the U.S. took nearly ten
    years ago in 2014?

        Answer. The Ugandan president has not yet signed and implemented
    the Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2023. The U.S. Government interagency is
    reviewing all appropriate measures should the president choose to sign
    the bill into law and implement it, including expanding on USG
    responses from 2014. While no final decision has yet been made, U.S.
    Government agencies are examining using existing authorities to impose
    visa restrictions and sanctions on those who may violate the human
    rights of Ugandans, including LGBTQI+ individuals, undermine democracy
    or engage in corruption under the law. They are also investigating the
    possibility of new visa restrictions, continued eligibility for trade
    preferences like AGOA, the impact the AHA may have on our assistance
    programs, updating our travel warning to Uganda, and additional
    measures.

        Question. Will you commit to regularly meet, in person and on a
    bilateral basis, with Ugandan LGBTQI+ activists and organizations?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to regularly meet with Ugandan
    LGBTQI+ persons and organizations, as well as other human rights
    defenders and organizations.

        Question. Will you commit to regularly meet with and brief U.S.-
    based human rights groups on actions the U.S. Embassy in Kampala is
    taking to defend the rights of LGBTQI+ individuals in Uganda?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I commit to regularly meet and brief
    U.S.-based human rights groups on the actions the U.S. Embassy in
    Kampala and U.S. Government are taking to defend the rights of LGBTQI+
    persons in Uganda.

        Question. My understanding is that the Center for Disease Control
    continues to provide significant direct support to the Ugandan Ministry
    of Health to include business class travel for the Ugandan Health
    Minister--who was filmed praying for the passage of the ``anti-
    homosexuality'' law in the office of the Ugandan Speaker of Parliament
    the day the bill was adopted. Do you think it is appropriate, in light
    of Uganda's passage of new ``anti-homosexuality'' legislation, for the
    United States to continue to provide funding directly to Ministry of
    Health and fund the Health Minister's business class travel? Will this
    support for the Ugandan Health Ministry and Health Minister continue on
    your watch as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda if confirmed?

        Answer. The Ministry of Health (MOH) is the official Ugandan public
    institution responsible for ensuring health service delivery for
    Ugandans and has been a longstanding institutional partner in efforts
    to control HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria and to promote global health
    security in Uganda and globally for over two decades. The MOH has
    stated its support to non-discriminatory health services in the past.
    If confirmed, I would continue to actively engage the MOH to not
    discriminate against any person. I would also clearly convey the
    potential impacts, including potential funding cuts, that the AHA could
    make necessary if the legislation is enacted. At the same time, I would
    lead U.S. health agencies at post to thoroughly review and explore all
    feasible options for increasing work with any non-governmental
    organizations or alternative institutions that could provide access to
    health care services to LGBTQI+ community members in the event of
    decreased cooperation with the MOH, understanding that NGOs could face
    significant limitations to providing equivalent capabilities as the
    MOH.

        Question. In light of Uganda's passage of ``anti-homosexuality''
    legislation, how will you work to ensure that all U.S. agencies and
    implementing partners, as well as International Financial Institutions
    to include the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, are
    complying with nondiscrimination agreements and in full compliance with
    nondiscrimination policies?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with Embassy and U.S. agencies in
    Washington to require inclusive programming and closely monitor partner
    compliance with their agreements. Further, I would continue efforts
    that I understand are underway to engage the World Bank, the IMF and
    other like-minded development partner groups, to which the United
    States is a significant donor, to enforce existing contractual
    agreements and to identify additional measures that could be considered
    and included in new financing with the Government of Uganda. I will
    likewise advocate that the U.S. Government engage its full set of
    diplomatic, economic and contractual rights and responsibilities to
    further U.S. foreign policy objectives.

              The Ugandan military has been engaged in Somalia for nearly
            two decades and received significant U.S. support. Inside
            Uganda, however, the same military is responsible for
            widespread gross violations of human rights going back decades.

        Question. What is the total value of U.S. security assistance and
    security cooperation for the Ugandan military?

        Answer. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2023, State Department-funded security
    assistance for Uganda's military is approximately $18 million, with
    $760,000 in bilateral funds (International Military Education and
    Training, IMET), about $8 million in peacekeeping operations (PKO)
    funding to support Uganda's participation in the African Union
    Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) and $9 million from Global Peace
    Operations Initiative (GPOI) for continued programming to build
    Uganda's peacekeeping capacity. The Department of Defense-implemented
    PEPFAR programming is worth about $16 million, but it is not considered
    security assistance or security cooperation. About $12 million is
    channeled through the public health sector aiding civilians through
    HIV/AIDS programming, infectious diseases surveillance, and medical
    research and an additional $4 million supports HIV/AIDS programs which
    primarily benefit Uganda People's Defense Forces soldiers but aids the
    overall goal of ending HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

        Question. Please list the full range of U.S. sponsored engagements,
    trainings, or other planned support for the Uganda military in 2023.

        Answer. I understand that engagement with the Ugandan military can
    shift depending on funding and scheduling. Nevertheless, it is always
    consistent with U.S. policy regarding Leahy vetting and human rights
    concerns. Engagement currently focuses on support for Uganda's
    peacekeeping operations in other countries, as well as
    professionalization training which includes human rights elements and
    enables the United States to offset engagement by strategic
    competitors. For 2023, U.S. engagement includes: advisors for Uganda's
    Peace Support Operations Training Center which supports pre-deployment
    training for ATMIS in Somalia; health assistance to provide HIV/AIDS
    support which furthers our goal of ending the epidemic as a public
    health threat by 2030; Defense Institute of International Legal Studies
    programs on human rights training; an ATMIS Lessons Learned Workshop;
    an ATMIS Legal Advisors Roundtable; International Military Education
    Training (IMET) exchanges; pilot training for personnel operating ATMIS
    aircraft in Somalia; and training on anti-wildlife trafficking
    practices.

        Question. What specific steps has the United States taken to hold
    individual senior Ugandan military officials responsible for gross
    violations of human rights perpetrated against Ugandan citizens in
    Uganda?

        Answer. Two military officials, Gen. Kale Kayihura (2019) and Maj.
    Gen. Abel Kandiho (2021), were designated for financial sanctions by
    the U.S. Department of the Treasury under Global Magnitsky for serious
    human rights abuse. Designations under other legal authorities may or
    must be privately held. On April 16, 2021, Secretary Blinken announced
    visa restrictions under Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the Immigration and
    Nationality Act, but names of individuals were not publicly announced,
    as visa confidentiality laws prohibit public disclosure of any
    individual visa restrictions under Section 212(a)(3)(C). Secretary
    Blinken stated ``Ugandan security forces were responsible for the
    deaths and injuries of dozens of innocent bystanders and opposition
    supporters, as well as violence against journalists that occurred
    before, during, and after the elections.'' I understand that
    consideration of additional visa restrictions against officials in the
    security services continues as information and evidence comes to light.
    If confirmed, I would support the use of Global Magnitsky sanctions and
    public visa restrictions, in accordance with the evidentiary
    requirements under U.S. law, against any individuals in the Ugandan
    military and security services responsible for gross violations of
    human rights or serious human rights abuses.

              President Museveni has been in power since January 1986. He
            has twice changed the Ugandan constitution to extend his time
            in office by lifting first term limits, then age limits. He has
            consistently used Ugandan Government security forces to
            intimidate, threaten, and hobble his political opponents while
            turning a blind eye to the corruption and abuses perpetuated by
            his own military and police force, members of the first family,
            and senior members of the National Resistance Movement (NRM)
            party. Uganda's last elections were marred by violence,
            corruption, and human rights abuses. Scores of pro-democracy
            protesters were killed. President Museveni's main political
            opponent was severely beaten.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps will you take between now and
    Uganda's next presidential election in 2026 to level the political
    playing field and increase the likelihood of credible and peaceful
    elections?

        Answer. If confirmed I would lead the U.S. Embassy in Kampala to
    support the Ugandan people's right to choose leaders in free and fair
    elections that are credible and peaceful. I would start by regularly
    messaging publicly and privately in support of democratic processes,
    norms, and institutions. I would support dialogue between Ugandan
    stakeholders, integrate U.S. assistance to build capacity of electoral
    institutions, civil society organizations, and electoral observation
    organizations. I would also support voter education and conflict
    mitigation mechanisms through our assistance and public diplomacy
    platforms.

        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. I have supported human rights and democracy across my
    nearly 24-year diplomatic career, helping to facilitate free and fair
    elections, increase space for civil society, establish police oversight
    mechanisms, and protect labor activists and independent media. In
    Kenya, I worked closely with U.S. Government agencies, international
    partners, civil society, and Kenya's electoral commission to prepare
    for and conduct free, fair, credible, and peaceful elections in 2017.
        In Guatemala, as Ambassador, I worked to support protection for
    multiple justice and human rights defenders from persecution as well as
    supported the continued operation of the United Nations Office of the
    High Commissioner for Human Rights office. I likewise worked to ensure
    robust local civil society and international observation of the 2023
    elections. I also engaged authorities to provide transparency around
    the NGO registration law and fair treatment for all civil society
    organizations.
        If confirmed, I would implement similar successful whole-of-mission
    strategies with host government, civil society and international
    partners in support of democracy and human rights.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Uganda? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. Uganda faces several pressing human rights challenges,
    including the need to protect human rights activists, gender-based
    violence, abuses by security forces, threats to freedom of expression,
    and violence or threats of violence targeting LGBTQI+ persons with the
    criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct. Human rights
    concerns have become an increasing focus of our bilateral relationship
    over the last decade. Political tensions have increased, election
    violence has persisted, and democratic space, especially for civil
    society, is shrinking. Ugandan security forces continue to harass and
    intimidate members of the opposition, including through forced
    disappearances, kidnappings, and torture. The NGO Bureau has made it
    difficult to near impossible for NGOs to register and operate in the
    country.
        If confirmed, I will work diligently with the Government, national
    and international non-government organizations, and the many U.S.
    Government agencies that work to address these concerns. I would, among
    other actions, engage with and message continuously to the Ugandan
    Government on the importance of promoting and protecting the human
    rights of all people; help and consult with civil society organizations
    on their priorities so that they can safely operate; ensure that our
    programming and resources are efficient and effective; and work to
    address the consequences of the dangerous anti-homosexuality bill,
    which has exacerbated homophobia, undermined respect for human rights,
    would put American citizens in Uganda at risk, and could also have
    serious consequences for the fight against HIV/AIDS and the health of
    all Ugandans. I believe through such efforts, we can demonstrate to the
    Ugandan Government and its people that the United States is a tireless
    and sure partner on human rights issues in keeping with our nation's
    values.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Uganda? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to eliminate corrupt influences
    in Uganda through our diplomatic engagements, public messaging, and
    U.S. assistance programs supporting anticorruption efforts and the rule
    of law. I will also actively engage human rights defenders, civil
    society organizations, and those experiencing human rights violations
    and abuses to address and improve respect for human rights. If
    confirmed, I will work to ensure U.S. assistance aligns with our
    important policy goals of supporting democracy and good governance. I
    will also closely examine our existing support to key NGOs operating in
    this sector, advocate for new resources if needed, and promote
    transparency during my engagements with government officials.
        Through such efforts I would hope to advance our longstanding
    values of freedom, democracy, individual liberty, and human dignity.
    Increasing adherence to rule of law, reducing corruption, and ending
    impunity would increase security, stability, and prosperity, not only
    in Uganda, but throughout the region and the world.
        Entrenched corruption, abuses of human rights, and limited
    democratic space are key impediments to advancing democratic
    development, but if confirmed, I will also be prepared to use the tools
    Congress has made available including the Global Magnitsky Act and
    Section 7031(c) of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and
    Related Programs Act, to hold corrupt actors and human rights violators
    accountable and prevent them from utilizing resources in the United
    States.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with all U.S. assistance
    agencies and programs to ensure the maximum integration and
    coordination possible, including in support of democracy and
    governance. I would prioritize civil society capacity building,
    including helping local organizations become administratively capable,
    including necessary financial oversight, of receiving direct assistance
    from USAID, Department of State, the Small Grants program, or other
    sources. I would also prioritize civic and voter education activities,
    including for youth, women, and minority communities, to prepare for
    the 2026 elections. I would also prioritize activities to support
    independent media, counter disinformation, and protect press freedom.
    Finally, I would seek out opportunities to assist in political party
    capacity building in order to support full and transparent
    participation in the 2026 elections.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Uganda? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will absolutely be committed to
    meeting and engaging with those organizations. They have their ear to
    the ground and a deep understanding of the issues. I will listen to
    their concerns and recommendations, but also leverage their expertise
    and resources to further democratic governance. If confirmed, one of my
    top priorities will be to ensure NGOs can operate safely in Uganda. I
    would work to communicate to the Ugandan Government the benefits NGOs
    have for millions of Ugandans. If confirmed, I will continue
    demonstrating to the Ugandan Government and key stakeholders that NGOs
    are not a threat and are of critical importance. From Uganda's Ebola
    response, to improving food security, to protecting vulnerable
    communities, Uganda needs these NGOs. These NGOs make Uganda healthier
    and safer, which leads to economic growth and stability.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will meet with people from across the
    democratically oriented political spectrum, and from all walks of
    Ugandan life. As Ambassador, I would interact with as diverse a range
    of Ugandan citizens as possible, across political, economic,
    geographic, social, and ethnic groups. If confirmed, I would engage not
    only with government and opposition figures and political parties, but
    also with civil society, independent media, community, labor and human
    rights organizations and activists, including from the LGBTQI+
    community. I would also reach out to youth, minority, and women's
    groups on areas of entrepreneurship, rights promotion, education, and
    other key issues.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with
    Uganda on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Uganda?

        Answer. Yes. Supporting an active and free press is a fundamental
    part of U.S. Government diplomacy and programming overseas. If
    confirmed, I would work diligently with the Embassy team to promote the
    importance of a free press with Ugandan officials, while using
    programming such as our International Visitor Leadership Program to
    support efforts to share with local journalists best practices in
    investigative journalism. I commit, if confirmed, to meeting regularly
    with independent, local press in Uganda. I fully believe that a free
    and fair press is critical to a healthy democracy and will continue to
    support efforts to promote press freedom in Uganda.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will work with our team at the U.S.
    Embassy in Uganda to engage with civil society and government
    counterparts on countering disinformation and propaganda disseminated
    by foreign state or non-state actors in Uganda. There is increased
    interest in the region by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and
    Russia and the entities they control. If confirmed, I will work
    diligently to deter and counter malign influence by foreign state and
    non-state actors in country, and help Ugandan understand how to protect
    themselves from disinformation.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with
    Uganda on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I will lead my Embassy team to actively
    engage with Ugandan labor organizations, including independent trade
    unions, to support rights under Ugandan law and Uganda's international
    commitments to organize and to protect fair treatment.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Uganda, no matter
    their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will support the efforts of the United
    States Government to defend the human rights and dignity of all people,
    no matter their sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or
    sex characteristics.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Uganda?

        Answer. Uganda's LGBTQI+ community has been consistently
    marginalized, discriminated against, and targeted by the Ugandan
    Government, homophobic organizations, and vigilantes. Parliament's
    recent passage of the repressive Anti-Homosexuality Act further
    undermines respect for human rights. If the legislation is enacted, it
    could have serious and negative consequences for LGBTQI+ persons in
    Uganda as well as the viability of the U.S. PEPFAR program, the fight
    against HIV/AIDS, and the health of all Ugandans.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Uganda?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support U.S. assistance programs that
    seek to protect the human rights of, and respect for all Ugandans,
    including LGBTQI+ people. I would also maintain consistent dialogue
    with LGBTQI+ activists and NGOs, ensuring our actions ``do no harm,''
    as well as support accurate and timely reporting on abuses against the
    LGBTQI+ community. Where U.S. sanctions law and authorities are
    applicable against perpetrators of gross violations of human rights, I
    would support the lawful application of such authorities.

        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Uganda?

        Answer. Yes, organized through the Department of State's Bureau of
    Legislative Affairs and conducted in accordance with long-standing
    Department and Executive Branch practice.

        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy in Uganda?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will lead the American
    and Ugandan professionals in Mission Uganda to advance our national
    security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful workplace. I will
    communicate my commitment to a workplace in which diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility are core tenants of our mission culture. I
    will also make clear that discrimination, harassment, and bullying are
    unacceptable and take swift action to address any such issues that may
    arise. I will demonstrate my commitment to equal employment opportunity
    (EEO) principals and the work of Mission EEO counselors and locally
    engaged staff advisors. I will support and participate in programs that
    promote respect and diversity.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Uganda?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will first demonstrate
    that diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) is a
    priority, through actions and words, and reinforce with my staff it
    should also be a priority for them. I will also make clear my strong
    opposition to harassment, discrimination, and bullying and ensure a
    prevention plan is in place. I will hold supervisors accountable and
    expect them to hold their team members accountable for acts of
    harassment, discrimination, or bullying. I will ensure mission
    personnel have access to all the resources they need to combat racism,
    discrimination, and inequality. If confirmed, I will meet regularly
    with post's DEIA council at Mission Uganda, participate in community
    activities to increase dialogue and inclusion, and promote a positive
    work environment among the Embassy team.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, l commit to engaging more equitably in our
    operations and programs and will lead Mission Uganda to build
    relationships with all communities in Ugandan society through active
    outreach. I will carefully monitor, evaluate, and coordinate the design
    and implementation of programming and assistance and extend their reach
    as far as possible. I will ensure that our representational events and
    public diplomacy programs include marginalized and underrepresented
    groups and that our human resources team uses diverse panels in hiring
    processes to ensure applicants are not being disadvantaged. I will work
    with our locally employed staff to expand our outreach efforts and
    leverage the various languages spoken within our mission to assist our
    U.S. officers in making connections beyond the capital.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to William W. Popp by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, if confirmed, do you commit
    to speaking publicly about the current state of Uganda's political and
    electoral system, and to amplify and support the democratic aspirations
    of the Ugandan people?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I would speak publicly and clearly about
    the current state of Uganda's political and electoral system in support
    of democracy in Uganda.

        Question. In your view, how can the United States better support
    the democratic aspirations of the Ugandan people?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work with all U.S. Government
    agencies at post and in Washington to support increased investment in
    civil society capacity building, protection of independent media and
    human rights defenders, and countering corruption. I would work to
    maximize integration of our democracy and governance assistance with
    our diplomatic engagement for a freer, more transparent, and democratic
    Uganda. I would also support the early design and implementation of
    assistance in support of free and fair elections that are credible and
    peaceful in 2026.

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, engage
    Ugandan officials on issues related to democracy and elections?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would engage directly and clearly with
    Ugandan officials to convey U.S. commitment to supporting good
    governance, strengthening democratic institutions, and free and fair
    elections in 2026 that are credible and peaceful. I would speak through
    media and public outreach about U.S. interests and values in support of
    democracy and seek to publicly engage with Ugandan civil society and
    citizens dedicated to fostering democratic governance in Uganda. I
    would support bolstering our democracy, human rights, and governance
    assistance to support civil society, freedom of expression, voter and
    civic education, and electoral institution and political party capacity
    building wherever possible. I would speak publicly to the right of all
    Ugandans to choose the leaders who will lead the country to a more
    prosperous and democratic future. I would also support use of tools
    such as sanctions, designations, and visa restrictions, in accordance
    with the evidentiary requirements under U.S. law, against individuals
    responsible for human rights violations and abuses, electoral violence,
    or corruption. In all these efforts, I would effectively coordinate our
    engagement across agencies at post.

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, engage
    Ugandan political parties on issues related to democracy and elections?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would actively engage with Ugandan
    political parties in support of democracy and free and fair elections
    that are credible and peaceful. I would meet with all political parties
    committed to democratic and peaceful principles. I would also use
    public messaging to underscore that suppression of and violence against
    opposition political parties is unacceptable. Wherever appropriate, I
    would seek to connect political parties committed to democratic
    governance to U.S. programs to strengthen their institutional
    capability.

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, engage with
    Ugandan civil society on issues related to democracy and elections?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would actively engage with Ugandan civil
    society in support of democracy and free and fair elections that are
    credible and peaceful. I would seek to meet with a broad of range of
    voices committed to free and fair elections and democratic governance,
    including through travel outside of Kampala to all regions of the
    country. I would seek to connect civil society organizations to U.S.
    assistance programs where practical and work to partner with like-
    minded international donors to build networks in support of democratic
    governance. I would also aim, wherever possible, to build capacity of
    local civil society organizations to receive direct assistance and
    strengthen their institutional capability.

        Question. In your view, how can the United States better support
    the democratic aspirations of the Ugandan people?

        Answer. We should continue to meet with leaders of all political
    groups, in addition to civil society, youth, and women leaders, in
    support of strengthening democratic norms. We should arrange for more
    senior opposition leaders to meet with U.S. Government officials in the
    United States, and connect visiting U.S. officials with local civil
    society, community organizations and political parties in Uganda. In
    addition, we should seek to design and implement additional democracy
    and governance programs that promote a level playing field for the 2026
    elections, including robust electoral observation, voter education,
    citizen participation, and counter-disinformation activities.

        Question. Do you commit to working with the USAID Uganda Mission
    Director to support a robust portfolio of democracy and governance
    programs for Uganda ahead of the 2026 elections?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I would work closely with the USAID
    Uganda Mission Director and the entire USAID team, as well as other
    elements of the Embassy, to support a robust portfolio of democracy and
    governance programs in Uganda ahead of the 2026 elections. If
    confirmed, I would treat this as an immediate priority in order to
    prepare for the elections in less than three years.

        Question. What is your view of the conditions for legitimate
    democratic elections in Uganda in 2026?

        Answer. Conditions are challenging for legitimate democratic
    elections in Uganda in 2026. Since the flawed 2021 elections,
    democratic space has continued to shrink. Corruption is persistent and
    independent media are under pressure. Human rights abuses are pervasive
    and marginalized populations, such as the LGBTQI+ community, are at an
    increased risk of violence and persecution. Political opposition
    parties and independent NGOs are threatened. At the same time, Ugandan
    youth continue to aspire to a freer, more transparent, and peaceful
    Uganda. Engaging Ugandans, particularly youth and women, in civic
    participation and voter education activities to maximize democratic
    inclusion and election participation could help increase the chances of
    legitimate democratic elections. Likewise, beginning as soon as
    possible, support for transparent electoral administration and
    observation in 2026 will be vital. Finally, holding accountable corrupt
    and undemocratic actors, as well as violators of human rights and
    perpetrators of political violence wherever possible is important to
    uphold justice and protect remaining democratic space.

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, engage with
    Ugandan officials at the highest levels on abuses of internationally-
    recognized human rights?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would convey to them clearly that abuses of
    internationally recognized human rights and violence of any kind are
    unacceptable. I would emphasize that all potential recipients of any
    U.S. security cooperation must be Leahy vetted and that any individuals
    or units identified as responsible for human rights violations are
    automatically ineligible. I would also convey that United States is
    prepared to use sanctions, designations, and visa restrictions, in
    accordance with evidentiary requirements under U.S. law, against
    individuals responsible for human rights violations and abuses.

        Question. How will you, as U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, engage with
    Ugandan officials on the issue of abductions and forced disappearances?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would convey to Ugandan officials clearly
    that abductions and forced disappearance are unacceptable. I would
    emphasize that the U.S. Government will publicly report on any
    substantiated incidents through the Congressionally-mandated annual
    Human Rights Report and that I and other U.S. Government officials will
    publicly call for thorough investigations of all cases and justice for
    all victims. I would convey that United States is prepared to use
    sanctions, designations, and visa restrictions, in accordance with
    evidentiary requirements under U.S. law, against individuals
    responsible for abductions and forced disappearances.

        Question. In your view, how should the United States pursue and
    support accountability for violations of internationally-recognized
    human rights in Uganda, including abductions and forced disappearances
    by state security forces?

        Answer. I believe the United States should support, where possible,
    any Ugandan public and non-government organizations sincerely committed
    to investigating, arresting, prosecuting, and convicting individuals
    responsible for human rights violations, including abductions and
    forced disappearances. I believe we should use our assistance programs
    to build institutional capacity and train individuals to protect human
    rights in compliance with Ugandan law and international commitments. I
    would ensure that Leahy vetting is done to ensure any training for
    security forces is only offered to individuals and units with no
    involvement in violations and abuses and that all training has clear
    components of respect for human rights. Finally, if evidence can be
    obtained that meets U.S. legal requirements, we should utilize the
    public sanctions, designations, and visa restrictions authorities such
    as Global Magnitsky and 7031I against perpetrators of human rights
    violations and abuses.

        Question. On May 2, Uganda's parliament passed an updated version
    of draconian anti-LGBT legislation, to include the death penalty. While
    President Museveni has not yet signed the legislation into law, the
    effects of the legislation's passage in parliament is already being
    felt in Uganda and the broader region.
        You did not directly mention the anti-LGBT legislation in your
    testimony. Were you advised by leadership of the Bureau of African
    Affairs or other State Department leadership to do this? If yes, was
    the guidance given so as to avoid confronting and displeasing the
    Government of Uganda?

        Answer. As cited in my written statement submitted to the
    Committee, I strongly believe that the United States must support equal
    protection and non-discrimination for all persons. As emphasized in my
    responses in the confirmation hearing discussion, this absolutely
    includes the LGBTQI+ community and underscoring the risks, including of
    imprisonment and capital punishment, posed by the deeply troubling and
    dangerous Anti-Homosexuality Bill. If confirmed, I would speak clearly
    to the Government of Uganda about the United States Government's deep
    concern about the legislation's threat to lives, about Ugandan
    officials' hateful rhetoric, and the very negative impact that the
    legislation has for respect of human rights, the potential to undermine
    progress on preventing and treating HIV/AIDS, and in deterring trade,
    investment, and tourism that would only deepen poverty for all
    Ugandans. My views on these issues, which are fully consistent with the
    policy views of the Administration and the Department, are my strongly
    held personal views as well.

        Question. The passage of the repressive anti-LGBT legislation has
    implications for U.S. foreign assistance to Uganda, including in the
    global health and democracy and human rights space. As U.S. Ambassador
    to Uganda, if confirmed, how will you work with your USAID and State
    Department colleagues to adjust the US assistance portfolio as
    appropriate?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would lead USAID and State Department
    colleagues at post to carefully identify and propose adjustments
    necessary to the U.S. assistance portfolio if the repressive Anti-
    Homosexuality Act (AHA) is signed and enacted into law. In the interest
    of our priority to ``do no harm,'' I would also consult with local
    civil society, including the LGBTQI+ community, and health care
    implementing partners and experts to identify areas for adjustment. I
    would also have health and assistance experts examine the continued
    viability of partnerships with the Ministry of Health. As the dangerous
    AHA is representative of a larger trend in the closing of democratic
    space and reduction in respect for human rights of all Ugandans, I
    believe it would be necessary to carefully consider the need to
    increase democracy and governance programing, as well as partnerships
    with international and local civil society organizations. I would also
    look closely for opportunities to increase coordination with other
    international donors to leverage joint diplomatic and assistance
    efforts. Finally, I would use public outreach to underscore the value
    of U.S. assistance and the jeopardy in which the dangerous AHA and
    other steps against human rights and democratic governance are putting
    all Ugandans. I would of course consult with the Bureau of African
    Affairs, USAID and other relevant agencies, as well as Congress, prior
    to moving forward with any adjustments.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, if confirmed, how will you
    engage with the Government of Uganda on impacts of the anti-LGBT
    legislation, including any restrictions or reductions on U.S. global
    health programming to combat HIV/AIDS?

        Answer. If confirmed, and after consulting the local LGBTQI+
    community to ensure our actions would ``do no harm,'' I would engage
    the Ugandan Government directly about the consequences of the anti-
    homosexuality bill that has increased homophobia, the risk of violence
    against the LGBTQI+ community, and undermined respect for human rights
    generally. If President Museveni signs the bill into law and it is
    implemented, the law could impact U.S. programming as well as deter
    trade, investment, and tourism to Uganda and thereby increase poverty.
    It could also have serious consequences for the viability of ongoing
    PEPFAR programming, the fight against HIV/AIDS, and the health of all
    Ugandans. I would communicate the potential for negative impacts on
    U.S. assistance, particularly on health and HIV/AIDS programs, and the
    potential to severely restrict our ability to help protect lives in
    Uganda and enable Ugandans from all backgrounds to access quality
    health care. I would also engage the Ugandan Government on the
    importance of protecting fundamental human rights and safety as well as
    upholding Uganda's international commitments to protect and defend the
    human rights of all people, including LGBTQI+ persons.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, if confirmed, how will you
    lead Mission Uganda to plan for and respond to attacks on U.S.
    implementing partners, Ugandan health facilities, Ugandan health
    workers, and/or Ugandan organizations receiving U.S. assistance who
    provide services to marginalized communities?

        Answer. If confirmed, and after consulting the local LGBTQI+
    community to ensure actions ``do no harm,'' I would work with the
    Embassy team to publicly and privately support civil society
    organizations, including those that represent the LGBTQI+ community and
    those working in public health areas including HIV/AIDS prevention and
    treatment. I would communicate to the Ugandan Government the benefits
    that such NGOs provide millions of Ugandans. If confirmed, I would work
    to convince the Ugandan Government that implementing partners are of
    critical importance for the health care system and the health for all
    Ugandans. I would emphasize attacks on partners, as well as Ugandan
    health facilities and workers or organizations receiving U.S.
    assistance, would be completely unacceptable. I would remind the
    Ugandan security and justice authorities of their responsibilities to
    prevent any such attacks and the potential impacts of impunity for
    perpetrators and I would convey that the United States will use
    Congressionally provided tools and other existing authorities to
    sanction, designate, and restrict visas to individuals perpetrating
    human rights violations and abuses. Finally, I would ensure our
    programs, planning, and messaging are coordinated as much as possible
    with like-minded international partners to maximize prevention of any
    attacks and support accountability in the event of any incidents.

        Question. Do you view the roles and responsibilities of the U.S.
    Ambassador to Uganda to include supporting U.S. companies currently
    investing and interested in investing in Uganda?

        Answer. If confirmed I would work to support U.S. companies
    invested in or interested in investing in Uganda, in accordance with
    United States national interests. I would ensure that the companies had
    a full picture of the challenges and opportunities for doing business
    in Uganda. I would also ensure that U.S. companies understand threats
    posed by corruption and closing civic space in Uganda. I would work
    with the Embassy team and the Prosper Africa Executive Secretariat to
    help U.S. companies present in Uganda and potential U.S. investors
    access the full slate of commercial and investment tools available
    through the Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the U.S. Trade and
    Development Agency (USTDA), and the Export-Import Bank, among other
    U.S. Government agencies.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Uganda, if confirmed, how will you
    approach supporting U.S. companies currently investing and interested
    in investing in Uganda?

        Answer. If confirmed I would work to support U.S. companies
    invested in or interested in investing in Uganda, in accordance with
    United States national interests. I would ensure that the companies had
    a full picture of the challenges and opportunities for doing business
    in Uganda. I would also ensure that U.S. companies understood threats
    posed by corruption and closing civic space in Uganda. Finally, I would
    work with the Embassy team and the Prosper Africa Executive Secretariat
    to help U.S. companies present in Uganda and potential U.S. investors
    access to the full slate of commercial and investment tools available
    through the Development Finance Corporation (DFC), the U.S. Trade and
    Development Agency (USTDA), and the Export-Import Bank, among other
    U.S. Government agencies.

        Question. What is your understanding of the tools Prosper Africa
    provides to U.S. Missions in Africa to support two-way trade and
    investment?

        Answer. I understand that the Prosper Africa initiative through the
    17 participating agencies provides a number of tools to advance two-way
    trade and investment. This includes helping companies access U.S.
    Government services, as well as for embassies that need to refer
    potential deals to the relevant agency for further examination and
    potential support. For example, USTDA can provide feasibility studies
    and reverse trade missions to facilitate project preparedness to
    increase potential exports; the Department of Commerce can provide
    advocacy and facilitate market entry; the DFC can provide debt, equity
    and political risk insurance; and U.S. African Development Foundation
    provides grant capital capacity building assistance to grow African
    enterprises. USAID can also direct its programs to provide U.S.
    companies and investors with market information; facilitate buyer-
    supplier linkages; advise companies on accessing finance; and build the
    capacity of local businesses, among other things. Prosper Africa
    assists U.S. missions to advance trade and investment by tapping into
    all of these resources. If confirmed, I will work with the U.S. Embassy
    team in Uganda and Prosper Africa participating agencies in Washington
    to support mutually beneficial and job-creating bilateral trade and
    investment wherever possible.

        Question. In your view, does Uganda meet the statutory requirements
    for eligibility for preferential trade benefits under the African
    Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)?

        Answer. Given the deep concern about the Anti-Homosexuality Act
    (AHA) legislation along with the broader erosion of respect for human
    rights and democratic space for all Ugandan citizens, I understand that
    U.S. Government agencies are continuing to evaluate Uganda's
    eligibility for African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) preferential
    trade benefits. The AGOA legislation requires the Administration to
    review annually whether beneficiary countries such as Uganda are
    meeting the statute's eligibility criteria, including with respect to
    gross violations of internationally recognized human rights by the
    Government. During the AGOA eligibility review process conducted for
    calendar year 2023, I understand that the U.S. Government warned the
    Government of Uganda that continuing human rights violations or abuses,
    including those targeting LGBTQI+ persons, could jeopardize its AGOA
    eligibility. If confirmed, I would support a careful review of Uganda's
    continued eligibility for AGOA for 2024.

        Question. Many U.S. missions have been under enormous stress over
    the last several years, in large part due to COVID. What is your
    understanding of morale throughout Mission Kampala?

        Answer. Many posts around the world have suffered through heavy
    workloads, limited staffing, barriers to health care access, and many
    other challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mission Kampala has had
    to face many of those challenges as well as a recent outbreak in late
    2022 and early 2023 of Ebola. As a high hardship differential post and
    with persistent staffing gaps that affect most of the U.S. embassies in
    Africa, the Embassy community works under challenging circumstances.
    Nevertheless, I understand the Embassy has remained resilient, is
    emerging from the COVID-19 and Ebola health restrictions and has
    attained very important achievements under difficult circumstances.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Kampala?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will demonstrate through actions and words
    my commitment to respect for all, customer service, professional
    development, safety and security, and quality of life issues. I will
    ensure the mission has access to all the resources available to support
    a positive, respectful, and inclusive workplace. I will hold
    supervisors accountable and expect them to hold their team members
    accountable for conduct and performance. Any incidents that arise will
    be addressed immediately. I will participate fully in community
    activities and encourage participation from all parts of the Embassy
    community. I will actively support performance and service recognition,
    through awards and other forms of recognition. Finally, I will support
    work-life balance, community wellbeing, and promoting a positive work
    environment among the Embassy team.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Kampala?

        Answer. If confirmed as Chief of Mission, I will lead the American
    and Ugandan professionals in Mission Uganda to advance our national
    security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful workplace. I will
    continue to pursue the active approach that I did as Ambassador at the
    U.S. mission to Guatemala and as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S.
    mission to Brazil by ensuring our Embassy in Uganda is working together
    as a team, including through an active diversity council, Federal
    Women's Program, and professional development program that promote
    respect for each other and a shared commitment to advancing U.S.
    national interest through our Embassy's diplomacy, public outreach, and
    programs. I will also ensure that our Integrated Country Strategy
    objectives and goals are clearly communicated and understood by all
    mission personnel to forge a shared vision. Finally, I will work with
    the Management team and all other service providers to achieve the
    highest level of efficiency and customer service for mission operations
    to Embassy personnel.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Kampala?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will demonstrate through actions and words
    my commitment to respect for all, customer service, professional
    development, safety and security, and quality of life issues. I will
    ensure the mission has access to all the resources available to support
    a positive, respectful, and inclusive workplace. I will hold
    supervisors accountable and expect them to hold their team members
    accountable for conduct and performance. Any incidents that arise will
    be addressed immediately. I will participate fully in community
    activities and encourage participation from all parts of the Embassy
    community. I will actively support performance and service recognition,
    through awards and other forms of recognition. Finally, I will support
    work-life balance, community wellbeing, and promoting a positive work
    environment among the Embassy team.

        Question. Management is a key responsibility for Chiefs of Mission.
    How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. I would describe my management style as respectful,
    collaborative, dedicated, and committed to integrity. Ultimately, I
    strive to serve the mission team and community. I lead with a
    consistent goal for excellence in our internal management and
    operational platforms in the mission, high customer service, and high
    morale in the community as essential ingredients to achieving success
    in our external diplomatic, public outreach, and programmatic goals.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. No. It is never acceptable or constructive to berate
    subordinates or other individuals, either in public or in private. Such
    behavior has never been a part of my leadership or management style in
    my nearly 24 years of Foreign Service experience supervising local or
    U.S. direct hire personnel.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the Deputy
    Chief of Mission?

        Answer. As a previous Deputy Chief of Mission and deputy principal
    officer as well as a long-term Charge d'Affaires and a current Chief of
    Mission, I have over a decade of experience serving successfully in a
    deputy role or supervising a deputy. I believe that the deputy and
    Chief of Mission must communicate well between each and with the
    mission team, have a shared commitment to integrity, and both be
    focused on serving the community and mission team they lead. I believe
    in working as a partner with my deputy, complementing and reinforcing
    each other wherever possible.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your Deputy Chief of Mission?

        Answer. I believe in helping develop the overall skills of my
    Deputy Chief of Mission to be able to successfully lead the mission in
    any moment. This means including the Deputy Chief of Mission in all
    aspects of mission operations and engagement. At the same time,
    identifying specific leadership responsibilities for the deputy is
    vital to the Deputy Chief of Mission's professional development as well
    as the efficient and effective workload management for the Embassy
    front office. If confirmed, responsibilities such the leading
    professional development programs for U.S. direct hire and locally
    employed personnel, chairing key coordination mechanisms such as the
    law enforcement working group, and supervising emergency and crisis
    response trainings and preparations are examples of some of the key
    areas I would entrust my deputy to lead while I would support and
    reinforce those duties wherever helpful.

              In order to create and continue employee excellence at the
            Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports
            (EERs) for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though
            often lacking.

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes, I believe it is essential to provide all employees
    with accurate and constructive feedback on their performance, as well
    as reward employees who successfully perform their duties. Throughout
    my Foreign Service career I have actively provided such feedback and
    recognition, including for Locally Employed Staff and by implementing
    additional recognition mechanisms such as Local Staff Member of the
    Month and Local Staff Member of the Year awards in my last two
    postings.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes, if confirmed, I would support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to all employees to improve performance
    and reward high achievers, as I have done throughout my Foreign Service
    career.

        Question. It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
    abroad to meet with local actors, including host government officials,
    non-government organizations, and local citizens. In your experience,
    do U.S. diplomats get outside of our Embassy walls enough to fully
    accomplish their missions?

        Answer. While a challenge in some high-threat security environments
    and over the last three years due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in my
    experience generally U.S. diplomats strive to get outside our Embassy
    walls to advance their mission goals. I believe that with clear and
    coordinated planning, consistent security and emergency accountability
    training and procedures, and prioritization on public outreach, it is
    possible and essential for U.S. diplomats to get outside of their
    Embassy and the capital of their host country as much as possible. If
    confirmed, I would lead the Embassy in Uganda actively and safely
    engaging in robust public outreach and travel outside of the Embassy
    and Kampala.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would work closely with the Embassy's
    Regional Security Office and Public Affairs Office to ensure that all
    U.S. diplomats and local staff have the necessary training,
    communications platforms for emergency accountability tools to safely
    travel and access local populations. I would also work with the Public
    Affairs Office to ensure that all staff have training in public
    messaging to engage with Ugandans in all parts of the country. Finally,
    I would work with the Management team and Washington to budget
    sufficient travel resources to support appropriate outreach to advance
    our U.S. national interests in Uganda.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to William W. Popp by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against the People's Republic of China (PRC)
    efforts to expand its problematic influence, through robust and
    forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial
    advocacy to bolster U.S.-Uganda ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses that the CCP has become more
    repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. According to the Office
    of the Director of National Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat
    Assessment, the CCP is seeking to ``undercut U.S. influence, drive
    wedges between Washington and its partners, and foster some norms that
    favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would prioritize advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Uganda and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The PRC is the
    most consequential geopolitical challenge facing the United States and
    the United States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in
    the region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State
    and interagency colleagues and Congress to address PRC's efforts to
    expand its influence in Uganda and the region and disinclined to
    undertake joint activities.

        Question. Uganda receives almost $1 billion annually in aid from
    the U.S., with Uganda making overtures to China and Russia on increased
    relations. The Ugandan parliament passed a highly restrictive bill on
    LGBTQ rights in March 2023, which received critiques from U.S. and
    European officials. Uganda in turn accused Western countries of trying
    to ``impose'' homosexuality on Uganda. How does lecturing the Ugandan
    Government on a divisive social issue help us counter CCP and Russia
    influence in Uganda?

        Answer. We engage the Ugandan Government on actions, policies, and
    decisions that could threaten the human rights of Ugandan citizens,
    negatively impact the delivery of our health and humanitarian
    assistance, impact foreign investment, and deter tourism. The Anti-
    Homosexuality Bill, if signed into law, may jeopardize aspects of
    American public health assistance that are required to end HIV/AIDS as
    a public health threat by 2030 in Uganda. Imposing the death penalty
    for persons exercising their basic human rights is counter to American
    values. We also engage the Government of Uganda regularly to counter
    PRC and Russian influence and false narratives and to encourage support
    for U.S. foreign policy goals.

        Question. What is the U.S. doing to counter Russian activities and
    propaganda in Uganda?

        Answer. The USG works to counter Russian disinformation primarily
    by disseminating clear, timely, and fact-based information on U.S.
    foreign policy decisions and actions in local print, social, and
    broadcast media. We also directly respond to disinformation when deemed
    necessary. We amplify credible non-USG voices by providing platforms
    for diverse perspectives. The Dignity Dialogues program, for example,
    identified Ugandan experts to discuss food and energy insecurity due to
    Russia's war against Ukraine, thereby countering Russian narratives
    that demonized the United States support for Ukraine.

        Question. China has reportedly provided more than $3.5 billon to
    Uganda, prompting U.S. concerns. Huawei has provided surveillance
    equipment, including facial-recognition technology, and President
    Museveni has praised China's non-interference foreign policy approach,
    while criticizing Western donor conditionality. How would you
    characterize Uganda's relationship with China?

        Answer. The PRC has an extensive commercial relationship with
    Uganda and seeks to influence Uganda in other areas as well. We offer
    Uganda alternatives to the PRC model and as a partner on economic
    issues, we advocate for U.S. businesses who seek to do business in
    Uganda. If confirmed, I will work with the Embassy team as well as with
    all agencies and branches of the U.S. Government to emphasize to
    Ugandans the advantages and opportunities of working with trustworthy
    partners like the United States.

        Question. What are the main barriers to U.S. direct investment in
    Uganda?

        Answer. While some U.S. companies are present and thriving in
    Uganda with U.S. Government support, problems with corruption, the rule
    of law, respect for human rights, and basic infrastructure are
    impediments to deeper economic ties.

        Question. Is there an expanded role for the U.S. International
    Development Finance Corporation in facilitating U.S. investment in
    Uganda?

        Answer. The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation
    (DFC) supports investments that address critical development challenges
    throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The agency has invested more than $10
    billion across sub-Saharan Africa and continues to seek opportunities
    to invest in bankable projects, including in Uganda, that comply with
    DFC standards.

