[Senate Hearing 117-815]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


                                                    S. Hrg. 117-815

                   NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
               NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE 
                       AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               BEFORE THE

                         COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
                      SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
                          UNITED STATES SENATE

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                               __________

                             APRIL 29, 2021

                               __________

    Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
                             Transportation
                             
[GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]                             


                Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov
                
                               __________

                   U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE                    
54-585 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2024                    
          
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------     
                
       SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                   MARIA CANTWELL, Washington, Chair
AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota             ROGER WICKER, Mississippi, Ranking
RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut      JOHN THUNE, South Dakota
BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                 ROY BLUNT, Missouri
EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts         TED CRUZ, Texas
GARY PETERS, Michigan                DEB FISCHER, Nebraska
TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin             JERRY MORAN, Kansas
TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois            DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska
JON TESTER, Montana                  MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
KYRSTEN SINEMA, Arizona              TODD YOUNG, Indiana
JACKY ROSEN, Nevada                  MIKE LEE, Utah
BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico            RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado          SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West 
RAPHAEL WARNOCK, Georgia                 Virginia
                                     RICK SCOTT, Florida
                                     CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming
                    David Strickland, Staff Director
                 Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director
       George Greenwell, Policy Coordinator and Security Manager
                 John Keast, Republican Staff Director
            Crystal Tully, Republican Deputy Staff Director
                      Steven Wall, General Counsel
                            
                            
                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page
Hearing held on April 29, 2021...................................     1
Statement of Senator Duckworth...................................     1
Statement of Senator Wicker......................................     3
Statement of Senator Markey......................................     5
Statement of Senator Hickenlooper................................   137
Statement of Senator Thune.......................................   139
Statement of Senator Blumenthal..................................   140
Statement of Senator Blunt.......................................   142
Statement of Senator Blackburn...................................   144
Statement of Senator Lujan.......................................   146
    Letter dated April 13, 2021 to Hon. Joe Manchin and Hon. John 
      Barrasso from the National Laboratory Directors' Council...   148
Statement of Senator Klobuchar...................................   153
Statement of Senator Rosen.......................................   155
Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................   156
Statement of Senator Lummis......................................   159
Statement of Senator Lee.........................................   161

                               Witnesses

Hon. Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts...........     3
Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director, Office of Science and 
  Technology Policy (OSTP).......................................     7
    Prepared statement...........................................     8
    Biographical information.....................................    10

                                Appendix

Support letters for Dr. Eric S. Lander...........................   165
Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Eric S. Lander by:
    Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   242
    Hon. Raphael Warnock.........................................   243
    Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   244
    Hon. Mike Lee................................................   247
    Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................   250

 
                   NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
                   NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF
                  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

                              ----------                              


                        THURSDAY, APRIL 29, 2021

                                       U.S. Senate,
        Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
                                                    Washington, DC.
    The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room 
SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Tammy Duckworth, 
presiding.
    Present: Senators Duckworth [presiding], Klobuchar, 
Blumenthal, Markey, Peters, Tester, Sinema, Rosen, Lujan, 
Hickenlooper, Warnock, Wicker, Thune, Blunt, Fischer, Moran, 
Blackburn, Young, Lee, Johnson, Scott, and Lummis.

          OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TAMMY DUCKWORTH, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS

    Senator Duckworth. Good morning and welcome. Today, the 
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation will 
consider the nomination of Dr. Eric Lander, to be the Director 
of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Dr. Lander, I 
welcome you and your family, and it is good to see you again.
    The position that you have been nominated for, is charged 
with advising the President on a broad range of scientific and 
technological policies to address national problems. For the 
first time in our country's history, President Biden has 
elevated this position to a Cabinet-level post, underscoring 
its significance and the Administration's commitment to follow 
the science.
    You are an accomplished geneticist, molecular biologist, 
and mathematician--all subjects I got a C- in----
    [Laughter.]
    Senator Duckworth. Who has spear-headed scientific efforts 
to increase our understanding of the human genome. You have 
answered the call to public service, previously serving as the 
Co-Chair of President Obama's Counsel of Advisors on Science 
and Technology.
    Our Nation is facing a critical moment, one with incredible 
challenges, but also with infinite possibilities. We are 
simultaneously facing a global pandemic and experiencing the 
daily effects of a changing climate. And yet, we are on the 
cusp of discoveries that could help us meet these challenges 
and so many others facing our Nation today. And science has 
never been more important.
    Although science is often considered the Great Equalizer, 
the truth is that gender and minority representation in 
science, technology, engineering, and math, or the STEM fields, 
are anything but equal. While the United States is a leader in 
scientific and technological innovation, we have fallen short 
of consistently recruiting, retaining, and promoting women and 
diverse individuals in the STEM fields.
    My home state of Illinois is proud to host two thriving 
national labs, Fermilab and Argonne National Laboratory. These 
crown jewels of scientific innovation would not be possible 
without the contributions of women and diverse scientist and 
engineers. To continue serving as a leader in scientific 
research, the United States must tap as wide a talent pool as 
possible. After all, more women in science, greater diversity 
in science, ultimately, leads to better science and greater 
breakthrough that benefit us all. One may need look no further 
than the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry last year, 
for their ground-breaking work on CRISPR, Dr. Jennifer Doudna 
and Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, to see why female 
representation is so important in the STEM fields.
    Addressing gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in STEM 
is a national priority. As a Nation, and as leaders in our 
government, we need to do more to ensure that gender equality 
exists, and that diverse candidates have meaningful 
representation across scientific and engineering fields. 
Increasing the number of women and diverse individuals in 
science, requires intentional recruitment and promotion.
    However, that alone will not be enough. We also need 
inspiration. That means recognizing the accomplishments and 
successes of women and minorities in science, technology, 
engineering, and math. We need to inspire the next generation 
of great minds to encourage scientific study in all children, 
and to provide all children with the opportunity to succeed.
    On this note, Dr. Lander, I must admit that I am troubled 
by issues that have been raised surrounding your nomination. 
You have been criticized for downplaying the contributions of 
the female Nobel laureates I just mentioned, for toasting a 
well-known racists, misogynistic, anti-Semite, and for 
attending lunch meetings with the late, disgraced Jeffery 
Epstein. You have provided responses to this committee, to 
these allegations, and I plan to ask you about them today.
    The bottom line is that, if confirmed, you will have the 
authority to promote the representation of women and minorities 
in STEM fields. So, I strongly encourage you to use this 
hearing as an opportunity to explain how you have learned from 
your past mistakes. Nobody enjoys reflecting on previous errors 
that may be embarrassing, shameful, or worst of all, may have 
harmed individuals, or a profession that you love. But 
ultimately, our most productive growth as a leader, 
occasionally stems from honest reflection and following through 
on difficult lessons learned.
    I hope to learn today how your successes, and failures have 
made you a better leader, a better scientist, and prepared you 
to direct our Nation's scientific policy in an inclusive 
manner, that empowers women and minorities. I know recognize my 
good friend from Mississippi, Ranking Member Wicker, to give 
his opening remarks.

                STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER WICKER, 
                 U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI

    Senator Wicker. Thank you very much, Senator Duckworth. 
This is an important hearing on the nomination of Dr. Eric 
Lander to be Director of the Office of Science and Technology 
Policy. I commend Senator Cantwell for allowing the Committee 
the necessary time to prepare and give a full and thorough 
review of Dr. Lander's record and qualifications. There is no 
doubt he has led a long and notable career as a bright and 
dedicated research scientist. However, as Senator Duckworth has 
said, our extensive evaluation of Dr. Lander's record has 
brought to light a number of concerns that deserve further 
examination by this committee. As Senator Duckworth further 
said, I hope his testimony today will provide clarity on these 
topics.
    The Director of OSTP has been a critically important 
position since it was first created. The person occupying this 
role directly advises the President on the scientific, 
engineering, and technological aspects of a wide range of 
Federal Government activity. In addition, it falls to the 
director of the OSTP to coordinate science and technology 
policy across all Federal agencies.
    Notably, under the Industries of the Future Act, which I 
had the opportunity to author and see enacted last Congress, 
the Director of the OSTP is required to submit a report on the 
Federal Government research and development investments, 
infrastructure, and workforce development. The report must 
include a plan to advance U.S. leadership in industries of the 
future, such as, artificial intelligence and quantum science, 
as well as a blueprint for boosting annual spending in this 
area to $10 billion by 2025. Implementing this new law is one 
of the many responsibilities of the Director of OSTP.
    This position has been made all the more significant by the 
President's decision to elevate it to the Cabinet-level, hence 
the need for a comprehensive review by this committee.
    I want to thank Dr. Lander to his commitment to public 
service, and for appearing before us today. I want to welcome 
our two colleagues, from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and 
I expect this hearing will be informative and useful to the 
Committee.
    Thank you, Madam Chair.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I recognize Senator Warren.

              STATEMENT OF HON. ELIZABETH WARREN, 
                U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS

    Senator Warren. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking 
Member Wicker. I have the privilege of introducing Dr. Eric 
Lander, who has been nominated to serve as the Director of the 
President's Office of Science and Technology.
    Now, Eric has an impressive record as a scientist and 
leader. He received a degree in mathematics from Princeton and 
a PhD from Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He record a 
MacArthur Genius award in 1987 and was soon tapped to lead the 
Human Genome project. In 2001, he and his team published the 
first draft of the Human Genome. In 2003, Eric co-founded the 
Broad Institute, where he has served as the President and 
Founding Director. In addition, he is a professor at MIT and, 
as you noted, Chair Duckworth, for 8 years during the Obama 
Administration, Eric also served as the external Co-Chair of 
the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
    Now, I have known Eric for a decade. We have had many 
conversations about a range of topics from hearing aids to 
cancer vaccines. One recurring topic is women in science. Eric 
recognizes that the scientific community is strongest when it 
it is diverse and inclusive. Eric does not just mouth the 
words. Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has prioritized 
efforts to support and advance the careers of women scientists 
and scientists of color.
    Let me give you a specific example on this. Eric is a 
scientist to his bones, and he believes in data. So, to assess 
and improve diversity and inclusion at the Broad, Eric set in 
motion a study, to collect data about the Institute. The 
results showed that, in a field where women are 
underrepresented, the Broad is modeling a better path. 
Currently, women make up the majority of the Institutes' 
overall employees, the majority of the scientific teams, and 
the majority of the Senior Leadership team. In order to 
recognize his support for women in science, in 2020, Eric's 
former mentees and trainees raised an endowment to create an 
award to honor his mentorship of early career women scientists.
    Eric's support for women's careers has been recognized in 
the world outside the Broad, as well. This September, for the 
fourth year in a row, ``Working Mother'' magazine named the 
Broad as one of the 100 Best Companies in America for 
progressive programs related to advancing women, mentoring 
flexibility, childcare, and parental leave.
    Eric's commitment was on full display during this past 
year. The pandemic's impact on working mothers has been 
devastating, cutting into the career advancement of many women, 
and forcing many more to leave the workforce all together. Eric 
was not a passive observer. Instead, Eric led the Broad in 
setting up its own childcare center and, to ensure the safety 
of the children and reassure the parents, the Broad conducted 
onsite COVID-19 testing every few days. Thanks to Eric's work, 
women scientists at the Broad did not have to take a step back 
during the pandemic.
    Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has also operated a 
flagship diversity and inclusion program for college students. 
Nearly all of the program's graduates have enrolled in graduate 
or medical programs. Some have even won prestigious awards, 
including three Rhodes Scholars. The Broad has also launched or 
collaborated on major research projects on racial health 
disparities, including serving as the largest genome sequencing 
laboratory for the NIH's All of U.S. research program.
    And one final note. The Broad is internationally famous for 
its cutting-edge work on genomics. During the coronavirus 
pandemic, Eric led the Broad to take on a very different role. 
The Broad ramped up and ran COVID tests night and day, building 
from scratch a COVID testing lab, that grew into the largest 
non-commercial lab in America. Described as, ``The centerpiece 
of New England's testing infrastructure'', a vision of just how 
much better our national pandemic response might have been. As 
the need grew, the Broad took on more and more work running, 
literally, millions of tests for cities and towns, K-12 
schools, and over 100 colleges and universities in seven 
states.
    Now, there is much more that I could say about Eric. I know 
I am out of time here. But I want to end with one last bit of 
information, for those of you who do not already know him. Eric 
is fun. He is a passionate scientist whose enthusiasm for 
learning is infectious. He listens. He put people and ideas 
tighter. And best of all, he makes things happen.
    I know that, under Eric's leadership, the Office of Science 
and Technology will push forward cutting-edge policies that 
benefit everyone and reinvigorate our country's role as a 
scientific leader. So, welcome, Eric, and congratulations on 
your nomination.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.

               STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD MARKEY, 
                U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS

    Senator Markey. Thank you, Senator Duckworth, Senator 
Wicker. Thank you for hosting us today. And I am pleased, along 
with Senator Warren, to be here to introduce Dr. Eric Lander as 
the nominee to be the Director of the White House Office of 
Science and Technology Policy. And I want to extend a warm 
welcome to Eric's family, to Lori--his wife, Lori who is here 
today, and his children, Jessica and Daniel and David. And I 
can tell you, they are a team. It is a very special family that 
the Lander have created, and I am so proud of all of you and 
glad to be with you here today.
    Senator Warren is right. Dr. Lander is a visionary 
scientist and thinker. And he is going to serve with 
distinction, as Director of the Office of Science and 
Technology Policy. I often say that Massachusetts is not only 
the Bay State, it is the Brain State, and Dr. Lander represents 
the kind of new American pioneer. One committed to exploring 
horizons defined, not by the boundaries of land and shore, but 
of genes and genius. A pioneer who does not see limits in 
biology, but the expanse of possibility. He exemplifies what it 
means to represent a place where scientific progress is a part 
of our DNA.
    Dr. Lander started his career as a mathematician. He has 
taught economics and he has been one of the world's foremost 
biomedical scientists for years. When I was a young boy who 
refused to do his homework, my mother would threaten that she 
would donate my brain to Harvard as a completely unused human 
organ. Somehow--somehow, my mother anticipated Dr. Lander and 
his work on the Human Genome project.
    Senator Wicker. That explains so much about you, Senator.
    [Laughter.]
    Senator Markey. I--mothers know you best. And thank God, 
there is a Dr. Lander that can help mothers. And so, I am so--I 
am so proud that my mother can see me here today, introducing 
Dr. Lander, because I know that she would think that somehow or 
other, I had defied all expectations that she had for me as a 
child.
    And Dr. Lander's work on the Human Genome project and 
founding of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, which 
reflects his deep understanding of how science and policy can 
inform one another. At the Broad Institute, he pursued 
collaborative science, bringing together biologists, 
clinicians, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists. 
The transformative model for scientific research that the Broad 
Institute represents, is a new way to take on the challenges 
that we face today, bringing scientific discoveries and 
advances forward more quickly than ever before.
    His contribution to science has also demonstrated how 
impactful research can be. The Human Genome project was a 13-
year long project that involved hundreds of scientists across 
the entire world. This project is an incredible example of a 
publicly funded project that keeps knowledge in the public 
domain, and a feat that provided a model for the kind of large-
scale cooperative effort that the world's biggest problems 
require.
    The Human Genome project has also had an enormous economic 
impact with one analysis, from 10 years ago, estimating that 
the $3 billion project has produced more than 330,000 jobs and 
nearly $800 billion in economic benefit. And that was 10 years 
ago. Sequencing nearly the entire human genome has already led 
to countless advances, a trend that is certain to continue into 
the future. The project discovered genes that are fundamental 
to thousands of diseases, including heart disease and 
Alzheimer's and cancer, and paved the way for novel treatments.
    Last night, we heard President Biden commit to curing 
Alzheimer's disease, a disease that my mother died from. I know 
we will reach that goal and I know Dr. Lander will have played 
a part in that discovery.
    In addition to his groundbreaking research, he has taught 
MIT's Introductory Biology course for more than 25 years and is 
one of MIT's most beloved teachers. He has inspired students to 
grapple with complex issues, helping them become informed and 
active members of their communities. He has an ability to 
explain the science of why much better than senators can 
explain the political science of why not. And that ability to 
teach and translate is more important than ever before.
    I know Dr. Lander has the skill to rebuild the celebration 
of science that is a hallmark of American excellence. When his 
country needed him, during the coronavirus pandemic, he moved 
to build, from scratch to operation, the largest non-commercial 
COVID testing laboratory in the country. Senator Warren already 
spoke to that incredible success.
    He has been a strong supporter of people of color in 
science and improving racial equity in science outcomes. He has 
used science as a tool for justice, playing a key role in the 
origins of the Innocence Project, as his commitment to justice 
and forensic science has spanned more than three decades.
    The crises we face today, of man and mind and the 
intersection of those two forces, are daunting. We are 
confronted by a surging China and its race to dominate the 
scientific and technological landscape. But Eric's breadth of 
knowledge, unparalleled experience, and pioneering spirit make 
him uniquely suitable to lead.
    With Dr. Lander at the helm of the Office of Science and 
Technology Policy, all Americans will be his students, sharing 
his passion for science, discovery, and achievement. We thank 
you, Dr. Lander, for trading your microscope for a microphone 
and we appreciate your service for our country.
    Thank you.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Senator Markey. Dr. Lander.