                                   __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                   ----------

                            WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:47 p.m., in
    Room 419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Chris Van Hollen
    presiding.
        Present: Senators Van Hollen [presiding], Duckworth, and
    Ricketts.

                OPENING STATEMENT HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

        Senator Van Hollen. Good afternoon, everybody, and welcome.
    The nomination hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations
    committee will come to order. I would like to first welcome all
    of our nominees here. Congratulations on your nominations and
    thank you for your continued commitment to serving our nation.
        I would also like to thank your family members, and I want
    to encourage anyone who wants to introduce any members of their
    family that are here, because I know that they also have made
    sacrifices on behalf of our country, often enduring long
    distances from their loved ones or moving across the globe to
    be with their loved ones. And I know my colleagues join me in
    gratitude to all of you and your families.
        I really want to thank Senator Ricketts for being the
    ranking member for this committee and for being an active
    member of this committee. He and I have agreed that in the
    interests of hearing a little less from us and more from you,
    that we are going to forgo any long formal opening statements.
    I would like to extend my condolences to the families and
    colleagues of the U.S. Embassy's local employees killed in
    Nigeria yesterday.
        As career Foreign Service officers, you know that locally
    employed staff, foreign nationals are essential to the success
    of our embassy and missions abroad, and we all feel this loss.
    And I want to thank them and the other foreign nationals who
    help support our embassy operations overseas, and I know you
    join me in doing that as well.
        So now I am going to introduce each of you, and after that,
    we will hear from you, and then we will ask some questions.
    That sound good? All right. So, Ms. Jennifer Adams is the
    nominee, the President's nominee to be Ambassador to Cabo
    Verde. She is a member of the Senior Foreign Service for USAID.
    She joined the National War College as a USAID faculty
    representative in January of 2022.
        Before that, she served as USAID Mission Director to
    Mozambique, and from 2014 to 2017, she served as USAID's Bureau
    for Global Health Deputy Assistant Administrator and then
    Acting Assistant Administrator for Global Health. Her 25 years
    of service have also taken her to China, Senegal, and Brazil.
        Before that, I am pleased to say she was from Baltimore and
    she graduated from Johns Hopkins, a great Maryland institution.
    Welcome to you, Dr. Adams. Ms. Heather Variava is the nominee
    to be the Ambassador to the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
    She is also a career member of the Senior Foreign Service and
    currently serves as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy
    in Manila.
        Prior to her appointment to the Philippines, Ms. Variava
    was Deputy Chief of Mission and Charge d'Affaires at the U.S.
    Embassy in Jakarta, and was the U.S. Consul General in
    Surabaya, Indonesia. She also served in Washington as Director
    of the Office of Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives, and
    Bhutan in the Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, in
    addition to several other posts across South and Southeast
    Asia, making her a true expert on our partners in the region.
    Congratulations on your nomination.
        Ms. Julie Turner is the nominee to be Special Envoy on
    North Korean human rights issues. She is currently the Director
    of the Office of East Asia and the Pacific in the Bureau of
    Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor at the Department of State.
        She has also served as the Director for Southeast Asia at
    the National Security Council. In addition to more than 16
    years of service in the Office of East Asia and the Pacific,
    she has dedicated much of her service to promoting human rights
    in North Korea and her experience overseas, including a tour as
    Special Assistant in the Office of the Special Envoy on Korean
    human rights issues--gives her a special expertise in this
    position. She also, to my friend, Senator Ricketts, also earned
    a degree from the University of Maryland. Congratulations on
    your nomination.
        Mr. Matthew Murray is the nominee to be the United States
    senior official to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC,
    with the rank of Ambassador. He is also a career member of the
    Senior Foreign Service. He has served as United States Senior
    Official for APEC since February 2022.
        Mr. Murray previously led the State Department's Bureau of
    Economic and Business Affairs as the Senior Bureau Official
    from August 2021 to January 2022, and served as Deputy
    Assistant Secretary of State for Trade Policy and Negotiations
    from September 2020 to August 2021.
        His career has taken him to Beijing, Shanghai, Dar es
    Salaam, and New Delhi. And again, I know you will not forget
    your Maryland roots. Someone is nominating some great
    Marylanders.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Ricketts. I have noticed you have not called out
    anybody else's home state, town, or university.
        Senator Van Hollen. I am sure you will fill in the blanks--
    --
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Van Hollen [continuing]. Ms. Jennifer Johnson is
    the nominee to be Ambassador to the Federated States of
    Micronesia. She is a career member of the Senior Foreign
    Service and is currently serving as Chief of Staff to the
    Undersecretary for Management.
        Her career has taken her around the world to Cuba, Chile,
    and the UAE, and Turkey. She has also held positions here at
    home at the U.S. mission to the United Nations in New York, the
    Office of Undersecretary for Management, the Executive
    Secretariat, the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, and the
    Bureau of Global Talent Management. Congratulations on your
    nomination.
        So, thank all of you for your service to our country. And
    with that, I am going to turn it over to you, Dr. Adams, for
    your testimony.

        STATEMENT OF DR. JENNIFER M. ADAMS, OF VIRGINIA, A CA-
         REER  MEMBER OF THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,  CLASS
         OF CAREER  MINISTER,  NOMINATED  TO BE AMBASSADOR EX-
         TRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY   OF  THE   UNITED
         STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF CABO VERDE

        Dr. Adams. Thank you. Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member
    Ricketts, and distinguished members of the committee, I am
    honored to appear before you today. I am deeply grateful to
    President Biden and Secretary Blinken for the confidence they
    have shown in me as the President's nominee for U.S. Ambassador
    to the Republic of Cabo Verde. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with you and other members of Congress to advance our
    nation's security and foreign policy interests.
        I would like to thank my family, especially my husband, Dr.
    Wayne Quillin, and my three sons, Eugene, Sam, and Kelly, for
    all their support and for sharing our family life overseas. Mr.
    Chairman, my interest in economic development in Africa began
    with my college education, and deepened as a Marshall Scholar
    in the UK, where I completed a Ph.D. in economics at Cambridge
    University after fieldwork in a rural area of Zimbabwe.
        I have proudly served the American people for the past 30
    years as a Foreign Service Officer with the U.S. Agency for
    International Development. With USAID, I successfully advanced
    U.S. goals in sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil, and Asia, and managed
    large, complex interagency programs such as PEPFAR, the
    President's Malaria Initiative, Power Africa, Feed the Future,
    anti-wildlife trafficking, and humanitarian disaster relief.
        I have enjoyed mentoring and promoting employees of every
    color, race, religion, gender, and sexual orientation, and I
    have focused on listening to and working closely with our
    locally employed staff overseas.
        If confirmed, I will continue to support and enhance
    diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts in our workforce and
    in our programs. Cabo Verde is a longstanding partner and the
    site of our first consulate in Africa over 200 years ago. Cabo
    Verde is a success story in terms of economic development and
    improving the lives of its people, having progressed from deep
    poverty at independence from Portugal in 1975 to lower middle-
    income status today.
        Cabo Verde is also a thriving democracy with a multi-party
    system, free and fair elections, and a vibrant civil society,
    and is a strong partner on promoting respect for human rights
    in the region and on the international stage.
        The United States, especially the Northeast, is home to
    many people of Cabo Verdean descent, and this diaspora
    community is an important link between our countries. I know
    from my one visit to Cabo Verde in the mid-2000s that the warm
    and hospitable Cabo Verdean people admire American culture and
    traditions, and welcome further partnership with the United
    States.
        Strengthening security cooperation is a key objective
    between the United States and Cabo Verde, including maritime
    security and law enforcement partnerships that protect the
    country's exclusive economic zone, combat drug and other
    illicit trafficking, reduce illegal, unreported, and
    unregulated fishing, and oppose transnational crime, increasing
    U.S. investment and bilateral trade, similarly, a key objective
    that will deepen commercial ties and support Cabo Verde as its
    economy recovers from the COVID pandemic.
        Further engagement with Cabo Verde, a small island nation,
    on climate action, will promote greater economic resilience,
    socio and economic inclusion of remote and vulnerable
    populations, and progress toward development goals.
        Given the opportunity, I will support these key U.S. policy
    objectives. If confirmed, I would seek to leverage Cabo Verde's
    strong historical links and shared values with the United
    States to foster a cooperative environment for increased
    partnerships in security cooperation, commerce, education, and
    public diplomacy.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman and members, for the opportunity to
    address you today, and I am happy to answer any questions.
        [The prepared statement of Dr. Adams follows:]

                   Prepared Statement of Jennifer Marie Adams

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished
    Members of the committee, I am honored to appear before you today. I am
    deeply grateful to President Biden and Secretary Blinken for the
    confidence they have shown in me as the President's nominee for U.S.
    Ambassador to the Republic of Cabo Verde. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with you and other Members of Congress to advance our nation's
    security and foreign policy interests. I would like to thank my
    family--especially my husband Dr. Wayne Quillin and my three sons,
    Eugene, Sam and Kelly--for all their support and sharing our family
    life overseas.
        Mr. Chairman, my interest in economic development in Africa began
    with my college education and deepened as a Marshall Scholar in the UK,
    where I completed a Ph.D in Economics at Cambridge after fieldwork in a
    rural area of Zimbabwe. I have proudly served the American people for
    the past 32 years as a Foreign Service Officer with the U.S. Agency for
    International Development. With USAID, I successfully advanced U.S.
    goals in sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and Asia, and managed large,
    complex inter-agency programs such as PEPFAR, PMI, Power Africa, Feed
    the Future, anti-wildlife trafficking and humanitarian disaster relief.
    I have enjoyed mentoring and promoting employees of every color, race,
    religion, gender, and sexual orientation and have focused on listening
    to and working closely with our locally employed staff overseas. If
    confirmed, I will continue to support and enhance diversity, equity,
    and inclusion efforts in our workforce and our programs.
        Cabo Verde is a long-standing partner and the site of our first
    consulate in Africa over 200 years ago. Cabo Verde is a success story
    in terms of economic development and improving the lives of its people,
    having progressed from deep poverty at independence from Portugal in
    1975 to lower middle-income status today. Cabo Verde is also a thriving
    democracy with a multi-party system, free and fair elections, and a
    vibrant civil society, and a strong partner on promoting respect for
    human rights in the region and on the international stage. The United
    States, especially the Northeast, is home to many people of Cabo
    Verdean descent and this diaspora community is an important link
    between our countries. I know from my one visit to Cabo Verde in the
    mid-2000s that the warm and hospitable Cabo Verdean people admire
    American culture and traditions and welcome further partnership with
    the United States.
        Strengthening security cooperation is a key objective between the
    United States and Cabo Verde, including maritime security and law
    enforcement partnerships that protect the country's exclusive economic
    zone, combat drug and other illicit trafficking, reduce illegal,
    unreported, and unregulated fishing, and oppose transnational crime.
    Increasing U.S. investment and bilateral trade is similarly a key
    objective that will deepen commercial ties and support Cabo Verde as
    its economy recovers from the COVID pandemic. Further engagement with
    Cabo Verde, a small island nation, on climate action will promote
    greater economic resilience, social and economic inclusion of remote
    and vulnerable populations, and progress toward development goals.
        Given the opportunity, I will support these key U.S. policy
    objectives. If confirmed, I would seek to leverage Cabo Verde's strong
    historical links and shared values with the United States to foster a
    cooperative environment for increased partnerships in security
    cooperation, commerce, education, and public diplomacy.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the
    committee for the opportunity to address you today. I am happy to
    answer any questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Dr. Adams. Next, we will
    turn to Ms. Variava.

         STATEMENT OF HEATHER ROACH VARIAVA, OF IOWA,  A CA-
          REER MEMBER  OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
          OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBAS-
          SADOR EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE
          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE LAO PEOPLE'S DEMO-
          CRATIC REPUBLIC

        Ms. Variava. Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts,
    and distinguished members of the committee, thank you for
    considering my nomination to be the next United States
    Ambassador to the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
        I am grateful for the faith that President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken have placed in me to represent the United
    States in Laos. I appreciate the opportunity to answer your
    questions and hear firsthand your thoughts about our
    relationship with Laos.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with the committee
    and other members of Congress to advance the interests of the
    United States, protect the safety of our citizens, and
    strengthen the bilateral relationship for the benefit of both
    our countries.
        I would like to take a moment to thank some of my family
    whose support and guidance have shaped my life in important
    ways. First, my mother, Catherine, and my late father, Martin,
    a U.S. Navy veteran, who fostered my lifelong love of learning
    and who have supported me every step of the way, even when it
    took me far from home.
        I would like to thank my husband, Billy, whose unwavering
    support and patience has been a strong foundation for our
    family, including our sons Nick and Nate. They have embraced
    life in the U.S. Foreign Service with fortitude and good humor.
        And as a proud mom, I have to note that my older son just
    graduated from Creighton University in Omaha. I just came back
    from Nebraska----
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you.[Laughter.]
        Ms. Variava [continuing]. In addition to my family, I also
    want to thank the many U.S. Embassy and Consulate teams with
    whom I have had the honor to serve, especially the dedicated
    local staff who are the backbone of our overseas operations.
        During nearly 27 years in the Foreign Service, I have
    served in South and Southeast Asia, and advocating for U.S.
    interests, building strategic partnerships, and engaging a
    diverse range of stakeholders to promote democratic values and
    private sector led economic growth. My experience in the
    Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, among others, has
    underscored for me the importance of American leadership to
    ensure a free, open, and resilient Indo-Pacific region.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, as part of our Indo-
    Pacific strategy, the United States welcomes a strong and
    unified association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, that
    leads in the Southeast Asia and beyond. We support ASEAN in its
    efforts to deliver sustainable solutions to the region's most
    pressing challenges.
        As part of our work in ASEAN, I believe close cooperation
    with Laos is essential for a stronger, safer, more prosperous
    region, and for U.S. interests in the Indo-Pacific. Laos is
    playing an increasingly important role in the region and will
    be in the driver's seat next year as ASEAN chair.
        The United States, of course, has a complicated history
    with Laos. During our involvement in the war in Indo-China in
    the 1960s and 70s, more than 2 million tons of bombs were
    dropped over Laos. The relationship between the United States
    and Laos remains influenced by this war legacy.
        Thanks to Congress's continued support, the United States
    has partnered with Laos to address unexploded ordnance, even as
    the Laos government has actively supported the fullest possible
    accounting for U.S. personnel still missing in Laos from the
    war years. If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with
    Congress on our efforts to remove unexploded ordnance from
    Laos. I will ensure we continue to address this history, while
    also working to expand and further normalize our relationship.
        Our programs in health, nutrition, agriculture, education,
    English language training, law enforcement cooperation, and
    more show our commitment to the U.S., Laos relationship. We
    will also continue to work with Laos as the country implements
    a strategy to diversify its economy, and where appropriate,
    educate U.S. firms about the benefits of doing business in
    Laos.
        As our relationship with Laos has grown, so has our
    outreach to the people of Laos. There is no better example of a
    U.S. commitment to Laos than our American center in the capital
    of Vientiane, which, with the support of Congress, is scheduled
    for a significant expansion.
        A larger American center will help us respond to the young
    people of Laos who have a huge interest in the United States
    and in English language training. Our experienced U.S. Embassy
    team in Vientiane is dedicated to defending U.S. national
    interests and strengthening the U.S., Lao relationship. If
    confirmed, I will be honored to lead them.
        I will make their safety and well-being my top priority and
    will join their efforts to support the Laos people and help
    Laos develop into a truly independent, successful country that
    is a valuable partner in pursuing our joint goals of regional
    peace and prosperity.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, and members of the
    committee, thank you for your consideration of my nomination,
    and I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Variava follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Heather Variava

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished
    Members of the committee, thank you for considering my nomination to be
    the next United States Ambassador to the Lao People's Democratic
    Republic. I am grateful for the faith that President Biden and
    Secretary Blinken have placed in me to represent the United States in
    Laos. I appreciate the opportunity to answer your questions and hear
    firsthand your thoughts about our relationship with Laos. If confirmed,
    I look forward to working with the committee and other Members of
    Congress to advance the interests of the United States, protect the
    safety of our citizens, and strengthen the bilateral relationship for
    the benefit of both of our countries.
        I would like to take a moment to thank some of my family, whose
    support and guidance have shaped my life in important ways: First, my
    mother, Catherine, and my late father, Martin, a U.S. Navy veteran, who
    fostered my life-long love of learning and who have supported me every
    step of the way, even when it took me far from home. I would like to
    thank my husband Billy, whose unwavering support and patience have been
    a strong foundation for our family, including for our sons, Nick and
    Nate. They have embraced life in the U.S. Foreign Service with
    fortitude and good humor. In addition to my family, I also want to
    thank the many U.S. Embassy and Consulate teams with whom I have had
    the honor to serve--especially the dedicated local staff who are the
    backbone of our overseas operations.
        During nearly 27 years in the Foreign Service, I have served in
    South and Southeast Asia, advocating for U.S. interests, building
    strategic partnerships, and engaging a diverse range of stakeholders to
    promote democratic values and private sector-led economic growth. My
    experience in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, among others,
    has underscored for me the importance of American leadership to ensure
    a free, open, and resilient Indo-Pacific region.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, as part of our Indo-Pacific
    Strategy, the United States welcomes a strong and unified Association
    of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, that leads in Southeast Asia and
    beyond. We support ASEAN in its efforts to deliver sustainable
    solutions to the region's most pressing challenges, and we are
    committed to deepening our long-standing cooperation on health, the
    environment, energy, transportation, human rights, and other issues.
        As part of our work in ASEAN, I believe close cooperation with Laos
    is essential for a stronger, safer, more prosperous region, and for
    U.S. interests in the Indo-Pacific. Laos is playing an increasingly
    important role in the region and will be in the driver's seat next year
    as ASEAN Chair.
        The United States, of course, has a complicated history with Laos.
    During our involvement in the war in Indochina in the 1960s and 1970s,
    more than two million tons of bombs were dropped over Laos. The
    relationship between the United States and Laos remains influenced by
    this war legacy. Thanks to Congress's continued support, the United
    States has partnered with Laos to address unexploded ordnance, even as
    the Lao Government has actively supported the fullest possible
    accounting for U.S. personnel still missing in Laos from the war years.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with Congress on
    our efforts to remove unexploded ordnance from Laos. I will ensure we
    continue to address this history, while also working to expand and
    further normalize our relationship. Our programs in health, nutrition,
    agriculture, education, English language training, law enforcement
    cooperation, and more show our commitment to the U.S.-Laos relationship
    and demonstrate the United States' dependability as a partner. We will
    also continue to work with Laos as the country implements a strategy to
    diversify its economy, and where appropriate, educate U.S. firms about
    the benefits of doing business in Laos.
        As our relationship with Laos has grown, so has our outreach to the
    people of Laos. There is no better example of U.S. commitment to Laos
    than our American Center in Vientiane, which, with the support of
    Congress, is scheduled for a significant expansion. A larger American
    Center will help us respond to the huge interest from the young people
    of Laos in the United States and in English language training.
        Our experienced U.S. Embassy team in Vientiane is dedicated to
    defending U.S. national interests and strengthening the U.S.-Lao
    relationship. If confirmed, I will be honored to lead them. I will make
    their safety my top priority and will join their efforts to support the
    Lao people and help Laos develop into a truly independent, successful
    country that is a valuable partner in pursuing our joint goals of
    regional peace and prosperity.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Ricketts, Members of the committee,
    thank you for your consideration of my nomination. I look forward to
    your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Ms. Variava. And now we will
    turn to Ms. Turner.

          STATEMENT OF JULIE TURNER, OF MARYLAND, NOMINATED
           TO BE SPECIAL ENVOY ON NORTH KOREAN HUMAN RIGHTS
           ISSUES, WITH THE RANK OF AMBASSADOR

        Ms. Turner. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Van Hollen,
    Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished members of the
    committee, I am honored to appear before you today as President
    Biden's nominee to serve as the Special Envoy on North Korean
    human rights issues, with the rank of Ambassador.
        I am grateful for the confidence shown by the President and
    Secretary Blinken in nominating me. As a Korean American
    adoptee, it was my childhood dream to serve the country that
    welcomed me, and I have been privileged to do so as a career
    civil service employee for 20 years.
        I entered the State Department in 2003 as an eager
    Presidential management fellow, finding a home in the Bureau of
    Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, and having an opportunity to
    work at the National Security Council as well.
        I spent the last two decades promoting human rights, not
    just as U.S. values, but as critical interests directly tied to
    our National Security. One of my first assignments in DRL was
    to staff the first Special Envoy on North Korean human rights
    during President George W. Bush's administration.
        With great humility and appreciation, I sit here today
    seeking your support for that same position. If confirmed, I
    will work closely with you and all members to advance our
    nation's interests through the promotion of human rights in
    North Korea.
        The human rights situation in the DPRK is one of the most
    protracted human rights crises in the world, and the COVID-19
    pandemic has allowed Kim Jong Un to tighten his control over
    all aspects of life in the isolated country.
        As the DPRK's human rights record has deteriorated, the
    connection between its widespread violations and abuses, and
    the threat it poses to international security are clear. The
    regime's human rights abuses are inextricably linked to its
    weapons program, which are funded through the exploitation and
    abuse of the North Korean people.
        Thousands of North Koreans are exported abroad and
    subjected to conditions that amount to forced labor.
    Schoolchildren are subject to mass mobilizations, and food
    distribution policies favor the military, leaving millions of
    North Koreans food insecure. The people of North Korea have
    suffered far too long under these abusive policies. If
    confirmed, I will focus on five key areas.
        First, I will work with partners and allies, including ROK,
    to re-energize international efforts to promote human rights
    and increase access to uncensored information in the DPRK. I
    will also empower and elevate the efforts of North Korean
    escapees, whose firsthand experiences, networks, and analysis
    are invaluable. Second, I will seek to reinvigorate
    accountability efforts at the UN.
        I will prioritize efforts to resume the open briefing at
    the U.N. Security Council on the human rights situation in the
    DPRK, and coordinate with like-minded governments in advance--
    to advance accountability for those responsible for human
    rights violations in the DPRK. Third, I will undertake efforts
    to urge the DPRK to respect human rights and fundamental
    freedoms, and to provide for the needs of the people.
        I will call for the repeal of repressive laws and for
    assurances that international aid organizations will have
    access to provide assistance in an independent and principled
    manner, including to the most vulnerable populations.
        Fourth, I will focus on protection of North Korean
    refugees, including by pressing governments to uphold their
    respective non-refoulement obligations, working with
    governments to facilitate UNHCR access to North Korean asylum
    seekers and working to ensure North Koreans continue to have
    access to U.S. resettlement programs. I have had the honor of
    welcoming many North Korean escapees to the United States over
    the years, and I am proud to call many of them my friends.
        These individuals overcame unimaginable odds in search of
    freedom and are now business owners, soldiers, civil service
    employees, and great Americans. Fifth, I will engage with the
    Korean-American community to identify divided families in the
    United States who have family members in the DPRK and to
    advocate for the urgent reunification of these families.
        To that end, I will partner closely with the Republic of
    Korea to advance family reunions, including for Korean
    abductees and their loved ones, and I will also work with Japan
    and other partners to press for the immediate resolution of the
    Japanese abductees issue.
        In closing, I want to thank my parents, Fred and Joan, and
    my siblings, Brad and Lindsey, for teaching me to have faith,
    to work hard, and to serve others. I also want to thank my
    talented and compassionate children, Olivia, Eli, Elise, and
    Emma, who drive me to be a better human, along with my best
    friend and partner, George. I love you all.
        Thank you for your unwavering support and gracious
    understanding when humanitarian crises have kept me at work
    late. Lastly, thank you to my colleagues at DRL and the State
    Department who have mentored, encouraged, and inspired. Mr.
    Chairman, ranking member, members of the committee, thank you
    for your consideration of my nomination, and I look forward to
    your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Turner follows:]

                       Prepared Statement of Julie Turner

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, and distinguished
    Members of the Committee, I am honored to appear before you today as
    President Biden's nominee to serve as the Special Envoy on North Korean
    Human Rights Issues, with the rank of Ambassador. I am grateful for the
    confidence shown by the President and Secretary Blinken in nominating
    me.
        As a Korean American adoptee, it was my childhood dream to serve
    the country that welcomed me, and I have been privileged to do so as a
    career civil service employee for 20 years. I entered the State
    Department in 2003 as an eager Presidential Management Fellow, finding
    a home in the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL), and
    having the opportunity to work at the National Security Council as
    well. I have spent the last two decades promoting human rights, not
    just as U.S. values, but as critical interests directly tied to our
    national security.
        One of my first assignments in DRL was to staff the first Special
    Envoy on North Korean Human Rights during President George W. Bush's
    administration. With great humility and appreciation, I sit here today
    seeking your support for that same position. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with you and all Members to advance our nation's interests
    through the promotion of human rights for North Koreans.
        The human rights situation in the DPRK is one of the most
    protracted human rights crises in the world, and the COVID-19 pandemic
    has allowed Kim Jong Un to tighten his control over all aspects of life
    in the isolated country even more.
        As the DPRK's human rights record has deteriorated, the connection
    between its widespread violations and abuses and the threat it poses to
    international security are clear. The regime's human rights violations
    and abuses are inextricably linked to its weapons programs, which are
    funded through the exploitation and abuse of the North Korean people.
    Thousands of North Koreans are exported abroad and subjected to
    conditions that amount to forced labor. School children are subject to
    mass mobilizations, and food distribution policies favor the military,
    leaving millions of North Koreans food insecure. The people of North
    Korea have suffered far too long under these abusive policies.
        If confirmed, I will focus on five key areas:

       First, I will work with partners and allies, including the ROK, to
            reenergize international efforts to promote human rights and
            increase access to uncensored information in the DPRK. I will
            also empower and elevate the efforts of North Korean escapees,
            whose firsthand experiences, networks, and analysis are
            invaluable.

       Second, I will seek to reinvigorate accountability efforts at the
            U.N. I will prioritize efforts to resume the open briefing at
            the U.N. Security Council on the human rights situation in the
            DPRK and coordinate with likeminded governments to advance
            accountability for those responsible for human rights
            violations and abuses in the DPRK.

       Third, I will undertake efforts to urge the DPRK to respect human
            rights and fundamental freedoms and provide for the needs of
            its people. I will call for the repeal of repressive laws, such
            as the Reactionary Thought and Culture Denunciation Law, and
            for assurances that international aid organizations will have
            access to provide assistance in an independent and
            nondiscriminatory manner, including to the most vulnerable
            populations.

       Fourth, I will focus on the protection of North Korean refugees,
            including by pressing governments to uphold their respective
            non-refoulement obligations, to allow UNHCR access, and to
            ensure access to U.S. resettlement programs. I have had the
            honor of welcoming many North Korean escapees to the United
            States over the years and am proud to call many of them
            friends. These individuals overcame unimaginable odds in search
            of freedom and are now business owners, soldiers, civil service
            employees, and great Americans.

       Fifth, I will engage with the Korean American community to identify
            divided families in the United States who have family members
            in the DPRK and advocate for the urgent reunification of these
            families with their immediate relatives. To that end, I will
            partner closely with the Republic of Korea to advance family
            reunions, including for Korean abductees and their loved ones.
            I will also work with Japan and other partners to press for the
            immediate resolution of the Japanese abductees issue.

        In closing, I want to thank my parents, Fred and Joan, and my
    siblings, Brad and Lindsey, for teaching me to have faith, to work
    hard, and to serve others. I also want to thank my talented and
    compassionate children--Olivia, Eli, Alise, and Emma--who drive me to
    be a better human, along with my best friend and partner, George. I
    love you all. Thank you for your unwavering support and gracious
    understanding when humanitarian crises have kept me at work late.
    Lastly, thank you to my colleagues in DRL and the State Department, who
    have mentored, encouraged, and inspired me.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, Members of the committee, thank you
    for considering my nomination. I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Ms. Turner. Now
    we are going to turn to Mr. Murray.

           STATEMENT OF MATTHEW D. MURRAY, OF MARYLAND,  A CA-
            REER MEMBER OF THE  SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE,  CLASS
            OF COUNSELOR, NOMINATED TO BE  THE  UNITED  STATES
            SENIOR OFFICIAL FOR ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERA-
            TION (APEC) WITH THE RANK OF AMBASSADOR DURING HIS
            TENURE OF SERVICE

        Mr. Murray. Chair Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, it
    is an honor to appear before the committee today as the nominee
    for the rank of Ambassador during the tenure of my service as a
    U.S. Senior Official for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
        I would like to thank President Biden and Secretary Blinken
    for the trust they have placed in me, as well as for the signal
    this nomination sends to the Asia-Pacific region of the United
    States' commitment to APEC. If confirmed, I look forward to
    working closely with the Senate to advance our goals in this
    important multilateral organization.
        I am proud to have served the United States as a State
    Department Foreign Service Officer for the past 25 years, and I
    am blessed to have made this journey together with my wife,
    Sharla, who is here with me today, and our three sons, Joshua,
    a middle school teacher in York, Pennsylvania, Noah, a cadet at
    the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, and Daniel, an
    aspiring computer scientist and engineer who will begin his
    university studies at Virginia Tech this fall.
        Together, our family has experienced 6 foreign postings and
    11 international moves, with all of the highs and lows such a
    life entails. Like all Foreign Service families, our family
    endured many challenges in service to our country, and I will
    always be grateful to Sharla, Joshua, Noah, and Daniel for
    their selfless service.
        Sharla and I both learned a commitment to service from
    fathers who grew up poor but worked incredibly hard to provide
    for their families and contribute to their communities. And for
    mothers who espouse the virtues of education, my own mother,
    Susan, was an elementary school teacher for more than three
    decades.
        Sharla and I both attended Anne Arundel County Public
    Schools in Maryland, and both attended college and graduate
    school with the aid of scholarships. So, today's hearing,
    therefore, is further evidence to our family that the American
    Dream is still achievable for hardworking families across our
    great country.
        I first traveled to the Asia Pacific region as a student
    intern with USAID in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1995. That summer
    was life changing for me as I was inspired by the region's
    economic dynamism and opportunity.
        Since joining the State Department in 1998, I have
    dedicated most of my career across five Presidential
    Administrations to enhancing U.S. economic engagement with and
    upholding international rules and principles in the Asia
    Pacific region, including through APEC.
        APEC's 21 member economies account for nearly half of
    global trade, including 7 of the United States top 10 trading
    partners, and companies from APEC economies have invested more
    than $1.7 trillion in the United States.
        Our economic prosperity, therefore, relies on continued
    U.S. leadership in this pivotal region. APEC includes partners
    on both sides of the Pacific with a wide range of economic
    conditions, and it provides a platform to engage 21 economies,
    including importantly, Taiwan, which is a full member of APEC.
        APEC historically has been an incubator for innovative
    solutions to economic challenges, and the United States hosted
    the first ever APEC leaders meeting in Seattle in 1993. Thirty
    years later, we are hosting APEC again this year, building on
    the impactful U.S. host year in 2011, when we advanced
    significant policy initiatives on women's economic empowerment,
    green growth, and regulatory reform.
        Of course, APEC today faces daunting challenges, including
    global economic headwinds and the need for our region's
    economies to recover fully from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's
    war against Ukraine, the PRC's efforts to undermine the rules
    based international order, environmental challenges that need
    to be addressed, especially the climate crisis, and the
    imperative to develop digital rules for the 21st century.
        And we need to ensure economic growth is inclusive and
    strengthens communities across our region, including in our own
    country. Ultimately, our work in APEC must prioritize helping
    communities at home. Our whole of Government interagency effort
    in APEC is a diplomatic effort, but it will mean nothing if we
    are not lifting up communities across the United States.
        Our focus in APEC should be on creating American jobs,
    supporting businesses large and small, attracting foreign
    investment, advancing the industries of the 21st century by
    promoting better rules and norms, setting a path to
    sustainability, and ensuring workers in underrepresented groups
    are full participants in the economy of the future.
        Given these ambitious goals against the backdrop of the
    significant geopolitical and economic challenges the Asia-
    Pacific region faces, I would argue that U.S. engagement in
    APEC is more important than ever before.
        If confirmed, I would pledge to be an Ambassador for all
    Americans in this effort, consistent with the U.S., APEC host
    year theme of creating a resilient and sustainable future for
    all. Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Murray follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Matthew D. Murray

        Chair Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, it's an honor to appear
    before the committee today as the nominee for the Rank of Ambassador
    during the tenure of my service as U.S. Senior Official for Asia-
    Pacific Economic Cooperation.
        I'd like to thank President Biden and Secretary Blinken for the
    trust they have placed in me, as well as for the signal this nomination
    sends to the Asia-Pacific region of the United States' commitment to
    APEC.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the Senate to
    advance our goals in this important multilateral organization.
        I am proud to have served the United States as a State Department
    Foreign Service Officer for the past 25 years. And I am blessed to have
    made this journey together with my wife, Sharla, and our three sons--
    Joshua, a middle school English teacher in York, Pennsylvania; Noah, a
    Cadet at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point; and Daniel, an
    aspiring computer scientist and engineer, who will begin his university
    studies at Virginia Tech this fall.
        Together, our family has experienced 6 foreign postings and 11
    international moves with all of the highs and lows such a life entails.
    Like all Foreign Service families, our family endured many challenges
    in service to our country, and I always will be grateful to Sharla,
    Joshua, Noah, and Daniel for their selfless service.
        Sharla and I both learned a commitment to service from fathers who
    grew up poor but worked incredibly hard to provide for their families
    and contribute to their communities, and from mothers who espoused the
    virtues of education--my own mother, Susan, was an elementary school
    teacher for more than three decades.
        Today's hearing therefore is further evidence to our family that
    the American Dream is still achievable for hard-working families across
    our great country.
        I first traveled to the Asia-Pacific region as a student intern
    with USAID in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1995. That summer was life-
    changing for me, as I was inspired by the region's economic dynamism
    and opportunity.
        Since joining the State Department in 1998, I have dedicated most
    of my career across five Presidential administrations to enhancing U.S.
    economic engagement with, and upholding international rules and
    principles in, the Asia-Pacific region, including through APEC.
        APEC's 21 member economies account for nearly half of global trade,
    including seven of the United States' top 10 trading partners, and
    companies from APEC economies have invested more than $1.7 trillion in
    the United States.
        Our economic prosperity therefore relies on continued U.S.
    leadership in this pivotal region. APEC includes partners on both sides
    of the Pacific with a wide range of economic conditions, and it
    provides a platform to engage 21 economies, including importantly,
    Taiwan, which is a full member of APEC.
        APEC historically has been an incubator for innovative solutions to
    economic challenges, and the United States hosted the first-ever APEC
    Leaders' meeting in Seattle in 1993. Thirty years later, we are hosting
    APEC again this year, building on the impactful U.S. host year in 2011
    when we advanced significant policy initiatives on women's economic
    empowerment, green growth, and regulatory reform.
        Of course, APEC today faces daunting challenges, including: global
    economic headwinds and the need for our region's economies to recover
    fully from the COVID-19 pandemic; Russia's war against Ukraine, the
    PRC's efforts to undermine the rules-based international order;
    environmental challenges that need to be addressed, especially the
    climate crisis; and the imperative to develop digital rules Ultimately,
    our work in APEC must prioritize helping communities at home. Our
    whole-of-government interagency effort in APEC is a diplomatic effort,
    but it will mean nothing if we're not lifting up communities across the
    United States.
        Our focus in APEC should be on creating American jobs, supporting
    businesses large and small, attracting foreign investment, advancing
    the industries of the 21st century by promoting better rules and norms,
    setting a path to sustainability, and ensuring workers and
    underrepresented groups are full participants in the economy of the
    future.
        Given these ambitious goals against the backdrop of the significant
    geopolitical and economic challenges the Asia-Pacific region faces, I
    would argue that U.S. engagement in APEC is more important than ever
    before.
        If confirmed, I would pledge to be an Ambassador for all Americans
    in this effort--consistent with the U.S. APEC host year theme of,
    ``Creating a Resilient and Sustainable Future for All.''
        Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Murray. And now we will
    turn to Ms. Johnson.

         STATEMENT OF JENNIFER L. JOHNSON, OF NEW YORK, A CA-
          REER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,  CLASS
          OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,   NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBAS-
          SADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF  THE
          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  TO  THE  FEDERATED STATES
          OF MICRONESIA

        Ms. Johnson. Thank you, Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member
    Ricketts, and distinguished members of the committee.
        I am honored to appear before you today as the President's
    nominee to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the Federated States of
    Micronesia. I am grateful for the confidence that President
    Biden and Secretary Blinken have placed in me with this
    nomination.
        If confirmed, I look forward to closely working with
    Congress to advance U.S. National Security interests by
    reinvigorating our ties with our Pacific neighbors,
    particularly with our close friend and partner, the Federated
    States of Micronesia. I would like to thank my family, my
    husband, Pat, who is here today, my daughters, Maryn and Nola,
    for their support and willingness to join me around the world.
        I would also like to thank my parents, siblings, and
    Foreign Service colleagues and mentors. I am grateful for their
    guidance, inspiration, and support. And thank you, Senator Van
    Hollen, for all the work that you and Senator Sullivan do for
    our Foreign Service community.
        My interest in the Pacific Islands began when I was a
    student in Australia, and it has only grown over the years.
    Serving the American people is a tradition that runs deep in my
    family. My grandfather served in World War II, one with the
    Navy in the Pacific, and the other received a Purple Heart
    while serving in the Army.
        My parents were schoolteachers, as is my sister. My
    grandmother and mother-in-law were nurses, and my father in law
    is a Marine. The United States is a Pacific nation. We enjoy a
    close partnership with the Federated States of Micronesia based
    on deep historical, economic, and cultural ties, and our shared
    democratic values.
        If confirmed, I look forward to deepening the already
    strong ties between our two countries by supporting their
    sovereignty and security and working together to strengthen
    democratic institutions. For the Federated States of
    Micronesia, agreement on economic assistance related to the
    compact is imminent.
        If confirmed, and pending the approval of implementing
    legislation, I look forward to operationalizing the new
    agreements to make tangible and lasting improvements in the
    lives of their citizens. During the pandemic, we saw the
    strength of the partnership.
        The Federated States of Micronesia was included as part of
    the rollout of vaccines and the distribution of PPE from the
    very start. If confirmed, I look forward to working with
    Micronesia to help the country continue to recover from the
    economic effects of the pandemic, strengthen the health care
    system, and combat transnational threats.
        The Pacific Islands are highly vulnerable to natural
    disasters, whose devastating effects have imperiled the
    livelihoods of many. If confirmed, I will work closely with key
    stakeholders to improve disaster preparedness and strengthen
    climate resilience.
        The United States is responsible for the defense of the
    Federated States of Micronesia, and their citizens, in turn,
    serve in the U.S. Military. Their service is a sacred trust,
    and if confirmed, I will work with the Department of Veterans
    Affairs to improve the assistance that these veterans receive.
    Over the course of my career, one thing has always been clear,
    our people are our most important asset.
        If confirmed, I will make the safety and security of U.S.
    citizens and our embassy team my top priority. As we expand our
    footprint across the Pacific, I will support our teams in these
    remote locations to develop a new cadre of Pacific experts who
    will be ready to lead in the decades ahead on Indo-Pacific
    issues.
        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, if confirmed,
    I look forward to working with you and the members of this
    committee to advance U.S. interests in the Federated States of
    Micronesia and the broader Indo-Pacific, and to sustain and
    expand the progress that we have achieved in this important
    partnership. Thank you for inviting me here today and
    considering my nomination. I look forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Johnson follows:]