                STATEMENT OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,

           NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE

                  AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

    Dr. Lander. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking Member 
Wicker. And thank you to Senators Warren and Markey for your 
very, very kind introductions.
    It is a tremendous honor to come before this committee as 
President Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science 
and Technology Policy. America has led the world in science and 
technology for 75 years. That leadership has had profound 
benefits for our health, economy, our national security, 
driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to COVID, new 
industries with millions of jobs, from computers to 
biotechnology. But today, America's future depends on science 
and technology like never before. We have amazing opportunities 
ahead, but also unprecedented challenges and the choices we 
make now will determine our path for generations to come.
    In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to 
rethink our strategy for the next 75 years. He asked OSTP to 
take the lead, because OSTP is the place where all of science 
and technology comes together across government, industry, 
academia, medicine, and society. President Biden posed big 
questions. What lessons can we learn, in the broadest way, from 
this pandemic? How do we ensure America is the world leader in 
the technologies of the future, especially in our competition 
with China? How can science drive market-driven solutions for 
climate change? And very importantly, how do we ensure the 
fruits of science and technology are shared across all America 
and all Americans?
    If confirmed, I would throw my full energies into this and 
let me explain why. I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I 
was raised by my mom, because my dad suffered from a long 
illness and died when I was 11 and in my neighborhood, there 
were no scientists. If New York City had not had a few public 
STEM high schools, there is no way I would have ever have 
become a scientist. I knew I was very lucky to have that 
chance, and I have never forgotten it. Most people never get a 
chance. And the opportunity is so unevenly distributed across 
gender and race and geography.
    Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color. 
It has been concentrated in a few regions of the country. And 
most Americans lack access to great STEM schools and many even 
to broadband. And lack of inclusion is not just deeply unfair, 
it is a risk to America's success. To lead the world, we are 
going to need everybody. If confirmed to OSTP, I will, as I 
have done in my career at the Broad, make full inclusion and 
equitable outcomes a high priority. Including ensuring that 
OSTP's staff will look like America including by identifying 
extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every 
search. That PCAST, the advisory group, will be the most 
diverse in history. That OSTP's work will be rooted in equity. 
And I would work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers 
of women and underrepresented people in STEM careers by 50 
percent. We can do that.
    I am also excited to bring other experiences and values. I 
have seen how science can be a force for justice. As a young 
scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first criminal 
cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential 
evidence, the quality was shoddy, and I said so. That position 
was not popular with everyone. But the case forced higher 
standards for DNA fingerprinting, and it led directly to the 
founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA to reveal 
that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars, with Black 
Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served 
much longer sentences.
    A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration, 
the Human Genome Project. When we set out in 1990, mapping a 
person's complete genetic code seemed absurd. It would have 
taken 200 years. But scientists rallied together and drove 
innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today, it takes 
just hours. And it has unlocked secrets from cancer to 
Alzheimer's, driving unimaginable progress. And we are going to 
need this kind of collaboration to tackle much of what is 
ahead.
    After the genome project, I worked with colleagues to find 
a new kind of research community, the Broad Institute. It is 
deeply collaborative. It lets scientists, particularly young 
scientists, dream big and take on challenges at whatever scale 
is needed, blending the best of individual creativity and 
large-scale platforms. I am particularly proud it is one of the 
few such institutions in which women comprise the majority of 
the overall staff, scientific staff, and senior leadership 
team. There is a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how 
we do science.
    Finally, I have learned that good science requires a 
healthy dose of humility. Scientists? favorite ideas are often 
wrong, mine included. We constantly need to be open to 
different perspectives from scientists, non-scientists, and 
policymakers. I know that this committee has led on so many 
critical issues in science and technology. Your work has been 
so collaborative and so bipartisan. If confirmed, I promise to 
work closely and open-mindedly with each of you.
    Thank you for the invitation to come before you and I look 
forward to your questions.
    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr. 
Lander follow:]

   Prepared Statement of Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director, 
                Office of Science and Technology Policy
    Thank you, Chair Cantwell and Ranking Member Wicker. And, thank you 
to Senators Warren and Markey for your kind introductions.
    It's a great honor to come before this committee as President 
Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science and Technology 
Policy.
    America has led the world in science and technology for 75 years. 
That leadership has had profound benefits for our health, economy, and 
national security--driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to covid; 
new industries with millions of jobs, from computers to biotechnology.
    But, today, America's future depends on science and technology like 
never before. We see amazing opportunities ahead, but also 
unprecedented challenges. The choices we make now will determine our 
path for the generations to come.
    In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to rethink 
our strategy for the next 75 years.
    He asked OSTP to take the lead, because OSTP is the one place where 
all of science and technology comes together--across government, 
industry, academia, medicine, and society.
    President Biden posed big questions:

   What lessons can we learn from the pandemic?

   How do we ensure America is the world leader in the 
        technologies of the future, especially in competition with 
        China?

   How can science create market-driven solutions for climate 
        change?

   And, very importantly: How do we ensure the fruits of 
        science and technology are shared across all America and all 
        Americans?

    If confirmed, I'd throw my full energies into this work. Let me 
explain why.
    I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I was raised by my mom, 
because my dad suffered from a long illness and died when I was 11.
    In my neighborhood, there were no scientists.
    If New York City hadn't had a few public STEM high schools, there's 
no way I'd ever have become a scientist.
    I knew I was very lucky to have that chance. And, I've never 
forgotten it.
    Most people never get a chance. And, the opportunity is so unevenly 
distributed across gender, race, and geography.
    Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color. It's 
concentrated in a few regions of the country. Most Americans lack 
access to great STEM schools or many even to broadband.
    Lack of inclusion is not only deeply unfair, it's a greatest risk 
to America's success. To lead the world, we're going to need everyone.
    If confirmed to OSTP, I will--as I've done in my career at the 
Broad Institute--make full inclusion and equitable outcomes a high 
priority, including that:

   OSTP's staff will look like America, including identifying 
        extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every 
        search;

   PCAST will be the most diverse in history;

   OSTP's work will be rooted in equity--tackling issues from 
        STEM inclusion to algorithmic bias.

   And, I'd work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers 
        of women and underrepresented people in the science and 
        technology professions by 50 percent. We can do that.

    I'm also excited to bring other experiences and values:

    I've seen how science can be a force for justice.
    As a young scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first 
criminal cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential 
evidence, the quality was shoddy. I said so. That position wasn't 
popular with everyone.
    But the case forced high standards for DNA fingerprinting and led 
directly to the founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA 
to reveal that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars--with Black 
Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served much 
longer sentences.
    A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration: the 
Human Genome Project.
    When we set out in 1990, mapping a person's complete genetic code 
seemed absurd: it would have taken 200 years. But scientists rallied 
together and drove innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today, 
it takes just hours.
    It's unlocked secrets from cancer to Alzheimer's, driving 
unimaginable progress.
    After the genome project, I worked to found a new kind of research 
community, the Broad Institute.
    It's deeply collaborative.
    It lets scientists--particularly young scientists--take on 
challenges at whatever scale is needed, blending the best of individual 
creativity and large-scale platforms.
    I'm particularly proud it's one of the few such institutions in 
which women comprise the majority of the overall staff, scientific 
staff, and senior leadership team.
    There's a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how we do 
science.
    Finally, I've learned that good science requires a healthy dose of 
humility.
    Scientists' favorite ideas are often wrong, mine included. We 
constantly need to be open to different perspectives--from scientists, 
non-scientists, policymakers.
    This committee has led on so many critical issues in science and 
technology. Your work has been so collaborative and so bipartisan.
    If confirmed, I promise to work closely and open-mindedly with each 
of you.
    Thank you. I look forward to your questions.
                                 ______
                                 
                      a. biographical information
    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Eric Steven 
Lander.
    2. Position to which nominated: Director, Office of Science and 
Technology Policy.
    3. Date of Nomination: Jan 20, 2021.
    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

        Residence: Information not released to the public.
        Office (until January 25, 2021): Broad Institute, 415 Main 
        Street, Cambridge, MA 02142.

    5. Date and Place of Birth: February 3, 1957; Brooklyn, New York.
    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your 
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including 
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

        Lori Weiner Lander--Self-employed artist

        Jessica Ann Lander--33

        Daniel Aaron Lander--29

        David Abraham Lander--26

    7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school 
attended.

        Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
                AB with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978

        Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
                D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981

    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all 
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to 
the position for which you are nominated.

        Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
        President and Founding Director, 2003-2021
        Core Faculty Member 2003 to present (on leave)

        Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
        Professor, 1993 to present (on leave)
        Associate Professor, 1989-1993
        Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989

        Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
        Professor, 2004 to present (on leave)

        Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
        Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
        Member, 1989-2008
        Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989

        Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
        Associate Professor, 1987-1990
        Assistant Professor, 1981-1986

        Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
        Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

        The Jackson Laboratory
        Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

        Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics
        Summer Course Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979

    9. Attach a copy of your resume.
    My CV is attached as Appendix A9 ``Resume''.
    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time 
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other 
than those listed above, within the last ten years.

        Massachusetts' COVID-19 Medical Advisory Board: Member, 2020-
        2021

        Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense: 
        Member, 2016-2020

        President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's 
        Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
        2012

        President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 
        (PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017

    11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, 
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any 
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise, 
educational, or other institution within the last ten years.
For Profit Companies:
        Codiak BioSciences, Board of Directors

        Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor

        FPrime (formerly Fidelity Biosciences), Scientific Advisory 
        Board

        Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Board of Directors

        Neon Therapeutics, Board of Directors

        Third Rock Ventures, Scientific Advisory Board

        Verastem, Founding Advisor
Non-Profit Organizations or Committees:
        Ariadne Labs, Advisory Board Member

        Biden Cancer Initiative, Secretary and Member, Board of 
        Directors

        Boston University, Member, Board of Trustees

        Count Me In, Member, Board of Directors

        Global Alliance for Genomics & Health (GA4GH), Member, 
        Strategic Advisory Board

        Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and 
        International Affairs, Member, Board of Directors

        Innocence Project, Member, Board of Directors

        Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Member, Scientific 
        Advisory Board

        Life Science Cares, Member, Board of Advisors

        Massachusetts General Hospital, Member, Research Advisory 
        Council

        Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair Scientific 
        Advisory Board

        Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI), Member, Board 
        of Trustees

        Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Member, Scientific 
        Advisory Board

        Ragon Institute, Member, Scientific Advisory Board

        Salk Institute, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Advisory 
        Board Member

        Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Non-Resident Fellow

        Society for Science & The Public, Member, Honorary Board
    12. Please list each membership you have had during the past ten 
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, 
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or 
religiously affiliated organization, private club, or other membership 
organization. (For this question, you do not have to list your 
religious affiliation or membership in a religious house of worship or 
institution.). Include dates of membership and any positions you have 
held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or 
organization restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, 
religion, national origin, age, or disability.
    I am a member of various scientific societies:

        American Association for Cancer Research

        New York Academy of Medicine (honorary fellow)

        American Society of Human Genetics

        American Society for Microbiology

        American Academy of Microbiology

        American Association for the Advancement of Science

        New York Academy of Sciences

        Genetics Society of America

        International Society for Computational Biology

    I am also a member of

        Council on Foreign Relations

        Examiner's Club (which organizes informal talks in Boston)

    None of these organizations restricts membership on the basis of 
sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.
    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office 
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any 
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are 
personally liable for that debt. No.
    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services 
rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or 
election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid 
position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether 
compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years, 
identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year 
of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.

        Hillary for America, Science Policy Working Group, Senior 
        Partner (2015-2016) [uncompensated]

    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign 
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar 
entity of $500 or more for the past ten years.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   9/29/11   Barack Obama                                        $2,500
   9/30/11   Robert Massie                                         $500
   3/31/12   Barack Obama                                        $2,500
   3/31/12   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,500
   3/31/12   Eiizabeth Warren                                    $2,500
  10/22/12   DNC                                                 $5,000
   11/2/12   DNC                                                $15,000
    6/6/13   Democratic State Committee of Massachusetts         $2,400
   6/25/13   Ed Markey                                           $2,600
   6/24/14   Katherine Clark                                     $1,000
   7/29/14   Maura Healey                                          $500
   9/15/15   Hillary Clinton                                     $2,700
   9/22/16   Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee            $2,500
   9/27/16   Maggie Hassan                                       $1,000
   5/31/17   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,700
   5/24/19   Ed Markey                                           $2,800
   6/30/19   Elizabeth Warren                                      $250
   8/27/19   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,550
  10/25/19   Katherine Clark                                     $1,000
  11/10/19   Jake Auchincloss                                      $500
  12/31/19   Joe Biden                                           $2,800
  12/31/19   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,800
  12/31/19   Elizabeth Warren                                      $250
    5/8/20   Ed Markey                                           $2,800
   8/11/20   Joe Biden                                           $2,800
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary 
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition 
for outstanding service or achievements.
Honorary Degrees:
        Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020

        Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate, 
        2017

        Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate, 
        2017

        Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014

        Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and 
        Commencement Speaker, 2013

        Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008

        Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007

        Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement 
        Speaker, 2005

        University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005

        Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker, 
        2003

        Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

        Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

        Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
Elected or Appointed Academies:
        Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020

        Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013

        European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012

        Academy of Athens, 2009

        U.S. Institute of Medicine (now U.S. National Academy of 
        Medicine), 1999

        American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999

        American Academy of Achievement, 1999

        U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
Award, Prizes and Other Recognition:
        Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence 
        in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016

        Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
                ``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular 
                origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's 
                scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a 
                new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical 
                advancements''

        James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
                ``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT 
                faculty member''

        Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016 
        AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
                ``for signal contributions to the advancement of 
                science in the United States''

        Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015

        Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013

        Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer 
        Research, Ohio State University, 2013

        Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
                ``For the discovery of general principles for 
                identifying human disease genes, and enabling their 
                application to medicine through the creation and 
                analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the 
                human genome.''

        Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel, 
        2012
                ``In recognition of his significant contributions to 
                the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most 
                of the major advances in this field.''

        Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 
        2012
                ``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''

        Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012

        Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany 
        Medical College, 2010

        New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished 
        Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009

        A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard 
        Medical School, 2008-2009

        US News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006

        Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006

        AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, 
        2004
                ``for his excellence in communicating complex 
                scientific ideas, and their implications for society, 
                to the general public and policy-makers, while actively 
                engaged in a demanding and aggressive research 
                program.''

        Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National 
        Level, 2004

        Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004

        Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the 
        World Today,'' 2004

        Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical 
        Society, 2004

        American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003

        Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research 
        Interchange, 2003

        Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002

        Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
                ``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing 
                of the human and other genomes''

        John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied 
        Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002

        Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter 
        Symposium, 2002

        City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert 
        Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001

        J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001

        Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001

        Distinguished Service Award, American College of 
        Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001

        Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
                ``to the community of scientists that carried out the 
                Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of 
                community, together with Francis Collins and Craig 
                Venter

        Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000

        Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999

        Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow 
        Foundation, 1998

        Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for 
        Microbiology, 1998

        Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
                ``for outstanding work as a scientist''

        Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University, 
        1998
                ``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the 
                undergraduate college''

        American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997

        Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997

        Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of 
        Technology, 1996
                ``for outstanding teaching''

        Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle, 
        1996

        Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer 
        Research, 1995
                ``for excellence in cancer research''

        Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology, 
        1995

        Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at 
        San Francisco, 1995

        Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994

        Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of 
        Tennessee, 1994

        Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993

        Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York 
        University, 1993

        Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 
        MIT, 1992

        Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
        1990
                ``for research on the application of mathematical and 
                statistical approaches to molecular genetics''

        MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and 
        mathematics, 1987-1992

        Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981

        Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, June 1981
                for best thesis in mathematics,

        Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981

        Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978

        Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
                ``the highest award the university confers upon an 
                undergraduate''

        Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
                ``for highest academic achievement''

        Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics, 
        Princeton University, 1976, 1977

        U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th 
        International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974