                   Prepared Statement of Jennifer L. Johnson

        Thank you, Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, and
    distinguished Members of the Committee.
        I am honored to appear before you today as the President's nominee
    to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia. I am
    grateful for the confidence that President Biden and Secretary Blinken
    have placed in me with this nomination.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with Congress to
    advance U.S. national security interests by reinvigorating our ties
    with our Pacific neighbors, particularly with our close friend and
    partner, the Federated States of Micronesia.
        I'd like to thank my family--my husband, Pat, and my daughters
    Maryn and Nola--for their support and willingness to join me around the
    world. I'd also like to thank my parents, siblings, and Foreign Service
    colleagues and mentors. I am deeply grateful for their guidance,
    inspiration, and support.
        My interest in the Pacific Islands began when I was a student in
    Australia, and it has only grown over the years. Serving the American
    people is a tradition that runs deep in my family, and I feel
    privileged to continue it. My grandfathers both served in World War
    II--one with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, and the other received a
    Purple Heart while serving with the U.S. Army. My parents were
    schoolteachers, as is my sister, my grandmother and mother-in-law were
    nurses, and my father-in-law is a U.S. Marine.
        The United States is a Pacific nation. The United States and the
    Federated States of Micronesia enjoy a partnership based on deep
    historical, economic, and cultural ties, and our shared democratic
    values. If confirmed, I look forward to deepening the already strong
    ties between the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia
    by supporting their sovereignty and security and working together to
    strengthen democratic institutions and human rights.
        For the Federated States of Micronesia, agreement on economic
    assistance related to the Compact is imminent. If confirmed, and
    pending the approval of implementing legislation, I look forward to
    operationalizing the new agreements to make tangible and lasting
    improvements in the lives of the citizens of the Federated States of
    Micronesia.
        During the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw the strength of this
    partnership. The Federated States of Micronesia was included, along
    with U.S. states and territories, as part of the rollout of vaccines
    and the distribution of Personal Protective Equipment from the very
    start. If confirmed, I look forward to working with Micronesia to help
    the country continue to recover from the economic effects of the
    pandemic, strengthen the health care system against future pandemics,
    and combat transnational threats.
        The Pacific Islands are highly vulnerable to natural disasters,
    whose devasting effects have imperiled the livelihoods of many
    Micronesians. If confirmed, I will work closely with the government,
    likeminded partners, and multilateral development banks to improve
    disaster preparedness and strengthen climate resilience.
        The Federated States of Micronesia does not have armed forces of
    its own. Instead, the United States is responsible for its defense, and
    their citizens, in turn, serve in the U.S. military. Their service is a
    sacred trust and if confirmed, I will work with the Department of
    Veterans Affairs to improve the assistance Micronesian veterans
    receive.
        If confirmed, I look forward to supporting our deep people-to-
    people ties. Existing initiatives, such as the Young Pacific Leaders
    Program, have been enriched by Micronesian participation. I will also
    help Micronesia to participate in new areas, including the U.S.-Pacific
    Institute for Rising Leaders.
        Over the course of my career, one thing has always been clear: our
    people are our most important asset. If confirmed, I will make the
    safety and security of U.S. citizens and our Embassy team my top
    priority. As we expand our footprint across the Pacific, I will support
    our teams in these remote locations to develop a new cadre of Pacific
    experts who will be ready to lead in the decades ahead on Indo-Pacific
    issues.
        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Ricketts, if confirmed, I look
    forward to working with you and the members of this Committee to
    advance U.S. interests in the Federated States of Micronesia and the
    broader Indo-Pacific and to sustain and expand the progress we have
    achieved in this important partnership.
        Thank you for inviting me here today and considering my nomination.
    I look forward to your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Ms. Johnson. Thank all of
    you for your testimony. And in listening to all of you, it is
    clear to me why the President nominated each of you for these
    positions.
        Ms. Johnson, if I could start with you, and you referenced
    in your testimony the upcoming signing of the next agreement,
    the Compact of Free Association. I know the President had hoped
    to be in Papua New Guinea.
        It is unfortunate that he has had to cancel his trip to get
    back here, although I hope we will resolve the budget issues.
    But could you speak a little bit to what you expect to see in
    the New Compact, and what your role as Ambassador, if
    confirmed, will be in terms of implementing that?
        So, what is different about the Next Compact compared to
    the current one, and how will you go about implementing it?
        Ms. Johnson. Absolutely. Thank you for your question. So, I
    actually have not seen the New Compact because Ambassador, our
    Special Envoy, Ambassador Joe Yoon, is in the region right now
    and they are putting the final touches on the Compact with the
    Federated States of Micronesia.
        Hopefully in the next few days or weeks, we will see the
    actual document. I see the Ambassador's role administrating the
    Compact as twofold. I see it as working closely with the
    Department of Interior to ensure that U.S. tax dollars are used
    responsibly in all the areas that they are being used in.
        And I also see it as making sure that we can improve the
    economic climate in the Federated States of Micronesia so that
    it can be implemented successfully.
        Senator Van Hollen. I appreciate that. I had a number of
    discussions over the last couple of years with some of the
    people involved in the negotiations. I know one of the things
    that Micronesia was interested in was a little more input and
    influence over exactly how some of their funds were spent on
    issues regarding local economic development, other economic
    issues.
        So, when we do see the final agreement, we look forward to
    working with you, if confirmed on next steps. Mr. Murray, if I
    could ask you about APEC, because I agree with you, it is a
    very important organization. We have lots of important economic
    issues at stake in the Indo-Pacific.
        I returned recently from a trip to both Vietnam and
    Indonesia, where there were all sorts of discussions about
    greater U.S. investment. And of course, we are working to try
    to get agreement on IPEF.
        And there is a significant overlap, as you know, between
    the countries we are seeking to have participate in IPEF and
    the APEC members, although there are some members of APEC that
    are clearly not part of that, including China and Russia.
        Can you speak a little bit to what the role of APEC is, if
    any, what role you will have in using that as a forum to
    advance IPEF? And if not IPEF, you know, what other specific
    initiatives do you see you being most focused on, if confirmed?
        Mr. Murray. Well, thank you, Senator, for the question. You
    know, the Biden administration, as you know, has been very
    focused in its Indo-Pacific strategy on trying to have a very
    comprehensive approach to the region, and certainly that
    includes the economic prosperity pillar.
        And, you know, I think it is really important as we go out
    and engage, that we recognize that there are a number of
    different mechanisms, different organizations that we can work
    with, and different partners that we can work with to achieve
    some of these goals. I think the overarching objectives are,
    you know, very straightforward, as you have already heard from
    partners in the region.
        We need, you know, better trade investment flows, trade
    facilitation. We need supply chains that work for everyone. We
    need to address some of the decarbonization goals. We need to
    move forward on anti-corruption and regulatory reform. And
    these are some of the similar objectives that we work towards,
    whether we are looking at it through IPEF or through ASEAN, or
    through the quad, or through APEC.
        And so, I think that there is a complementarity across all
    of these different regional groupings which can, you know, work
    all in the same direction. I think where APEC comes into that
    is the ability, through a consensus based, non-binding way, to
    try to work to resolve a lot of the behind the border
    challenges and some of the issues surrounding sustainability,
    the digital economy also, which is economic resiliency broadly,
    and trying to be mutually supportive of what we are doing in
    IPEF.
        There are 12 partners in common between IPEF and APEC, and
    it certainly would be our goal to work with the others in the
    Administration who are working on IPEF to make sure that our--
    you know, our work is all moving in the same direction. And as
    you point out, importantly, to be able to support our
    businesses as they go overseas, and also to attract additional
    investment to the United States.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Appreciate it. Senator
    Ricketts.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And
    again, congratulations on your nominations to everybody here on
    the panel. And again, thank you for your service to our great
    nation.
        And also thank you to your families, because I know they
    serve alongside with you, whether it is Ms. Turner's late hours
    or being stationed overseas. And as a former Governor who led a
    number of trade missions, I want to especially thank Foreign
    Service members who do live overseas, because I know that that
    can sometimes be tough duty, and I really appreciate it. I have
    always found our embassies in every part of the world just
    staffed by those highly qualified people, so really appreciate
    what you have done for us.
        Mr. Murray I like talking about APEC as well. So, Russia
    has launched this illegal war against Ukraine. 8 million people
    are displaced outside the country, 5 million people displaced
    within the country. The Russians have targeted civilians'
    apartment buildings and so forth with rocket attacks, missiles,
    airstrikes. 8,500 civilians have been killed. 14,000 have been
    wounded. 6,000 Ukrainian children have been kidnaped and taken
    to Russia.
        There are reports of, you know, 65,000 war crimes,
    including rape and summary executions. And yet in your
    statement in December, you said that as good stewards of APEC,
    the United States, when it hosts the leaders conference this
    fall in November in San Francisco, that we will invite Russia.
        So, my question is, is there anything Russia can do that
    would get them reconsidered as a membership? Is it appropriate
    now to reconsider Russia's membership? And if--you know, if you
    were confirmed, how are you thinking about Russia's
    participation in APEC?
        Mr. Murray. Yes, thank you for the question, Senator. We
    very much share the concern that you have just outlined about
    Russia's aggression towards and invasion of Ukraine.
        And you know, at APEC, with Russia as a member, one of the
    things the United States has done is worked very closely with
    like-minded partners to make sure that in that organization we
    are condemning Russia's invasion and condemning the war. And -
        Senator Ricketts. So, I think they did at your last
    conference. Would you do that again in San Francisco? Would you
    organize that again?
        Mr. Murray. So, yes. So, in the leaders meeting in November
    in Bangkok, there was a--part of the leaders statement was
    condemning the war in Ukraine and condemning Russia for its
    actions, and also talking about the economic impacts that
    Russia's invasion of Ukraine is also having on the region at
    large.
        And, you know, APEC is an economic organization. That is,
    you know, one way in which we are pushing back is to highlight
    those economic impacts. I think what we have said about our
    U.S. host year, and I think the interview you are referring to
    in December, is to say that we have invited so far Russia to,
    you know, participate in meetings, and they have participated
    in a couple of the lower level meetings that we are having,
    including meetings that we are having this week in Detroit.
        But we have not made any decisions yet on the leaders
    participation and certainly not on Vladimir Putin's
    participation. And that will be a decision that the White House
    will have to make, and that will be an issue that we will
    continue to want to consult very closely with the committee on
    as we go forward.
        Senator Ricketts. All right, great. Well, let us talk about
    the People's Republic of China, because you mentioned Taiwan as
    well, and this being one of the organizations that they are in,
    albeit it is Chinese Taipei.
        And there has been the suggestion--and of course, the
    People's Republic of China has been working to isolate Taiwan.
    There has been the suggestion that President Biden invite
    President Tsai to come to the meeting this year.
        I do not believe the President of Taiwan has ever been to
    one of these meetings, correct me if I am wrong on that. If
    that were to happen, would you support the President in
    inviting President Tsai to come to San Francisco?
        Mr. Murray. Well, as you refer to, Senator, there has been
    a three decade long common practice of Taiwan choosing to send
    a leaders representative to each of the APEC leaders meetings.
    And that has been the case in the past. But certainly, you
    know, we want to be able to support Taiwan to the fullest
    extent possible.
        I think if confirmed, the--having the Ambassador rank would
    be very helpful as well, because I will be, you know, traveling
    out, planning to travel out to Taiwan to also engage them, and
    extended an invitation for a leaders representative to attend
    the Leaders Week in November.
        But certainly, again, we would be consulting closely with
    the White House, and we want to consult closely with the
    committee as we go forward on the decision on who attends from
    Taiwan.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Appreciate that. If that was
    possible, and because the People's Republic of China would also
    presumably have folks, do you think there is an opportunity
    then to maybe create some dialog between the People's Republic
    and Taiwan at that meeting?
        Mr. Murray. I do think one of the strengths of APEC is that
    every single time there are meetings, that there is that
    opportunity for discussions between China and Taiwan.
        It is really unique in that way. One of the only
    organizations in the world where both of them participate. And
    so, to the extent that we can create opportunities like that,
    that is, I think, a wonderful benefit of APEC as a platform.
    And certainly, if there are those kinds of opportunities to
    facilitate, we would certainly want to support that.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Mr. Murray.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you--thank you, Senator. Ms.
    Turner, congratulations again on your nomination and your story
    about how one of your first jobs at the State Department was
    staffing the person who is now--who held the position you are
    nominated for now is, I think, an important, informative story
    about sticking to it, and we are glad to have your nomination.
        You know, the last time the U.N. Commission of Inquiry on
    Human Rights looked at the situation in the DPRK, they found
    that the North Korean is committing horrible atrocities,
    including crimes against humanity, against its own people.
        Unfortunately, that situation has not changed since that
    U.N. commission of inquiry was conducted. When I was in the
    Republic of Korea, I think five years ago now, one of my
    starkest memories is talking to escapees from North Korea. And
    we, of course, have escapees in South Korea.
        We have them in the United States. Could you maybe talk a
    little bit about how you can use this position to tell their
    stories and have the public get a better understanding of the
    human rights atrocities? Because we all know about, you know,
    North Korea's nuclear brinkmanship.
        And there is a lot of focus on that, appropriately so. But
    I think we all collectively need to do a better job of talking
    about the atrocious human rights situation in North Korea. So,
    you can you talk about how we can better get that story out
    there?
        Ms. Turner. Yes, thank you for that question, Mr. Chairman.
    I, 100 percent, agree that the voices of North Korean escapees
    are absolutely critical at helping to expose to the world the
    types of gross human rights violations that are happening in
    North Korea.
        One of my top priorities will be seeking ways to help
    amplify those voices in the multilateral space in particular,
    and where possible, to press for and have the U.S. lead on side
    events at the United Nations Human Rights Council, as well as
    the U.N. General Assembly.
        I think also having the North Korean human rights situation
    in place back on the U.N. Security Council's agenda is another
    opportunity to have those escapee voices heard on a broader
    international level. I think the other area in which I would
    seek to engage with the escapee community is also with regard
    to the U.S. Government's access to information programs.
        Our USAGM has, through Voice of America and Radio Free
    Asia, for many years broadcast information into North Korea.
    And I think the authentic voices of North Korean escapees are
    really critical in that process, and so we are looking for ways
    to incorporate them in sending messages back to North Koreans
    so that they know that the U.S. and others around the world
    support them, would be a very helpful tool.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. And I look forward to stay
    in touch on those issues. Ms. Variava, we obviously have lots
    of room to grow in terms of our bilateral relationship with
    Laos. As you mentioned in your testimony, they will also be
    assuming the chairmanship, the head of ASEAN next year.
        I was recently in Indonesia and, you know, my perception is
    they are trying to make the most of their opportunity at the
    head. I think the--I think President Obama was in Laos back in
    2016 or 2017, in that--2016 for the ASEAN meeting.
        So, as we look forward, as we look to the passing the baton
    at some point from Indonesia to Laos, what can you do, if you
    are confirmed as Ambassador, to make sure that the chairmanship
    of ASEAN under Laos addresses our concerns and appropriately
    reflects the views of all the ASEAN members?
        Ms. Variava. Thank you very much, Senator. Yes. I believe
    in Laos, they still talk about the visit of President Obama
    back in 2016 when Laos hosted ASEAN the last time. They are
    preparing, as I understand it, for their upcoming host year in
    2024. And the United States and other like-minded partners are
    helping Laos to prepare for that. It is a heavy lift with a lot
    of meetings throughout the year.
        So, we are looking forward to helping them get ready for
    that chair year, and to support them and advocate with them on
    the issues that are of importance to us in the ASEAN region,
    and to continuing to pursue the goals that we have in ASEAN,
    which is a fundamental partner in our Indo-Pacific strategy.
    And I look forward, if confirmed, to supporting Laos in that
    regard.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Ricketts.
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Ms. Johnson let
    us talk about Micronesia. So, we all know that the People's
    Republic of China has been trying to undermine our authority in
    the world. President Xi has said that he wants to be the world
    dominating power, and they do not like the system that we have
    set out that has kept world peace essentially since World War
    II.
        As part of that, a letter was leaked in March from the
    outgoing President of the Federated States of Micronesia, David
    Panuelo, who really showed the depths of how the CCP is
    different. They have different values than we have. In his
    letter, it detailed a number of extraordinary things on a
    political warfare, really operating inside the gray zone of
    what is legal or crossing over that line.
        What they were--what he described as Chinese envelopes of
    cash and trips on private planes, trying to create influence
    among politicians and administrators to advance their personal
    interests in lieu of the national interest? In another
    instance, the Chinese ambassador kept calling to push the
    Chinese COVID-19 vaccine so much, the President had to change
    his cell phone number.
        And when the gifts did not work, he claimed that the
    Chinese ambassador had made direct personal threats--or Chinese
    officials made direct personal threats against his safety. He
    also recommended that Micronesia actually switch its diplomatic
    recognition to Taiwan and claim to have secured a promise of
    $50 million from Taiwan, plus an annual payment of $50 million
    to plug in the gap there.
        And I was glad to see--I am glad to hear you also talked
    about the U.S., Micronesia Compact of Free Association and how
    that is going. So, Mr. Johnson, were you aware of this letter
    that had been leaked earlier this March? And if so, what are
    your thoughts on the CCP's pressuring of the Federated States
    of Micronesia?
        Ms. Johnson. Thank you for the question, Senator. Yes, I am
    aware of former President David Panuelo's letter from March
    9th, and I share your concern. The PRC is America's most
    consequential geopolitical challenge.
        And as their involvement in the region has grown, we have
    seen a range of increasingly problematic behavior. I think it
    is really important to approach this eyes wide open, and work
    with our allies and partners, and show up, listen, and help the
    Federated States of Micronesia build their resilience and help
    them avoid these predatory economic practices.
        I think there are many ways that we can do this, and if
    confirmed, I would work closely with the Federated States of
    Micronesia on this. I think it is a top priority.
        Senator Ricketts. Do you think the President's comments in
    his letter are credible?
        Ms. Johnson. Sir, I believe there is probably some
    credibility to them.
        Senator Ricketts. All right. Dr. Adams, island nations off
    the coast of Africa are increasingly becoming part of our
    strategy to be able to counter the People's Republic of China.
    What is your assessment of the People's Republic of China's
    involvement in Cabo Verde, and how much does a CCP influence
    pose a threat to our interests there, and what can we best do
    to counter that?
        Dr. Adams. Thank you, Senator. Cabo Verde has indicated, I
    think consistently, that their preferred partner is the United
    States. There is Chinese investment. There are Chinese people.
    There is a Chinese presence in Cabo Verde. I think Cabo Verde
    is in a less debt distressed situation compared to other
    African nations that owe quite a lot of debt to the PRC. But I
    do think there is cause for concern.
        I share your perception that we need to continue to
    monitor. We need to continue to do our best to be a partner to
    Cabo Verde and to advance our interests, both in the security
    and economic realm.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you very much. Mr. Chairman,
    I shall turn it back to you since we have got Senator Duckworth
    here.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Duckworth.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you to the chairman, the ranking
    member. Ms. Variava, it is good to see you again. You started
    to talk about ASEAN and also Laos's upcoming chairmanship year.
    We have also seen in fits and starts, to be sure, regional
    efforts to improve the resiliency of more vulnerable members of
    the Mekong sub region against PRC dominance.
        The Thailand initiated Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong
    Economic Corporation Strategy, the ACMECS, which Laos currently
    chairs, shows real potential in this regard. Is there more that
    we can do? Is there more perhaps under the rubric of the
    Mekong, U.S. partnership or the ACMECS that would strengthen
    regional supports for Laos?
        Ms. Variava. Thank you, Senator. It is great to see you
    again. Yes, I do believe there is more that can be done in the
    Mekong region. And if confirmed, I look forward to working with
    Laos and other partners in this regard. One of the big areas in
    which--through which the United States partners with the Mekong
    region is the Mekong, U.S. partnership, which Laos co-chairs
    with the United States.
        We have programs through that partnership that help improve
    the sustainability of projects in development, ensuring that
    the benefits of the Mekong are used in a sustainable way, that
    we are looking after water flows, the environment, fisheries,
    and the livelihoods of the people who live along the Mekong so
    that--and there are other areas, and we partner as well,
    including in power.
        So, there are a lot of different ways that we can work with
    the Laos and the Mekong countries to improve the sustainable
    use of the Mekong River.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Thank you. Mr. Murray, you
    have described incorporating gender equity into economic
    development as an important priority for the United States, for
    APEC. Can you describe how that translates into action during
    the U.S., APEC chair year?
        Mr. Murray. Absolutely. Thank you, Senator, for the
    question. So, we have a very strong legacy in APEC because it
    was in 2011 that, during the U.S. host year, that we launched
    the women's economic empowerment work that has continued for
    the last 12 years.
        And so, one of the things that we are--continue to try to
    do right now is to build on that through not only, you know,
    working at the government level, but also incorporating a broad
    array of stakeholders and also public private collaboration to
    really try to advance that.
        And one of the real areas of focus this year is on women-
    run small and medium sized enterprises, which, as you know,
    across the region, is a real backbone of many of the economies
    in the Asia-Pacific region, and one that needs--you know, a
    backbone that needs a lot of support right now, particularly
    coming out of the COVID pandemic.
        So, one of the things that we are trying to do through APEC
    is not just look at women's economic empowerment as one
    economic forum that will host or one event, but really try to
    embed gender equity across all of the various work streams that
    we are advancing in APEC. So, working on it through, for
    example, small and medium sized enterprise work streams.
        Working on it as well through our health work streams and
    looking at gender equity in that space, and really trying to,
    you know, advance that priority as we go forward in the year.
    And so, it is definitely a top priority for us.
        I think we have a really strong legacy of that in the
    United States, but also it is not just the right thing to do,
    but it is the best thing for the economies of the region,
    because if we are not fully engaging all members of society in
    the economy, then we are leaving, you know, billions and
    billions of dollars in potential productivity on the table.
        Senator Duckworth. I could not agree with you more. I think
    there is just so many ways that we can engage within the Indo-
    Pacific. I mean, during my regular travels to the Indo-Pacific,
    I have really reinforced my belief that our engagement with
    regional partners cannot be built primarily solely around a
    strategic competition with the PRC.
        But whether it is gender equity, whether it is
    environmental policy, there are many opportunities to
    strengthen and deepen those relationships. I think we need to
    meet our partners where they are and meet them with the
    challenges that they currently face and figure out how we can
    work together to meet those needs, as well as our own needs as
    a nation.
        And one of those needs, I think, is dealing with climate
    change. And dealing climate change, and in particular sea level
    rise, and potentially--this is potentially an existential
    threat for many of the Pacific Island nations.
        Ms. Johnson, I know we touched on this when we sat down
    together earlier this year, but I want--what do you see as the
    key challenges for the United States in our efforts to bring
    the Pacific Island countries into closer partnership with the
    United States?
        And if confirmed, how would you work to address those
    challenges in the Federated States of Micronesia?
        Ms. Johnson. Thank you for the question, Senator. It is
    great to see you again. I think the biggest challenges aside
    from natural disasters and the PRC, are the location. And the
    Federated States of Micronesia is geographically far from here.
        And it is spread out over a million square miles, and it
    has a vast space, and it is difficult to get to via flights.
    Therefore, I think trying to keep the momentum going from
    everything that we have seen that has been such a positive
    advance over such a vast space will be challenging. However, if
    confirmed, I am up for that challenge.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I am out of time, Mr.
    Chairman.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Duckworth. I do have
    one more question for you, Dr. Adams, on Cabo Verde. And I
    think it was you indicated in your testimony, Cabo Verde is one
    of the strongest democracies in the region.
        And I do want to point out that last year, AFRICOM and
    Interpol conducted joint interdiction operations with Cabo
    Verde's law enforcement authorities to stop suspected illegal
    fishing and convergent crimes in the waters along the coast of
    West Africa and the EEZ of Cabo Verde.
        I understand this cooperation resulted in the seizure of
    6.5 tons of suspected of cocaine, worth more than $350 million.
    Can you talk about how you could continue to build on that form
    of cooperation? And how important is that kind of cooperation
    in terms of protecting the EEZ to Cabo Verde and other
    countries in West Africa?
        Dr. Adams. Thank you, Senator. It is an important question.
    Definitely, if confirmed, I would seek to support and further
    the partnerships that have begun between the United States and
    Cabo Verde regarding maritime security, and also regarding
    border security. As was previously mentioned, for small island
    nations, it is a big challenge. It is a big ocean.
        And so, I think all of us would want to continue those
    partnerships, to deepen those partnerships, and to expand them,
    partly because of the interest that Cabo Verde has in that
    security cooperation, and also the location in West Africa and
    the importance for that region as a whole.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Senator Ricketts.
        Senator Ricketts. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Ms. Variava let
    us talk about Laos and debt. We know a lot of countries have
    run up debt under the People's Republic of China's Belt and
    Road Initiative, and Laos, unfortunately, is one of those
    countries.
        I think they had a project to build a railway from
    Vientiane to Yuan Province--Hunan Province of Southern China. I
    think the initial cost was $6 billion and now their overall
    debt--and that was part of an overall infrastructure spending
    effort that has now racked up at the end of 2021, $14.5 billion
    worth of debt. It could be higher now since we are much on
    that--and at that time it represented 89 percent of GDP.
        And of course, that was not the only project. The People's
    Republic of China helped build dams on the tributaries to
    Mekong, including two on the Mekong River. What--you know,
    with--actually, it has been over a year now since this railway
    has been opened.
        Has it been able to deliver the economic results that they
    were expecting from having that railway open?
        Ms. Variava. Thank you, Senator. I do not believe--I do not
    know yet what the economic outcomes have been from opening the
    new railway line, which I think has been slow to get started,
    in part because of pandemic closures of borders and so forth.
        However, there is no question that China--excuse me, Laos
    is heavily indebted to the PRC and that is a serious concern.
        If confirmed, I would look forward to working with like-
    minded nations and international finance institutions to help
    give Laos the tools it needs to manage this debt, to make sure
    that agreements that it enters into with other nations,
    including the PRC, are done in a way that benefit Laos and do
    not take advantage of Laos.
        So, these are some of the things that I would do, if
    confirmed, to support Laos to be an independent, strong nation,
    even as it borders China.
        Senator Ricketts. Do you think this project poses a
    financial risk?
        Ms. Variava. I think the project, as part of the overall
    debt, certainly does pose financial risk, yes, sir.
        Senator Ricketts. And do you think that if there needs to
    be a debt restructuring, that the People's Republic of China
    will be interested in helping Laos out with some sort of
    restructuring, because you mentioned giving them the tools.
    What do you think?
        Ms. Variava. I cannot speculate about what the PRC will do.
    Certainly, we will be looking to give Laos the tools it needs
    to manage its debt properly. And I think that we want to give
    Laos a variety of tools to manage debt, to look for other
    solutions, and to pressure the PRC, if necessary, to ensure
    that Laos does not fail financially.
        Senator Ricketts. My understanding is the People's Republic
    of China is generally not very keen on loan forgiveness. So, I
    think there may be--have to be other solutions. But with that,
    Mr. Chairman, I will turn back over to you. Thank you.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Senator Ricketts.
    And I think Senator Ricketts is right. It is important that all
    of you, if confirmed as our Ambassadors, inform the countries
    that you are going to be dealing with, that there are big risks
    to doing business with China, including debt traps.
        At the same time, and I think both Senator Ricketts and I
    would agree, we also have to step up our own game as what we
    are offering in each of these countries. And all of you are
    going to be part of that effort, not just with respect to our
    competition with China, but just to build on strong bilateral
    relations between the United States and each of the countries
    you are--you would be representing--where you would be
    representing the United States if confirmed.
        And I do have to say that, you know, the President right
    now is on his way, of course, to the G7, or he has arrived at
    the G7 meeting in Hiroshima. And I know a big part of that
    discussion will be how do we deal with the challenges in the
    Indo-Pacific, including making sure that we work collectively
    to really enforce the sanctions against Russia, but also that
    we address the very real challenges posed by the PRC throughout
    the region.
        It is unfortunate that the President will not be able to go
    to Papua New Guinea. He would be, as I understand it, the first
    President of the United States to visit a Pacific Island
    country, and I know he was looking forward to the quad meeting
    in Australia.
        So, I--that is unfortunately going to do some damage, the
    fact that the President has to return back here to deal with a
    very real situation regarding our budget. And I know we both
    agree that we got to avoid default, but it is one of those
    costs that we are seeing from the moment that we are in here.
        Let me just close by thanking Senator Ricketts, thanking
    all of you for your service to our country. I think, Ms.
    Johnson, you said that people are our most important asset, and
    I know you were referring to the people you will be working
    with, but it also holds true of all of you.
        Thank you for mentioning the work Senator Sullivan and I do
    as co-chairs of the Foreign Service Caucus. And hearing all of
    you today just reminds me of, you know, why the two of us are
    so proud to co-chair of the Foreign Service Caucus.
        So, thank you. Thank your families. I look forward to
    supporting your nominations, and hopefully we can get you out
    to these posts or your other assignments as quickly as possible
    so you can do this work on behalf of our country. Thank you
    very much.
        Oh, let me--yes, my housekeeping. Thank you. Thank you for
    reminding me. For the information of the members, the record
    will be kept open until close of business tomorrow, Thursday,
    May 18th. And with that, this hearing is adjourned.

        [Whereupon, at 3:52 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Jennifer M. Adams by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. During a recent visit to Cabo Verde, the U.N. Secretary-
    General said that Cabo Verde is ``on the frontlines of an existential
    crisis''--meaning climate change. The impacts of climate change on
    small island nations like Cabo Verde can be significant--reducing
    coastlines, depleting fishing stocks, undermining food security, and
    exposing inhabitants to more frequent, and more dangerous, weather
    events. What threat does climate change pose to Cabo Verde
    specifically, and what will you do, if confirmed, to support Cabo Verde
    in its efforts to resist and adapt to the impacts of climate change?

        Answer. I understand that climate change threatens Cabo Verde's
    plans of development, dramatically impacting coastal areas (where 80
    perdent of the population lives) and causing displacement. Other
    negative outcomes also include constraints on tourism, loss of habitat,
    biodiversity and fisheries. Droughts caused by climate change are the
    most concerning as they impact the nation's food security, decrease
    water availability to promote socio-economic development and add to
    desertification. If confirmed, I will continue to advocate for the
    United States to support efforts to protect marine fauna and draw
    interest from U.S. energy firms to help facilitate ambitious government
    plans to privatize the state-owned electric utility and transition to
    50 percent renewables by 2030 and 100 percent by 2040. I will also
    continue to advocate for disaster assistance when Cabo Verde suffers
    from adverse weather events and food insecurity.

        Question. Cabo Verde has one of Africa's strongest democracies. At
    a time when many other countries in Africa are experiencing coups or
    backsliding, are there opportunities to work with Cabo Verde to show
    other countries the benefits of democratic governance? If confirmed,
    what will you do to encourage Cabo Verde to be outspoken at African
    multilateral institutions on issues related to democracy and good
    governance?

        Answer. Cabo Verde was an eager participant in the 2023 Summit for
    Democracy, and if confirmed as Ambassador, I would encourage Cabo Verde
    to participate actively in similar forums in the future. I will also
    support and encourage Cabo Verde's participation at African and other
    multilateral institutions to spread the message of their good example
    as a vibrant democracy.

        Question. Cabo Verde's strategic location has attracted significant
    attention from both the United States and China. While U.S. engagement
    has focused on defense and law enforcement assistance, China is
    investing in Cabo Verde's logistical and digital infrastructure. To
    what extent is strategic competition shaping our policies and
    activities in Cabo Verde--and are we offering an innovative, attractive
    alternative to China?

        Answer. I understand that the current relationship between Cabo
    Verde and the PRC is conspicuous in such areas as government
    infrastructure and healthcare, as in many African nations. PRC entities
    have a ubiquitous presence in the country's ICT sector. If confirmed, I
    will continue to monitor the PRC's influence on Cabo Verde and promote
    strategies that will further advance the United States-Cabo Verde
    bilateral economic and security partnerships. I would look to expand
    contact between the Embassy Deal Team and Prosper Africa to ensure that
    Prosper Africa was fully aware of emerging opportunities in the Cabo
    Verdean marketplace with an eye to bringing its tools, resources, and
    expertise to bear in identifying and assisting U.S. companies to take
    advantage of such opportunities--particularly in cases where an
    alternative to PRC investment is required.

    Democracy & Human Rights
        Question. What are the most important actions you have taken in
    your career to date to support democracy and human rights? What has
    been the impact of your actions?

        Answer. Supporting democracy and promoting respect for human rights
    is a priority for all Foreign Service officers overseas. I have worked
    hard to advance these goals in my career through aligning and assisting
    local advocates and champions as well as through USAID program
    mechanisms in the areas of civil society strengthening education,
    training, and sustainable development. If confirmed, I would take
    advantage of State and USAID programs to support Cabo Verdean
    institutions such as the Commission on Human Rights, the implementors
    of the Child-Friendly Justice Project and others to support the ongoing
    efforts of Cabo Verdean to advance concrete actions in the democracy
    and human rights agenda.

        Question. What issues are the most pressing challenges to democracy
    or democratic development in Cabo Verde? These challenges might include
    obstacles to participatory and accountable governance and institutions,
    rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human
    rights and press freedom. Please be as specific as possible.

        Answer. According to the 2022 Human Rights Report, the Republic of
    Cabo Verde is a parliamentary representative democratic republic
    largely modeled on the Portuguese system. The National Elections
    Commission and international observers declared the 2021 nationwide
    legislative and presidential elections generally free and fair. Cabo
    Verde is a regional model of democracy, political stability, respect
    for human rights, and good governance. If confirmed, I will also engage
    with civil society and human rights organizations to understand what
    they see as human rights challenges in Cabo Verde.

        Question. What steps will you take--if confirmed--to support
    democracy in Cabo Verde? What do you hope to accomplish through these
    actions? What are the potential impediments to addressing the specific
    obstacles you have identified?

        Answer. Cabo Verde was an eager participant in the 2023 Summit for
    Democracy and submitted a detailed action plan early in the planning
    stages. Civil society should be part of monitoring and implementing
    this action plan. If confirmed as ambassador, I would engage with civil
    society and the Government of Cabo Verde in implementing this action
    plan for democracy.

        Question. How will you utilize U.S. Government assistance resources
    at your disposal, including the Democracy Commission Small Grants
    program and other sources of State Department and USAID funding, to
    support democracy and governance, and what will you prioritize in
    processes to administer such assistance?

        Answer. I understand that the U.S. Government assistance resources
    for promotion of democracy and governance in Cabo Verde are limited. If
    confirmed, I would, therefore, seek to focus those limited resources on
    capacity-building programming that is central to strengthening Cabo
    Verde's democratic institutions and holding those institutions,
    including political parties, accountable to the country's citizens,
    particularly those historically underrepresented in national politics.
    I would also support efforts to strengthen accountable governance both
    at the national and local council level and will promote initiatives
    that prevent violence and foster peace and national cohesion. This
    would include continuing our work to strengthen civil society, build
    independent media, and advance the independence of key electoral and
    judicial institutions. In the processes used to administer such
    assistance, I would prioritize capacity building of Cabo Verdean
    institutions, ensuring funding awards are made in a transparent
    fashion, and overseeing our implementing partners to facilitate
    delivery of results.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with civil society
    members, human rights and other non-governmental organizations in the
    U.S. and with local human rights NGOs, and other members of civil
    society in Cabo Verde? What steps will you take to pro-actively address
    efforts to restrict or penalize NGOs and civil society via legal or
    regulatory measures?

        Answer. Yes. Human rights, civil society, and other non-
    governmental organizations all play an essential role in advancing
    democratic governance, promoting respect for human rights and
    fundamental freedoms, and supporting Cabo Verde as a more stable,
    secure, and prosperous partner for the United States. If confirmed, I
    commit to meet with civil society members, human rights and other non-
    governmental organizations in the united state, local human rights non-
    governmental organizations, and other members of civil society in Cabo
    Verde. It is essential that members of non-governmental organizations
    and civil society are afforded freedom to express their opinions and
    conduct their activities. If confirmed, I would advocate this position
    to government, non-governmental, and civil society leaders. I would
    continue and expand upon the embassy's efforts to facilitate
    connections between government and civil society organizations to build
    trust and mitigate unhelpful restrictions on civil society or non-
    governmental organizations.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to meet with democratically
    oriented political opposition figures and parties? What steps will you
    take to encourage genuine political competition? Will you advocate for
    access and inclusivity for women, minorities and youth within political
    parties?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I would engage with representatives from
    across the democratically oriented political spectrum, including the
    ruling party and opposition parties, and would ensure that Embassy
    colleagues did the same. I would also advocate for political parties to
    adopt resilient internal democratic mechanisms. If confirmed, I would
    advocate for access and inclusivity for women, minorities, and youth
    within political parties.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with Cabo
    Verde on freedom of the press and address any government efforts
    designed to control or undermine press freedom through legal,
    regulatory or other measures? Will you commit to meeting regularly with
    independent, local press in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. Yes. I am committed to supporting media freedom and
    strengthening journalistic professionalism and to meeting regularly
    with independent, local press in Cabo Verde. If confirmed, I would
    continue the Embassy's practice of engaging with the media, like-minded
    partners, civil society, and non-governmental organizations to
    underscore the importance of an independent, professional, and open
    media to a free and democratic society. I would work to address any
    government efforts designed to control or undermine press freedom
    through legal, regulatory, or other measures. If confirmed, I would
    also support expanded educational and exchange opportunities for local
    media to help strengthen journalistic professionalism and build
    capacity. I understand that in the past, the Embassy has hosted these
    exchanges to raise awareness on issues such as public health, mis/
    disinformation, democracy, and elections. If confirmed, I would seek to
    continue those efforts.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy team actively engage with civil
    society and government counterparts on countering disinformation and
    propaganda disseminated by foreign state or non-state actors in the
    country?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I would engage with like-minded
    international partners, civil society, the media, and government
    counterparts to counter disinformation and propaganda disseminated by
    foreign state and non-state actors in Cabo Verde and would ensure that
    the Embassy team did likewise.

        Question. Will you and your Embassy teams actively engage with Cabo
    Verde on the right of labor groups to organize, including for
    independent trade unions?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would continue our embassy's efforts to
    promote internationally recognized labor rights, including for
    independent trade unions. I understand that the Government of Cabo
    Verde generally protects the right to bargain collectively. If
    confirmed, I would advocate for continued improvements in this area as
    well as fair and consistent enforcement of labor laws.

        Question. Will you commit to using your position, if confirmed, to
    defend the human rights and dignity of all people in Cabo Verde, no
    matter their sexual orientation or gender identity?

        Answer. I understand that the U.S. Embassy in Cabo Verde is already
    working to defend the human rights and the dignity of all people in
    Cabo Verde, no matter their sexual orientation or gender identity. If
    confirmed, I am committed to continuing and building upon this work.

        Question. What challenges do the lesbian, gay, bisexual,
    transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people face in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex
    (LGBTQI+) persons enjoy greater protections in Cabo Verde than in many
    other African countries. According to the 2022 Human Rights Report,
    there are no laws criminalizing consensual same-sex conduct between
    adults, there were no reported instances of state or nonstate actor
    violence targeting LGBTQI+ persons, there were no reports of
    restrictions on those speaking out on LGBTQI+ issues. The Government
    has anti-discrimination laws exist and generally enforces them.

        Question. What specifically will you commit to do to help LGBTQ
    people in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would support LGBTQI+ persons in Cabo Verde
    through outreach and inclusion in mission activities, and by speaking
    out on the importance of continuing to promote and protect the human
    rights of members of the LGBTQI+ community. I would meet periodically,
    and ensure that staff met regularly, with members of the LGBTQI+
    community, to ensure the Mission's work continues to ``do no harm'' and
    was always cognizant of the priorities of LGBTQI+ persons in Cabo
    Verde.

    Congressional Consultations
        Question. Will you commit, if confirmed, to ensuring that you fully
    brief Members of Congress and/or their staff each time you are in
    Washington for visits or consultations during your tenure as Ambassador
    to Cabo Verde?

        Answer. I have great respect for and place high value on the
    importance of the relationship between the executive and legislative
    branches of government. If confirmed, I commit working through the
    Department, to make myself available to fully brief Members of Congress
    and/or their staff each time I am in Washington for visits and
    consultations during my tenure as Ambassador to Cabo Verde.

    Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility
        Question. How do you anticipate fostering diversity, equity,
    inclusion, and accessibility at the U.S. Embassy in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed as chief of mission, I will lead the American
    and Cabo Verdean professionals in Mission Cabo Verde to advance our
    national security agenda in a safe, inclusive, and respectful
    workplace. I will communicate my commitment to a workplace in which
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility are core tenets of our
    mission culture. I will also make clear that discrimination,
    harassment, and bullying are absolutely not acceptable and take swift
    action to address any such issues that may arise. I will demonstrate my
    commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) principals and the
    work of Mission EEO counselors and locally engaged staff advisors. I
    will support and participate in programs that promote respect and
    diversity.

        Question. What specifically will you do to prioritize and promote
    diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility, while also combating
    racism, discrimination, and inequality among locally employed staff in
    Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed as chief of mission, first, I will demonstrate
    that diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) is a
    priority, through actions and words, and reinforce with my staff it
    should also be a priority for them. I will also make clear my strong
    opposition to harassment, discrimination, and bullying and ensure a
    prevention plan is in place. I will hold supervisors accountable and
    expect them to hold their team members accountable for acts of
    harassment, discrimination, or bullying. I will ensure mission
    personnel have access to all the resources they need to combat racism,
    discrimination, and inequality. If confirmed, I will meet regularly
    with post's DEIA council at Mission Cabo Verde, participate in
    community activities to increase dialogue and inclusion, and promote a
    positive work environment among the embassy team.

        Question. In addition to focusing on diversity, equity, inclusion,
    and accessibility in our workforce, will you commit to engaging more
    equitably in operations and programming, particularly with potential
    partners and communities that traditionally have been marginalized,
    excluded, or underrepresented in ours and others' donor and partnership
    efforts? How do you anticipate utilizing local expertise, knowledge,
    and capacity to meet our foreign policy goals?

        Answer. If confirmed, l commit to engaging equitably in our
    operations and programs and will lead Mission Cabo Verde to build
    relationships with all communities in Cabo Verdean society through
    active outreach. I will carefully monitor, evaluate, and coordinate the
    design and implementation of programming and assistance and extend
    their reach as far as possible. I will ensure that our representational
    events and public diplomacy programs include marginalized and
    underrepresented groups and that our human resources team uses diverse
    panels in hiring processes to ensure applicants are not being
    disadvantaged. I will work with our locally employed staff to expand
    our outreach efforts and leverage the various languages spoken within
    our mission to assist our U.S. officers in making connections beyond
    the capital.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Jennifer M. Adams by Senator James E. Risch

              During your hearing, Senator Ricketts asked for your
            assessment of how much the Communist Chinese Party (CCP)
            influence poses ``a threat to our interests there and what can
            we best do to counter that?'' You did not directly answer his
            question except to acknowledge it as a concern and share this
            perception. You also said, ``We need to continue to do our best
            to be a partner to Cabo Verde and to advance our interests both
            in the security realm, as well as in the economic realm.''

        Question. How much of a threat does the CCP pose to U.S. interests
    in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against People's Republic of China (PRC)
    efforts to expand its problematic influence, through robust and
    forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial
    advocacy to bolster U.S.- Cabo Verdean ties.

        Question. How should the United States improve its partnership and
    strengthen relations with Cabo Verde to counter the threats the CCP
    poses to our interests there?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Cabo Verde and countering efforts by our
    strategic and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    United States will continue to lead with an affirmative agenda for
    Africa, including in Cabo Verde, to demonstrate the benefits of our
    governance and economic model. We will use diplomatic engagement,
    foreign assistance, and public messaging to strengthen U.S partnerships
    and increase African partner resilience.

        Question. What are U.S. interests in the ``security realm'' in Cabo
    Verde?

        Answer. I understand that the United States is Cabo Verde's
    ``security partner of choice.'' U.S.-Cabo Verde security cooperation is
    critical to building capacity needed to combat the drug trafficking,
    organized crime, and the illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
    that occurs in the country's vast exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
    Together these activities threaten the rule of law, food security, Cabo
    Verde's economic interests abroad, and destabilize maritime security
    across the Atlantic Basin. If confirmed, I hope to respond with support
    for continued growth for our security partnership.

        Question. How does the U.S. best advance our interests in the
    ``security realm'' in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. I understand that the United States best advances our
    security interests in Cabo Verde through assistance to and
    collaboration with both the country's military and justice/law
    enforcement sectors. Efforts supported by AFRICOM, the New Hampshire
    National Guard's State Partnership Program, and other Department of
    Defense elements, along with Department of State support through
    International Military Education and Training (IMET) and the Bureau of
    International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, are vital to building Cabo
    Verde's capacity to monitor and control its borders and vast maritime
    territory and combat illicit trafficking and organized crime. If
    confirmed, I would continue to deepen the security partnership to
    enhance both Cabo Verdean and U.S. security.

        Question. What are U.S. interests in the ``economic realm'' in Cabo
    Verde?

        Answer. Cabo Verde has the potential to act as a gateway to
    Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) economies, which
    cumulatively represent a market of 300 million consumers. Furthermore,
    implementation of plans to diversify the economy and open technology
    and Special Economic Zone of Maritime Economy could present further
    opportunities for U.S. investors.

        Question. How does the U.S. best advance our interests in the
    ``economic realm'' in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. The United States has prioritized expanding bilateral
    commercial relations through Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
    trade benefits to encourage exports from diverse sectors beyond
    fisheries. If confirmed, I will utilize Prosper Africa to connect U.S.
    and African companies with U.S. Government tools to advance trade and
    investment deals. While USAID does not have a presence in Cabo Verde, I
    would utilize the West African Trade and Investment Hub and USAID's
    Power Africa program to support economic growth and U.S. business
    partners in Cabo Verde.

        Question. What are the CCP's primary interests in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. I understand that the current relationship between Cabo
    Verde and the PRC is conspicuous in such areas as government
    infrastructure and healthcare, as in many African nations. PRC entities
    have a ubiquitous presence in the country's ICT sector. Beijing funded
    a blueprint for a Special Economic Zone of Maritime Economy on the
    island of Sao Vicente. Compared to other African nations, Cabo Verde
    owes minimal debt to PRC. If confirmed, I will continue to monitor the
    PRC's influence on Cabo Verde and promote strategies that will further
    advance the United States-Cabo Verde bilateral economic and security
    partnerships.

    The U.S./Cabo Verde Relationship
        Question. What opportunities do you see for strengthening the U.S./
    Cabo Verde relationship?

        Answer. Cabo Verdean officials rarely pass up an opportunity to
    stress their view of the United States as Cabo Verde's ``partner of
    choice.'' If confirmed as Ambassador, I hope to respond with support
    for continued growth for our security partnership, supporting a
    resilient democracy in Cabo Verde, and deepening trade and investment
    ties.

        Question. What particular insights and areas of expertise do you
    envision bringing to the role of US Ambassador to Cabo Verde given your
    significant experience with USAID, including having served as USAID
    Mission Director twice, including in Mozambique?

        Answer. USAID officers regularly engage with a wide range of
    partners, and I would bring that practice to my assignment in Cabo
    Verde. In Mozambique and other posts, I was fortunate to meet regularly
    and engage in joint activities with a broad swath of local
    representatives at all levels of society. As many of USAID's programs
    target poor and marginalized populations, I have the experience of
    traveling widely within my country of assignment to understand better
    issues from the ground up. Among our partners are local and
    international private sector actors, and USAID brings the private
    sector to assist on many development issues; including them is a best
    practice.
        If confirmed, I will carry my expertise of aligning and assisting
    local advocates and champions, civil society strengthening, education
    and training and sustainable development. USAID supported programs have
    helped to advance democracy and human rights in the countries where I
    have worked and if confirmed, I will continue with assistance
    initiatives; improving the lives of the population and continue to
    develop other sectors.

        Question. From your perspective, what should be the top priorities
    for US policy toward Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will advance three U.S. policy priorities:
    promote broad-based, mutually beneficial economic development, improve
    Cabo Verdean security sector capabilities through expanded bilateral
    cooperation and strengthen Cabo Verde's resilience to environmental
    vulnerability and the impacts of climate change while promoting
    inclusive development.

        Question. While Cabo Verde is seen as one of the strongest
    democracies in Africa, what can the U.S. do to support the further
    development, strengthening and resilience of Cabo Verde's democratic
    institutions?

        Answer. Cabo Verde was an eager participant in the 2023 Summit for
    Democracy and submitted a detailed action plan early in the planning
    stages. If confirmed as Ambassador, I would support the Government of
    Cabo Verde in implementing this action plan for democracy.

        Question. In November 2020, I published a Senate Foreign Relations
    Committee majority report entitled ``The United States and Europe: A
    Concrete Agenda for Transatlantic Cooperation on China.'' The report
    gave several recommendations on increased transatlantic cooperation,
    including in Africa, to counter Chinese malign influence more
    effectively. In what ways should the United States partner with
    European countries to build on likeminded interests Cabo Verde and
    counter the malign influence of China?

        Answer. State Department officials meet routinely with our European
    partners, bilaterally and multilaterally, to discuss PRC-related
    issues. State Department officials meet with European counterparts in
    multilateral formats such as the G7 Africa Directors Meeting. We
    coordinate U.S. and European messaging for African political leaders
    and publics regarding the PRC's engagement in the region. The Assistant
    Secretary for African Affairs regularly speaks with European
    counterparts to coordinate European and U.S. cooperation and messaging
    in sub-Saharan Africa, including related to the PRC and Russia. We will
    continue to build on these current efforts.

    Trade and Investment
        Question. In your opinion, is Cabo Verde a good target for
    increased U.S. investment? If yes, how will you support increased U.S.
    trade and investment with Cabo Verde as Ambassador, if confirmed?

        Answer. Opportunities are abundant in transportation, tourism,
    renewable energy, and digital economy. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with private sector partners and the Government of Cabo Verde
    to expand opportunities for U.S. private investment.

        Question. What is your understanding of the tools at your
    disposal--including through Prosper Africa--as U.S. Ambassador to Cabo
    Verde if confirmed, to bolster two-way trade and investment between the
    U.S. and Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed, I understand that I would be able to access
    expertise within the State Department, USAID, and the Department of
    Commerce, including through Prosper Africa, to support addressing
    barriers to trade and investment in the enabling environment, including
    the need for economic and political reforms. Each of these agencies
    have programs that could potentially be utilized to assist the
    Government of Cabo Verde in analyzing barriers to trade and investment
    and in developing reform strategies to address such barriers. In
    addition, it is my understanding that, if confirmed, I would be able to
    use the full-range of U.S. Government trade and investment development
    agencies--including USTDA, the Export Import Bank, and DFC--to provide
    direct USG assistance to U.S. companies looking to expand trade and
    investment in Cabo Verde. Such assistance could help overcome barriers
    to trade and investment such as project financing and political risk.
    My understanding is that Prosper Africa serves as a one-stop shop
    through which U.S. and African companies can access USG assistance for
    expanded two-way trade and investment.

        Question. How will you work with Prosper Africa leadership to
    ensure that Cabo Verde can benefit from Prosper Africa resources, tools
    and expertise?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would seek to identify through consultation
    with the U.S. business community active in Cabo Verde those areas in
    which USG expertise could be most beneficial to removing barriers to
    trade and investment in Cabo Verde. I would work with Prosper Africa
    leadership and the Cabo Verdean Government to identify ways in which
    Prosper Africa could engage on such issues and provide technical
    assistance to advance necessary reforms. I would also anticipate a
    regular dialogue with Prosper Africa leadership, both in Washington,
    D.C. and in the field, to identify resources, tools and expertise that
    are best fitted to Cabo Verde. Moreover, I would look to expand contact
    between the Embassy Deal Team and Prosper Africa to ensure that Prosper
    Africa was fully aware of emerging opportunities in the Cabo Verdean
    marketplace with an eye to bringing its tools, resources, and expertise
    to bear in identifying and assisting U.S. companies to take advantage
    of such opportunities--particularly in cases where an alternative to
    PRC investment is required.

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Cabo Verde remained on Tier 2 for its continued efforts to meet
            the minimum standards to eliminate trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Cabo Verde operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. If confirmed as Ambassador, I will encourage the Government
    to continue to strengthen anti-trafficking efforts, including by
    strengthening the implementation of standard operating procedures for
    victim identification and referral to services, increasing anti-
    trafficking law enforcement efforts, improving data sharing and
    coordination among agencies, and supporting increased resources and
    training for anti-trafficking stakeholders.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Cabo Verde was noted for generally having
            governmental and societal respect for religious freedom.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. The 2022 International Religious Freedom report states the
    Cabo Verdean constitution and other laws protect the right of
    individuals to choose, practice, profess, and change their religion,
    and violations of religious freedom are crimes subject to punishment. I
    understand that Cabo Verde receives high marks in international
    assessments of respect for human rights and, if confirmed, I look
    forward to working with the Ambassador at Large and religious leaders
    to stress the importance of religious tolerance and encourage
    interfaith engagement to promote broad support for religious freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. If confirmed, I do commit to personally engaging with civil
    society on this issue.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Cabo Verde increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would use my position to host religious
    experts for roundtable discussions, and I would meet with religious
    leaders during in-country trips to emphasize the important role they
    can play to prevent and mitigate conflict. I would leverage our Public
    Diplomacy programming and exchanges to find opportunities to expose
    young leaders to religious freedom issues. I would also seek
    opportunities for U.S.-based experts on religious freedom to visit Cabo
    Verde and interact with various audiences in and out of the capital.

    Human Rights
              IIn the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Cabo
            Verde was listed as having no significant human rights abuses,
            but there is always room to better promote internationally-
            recognized human rights.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Working with civil society organizations is critical to our
    understanding of the human rights situation in Cabo Verde as they are
    on the frontline of addressing challenges facing their communities. If
    confirmed, I would encourage my team to continue to work closely with
    civil society so that the United States has an accurate picture of
    human rights concerns so that we can address them with the Government
    and design programming to improve the human rights situation in Cabo
    Verde. I would also take advantage of State and USAID programs to
    support Cabo Verdean institutions such as the Commission on Human
    Rights, the implementors of the Child-Friendly Justice Project and
    others to support the ongoing efforts of Cabo Verdean to advance
    concrete actions in the democracy and human rights agenda.
        I understand the Embassy discusses human rights issues with the
    Government at the highest level and I would continue to do this, if
    confirmed. Supported with U.S. funding, the Cabo Verdean Human Rights
    Commission issued a groundbreaking study on the social and legal
    situation of members of the country's LGBTI+ community and drafted
    legislation to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. If
    confirmed, I would support further dissemination of this study and
    support the legislative process as the bill proceeds through
    parliament. In such interactions, I would seek to be forthright with
    the Government about our concerns and would press for transparent and
    independent legal processes through which accountability for
    allegations of abuse could be addressed.

    State Management and Oversight
              Many U.S. Missions have been under enormous stress over the
            last several years, in large part due to COVID.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Praia?

        Answer. My understanding is that morale is good at Embassy Praia
    despite the challenging environment and the lingering impact of stress
    from COVID-19. Personnel in Praia have a strong sense of purpose and
    mission. They see the results of their work and see the rewards,
    including through promotions.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Praia?

        Answer. My tours overseas have taught me the importance of being
    attentive to each employee's professional development and ensuring that
    they know how their work fits into the embassy's mission and
    achievement of Department goals. It also is important to take care of
    the needs of Eligible Family Members through employment, quality
    education, and activities that bring the community together. Creating
    and maintaining an environment free of harassment and bullying is a
    hallmark of my leadership style and essential for employees to
    flourish. If confirmed, I would model the importance of work-life
    balance and ensure our managers know how to set priorities and
    negotiate deadlines to avoid employee burn out and promote resilience.
    I would advocate with Washington to ensure that assigned workload and
    deadlines are appropriate for a post of Praia's limited size and would
    seek to ensure that assigned workload dovetails with our agreed-upon
    policy objectives in Cabo Verde.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Praia?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would be leading a U.S. Government team
    comprised of personnel from multiple agencies. This means ensuring all
    agencies understand the mission and activities of others and discussing
    the tradeoffs that often need to be made on foreign policy goals or
    embassy operations together. I have found that a structured approach
    should include weekly Country Team meetings, weekly meetings with
    agency leaders that include the DCM to discuss programs and events, and
    mission-wide participation in the Integrated Country Strategy and
    Mission Resource Request planning cycles. Mission-wide off-sites and
    professional development days would be used to review our progress and
    develop our workforce skillsets and build a sense of community and
    mission. Finally, if confirmed, under my leadership, Embassy Praia
    would review our goals and achievements as we update our Integrated
    Country Strategy. This is an effective tool to keep all agency activity
    in-line with our mission goals.

        Question. Management is a key responsibility for Chiefs of Mission.
    How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. I have worked at a wide variety of posts overseas, at
    different levels throughout my career, and in each I have endeavored to
    be as open and available to colleagues as possible. This requires some
    flexibility and adaptation to be able to ensure that Mission staff feel
    comfortable and able to participate fully and know that their input and
    views are welcomed.
        I strive to maintain a workplace atmosphere where mistakes are
    turned into learning opportunities. I would coach our employees through
    decision-making processes to develop their leadership skills and
    provide regular mentoring and support. I am decisive, but inclusive of
    a wide range of views and will communicate the ``why'' of a decision to
    make sure those who were involved and those not involved understand
    what the Executive Office will be doing and the rationale for it. If
    confirmed, the Deputy Chief of Mission and I would be attentive to
    workplace issues and create an environment free from bullying,
    harassment, and discrimination.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. It is never acceptable or constructive to berate
    subordinates. Performance and conduct management needs to be a regular
    and ongoing process. Mistakes are learning opportunities and correcting
    them should be an inclusive, constructive process that is done in
    private.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the deputy
    chief of mission?

        Answer. I understand what it takes to establish and nurture a
    strong, collaborative relationship between the Ambassador and DCM. If
    confirmed, I would listen and learn from the experience of the current
    DCM and respect the relationships she has established with Cabo Verdean
    officials and within the mission. I view the DCM role as a force
    multiplier and as someone who must be ready to step in during my
    absence, so she will be involved in key internal and external meetings.
    I would expect her to deliver her honest, frank opinion so that
    together we can make the best decisions possible. I would create an
    environment in which she can feel free to disagree with me when we
    consider options or suggest course corrections but would ensure that we
    present a united front to the mission once a decision is made.
    Leadership at the top must be proactive, consistent, and fair. If
    confirmed, I am confident the DCM and I would be able to create a
    positive work experience for our team in Praia.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your deputy chief of mission?

        Answer. The Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) is arguably the most
    difficult position at post. If confirmed, I would leverage my
    experience as a USAID Mission Director to establish a strong and
    symbiotic relationship to oversee mission operations and conduct our
    foreign policy. If confirmed, as I lead the mission, I would need to be
    able to work through the DCM to ensure that we are protecting U.S.
    Government resources across agencies, running an efficient Interagency
    Cooperative Services platform, and supporting our personnel needs. The
    DCM would play the role of Chief Operating Officer of the mission but
    also be involved in our foreign policy agenda. I would include her in
    meetings with government officials and in communications with
    Washington. She would ensure that performance management, budget
    oversight, and human resources platforms are performing effectively,
    and our operations soundly steward U.S. Government resources. I would
    expect her to develop her managerial skills across all aspects of
    mission life and would coach her as needed. I also would ensure that
    the DCM and our other employees share in our representational
    activities to expand our outreach activities. I would expect the DCM to
    oversee our leadership, mentoring, Family Advocacy, and Diversity,
    Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility programs.

        Question. In order to create and continue employee excellence at
    the Department, accurate and direct employee evaluation reports (EERs)
    for Foreign Service Officers are imperative, though often lacking. Do
    you believe that it is important to provide employees with accurate,
    constructive feedback on their performance in order to encourage
    improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes. I believe that establishing open communications
    between employees and their supervisors is at the core of effective
    performance management. Throughout my career, I have mentored
    supervisors on how to provide effective feedback and write employees'
    performance reviews and counseling documents. If confirmed, I would
    continue to pay close attention to developing the performance
    management skills of our supervisors and the employee's understanding
    of how the system benefits their professional development. I would seek
    to ensure that top performers are rewarded and that those with
    performance challenges receive the appropriate, constructive feedback
    and support required to address them.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes. I believe that establishing open communications
    between employees and their supervisors is at the core of effective
    performance management. Throughout my career, I have mentored
    supervisors on how to provide clear, accurate, and direct feedback and
    write employees' performance reviews and counseling documents that
    include such feedback. If confirmed, I would continue to pay close
    attention to developing the performance management skills of our
    supervisors and the employee's understanding of how the system benefits
    their professional development. I would seek to ensure that top
    performers are rewarded and that those with performance challenges
    receive the clear, accurate, and direct feedback and professional
    development support required to address them.

        Question. It is imperative that U.S. diplomats get outside of posts
    abroad to meet with local actors, including host government officials,
    non-government organizations, and local citizens. In your experience,
    do U.S. diplomats get outside of our Embassy walls enough to fully
    accomplish their missions?

        Answer. I believe that Mission leadership largely sets the tone and
    the expectations that determine whether U.S. diplomats sufficiently get
    outside of our Embassy walls. Throughout my career, I have consistently
    modeled going outside of the mission walls to meet and cultivate a wide
    range of contacts in and outside the capital and major cities. I do not
    believe that it is possible to be effective as a diplomat without such
    significant outreach. If confirmed, I would continue to reach beyond
    the Embassy walls and to encourage all Embassy staff to do likewise. To
    enable these efforts, I would work closely with my DCM and the Regional
    Security Office to ensure that we are managing any associated risks
    smartly and proactively and that we identify and receive the resources
    necessary to support robust Mission in-country travel.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would encourage and support in-country
    travel with adequate security resources and mentor employees on
    thinking-outside-the-box on how to reach local populations. As an
    island nation with sometimes difficult inter-island travel, I will
    promote different sections within the embassy helping each other's
    engagement when traveling. On a regular basis, I would ensure that our
    employees are maintaining contacts with regional leaders at all levels
    and meeting with them in their areas and when they come to the capital.
    This also means ensuring that employees are using representational
    events and funds to cultivate contacts and promote mission goals. I
    would support cross-cultural learning from our Locally Employed Staff
    and U.S. employees as well as learning of local languages.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Jennifer M. Adams by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against People's Republic of China (PRC)
    efforts to expand its problematic influence, through robust and
    forthright diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial
    advocacy to bolster U.S.- Cabo Verdean ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Cabo Verde and countering efforts by our
    strategic and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to address the PRC's efforts to
    expand its influence in Cabo Verde and the region.

        Question. The U.S. and Cabo Verde enjoy historical ties due to its
    significant strategic geographic location on the west coast of Africa.
    Relations have focused cooperation upon counternarcotics, military
    training, Millennium Challenge Corporation projects, and Open Skies
    commercial aviation agreements upon others. Cabo Verde enjoys trade
    opportunities and preferences from the U.S. and European partners, with
    the U.S. Trade and Development Agency aiding its air links and airport
    capacity in the recent past. What is your assessment of the current
    state of U.S.-Cabo Verde relations?

        Answer. U.S.-Cabo Verde bilateral relations are as strong as they
    have ever been, with Cabo Verde's leaders eager to partner on U.S.-led
    international and regional initiatives. Cabo Verde is a strategically
    located maritime security partner--the only non-NATO-aligned island
    group in the mid-Atlantic--and a regional model of democracy, political
    stability, respect for human rights, and good governance. Large Cabo
    Verdean diaspora communities in the United States have fortified
    relations for over two centuries. If confirmed. I will commit to
    continue to expand bilateral trade agreements, strengthen security
    cooperation, and increase engagement on climate resilience while
    promoting inclusive development.

        Question. How is U.S. security enhanced by taxpayer investment in
    Cabo Verde?

        Answer. I understand that the security cooperation between Cabo
    Verde and the United States continues to be strengthened by U.S.
    assistance in military opportunities for instruction through
    International Military Education and Training (IMET), our long-term
    relationship-building program. Recent support for Cabo Verde focuses
    largely on maritime security and coordinated efforts to disseminate
    border security threat information. This mutually beneficial
    collaboration has allowed for the sharing of biometric, passenger,
    maritime and cargo data. If confirmed, I would continue to deepen the
    security partnership to enhance both Cabo Verdean and U.S. security.

        Question. In your view, what would happen if the U.S. did not
    provide security or counternarcotics assistance to Cabo Verde?

        Answer. I understand that Cabo Verde lacks the capability to
    sufficiently monitor its vast maritime domain for transnational
    criminal activity, narcotrafficking, and illegal, unregulated, and
    unreported fishing. Without U.S. assistance in maritime security, law
    enforcement, governance and operational capacity, Cabo Verde would be
    more vulnerable to economic fragility, maritime and border insecurity
    and various actors who seek to take advantage of the country for
    malicious gain. I believe that the Government of Cabo Verde realizes
    this as well. In March, Cabo Verde hosted the first African Maritime
    Leaders' Summit together with AFRICOM and U.S. Naval Forces Africa
    Command, focused on maritime security and good governance.

        Question. If confirmed, which aid programs will you focus on to
    promote continued and improved economic growth with U.S. business
    partners in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will encourage U.S. firms to take advantage
    of Cabo Verde's stable political environment, low levels of corruption,
    and potential as a gateway to Economic Community of West African States
    (ECOWAS) economies, which cumulatively represent a market of 300
    million consumers.
        If confirmed, I will utilize Prosper Africa to connect U.S. and
    African companies with U.S. Government tools to advance trade and
    investment deals. While USAID does not have a presence in Cabo Verde, I
    would utilize the West African Trade and Investment Hub and USAID's
    Power Africa program to support economic growth and U.S. business
    partners in Cabo Verde.

        Question. Cabo Verde and China have been cultivating closer ties
    since the 1990s, with Cabo Verde recognizing China since the 1970s.
    China has significantly increased aid to the islands to assist with
    grain and cereal price stability, and other infrastructure projects to
    gain influence over the country. There have also been reports that
    China is interested in establishing a military base in the country.
    What is your characterization of the existing relationship between Cabo
    Verde and China?

        Answer. I understand that the current relationship between Cabo
    Verde and the PRC is conspicuous in such areas as government
    infrastructure and healthcare, as in many African nations. PRC entities
    have a ubiquitous presence in the country's ICT sector. Beijing funded
    a blueprint for a maritime special exclusive economic zone on the
    island of Sao Vicente.

        Question. Are you concerned with their existing relationship?
    Please explain.

        Answer. Cabo Verde has made it clear that the United States is its
    preferred partner. Compared to other African nations, Cabo Verde owes
    minimal debt to PRC. However, the relationship is a cause for concern.
    If confirmed, I will continue to monitor the PRC's influence on Cabo
    Verde and promote strategies that will further advance the United
    States-Cabo Verde bilateral economic and security partnerships.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to ensure that the United
    States remains the partner of choice in Cabo Verde?

        Answer. Cabo Verde expresses a preference to work with the United
    States in many areas, none more so than security cooperation. Cabo
    Verdean officials rarely pass up an opportunity to stress their view of
    the United States as Cabo Verde's ``security partner of choice.'' If
    confirmed as Ambassador, I hope to respond with support for continued
    growth for our security and economic partnership.

        Question. Do you have any indication that China is planning to
    establish either a formal military base or a dual-use facility in Cabo
    Verde?

        Answer. I have seen reports that the PRC is interested in
    increasing its security partnership with Cabo Verde. If confirmed, I
    will actively monitor any plans for new PRC investment in Cabo Verde
    and underscore with our partners in the government the risks associated
    with allowing the PRC to develop a base in Cabo Verde.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
          Submitted to Heather Roach Variava by Senator James E. Risch

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Laos was ranked as Tier 2 for its ongoing efforts to meet the
            minimum standards to eliminate trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Laos operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Government of Laos and
    civil society to advance anti-trafficking efforts, including by sharing
    best practices on data collection, law enforcement training, and victim
    identification. There is also scope for discussions regarding forced
    criminality in the growing problem of cyber scam operations.
        Laos has taken some steps to combat human trafficking, including
    through investigating suspected traffickers, repatriating Lao and
    foreign national victims, training law enforcement, enacting anti-
    trafficking laws, conducting awareness-raising activities for the
    public, and implementing oversight measures within special economic
    zones, where workers may be more vulnerable. My role will be to
    recognize positive achievements and press for further progress.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Laos was noted as lacking respect for religious
            freedom, particularly in overly cumbersome regulations for
            religious groups.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Laos severely restricts freedom of expression, peaceful
    assembly, association, and religion or belief. Government restrictions
    on minority religious groups remain disproportionally high in certain
    provinces and rural areas, and there are reports that local officials
    harass non-Buddhist and non-animist religious groups through arrests,
    forced renunciations, and displacement. If confirmed, I will work
    closely with the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious
    Freedom, his office, and with relevant civil society organizations to
    advance respect for freedom of religious and belief for all in Laos. I
    will also advocate with the Government of the Lao People's Democratic
    Republic on matters related to international religious freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I hope to forge strong personal and
    institutional relationships with religious groups and civil society
    organizations to advance respect for freedom of religion or belief.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Laos increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. Lao authorities restrict religious freedom through a decree
    that defines the Government as the final arbiter of permissible
    religious activities and imposes onerous requirements on religious
    groups. If confirmed, I will encourage Lao authorities to revise the
    decree to improve religious freedom, especially for members of
    marginalized or unrecognized groups. I will also look to identify other
    concrete steps to help increase respect for religious freedom in Laos.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Laos was
            noted as having several significant human rights abuses,
            including restrictions on freedom of expression, censorship,
            lack of internet freedom, and more.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, promoting and protecting human rights will be
    one of my top priorities. I will communicate to Lao leadership that
    supporting an inclusive civil society and ensuring the human rights and
    fundamental freedoms of people in Laos are key to successful bilateral
    relations. I also commit to pressing the Lao Government to allow for
    greater press freedom and will continue to support independent voices,
    local efforts to build journalistic capacity, and combat mis- and
    disinformation.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Heather Roach Variava by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity; defend
    international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with the Lao
    People's Democratic Republic to strengthen democratic values and
    reiterate the U.S. commitment to a rules-based international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving transnational challenges. Any
    PRC contributions must be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are
    neither springboards for narrow PRC economic interests nor platforms to
    create more permissive conditions for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to potential
    cooperation with Beijing when it is in our interests to do so and where
    our cooperation can advance solutions to transnational challenges,
    including possibly climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats,
    non-proliferation, food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China, if confirmed, I
    would maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative efforts that
    involve PRC entities in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and third
    countries or international organizations in areas where our collective
    interests align. That said, I would scrutinize and encourage third
    parties to scrutinize any such arrangements to ensure they follow
    international norms, feature transparency, and delineate steps to
    verify regularly that all parties are working in good faith.

        Question. Laos is heavily dependent upon aid and foreign investment
    in its infrastructure, mainly from China and through the Belt and Road
    Initiative. Along with the aid, Laos has borrowed significant amounts
    to fund infrastructure investments, and its debt reached 88 percent of
    GDP in 2021. In addition to influence from China, Laos is heavily
    influenced by neighbor Vietnam. What is your characterization of the
    existing relationship between Laos and China?

        Answer. In recent years, we have observed the PRC's growing
    influence in Laos. The PRC holds a significant percentage of Laos's
    sizeable debt, and some Special Economic Zones run by PRC investors
    have become home to illegal activity, most notably money laundering,
    human trafficking, wildlife trafficking, and drug trafficking.
        In contrast, the United States can be a positive and helpful
    partner to Laos. Our engagement with Laos and other countries in the
    region promotes an affirmative, positive vision, with the United States
    as a trustworthy and dependable partner. If confirmed, I would seek to
    counter PRC influence by supporting programs that bolster Lao
    independence and sovereignty. Building capacity within the Lao
    Government, and especially among the people of Laos, will strengthen
    their ability to contribute positively in the region, in ASEAN, and
    beyond.

        Question. Are you concerned with the existing Laos-PRC
    relationship?

        Answer. We are concerned about the PRC's increasing influence in
    Laos. The PRC holds a significant percentage of Laos' sizeable debt,
    and PRC actors operate some Special Economic Zones, which frequently
    are centers of illegal activity, most notably money laundering, human
    trafficking, wildlife trafficking, and drug trafficking.
        In contrast, the United States is a positive and helpful partner to
    Laos. Our engagement with Laos and other countries in the region is not
    about countering any one country but about advancing an affirmative,
    positive vision.
        In addition to countering PRC influence in Laos, we should work
    with allies and partners to ensure the United States is one of Laos's
    partners of choice, offering alternatives to dependence on the PRC.
    U.S. programs in Laos seek to improve Lao capacity to address
    challenges; giving the Lao people tools to solve problems and develop
    their own abilities contributes to Lao sovereignty and independence.
        If confirmed, I would work with our team to deepen our longstanding
    cooperation, pursue new avenues of dialogue, and drive inclusive
    prosperity in this critical region.

        Question. How would you describe Laos' relation to Vietnam?

        Answer. Laos and Vietnam enjoy a long-standing and close political
    partnership, and both countries seek to further advance their bilateral
    relationship, particularly in the areas of economic development and
    investment.
        Our Embassies in Vientiane and Hanoi are examining ways to develop
    possible trilateral initiatives that leverage the close political
    partnership between Laos and Vietnam.
        Infrastructure development, cross-border electricity trade,
    unexploded ordinance clearance operations, and humanitarian assistance
    and disaster relief, as well as U.S.-funded or organized training for
    both Laos and Vietnamese officials, are some areas of possible
    trilateral coordination. If confirmed, I would ensure that any
    trilateral coordination would be undertaken in areas where our
    interests and policies align. I would continue to advocate bilaterally
    where needed on key issues of concern to the United States.

        Question. Is the debt load currently maintained by Laos
    sustainable?

        Answer. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank work with
    low-income countries including Laos to conduct debt sustainability
    analyses (DSAs); the latest publicly available DSA for Laos is dated
    August 2019, when Laos was rated as being at high risk of debt
    distress, with an estimated debt-to-GDP ratio of 57 percent as of 2018.
    According to the World Bank's May 2023 Lao Economic Monitor, Laos's
    publicly held debt is now estimated to have surpassed 110 percent of
    its GDP, and the PRC is its largest creditor.
        If confirmed, I will work with Laos to provide additional options,
    tools, and opportunities to help Laos manage its debt. Existing U.S.
    programs aim to promote trade, reduce corruption, improve regulations,
    and support prudent fiscal management. My goals would be to help ensure
    that Laos's economic development is sustainable and to lay the
    groundwork for a long-term economic partnership between the United
    States and Laos.

        Question. How can the United States assist Laos in moving away from
    predatory loans provided to it by China?

        Answer. The United States can assist Laos by empowering the Lao
    Government to become a more effective negotiator and providing it with
    the tools it needs to grow its economy on its own terms. If confirmed,
    I will work with Laos to facilitate opportunities for growth in trade
    and investment, including through anti-corruption, regulatory, and
    fiscal management tools that work for Laos's situation.
        Laos has demonstrated it values sovereignty. I would work to
    strengthen Laos's agency and partnership with the United States to
    encourage more U.S. companies to become active in the country, thereby
    lessening the need for reliance on the PRC. If confirmed, I pledge to
    support Laos as it implements its economic diversification strategy
    while simultaneously assisting U.S. businesses seeking to invest in
    Laos. I also would work with allies and partners to provide Laos with
    coordinated development assistance and to encourage investment. By
    ensuring Laos has diverse options, can negotiate effectively, and
    regards the United States as a dependable partner, we can help Laos
    become a stronger, more prosperous, and better-governed country that is
    fully integrated into and maintains an independent voice within ASEAN.

        Question. Laos, perhaps out of all the countries in Southeast Asia,
    is most dependent on the Mekong River for food and for power
    generation. This makes it acutely dependent on moves by China, where
    the Mekong River originates, to limit the flow of water to downstream
    countries. The U.S.-Mekong Partnership regularly monitors the water
    flowing to downstream countries and there is a relationship between
    decreases in this flow at times when downstream countries, like Laos,
    are considering a decision that impacts China. This ``dam diplomacy''
    is part of the Communist playbook for maintaining influence over
    Southeast Asia. Are you concerned with ``dam diplomacy'' by the Chinese
    and its impact on Laos' food security and energy security?

        Answer. We share your concern about the PRC's increasing influence
    in Lao PDR, including through ``dam diplomacy.'' The Mekong River
    Commission (MRC) is the sole treaty-based organization with a mandate
    to support the transboundary governance of the Mekong River.
        The Government of Laos relies on hydropower to supply electricity
    both for domestic use and for export, which has put pressure on the
    Mekong River, reducing fish populations and impacting the livelihoods
    of communities living along the river and its tributaries. Dam
    construction, excessive groundwater extraction, fast-moving urban and
    infrastructure development, deforestation, mining, and climate change
    have caused major environmental disruption and threaten the lives and
    livelihoods of millions of people in the Mekong River Basin. If
    confirmed, I will work to find ways to mitigate the environmental
    impact of these hydropower projects.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to help Laos resist
    Chinese attempts to influence Laos through ``dam diplomacy''?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to find ways to mitigate the
    environmental impact of these hydropower projects. The United States is
    committed to offering options for Mekong countries to help them get the
    best value for their economic development and to help build
    institutions, workforces, and economic independence. The Mekong River
    can be an engine for economic growth that binds the entire region
    together. Realizing the region's full potential, while building
    resilience to environmental threats, will take transparent,
    collaborative management of this shared resource. This is why the
    Mekong U.S. Partnership (MUSP) continues to support the Mekong River
    Commission, the only treaty-based organization in the sub-region with a
    mandate to address transboundary river management.

        Question. If confirmed, are there Development Finance Corporation
    or other aid programs you would review to compete with Chinese aid in
    Laos?

        Answer. DFC provides high quality investments to support private
    sector driven economic growth, and I understand the DFC is considering
    several possible projects in Laos. If confirmed, I would work closely
    with the DFC to identify the most effective areas for investment; I
    would also engage with Lao businesses and investors to demonstrate
    DFC's effectiveness and identify additional opportunities for DFC
    engagement.
        If confirmed, I also look forward to working closely with U.S.
    Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) colleagues to support USTDA
    activities, including feasibility studies on potential projects to
    encourage U.S. investment in Laos.
        In addition, I would seek to coordinate and amplify our development
    assistance through USAID and other State programs with likeminded aid
    agencies, including the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the
    Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. I would also look
    to expand our cooperation with U.S. non-profit organizations to
    strengthen civil society, public health, and other development
    programs. Finally, I would work with international financial
    institutions like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank to
    support projects that provide sustainable infrastructure and improve
    Laos' investment environment.

        Question. Which other programs will you support which will deepen
    U.S. investment in and with Laos to counter Chinese initiatives?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work to capitalize on U.S. programming
    to deepen U.S. investment in Laos and counter PRC initiatives. I see
    this approach as three-fold.
        First, I would work with USAID and State's Bureau of International
    Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) to increase development
    assistance and programming that targets corruption and builds Lao
    Government capacity to investigate and prosecute money laundering and
    bribes, a key factor in the ability of the PRC to conduct its influence
    operations. This programming aims to address U.S. industry concerns
    regarding opaque regulatory regimes and corruption and aims to foster a
    more hospitable environment for U.S. businesses in Laos.
        Second, I would work with our interagency to develop economic
    programming that provides fiscal technical assistance, offers
    alternative sources of financing, and encourages U.S. investment. This
    includes tapping into the resources of the U.S. Trade and Development
    Agency and the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation,
    among others.
        Third, I would work with U.S. industry directly, encouraging trade
    delegations from the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council and the U.S. Chamber
    of Commerce. I would ensure my economic team, which includes our
    Foreign Commercial Service colleagues, is ready to assist U.S.
    companies seeking investment opportunities and is ready to address
    potential investment roadblocks in Laos.

        Question. As Ambassador, how would you leverage the U.S.-Mekong
    Partnership to advance U.S. interests and business opportunities in
    both Laos and regional cooperation aspects?

        Answer. The Mekong-U.S. Partnership (MUSP) builds upon more than
    ten years of sustained engagement in the region on economic, non-
    traditional security, governance, and environmental cooperation. The
    Lao People's Democratic Republic has served as the MUSP co-chair with
    the United States since January 2022. In February 2023, we were pleased
    to co-chair with the Lao Government our first-ever in-person MUSP
    events since the start of the pandemic. The MUSP is well-positioned to
    address transboundary issues affecting the people of the Mekong and to
    encourage innovative thinking about and collaboration on top issues
    affecting the sub-region. These include improving regional responses to
    environmental emergencies as well as transnational crime, and promoting
    sustainable economic development across the water food, energy, and
    environmental nexus.
        If confirmed, I would bolster efforts to ensure that the MUSP
    maintains a whole-of-government approach, which takes into account the
    views and expertise of U.S. Government partners that deliver for the
    citizens of the Mekong sub-region in furtherance of regional and U.S.
    interests.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Julie Turner by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. If confirmed, please provide your plan to better promote
    accountability for those who have committed and continue to commit
    human rights abuses in North Korea.

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with my colleagues in the
    Department of State and with our international partners to strengthen
    the mandate and capacity of the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner
    for Human Rights in Seoul to advance U.N. accountability efforts. I
    will also seek opportunities to further promote accountability for
    human rights violations and abuses committed by the DPRK Government. I
    will also continue our efforts to highlight DPRK human rights issues at
    the U.N. Security Council and return these issues to the UNSC's formal
    agenda.

        Question. How can you provide insight into the Commission of
    Inquiry (COI) into human rights abuses in North Korea?

        Answer. North Korean human rights issues remain as pressing now as
    they were when the U.N. Commission of Inquiry (COI) began its work 10
    years ago. The 2014 final report of the COI provided important
    documentation on the human rights situation in North Korea, which
    represents one of the most protracted human rights crises in the world.
    The COI report led to important initiatives, including the
    establishment of the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner Office in
    Seoul, and prompting the U.N. Security Council to place the human
    rights situation in the DPRK on its agenda in 2014, 2015, 2016, and
    2017. If confirmed, I will work with partners and allies to
    reinvigorate these efforts that carried forward the COI recommendations
    and to press for further action to advance accountability for the
    DPRK's egregious human rights violations.

        Question. If confirmed, how will you revitalize multilateral
    efforts to promote accountability for human rights abuses in North
    Korea?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with allies and partners to
    advance accountability efforts and call for action to improve the
    DPRK's human rights record in the U.N. General Assembly, Human Rights
    Council, and other relevant U.N. bodies. I will seek opportunities to
    host side events to amplify defector and refugee voices, whose
    harrowing stories reveal the violations and abuses committed inside the
    closed country. I will also continue our efforts to highlight DPRK
    human rights issues at the U.N. Security Council and return these
    issues to the UNSC's formal agenda.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
                Submitted to Julie Turner by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. If confirmed, I
    will continue our work with allies and partners to strengthen
    democratic institutions, promote human rights, and protect the rules-
    based international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving challenges, including
    regarding the DPRK, that we and other countries face in common. Any PRC
    contributions must be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are not
    springboards for narrow PRC economic and security interests.

        Question.  Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will urge the PRC Government to work
    constructively with the United States and our allies and partners to
    provide durable solutions for DPRK refugees, asylum seekers,
    trafficking victims, and other seeking protection from the DPRK regime.
    In addition, I will press the PRC to act in good faith to uphold its
    commitments under U.N. Security Council resolutions requiring
    governments to repatriate, consistent with national and international
    human rights and refugee law, North Korean workers.

        Question.  If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, I would maintain openness to U.S. involvement
    in cooperative efforts that advance durable solutions for North Korean
    refugees, asylum seekers, trafficking victims, and others seeking
    protection from the DPRK regime. That said, I would scrutinize and
    encourage third parties to scrutinize any such arrangements to ensure
    they are consistent with international law, feature transparency, and
    delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties are working in
    good faith.

        Question. Ten years have passed since the creation of the United
    Nations Commission of Inquiry on human rights in North Korea, with
    little improvement in the human rights situation there. With growing
    Chinese influence at the U.N., it is imperative that the United States
    continues to ensure the U.N. remains focused on true human rights
    tragedies, like North Korea and the ongoing genocide in Xinjiang,
    instead of listening to those that would prefer the U.N. look at Israel
    or even the United States. What is your view on public calls made by
    the North Korean Human Rights community to update and strengthen the
    U.N.'s accountability work for North Korea?

        Answer. I fully support efforts to elevate multilateral attention
    to North Korean human rights issues, which remain as pressing now as
    they were when the U.N. Commission of Inquiry began its work.
        If confirmed, I will support calls for accountability and
    improvements in the DPRK's human rights record in the U.N. General
    Assembly, Human Rights Council, and other relevant U.N. bodies. I will
    also continue our efforts to highlight DPRK human rights issues at the
    U.N. Security Council and return these issues to the UNSC's formal
    agenda.

        Question. What is the feasibility of pushing the U.N. to establish
    an accountability mechanism for North Korea to collect evidence against
    and prepare criminal persecution for officials of the Kim regime,
    similar to what has been created for Syria in 2016 and Burma in 2018?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with my colleagues in the
    Department of State and with our foreign partners to support the
    mandate and capacity of the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for
    Human Rights in Seoul to advance U.N. accountability efforts. I will
    also seek opportunities to further promote accountability for human
    rights violations and abuses committed by the DPRK Government.

        Question. In the past 10 years, North Korea has arrested and
    detained dozens of American, South Korean and Japanese citizens,
    notably American student Otto Warmbier. This is a familiar pattern of
    authoritarian regimes using hostages to extract concessions from the
    United States. Diplomacy by the Trump Administration successfully
    secured the release of the last three remaining Americans detained in
    North Korea. However, at least four South Koreans--Kim Jung Wook, Kim
    Kook Ki, Choi Chun kil, and Ko Hyon Choi--remain detained in North
    Korea. In April, during President Yoon's visit, the United States and
    South Korea pledged to ``strengthen cooperation to promote human rights
    in the DPRK as well as to resolve the issues of abductions, detainees,
    and unrepatriated prisoners of war.'' If confirmed, how will you
    implement the human rights provisions in the Washington Declaration
    agreed between South Korea and the United States?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will prioritize efforts to urge the DPRK to
    respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and provide for the needs
    of its people. I will support the Republic of Korea, including its
    Ambassador-at-Large on North Korean Human Rights, in advocating for the
    release of these and other unjustly held detainees, whose cases the
    State Department continues to highlight through the annual Human Rights
    Report and other publicstatements. While the Washington Declaration
    does not directly address human rights, it does reflect the U.S.-ROK
    shared commitment to pursue the complete denuclearization of the Korean
    Peninsula in a peaceful, diplomatic manner--a message I do and will
    always strive to uphold.

        Question. How do you plan to support the diplomatic efforts of our
    ally, South Korea, to secure the release of its citizens detained in
    North Korea before they meet the tragic fate of Otto Warmbier?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will support the Republic of Korea,
    including its Ambassador-at-Large on North Korean Human Rights, in
    advocating for the immediate release of its unjustly detained citizens,
    whose cases the State Department has highlighted through the annual
    Human Rights Report and other public statements.

        Question. The U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy highlights 'build[ing]
    regional resilience to transnational threats' as one of its five
    objectives while also highlighting the Chinese Communist Party's
    undermining of human rights and international law. As we speak, the CCP
    continues to provide a critical source of financing to the Kim regime
    that enables its human rights abuses against the Korean people. The CCP
    also continues to turn a blind eye to Chinese companies that
    participate in North Korea's forced labor schemes and continues to
    catch North Korean escapees and return them to the country. If
    confirmed, how will you ensure that the issue of North Koreans in PRC
    is included in this strategy and what measures can the U.S. take in
    protecting the human rights and safe movement of North Korean refugees?

        Answer. The U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy highlights the need to
    address human rights violations and other abuses related to DPRK
    citizens, which includes other countries' involvement in such
    violations and abuses. If confirmed, I will work to ensure that we
    continue to highlight such cases with the PRC and make clear that we
    expect the PRC and other countries to uphold their respective non-
    refoulement obligations, including with regard to North Korean
    refugees.

        Question. According to the U.N. Special Rapporteur on North Korean
    human rights, Elizabeth Salm"n, as many as 2,000 North Korean escapees
    are currently detained in China and are at risk of being repatriated to
    their country once the border reopens. Senator Kaine and I introduced a
    bill this past March that would authorize sanctions on Chinese
    officials responsible for refouling North Korean escapees back to the
    North. If confirmed, will you push the administration to impose
    sanctions on Chinese Government officials, if China carries out such a
    mass deportation of North Korean refugees?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will focus on the protection of North
    Korean refugees, including by pressing the PRC and other governments to
    uphold their respective nonrefoulement obligations, working with
    governments to facilitate UNHCR access to North Korean asylum seekers,
    and working to ensure North Koreans continue to have access to U.S.
    resettlement programs. I will continue to raise individual cases with
    the People's Republic of China and will consider all available tools in
    the event the PRC carries out a mass deportation.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Matthew D. Murray by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has become
    more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will defend U.S.
    national security and advance our values and prosperity. We will also
    defend international law; bolster institutions that maintain peace and
    security; protect the rights of individuals and sovereign nations; and
    make it possible for all countries to coexist and cooperate.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving shared transnational
    challenges. Any PRC contributions must be scrutinized, however, to
    ensure they are neither springboards for advancing narrow PRC strategic
    interests nor platforms that could help create more permissive
    conditions for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to cooperation with
    Beijing where our interests may overlap and where our cooperation can
    advance solutions to transnational challenges, including possibly
    climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats, non-proliferation,
    food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China, if confirmed, I
    would continue to maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative
    efforts that involve PRC entities in APEC in areas where our collective
    interests align. That said, I would scrutinize any such arrangements to
    ensure they are clear, transparent, consistent with core U.S. values,
    and structured to ensure all parties are working in good faith.

        Question. Sanctioned Hong Kong Chief Executive John Lee made clear
    that he does not intend to enforce U.S. sanctions against foreign
    actors entering Hong Kong after he allowed Russian oligarch Alexei
    Mordashov to dock his yacht in Hong Kong. As such, he would require a
    waiver to attend the APEC summit in San Francisco because he is in
    blatant violation of U.S. sanctions. Does the U.S. plan to grant a
    waiver to Chief Executive John Lee to attend the APEC Summit in San
    Francisco in November?