        First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974

    17. Please list each book, article, column, Internet blog posting, 
or other publication you have authored, individually or with others. 
Include a link to each publication when possible. Also list any 
speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for 
which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of these 
publications unless otherwise instructed.
BOOK
    1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach 
(Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
EDITED BOOK
    2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the 
secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to 
molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
ARTICLES
Mathematics
    3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes. 
Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
    4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their 
automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries 
and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their 
symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
    6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian 
difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
    7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters 
in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
    8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of 
the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single 
binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
Economics
    9. Farrell, J., & Lander, E.S. (1989). Competition between and 
within teams: The lifeboat principle. Economics Letters, 29(3), 205-
208.
Biology
    10. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Consanguinity and 
heterogeneity: Cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy. 
American Journal of Human Genetics, 39(2), 282-283. PMID: 3752091; 
PMCID: PMC1683934.
    11. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Strategies for studying 
heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage map of 
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National 
Academy of Sciences, 83(19), 7353-7357. PMID: 2876423; PMCID: 
PMC386715.
    12. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Mapping complex genetic 
traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold 
Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51(Pt 1), 49-62. PMID: 
2884068.
    13. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1987). Construction of multilocus 
genetic linkage maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of 
Sciences USA, 84(8), 2363-2367. PMID: 3470801; PMCID: PMC304651.
    14. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1987). Homozygosity mapping: a 
way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children. 
Science, 236(4808), 1567-1570. PMID: 2884728.
    15. Green, P., Barker, D., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S., 
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms, 
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Watt, D., Weiffenbach, B., & 
Donis-Keller, H. (1987). A genetic linkage map of chromosome 7 
including the cystic fibrosis region. In: G. Mastella & P.M. Quinton 
(Eds.), Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco, 
CA: San Francisco Press.
    16. Barker, D., Green, P., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S., 
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms, 
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Rising, M., Watt, D., 
Weiffenbach, B., & Donis-Keller, H. (1987). Genetic linkage map of 
human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proceedings of the National 
Academy of Sciences USA, 84(22), 8006-8010. PMID: 2891136; PMCID: 
PMC299465.
    17. Lander, E.S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly, 
M.J., Lincoln, S.E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: an interactive 
computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of 
experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. PMID: 
3692487.
    18. Donis-Keller, H., Green, P., Helms, C., Cartinhour, S., 
Weiffenbach, B., Stephens, K., Keith, T.P., Bowden, D.W., Smith, D.R., 
Lander, E.S., Botstein, D., Akots, G., Rediker, K.S., Gravius, T., 
Brown, V.A., Rising, M.B., Parker, C., Powers, J.A., Watt, D.E., 
Kauffman, E.R., Bricker, A., Phipps, P., Muller-Kahle, H., Fulton, 
T.R., Ng, S., Schumm, J.W., Braman, J.C., Knowlton, R.G., Barker, D.F., 
Crooks, S.M., Lincoln, S., Daly, M.J., & Abrahamson, J. (1987). A 
genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell, 51(2), 319-337. PMID: 
3664638.
    19. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1987). Constructing genetic 
linkage maps with MAPMAKER: A tutorial and reference manual. Whitehead 
Institute Technical Report, 107.
    20. Lander, E.S. (1987). The new human genetics: Mapping inherited 
diseases. Princeton Alumni Weekly, (March 25), 10-16.
    21. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1988). Genomic mapping by 
fingerprinting random clones: a mathematical analysis. Genomics, 2(3), 
231-239. PMID: 3294162.
    22. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S., & 
Meyerowitz, E.M. (1988). Restriction fragment length polymorphism 
linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National 
Academy of Sciences USA, 85(18), 6856-6860. PMID: 2901107; PMCID: 
PMC282077.
    23. Dracopoli, N.C., Stanger, B.Z., Ito, C.Y., Call, K.M., Lincoln, 
S.E., Lander, E.S., Housman, D.E. (1988). A genetic linkage map of 27 
loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human chromosome I. American 
Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 462-470. PMID: 2902785; PMCID: 
PMC1715484.
    24. Lander, E.S., & Lincoln, S.E. (1988). The appropriate threshold 
for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates. 
American Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 396-400. PMID: 3177382; 
PMCID: PMC1715500.
    25. Paterson, A.H., Lander, E.S., Hewitt, J.D., Peterson, S., 
Lincoln, S.E., & Tanksley, S.D. (1988). Resolution of quantitative 
traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of 
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature, 335(6192), 721-726. 
PMID: 2902517.
    26. Lander, E.S. (1988). Splitting schizophrenia. Nature, 
336(6195), 105-106. PMID: 2903447.
    27. Lander, E.S. (1988). Mapping complex genetic traits in humans. 
In: K. Davies (Ed.), Genome analysis: A practical approach (pp. 171-
188). Oxford: IRL Press.
    28. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restriction fragments: Their properties 
and uses. In: M. Waterman (Ed.), Mathematical methods for DNA sequences 
(pp. 35-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
    29. Hulbert, S.H., Ilott, T.W., Legg, E.J., Lincoln, S.E., Lander, 
E.S., & Michelmore, R.W. (1988). Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia 
lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics, 
120(4), 947-958. PMID: 2906309; PMCID: PMC1203586.
    30. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1988). Protein 
sequence comparison on a data parallel computer. Proceedings of the 
1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing, August 15-19, 
1988/sponsored by Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State 
Universit
    31. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors 
underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics, 
121(1), 185-199. PMID: 2563713; PMCID: PMC1203601.
    32. Pato, C.N., Lander, E.S., & Schulz, S.C. (1989). Prospects for 
the genetic analysis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(3), 
365-372. PMID: 2683037.
    33. Lander, E.S. (1989). DNA fingerprinting on trial. Nature, 
339(6225), 501-505. PMID: 2567496.
    34. Lander, E.S. (1989). Population genetic considerations in the 
forensic use of DNA typing. Banbury Report, 32, 143-156.
    35. Lander, E.S., & Daly, M.J. (1989). Genetic mapping of the 
cystic fibrosis region: Multipoint linkage analysis in two-generation 
pedigrees. In: R.C. Elston, M.A. Spence, S.E. Hodge, & J.W. MacCluer 
(Eds.), Genetic Analysis Workshop 6: Multipoint Mapping and Linkage 
Based upon Affected Pedigree Members. New York: Alan R. Liss.
    36. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1989). Study of 
protein sequence comparison metrics on the Connection Machine CM-2. The 
Journal of Supercomputing, 3(4), 255-269.
    37. Lander, E.S. (1989). Genetic mapping of polygenic factors 
causing diabetes in inbred rodent strains. In: Nordisk Insulin 
Symposium No. 3: Genes and Gene Products in the Development of Diabetes 
Mellitus--Basic and Clinical Aspects, Oslo, Norway. Amsterdam: Elsevier 
Publishers.
    38. Accili, D., Frapier, C., Mosthaf, L., McKeon, C., Elbein, S.C., 
Permutt, M.A., Ramon, E., Lander, E.S., Ullrich, A., & Taylor, S.I. 
(1989). A mutation in the insulin receptor gene that impairs transport 
of the receptor to the plasma membrane and causes insulin-resistant 
diabetes. The EMBO Journal, 8(9), 2509-2517. PMID: 2573522; PMCID: 
PMC401244.
    39. Lander E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Accurate and efficient 
mapping of quantitative trait loci. In: T. Helentjaris & B. Burr 
(Eds.), Development and Application of Molecular Markers in Problems in 
Plant Genetics; Current Communications in Molecular Biology (pp. 89-
96). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
    40. Jones, R., Taylor, W.J., Zhang, X., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander, 
E.S. (1990). Protein sequence comparison on the Connection Machine CM-
2. In Computers and DNA: Proceedings of the Interface Between 
Computation Science and Nucleic Acid Sequencing Workshop, Dec 12-16, 
1988. Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
    41. Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H. (1990). Mitochondrial diseases: gene 
mapping and gene therapy. Cell, 61(6), 925-926. PMID: 2190693.
    42. Chakravarti, A., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Genetic approaches to 
the dissection of complex diseases. Banbury Report, 33, 307-315.
    43. Immerman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Describing graphs: A 
first-order approach to graph canonization. In A.L. Selman (Ed.), 
Complexity Theory Retrospective (pp. 59-81). New York, NY: Springer-
Verlag.
    44. Paterson A.H., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D. (1990). Mapping 
QTLs affecting agriculturally important traits: Some examples from the 
tomato. In: J.E. Womack (Ed.), Mapping the Genomes of Agriculturally 
Important Animals. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
    45. MacMurray, A.J., Weaver, A., Shin, H.S., & Lander, E.S. (1991). 