        Answer. The United States remains deeply concerned about the
    deterioration of protected rights and freedoms and the grave
    restrictions on Hong Kong's autonomy under the National Security Law.
    As host of APEC in 2023, the United States has committed to work
    towards participation of delegations from the 21 member economies in
    APEC events but has made clear this participation must be in accordance
    with U.S. laws and regulations, including with respect to sanctions. I
    defer to the White House regarding invitations to the APEC Economic
    Leaders' Week program in November.

        Question. Both Taiwan and China are members of APEC, but Taiwan is
    listed only as ``Chinese Taipei'' in a concession to Beijing. Unlike
    other APEC members, Taiwan's head of state is not invited to APEC
    Summits. This may have made sense using the logic of the post-Cold War
    neoliberal consensus, but it doesn't reflect reality. Taiwan is the
    United States' ninth largest trading partner, with our annual trading
    reaching $90 billion in 2020. Taiwan is a critical source of advanced
    semiconductors needed for everything from cars to smartphones, to
    advanced manufacturing equipment. Finally, Taiwan is a model of how
    democracy and smartly managed free markets can bring prosperity to the
    Indo-Pacific, in contrast to the Chinese Communist Party's vision of
    authoritarianism and central planning. If confirmed, will you support
    inviting Taiwan's President Tsai Ing Wen to attend the APEC summit in
    the United States?

        Answer. Taiwan, which participates in APEC under the name ``Chinese
    Taipei,'' is a full member of APEC and a strong supporter of U.S.
    priorities during our ongoing APEC host year. For 30 years, the Taiwan
    President has appointed a ``Leader's Representative'' to attend the
    APEC Economic Leaders' Week events on his or her behalf. I defer to the
    White House regarding invitations to the APEC Economic Leaders' Week
    program in November.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Jennifer L. Johnson by Senator James E. Risch

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Micronesia remained on Tier 2 for its overall increasing
            efforts to meet the minimum standards for the elimination of
            trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Micronesia operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. In the 2022 TIP Report, the Department of State recognized
    steps the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) took
    to combat human trafficking, including identifying more trafficking
    victims, conducting trafficking awareness activities for the public,
    and allocating funding for its third trafficking victim shelter.
        If confirmed, I will work with the Government of the FSM to
    encourage it to implement and train front-line officials on victim
    identification and referral SOPs; increase its efforts to proactively
    investigate traffickers, including victims' family members who
    facilitate or directly benefit from trafficking; and increase resources
    for protection services for trafficking victims, including increasing
    services for victims identified in Chuuk, Kosrae, Yap, and outer
    islands. I will also encourage the Government to administer anti-
    trafficking training for its judicial officials and provide information
    on safe migration and human trafficking indicators to FSM nationals
    leaving to work in other countries.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to reporting the reality of
    the trafficking situation in Micronesia as accurately as possible?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I commit to reporting the reality of the
    trafficking situation in Micronesia as accurately as possible. I will
    work closely with the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat
    Trafficking in Persons to report accurate information about the
    trafficking situation in Micronesia in the annual Trafficking in
    Persons Report.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Micronesia was noted as having no significant
            issues with regards to religious freedom but there was room for
            better respect for religious minorities.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador-at-Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. In the 2022 International Religious Freedom Report,
    religious groups reported the reopening of their community centers and
    the resumption of missionary activity post-COVID-19. If confirmed, I
    will advocate for religious freedom and work with the Ambassador at
    Large for International Religious Freedom and his office to encourage
    government authorities to work closely with civil society, including
    members of religious groups, to ensure respect for freedom of religion
    or belief.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will forge strong personal and
    institutional relationships with religious groups and civil society
    organizations to further promote respect for freedom of religion or
    belief.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Micronesia increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answewr. If confirmed, I will work with the Government of the
    Federated States of Micronesia, civil society, and private sector
    partners to support and empower human rights defenders and civil
    society organizations and to promote respect for freedom of religion or
    belief. I also will forge strong personal and institutional
    relationships with religious institutions and civil society
    organizations to assess how to advance the U.S. Government's priorities
    around respect for freedom of religion or belief.

    Human Rights
          In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Micronesia
    did not have any significant human rights abuses, but there is always
    room to better promote internationally-recognized human rights.

        Question. How will you direct your embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with the Government and
    civil society to advance the human rights of marginalized communities
    and reduce discrimination and violence. It's also imperative to engage
    with the many active women's groups in the Federated States of
    Micronesia with the goal of preventing and responding to gender-based
    violence. Another priority will be to assist with building the capacity
    of the government, civil society, and media to highlight and counter
    corruption as we strengthen our diplomatic efforts in the Pacific.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
            Submitted to Jennifer L. Johnson by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Yes. Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party has
    become more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad. We will
    defend U.S. national security and advance our values and prosperity;
    defend international law, agreements, principles, and institutions that
    maintain peace and security; protect the rights of individuals and
    sovereign nations; and make it possible for all countries to coexist
    and cooperate. If confirmed, I will continue our work with the
    Federated States of Micronesia to strengthen democratic values and
    reiterate the U.S. commitment to a rules-based international order.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions toward solving transnational challenges. Any
    PRC contributions must be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are
    neither springboards for narrow PRC economic interests nor platforms to
    create more permissive conditions for its own authoritarian model.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States competes vigorously with the PRC
    where we differ, the United States manages this competition
    responsibly. This includes maintaining openness to potential
    cooperation with Beijing when it is in our interests to do so and where
    our cooperation can advance solutions to transnational challenges,
    including possibly climate change, counter-narcotics, pandemic threats,
    non-proliferation, food security, and macroeconomics.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. In line with the Administration's approach on competition
    and cooperation with the People's Republic of China (PRC), if
    confirmed, I will maintain openness to U.S. involvement in cooperative
    efforts that involve PRC entities, the Federated States of Micronesia,
    and third countries or international organizations only in areas that
    are clearly in our collective interests. If confirmed, I will
    scrutinize and encourage third parties to scrutinize any such
    arrangements to ensure they follow international norms, feature
    transparency, and delineate steps to verify regularly that all parties
    are working in good faith.

        Question. Last spring, the Chinese Communist Party signed a
    security agreement with the Solomon Islands. While the details of that
    agreement remain secret, if past agreements between China and Belt and
    Road Initiative Members are any indication, that agreement gives China
    the right to use Solomon Islands facilities as potential military
    bases. The agreement also highlighted a years, if not decades, long
    neglect by the United States of islands in the Pacific, making them
    ripe targets for Chinese influence. The Compacts of Free Association
    (COFA), which the United States maintains with Palau, the Marshall
    Islands and Micronesia, are a critical bulwark against this influence.
    What can you tell me of the state of COFA renegotiation between the
    United States and Micronesia?

        Answer. As of May 17, 2023, negotiations of COFA-related agreements
    are practically complete, and signing of the agreements is imminent.
    The COFA team plans to submit a legislative package to Congress and
    provide briefings in the coming weeks.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to keep China out of
    Micronesia?

        Answer. The United States and the Federated States of Micronesia
    (FSM) have a special and longstanding partnership, and we cooperate on
    a range of issues including supporting good governance, the judiciary,
    and law enforcement. If confirmed, I will look for opportunities to
    partner with the Federated States of Micronesia and align with our
    allies to expand diplomatic, development, and people-to-people ties
    that will strengthen Micronesia's resilience and ability to avoid
    predatory economic practices. If confirmed, I will work swiftly to
    operationalize new Compact funding andsupport good governance,
    transparency, and anti-corruption efforts. I will also work with
    Congress to advance U.S. interests in the region and sustain the
    progress achieved through this partnership.

        Question. In March, the outgoing President of Micronesia, David
    Panuelo, sent a letter to his legislature declaring that China is
    waging ``political warfare'' in the country, via bribes, harassment,
    and direct threats against Micronesian officials. These are among the
    most direct and serious charges to date from a foreign leader against
    the CCP's overseas influence operations. What is your assessment of
    President Panuelo's claims of Chinese corrosive influence in
    Micronesia?

        Answer. We have seen a range of the PRC's increasingly problematic
    behavior in the Indo-Pacific region, including its assertion of
    unlawful maritime claims and the ongoing militarization of disputed
    features in the South China Sea, predatory economic activities,
    illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and investments that
    undermine good governance and promote corruption. Considering these
    examples of PRC actions in the region, the allegations in the letter
    were not surprising.

        Question. If confirmed, what will you do to support Micronesian
    institutions against this level of Chinese influence?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will look for opportunities to partner with
    civil society and the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
    to build their resilience as we work together to support good
    governance, transparency, and anti-corruption efforts.
        As Secretary Blinken said, ``We know that corruption makes even
    more difficult and exacerbates virtually every global challenge that we
    have to work on--from war and conflict to figuring out how to end
    pandemics to disaster response. We also know and see that in our
    efforts to strengthen democracy around the world, nothing is more
    corrosive, nothing does more to undermine citizens' trust in their
    democracy, than corruption.''
        If confirmed, I would scrutinize and encourage other parties to
    scrutinize cooperative efforts and arrangements to ensure they follow
    international norms, feature transparency, and delineate steps to
    verify regularly that all parties are working in good faith.

                                  __________

                                  NOMINATIONS

                                  ----------

                             TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2023

                                           U.S. Senate,
                                Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:06 p.m., in
    Room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Chris Van
    Hollen presiding.
        Present: Senators Menendez, Kaine, Van Hollen [presiding],
    Duckworth, Romney, Ricketts, and Hagerty.
        Also Present: Senator Mark Warner.

              OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

        Senator Van Hollen. ood afternoon, everybody. The
    nominations hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
    will come to order.
        Congratulations to each of you on your nominations and for
    your ongoing service to our country and commitment to our
    country. I also want to thank the family members who have
    joined you today and feel free to also introduce them when you
    provide your testimony.
        I grew up in a Foreign Service family. I am aware that this
    is a family endeavor, and we are grateful to all of your loved
    ones for traveling across the globe with you in many instances.
        In the interest of giving all of you, our nominations, more
    time to answer questions Senator Romney and I have agreed that
    we are going to forego any opening statements. That said, I
    think you have been told if you could keep your opening
    statements to three minutes it would be much appreciated, given
    the current congressional schedule.
        I do want to say at the outset that I know a lot of chiefs
    of mission are here in Washington right now and I have been
    hearing from them about how much they value the work done by
    Foreign Service nationals in our Embassy and consulates abroad
    and how they could not do their good work and you could not do
    your good work without their support. I raise that because
    these individuals put themselves at great risk.
        We had a number of members of our Foreign Service family
    killed in the line of duty in Nigeria not that long ago. We
    have a commitment to them that after a long--period of long and
    faithful service they can emigrate to the United States with
    their families.
        But right now even after they serve 20 years there is a 17-
    year waiting period, which is why Senator Tillis and I have
    introduced bipartisan legislation called the GRATEFUL Act that
    I hope will pass through this Senate as quickly as possible.
        With that, let me also welcome Senator Ricketts, Senator
    Hagerty, and now I am going to - unless you have any opening
    remarks?

                     STATEMENT OF HON. MITT ROMNEY,
                         U.S. SENATOR FROM UTAH

        Senator Romney. No opening comments other than what you are
    doing is more important than it has been in a long, long time.
        When I was a young man we were competing with the Soviet
    Union and the members of our various foreign delegations, our
    ambassadors and so forth, were playing a very active role, a
    key role, in promoting our interests, and today we are
    competing with authoritarians generally and authoritarianism is
    on the rise, according to a number of people who follow that,
    and the work that you are doing takes on a special significance
    at this time, and I appreciate your willingness to step forward
    and that of your families.
        And with that, Mr. Chairman, please introduce our
    panelists.
        Senator Van Hollen. Well, thank you. Thank you, Senator
    Romney.
        And we have a number of member Senators who want to
    introduce a number of you and so in the interests of their
    convenience I am going to start with them unless, Senator
    Hagerty, you would like me to introduce some of those others
    first.
        It is up to you. I know you are here to introduce one of
    our nominees.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. BILL HAGERTY,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

        Senator Hagerty. Well, Chair Van Hollen, I would very much
    appreciate it if it is okay to go ahead and make an
    introduction of somebody who I had the great pleasure of
    working with when I served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan.
        Joel Ehrendreich was my consular general to Okinawa and did
    a fantastic job. He is now here before us today to be,
    hopefully, our next U.S. Ambassador to Palau. So it is my great
    honor to introduce him and thank you for giving me the
    opportunity to do so.
        Throughout Joel's impressive 20-year career he has held
    significant positions in Tokyo, New Delhi, Singapore, Manila,
    and Sydney, and he has been the foreign policy adviser to
    someone whom we both admire greatly, General Neller, who was
    commandant of the Marine Corps and I had the great pleasure to
    work with in a prior life.
        All of this experience, I believe, has imbued Joel with a
    deep understanding of the regional dynamics of the Indo-Pacific
    and I feel certain that Joel is going to do a tremendous job if
    he is confirmed.
        As I mentioned, I had the pleasure of working with Joel
    when I served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan and he served as
    consular general to Okinawa. In working together Joel and I
    handled a number of highly sensitive diplomatic issues related
    to our military presence in Okinawa related to the strategic
    positioning of Okinawa and, frankly, relative to the CCP's
    pressure on Okinawa.
        In each case Joel demonstrated himself, as he has
    throughout his career, to be adept both at protecting and
    advancing America's national security interests abroad.
        In fact, Joel was the first person to suggest that my
    family and I attend the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony. It
    is a very important statement that we made as America and I
    appreciate Joel's sensitivity to that issue and him bringing it
    to my attention.
        Most recently as the director of the State Department's
    Office of Japanese Affairs within the Bureau of East Asia and
    Pacific Affairs Joel is involved in negotiating--in
    negotiations that are aimed at strengthening and modernizing
    the alliance as Japan's government pursues new national
    security strategies and an increased investment in defense.
        During the course of his career Joel has received numerous
    prestigious awards including the Rivkin Award for constructive
    dissent. Joel has also demonstrated a special knack for
    baseball diplomacy. I have seen this in action.
        Notably, he organized the first ever Embassy Diet baseball
    game, forming a team with U.S. generals in Okinawa. He
    established a Little League team in India and even served as an
    umpire for the Little League Asia Pacific qualifying tournament
    in Manila during 2013 and 2014.
        I know that Joel loves the Milwaukee Brewers and Joel was
    quite pleased to inform me that the Brewers' AAA team is our
    very own Nashville Sounds in Nashville, Tennessee, my home
    state.
        Joel's passion for baseball is also evident in his sons'
    names, Cooper and Calvin, who are respectively named for
    Cooperstown and Cal Ripken with each of their middle names
    paying tribute to the legendary Jackie Robinson.
        I hope today that the committee will come to know Joel as I
    do, as someone who brings solid and relevant experience, as
    someone with a track record of achieving results for our
    country and as someone--someone who will lead on the field if
    he is confirmed to serve as America's ambassador to Palau.
        Palau's location in the Western Pacific Ocean holds
    significant strategic importance given the CCP's aggressive
    moves in the region. It is situated at the crossroads of major
    maritime routes. Palau serves as a critical gateway between
    Asia and the Americas.
        I know Joel will diligently work to deepen U.S.-Palau
    defense and economic cooperation under the Compact of Free
    Association, especially at this critical time for U.S. national
    security in the Indo-Pacific, and from my personal experience I
    believe Joel will make an outstanding ambassador.
        So I urge you all in joining me to support his confirmation
    today. Thank you.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Hagerty. Welcome,
    Mr. Ehrendreich.
        And now I am going to introduce some of our other nominees
    who are here today until our other colleagues arrive.
        And, Cynthia Kierscht, congratulations on being nominated
    as Ambassador to the Republic of Djibouti. Ms. Kierscht is a
    career member of the Senior Foreign Service. She serves as
    ambassador to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, and
    Ambassador Kierscht was previously deputy assistant secretary
    in the State Department's Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
    and the director of the bureau's Office of Canadian Affairs.
        She has served across Africa in embassies from Rabat to
    Cairo and the newly established U.S. interest section in
    Tripoli. Her career has also taken her to Bogota in Colombia
    where she held positions--such positions as deputy management
    counselor, cultural affairs officer, and coordinator for the
    Summit of the Americas.
        Welcome, Ambassador Kierscht, and we look forward to your
    testimony once all the introductions are complete.
        Next, let me introduce Mark Libby. Mark Libby has been
    nominated to be our American Ambassador to Azerbaijan. He is a
    career member of the Senior Foreign Service.
        He serves as a State Department faculty advisor at the
    National War College in Washington. Previously, he was deputy
    chief of mission and charges d'affaires at the U.S. mission to
    the European Union in Brussels.
        He has also served as a political counselor at our
    embassies in Warsaw, Nassau, Nicosia, and Baghdad. Here in
    Washington he has served as a watch stander and later deputy
    director for crisis management in the State Department
    Operations Center. I had an opportunity to visit it briefly
    just last week.
        He has also served as director of the Office--the deputy
    director in the Office of Central European Affairs, director of
    the Office of Southern European Affairs, director of
    orientation at the Foreign Service Institute, as well as
    spending time on the State Department secretariat staff.
    Welcome, Mr. Libby.
        Now, since we do not have our other members here yet they
    are going to be free to say a few words when they arrive but I
    am going to go ahead and introduce the other members who are
    here.
        Let me begin with you, Nisha Desai Biswal, who was
    nominated--has been nominated by the President to serve as
    deputy CEO of the U.S. International Development Finance
    Corporation.
        She has over 30 years of foreign policy and international
    development experience, having served in roles across the
    executive branch, Congress, and the private sector.
        She currently serves as the senior vice president for
    international strategy and global initiatives at the U.S.
    Chamber of Commerce where she oversees the U.S.-India Business
    Council and U.S.-Bangladesh Business Council.
        She served--previously served as assistant secretary for
    South Asia and Central Asian Affairs at the State Department
    from 2013 to 2017, and during her tenure as assistant secretary
    she initiated the C5+1 Dialogue with Central Asia and the U.S.-
    Bangladesh Partnership Dialogue. Welcome, Ms. Biswal.
        Next, we have Mr. Edgard Kagan, who is nominated to serve
    as our Ambassador to Malaysia. He is a career member of the
    Senior Foreign Service class of minister-counselor. He
    currently serves as special assistant to the President and
    senior director for East Asia and Oceania at the National
    Security Council.
        His career has taken him to U.S. embassies in New Delhi and
    Kuala Lumpur where he served as deputy chief of mission. He has
    also served overseas in Australia, China, Israel, Hungary, and
    Cote d'Ivoire.
        Prior to his deputy chief of mission roles he served as
    deputy assistant secretary for Australia, New Zealand, and the
    Pacific in the State Department's Bureau of East Asian and
    Pacific Affairs, and as counsel general at the U.S. Consulate
    General in Mumbai, India.
        He was also deputy director of the Washington office of the
    U.S. mission to the United Nations and director of Korean
    affairs and acting deputy assistant secretary for Japan and
    Korea in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs.
        So welcome to all of you. I think I have--everyone has been
    introduced now. So why do I not turn it over to all of you for
    your testimony, beginning with Ambassador Kierscht?

          STATEMENT OF HON. CYNTHIA KIERSCHT, OF MINNESOTA, A
           CAREER  MEMBER  OF  THE  SENIOR  FOREIGN  SERVICE,
           CLASS OF MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO BE AM-
           BASSADOR  EXTRAORDINARY   AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF
           THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  TO  THE  REPUBLIC OF
           DJIBOUTI

        Ms. Kierscht. Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney,
    distinguished Members of the Committee, I am honored to appear
    before you as President Biden's nominee to serve as the U.S.
    Ambassador to the Republic of Djibouti.
        I am grateful to the President and the Secretary of State
    for the confidence they have placed in me with this nomination.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working closely with this
    committee and with the Congress more broadly to advance
    American interests in Djibouti.
        Mr. Chairman, I would first like to express my gratitude
    for the love and support of my family, friends, and colleagues
    throughout my career.
        In particular, I would like to recognize my mother, Dr.
    Marcia Kierscht, here with me today, who has been an excellent
    role model, best friend, and who has visited me at every post,
    and my late grandmother, Cynthia Selland, who was a North
    Dakota public school teacher for 45 years, taught geography,
    from whom I no doubt got much inspiration for this journey.
        I am also grateful for the love and support of my brother,
    Matthew, and his family, Brenda and Kennedy, and to the great
    team at U.S. Embassy Nouakchott who are streaming this live at
    the Embassy. My deepest thanks for your support.
        It has been my honor and privilege for more than 32 years
    of public service to represent the American people, protect
    American citizens, and promote American interests overseas as a
    career member of the Foreign Service.
        If confirmed, I will proudly lead our interagency team in
    Djibouti on behalf of the United States, leveraging my
    experience in North Africa and the Sahel in Egypt, Libya,
    Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and most recently as U.S. Ambassador
    to Mauritania.
        Djibouti holds significant strategic importance for the
    United States. Its location at the mouth of the Red Sea makes
    it the trade and humanitarian gateway for the Horn of Africa.
        Djibouti has been a key partner in U.S. efforts to improve
    security and stability in the region, including hosting Camp
    Lemonnier, the U.S. military's only enduring presence on the
    African continent.
        Our military presence in Djibouti is particularly critical
    to ensuring the safety of our missions in Africa as recently
    illustrated by the successful evacuation of U.S. Embassy staff
    from Sudan.
        Djibouti has been a strong partner to the United States in
    upholding the rules-based international order at the United
    Nations and in other multilateral fora and, as host of the
    Intergovernmental Authority for Development, Djibouti plays a
    leading role in the region.
        Djibouti is also a key location for the United States to
    work with strategic partners in Africa and the Western Indian
    Ocean to counter efforts by other nations, such as the People's
    Republic of China, to undermine the rules-based order.
        If confirmed, I will work hand in hand with the full
    spectrum of the U.S. government to protect American national
    security interests in Djibouti.
        Over the past several years Djibouti has faced economic
    headwinds from the pandemic, the disruption to global shipping,
    the conflict in northern Ethiopia, and the resulting reduction
    in trade through Djibouti's ports and the historic drought
    affecting millions in the region.
        The Djiboutian people have shown remarkable resilience in
    the face of these multiple crises, and in spite of these
    challenges the economy is showing potential, driven by the
    Djiboutian government's strategy to diversify and engage
    private sector-led growth.
        If confirmed, I am committed to working with the U.S.
    private sector and government colleagues to support Djibouti's
    sustainable development and provide U.S. alternatives to
    investment by our strategic competitors.
        Mr. Chairman, protecting U.S. national security and
    advancing our interests in the region requires a secure,
    prosperous, and democratic Djibouti.
        If confirmed, I am committed to working with the U.S.
    agencies and likeminded allies to promote the ideals of good
    governance, including in advance of its 2026 presidential
    elections.
        The United States has enjoyed a strong relationship with
    the republic of Djibouti for decades and I see potential for
    even stronger ties as we work together towards a more secure,
    prosperous, and democratic future for all.
        If confirmed, I will work with the Embassy team to build on
    their efforts to partner with the Djiboutians to advance
    regional peace and security, support sustainable economic
    development, strengthen democratic institutions and promote
    good governance, while ensuring critical access and influence
    for our broader regional security efforts.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the Committee,
    thank you for considering my nomination. I welcome your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Kierscht follows:]

                   Prepared Statement of Hon. Cynthia Kierscht

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney, distinguished Members
    of the Committee, I am honored to appear before you as President
    Biden's nominee to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of
    Djibouti. I am grateful to the President and the Secretary of State for
    the confidence they have shown in me with this nomination. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely with this committee, and
    with the Congress more broadly, to advance American interests in
    Djibouti.
        Mr. Chairman, I would first like to express my gratitude for the
    love and support of my family, friends, and colleagues throughout my
    career. In particular, I would like to recognize my mother, Dr. Marcia
    Kierscht, who has been an excellent role model and who has visited me
    at every post, and my late grandmother, Cynthia Selland, who, as a
    North Dakota public school teacher for 45 years, taught geography and
    from whom, no doubt, I got much inspiration for this journey. I am also
    grateful for the love and support of my brother, Matthew, and his
    family.
        It has been my honor and privilege for more than 32 years of public
    service to represent the American people, protect American citizens,
    and promote American interests overseas. If confirmed, I will proudly
    lead our interagency team in Djibouti to do the same, leveraging my
    experience in North Africa and the Sahel--in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,
    Algeria, Morocco and most recently as U.S. Ambassador to Mauritania.
        Djibouti holds significant strategic importance for the United
    States. Its location at the mouth of the Red Sea, through which 12
    percent of all global trade passes, makes it the trade and humanitarian
    gateway for the Horn of Africa. Djibouti has been a key partner in U.S.
    efforts to improve security and stability in the region, including
    hosting Camp Lemonnier, the U.S. military's only enduring presence on
    the African continent. Our military presence in Djibouti is
    particularly critical to ensuring the safety of our missions in Africa,
    as recently illustrated by the successful evacuation of U.S. Embassy
    staff from Sudan. Djibouti has been a strong partner to the United
    States in upholding the rules-based international order at the United
    Nations and in other multilateral fora. As host of the
    Intergovernmental Authority for Development, Djibouti plays a leading
    role in the region.
        Djibouti is also a key location for the United States to work with
    strategic partners in Africa and the western Indian Ocean to counter
    efforts by some other nations, such as the People's Republic of China,
    to undermine the rules-based order. If confirmed, I will work hand-in-
    hand with the full spectrum of U.S. Government partners to protect
    American national security interests in Djibouti.
        Over the past several years, Djibouti has faced economic headwinds
    from the COVID-19 pandemic, the consequent disruption to global
    shipping, the conflict in northern Ethiopia and the resulting reduction
    in trade through Djibouti's ports, and the historic drought affecting
    millions in the region. The Djiboutian people have shown remarkable
    resilience in the face of multiple crises, and despite these
    challenges, the economy continues to show potential, driven by the
    Djiboutian Government's strategy to diversify and engage private
    sector-led growth. Djibouti is already a key international
    telecommunications hub as a landing point for numerous undersea cables,
    hosts the best port infrastructure in the region, and has significant
    and untapped renewable energy potential. If confirmed, I am committed
    to working with the U.S. private sector and government colleagues to
    support Djibouti's sustainable development and provide U.S.
    alternatives to investment by our strategic competitors.
        Protecting U.S. national security and advancing our interests in
    the region requires a secure, prosperous, and democratic Djibouti. If
    confirmed, I am committed to working with the U.S. agencies and like-
    minded allies to promote the ideals of good governance and political
    freedom in Djibouti, including in advance of its 2026 presidential
    elections. Djibouti is also a major transit point for migrants. If
    confirmed, I will work with Djiboutian officials to seek ways to assist
    and protect vulnerable migrants, especially to combat trafficking in
    persons.
        The United States has enjoyed a strong relationship with the
    Republic of Djibouti for decades and I see potential for even stronger
    ties, as we work together towards a more secure, prosperous, and
    democratic future for all. If confirmed, I will work with the Embassy
    country team to build on their efforts to partner with the Djiboutians
    to advance regional peace and security, support sustainable economic
    development, strengthen democratic institutions, and promote good
    governance, while ensuring critical access and influence for our
    broader regional security efforts.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the committee, thank
    you for considering my nomination. I welcome your questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you for your statement.
        Mr. Ehrendreich?

         STATEMENT OF JOEL EHRENDREICH, OF NEW YORK, A CA-
          REER MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS
          OF COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR EX-
          TRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF THE UNITED
          STATES OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF PALAU

        Mr. Ehrendreich. Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member
    Romney, Members of the Committee, good afternoon. I am honored
    to appear before you today and grateful for the confidence
    shown by the President and Secretary Blinken in nominating me
    to be Ambassador to the Republic of Palau.
        I want to give a special thank you to Senator Hagerty,
    someone who I greatly admired as ambassador and whose
    mentorship I am grateful for. You honored me, Senator,
    Ambassador, with that introduction.
        I would also like to take a moment to thank my loved ones
    who are here today, my sons Cooper and Calvin, both of whom I
    am so proud of and who have brought me joy every day of their
    lives, and happy birthday, Calvin; my daughter-in-law Nada, who
    has been a wonderful addition to the family, and our newest
    wonderful addition, our grandson, Zayn; and, of course, Rachel,
    my wife of 33 years, my love, my soul mate, the person who
    makes me a better person.
        I also want to thank my brother, Josh, my in-laws, Jackie
    and Scott Alter, my mother-in-law, Janice McClelland. I am
    truly blessed to have so many wonderful people in my life.
        And here I am also compelled to try to right a wrong in my
    official nomination bio. It mentioned where I was born--Omaha,
    Nebraska--but it left out where I grew up and the place that I
    still consider home to this day, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. So a
    shout out to the town I love and to all of my friends there.
        And if I could add just one special request from my fellow
    Whitefish Bay High School alum, Milwaukee Brewers manager Craig
    Counsell, if you could sprinkle just a little extra of that
    magic on the Brewers this season I would love it just one time
    before I die to know what it feels like to cheer for the World
    Series champion.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Van Hollen. All right.
        Mr. Ehrendreich. Senators, a couple weeks ago when we
    concluded the 2023 Compact Review Agreement with Palau, Palau's
    President Surangel Whipps said on his Facebook page, ``God
    bless Palau, God bless the United States of America, God bless
    us all.''
        I share President Whipps' enthusiasm for our partnership
    and potential for our future. I believe the United States and
    Palau have a real convergence of interests at this time, and if
    confirmed, I am eager to continue to advance our special
    relationship.
        To do so, I would first turn to our National Security
    Strategy and Indo-Pacific strategy. These documents describe in
    no uncertain terms that the United States faces unprecedented
    challenges from the People's Republic of China.
        We have seen that while the PRC's provocative actions span
    the globe, they are most acute in the Indo-Pacific. The
    strategies highlight the importance of enhancing our
    relationships with allies and partners to include a specific
    focus on deepening ties with Pacific Island countries.
        Regarding the 2023 Compact Review Agreement, I urge
    Congress to quickly take up the relevant implementing
    legislation, appropriate funds, and allow for the entry into
    force of the agreement.
        If confirmed, I would work to ensure both sides live up to
    the obligations made in the new agreement, which will enhance
    our relationship for the next 20 years and beyond.
        I would also point to our Embassy's integrated country
    strategy, which cites the need to address Palau's top priority,
    the existential threat from rising sea levels and increasing
    natural disasters.
        The people of Palau are counting on their partner, the
    United States, and the international community to unite with
    them in confronting this challenge.
        If confirmed, I would continue to work closely with the
    government of Palau and others to support disaster preparedness
    and response.
        Mr. Chairman, Mr. Ranking Member, Members of the Committee,
    thank you again for your consideration and the opportunity to
    appear before you today. I look forward to your questions and
    comments.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Ehrendreich follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Joel Ehrendreich

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney, Members of the
    Committee, good afternoon. I am honored to appear before you as
    President Biden's nominee for Ambassador to the Republic of Palau.
        I want to give a special thank you to Senator Hagerty, someone whom
    I greatly admired as Ambassador and whose mentorship I am grateful for.
    You honor me, Senator, by providing that introduction.
        I am grateful for the confidence shown by the President and
    Secretary Blinken in nominating me. I have spent the bulk of my nearly
    30-year career in the Indo-Pacific region, and, if confirmed, I look
    forward to working with Congress to advance U.S. interests in this
    region that I and so many others believe is fundamental to America's
    future.
        I would like to take a moment to thank my loved ones who have
    contributed to me ending up here today. My sons, Cooper and Calvin,
    both of whom I'm so proud of and who have brought me joy every day of
    their lives. My daughter-in-law Nada, who has been a wonderful addition
    to the family, and our newest wonderful addition, our grandson Zayn,
    born just a few weeks ago. And of course, Rachel, my wife of 33 years,
    my love, my soul mate, the person who makes me a better person. I also
    want to thank my brother, Josh, in-laws Jackie and Scott Alter, and
    mother-in-law Janice McClelland. I am truly blessed to have so many
    marvelous people in my life.
        And here I'm compelled to also try and right a wrong. My official
    nomination bio mentioned where I was born, Omaha, but left out where I
    grew up and the place that still feels like home to this day:
    Milwaukee, Wisconsin. So a shout-out to the town I love and all my
    friends there, and if I could just add one request for my fellow
    Whitefish Bay High School alum, Milwaukee Brewers manager Craig
    Counsell: If you could sprinkle just a little extra of your magic on
    the Brewers this season, I would love it, just once before I die, to
    know what it feels like to cheer for the World Series champion.
        Senators, a couple weeks ago, when we concluded the 2023 Compact
    Review Agreement, Palau's president, Surangel Whipps, Jr., posted on
    his Facebook page ``God bless Palau! God bless the United States of
    America. God bless us all!''
        I share President Whipps' enthusiasm for our partnership and
    potential for the future. I believe the United States and Palau have a
    real convergence of interests at this time. If confirmed, I am eager to
    continue to build on our special, unique relationship, and would look
    forward to advancing win-win opportunities for our two countries.
        To do so, I would first turn to our National Security Strategy,
    Indo-Pacific Strategy, and Pacific Partnership Strategy. These
    documents describe in no uncertain terms that the United States faces
    unprecedented challenges from the People's Republic of China. We have
    seen that while the PRC's provocative actions span the globe, they are
    most acute in the Indo-Pacific. The strategies highlight the importance
    of enhancing our relationships with allies and partners, to include a
    specific focus on deepening ties with Pacific Island Countries.
        Regarding the 2023 Compact Review Agreement, I urge Congress to
    quickly take up the relevant implementing legislation, appropriate
    funds, and allow for the entry into force of the agreement. If
    confirmed, and once the agreement enters into force, I would work to
    ensure both sides live up to the obligations made in the new agreement.
    The new agreement addresses investment and economic prosperity,
    oversight, and numerous other areas that will enhance our relationship
    for the next twenty years and beyond.
        I would also point to our Embassy's Integrated Country Strategy,
    which cites the need to address Palau's top priority: the existential
    threat from rising sea levels and increasing natural disasters. The
    people of Palau are counting on the international community to unite
    with them in confronting this challenge. If confirmed, I would continue
    to work closely with the Government of Palau and other partners to
    support disaster preparedness and response.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and Members of the Committee, thank
    you again for your consideration and the opportunity to appear before
    you today. I look forward to your comments and questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Ehrendreich. And while
    you have something in your prayers can you put a plug in for
    the Orioles, too?
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Van Hollen. All right. Mr. Libby?

            STATEMENT OF MARK W. LIBBY, OF MASSACHUSETTS, A CA-
             REER  MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN  SERVICE, CLASS
             OF  MINISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED   TO  BE AMBAS-
             SADOR  EXTRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF THE
             UNITED STATES  OF AMERICA TO THE REPUBLIC OF AZER-
             BAIJAN

        Mr. Libby. Thank you.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Romney, distinguished Members
    of the Committee, I appreciate the confidence President Biden
    and Secretary Blinken have placed in me by nominating me to be
    the next U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan and it is a great
    privilege to appear before you today.
        If I am confirmed I pledge to work closely with this
    committee and with all members of Congress to advance U.S.
    interests in and with Azerbaijan.
        I first would like to introduce my wife, Dinousha, who
    joins me as we celebrate our 26th wedding anniversary this
    summer. Polish by birth, a naturalized U.S. citizen, Dinousha
    is an American by choice.
        She inspires me with her patriotism through decades of
    behind the scenes public service, training U.S. diplomats in
    some of the world's most strategically important foreign
    languages.
        She is a wonderful mother to our wonderful son, Andrew, who
    is also here today together with his partner, Sophie Prager.
        Missing today are my father, Pete, who died 12 years ago,
    my sister Diane, brother Steven and mom, Marjorie. Their love
    has sustained me throughout my life.
        I would also like to acknowledge the teams at Georgetown
    University Hospital here in Washington and the Dana Farber
    Cancer Institute in Boston. They have cured me of disease
    repeatedly since I was 20 years old and I literally owe them my
    life. Thanks to them I am able to be here today and I have been
    able to serve my country for so many years.
        All U.S. diplomats have a core duty to protect American
    citizens and if I am confirmed that will be my top priority. In
    my three decades of public service I have seen the persistence
    of and sacrifices made by U.S. Foreign Service, civil service,
    military, and other interagency partners and by our locally
    engaged staff.
        As you pointed out, Mr. Chairman, these dedicated
    colleagues often face danger and hardship to safeguard their
    fellow Americans and to pursue U.S. national interests.
        If I am confirmed it will be the honor of a lifetime to
    lead the team at Embassy Baku in pursuit of those same goals.
    If confirmed I will also support U.S. efforts to facilitate a
    just and sustainable peace agreement between Azerbaijan and
    Armenia.
        This tragic conflict has produced a bitter legacy of pain
    and mistrust. I know many members of this committee have
    concerns about Azerbaijan. I share and understand them.
        Solving issues of territorial integrity, sovereignty, and
    the rights and securities of everyone in the region, including
    those residing in Nagorno-Karabakh, is vital to any durable and
    dignified peace.
        There is no military solution to this conflict and the U.S.
    must continue to condemn violence or threats of violence. But
    with the help of the United States and of our European partners
    the parties are closer than ever to reaching an agreement and
    if I am confirmed I commit to help to get them there through
    active and persistent engagement in Baku.
        But signing a peace deal is only the first step. If I am
    confirmed I will lead Embassy Baku's interagency team to
    support the implementation of an eventual settlement.
    Successful implementation of a peace agreement would pave the
    way for deeper ties between the U.S. and Azerbaijan that will
    stabilize the region and thwart hostile competitors who seek to
    expand their malign influence by capitalizing on conflict.
        A peace deal would allow us to take to the next level much
    of what already works well in our relationship with Azerbaijan.
    Cooperation in counterterrorism, border security, energy
    security, and maritime security serves the U.S. national
    interest in security.
        If confirmed, I will redouble our efforts in these areas. I
    will seek to foster further economic development and create
    more numerous and diverse opportunities for U.S. companies to
    compete and generate jobs at home.
        Democracy and human rights are core to U.S. foreign policy
    not just because they reflect our values but because they have
    proven to be the best foundation for peace and prosperity.
        If confirmed, I pledge to engage in a respectful but very
    frank dialogue with a wide range of Azerbaijani leaders and
    citizens and to advocate persistently for those values, rights,
    and freedoms in Azerbaijan and in the wider region.
        If confirmed, I will work in full and open consultation
    with this committee, which has shown such leadership advancing
    our values and interests in this complex region.
        I commit to cooperation with you to advance our goals of a
    stable, democratic, peaceful, and prosperous Azerbaijan that is
    a strategic partner to the United States.
        Thank you for your time and I look forward to your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Libby follows:]

                      Prepared Statement of Mark W. Libby

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney, distinguished Members
    of the Committee: It is a great privilege to testify as the President's
    nominee to be the next U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan. I appreciate the
    confidence President Biden and Secretary Blinken have placed in me with
    this nomination. If confirmed, I pledge to work closely with this
    Committee and all Members of Congress to advance U.S. interests in and
    with Azerbaijan.
        I first would like to introduce my wife, Danusia, who joins me as
    we as celebrate our 26th wedding anniversary this summer. Polish by
    birth; as a naturalized U.S. citizen, Danusia is American by choice.
    She inspires me with her patriotism through decades of behind-the-
    scenes public service, training U.S. diplomats in some of the world's
    most strategically important foreign languages. She is a wonderful
    mother to our wonderful son Andrew, who is also here today with his
    partner, Sophie Prager.
        Missing today are my father, Pete, who died 12 years ago, my sister
    Diane, brother Stephen, and mom Marjorie. Their love has sustained me
    throughout my life. I'd also like to acknowledge the teams at
    Georgetown University Hospital in Washington and the Dana Farber Cancer
    Institute in Boston. They have cured me of disease repeatedly since I
    was 20. I literally owe them my life; thanks to them, I have been able
    to serve my country for so many years and can be here today.
        All U.S. diplomats have a core duty to protect American citizens--
    and if I am confirmed, this will be my most important task. In my three
    decades of public service, I have seen the persistence and sacrifices
    made by U.S. Foreign Service, civil service, military and other
    interagency partners, and by our locally engaged staff. These dedicated
    colleagues often face danger and hardship to safeguard their fellow
    Americans and pursue U.S. interests. If confirmed, it will be the honor
    of a lifetime to lead the team at Embassy Baku in pursuit of these same
    goals.
        If confirmed, I will also support U.S. efforts to facilitate a just
    and sustainable peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia. This
    tragic conflict has produced a bitter legacy of pain and mistrust. I
    know many Members of this Committee have concerns about Azerbaijan--and
    I share them. Solving issues of territorial integrity, sovereignty, and
    the rights and security of everyone in the region--including those in
    Nagorno-Karabakh--is vital to any durable and dignified peace. There is
    no military solution to this conflict and the U.S. condemns violence or
    threats of violence. But with the help of the United States and of our
    European Union partners, the parties are closer than ever to reaching
    agreement. If confirmed, I commit to help them get there through active
    and persistent engagement in Baku.
        But signing a peace deal is only the first step. If confirmed, I
    will lead Embassy Baku's interagency team to support the implementation
    of an eventual settlement. Successful implementation of a peace
    agreement would open new horizons for trade and investment that will
    lead to greater prosperity throughout the South Caucasus and beyond. It
    also would pave the way for deeper ties between the United States and
    Azerbaijan that will stabilize the region and thwart hostile
    competitors seeking to expand their malign influence by capitalizing on
    the conflict.
        A peace deal would allow us to take to the next level much of what
    already works well in our relationship with Azerbaijan. Cooperation
    with Azerbaijan in counterterrorism and border, energy, and maritime
    security is noteworthy and serves the U.S. national interest. If
    confirmed, I will redouble our efforts in these areas.
        Energy is of particular importance. Cooperation with Azerbaijan has
    brought more energy to market, helping our European partners diversify
    sources and routes away from Russia and stabilizing global supply. If
    confirmed, I will seek to foster further economic development and
    create even more numerous and diverse opportunities for U.S. companies
    to compete and generate jobs at home.
        Democracy and human rights are core to U.S. foreign policy - not
    just because they reflect our values, but because they are the best
    foundation for peace and prosperity. They also are integral to
    international commitments and obligations that both we and Azerbaijan
    have undertaken. If confirmed, I will advocate for democracy,
    responsive governance, and the rights and freedoms necessary to realize
    the full potential of all of Azerbaijan's people. I pledge to engage in
    respectful, but frank dialogue with a wide range of Azerbaijani leaders
    and citizens to advocate for these values, rights and freedoms in
    Azerbaijan and in the wider region. If confirmed, I will work in full
    and open consultation with this committee, which has shown such
    leadership advancing our values and interests in this complex region. I
    commit to cooperation with you to advance our goal of a stable,
    democratic, peaceful, and prosperous Azerbaijan that is a strategic
    partner to the United States.
        Thank you for considering my nomination, and I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Libby. I see we have
    been joined by Senator Warner and Senator Kaine, who is a
    member of the committee.
        Senator Warner is here to say a few words on behalf of Ms.
    Desai Biswal and, Senator, we have gone through the bios of all
    of our nominees and so we understand their credentials.
        But we would love to have some personal testimony as why
    you think this nominee is important to the country.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. MARK R. WARNER,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA

        Senator Warner. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I
    apologize. Senator Kaine and I were away on another issue that
    you care very dearly about as well and we were standing up for
    your interests.
        And I would not, though, have been if I had realized, I
    have to tell you that--Senator Romney on this subcommittee was
    actually ranking member--I would have never been late. That
    matter would have been put aside.
        So we have got a very distinguished group of nominees here.
    Nisha I have known literally for years. I have known her when
    she worked in the Obama administration and had the expertise to
    deal with all of the issues around South Asia, her prior time
    at AID and American Red Cross.
        She brings a distinguished governmental career but she also
    brings enormous activities. Probably where I got to know her
    the most was when she went over on the business side and worked
    for USIBC.
        Matter of fact, Senator Cornyn and I, we were still the co-
    chairs of the India Caucus, the largest single country caucus
    in the Senate, 42 members, bipartisan.
        Nisha did a great, great job at USIBC and so I can
    recommend her without reservation and particularly because I
    think the position she is nominated for as being--helping our
    friend, Scott Nathan, over at DFC.
        DFC, I think, is one of the real assets we have,
    particularly as we compete against China on issues like Belt
    and Road and others.
        We cannot simply do it with military and other supports. We
    have to have a strong active international finance organization
    that can go toe to toe with--against Belt and Road and against
    other initiatives.
        We all know our country on a per capita basis does much,
    much smaller than most other first world nations and Nisha will
    bring that combination of both business side, AID side. She
    started her career at the American Red Cross. She served in the
    administration.
        No one is better situated for this position. I just met
    with the senior leadership of DFC last week as we look at some
    of this technology competition. There are a host of deals and
    areas that they are trying to pursue that Nisha would add value
    day one.
        So I hope--not only do I recommend her but I hope the
    committee will act with great speed in moving her through and I
    know she will have--I have talked to a number of folks who have
    dealt with her as well in the past--broad bipartisan support.
        With that I will defer to my colleague, Senator Kaine, who
    is here for somebody else but he was going to put a--you are
    going to put a good word in for Nisha as well, are you not,
    Tim?
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Warner.
        Senator Kaine.