An automated method for DNA preparation from thousands of YAC clones. 
Nucleic Acids Research, 19(2), 385-390. PMID: 2014175; PMCID: 
PMC333606.
    46. Paterson, A.H., Damon, S., Hewitt, J.D., Zamir, D., 
Rabinowitch, H.D., Lincoln, S.E., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D. 
(1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato: 
comparison across species, generations, and environments. Genetics, 
127(1), 181-197. PMID: 1673106; PMCID: PMC1204303.
    47. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1991). Counting algorithms for 
linkage: correction to Morton and Collins. Annals of Human Genetics, 
55(Pt. 1), 33-38. PMID: 2042933.
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Langer, R. S., LaVoie, D. L., Lawton, A., Lee, J. J., Leff, J. S., 
Lepore, J., Leschly, N., Li, Q., Liang, M. H., Lieberman, J., Lim, J., 
Lindenberg, M., Lippard, S. J., Liu, D. R., Liu, Y., Liu, S. L., 
Lodish, H., Loncar, B., Lopatin, U., Love, T. W., Lowe, D., Lowy, I., 
Lu, H., Luo, L., Mahanthappa, N. K., Martin, P. W. Jr., Martini, A., 
Martucci, W. E., McArthur, J., McCann, C. M., McCarthy, S., McLachlan, 
D., Mello, C., Mento, S. J., Meyers, J., Meyers, R., Mills, K., Moch, 
K. I., Moos, W. H., Narachi, M., Nashat, A., Newell, W. J., Nodelman, 
O., Olle, B., Osborn, J. E., Oyler, J. V., Pao, W., Patel, N., Perez, 
R., Peterkin, D., Pompino, A., Pruzanski, M., Dan Quinn, Qutub, A. A., 
Raab, M. G., Radaelli, M., Rakhit, A., Ramamoorthi, K., Rastetter, W., 
Reed, J. C., Reinhart, H., Rhodes, J. P., Rieflin, W. J., Rong, L., 
Rosan, D. E., Rosenblatt, M., Rutter, W. J., Samudio, I., Samuels, C., 
Sato, V. L., Saunders, B., Scadden, D., Scangos, G., Scarlett, J. A., 
Schegerin, M., Schimmel, P., Schreiber, S. L., Schubert, C. R., 
Schulman, A., Shaff, E., Shaffer, R., Sharp, P. A., Sheng, M., Sheng, 
G., Shenk, T., Shi, F., Silos-Santiago, A., Simonian, N., Slattery, W., 
Smith, J. A., Stocks, C., Stoffel, M., Su, M., Su, L., Tandon, N., 
Tang, C. M., Taunton-Rigby, A., Tezapsidis, N., Theuer, C., Thornberry, 
N. A., Tolar, M., Topol, E., Tormos, W., Trask, A., Truex, S., Tuschl, 
T., Varmus, H. E., Vasconcelles, M. J., Vounatsos, M., Walbert, T. P., 
Walsh, C. T., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, N., Westphal, C., Wierenga, W., 
Williams, D. E., Williams, L. T., Winningham, R. E., Wirth, P., Witt, 
R., Wood, C., Woodhouse, D. J., Wright, R., Wu, Y., Xanthopoulos, K. 
G., Xiao, C., Xiao, T. S., Xie, J., Xu, Y., Xu, Z. C., Yakatan, G. J., 
Yuan, L., Yung, W. K. A., Zamore, P. D., Zaydman, M., Zeng, X. M., 
Zerhouni, E., Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, S. (2019). Chinese 
scientists and U.S. leadership in the life sciences. Nat Biotechnol. 
37(11): 1261-1263.
    571. Hoch, E., Florez, J. C., Lander, E. S., & Jacobs, S. B. R. 
(2019). Gain-of-Function Claims for Type-2-Diabetes-Associated Coding 
Variants in SLC16A11 Are Not Supported by the Experimental Data. Cell 
Rep. 29(3): 778-780.
    572. Khera, A. V., Mason-Suares, H., Brockman, D., Wang, M., 
VanDenburgh, M. J., Senol-Cosar, O., Patterson, C., Newton-Cheh, C., 
Zekavat, S. M., Pester, J., Chasman, D. I., Kabrhel, C., Jensen, M. K., 
Manson, J. E., Gaziano, J. M., Taylor, K. D., Sotoodehnia, N., Post, W. 
S., Rich, S. S., Rotter, J. I., Lander, E. S., Rehm, H. L., Ng K., 
Philippakis, A., Lebo, M., Albert, CM, & Kathiresan, S. (2019). Rare 
Genetic Variants Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in Adults. J Am 
Coll Cardiol. 74(21): 2623-2634.
    573. Fulco, C. P., Nasser, J., Jones, T. R., Munson, G., Bergman, 
D. T., Subramanian, V., Grossman, S. R., Anyoha, R., Doughty, B. R., 
Patwardhan, T. A., Nguyen, T. H., Kane, M., Perez, E. M., Durand, N. 
C., Lareau, C. A., Stamenova, E. K., Aiden, E. L., Lander, E. S., & 
Engreitz, J. M. (2019). Activity-by-contact model of enhancer-promoter 
regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations. Nat Genet. 51(12): 
1664-1669.
    574. Basak, A., Munschauer, M., Lareau, C. A., Montbleau, K. E., 
Ulirsch, J. C., Hartigan, C. R., Schenone, M., Lian, J., Wang, Y., 
Huang, Y., Wu, X., Gehrke, L., Rice, C. M., An, X., Christou, H. A., 
Mohandas, N., Carr, S. A., Chen, J. J., Orkin, S. H., Lander, E. S. & 
Sankaran, V. G. (2020). Control of human hemoglobin switching by 
LIN28B-mediated regulation of BCL11A translation. Nature genetics. 
52(2): 138-145.
    575. Dietlein, F., Weghorn, D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Richters, A., 
Reardon, B., Liu, D., Lander, E. S., Van Allen, E. M. & Sunyaev, S. R. 
(2020). Identification of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide 
context. Nature genetics. 52(2): 208-218.
    576. Painter, C. A., Jain, E., Tomson, B. N., Dunphy, M., Stoddard, 
R. E., Thomas, B. S., Damon, A. L., Shah, S., Kim, D., Gomez Tejeda 
Zanudo, J., Hornick, J. L., Chen, Y. L., Merriam, P., Raut, C. P., 
Demetri, G. D., Van Tine, B. A., Lander, E. S., Golub, T. R. & Wagle, 
N. (2020). The Angiosarcoma Project: enabling genomic and clinical 
discoveries in a rare cancer through patient-partnered research. Nature 
medicine. 26(2): 181-187.
    577. Ray, J. P., de Boer, C. G., Fulco, C. P., Lareau, C. A., 
Kanai, M., Ulirsch, J. C., Tewhey, R., Ludwig, L. S., Reilly, S. K., 
Bergman, D. T., Engreitz, J. M., Issner, R., Finucane, H. K., Lander, 
E. S., Regev, A. & Hacohen, N. (2020). Prioritizing disease and trait 
causal variants at the TNFAIP3 locus using functional and genomic 
features. Nature communications. 11(1): 1237.
    578. Vallabh, S. M., Minikel, E. V., Schreiber, S. L. & Lander, E. 
S. (2020). Towards a treatment for genetic prion disease: trials and 
biomarkers. The Lancet. Neurology. 19(4): 361-368.
    579. Abel, H. J., Larson, D. E., Regier, A. A., Chiang, C., Das, 
I., Kanchi, K. L., Layer, R. M., Neale, B. M., Salerno, W. J., Reeves, 
C., Buyske, S., NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics, Matise, T. 
C., Muzny, D. M., Zody, M. C., Lander, E. S., Dutcher, S. K., Stitziel 
N. O., & Hall I. M. (2020). Mapping and characterization of structural 
variation in 17,795 human genomes. Nature. 583(7814): 83-89.
    580. Fahed, A. C., Wang, M., Homburger, J. R., Patel, A. P., Bick, 
A. G., Neben, C. L., Lai, C., Brockman, D., Philippakis, A., Ellinor, 
P. T., Cassa, C. A., Lebo, M., Ng, K., Lander, E. S., Zhou, A. Y., 
Kathiresan, S., & Khera, A. V. (2020). Polygenic background modifies 
penetrance of monogenic variants for tier 1 genomic conditions. Nature 
communications. 11(1): 3635.
    581. Zoonomia Consortium. (2020). A comparative genomics multitool 
for scientific discovery and conservation. Nature 587(7833): 240-245.
    582. Bick A.G., Weinstock J.S., Nandakumar S.K., Fulco C.P., Bao 
E.L., Zekavat S.M., Szeto M.D., Liao X., Leventhal M.J., Nasser J., 
Chang K., Laurie C., Burugula B.B., Gibson C.J., Lin A.E., Taub M.A., 
Aguet F,. Ardlie K., Mitchell B.D., Barnes K.C., Moscati A., Fornage 
M., Redline S., Psaty B.M., Silverman E.K., Weiss S.T., Palmer N.D., 
Vasan R.S., Burchard E.G., Kardia S.L.R., He J., Kaplan R.C., Smith 
N.L., Arnett D.K., Schwartz D.A., Correa A., de Andrade M., Guo X., 
Konkle B.A., Custer B., Peralta J.M., Gui H., Meyers D.A., McGarvey 
S.T., Chen I.Y., Shoemaker M.B., Peyser P.A., Broome J.G., Gogarten 
S.M., Wang F.F., Wong Q., Montasser M.E., Daya M., Kenny E.E., North 
K.E., Launer L.J., Cade B.E., Bis J.C., Cho M.H., Lasky-Su J., Bowden 
D.W., Cupples L.A., Mak A.C.Y., Becker L.C., Smith J.A., Kelly T.N., 
Aslibekyan S., Heckbert S.R., Tiwari H.K., Yang I.V., Heit J.A., Lubitz 
S.A., Johnsen J.M., Curran J.E., Wenzel S.E., Weeks D.E., Rao D.C., 
Darbar D., Moon J.Y., Tracy R.P., Buth E.J., Rafaels N., Loos R.J.F., 
Durda P., Liu Y., Hou L., Lee J., Kachroo P., Freedman B.I., Levy D., 
Bielak L.F., Hixson J.E., Floyd J.S., Whitsel E.A., Ellinor P.T., Irvin 
M.R., Fingerlin T.E., Raffield L.M., Armasu S.M., Wheeler M.M., Sabino 
E.C., Blangero J., Williams L.K., Levy B.D., Sheu W.H., Roden D.M., 
Boerwinkle E., Manson J.E., Mathias R.A., Desai P., Taylor K.D., 
Johnson A.D.; NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium, Auer 
P.L., Kooperberg C., Laurie C.C., Blackwell T.W., Smith A.V., Zhao H., 
Lange E., Lange L., Rich S.S., Rotter J.I., Wilson J.G., Scheet P., 
Kitzman J.O., Lander E.S., Engreitz J.M., Ebert B.L., Reiner A.P., 
Jaiswal S., Abecasis G., Sankaran V.G., Kathiresan S., & Natarajan P. 
(2020). Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole 
genomes. Nature. 586(7831): 763-768.
    583. Schmidt N., Lareau C.A., Keshishian H., Ganskih S., Schneider 
C., Hennig T., Melanson R., Werner S., Wei Y., Zimmer M., Ade J., 
Kirschner L., Zielinski S., Dolken L., Lander E.S., Caliskan N., 
Fischer U., Vogel J., Carr S.A., Bodem J., & Munschauer M. (2020). The 
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-protein interactome in infected human cells. Nature 
Microbiology. Epub ahead of print.
    584. Marshall J.L., Doughty B.R., Subramanian V., Guckelberger P., 
Wang Q., Chen L.M., Rodriques S.G., Zhang K., Fulco C.P., Nasser J., 
Grinkevich E.J., Noel T., Mangiameli S., Bergman D.T., Greka A., Lander 
E.S., Chen F., & Engreitz J.M. HyPR-seq: Single-cell quantification of 
chosen RNAs via hybridization and sequencing of DNA probes. (2020). 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(52): 33404-33413.
    585. Mitchell C.M., Mazzoni C., Hogstrom L., Bryant A., Bergerat 
A., Cher A., Pochan S., Herman P., Carrigan M., Sharp K., Huttenhower 
C., Lander E.S., Vlamakis H., Xavier R.J., & Yassour M. Delivery Mode 
Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota. (2020). Cell Reports 
Medicine. 1(9): 100156.
    586. Collins F.S., Doudna J.A., Lander E.S., Rotimi C.N. Human 
Molecular Genetics and Genomics--Important Advances and Exciting 
Possibilities. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine. Epub ahead of 
print.
    587. Sinnott-Armstrong N., Sousa I.S., Laber S., Rendina-Ruedy E., 
Nitter Dankel S.E., Ferreira T., Mellgren G., Karasik D., Rivas M., 
Pritchard J., Guntur A.R., Cox R.D., Lindgren C.M., Hauner H., Sallari 
R., Rosen C.J., Hsu Y.H., Lander E.S., Kiel D.P., Claussnitzer M. A 
regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk for 
hyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density. (2021) Cell Metab. Epub 
ahead of print.
IV. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
    I have also authored OpEds, PCAST reports during the Obama 
Administration, Ad Hoc working group reports, Supreme Court amicus 
briefs, and a law review article.
OpEds:
   Just when we need it most, science is in danger (Boston 
        Globe): https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/10/08/opinion/just-
        when-we-need-it-most-science-is-danger/