                      STATEMENT OF HON. TIM KAINE,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA

        Senator Kaine. Well, I guess I better put in a good word
    for Nisha. No, we have worked together very well and I am
    strongly supportive. Echo what Senator Warner said.
        I was asked to say a few words about another proud
    Virginian, Edgard Kagan, who is nominated to be the Ambassador
    to Malaysia, and, Mr. Chair, mindful of the notion that you
    have already gone through the bio, just really quickly, I mean,
    this is a tremendously talented public servant who has already
    served once in Malaysia as DCM, as well as DCM in India.
        He currently is the senior director for East Asia and
    Oceania at the National Security Council at the White House and
    he is the kind of person that makes me feel like a complete
    underachiever in life because he is a recipient of a
    presidential meritorious award, speaks French, Mandarin
    Chinese, Hungarian, Spanish--not the easiest languages to
    master.
        But he has--the challenges of trying to deal with China in
    the region are very, very significant and Malaysia can be very
    critical in helping us deal with those challenges and that is
    what he has been doing already. So he is eminently qualified
    for the post and I am glad to say a word on his behalf.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Senator Kaine. I
    do want the record to show what deference this Maryland senator
    showed to my colleagues from the other side of the Potomac
    River.
        With that, Mr. Kagan?

         STATEMENT OF EDGARD D. KAGAN, OF VIRGINIA,  A CAREER
          MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF MIN-
          ISTER-COUNSELOR,  NOMINATED  TO  BE  AMBASSADOR EX-
          TRAORDINARY  AND  PLENIPOTENTIARY   OF  THE  UNITED
          STATES OF AMERICA TO MALAYSIA

        Mr. Kagan. Certainly.
        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney, distinguished
    Members of the Committee, thank you so much for the opportunity
    to appear before you today.
        It is an honor to do so as President Biden's nominee for
    the position of United States Ambassador to Malaysia, and I am
    grateful to the President and to Secretary Blinken for their
    confidence.
        I am also grateful to State Department colleagues past and
    present who have given me a lifelong education in diplomacy and
    public service.
        I have spent 32 years in the Foreign Service, 14 of which
    were representing the United States in the Indo-Pacific. But
    across the six administrations in which I have served I have
    seen the critical role of cooperation and alignment with
    Congress.
        If confirmed, I commit to working with you and the Congress
    as a whole to advance U.S. strategic interests in Malaysia,
    ASEAN, and the Indo-Pacific.
        I am so happy to be accompanied today by my family. My
    mother, Peggy Kagan is here, joined by my sister, Dr. Isabelle
    Kagan, both visiting from Lexington, Kentucky. Also here are my
    wife, Cynthia Gire, and my children, Marshall, Anne-Sophie, and
    Daniel.
        They have shared the challenges, pleasures, and
    opportunities of living in six cities in five countries on
    three continents. For our children that has meant attending
    nine schools. I am far luckier than I deserve and could not be
    here today without their love, support, and forbearance.
        Sadly, my father, Jacques Kagan, passed away last year. He
    would have been so proud to have seen this day.
        I became familiar with Malaysia when I served there as
    deputy chief of mission from 2014 to 2017. If confirmed, I
    would look forward to building on our strong relationship in
    several key areas.
        First, we are one of Malaysia's largest foreign investors
    and our bilateral trade last year supported an estimated 58,000
    U.S. jobs. If confirmed, I would prioritize further
    strengthening our economic ties.
        Second, the United States and Malaysia work together to
    combat terrorism and transnational crime and to promote
    maritime security. I will continue to support these shared
    priorities, if confirmed.
        Third, standing for our values is at the heart of America's
    global role. If confirmed, I will work to strengthen the rule
    of law, transparency, good governance, and respect for human
    rights in Malaysia.
        I am particularly concerned about human trafficking,
    including forced labor and migrant labor--migrant worker
    rights. I will work with Malaysia on these issues, if
    confirmed.
        None of this, however, can be accomplished without the
    amazing U.S. Embassy team in Kuala Lumpur. I will make their
    safety and that of U.S. citizens my highest priority, if
    confirmed.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, Members of the Committee, the
    U.S.-Malaysia partnership is strong. I believe it can grow even
    stronger. If confirmed, working closely with Congress, I will
    do all I can to strengthen this relationship.
        Thank you, and I welcome your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Kagan follows:]

                     Prepared Statement of Edgard D. Kagan

        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, and distinguished Members of the
    Committee, Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today. It
    is an honor to do so as President Biden's nominee for the position of
    United States Ambassador to Malaysia. I'm grateful to the President and
    to Secretary Blinken for their confidence.
        I'm also grateful to State Department colleagues, past and present,
    who have given me a lifelong education in diplomacy and public service.
    I have spent 32 years in the Foreign Service, 14 of which were
    representing the United States in the Indo-Pacific. Each post, from New
    Delhi to Canberra; Beijing to Kuala Lumpur, held its own lessons. But
    across the six Administrations in which I have served, I have seen the
    critical role of cooperation and alignment with Congress. If confirmed,
    I commit to working with you to advance U.S. strategic interests in
    Malaysia, ASEAN, and the broader Indo-Pacific region.
        I am grateful to be accompanied today by my family. My mother,
    Peggy Kagan, is here, joined by my sister, Isabelle Kagan, both
    visiting from Lexington, Kentucky. Also here are my wife Cynthia Gire,
    and children Marshall, Anne-Sophie and Daniel. They have shared the
    challenges, pleasures, and opportunities of living together in six
    cities in five countries on three continents. For our children, that
    meant attending nine schools. I am far luckier than I deserve and could
    not be here today without their love, support, and forbearance. I
    particularly want to highlight Anne-Sophie, who is graduating from high
    school this week. I am so proud of you and so grateful you are here
    today.
        I became familiar with Malaysia, its vibrant multicultural society,
    dynamic economy, beautiful landscapes, and exceptional people--while
    serving there as Deputy Chief of Mission from 2014 to 2017. Since its
    independence in 1957, Malaysia and the United States have forged an
    enduring partnership based on shared interests and mutual respect. We
    see the breadth and depth of our relationship in the Comprehensive
    Partnership between our countries. We see it, too, in our extensive
    trade and investment relationship, broad security cooperation, and
    people-to-people ties. If confirmed, I would look forward to building
    on this foundation in several key areas.
        First, we are one of Malaysia's largest foreign investors, and our
    $79.4 billion of bilateral trade in goods and services last year
    supported an estimated 58,000 U.S. jobs. Critical to supply chains,
    especially in semiconductors, Malaysia accounts for 24 percent of U.S.
    semiconductor trade. Last year, in my capacity as National Security
    Council Senior Director for East Asia and Oceania, I was proud to work
    to bring Malaysia on as a founding partner of the Indo-Pacific Economic
    Framework. If confirmed, I will prioritize further strengthening our
    economic ties and promoting inclusive and sustainable growth, including
    in new industries.
        Second, our security and law enforcement cooperation with Malaysia
    has grown. We work together to combat terrorism and transnational
    crimes, and to promote maritime security. We have also increased our
    cooperation on cybersecurity. Our countries hold regular military
    exercises to improve our ability to work together and build capacity. I
    will continue to support these shared priority areas, if confirmed.
        Third, standing up for our values is at the heart of America's
    global role. If confirmed, I will work to further strengthen the rule
    of law, transparency, good governance, democracy, and respect for human
    rights in Malaysia. I am particularly concerned about human
    trafficking, including forced labor, and migrant worker rights.
    Following Malaysia's downgrade to Tier 3 in the 2021 Trafficking in
    Persons Report, we have encouraged Malaysia to significantly increase
    its efforts to protect victims and hold traffickers and complicit
    officials accountable. If confirmed, I will work with Malaysia to
    improve investigations and prosecutions of trafficking allegations,
    including forced labor, and to increase victim identification and
    support. I will also work with the Malaysian Government, UNHCR, and
    civil society to support the nearly 186,000 refugees and asylum-seekers
    in Malaysia.
        None of this, however, can be accomplished without the amazing U.S.
    Embassy team in Kuala Lumpur. I will make their safety and that of U.S.
    citizens my highest priority if confirmed.
        Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member, Members of this Committee--the U.S.-
    Malaysia partnership is strong; I believe that it holds potential to
    grow still stronger. Mounting challenges in the region demand no less.
    If confirmed, in partnership with Congress, I will do all I can to
    realize it. Thank you, and I welcome your questions.
                                   __________

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Kagan.
        Ms. Biswal?

        STATEMENT OF HON. NISHA DESAI BISWAL, OF VIRGINIA,
         NOMINATED TO BE DEPUTY CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF
         THE UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL  DEVELOPMENT  FI-
         NANCE CORPORATION

        Ms. Biswal. Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney,
    Members of the Committee, thank you so much for this
    opportunity to appear before you today as the nominee for
    Deputy CEO of the United States International Development
    Finance Corporation.
        I am deeply honored and humbled by the nomination and
    grateful for the trust placed in me by the President for this
    important role.
        I particularly want to thank Senator Warner for his
    friendship and support. Having grown up in Virginia, I consider
    it my home state and we are blessed to have exceptional
    leadership in Senator Warner and Senator Kaine.
        I am here today with my husband, Subrat--he is my rock and
    my North Star--our two daughters, Safya and Kaya, who are the
    light of my life, and my father, Kanu. It is their unflagging
    belief in me and that of my mother and my in-laws and my
    extended family that makes all things possible and I am ever
    grateful for their love.
        Our extended family and friends are watching online, and I
    also want to thank my colleagues at the U.S. Chamber of
    Commerce, both in the room and online, from whom I have learned
    so much.
        I am grateful for the opportunity to return to public
    service, if confirmed. I learned the importance of service at a
    very early age from my grandparents, who took part in India's
    fight for independence and who served time in British jails.
        My grandparents saw public service as the highest of
    callings, an investment in country and community, and they
    instilled those values in me.
        In Congress, at USAID, in the State Department, and most
    recently with the Chamber of Commerce, my own career in public
    service has allowed me to work at the nexus of foreign policy,
    development, and economic interests.
        DFC represents the amalgamation of all those experiences
    and an opportunity to apply the lessons I have learned.
        Mr. Chairman, I first want to commend this body and your
    colleagues in the House for passing the BUILD Act. In
    establishing DFC Congress sought to create a best-in-class
    development finance agency that will both advance U.S.
    strategic interests and create positive development impact in
    the countries in which it operates.
        We have seen how the lack of access to adequate financing
    has led many developing nations to lean too heavily on state
    capital from authoritarian nations, often at unsustainable and
    predatory rates that yield poor development outcomes and
    undermine their sovereignty.
        The BUILD Act has enabled the United States to offer a more
    compelling finance alternative, one that is consistent with our
    values and catalyzes private investment.
        If confirmed, I will work with our outstanding CEO, Scott
    Nathan, and the DFC staff to advance three key pillars:
    enhancing our strategic focus, advancing impact-driven
    investments, and focusing on collaboration and partnership.
        And, Mr. Chairman, if confirmed as Deputy CEO of DFC, I am
    committed to working collaboratively with Congress and other
    key stakeholders to fulfill the mission of DFC.
        I am ready to serve the American people in this critical
    role and I thank you for your time and consideration. I look
    forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Hon. Nisha Desai Biswal
    follows:]

                    Prepared Statement of Nisha Desai Biswal

        Chairman Van Hollen, Ranking Member Romney, and Members of the
    Committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today as
    the nominee for Deputy CEO of the United States International
    Development Finance Corporation (DFC). I am deeply honored and humbled
    by the nomination and grateful for the trust placed in me by the
    President for this important role.
        I am here with my husband Subrat and our two daughters Safya and
    Kaya. It is their unflagging belief in me that makes all things
    possible, and I am ever grateful for their love. Our extended family
    and friends and are watching on-line and I want to thank them for their
    love and support that carried us through some challenging times.
        I am grateful for the opportunity to return to public service, if
    confirmed. I learned the importance of sacrifice and service at a very
    early age as I listened to my grandparents talk of their activism in
    support of India s independence and the time spent in British jails for
    participating in civil disobedience. They saw public service as the
    highest of callings an investment in country and community.
        For me, it has been a privilege to have spent most of my career
    working alongside talented and dedicated colleagues in both parties.
        In Congress, at USAID, in the State Department and most recently
    with the Chamber of Commerce. my own career in public service has
    allowed me to work at the nexus of our foreign policy, development, and
    economic interests. DFC represents the amalgamation of all those
    experiences and an opportunity to apply the lessons learned.
        I believe that DFC plays a crucial role in catalyzing private
    sector investments, fostering new and existing partnerships, and
    driving positive change in emerging markets. If confirmed, I will bring
    my passion, experience, and leadership skills to bear on the challenges
    and opportunities that lie ahead.
        But let me start by commending this body and your colleagues in the
    House for passing the BUILD Act. In establishing DFC, Congress sought
    to create a best-in-class development finance agency that will both
    advance US strategic interests and create a positive development impact
    in the countries in which it operates.
        We have seen that lack of access to adequate financing has led many
    developing nations to lean too heavily on state capital from our
    strategic competitors, often at unsustainable and predatory rates that
    yield poor development outcomes and undermine their sovereignty. The
    BUILD Act has enabled the United States to offer a more compelling
    financing alternative, one that is consistent with our values, and
    catalyzes private investment.
        DFC has a dual mandate to focus on making positive development
    impact in the poorest countries of the world, and, at the same time,
    advance the strategic interests of the United States. DFC mobilizes
    private capital to build infrastructure that connects local producers
    to markets, to enable companies to expand their production and hire new
    staff, and to deliver essential services like telecommunications,
    energy, water, and sanitation.
        If confirmed, I will work with CEO Scott Nathan and DFC staff to
    advance three key pillars: strategic focus, impact-driven investments,
    and collaboration.
        I recognize that DFC is a critical tool in advancing our national
    security interests, and as such, must maintain a strategic focus
    aligned with U.S. foreign policy priorities. By focusing on key sectors
    and regions where our investments can have the greatest impact, we can
    maximize our contribution to sustainable development, economic growth,
    and poverty alleviation. I intend to work with DFC staff and with our
    interagency colleagues to ensure that our investment decisions align
    with U.S. strategic interests and development goals.
        Second, DFC must prioritize investments that create tangible,
    measurable, and sustainable outcomes for local communities. By
    promoting transparency, accountability, and responsible business
    practices, we can ensure that our investments deliver not only
    financial returns but also positive development impacts.
        Lastly, I strongly believe in the power of collaboration. If
    confirmed, I will actively engage with international organizations,
    governments, civil society, and the private sector to forge strategic
    alliances, leverage resources, and amplify the impact of our
    investments. And drawing upon my experience at the U.S. Chamber of
    Commerce, I will engage new private sector partners, building upon
    DFC's existing partnerships and adding new avenues for cooperation,
    both domestically and internationally.
        I am deeply passionate about international development, private
    sector engagement, and sustainable economic growth. If confirmed as
    Deputy CEO of DFC, I am committed to working collaboratively with
    Congress and other stakeholders to fulfill the mission of DFC.
        I am ready to serve the American people in this critical role.
    Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Ms. Biswal, and thank all of
    you for your testimony here and now we will start a period of
    questioning.
        And, Mr. Kagan, if I could start with you. Malaysia is home
    to the largest rare earths processing facility outside of the
    PRC and recent reports show that Malaysia is also home to
    deposits of strategic and criminal--excuse me, critical
    minerals, including tin.
        As we look to our ongoing efforts to both friendshore and
    develop more stable supply chains of critical minerals and rare
    earth minerals what role can you play if you are confirmed as
    our ambassador to Malaysia?
        Mr. Kagan. Thank you very much for your question, Mr.
    Chairman.
        I think the question of rare earths and, more broadly,
    critical minerals is one that is a very high priority to this
    country and I think that you have seen that the administration
    has done a considerable amount of work on this.
        I think that the importance of working on these
    arrangements with countries where we have good relationships
    and trying to develop new sources so that we can have reliable
    supply chains and diversified supply chains is absolutely
    critical and I think that we have real potential to do that in
    countries like Malaysia.
        So, if confirmed, I would want to work closely with the
    American private sector, with different parts of the U.S.
    government, and with the Malaysian government to ensure that we
    are able to continue expanding the areas of cooperation in
    this, support development of resources, and above all make sure
    that we do this in partnership with Malaysia in ways that are
    sustainable and that promote our values.
        Thank you, sir.
        Senator Van Hollen. No, I appreciate that. I was recently
    on a trip with Senator Merkley and we stopped in Indonesia,
    where this is also, as you know, a very important issue.
        Ms. Biswal, let me turn to you. The DFC, as you described
    well, is a critical agency to our efforts to invest overseas in
    a way that also strengthens our supply chains, serves American
    interests and those of our partners overseas.
        Scott Nathan and, I think, you would make a great team. Let
    me--let me ask you about an issue that is a little bit of
    inside baseball but very important, which is the issue of how
    we currently--we, the Congress, and our budget agencies score
    the DFC. I am sure you are familiar with this issue.
        We are having a debate here in Congress right now. Senator
    Coons has introduced a bill--I am a co-sponsor--to try to make
    sure that we get all the--all the punch that we can out of the
    DFC. Could you--could you talk a little bit about that issue
    and the importance of resolving it?
        Ms. Biswal. Sure. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I believe you are referring to, in particular, the scoring
    with respect to equity financing at DFC. Congress and the BUILD
    Act provided DFC with authority to do equity investment in
    order to ensure that we could--that DFC could invest in
    countries where perhaps debt financing was not as much of an
    option, and I believe that in so doing created an opportunity
    for DFC to create more compelling investments in perhaps
    sometimes riskier regions.
        However, the lack of scoring or the inability to score
    DFC's equity financing in ways that allow it to advance that I
    think has held up how much equity financing DFC is able to do.
        Congress can look at the scoring issue in a number of
    different ways. For example, the President's budget, I believe,
    has requested a revolving fund of $2 billion to be able to put
    towards equity financing--$2 billion in mandatory spending--or
    changing the scoring to be consistent with how, for example,
    other development finance institutions score equity would
    enable DFC to be more forward leaning in this area.
        Senator Van Hollen. I appreciate that, and I hope that this
    committee and our colleagues will get this done as quickly as
    possible because I think it hinders DFC from being able to
    maximize its resources.
        There is a vote on now so I am going to turn it over to
    Senator Ricketts for questioning. I am going to turn the gavel
    over to Senator Kaine or Senator Menendez, whoever wants to
    have it--Senator Kaine.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you very much.
        First of all, to all of our folks here I want to say thank
    you for your service to our country and especially our career
    Foreign Service people.
        I know that you all have sacrificed to be able to serve our
    great nation. It involves a lot. You have put your families
    through a lot. I just want to say thank you very much. As a
    governor who went on a lot of trade missions I very much
    appreciate all the help I got when I was at the Embassy. So
    just have nothing but the highest respect for you.
        What I would like to talk about is Djibouti. In 2017
    Djibouti became the first country to host a People's Republic
    of China military base outside, obviously, the People's
    Republic itself; and earlier this year it was announced that
    Djibouti had reached an agreement with the People's Republic of
    China for a billion dollars to have a spaceport in that
    country, and this is obviously a part of the PRC's larger
    effort to commercialize space but also to extend its Belt and
    Road Initiative.
        And, of course, there is two concerning things about this.
    One, Djibouti is already heavily in debt to the People's
    Republic of China to the tune of about a billion dollars--it
    represents about 43 percent of its GDP--and puts them at risk
    to be a part of what we have seen consistently around the world
    from the People's Republic of China, this debt trap.
        But perhaps more concerningly, at least for the United
    States--I am going to read to you from the DNI's 2023 threat
    assessment--it said that China is steadily progressing towards
    its goal of becoming a world-class space leader with the intent
    to match or surpass the United States by the year 2045.
        It continues--counter space operations will be integral to
    potential PLA military campaigns and China has counter space
    weapons capabilities intended to target the U.S. and our
    allies.
        One of the fears with this spaceport outside of the
    People's Republic of China is they will use that to sidestep or
    outright reject international space rules with regard to how we
    do this and, of course, this matter is incredibly important to
    all of us. From using ATMs to harvesting our food we all rely
    on satellite technology.
        In my home state of Nebraska, for example, we rely heavily
    on satellite technology to run our harvesting machines, the
    tractors and so forth. In fact, one farmer told one of my staff
    members that if it was not for satellite technology he was
    worried that his equipment would be useless.
        So, Ambassador Kierscht, let us talk about do you believe
    that the space launch facility will this push Djibouti more
    into this debt trap that the PRC has?
        Ms. Kierscht. Thank you for that--raising that important
    issue, Senator.
        You are absolutely correct that there was a base
    established--their first military base was established in 2017
    and there has been a deal on the table for this $1 billion
    spaceport that you reference.
        As Secretary Blinken has said, China represents the most
    consequential geopolitical challenge of our time, and as
    diplomats we are going to be facing this around the globe.
        In terms of the spaceport, it is clear that Africans,
    including the Djiboutians, have an aspiration to develop
    further in the space field as well as the advanced technology
    field.
        As recognized during the Africa Leaders Summit this past
    December the U.S. recognized that interest and held the first
    U.S. Africa space forum to meet together to discuss these very
    issues that you are raising and, if confirmed, I would
    certainly work closely with the Djiboutians to make sure that
    we identify ways for them to act responsibly in this field here
    on Earth so that we can make sure that our space is free and
    remains that way.
        Senator Ricketts. What can we do to incentivize Djibouti
    from staying away from these risky debt deals? What can the
    United States--what more can we do?
        Ms. Kierscht. Well, I think one of the best ways we can
    incentivize them away from delving into these areas is to
    engage our own private sector and that is something, if
    confirmed, I would be very much interested in doing and I am
    happy to be sitting here with my co-panelist who may be placed
    at the DFC because I think that is one of the good tools that
    we are able to use to leverage our U.S. businesses overseas.
        We have other U.S. government agency tools also that we can
    be using, including the EXIM and USTDA. But, really, I think we
    need to look at engaging our private sector to give them
    opportunities to compete.
        Senator Ricketts. Why do you think the PRC selected
    Djibouti for the spaceport facility?
        Ms. Kierscht. Well, it is an interesting question. I think
    if you actually look at some of the specifics of it, it does
    not actually give the Chinese much of an advantage in terms of
    where it is and compared to what they have within their own
    country.
        It is--as you identified, the Djiboutians are heavily debt
    reliant on China. They--and this is something that we will keep
    a very close eye on.
        Senator Ricketts. What can we do to encourage Djibouti to
    ratify space law treaty so that this cannot be used as a
    loophole by the People's Republic of China?
        Ms. Kierscht. Well, that is something, if confirmed, I
    would be talking to them on a regular basis about. That is
    something that we would have to have regular conversations
    about.
        Senator Ricketts. Great. Thank you, Ambassador. I
    appreciate it. Mr. Chairman?
        Senator Kaine [presiding]. Chairman Menendez?
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and to Senator Van
    Hollen for presiding over these nominations. It is an important
    task that we ask all of our members on both sides of the aisle
    to engage in. So I appreciate your willingness to do it.
        Let me congratulate all the nominees before us today. We
    want to thank you and your families for your commitment to
    service to our country because it really truly is a family
    affair and so we appreciate your willingness to serve the
    nation.
        These are critical posts that we need to carry out U.S.
    foreign policy abroad and I hope we will be able to work
    through your nominations both at the committee and on the floor
    in a reasonable time so we can get you to the post.
        Let me go to just a couple of questions.
        Mr. Libby, one of the most challenging issues on the
    ongoing peace talks between Armenia and Azerbaijan is the
    rights and security for the people of Nagorno-Karabakh. I have
    deep concerns that without robust international guarantees the
    people of Nagorno-Karabakh will be extremely vulnerable.
        What do you see as the different possible outcomes for the
    people of Nagorno-Karabakh and do you share my concerns about
    their physical safety as well as their protection for their
    cultural rights?
        Mr. Libby. Mr. Chairman, thanks for the question.
        I do share your concerns about the future of that region,
    including the people in Nagorno-Karabakh. That is why I think
    Secretary Blinken has really put his shoulder to the wheel to
    try and come up with and facilitate a settlement.
        And the good news is that for the moment at least all of
    the parties seem to be engaging and engaging seriously. It is
    not going to be easy but a settlement that we want to reach and
    we want to help them reach is one that addresses issues of
    sovereignty, rights and security for all the people in the
    region, and territorial integrity.
        With regard to the situation of Nagorno-Karabakh I do not
    necessarily want to prejudice what that looks like. That is a
    matter for the parties to decide. But a situation in which
    their rights and securities have not been considered or not
    factored in and taken care of in some fashion strikes me as
    something that would not be durable.
        The Chairman. It is for the parties to decide but we,
    clearly, have a role in trying to advocate the process forward.
    I am deeply concerned by the ongoing blockade of Nagorno-
    Karabakh, which severely limits the basic goods and aid
    entering the region.
        Azerbaijan's more than 180-day blockade has threatened
    famine for the local Armenian population, causing rationing
    resulting in pharmacies running out of medicine. Will you
    publicly condemn the blockade today and unequivocally urge
    Aliyev to open the Lachin corridor to normal traffic?
        Mr. Libby. Sir, the U.S. position on this has been it
    really consists of sort of three elements. The U.S. has
    criticized any unilateral action that hurts trusts, raises
    risks, or damages people's safety and security.
        The way to approach this is really three elements. First,
    over the short term, that is to monitor the situation and
    continue our calls and pressure for the restoration of civilian
    and commercial traffic into and out of the territory.
        In the medium term we are looking at questions of
    assistance. We do not have access to the territory at the
    moment but my understanding is that the U.S. government has
    already put forward $21 million of food assistance, medicine,
    medivac, and family reunification assistance. That is a medium
    term solution or a medium term tool to address it.
        But the long-term really is going to be in the context of a
    settlement and agreement between all the parties that
    stipulates how the rights and securities of everyone in the
    region are----
        The Chairman. Well, let me just say--let me just say we can
    monitor it while people die. That is not satisfactory to me.
        Mr. Libby. If people are dying that is a big problem and we
    need to----
        The Chairman. Well, people are dying.
        Mr. Libby. Yeah. This is why----
        The Chairman. So I urge you to engage with the department
    in a more forceful forthright response because having a
    corridor closed to humanitarian assistance--even our
    humanitarian assistance is having difficulty getting in. That
    is because of Aliyev.
        And so you are going to be nominated--you are nominated--
    you are going to be going, if confirmed, to a challenging post.
    But the fact that it is challenging does not mean that the
    United States should not be speaking out for the basic human
    rights principles that we observe globally.
        And I hope you will be a vigorous force in that regard. I
    am going to send you some follow-up questions I would like to
    see your answers to.
        Mr. Libby. For sure, Senator.
        The Chairman. Ms. Biswal, in the President's fiscal year
    '24 budget request there is a proposal for $2 billion to create
    a new revolving fund for equity investments at the DFC.
        While I agree that the DFC's ability to deploy equity is an
    effective yet underutilized tool for us to compete with China
    around the world many of my colleagues have expressed concerns
    with pursuing this revolving fund through mandatory spending
    and outside the normal discretionary appropriations process.
        Now, I recognize you are not at the DFC yet but how
    important is this mandatory spending proposal to the DFC's
    strategic plans?
        Ms. Biswal. Mr. Chairman, thank you for that question.
        I think there are many different ways in which Congress may
    choose to address the issue of equity financing at DFC, whether
    it is through a change to the scoring, whether it is through
    creating the revolving fund as is in the President's budget
    request, or the total amount of exposure allowed to DFC to be
    able to lean in more to equity financing.
        I, if confirmed, would be willing to work with Congress to
    determine the most appropriate measure that Congress would feel
    comfortable with in order to enable DFC.
        The Chairman. What happens, whether it is the mandatory
    funding that I understand the administration is seeking or some
    other process that you suggest, if we are not able to get DFC's
    equity tools off the ground?
        Ms. Biswal. Mr. Chairman, I believe DFC will continue to
    advance financing to the best of its abilities with the tools
    that it does possess.
        I believe if we find a way around the equity challenges, it
    will allow DFC to lean in much more, particularly in more high-
    risk environments, which are unable to take on additional debt
    financing, which I think is commensurate with the intent of DFC
    that the BUILD Act had.
        The Chairman. Well, I do not want to overstay my welcome
    here. I am going to follow up. I know--can I?
        Senator Kaine. Yes.
        The Chairman. Oh, okay. All right. Because my dear and
    distinguished colleague often comes to these hearings and does
    not get to ask this question in a timely fashion. So I do not
    want to impinge upon him. Can I have another minute?
        Thank you. Development finance is an important tool to
    realize U.S. foreign policy objectives and they can be
    especially effective in countering the malign influence of
    China and other adverse nations.
        Most developing countries would prefer to work with the
    U.S. and our private sector partners as opposed to the PRC's
    predatory development financial institutions.
        The DFC's strategic foreign policy objectives and focus on
    advancing development are mutually reinforcing and part of your
    role, if confirmed, to evaluate and articulate how the DFC is
    selecting deals that achieve both outcomes.
        So this is why we are getting into how we are going to fund
    the DFC because in part that will speak to what we are going to
    be able to do. How will you work within DFC's balanced
    development and strategic outcomes to its investments?
        Ms. Biswal. Mr. Chairman, I believe the dual mandate that
    Congress imbued DFC with to both advance our strategic goals
    and objectives and to ensure development impact are very
    important and mutually reinforcing.
        If confirmed, I would work, drawing upon my own experience
    working both within the State Department and at USAID, to help
    identify ways in which we can advance development impact in
    ways that are aligned with our very important strategic goals
    and objectives, particularly as we seek to provide a more
    compelling alternative to the capital provided by some of our
    strategic competitors, which does not often advance the
    interests of the countries which it is financing, unlike our
    program.
        The Chairman. A final question for the moment. How do you
    believe DFC's proposed reorganization will achieve that dual
    mandate?
        Ms. Biswal. Mr. Chairman, if confirmed, I would work with
    DFC to help align the organization around the mandates that
    have been conferred upon it by Congress.
        As we have seen DFC transition from OPIC to the Development
    Finance Corporation increase in both its budget and its staff,
    I believe there is an effort underway to look at what kind of
    realignment internally will help it better achieve its mission
    and mandate and, if confirmed, I look forward to working to
    further that process.
        The Chairman. We need DFC to be--play a bigger role if we
    are going to compete with China.
        I have questions for both you, Mr. Libby, as well as the
    other nominees. As I always say at our hearings when I preside
    over them, I would urge you to answer them expeditiously when
    you get them, and fully because if not what will happen is a
    member will come back and say you really did not give me an
    answer.
        So up front I want you to know that when you get questions
    you should answer it fully and expeditiously because then we
    can consider you at a business meeting.
        Thank you, and thank you, Senator Romney, for your
    courtesy.
        Senator Kaine. Senator Romney?
        Senator Romney. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I want to
    pursue the discussion which Chairman Menendez began with
    regards to the DFC.
        I have watched, if you will, through business lens,
    economic lens, as China has carried out what many would
    consider a brilliant strategy of investing in critical minerals
    and materials that are essential for the technologies of today
    and tomorrow, and their Belt and Road has not been randomly
    carried out providing opportunities for development but instead
    has been focused on securing those resources such as buying
    mines, then putting in place rail lines that take the materials
    from that mine to the--to a port, then buying the port to make
    sure that they can have access to take those materials to
    China.
        It is a--it is a series of actions which would probably be
    illegal for a corporation to take under U.S. law but they are
    not subject to U.S. law.
        And we look to DFC to counter this, although with a
    fraction of the resources that China has already employed, and
    also historically with less focus on our strategic objectives
    and more on simply development and helping lift people out of
    poverty, a noble goal in and of itself.
        But I wonder if you could expand on the extent to which you
    believe it is an important role for DFC to pursue America's
    economic interests and strategic interests in securing for us
    many of the minerals and resources that are necessary to be
    competitive.
        Ms. Biswal. Thank you, Senator.
        I do believe that not only is it critically important for
    the United States but it is important for the global community
    that there not be monopolistic reliance on any single actor for
    critical minerals, critical and essential supply chains, and I
    think, if confirmed, I would want to work with DFC to continue
    to support the diversification of important supply chains to
    invest in projects that build capacity on critical minerals and
    build the ability of nations to carry out trade in those
    minerals in multiple different directions.
        I believe that DFC is already doing some important work in
    that respect, not only in Africa, but also a nickel mine in
    Brazil that DFC is working with in parts of Asia, et cetera,
    and, if confirmed, Senator, I would want to continue to lean
    into that direction as well.
        Senator Romney. I would hope that as you consider various
    alternatives--and I am sure the list of projects that you might
    invest in is enormously long--that in carrying out those
    evaluations and the selection of various projects that in each
    write-up there is an element that deals with the strategic
    either military or economic or political interests of the
    United States of America. Do you agree with that?
        Ms. Biswal. I do, Senator, and I do think that as we are
    advancing those strategic objectives, they are very much
    aligned with the development impact of the projects that we are
    financing, and I would want to showcase that as well.
        Senator Romney. Mr. Kagan, with regards to Malaysia--thank
    you for those responses. With regards to Malaysia what is their
    feeling right now? I know we in this country take great pride
    in the fact that we have lots of friends and our foes around
    the world do not have a lot of friends.
        But I would submit that one of the reasons we have so many
    friends is because we have been the superpower--the sole
    superpower--and when there become alternatives and, in fact, in
    a region where we might not even be the strongest that
    friendship ends up being strained.
        What is your sense now of the Malaysian people as well as
    its government in terms of their sentiment with regards to the
    U.S. and with regards to the PRC?
        Mr. Kagan. Thank you very much for that question, Senator.
        I think you have put your finger on what is our broader
    challenge across the region and I think, certainly, in Malaysia
    and that is that there is a great reservoir of goodwill towards
    the United States. At least when I served there from 2014 to
    2017 I was constantly struck at the web of connections and web
    of ties that we have between our peoples and how powerful they
    are.
        And the U.S. has been a very important investor and a very
    important trading partner in Malaysia and I think the quality
    of U.S. investment in Malaysia has had a particular impact, in
    particular the amount of training, the amount of investment
    that American companies have made in developing their staff and
    you see that in the number of companies that have been started
    by people who used to work at U.S. companies.
        But at the same time there is no question that they are
    looking to see what we can do now and I think that they--my
    experience has been that they are eager to do more with the
    United States but at the same time that they are looking to
    other opportunities in the region and they are open to the
    significant inflows of investment and trade with China.
        That creates a challenge for us. I think that we can meet
    that challenge by being engaged and, if confirmed, I would want
    to help lead that from the position of U.S. Ambassador to
    Malaysia.
        But, look, we are going to be--we are going to be working
    very hard at this for a long time to come. I think that we are
    going to need to be flexible, we are going to need to be
    engaged, and we are going to need to work with our allies and
    partners to strengthen our hand as we try and meet these
    challenges. Thank you, sir.
        Senator Romney. Thank you. Mr. Chairman?
        Senator Van Hollen. [Presiding.] Thank you, Senator Romney.
    And Senator Kaine, thank you for ( 1 02 41 spelling?) me in the
    chair for a little while.
        Senator Kaine. Absolutely. Thank you, Senator Van Hollen,
    and to all of the nominees, congratulations. You are well
    suited for your positions.
        Mr. Libby, let me start with you. I just want to follow up
    a little bit on Senator Menendez with respect to Nagorno-
    Karabakh and the Lachin corridor being closed.
        You talked about the peace process, the path forward as
    having a short-, medium-, and long-term component, which we
    completely get.
        My worry, though, is the closure of the corridor should
    definitely be on the short-term, not for resolution of the
    long-term issues because it strands 120,000 ethnic Armenians
    without access to medical care, gasoline, food.
        The U.S. has been pretty full throated in condemning the
    closure. Administrator Power with USAID, other U.S. officials,
    UNICEF, U.N. agencies have called for it to be open and I just
    would want your commitment that you will continue that clear
    U.S. message that however it takes to get us to a medium- and
    long-term solution the closure of this Lachin corridor by the
    Azerbaijani activists, likely with the backing of the
    Azerbaijan government, is a clear and present challenge to
    those citizens and we should be doing all we can to
    expeditiously seek its reopening.
        Do you agree with me on that?
        Mr. Libby. Yes, Senator, I do, and thank you for that
    question.
        That has a been a strong point by the administration, as
    you noted, by Administrator Power, and I share that sense of
    urgency. We have got to solve that problem and get traffic
    flowing again. I absolutely agree with that, sir.
        Senator Kaine. Thank you very much.
        Mr. Kagan, I want to ask you a question dealing with an
    issue that is important in Malaysia but also very important in
    Virginia and it deals with the Chinese treatment of Uyghurs.
        The Malaysian Prime Minister Ibrahim has refrained from
    publicly criticizing China on the Uyghur genocide. But Malaysia
    has been a rare Muslim majority country that has been granting
    safe passage to Uyghurs and refusing to extradite them back to
    China.
        Virginia is home of one of the largest Uyghur-American
    communities in the U.S. and many of those families have family
    members in the Uyghur area of China who are being persecuted.
        We have been working with a number of Virginia families
    because their relatives have been unjustly imprisoned by the
    Chinese Communist Party simply for being Uyghur.
        The--those--the CCP's widely documented genocide against
    Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minority groups in
    Xinjiang remains a clear affront to human rights. You have been
    in Kuala Lumpur in the past. You know well Malaysia does appear
    more willing than most Muslim countries to offer support to
    Uyghurs escaping persecution from the CCP.
        What do you attribute that to and what more can we do to
    support the Malaysian government in those humanitarian efforts?
        Mr. Kagan. Thank you very much for your question, Senator,
    and I want to start off by just saying I was remiss in not
    thanking you earlier for your very kind introduction, which I
    appreciate very much.
        I think that there is a couple of things that you have put
    your fingers on. I think one is that Malaysia has a long
    history of tolerance and support for victims of political
    violence and for refugees.
        I am going back to the large numbers of Vietnamese boat
    people who were harbored in Malaysia and many of whom then came
    on to the United States from there.
        I think that there is also no question that Malaysians are
    very sensitive to the dynamics of oppression of Muslims around
    the world and I think that they are aware of the genocide and
    the repression and human rights abuses against Uyghurs.
        So I think that this is an area where, if confirmed, I
    would want to do a couple of things. One is work with the
    Malaysian government. But I think that in this it is also very
    important to work with Malaysian civil society to promote
    greater awareness and understanding of what is happening, and I
    think that we are lucky that in Malaysia there is a partner
    that is not turning a blind eye to the terrible things are
    happening in Xinjiang.
        Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Kaine. I think you are right. We are lucky to have
    a partner that recognizes that there is an awful lot of
    backsliding in the world against protection of those who are
    persecuted for human rights reasons and there is also, if not
    backsliding often a coldly business calculation that we could
    stand up for values but it might cost us in other ways and so
    people are not willing to stand up for values. Governments are
    not willing to stand up.
        And so since Malaysia has a history of doing this that
    needs to not only be encouraged but even spot lit so that
    nations around the world understand the value that they are
    providing.
        The last thing I will just say, Ms. Biswal, the OIG issued
    a report in fiscal year 2023 with sort of four top management
    challenges for your agency, and thy are not really management
    challenges in the sense of big problems--I think morale was
    pretty high--but a new agency getting off the ground that is
    grappling with making the structure really work.
        And I just would like your commitment. I think that OIG
    report was a solid one and I would just like your commitment
    that you would take that very seriously in working with this
    new agency to help it be all it can be.
        Ms. Biswal. Yes, Senator, you absolutely have that
    commitment and I, if confirmed, intend to focus quite a bit on
    the management aspects of the job.
        Senator Kaine. Great. Thank you so much. Thanks to all the
    witnesses. I yield back.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Senator Kaine.
        Senator Romney?
        Senator Romney. Mr. Libby, I am interested in your
    perspective of the people of Azerbaijan and how in the region
    there is a reaction to Russia's invasion in Ukraine, whether
    that has changed public opinion, whether that has changed
    political sentiment there, perspective of the government, and
    what you see in terms of that dynamic.
        Mr. Libby. Thanks, Senator. That is one of the things that
    makes this region so fascinating and so critically important.
        Azerbaijan is, to my knowledge, the only country that
    borders both Russia and Iran and so it sits right smack in the
    middle of a strategic region and its role in the former Soviet
    space is, obviously, very important.
        Azerbaijan has had an interesting balancing act to play but
    they have been quite helpful with regard to supporting Ukraine,
    fuel, food assistance, and even after this dam was destroyed
    last week sending in new packages of aid. They voted for the
    U.N. General Assembly resolution condemning the invasion and
    reaffirming Ukraine's territorial integrity.
        This is an interesting and fairly forward leaning place for
    a country in the former Soviet space. If I am confirmed I think
    part of my job is going to be to try and get Azerbaijan further
    down that track.
        Obviously, there is ties of kinship and ties of trade and
    so forth. But Azerbaijan has its own potential role as a
    conduit, as an energy source, and as a counterbalance to
    Russian influence in the region and that is one of the reasons
    that makes it so important.
        Senator Romney. Thank you, Mr. Libby.
        Mr. Ehrendreich, help me understand what it means to be
    engaged in a free association with the United States for Palau.
    What does that mean to us, what does that mean to them, and are
    they broadly satisfied with that relationship at this point or
    is there some sentiment of concern?
        Mr. Ehrendreich. Thank you, Senator Romney, for the
    question.
        The Secretary--I would refer to what Secretary Blinken said
    a couple weeks ago when he was in Port Moresby. The Compact of
    Free Association that we have with all three FAS states is the
    bedrock of our engagement in the Pacific, and I think in the
    Palau context that could not be more true.
        Like I said in my opening statement, when we signed the
    agreement--the review agreement just a few weeks ago, President
    Whipps said, ``God bless Palau, God bless the United States of
    America, God bless us all.''
        This is the--not only is it the framework for our relations
    for the next 20 years and beyond, it is also a powerful symbol
    of the strength of the relationship for the United States--
    people of the United States and Palau and for any adversaries
    in the region who want to question how strong our relations
    are.
        Senator Romney. Thank you.
        Ambassador Kierscht, my understanding is that Djibouti has
    recently agreed to allow China to build a enormous facility in
    the port to accommodate an aircraft carrier or substantial
    military resources that China might have. Clearly, the PRC is
    making a play to have greater and greater influence in
    Djibouti.
        What should we be doing? And I know there is only so much
    an ambassador can do and you want to have relationships with
    the people there and you want to interact with them.
        But do we need to making far more private sector
    investments? Do we need to have more of an industrial policy
    where we are investing in projects in that country ourselves to
    be more competitive?
        What actions do we need to take to make sure that this key
    player at the gateway to the Red Sea remains a friendly nation?
        Ms. Kierscht. Thank you, Senator Romney, for raising that
    very critical question.
        I would like to identify several things that in my current
    role as ambassador to Mauritania we are working on because I
    think we do need to look at ways that we can push back against
    China.
        For example, in Mauritania we have just launched a new
    project to help the Mauritanians combat illegal, unregulated,
    and unreported fishing done by the PRC in their offshore
    waters, which robs Mauritania, really, of one of their prime
    natural resources.
        If confirmed, I would seek to do similar--pursue similar
    avenues. But I think the U.S. has a really good story to tell
    about what we bring to the table, our transparency, our values,
    working with civil society, listening and learning from our
    partners in Djibouti.
        In particular, we are working together with them to achieve
    their, as stated, economic development goals, which seek to
    develop their human capital and create jobs.
        We have--through our USAID colleagues there right now we
    are working on several large programs in order to do just that.
    We are helping them do job creation as well as youth employment
    through workforce development programs, energy, education, and
    health programming.
        We are also providing them with very robust security
    assistance in addition to our base. They have the only
    bilateral FMF allocation on the continent of Africa and we
    provide them with other state and DOD security assistance as
    well.
        But, again, as you noted, we should probably also lean into
    engaging our private sector, using the tools that we have such
    as the development finance corporation, EXIM, USTDA, to really
    bring our private sector into that market as well. And, if
    confirmed, I would seek to leverage all of those tools.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you.
        Senator Duckworth?
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would like to
    start by thanking all of our nominees for your lifelong
    dedication to public service and for making yourself available
    today. I am going to start with Ms. Biswal.
        I have long argued that in order to meet the strategic
    challenge of the People's Republic of China we need to address
    the needs of our partners and allies around the world.
        As the development financing arm of the United States the
    DFC plays a critical role in this effort. Nowhere is this more
    true than in Southeast Asia and, in particular, mainland
    Southeast Asia where the Belt and Road Initiative has financed
    billions of dollars for railroads, ports, and industrial
    projects.
        On my regular visits to the region I repeatedly hear about
    a desire for more U.S. engagement and for alternatives to PRC's
    financing for major infrastructure projects.
        How do you assess the initial success of the DFC and
    engaging in this area and what are your priorities in ensuring
    that the United States is competitive with the PRC in the
    infrastructure space in Southeast Asia?
        Ms. Biswal. Senator Duckworth, thank you so much for that
    question.
        I agree wholeheartedly with you that this region is
    extraordinarily important and a priority for DFC. I believe to
    date DFC has projects nearly $6 billion in financing in the
    Indo-Pacific region.
        If confirmed, I would look to see how we can further scale
    up our programs, our project financing, particularly with
    respect to Southeast Asia and the nations of mainland Southeast
    Asia.
        I do believe that there are many opportunities with a
    robust private sector to be able to address core priorities,
    including in energy security, in telecommunications, in
    building private enterprise, and I look forward to working with
    you, if confirmed, in understanding your priorities on these in
    this region as well.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Well, following--the Blue Dot
    network--the Blue Dot network is a joint project with the
    United States, Japan, and Australia that supports investment in
    high-quality infrastructure projects around the world.
        I think that is a great example for our regional--how our
    regional partners can increase our regional infrastructure
    area. It does not have to be all United States. I think our
    partners are important as well.
        Is there more that the DFC can do to leverage our ability
    to convene allies to advance our goals globally and in the
    Indo-Pacific specifically? And I am looking to Japan and South
    Korea, for example.
        Ms. Biswal. Senator, I know that DFC has already created
    trilateral frameworks and agreements to work with Japan and
    Australia. They have a Quad framework through which they are
    working with Australia, Japan, and India in the region, and I
    know that there is a desire to be able to do additional
    programming with, for example, Taiwan.
        And, if confirmed, I would look to see how we can further
    enhance our partnership and collaboration, including with South
    Korea, with multilateral institutions as well and leverage the
    investments of partners and allies to advance financing in the
    region.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Thank you.
        I want to return to Malaysia a little bit. I know we have
    talked a little bit already but, Mr. Kagan, as you well know
    economic and trade issues and climate change are major concerns
    for many of our Indo-Pacific partners.
        According to the 2023 ASEAN survey carried out by
    Singapore's ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute Malaysian respondents
    cited the economy and climate change as their top two concerns.
        Moreover, 60 percent expressed concerns about the growing
    economic influence of the PRC. But at the same time when those
    same respondents were asked whether the administration's
    premier economic initiative of the Indo-Pacific Economic Forum,
    the IPEF, would be beneficial to Malaysia 60 percent of
    respondents answered either unsure or no.
        Mr. Kagan, how do you assess current U.S. efforts to engage
    Southeast Asia and Malaysia, in particular, in the economic
    realm? What economic initiatives would you prioritize, if
    confirmed?
        Mr. Kagan. Thank you very much, Senator Duckworth, and I
    think it is an excellent question and it is one that is a major
    challenge for the administration but one that we have put
    considerable effort into trying to address.
        I mean, one element--and we see this here with Nisha--is
    DFC. DFC is a very, very important tool and one that I think we
    can use more in the region as we expand the capacities that it
    has.
        I think another one, obviously, is Indo-Pacific Economic
    Framework--the IPEF--which you referred to. I totally take the
    point that many--that a significant percentage of folks in
    Malaysia were either unaware of it or did not think it would be
    positive.
        I think part of that is because it is very new and I think
    that the effort that we are trying to do with IPEF is to
    address challenges that traditional trade approaches have not
    always addressed, the kinds of challenges that we saw come to
    the fore during the pandemic where we realized over dependence
    on supply chains that run through one area have their own
    problems completely separate from whatever political issues are
    involved.
        And so I think that IPEF is trying to address in four key
    areas things which we think really are important to the region
    and, clearly, it is not yet well known and often I think the
    jury is out in Malaysia in terms of the impact.
        On the other hand, Malaysia was one of the partners that
    did sign on to pillar two, the supply chain pillar which was
    brought to conclusion in Detroit several weeks ago, and I think
    that is a sign that Malaysia recognizes there are different
    opportunities.
        So, if confirmed, I would want to keep using the tools that
    we have that has strengthened DFC, IPEF engagement by other
    U.S. government agencies, EXIM, USAID, though they do not do
    things directly in Malaysia but I think their efforts in the
    region are of value to the region and to ASEAN, of which
    Malaysia is a member.
        And I think we would want, if confirmed, to keep pushing
    forward in those areas to--so that the region better
    understands the value of economic engagement with the United
    States and understands that we are seeking an affirmative
    agenda on economic engagement that tries to address the region
    and their concerns in ways that are valuable for them.
        Senator Duckworth. I think your mentioning of ASEAN is
    really important because so many of the powerful players within
    ASEAN have signed on to IPEF and I think that is a good way
    forward.
        Thank you. I yield back, Mr. Chairman. I am over time.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you. Thank you, Senator
    Duckworth.
        As I went over to vote my team kept me posted on different
    questions that had been asked. So let me just say to you, Mr.
    Libby, I associate myself with the questions of Senator
    Menendez.
        So I was going to ask you about the Lachin corridor and how
    you can help resolve that pretty desperate situation as part of
    the broader effort you said with respect to Armenia and
    Azerbaijan.
        Senator Romney and others touched on the Djibouti issue.
    Obviously, we have an important presence there but so does the
    PRC and, obviously, trying to reconcile those in a way that
    serves our interest is a priority.
        I do have one last question for Mr. Ehrendreich and before
    I ask it--Senator Romney has to leave. I do want to--I do want
    to thank your wife, Rachel, who you introduced, who was in
    Consular Affairs, as you know, but just so others know and who
    was pivotal in helping an 89-year-old constituent of mine from
    Maryland get out of Sudan during the violence. So let me thank
    you for your efforts there.
        So here is the question regarding Palau and I just--I
    should say that I just I gathered with a couple of my
    colleagues, some from this committee and others, at a meeting
    that was convened by the ambassadors of Australia and New
    Zealand together with Senator Schatz and others, convened with
    a lot of the Pacific Island country ambassadors, and some had
    representatives that serve in the United States and the United
    Nations.
        And it was a great turnout and we had a great meeting, and
    I think that the Biden administration is doing a good job in
    signaling the United States wants to engage much, much more
    with the Pacific Island countries.
        And you are going to, of course, play an important role in
    that effort if confirmed as the ambassador to Palau. My
    colleagues have covered the issue of the Compact.
        But one of the issues that comes up constantly with some of
    the Pacific Island countries has to do with encroachment on
    their EEZs and their fishing rights and the fact that many in
    the region, including the PRC, do not respect their
    sovereignty, whereas the United States stands for a free and
    open Pacific Ocean and respect for sovereignty.
        Could you comment a little bit on what we can do to help
    Palau in particular defend their fisheries against incursions
    from others? These are countries that do not have a lot of
    resources, and to what extent is that part of our effort under
    the compact?
        Mr. Ehrendreich. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the question.
        Let me first say, I am very proud of my wife. She has been
    a wonderful consular officer for about 15 years now and not
    only has she helped your constituents, I know she has helped
    hundreds if not thousands of people get out of Sudan and
    Ethiopia and Afghanistan and other places. Very, very proud of
    her.
        In terms of Palau and PRC incursions and all, Palau is no
    stranger to PRC's aggressive and coercive activities in
    addition to the illegal incursions into their Exclusive
    Economic Zones, as you mentioned, and the IUU fishing.
        Palau has been the victim of economic coercion with China
    turning off all tourism, I think, to Palau, and Chinese
    economic activities in Palau have brought allegations of
    cybercrime, drug, and human trafficking and corruption and
    money laundering.
        What we can do to help Palau in terms of the EEZ and IUU
    issues is, one, to help Palau build its own capacity and we
    have Coast Guard programs in place both to help with maritime
    domain awareness and the shiprider program in place.
        USAID has active programs to help with IUU fishing more on
    the coastal fisheries management side. We also need to work
    with partners in the region--Japan, Republic of Korea,
    Australia. They are all interested in contributing to this--to
    solving this issue.
        And then there is also the international effort, the Port
    States Measures Agreement, where the United States is trying to
    help countries like Palau become members and become active, and
    that is an international effort to end IUU fishing.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you.
        I thank all of you for your testimony today. The record
    will be open until the close of business tomorrow, June 14th.
        And this hearing is now adjourned. Thank you all.

        [Whereupon, at 3:29 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                  ----------

                  Additional Material Submitted for the Record

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
               to Hon. Cynthia Kierscht by Senator James E. Risch

        Question. In your view, what are the top three priorities for the
    U.S. bilateral relationship with Djibouti that you will advance or
    maintain as U.S. Ambassador, if confirmed?

        Answer. Djibouti is a key strategic partner in accomplishing shared
    foreign policy and security goals in the region. The United States is
    committed to maintaining this long-term strategic partnership to
    counter regional instability and terrorism and thereby assure our
    enhanced security here at home. As such, our top priorities in Djibouti
    are maintaining strong support for the U.S. military presence,
    strengthening Djibouti's own capacity to contribute to regional
    security, supporting private sector-led economic growth, and
    reinforcing good governance. If confirmed, I will work with the Embassy
    country team and U.S. Government partners to pursue these priorities by
    strengthening civil society and government institutions, leveraging our
    development tools to support education, health, workforce development,
    and working to attract private sector investment.

        Question. As you know, the U.S.' only enduring military
    installation in Africa is Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti. China also opened
    its first overseas base in Djibouti in 2017. As U.S. Ambassador to
    Djibouti, if confirmed, how will you balance the pursuit of U.S.
    bilateral interests in Djibouti with the U.S.' regional security
    interests and great power competition with China?

        Answer. The United States is focused on building an enduring
    strategic partnership with Djibouti. Our African partners can help
    advance our global foreign policy priorities, including our priority to
    build lasting peace and security in the region. At the same time, we
    recognize the serious challenges the PRC presents in Africa. We will
    continue to counter the PRC's problematic efforts to build up its
    security infrastructure to project military power from Africa. If
    confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national security
    interests in Djibouti and leveraging all available USG tools to counter
    efforts by our strategic and regional competitors to undermine those
    interests.

        Question. What is you view of the role of a U.S. Ambassador in
    supporting democratic institutions and democratic governance?

        Answer. Supporting democratic institutions and democratic
    governance is at the core of U.S. foreign policy and will be among my
    highest priorities. If confirmed, I will engage local interlocutors
    from all elements of society to advance these goals. I have prioritized
    these issues throughout my career, including in my current position as
    U.S. Ambassador to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, and will
    continue to do so in Djibouti if I am confirmed.

        Question. In your view, how can the United States better support
    the democratic aspirations of the people of Djibouti?

        Answer. Advancement of democracy and human rights in Djibouti is a
    key component of our bilateral relationship. Our Embassy and high-level
    U.S. Government officials regularly promote democracy and good
    governance with Djiboutian officials, including discussions about
    electoral reforms advocated by the multilateral organizations like the
    African Union, and maintain dialogue with the opposition and Djibouti's
    nascent civil society to ensure that we remain in contact with all
    elements of Djiboutian society.
        To promote better governance, our Embassy works to increase civil
    society participation in public service delivery. We also support
    programs to combat gender-based violence, protect victims of human
    trafficking, promote women's empowerment, and promote press freedom by
    building the capacity of Djiboutian journalists. If confirmed, I will
    continue to prioritize this important work.

        Question. How would you practice commercial diplomacy on behalf of
    U.S. investments in Djibouti?

        Answer. In Djibouti, we are promoting a vision for private sector-
    led economic development based on democratic governance, respect for
    human rights, and transparency. Our focus is on strengthening local
    capacity, creating jobs, and working with our partners and allies on
    economic development that is beneficial, sustainable, and inclusive
    over the long term. The Embassy Deal Team has engaged in advocacy on
    behalf of several U.S. investments and I commit to continuing to
    prioritize this work.
        If confirmed, I would focus on working with interagency colleagues
    to explore how we can better support U.S. private sector engagement in
    Djibouti as an alternative to PRC investment. This could include
    exploring how to better leverage such USG agencies as DFC, EXIM, and
    USTDA, which support U.S. businesses overseas.

        Question. What is your assessment of Djibouti's greatest barriers
    to increased two-way trade and investment with the United States?

        Answer. Expanding our economic partnership with Djibouti is a key
    priority for both the U.S. and Djiboutian Governments. Djibouti
    receives trade benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act
    (AGOA), though bilateral trade and investment are relatively low due to
    the size of the Djiboutian economy and its limited manufacturing base.
    If confirmed I would work with the Djiboutian Government to ensure it
    interfaces effectively with the U.S. Government and private sector,
    U.S. agencies including DFC, EXIM, USTDA, and Prosper Africa, and the
    U.S. private sector to identify ways to grow trade and investment,
    particularly in sectors like the digital space, energy, and
    agriculture.

        Question. What is your understanding of the tools at your
    disposal--including through Prosper Africa - as U.S. Ambassador to
    Djibouti, if confirmed, to support addressing barriers to trade and
    investment in the enabling environment, including the need for economic
    and political reforms?

        Answer. The U.S. Government has a number of tools available to
    improve bilateral trade and investment, including Prosper Africa, DFC,
    EXIM, and USTDA, as well as AGOA. If confirmed, I will work with the
    host government and the country team to identify the most significant
    barriers to trade and investment in the enabling environment and the
    best tools to remedy them, including economic and political reforms. I
    would also underscore the importance of economic and political
    transparency in attracting private sector investment and work with
    private sector partners to advocate for needed reforms.

        Question. How will you work with Prosper Africa leadership to
    ensure that Djibouti can benefit from Prosper Africa resources, tools
    and expertise?

        Answer. Embassy Djibouti, as part of the Prosper Africa initiative,
    has an Embassy Deal Team that is very active in promoting U.S. economic
    opportunities in Djibouti. The Deal Team is engaged with the Prosper
    Africa Secretariat in Washington and Prosper Africa representatives in
    Johannesburg to share trade and investment leads and to solicit
    assistance from Prosper Africa, something I will continue if confirmed.
    We will continue advocacy work on behalf of U.S. companies investing in
    Djibouti, examples of which include Creative Energy Systems, a U.S.
    company which is building a waste to energy plant, and DJIBAH, a
    seafood processing plant. If confirmed, I commit to continue pursuing
    these and other opportunities.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Djibouti, if confirmed, how will
    you engage with President Guelleh on his role as the leader of this
    regional institution at a time of multiple acute crises with
    significant regional spillover effects, namely in Sudan, Ethiopia,
    Somalia and South Sudan.

        Answer. Djibouti is a key strategic partner in accomplishing shared
    foreign policy and security goals in the region. As the host of the
    IGAD Secretariat and now as the chair of the organization, Djibouti
    will continue to play a central role in IGAD's efforts to support peace
    and security in the region. IGAD has played a significant role in
    supporting regional peace processes, including as an observer to the
    AU-led cessation of hostilities talks for Ethiopia. IGAD has also
    proactively offered support for peace efforts in Sudan and does
    essential work in the countering violent extremism space through its
    Center for Excellence in Countering and Preventing Violence Extremism.
        If confirmed, I would engage President Guelleh and the IGAD
    Secretariat to understand their strategic vision and priorities to
    identify areas for further cooperation in support of U.S. objectives in
    the region.

        Question. As U.S. Ambassador to Djibouti, if confirmed, how will
    you coordinate with U.S. Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa Hammer
    and other U.S. diplomats engaged on the multiple crises in the Horn of
    Africa?

        Answer. I look forward to working closely with the Special Envoy
    and other stakeholders to promote peace and security in the region if I
    am confirmed. Djibouti is an essential partner on these issues as the
    host, and currently chair, of IGAD and has played an important role in
    past conflict resolution efforts in the region. I would welcome the
    Special Envoy to continue engaging regularly in Djibouti and to
    collaborate to identify new ways to advance U.S peace and security
    goals.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Djibouti operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will vigorously engage the Government of
    Djibouti to meet minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.
    In particular, I will highlight the recommendations in the 2023 TIP
    Report, including the need to increase efforts to investigate and
    prosecute trafficking crimes, improve victim identification and
    protection, and increase awareness of human trafficking among officials
    and the public. I will also work closely with the State Department's
    Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons and other sources
    on programmatic opportunities to assist in promoting proactive action
    on this key issue.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to portraying the reality of
    the trafficking situation in Djibouti in the annual country report as
    accurately as possible?

        Answer. Yes, I commit to coordinating closely with the Office to
    Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons to ensure accurate and
    objective reporting on trafficking in the annual TIP Report.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Djibouti's constitution mandates equality for people of all
    faiths and Djibouti's diverse population openly and freely practices a
    wide range of religions. If confirmed, I would welcome collaboration
    with the Ambassador At Large for International Religious Freedom and
    look for ways to leverage the expertise of IRF to capitalize on
    Djibouti's freedom of religion as a springboard for broader
    conversations. In my current role as U.S. Ambassador to the Islamic
    Republic of Mauritania, I have hosted two visits from the Ambassador At
    Large for International Religious Freedom.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes, I commit to engaging personally with civil society,
    including religious and human rights groups, to advance religious
    freedom and other human rights concerns. This has been a standard
    practice of mine throughout my career.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Djibouti increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. I would encourage the Embassy team to engage with all faith
    communities in Djibouti to understand their perspectives and concerns
    and coordinate with the host government and civil society leaders to
    promote and protect freedom of religion or belief, including to foster
    collaboration across faith communities. If confirmed, I would also
    commit to reporting accurate information for the annual International
    Religious Freedom report.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will ensure my Embassy staff meets with a
    wide range of civil society leaders on a regular basis to remain
    informed of the latest human rights issues, any changes to the overall
    situation, and to inform our policy and programmatic ideas on how to
    best improve the human rights situation in Djibouti. We will also seek
    appropriate programmatic opportunities to support civil society
    organizations to improve the human rights situation.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. If confirmed, I commit to personally engaging with civil
    society on a regular basis about issues related to human rights,
    including religious freedom, and other issues of concern. This has been
    a standard practice of mine throughout my career.

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to find, recruit, and retain qualified Americans in
    the U.N. system.

        Answer. The Bureau of African Affairs works closely with IO and
    USUN on shared priorities and on all campaigns and hiring initiatives
    involving qualified American candidates for the U.N. system. If
    confirmed, I will continue to elevate these efforts in multilateral
    fora and with our African partners.

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to promote American or likeminded initiatives within
    the U.N. system, including on technical matters at specialized bodies.

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work closely with USUN and IO to
    appropriately promote American or likeminded initiatives within the
    U.N. system, including on technical matters at specialized bodies, and
    to advance the candidacies of Americans by engaging with the Djiboutian
    Government, as appropriate. Djibouti often supports U.S. candidates for
    important multilateral posts and I would advocate for our initiatives
    and candidates with the government and earn its continued support by
    communicating how we can advance our shared goals together within the
    U.N. system.

        Question. How do you intend to work with senior leadership at the
    State Department to address acute staffing challenges at Mission
    Djibouti?

        Answer. Ensuring our embassies are appropriately staffed is vital
    to fulfilling our mission to advance the interests of the American
    people. Limited infrastructure, health care challenges, and the post's
    remoteness are inherent impediments to recruitment. If confirmed, I
    will work with the management team at post and colleagues in Washington
    to identify and capitalize on opportunities to improve the community
    and recruit well qualified personnel to fill staffing gaps.

        Question. What is your understanding of morale throughout Mission
    Djibouti?

        Answer. I understand morale at post to be good. I acknowledge and
    appreciate the sacrifices the team makes every day as part of their
    service in Djibouti. If confirmed, I commit to listening to my team and
    doing all I can to support and improve morale.

        Question. How do you intend to improve morale at Mission Djibouti?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will do all I can to improve morale by
    empowering the diverse talent within the Embassy team, providing
    strategic direction, rewarding them appropriately, heeding work-life
    balance, and supporting them by improving access to training and
    resources to enable their success.

        Question. How do you intend to create a unified mission and vision
    at Mission Djibouti?

        Answer. If confirmed, I look forward to working with the diverse
    team at Embassy Djibouti. I will lead the country team to build on
    prior successes and chart a path forward to strengthen our partnership
    with Djibouti based on our shared foreign policy priorities and on the
    principles articulated in the U.S. Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa and
    the AU's Agenda 2063.

        Question. How would you describe your management style?

        Answer. My management style is to be as transparent and
    collaborative as possible. I believe it is my job to ensure employees
    who work for me have the right resources and training and are empowered
    to do their job. I stand ready to provide appropriate coaching and
    consulting along the way. I also strive to ensure work-life balance,
    reward employees for excellent work, and set a positive tone and
    example for the Embassy.

        Question. Do you believe it is ever acceptable or constructive to
    berate subordinates, either in public or in private?

        Answer. No, it is never appropriate or acceptable to berate
    subordinates under any circumstances.

        Question. How do you envision your relationship with the deputy
    chief of mission?

        Answer. The deputy chief of mission is an essential partner and
    important advisor in successfully managing an Embassy. If confirmed, I
    would look to my DCM to provide honest counsel on issues ranging from
    policy to personnel issues, to lead and mentor the country team
    (especially first- and second-tour officers), to proactively identify
    and solve all but the most challenging management issues, and to
    promptly engage me on any concerns that require my intervention.

        Question. If confirmed, what leadership responsibilities do you
    intend to entrust to your deputy chief of mission?

        Answer. I intend to entrust my DCM with serving as the first line
    of executive leadership at the mission, including supervising and
    mentoring our diverse interagency team, developing the talent of our
    first- and second-tour officers, and proactively leading our management
    platform to meet the needs of the mission.

        Question. Do you believe that it is important to provide employees
    with accurate, constructive feedback on their performance in order to
    encourage improvement and reward those who most succeed in their roles?

        Answer. Yes, I think providing accurate, constructive, and timely
    feedback is at the core of effective mentorship and leadership. I
    equally believe it important to acknowledge and reward good
    performance.

        Question. If confirmed, would you support and encourage clear,
    accurate, and direct feedback to employees in order to improve
    performance and reward high achievers?

        Answer. Yes, I believe providing clear, accurate, direct, and
    timely feedback to employees is essential to maintaining good morale,
    building skills and cultivating talent within the Department. I would
    also commit to rewarding high achievers as a positive acknowledgement
    of their performance.

        Question. In your experience, do U.S. diplomats get outside of our
    Embassy walls enough to fully accomplish their missions?

        Answer. Engaging with the local population and key contacts and
    decisionmakers is at the core of diplomacy. As a leader I take
    seriously the need to balance this imperative with taking appropriate
    safety precautions to protect the lives and health of our employees.

        Question. How do you intend to improve the ability of U.S.
    diplomats to better access all local populations?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with the Embassy regional
    security officer and other security professionals to develop and
    regularly assess Embassy security guidelines to ensure our diplomats
    are able to do their work while remaining safe. While Djibouti is not a
    high threat, high risk post, Diplomatic Security approved 94 percent of
    movement requests in high threat high risk posts to engage local
    governments and populations so I'm confident our teams will have the
    ability to continue engaging our local partners.
                                __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                to Hon. Cynthia Kierscht by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. With their absolute control of Chinese society and
    industry, the CCP could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow
    if they so choose. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the
    United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has
    become more repressive at home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to
    undercut U.S. influence and alliances. If confirmed, I will advance
    U.S. national security interests and push back against PRC efforts to
    expand its problematic influence, through robust and forthright
    diplomatic engagements, public diplomacy, and commercial advocacy to
    bolster U.S.-Djibouti ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC and other actors in Africa.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Djibouti and countering efforts by our strategic
    and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region.
        If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and
    interagency colleagues and Congress to address China's efforts to
    expand its influence in Djibouti and the region.

        Question. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between the China and Djibouti?

        Answer. The PRC-Djibouti relationship is a pragmatic one centered
    on the PRC's financial support for infrastructure development, trade,
    security assistance, and the PLA base. The sustainability of Djibouti's
    debt to the PRC is of particular concern. Across the continent, we have
    seen that many PRC-backed loans are not transparent and invested in
    projects designed to extract resources and short-term profits for PRC
    benefit.According to the World Bank and IMF, Djibouti is currently in
    debt distress and the PRC or PRC-related entities hold the majority of
    that external debt.

        Question. China is developing port facilities, infrastructure,
    railway, airports, and a pipeline for Djibouti. If confirmed, how would
    you counter CCP influence in Djibouti?

        Answer. U.S. policy is not to ask our partners to choose between
    the United States and the PRC, but rather to offer alternatives. In
    Djibouti, we are promoting a vision for economic development based on
    democratic governance, market principles, respect for human rights, and
    transparency. In response to Djibouti's stated economic development
    goals, we are focusing on strengthening local capacity, creating jobs,
    and working with our partners and allies on economic development that
    is beneficial, sustainable, and inclusive over the long term.

        Question. What is the significance of the CCP pier which can
    accommodate larger ships, such as aircraft carriers or submarines?

        Answer. The PLA military base established in Djibouti in 2017
    enhances the PRC's capability to project power outside the PRC's
    borders and immediate periphery to advance its foreign policy and
    secure its interests.In the case of Djibouti, this means extending its
    influence in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea region, although at
    the current time the base primarily provides logistical functions, like
    fueling and provisioning. The PRC's rapid and opaque military buildup
    in Africa, including ambitions to establish more bases, is a major
    concern.

        Question. Are there opportunities for the Development Finance
    Corporation in Djibouti to compete with the CCP?

        Answer. The Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is one of several
    tools available to the U.S. Government to provide debt financing,
    equity investments, and technical assistance to African countries, such
    as Djibouti, and provide them alternatives to PRC investment and loans.
    In Djibouti, there are several pending infrastructure and development
    projects that may be candidates for DFC support.

        Question. Besides security assistance and hosting military forces,
    how is Djibouti making choices about its preferred strategic partner?

        Answer. Our Embassy in Djibouti is focused on ensuring that the
    United States remains a key partner to Djibouti. It helps guide U.S.
    investment centered around Djiboutians, thereby offering a different
    development model than PRC's investment and lending. The Embassy
    invests millions of dollars of assistance in programs that build
    economic opportunity, give Djiboutian youth job skills, support women's
    economic empowerment, and save lives.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
                 to Joel Ehrendreich by Senator James E. Risch

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Palau was listed as Tier 2 Watch List for some minor
            improvements but overall still does not meet the minimum
            standards to eliminate trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Palau operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in the
    TIP report?

        Answer. The Embassy has worked closely with the Ministry of Justice
    and other stakeholders to encourage and increase the Government's anti-
    trafficking efforts. The 2023 TIP Report will be released on June 15,
    just two days from now, and that report will show the results of our
    close cooperation during the reporting period.
        In his State of the Republic Address in April 2023, President
    Whipps cited encouraging steps his government made to address
    recommendations from the 2022 TIP Report, including a national action
    plan, interagency task force, and amendments to anti-trafficking laws.
        If confirmed, I would look forward to working with the Government
    of Palau as partners in our effort to end modern day slavery. I will
    continue working in close partnership with the Ministry of Justice and
    other stakeholders to further improve Palau's anti-trafficking efforts,
    consistent with the prioritized recommendations in future TIP Reports.
    For example, if the 2023 TIP Report recommends training officials on
    victim identification, then I would work with the Ministry of Justice
    and other stakeholders to encourage and monitor the implementation of
    such training.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to portraying the reality of
    the trafficking situation in Palau for the annual country reports as
    accurately as possible?

        Answer. Yes, an accurate TIP Report is imperative to identifying
    the drivers of trafficking and prescribing actionable recommendations
    that will lead to the structural change necessary to end human
    trafficking. If confirmed, I commit to portraying the reality of the
    trafficking situation in Palau in the annual country narrative and to
    working with Congress, the Government of Palau, and the interagency to
    encourage the Government to increase trafficking investigations and
    prosecutions and to proactively identify and protect victims.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Palau was noted as having general societal
            respect for religious freedom with no noted events in 2022.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. I appreciate the longstanding Congressional support on
    freedom of religion. As Secretary Blinken has stated, the United States
    maintains its unwavering support to promote respect for and protect
    freedom of religion or belief for all. Freedom of religion is an ideal
    which the United States and Palau share, and Palau has demonstrated
    societal and government respect for religious freedom. If confirmed, I
    will work together with the Ambassador At Large to explore additional
    ways to promote religious freedom and interfaith dialogue.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Palau increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. Embassy Koror, with the assistance of U.S. military
    chaplains, has conducted a broad range of engagements with the Palauan
    Government and with a variety of religious groups. If confirmed, I will
    continue to support these important engagements, which promote
    religious freedom and interfaith cooperation. I will encourage the
    Government of Palau to become party to the International Covenant on
    Civil and Political Rights, to strengthen its support of freedom of
    religion or belief.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Palau was
            noted as having significant government corruption.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. As our Human Rights Report describes, corruption among
    officials in Palau was reported as a problem, although it's worth
    noting that the Government took steps to investigate and prosecute
    officials allegedly engaged in human rights abuses or corruption. We
    also welcomed Palau's participation in the last Summit for Democracy,
    where Palau endorsed the Declaration of the Summit for Democracy,
    thereby making political commitments to counter corruption and to
    protect human rights and media freedom.
        The United States places great importance on civil society and, if
    confirmed, I will continue our strong advocacy in support of civil
    society in Palau's anti-corruption efforts and the promotion of human
    rights.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will personally engage with civil
    society on human rights and anti-corruption efforts. I firmly believe
    that the promotion of human rights and the reduction of corruption are
    in the interests of the people of Palau. If confirmed, in addition to
    engaging civil society, human rights advocates, and other non-
    governmental organizations on human rights issues, I look forward to
    meeting regularly with Palauan Government officials to affirm U.S.
    support for human rights and countering corruption. I will also use
    public diplomacy to highlight U.S. Government actions around the world,
    and I will describe the stark contrast of our commitment to countering
    corruption vis-a-vis the actions of authoritarian regimes in the region
    who use corruption as a tactic to interfere in the internal affairs of
    other countries.

    International Organizations

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to find, recruit, and retain qualified Americans in
    the U.N. system.

        Answer. The Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs works closely
    with IO and USUN on shared priorities and on all campaigns and hiring
    initiatives involving qualified American candidates for the U.N.
    system. If confirmed, I will continue to elevate these efforts in
    multilateral fora and with our partners in the region and in my
    engagements with U.S. citizens.

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to promote American or likeminded initiatives within
    the U.N. system, including on technical matters at specialized bodies.

        Answer. I have immediate experience over the past year working with
    USUN and IO--as well as the Government of Japan as a partner--to
    successfully advance several American candidates. If confirmed, I will
    continue to work with USUN and IO colleagues to advance the United
    States' affirmative agenda for the U.N. and strengthen partnerships
    with traditional and non-traditional partners, including in U.N.
    specialized agencies. U.S. re-engagement at the U.N. system is critical
    to reasserting U.S. leadership, including by working with our partners
    and allies to promote initiatives that advance shared priorities on
    technical matters.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Joel Ehrendreich by Senator Marco Rubio

              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today.

        Question. With their absolute control of Chinese society and
    industry, the CCP could stop all of these destructive actions tomorrow
    if they so choose. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the
    United States?

        Answer. Yes. Earlier this year, the Director of National
    Intelligence testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and
    most consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against PRC efforts to expand its problematic
    influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public
    diplomacy, and commercial advocacy to bolster U.S.-Palau ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. Yes, as the United States competes vigorously with the PRC,
    the United States manages this competition responsibly so that
    competition does not veer into conflict. The United States will work
    with the PRC to address transnational challenges, such as rising sea
    levels and increased frequency of natural disasters, when it is in our
    interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor to us
    or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC and other actors in the region.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Palau and countering efforts by our strategic and
    regional competitors to undermine those interests. The Administration
    has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential geopolitical
    challenge facing the United States, and that the United States is
    committed to working to strengthen our partners in the region. If
    confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State and interagency
    colleagues and Congress to address China's efforts to expand its
    influence in Palau and the region.

              The Biden Administration signed a Compact of Free Association
            with Palau in late May, and it now awaits Congressional
            approval. As we have seen, the CCP aims to disrupt the
            international rules-based order and has made inroads in the
            Indo-Pacific to challenge the U.S. position. This has been
            while this administration has been prioritizing advancing
            extreme social policy. Signing the compact is an important
            first step to our allies and partners in the region, as well as
            those considering partnerships with the CCP. However, in order
            for the U.S. to maintain its dominant position and security
            presence in the region, the U.S. needs to focus on tangible
            national security objectives and the advancing American
            interests:

        Question. If confirmed, what are your priorities regarding
    countering the CCP in Palau and the larger region?

        Answer. My priorities stem from our National Security Strategy,
    Indo-Pacific Strategy, and Pacific Partnership Strategy, which describe
    in no uncertain terms that the United States faces unprecedented
    challenges from the People's Republic of China. The strategies
    highlight the importance of enhancing our relationships with allies and
    partners, to include a specific focus on deepening ties with Pacific
    Island Countries.
        If confirmed, I would work with interagency partners including the
    Department of Defense, USAID, Department of Interior, and others on
    furthering our activities related to the Compact of Free Association.
    More generally, I would also work with interagency partners, such as
    Coast Guard and FBI, on other areas of cooperation, such as building
    Palau's capacity in maritime domain awareness and maritime law
    enforcement capabilities. I would also work with our close partners in
    the country--Japan, Australia, and Taiwan have representatives--to
    promote our shared interest in a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

        Question. Do you have concerns regarding the current compact not
    going far enough in some areas regarding our partnership to counter CCP
    influence?

        Answer. I see the Compact and its current related agreements as the
    blueprint for our relationship, and they have robust defense, security
    and economic provisions which serve as not just powerful symbols, but
    also strong tools for dealing with CCP's attempts to gain influence.
    The Compact also may be regarded by other Pacific Island Countries as a
    public indicator of U.S. commitment to the region.
        As I said during my hearing, I believe the strength of our
    partnership was confirmed by President Whipps at the signing of the
    2023 Compact Review Agreement by saying ``God bless Palau! God bless
    the United States of America! God bless us all!''
        I would add that our partnership with Palau ties together with our
    regional diplomacy. Our launch of the Partners of the Blue Pacific, our
    role as dialogue partner in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), our
    leaders-level engagements with Pacific Island Countries, our enhanced
    diplomatic engagement in the region to include new embassies and our
    first-ever special envoy to the PIF, and other initiatives all enhance
    our position in the region and our ability to counter our adversaries.

        Question. If confirmed, what would you do to keep China out of
    Palau?

        Answer. Under the Compact of Free Association, we maintain
    responsibility and authority for all defense and security matters in or
    relating to Palau, and access to Palau by any third parties' militaries
    is foreclosed, subject to the terms of the Compact. DoD has access to
    facilities in Palau and regularly conducts training and exercises in
    Palau's territory. DoD also maintains active communication with the
    Government of Palau on defense and security-related matters. The United
    States also has established defense sites in Palau, including the
    Tactical Multi-Mission Over-the-Horizon Radar site (TACMOR).
        If confirmed, I will look for opportunities to partner with Palau
    and align with our allies and partners to expand diplomatic,
    development, and people-to-people ties that will strengthen Palau's
    resilience and ability to avoid predatory economic practices. If
    confirmed, I will work swiftly to support good governance,
    transparency, and anti-corruption efforts. I will also work with
    Congress to advance U.S. interests in the region and sustain the
    progress achieved through this partnership.

        Question. Do you believe an aggressive left social policy should
    supplant national security objectives or American prosperity in our
    work with Palau?

        Answer. I believe that Palau--like most of the world--looks to the
    United States as the beacon of light for the values people around the
    world cherish: democracy, freedom, equality, respect for human rights,
    and respect for the rule of law. We have a rich and deep history with
    Palau, and Palauans know the United States very well. For just one
    example, approximately 500 Palauans are currently serving in the U.S.
    Armed Forces--a per capita rate higher than any U.S. state.
        I am confident that as our two countries' societies continue to
    evolve, as societies always do, our relationship with Palau will
    continue to advance U.S. national interests including improving our
    national security and prosperity. If confirmed, my efforts in Palau
    will seek to further deepen and expand this close relationship to
    ensure the advancement of our national interests.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Mark W. Libby by Senator Robert Menendez

        Question. Do you believe that if Azerbaijan were to exert full
    territorial control over Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) the ethnic Armenians
    living there would be safe? Do you commit to fully advocating for the
    protection and security of all people living in Nagorno-Karabakh?

        Answer. I am deeply concerned about the rights and security of
    ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh (NK). Following the closure of the
    Lachin corridor roadway and in light of the worsening humanitarian
    situation in NK, we should press for the immediate restoration of food
    and humanitarian deliveries even as we redouble our diplomatic efforts
    to bring peace to the region. This means strenuously pressing
    Azerbaijan to allow the immediate delivery of food and other vital
    humanitarian supplies into NK--and pressing for transparency via an
    international implementing partner to monitor the rights and security
    of ethnic Armenians living there once a settlement has been agreed. If
    confirmed, I commit to advocating fully and energetically for the
    rights and security for the ethnic Armenian residents of Nagorno-
    Karabakh both immediately and as part of a just and durable peace
    agreement. That is, and in my view must remain, a central focus of U.S.
    diplomatic efforts.

        Question. Will you commit to strongly condemning Azerbaijani
    efforts to block humanitarian access to Nagorno-Karabakh?

        Answer. Yes. I strongly condemn Azerbaijani actions which have
    resulted in the blocking of humanitarian access to NK and will continue
    to do so if confirmed.

        Question. President Aliyev has publicly threatened the lives and
    security of ethnic Armenians. Will you unequivocally condemn this kind
    of incendiary rhetoric and take steps to stop it?

        Answer. Yes. I condemn any sort of threatening and incendiary
    rhetoric. If confirmed, I will use my position in Baku to press the
    Government of Azerbaijan, publicly and privately, to negotiate
    seriously without resorting to threats or inflammatory rhetoric.

        Question. As the United States continues to facilitate talks
    between Armenia and Azerbaijan will you commit to prioritizing and
    ensuring the durable safety and security of all people, including
    ethnic Armenians in Karabakh?

        Answer. Yes. A durable and dignified negotiated peace agreement
    must provide for the safety and security of all persons in the region,
    including the ethnic Armenians of NK. If confirmed, I will consistently
    advocate for the human rights of all persons in the region while doing
    all I can to encourage such a settlement.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Mark W. Libby by Senator Robert Menendez

    Lachin Corridor
              I am deeply concerned by Azerbaijan's more than 180-day
            blockade of Nagorno Karabakh.

        Question. If confirmed, would you commit to keeping sanctions on
    the table as a tool to pressure Azerbaijan to end its cruel blockade?

        Answer. Yes. I do not rule out the use of any of the tools at our
    disposal to achieve the U.S. goals of: promoting a just and durable
    peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; prioritizing the rights
    and security for the residents of Nagorno-Karabakh; and restoring free
    and open transit for civilian and commercial traffic through the Lachin
    corridor. If confirmed, I will forcefully and directly advocate with
    the Azerbaijani government for: unhindered civilian and commercial
    traffic through the Lachin corridor; transparency into the situation in
    Nagorno-Karabakh; the rights and security of all the people who live
    there; and a just and durable peace agreement between Armenia and
    Azerbaijan.

    Azerbaijani Ties with Russia
              During a recent summit in Moscow, the Azerbaijani leader
            claimed that Russia supported his plan for a corridor to
            Nakhchivan, a declaration that surprised the Armenian Prime
            Minister. Moreover, Azerbaijan began importing Russian gas in
            November to meet its domestic needs as it increases exports to
            the European Union. While Russia ignores the security
            guarantees that it gave to Armenia, Azerbaijan appears to be
            getting closer to Russia.

        Question. How do you assess the state of Azerbaijan's relationship
    with Russia?

        Answer. Azerbaijan occupies a difficult, strategically important
    geographic space between Russia and Iran. Russia pursues its own
    geostrategic interests in the South Caucasus and benefits from regional
    destabilization that creates the conditions for its continued military
    presence in neighboring countries. I strongly support U.S. policy that
    every country has a sovereign right to determine its international
    relations. Azerbaijan, like every other country--former Soviet state or
    not--has the right to pursue its foreign relations as it chooses, in
    the furtherance of its own interests, and in accordance with
    international law. The Department has made this clear publicly, at the
    highest levels in private discussions with regional partners, and with
    Russia, which should not attempt to undermine this right. Azerbaijan
    has demonstrated its willingness to resist Russian pressure by refusing
    to join the Eurasian Economic Union or rejoin the Collective Security
    Treaty Organization. Azerbaijan voted in favor of U.N. General Assembly
    Resolution 68/262, which affirmed Ukraine's territorial integrity and
    condemned Russia's occupation of Crimea. It has offered humanitarian
    and energy support to Ukraine following Russia's further invasion. If
    confirmed, I will do all I can to encourage Azerbaijan to continue such
    policies.

        Question. How can we prevent Azerbaijan from financing Putin's war
    in Ukraine to enable its deals with the European Union?

        Answer. Azerbaijan's energy resources and long-term interest in
    integration with the West bolster its ability and willingness to
    maintain independence from Russia. Azerbaijan and the United States
    have worked closely in developing the 16 billion cubic meter per year
    (bcma) Southern Gas Corridor project, which brings natural gas from
    Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz field to Europe. Azerbaijan signed a deal with
    the European Union to double its natural gas exports to the EU by 2027,
    which the United States strongly supports. If confirmed, I will seek to
    prioritize the importance of Azerbaijan's continuing efforts to support
    European energy security following Russia's further invasion of
    Ukraine.

    907 Waiver
              I have long called for ending all security assistance to
            Azerbaijan, including through efforts to end the 907 waiver all
            together.

        Question. Do you think the United States should be providing any
    form of security assistance or International Military Education &
    Training (IMET) to a country that attacked its neighbor in September,
    began a war that killed over 6,500 people in 2020, and is currently
    blockading a vulnerable population?

        Answer. I am firmly committed to implementing the letter and spirit
    of the FREEDOM Support Act, as well as the recommendations of the 2022
    GAO report, and all other statutory requirements including ``Leahy''
    provisions for vetting foreign security assistance. If confirmed, I
    will recommend to the Administration only those policies and programs
    that best serve the interests and goals of the United States in
    Azerbaijan and in the region--and that have no negative effect on
    efforts to find a peaceful settlement in the conflict between
    Azerbaijan and Armenia. The United States carefully reviews assistance
    for Azerbaijan to ensure it fulfills these criteria. If confirmed, I
    will faithfully and scrupulously work to ensure that U.S. assistance to
    Azerbaijan continues to meet those conditions. U.S. security assistance
    to Azerbaijan promotes U.S. national security interests including
    counterterrorism, combating the proliferation of weapons of mass
    destruction, securing critical energy infrastructure, and combating
    narcotics trafficking and human trafficking. Through E-IMET,
    professional military education exposes Azerbaijani military
    servicemembers to U.S. and NATO precepts, including civilian control of
    the military, human rights, and adherence to the law of war.

    Armenian Genocide
              I am very proud that the Senate took the important step four
            years ago in recognizing the Armenian Genocide with the passage
            of my bipartisan resolution. Not only does recognition of the
            past give some solace to the victims and their descendants, but
            being honest about this ultimate crime helps us to ensure that
            the crimes of the past are not repeated.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to putting out an annual
    statement on Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day reaffirming this
    ultimate crime?

        Answer. Yes, I do. Your leadership on this issue has underscored
    the importance of recognizing the Armenian genocide. The President's
    last three annual statements have mourned the one and a half million
    Armenians who lost their lives in the Armenian genocide during the
    final years of the Ottoman Empire. Acknowledging and reckoning with
    painful periods in history, such as the Armenian genocide, is a
    critical step towards building a foundation for a more just and
    tolerant future. In this year's statement, the President asked us to
    recommit ``to speaking out against hate, standing up for human rights,
    and preventing atrocities.'' If confirmed, I pledge to amplify this
    message and subsequent annual statements from the President on Armenian
    Remembrance Day.
        Question. Do you believe that if Azerbaijan were to exert full
    territorial control over Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) the ethnic Armenians
    living there would be safe? Do you commit to fully advocating for the
    protection and security of all people living in Nagorno-Karabakh?

        Answer. I am deeply concerned about the rights and security of
    ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh (NK). Following the closure of the
    Lachin corridor roadway and in light of the worsening humanitarian
    situation in NK, we should press for the immediate restoration of food
    and humanitarian deliveries even as we redouble our diplomatic efforts
    to bring peace to the region. This means strenuously pressing
    Azerbaijan to allow the immediate delivery of food and other vital
    humanitarian supplies into NK--and pressing for transparency via an
    international implementing partner to monitor the rights and security
    of ethnic Armenians living there once a settlement has been agreed. If
    confirmed, I commit to advocating fully and energetically for the
    rights and security for the ethnic Armenian residents of Nagorno-
    Karabakh both immediately and as part of a just and durable peace
    agreement. That is, and in my view must remain, a central focus of U.S.
    diplomatic efforts.

        Question. Will you commit to strongly condemning Azerbaijani
    efforts to block humanitarian access to Nagorno-Karabakh?

        Answer. Yes. I strongly condemn Azerbaijani actions which have
    resulted in the blocking of humanitarian access to NK and will continue
    to do so if confirmed.

        Question. President Aliyev has publicly threatened the lives and
    security of ethnic Armenians. Will you unequivocally condemn this kind
    of incendiary rhetoric and take steps to stop it?

        Answer. Yes. I condemn any sort of threatening and incendiary
    rhetoric. If confirmed, I will use my position in Baku to press the
    Government of Azerbaijan, publicly and privately, to negotiate
    seriously without resorting to threats or inflammatory rhetoric.

        Question. As the United States continues to facilitate talks
    between Armenia and Azerbaijan will you commit to prioritizing and
    ensuring the durable safety and security of all people, including
    ethnic Armenians in Karabakh?

        Answer. Yes. A durable and dignified negotiated peace agreement
    must provide for the safety and security of all persons in the region,
    including the ethnic Armenians of NK. If confirmed, I will consistently
    advocate for the human rights of all persons in the region while doing
    all I can to encourage such a settlement.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Mark W. Libby by Senator James E. Risch

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Azerbaijan was upgraded to Tier 2 or continued efforts to meet
            the minimum standards to eliminate trafficking, but more work
            remains to improve the trafficking situation in country.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Azerbaijan operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. I support the Administration's strong commitment to
    combatting trafficking in persons and, if confirmed, I will pursue this
    goal vigorously in Azerbaijan. The United States has already
    implemented programs in Azerbaijan to improve the capacity of
    government and civil society actors to assist victims of trafficking.
        The Department of State and the Embassy in Baku have welcomed the
    cooperation Azerbaijan has shown on trafficking issues, and if
    confirmed I would capitalize on this willingness to work together to
    tackle the challenges that remain. Although the Government of
    Azerbaijan has increased some of its efforts, I commit to advocating
    for stronger victim protection, including proactively identifying labor
    and internal trafficking victims, child trafficking victims, and
    implementing victim-centered approaches. If confirmed, I will continue
    promoting opportunities for U.S. capacity-building assistance to
    support victims.
        I will also redouble our political outreach to ensure that
    Azerbaijan stays the course on our recommendations, to include
    investigating and prosecuting perpetrators of trafficking, providing
    adequate penalties for those convicted, and increasing proactive
    identification efforts for trafficking victims.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to portraying the reality of
    the trafficking situation in Azerbaijan in the annual country report as
    accurately as possible?

        Answer. Yes. As with all Congressionally mandated reports, I pledge
    to guide our Embassy team in Baku to report on the trafficking
    situation in Azerbaijan accurately and completely. I will personally
    emphasize the importance of this issue in my political engagement with
    the Azerbaijani government.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Azerbaijan was listed as having a lack of
            governmental and societal respect for religious freedom with
            noted government instances of intimidation or abuse.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. Azerbaijan is a Shi'a Muslim majority country with a
    history of religious tolerance. Followers of many different religions
    are able to practice their faith in Azerbaijan. Nevertheless, as you
    noted, the Department's annual International Religious Freedom Report
    on Azerbaijan documented the difficulties some religious groups face in
    registering their organizations and official harassment some experience
    in trying to practice their faith, among other issues.
        If confirmed, I will work closely and directly with the Ambassador
    at Large and his team to improve religious freedom in Azerbaijan. I
    understand that the Ambassador at Large sent a team to visit Baku in
    March, and that they were able to press the government on these very
    important issues. If confirmed, I look forward to following up on their
    findings and engaging the government publicly and privately to uphold
    its international commitments regarding freedom of religion or belief.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will ensure the team at Embassy Baku
    continues to monitor the status of religious freedom in Azerbaijan
    through regular meetings--including by me personally--with civil
    society representatives, including those of religious organizations,
    and human rights activists.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Azerbaijan increase their societal and governmental respect for
    religious freedom?

        Answer. If confirmed, I will urge the Azerbaijani Government to
    improve societal and governmental respect for religious freedom.
    Specifically, I will forcefully advocate for improvements in areas of
    concern identified in State Department reports, including facilitating
    the registration of all religious groups, allowing members of religious
    groups to choose their own leaders, and protecting the rights of
    members of all groups, as outlined in Azerbaijan's constitution. I will
    engage regularly with civil society, including with people from faith
    groups across the spectrum, to amplify our messaging to the Azerbaijani
    government and underscore U.S. support for this important issue.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report,
            Azerbaijan was listed as having a long list of significant
            human rights abuses, including political prisoners, limits on
            freedom of expression and the media, corruption, and much more.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. Human rights are at the heart of this Administration's
    foreign policy, and they are a key part of U.S. bilateral engagement
    with Azerbaijan. I believe the United States should use all the tools
    in its diplomatic toolbox to promote respect for human rights and
    fundamental freedoms in order to create a stronger foundation for
    Azerbaijan's long-term security and stability. If confirmed, I will
    urge the Azerbaijani government at the highest levels to create an
    environment in which NGOs, the media, political parties, religious
    groups, and the private sector can operate freely. I will work to
    ensure U.S. foreign assistance continues to promote free and open
    exchange of information, democracy and human rights.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, such meetings will be among my top
    priorities--both upon arriving in Azerbaijan and throughout my tenure
    in Baku. I will continue the Embassy's current commitment to meeting
    with a full range of non-governmental and civil society figures,
    including human rights defenders, NGO representatives, and independent
    journalists, to demonstrate our support for pluralism and fundamental
    freedoms. If confirmed, I will express publicly and privately U.S.
    concerns about the shrinking space for civil society and restrictions
    on fundamental freedoms. Azerbaijani progress in this area would help
    to deepen its bilateral relationship with the United States and enhance
    the country's long-term security.

    International Organizations
        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to find, recruit, and retain qualified Americans in
    the U.N. system.

        Answer. I believe that it is vitally important to U.S. national
    security that the United States and our like-minded allies and partners
    do not cede influence in the U.N. system to those who do not share our
    values and are not committed to the foundational principles of the U.N.
    If confirmed, I will work closely with the International Organizations
    Bureau, the government of Azerbaijan, diplomats from allies and partner
    countries, and other stakeholders to augment the number of Americans in
    the U.N. system, while encouraging citizens of likeminded nations to
    work throughout the U.N. system.

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to promote American or likeminded initiatives within
    the U.N. system, including on technical matters at specialized bodies.

        Answer. Although Azerbaijan has not always been as aligned with the
    United States in the U.N. as we might hope, if confirmed, I commit to
    working regularly with the Government in Baku to advance U.S. interests
    in U.N. institutions. My team and I will maintain regular contact with
    Azerbaijan counterparts--and with colleagues in USUN and IO--to ensure
    maximum coordination on upcoming votes and other actions in the U.N.
    and other multilateral bodies, including actions to stand with Ukraine.
    My team and I will continue to seek opportunities for further
    cooperation with Azerbaijan on these important issues.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
               Submitted to Mark W. Libby by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against PRC efforts to expand its problematic
    influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public
    diplomacy, and commercial advocacy to bolster U.S.-Azerbaijan ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, the
    United States manages this competition responsibly so that competition
    does not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC
    to address transnational challenges, such as climate change, when it is
    in our interest to do so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor
    to us or anyone else, and never in exchange for walking away from our
    principles, but because it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I
    will work with the Department of State's new Office of China
    Coordination to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by
    the PRC and other actors in the region.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be advancing U.S. national
    security interests in Azerbaijan and countering efforts by our
    strategic and regional competitors to undermine those interests. The
    Administration has been clear that the PRC is the most consequential
    geopolitical challenge facing the United States, and that the United
    States is committed to working to strengthen our partners in the
    region. If confirmed, I will work closely with Department of State,
    interagency colleagues, and Congress to address China's efforts to
    expand its influence in Azerbaijan and the region.

        Question. Over several administrations, a peaceful resolution to
    the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict has been sought regarding the Nagorno-
    Karabakh territory. U.S. assistance aimed to mitigate the impacts of
    the conflict and parity with regards to Foreign Military Financing
    assistance to both sides. Since 2001, the annual presidential waiver to
    Section 907 of the FREEDOM Support Act has taken place and enabled U.S.
    military aid and other foreign assistance to Azerbaijan. If confirmed,
    how would you work on resolving continued Nagorno-Karabakh territorial
    disputes and access?

        Answer. The United States supports direct engagement between
    Azerbaijan and Armenia to work toward a peaceful resolution of the
    conflict, which has lasted more than 30 years. Senior U.S. officials
    have been very engaged in this process, including Secretary Blinken,
    who has hosted two rounds of peace talks in Washington and spoken
    directly to the leaders multiple times over the last year. A durable
    and dignified peace must be one that emanates from the region--we
    cannot impose a solution on Armenia and Azerbaijan. Armenia has
    publicly acknowledged that an arrangement between the population of
    Nagorno-Karabakh and the Azerbaijani government is essential for
    securing the rights and security of those belonging to the ethnic
    Armenian residents of Nagorno-Karabakh. In this regard, transparency
    for the international community is critical. The State Department
    prioritizes the rights and security for the residents of Nagorno-
    Karabakh at every level of engagement with the Azerbaijan government--
    including with President Aliyev. If confirmed, I will advocate
    forcefully with Azerbaijan for transparency into the situation in
    Nagorno-Karabakh and for the rights and security of all the people who
    live there.

        Question. If confirmed, would you advocate for a presidential
    waiver to Section 907, despite the well documented human rights abuses
    committed by Azeri security forces against Armenian civilians?

        Answer. U.S. assistance to Azerbaijan promotes U.S. national
    security interests, which is why every Administration has waived
    section 907 of the FREEDOM Support Act every year since 2002. The most
    recent waiver went into effect June 22, 2022. The United States does
    not approve any security assistance or military sales that could
    undermine efforts to find a peaceful settlement of the conflict between
    Azerbaijan and Armenia. I am firmly committed to implementing both the
    letter and spirit of the FREEDOM Support Act--as well as the
    recommendations of the 2022 GAO report and all applicable ``Leahy''
    legislative requirements for vetting foreign security assistance. If
    confirmed, I will recommend to the Administration the policies and
    programs that best serve the interests and goals of the United States
    in Azerbaijan and in the region and that will have no negative effect
    on the peace process.

        Question. How would a long-term peace deal between Azerbaijan and
    Armenia impact Russian influence in the region?

        Answer. The Russia-negotiated trilateral arrangement paused the
    fighting in 2020, but was written in a way that set up Russia as the
    chief arbiter and allowed each side to interpret it as it sees fit.
    While Russia has, at times, played a role in convening the parties,
    Russia also pursues its own geostrategic interests in the Caucasus and
    benefits from regional destabilization that creates the conditions for
    its continued military presence in neighboring countries. Direct
    engagement between the sides leading to a durable and dignified peace
    agreement offers the clearest path forward to resolving the Armenia-
    Azerbaijan conflict. It provides the best opportunity for the sides to
    demonstrate their sovereignty and independence and reduce Russian
    influence.

        Question. How realistic is a peace deal to occur between Azerbaijan
    and Armenia while Russia is consumed by its war in Ukraine?

        Answer. The United States supports direct engagement between
    Azerbaijan and Armenia to work toward a peaceful resolution of the
    conflict. Senior U.S. officials have been very engaged in this process,
    including Secretary Blinken, who has hosted two rounds of talks in
    Washington and spoken directly to the leaders multiple times over the
    last year. The parties have publicly committed to this peace process
    and the United States is supporting them as a facilitator. I share the
    Administration's belief that a durable and dignified peace must be one
    that emanates from the parties, and the United States and partners such
    as the European Union are working hard to support the parties in their
    talks. As Secretary Blinken said following talks he hosted in May,
    ``there is an agreement within sight, within reach. And achieving that
    agreement would be, I think, not only historic, but would be profoundly
    in the interests of the people of Azerbaijan and Armenia, and would
    have very positive effects even beyond their two countries.'' Reaching
    a durable and dignified peace agreement offers the best opportunity for
    each of the sides to demonstrate their sovereignty and independence and
    reduce Russian malign influence in the region. If confirmed, I will
    advocate vigorously and directly with the government of Azerbaijan to
    take the steps necessary to reach such an agreement.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
             Submitted to Edgard D. Kagan by Senator James E. Risch

    Trafficking in Persons
              In the State Department's 2022 Trafficking in Persons Report,
            Malaysia was listed as Tier 3 for continued failure to meet the
            minimum standards to eliminate trafficking.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps could you take to help
    Malaysia operationalize the prioritized recommendations contained in
    the TIP report?

        Answer. Working with the interagency team at U.S. Embassy Kuala
    Lumpur, and in close partnership with the State Department's Office to
    Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) and other elements of
    the U.S. Government, I will seek to advance our anti-trafficking goals.
    If confirmed, I will push publicly and privately for Malaysia to take
    meaningful action to combat trafficking. I will urge the Malaysian
    Government to increase the capacity of local law enforcement to
    investigate, prosecute, and convict traffickers--especially labor
    traffickers. The Malaysian Government publicly stated its desire to
    continue improving its anti-trafficking efforts after Malaysia was
    upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List in the State Department's 2023
    Trafficking in Persons Report. If confirmed, I plan to work closely
    with the Malaysian Government to achieve our shared goals of protecting
    victims and bringing traffickers to justice.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to portraying the reality of
    the trafficking situation in Malaysia in the annual country report as
    accurately as possible?

        Answer. An accurate Trafficking in Persons Report is vital to
    publicly identify the drivers of trafficking and prescribe actionable
    recommendations that will lead to the structural change necessary to
    end trafficking as well as maintain U.S. credibility. If confirmed, I
    commit to portraying the reality of the trafficking situation in
    Malaysia in the annual country report and to working with Congress and
    U.S. Government agencies to push for additional action by the Malaysian
    Government to increase trafficking investigations, prosecutions and
    convictions of traffickers, and to increase victim identification and
    protection.

    Religious Freedom
              In the State Department's 2022 International Religious
            Freedom report, Malaysia was listed as lacking governmental and
            societal respect for religious freedom but that the U.S.
            Embassy had stressed the importance of tolerance and community
            understanding.

        Question. What is your assessment of this particular issue and if
    confirmed, how will you work with the Ambassador At Large for
    International Religious Freedom to bolster religious freedom in-
    country?

        Answer. As Secretary Blinken has stated, the United States
    maintains its unwavering support to promote respect for and protection
    of freedom of religion or belief for all. I understand that Embassy
    Kuala Lumpur has conducted a broad range of engagement with the
    Malaysian Government and with civil society to highlight the importance
    of religious freedom. If confirmed, I would ensure that we continue
    these important engagements, and I would work with the Ambassador at
    Large for Religious Freedom to explore ways to bolster religious
    freedom in Malaysia. I appreciate the longstanding Congressional
    support on freedom of religion or belief and, if confirmed, look
    forward to working with Congress to continue to preserve and protect
    this human right.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Promoting respect for human rights, including freedom of
    religion or belief, and the rule of law, is fundamental to U.S. values
    and interests. If confirmed, I commit to personally engaging with civil
    society and the Malaysian Government on these issues and other human
    rights and fundamental freedoms.

        Question. If confirmed, what concrete steps can you take to help
    Malaysia increase their societal and governmental respect for religious
    freedom?

        Answer. There are limits on freedom of religion or belief in
    Malaysia, including through federal and state laws against blasphemy
    and apostasy, and there are also restrictions on all non-Sunni forms of
    Islam. If confirmed, I will urge the Government of Malaysia to
    encourage Malaysian authorities to increase respect for members of
    religious minority groups and resolve longstanding cases of enforced
    disappearances of religious figures. I will also work with civil
    society to promote religious tolerance for members of all religious
    groups.

    Human Rights
              In the State Department's 2022 Human Rights Report, Malaysia
            was listed as having a litany of human rights abuses, including
            reports of arbitrary killings, torture, censorship, limits on
            freedom of assembly and expression, among many others.

        Question. How will you direct your Embassy to work with civil
    society organizations to improve the human rights situation on the
    ground?

        Answer. The United States places great importance on civil society
    and NGOs because they serve as the critical links between government
    and the public, and I have worked extensively with civil society
    organizations throughout my career. If confirmed, I will continue our
    strong advocacy both publicly and privately in support of the critical
    role played by civil society in Malaysia's democratic development and
    promotion of human rights. If confirmed, I would work to advance
    democratic values and respect for human rights in my engagements at all
    levels of the Malaysian Government and with all parts of Malaysian
    society.

        Question. If confirmed, do you commit to personally engaging with
    civil society on this issue?

        Answer. Yes. If confirmed, I will personally engage with civil
    society on human rights and fundamental freedoms. I firmly believe that
    the promotion of human rights is in the interest of all people in the
    United States and Malaysia and will work in support of that goal. If
    confirmed, in addition to engaging civil society, human rights
    advocates, and other non-governmental organizations on human rights
    issues, I look forward to meeting regularly with Malaysian Government
    officials to affirm U.S. support for human rights and fundamental
    freedoms.

    International Organizations
        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to find, recruit, and retain qualified Americans in
    the U.N. system.

        Answer. The Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs works closely
    with IO and USUN on shared priorities and on all campaigns and hiring
    initiatives involving qualified American candidates for the U.N.
    system. If confirmed, I will continue to engage the Malaysian
    Government to gain support for U.S. citizens seeking to work in the
    U.N. system and other multilateral organizations.

        Question. If confirmed, please describe how you can work with USUN
    and IO colleagues to promote American or likeminded initiatives within
    the U.N. system, including on technical matters at specialized bodies.

        Answer. If confirmed, I will work with USUN and IO colleagues to
    advance the United States' affirmative agenda for the U.N. and
    strengthen partnerships with traditional and non-traditional partners,
    including in specialized and technical agencies. U.S. re-engagement at
    the U.N. system is critical to reasserting U.S. leadership, including
    by working with our partners and allies to promote initiatives that
    advance shared priorities on technical matters.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
              Submitted to Edgard D. Kagan by Senator Marco Rubio

              In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
            Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to
            reshape the international order and, increasingly, the
            economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to do
            it.'' The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins
            of power in the People's Republic of China and has used this
            power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood our communities
            with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
            greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute
            control of Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all
            of these destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose.

        Question. Is the Chinese Communist Party a threat to the United
    States?

        Answer. Earlier this year, the Director of National Intelligence
    testified that ``the CCP represents both the leading and most
    consequential threat to U.S. national security and leadership
    globally.'' Under President Xi, the CCP has become more repressive at
    home and more aggressive abroad, seeking to undercut U.S. influence and
    alliances. If confirmed, I will advance U.S. national security
    interests and push back against PRC efforts to expand its malign
    influence, through robust and forthright diplomatic engagements, public
    diplomacy, and commercial advocacy to bolster U.S.-Malaysia ties.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. The Administration assesses the Chinese Communist Party's
    (CCP) activities in the context of the fact that, as Secretary Blinken
    has said, the CCP has become more repressive at home and more
    aggressive abroad. According to the Office of the Director of National
    Intelligence's 2023 Annual Threat Assessment, the CCP is seeking to
    ``undercut U.S. influence, drive wedges between Washington and its
    partners, and foster some norms that favor its authoritarian system.''

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. As the United States competes vigorously with the PRC, we
    seek to manage this competition responsibly so that competition does
    not veer into conflict. The United States will work with the PRC to
    address transnational challenges, such as climate change,
    counternarcotics, and public health, when it is in our interest to do
    so--as Secretary Blinken has said, not as a favor to us or anyone else,
    and never in exchange for walking away from our principles, but because
    it is what the world expects. If confirmed, I will work with
    departments and agencies across the U.S. Government as well as with
    Congress to advance U.S. objectives and counter harmful behavior by the
    PRC and other actors in the Indo-Pacific.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the country in which you will work?

        Answer. If confirmed, my priority will be to advance U.S. interests
    in Malaysia and countering efforts by our strategic and regional
    competitors to undermine those interests. The Administration has been
    clear that the PRC is the most consequential geopolitical challenge
    facing the United States, and that the United States is committed to
    working to strengthen our partnerships in the region. If confirmed, I
    will work closely with Department of State and interagency colleagues,
    as well as Congress to address the PRC's efforts to expand its
    influence in Malaysia and the region.

              Since the late 1990s, the U.S. enjoyed a deepening of
            bilateral ties with Malaysia. However, recent developments in
            both countries have led to uncertainties regarding the strength
            of these ties now, and into the future. Friction between the
            U.S. and Malaysia have included human rights concerns, U.S.
            military interventions in the Middle East, and U.S. support for
            Israel. Even with the backdrop, U.S.-Malaysia military security
            cooperation has been active in countering terrorism activities
            in Southeast Asia and includes naval cooperation near the
            Malacca Straight.

        Question. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between the U.S. and Malaysia?

        Answer. The United States and Malaysia enjoy a strong partnership
    based on robust economic, security, and people-to-people ties, and
    rooted in our shared national interests. We cooperate on security
    matters, including counterterrorism, cybersecurity, maritime security,
    and efforts to promote regional stability. Our economic relationship
    continues to expand with bilateral trade reaching nearly $80 billion
    and supporting an estimated 58,000 U.S. jobs. Bilateral military
    cooperation, in particular, is continually expanding, supporting
    regional security needs of both Malaysia and the United States.
    Additionally, Malaysia's recent interest in accelerating its clean
    energy transition and becoming a Carbon Capture, Utilization and
    Storage leader in Southeast Asia offers substantial U.S.-Malaysia
    energy cooperation. Malaysia has prospered during decades of stability
    in Southeast Asia underpinned by the United States' diplomacy and
    presence. If confirmed, I will work with Departments and Agencies
    across the U.S. Government and with Congress to further strengthen
    relations with Malaysia.

        Question. Are you concerned with the existing relationship? Please
    explain.

        Answer. Since becoming Prime Minister in November 2022, Anwar
    Ibrahim has fostered an environment for greater collaboration and
    cooperation between our two countries on issues of mutual interest
    including human rights, economic development, and South China Sea
    issues.
        If confirmed, I would engage with the highest levels of the
    Malaysian Government to further strengthen our partnership and would
    work closely with Congress as well as empower my staff to further
    expand relationships central to U.S. strategic goals.

        Question. If confirmed, are there opportunities or projects you
    would advocate for as Ambassador to utilize the Development Finance
    Corporation in Malaysia?

        Answer. An important energy producer, Malaysia is the world's
    fourth-largest exporter of Liquified Natural Gas. Prime Minister
    Anwar's Administration has signaled one of its priorities is the clean
    energy transition and becoming the Carbon Capture, Utilization and
    Storage regional leader in Southeast Asia. As Ambassador, if confirmed,
    I would encourage the Development Finance Corporation, in partnership
    with the State Department's Clean EDGE Asia program, other U.S.
    agencies, the private sector, and the Malaysian Government and Congress
    to identify opportunities that would support and accelerate Malaysia's
    clean energy transition.

        Question. How would you advance U.S. support for Israel in Malaysia
    if confirmed?

        Answer. Having served in Israel for three years, I know well the
    value of its international engagement. If confirmed as Ambassador to
    Malaysia, I would work to ensure awareness of the significant changes
    in the Middle East following the Abraham Accords, including the growing
    normalization of relations between key Arab nations and Israel. I would
    work with the Government of Malaysia and civil society to identify
    potential areas of opportunity to improve Israel-Malaysia relations. I
    would also highlight the tangible benefits of normalization, as
    demonstrated by the Abraham Accords, other normalization agreements,
    and the Negev Forum.

              Malaysia takes careful steps when balancing strategies with
            the U.S. and China in its relations. Malaysia has typically
            taken a low-key approach regarding confronting tensions with
            China in the South China Sea, it prioritizes negotiating a code
            of conduct between ASEAN and China to govern behavior. Malaysia
            has also entered into CCP Belt and Road Initiative projects
            including port, rail, and manufacturing investments.

        Question. What is your characterization of the existing
    relationship between China and Malaysia?

        Answer. Malaysia has a significant economic relationship with the
    People's Republic of China (PRC) which Malaysian leaders see as key to
    achieving the country's development goals. The PRC has been Malaysia's
    largest trading partner since 2009 and was the country's largest
    investor in 2022.
        Malaysia does not recognize the PRC's so-called ``nine-dash line''
    or its other expansive and unlawful South China Sea (SCS) maritime
    claims, which overlap with Malaysia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and
    continental shelf. Malaysia has publicly stated the PRC's SCS claims,
    persistent patrols in Malaysia's EEZ, and air incursions into
    Malaysian-managed air space pose a threat to Malaysia. Despite the PRC
    presence and intrusions, Malaysia is actively engaged in oil and gas
    exploration and recovery on its continental shelf notwithstanding the
    PRC's expansive and unlawful overlapping maritime claims.
        If confirmed, I would work with Malaysia, with U.S. Government
    departments and agencies, and with Congress to increase U.S. economic
    engagement while strengthening our security partnership and our people-
    to-people ties.

        Question. Are you concerned with their existing relationship?
    Please explain.

        Answer. PM Anwar's public statements have emphasized the need for
    Malaysia to maintain ``strategic balance'' between the United States
    and the PRC. If confirmed, I will work with U.S. Government departments
    and agencies, Congress, and the private sector to strengthen existing
    areas of cooperation with Malaysia, expand our partnership to new areas
    and identify alternatives to PRC financing.

        Question. Do you believe an ASEAN Code of Conduct will ever be
    agreed to between the PRC and ASEAN? If so, when?

        Answer. The United States supports ASEAN efforts to negotiate a
    meaningful and effective Code of Conduct (COC) on the SCS with the PRC
    that is fully consistent with international law as reflected in the
    1982 Law of the Sea Convention and protects the rights and interests of
    third parties.
        We also support ASEAN countries to continue their progress in
    negotiating maritime boundary agreements to resolve their overlapping
    lawful maritime entitlements to support the international law of the
    sea and to strengthen their collective voice during the COC
    negotiations. Although it is unclear if or when negotiations might
    conclude, if confirmed as Ambassador, I will work with Malaysia,
    including by continuing our existing legal engagement, to strengthen
    ASEAN's collective voice and support efforts to ensure any COC protects
    U.S. interests.

        Question. Do you believe the CCP would honor an ASEAN Code of
    Conduct?

        Answer. I believe a strong and unified ASEAN that negotiates a
    meaningful and effective Code of Conduct that protects the rights and
    interests of third parties is the best way to ensure the People's
    Republic of China honors its commitments.
                                   __________

           Responses to Additional Questions for the Record Submitted
              to Hon. Nisha Desai Biswal by Senator John Barrasso

        Question. What specific criteria is used by the International
    Development Finance Corporation (DFC) to decide whether the United
    States should make an equity investment?

        Answer. It is my understanding that DFC's objectives and criteria
    for equity investments are specified in the BUILD Act (22 USC Sec.
    9621c(3)). DFC takes into account whether support for the project
    would: substantially reduce or overcome the effect of an identified
    market failure in the country; would not proceed or would be
    substantially delayed without support; contribute to transforming local
    conditions to promote development of markets; be aligned with
    commercial partner incentives; have significant developmental impact
    and contribute to sustainability; and furthers U.S. policy. Equity is
    clearly an important tool for DFC to pursue its dual strategic and
    developmental mission. DFC also looks at the investment's growth
    prospects and the ability of the Corporation to exit the investment in
    the future. This is done by establishing a management approval process
    requiring a thorough evaluation of how each proposed investment
    satisfies these objectives.

        Question. With the increased risks and exposure of equity
    investments, what requirements are being put in place to ensure
    adequate oversight and risk management?

        Answer. In addition to DFC's Board of Directors' oversight, it is
    my understanding that DFC's Chief Risk Officer and an enterprise risk
    management program help the Corporation navigate the risks and
    opportunities associated with its proposed investments. I also
    understand that specific processes for origination and oversight of
    equity investments have been put in place to help control risks
    associated with equity investments.

        Question. Do you support the DFC providing equity investments in a
    foreign state-owned enterprise? If yes, under what circumstances?

        Answer. The BUILD Act requires DFC to mobilize private sector
    capital to the markets where it can work, many of which feature state
    owned enterprises (SOEs). Generally, DFC has understood this mandate to
    mean that DFC should not invest in SOEs, but there could be cases where
    an investment through an SOE does in fact mobilize private capital.

        Question. Do you support the DFC providing equity or investment
    financing to upper-middle income countries like Brazil, China, Mexico,
    Russia, and Turkey? If yes, under what circumstances?

        Answer. If confirmed, I am committed to ensuring that DFC follows
    applicable law related to country eligibility. I understand that DFC is
    prohibited by law from supporting investment in Russia and I can affirm
    that DFC does not intend to make any investments in China. However, I
    understand that under the BUILD Act, DFC is able to support projects in
    other upper middle-income countries subject to obtaining Presidential
    certification that the investment is in the national economic or
    foreign policy interests of the United States; and that such support is
    designed to produce significant developmental outcomes or provide
    developmental benefits to the poorest population of that country.

        Question. Please explain the DFC's net zero carbon plan.

        Answer. I understand DFC announced a commitment to reach net zero
    emissions through its investment portfolio by 2040. Under this plan,
    DFC will retain the ability to support other technologies or energy
    sources on a case-by-case basis when there are strong developmental or
    geostrategic benefits.

        Question. How does DFC's net-zero carbon plan align with U.S.
    efforts to support other U.S. goals, such as the 30,000-megawatt goal
    under Power Africa?

        Answer. I believe DFC's priorities to support investment in
    affordable, reliable energy are closely aligned with the objectives of
    Power Africa. Significant investment in a wide array of technologies
    and sources of energy to reduce energy poverty in Africa. If confirmed,
    I look forward to working with Power Africa.

        Question. Do you believe developing nations should be exempt from
    the net-zero carbon target?

        Answer. I believe access to reliable, sustainable sources of energy
    are critical to economic activity in developing nations. If confirmed,
    I will work to increase energy as a key focus of DFC. I understand that
    DFC's portfolio target does not prevent it from supporting strategic
    projects in the gas sector if certain conditions are met or other
    industries that help deliver strong developmental impacts or contribute
    to key geostrategic goals.

              No modern economy can run on variable renewable power alone.
            Developing countries will need reliable base load energy to run
            a manufacturing plant, data center, or a hospital. The DFC's
            new CO2 emissions cap limits the US to financing only 8 more
            natural gas power plants globally and forever.

        Question. What is your view on this policy and the impact on the
    developing world?

        Answer. I believe that DFC should look to support solutions that
    provide affordable, reliable power supply. There are many options for
    countries to achieve that goal. If confirmed, I look forward to working
    with the team at DFC to explore ways to increase energy access.

        Question. How important is providing reliable baseload energy when
    assisting countries with economic growth, job creation and poverty
    reduction?

        Answer. Supplying businesses and households with reliable energy is
    essential to economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.

              On October 24, 2021, the President of Uganda wrote an opinion
            editorial in the Wall Street Journal titled, ``Solar and Wind
            Force Poverty on Africa.'' He stated, ``Africa can't sacrifice
            its future prosperity for Western climate goals.'' The
            President of Uganda explained, ``This stands to forestall
            Africa's attempts to rise out of poverty, which require
            reliable energy. African manufacturing will struggle to attract
            investment and therefore to create jobs without consistent
            energy sources.''

        Question. Given the extensive expertise of the United States in
    these areas, why isn't the DFC financing more projects with coal, oil,
    and natural gas to developing nations?

        Answer. My understanding is that DFC is responsive to the demands
    of the private market for investment support. The companies that seek
    DFC support conduct their own analysis and determine what type of
    energy is most suitable for the local market. DFC considers energy
    projects on a case-by-case basis. If confirmed, I am committed to
    ensuring that advancing energy security remains a key focus of DFC
    investments.

        Question. Do you support the DFC financing coal, oil and natural
    gas projects?

        Answer. I understand that DFC considers energy projects on a case-
    by-case basis. DFC can support strategic projects in the gas sector if
    certain conditions are met or other industries that help deliver strong
    developmental impacts or contribute to key geostrategic goals. If
    confirmed, I will support DFC's policy.

        Question. Would you pursue an all-of-the-above energy strategy at
    the DFC?

        Answer. My understanding is that DFC has not imposed restrictions
    on specific technologies or energy sources for power projects. If
    confirmed, I will support DFC's policy of advancing market driven
    investments that advance energy security through a wide array of
    technologies.

        Question. What restrictions are currently in place on the financing
    of energy projects, including coal, oil and natural gas, at the DFC?

        Answer. My understanding is that DFC has not imposed restrictions
    on specific technologies for power projects. If confirmed, I would
    continue this practice.

        Question. Please outline the DFC's priorities in revising its
    environmental and social policies and procedures.

        Answer. I understand that the last major update to DFC's
    Environmental and Social Policy and procedures (ESPP) occurred in 2016
    when it was still operating as the Overseas Private Investment
    Corporation under different statutory authority. I have been briefed
    that DFC is updating its ESPP to keep up with evolving best practices
    and the standards of its peer development finance institutions and to
    clarify provisions that have led to confusion in practice. If
    confirmed, I look forward to learning more about these policies and the
    procedures.

              In April, it was announced that the Export-Import Bank of the
            United States and the DFC may lend up to $4 billion for the
            development of small modular nuclear reactors in Poland.

        Question. Do you support the DFC financing more nuclear energy
    projects?

        Answer. Yes.

        Question. If confirmed, what steps would you take to promote
    nuclear energy projects?

        Answer. I understand that DFC has been engaged in discussions with
    various stakeholders including discussions regarding potential support
    for projects that deploy small, modular nuclear reactor (SMR)
    technology. If confirmed, I would look forward to advancing these
    efforts.
                                   __________

                Responses to Additional Questions for the Record
           Submitted to Hon. Nish Desai Biswal by Senator Marco Rubio

        Question. In May 2022, Secretary Blinken said that the People's
    Republic of China is the ``only country with both the intent to reshape
    the international order and, increasingly, the economic, diplomatic,
    military, and technological power to do it.'' The Chinese Communist
    Party (CCP) clearly holds the reins of power in the People's Republic
    of China and has used this power to commit genocide in Xinjiang, flood
    our communities with fentanyl, and emit, by far the largest quantity of
    greenhouse gases in the world today. With their absolute control of
    Chinese society and industry, the CCP could stop all of these
    destructive actions tomorrow if they so choose. Is the Chinese
    Communist Party a threat to the United States?

        Answer. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), has, and continues to,
    pursue policies that are more repressive at home and more aggressive
    abroad. The United States and the CCP are strategic competitors. If
    confirmed, I will advance the strategic foreign policy and development
    goals of the United States as called for under the BUILD Act.

        Question. Does the Chinese Communist Party undertake any activities
    that are beneficial to U.S. interests?

        Answer. International investment activities directed by the Chinese
    Communist Party come with significant risk of dependence, environmental
    degradation, and harm to local communities. None of these potential
    outcomes are in the U.S. interest.

        Question. Do you believe that there are any areas within which the
    Chinese Communist Party would constructively work with the United
    States in good faith?

        Answer. While the United States and the People's Republic of China
    (PRC) are strategic competitors, it may be possible for the PRC to make
    constructive contributions in areas of mutual interest, including in
    disaster response. If the U.S. pursues cooperation, we must remain
    clear-eyed about the challenges that the PRC poses and continue to best
    position ourselves to compete economically. Any PRC contributions must
    be scrutinized, however, to ensure they are not springboards for PRC
    economic and security interests.

        Question. If confirmed, will you approve any joint activity with
    organizations or representatives from the People's Republic of China in
    the organization in which you will work?

        Answer. It would not be appropriate for DFC to work with government
    entities or institutions of the People's Republic of China, or entities
    that are otherwise controlled by the CCP.

        Question. In May 2022, I sent a letter to the U.S. International
    Development Finance Corporation's (DFC) CEO Scott Nathan regarding the
    use of taxpayer funds that bankroll international projects focused on
    climate change and gender equity instead of facilitating advancement of
    national security policy goals and advancing American prosperity. DFC
    has continued to prioritize climate-change and an extreme social
    agenda, while the CCP continues to expand its control over foreign
    critical infrastructure projects that matter to the economies of the
    U.S., allies, Africa, Latin America, the Indo-Pacific, and beyond. How
    does the DFC weigh its funding priorities with respect to its
    development and foreign policy objectives?

        Answer. It is my understanding that DFC funding is allocated to
    projects that advance development and foreign policy priorities.
    Transactions that do not fit within DFC's statutory mandate under the
    BUILD Act are not supported. If confirmed, I would work to ensure that
    DFC remains faithful to its strategic and developmental mandates.

        Question. When was the last time the DFC invested in a project
    whose primary objective was not to advance a gender equity or climate
    priority?

        Answer. It is my understanding that pursuant to the BUILD Act, DFC
    invests in projects that advance development and foreign policy
    objectives. For example, DFC's Board of Directors approved last month a
    $150 million loan for the expansion, renovation, and operation of the
    Freetown International Airport in Sierra Leone. This came on the heels
    of the approval of a $150 million investment to expand and modernize a
    port in Ecuador, among other infrastructure and critical technology
    projects.

        Question. When was the last time the DFC declined a strategically
    important investment opportunity because it did not believe it
    sufficiently advanced a gender equity or climate priority?

        Answer. It is my understanding that DFC does not decline
    investments because of insufficient contributions to gender equity or
    climate goals.

        Question. What is the average timeline for DFC to receive a project
    proposal to it being authorized/approved?

        Answer. I understand that DFC project approval timelines vary
    depending on the complexity of the project, with some taking as short
    as six months and others over a year.

        Question. What would it take to shorten that timeline?

        Answer. I understand that DFC is working to shorten timelines by
    building its overall capacity and improving processes to meet demand.
    If confirmed, I look forward to advancing these efforts and identifying
    additional ways that DFC can optimize its processes.

        Question. Last week, media reports indicated that the DFC would be
    re-organized to focus on five key sectors: Infrastructure and minerals,
    energy, health and agriculture, small business support, and funds. The
    reorganization has already received criticism across the DFC who are
    concerned that the process is rushed. Have you been briefed on the
    reorganization of the DFC?

        Answer. I am aware of the broad strokes of DFC's potential re-
    alignment based on sector strategies. If confirmed, I look forward to
    learning more about the process.

        Question. If confirmed, how would you ensure that the
    reorganization helps DFC achieve the core objective of the BUILD Act,
    to provide nations an alternative to Chinese Belt and Road Initiative
    projects?

        Answer. I understand that DFC's potential realignment efforts are
    closely guided by DFC's BUILD Act mandates to advance development and
    strategic interests of the United States. If confirmed, I expect to be
    closely involved in DFC's organizational efforts to ensure it meets
    these objectives.
                                   __________

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