   Looking to the future of patient-centered cancer research 
        and treatment (Boston Globe; with Reed Jobs): https://
        www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/10/18/looking-future-patient-
        centered-cancer-research-and-treatment/C7jJ2lV0Z0PjOHZOxv9oyJ/
        story.html

   Will America yield its position as the world's leader in 
        science and technology? (Boston Globe): https://
        www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/012918-BostonGlobe-
        LanderOpEd.pdf

   America's `Miracle Machine' is in desperate need of, well, a 
        miracle (Washington Post; with Eric Schmidt): https://
        www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/050517-WashPost-
        OpEdMiracleMachine.pdf

   Hype vs. hope in medical research (Boston Globe/Medium): 
        https://www.broad
        institute.org/files/sections/about/BostonGlobe-HypeVsHope-
        opinion.pdf
    (Medium: https://medium.com/@eric_lander/hype-vs-hope-in-medical-
        research-3fbd8edf018d)

   Fix the Flaws in Forensic Science (New York Times): https://
        www.nytimes
        .com/2015/04/21/opinion/fix-the-flaws-in-forensic-science.html

   Private Money Pays Off For Medicine (Wall Street Journal; 
        with Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.): https://www.wsj.com/articles/
        eric-lander-and-louis-gerstner-private-money-pays-off-for-
        medicine-1407710070

   The Accelerator (Science): https://science.sciencemag.org/
        content/331/6020/1024.2.full

   In Wake of Genetic Revolution, Questions About Its Meaning 
        (New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/science/
        essay-in-wake-of-genetic
        -revolution-questions-about-its-meaning.html
Law Review Article:
   Fixing Rule 702: The PCAST Report and Steps to Ensure the 
        Reliability of Forensic Feature-Comparison Methods in the 
        Criminal Courts: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/
        about/PCAST/2018 percent20ensurin g-reliability-forensic.pdf
Supreme Court Amicus Briefs:
   Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics: 
        https://www.broadin
        stitute.org/files/sections/about/12-398-ac-Lander.pdf

   Gill v. Whitford: https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/
        default/files/legal-work
        /Gill_AmicusBrief_EricLander_InSupportofAppellees.pdf

   Rucho v. Common Cause: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/
        sections/about/Gerrymandering_Amicus Brief_EricLander_Rucho.pdf
Reports
   International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human 
        Germline Genome Editing Heritable Human Genome Editing report: 
        https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-
        editing

   39 Reports of the President's Council of Advisors on Science 
        and Technology (PCAST), which I co-chaired during the Obama 
        Administration, 2009-2017 (one classified): https://
        obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/
        docsrep orts

   OPCAST Ad Hoc Pandemic Response Group (single document with 
        all six reports): https://opcast.org/OPCAST_Compendium.pdf

   On Human Gene Editing: International Summit Statement: 
        https://www
        .nationalacademies.org/news/2015/12/on-human-gene-editing-
        international-summit-statement

   National Academy of Sciences Committee on DNA Technology in 
        Forensic Science report: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1866/dna-
        technology-in-forensic-science
V. ONLINE MATERIALS
Online Courses:
        Introduction to Biology--The Secret of Life (edX):
        https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-to-biology-the-secret-
        of-life-3

        Fundamentals of Biology (MIT OpenCourseware):
        https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-01sc-fundamentals-of-
        biology-fall-2011/
Podcasts:
        Brave New Planet (host):
        https://www.pushkin.fm/show/brave-new-planet/

        Clear + Vivid (guest)
        https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-decoding-
        life/id1400082430?i=1000506582017

        Lovett or Leave It (guest):
        https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/coup-clutz-clan/
        id1216346463?i=1000499693551

        Deep Background with Noah Feldman (guest):
        https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-big-data-revolution/
        id1460055316?i=1000501053706

        Armchair Expert (guest):
        https://armchairexpert.simplecast.com/episodes/eric-lander-
        yfQOlTJc

        Stay Tuned with Preet (guest):
        https://cafe.com/stay-tuned/playing-god-with-eric-lander/

        Theory and Practice (guest):
        https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-broad-
        institute/id1480260459?i=1000459308356

        Talking Machines podcast (guest):
        https://www.thetalkingmachines.com/episodes/eric-lander-and-
        restricted-boltzmann-machines
Relevant Lectures and Talks:
        Lecture 14: ``Rapid research response in a pandemic'' (MIT):
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLkuchTScn8

        Klinsky Lecture on Science, Law and Policy (Harvard Law 
        School):
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOZJ-kn2Tc

        Science, Technology, and the Future of America (HUBweek):
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfN7b79SSec

        ``Secrets of the Human Genome'' (Killian Lecture):
        https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?t=8m21s&v=ztMBrL21bP4&feature=youtu.be

        Precision Medicine: the Promise, the Journey, the Future 
        (Public Health Grand Rounds at the Aspen Institute):
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfh-0xlVCpo

        Limits to our Understanding (International Summit on Human Gene 
        Editing):
        https://vimeo.com/showcase/3703972/video/149192705

        The Miracle Machine (National Math Festival):
        https://vimeo.com/133400574

        Aspen Ideas Festival Afternoon of Conversation:
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoTuRTYuY14

        Future of U.S. Innovation (Brookings Institute):
        https://www.c-span.org/video/?300258-4/future-us-innovation#

        Save the Miracle Machine:
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNqa8TWM_10

        Millennium evenings at the White House, Information Meets 
        Genomics:
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hnMi714CX0

    18. List digital platforms (including social media and other 
digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated 
an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your 
name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'' you 
have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account 
is active, deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if 
possible.

        Twitter [Active]: https://twitter.com/eric_lander (A podcast 
        that I hosted also has a Twitter account, https://twitter.com/
        BravePlanetPod, although I do not maintain that account.)

        Instagram [Dormant]: https://www.instagram.com/ericlander17/

        Facebook [Deleted]: I do not have a personal Facebook account. 
        (An account was created in 2013, never used, and then deleted.)

        Reddit [Dormant]: https://www.reddit.com/user/Eric_Lander

        Medium [Dormant]: https://medium.com/@eric_lander
    19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified 
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each 
testimony.
    I have testified before such bodies on these two occasions:

  1.  United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Space: 
        The Science and Standards of Forensics (March 28, 2012)

  2.  The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human 
        Services, Education, and Related Agencies: FY 1996 budget for 
        the National Institutes of Health (February 2, 1995)

    To the best of my recollection, I have not testified on other 
occasions.
    20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major 
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been 
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you 
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for 
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that 
position?
    Affirmative qualifications for the Director of the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): I have worked as scientist for 35 
years, including on major scientific projects such as the Human Genome 
Project; I have served on several bodies that provide advice concerning 
science and technology to the Federal government, including co-chairing 
for eight years the President's Council of Advisors on Science and 
Technology (which provides advice to the President and the White House) 
and serving for four years on the Defense Innovation Board (which 
provides advice to the Secretary of Defense and the DOD).
    I wish to serve in this position because I believe that (i) U.S. 
science and technology will be crucial to our Nation's health, economic 
prosperity and national security in the decades ahead and (ii) sound 
Federal policies can promote U.S. science and technology.
    21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to 
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting 
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large 
organization?
    Responsibilities to Ensure Proper Management and Accounting 
Controls: I recognize that as Director, I would be responsible for all 
issues of compliance at the agency including management and accounting 
responsibility. Working with appointed leadership, career staff and 
Congressional oversight, I will work to ensure that OSTP meets the 
highest standards of professionalism and compliance to serve the public 
good. This would include ensuring that the agency adhere to the OSTP 
Open Government Plan, promoting transparency, timely responses to 
Congressional and GAO inquiries and compliance with reporting 
requirements.
    Experience Managing Large Organizations: Since 2004, I have served 
as the CEO, President and Founding Director of the Broad Institute of 
MIT and Harvard. Since 2009, the Broad Institute has been an 501(c)(3) 
non-profit organization, with a large scientific community (currently 
more than 4,500 people), many employees (currently more than 2,000 
people) and a large budget (currently more than $500 million/year).
    22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the 
department/agency, and why?
    As the President has noted: In the aftermath of WWII, the United 
States adopted a wise science and technology strategy that has guided 
the Nation for 75 years, ensuring that the U.S. has been the world 
leader in scientific discovery and technological innovation and 
yielding enormous benefits for the Nation's health, economic prosperity 
and national security. However, much has changed over the past 75 
years--making it now essential to ``refresh and reinvigorate our 
national science and technology strategy to set us on a strong course 
for the next 75 years, so that our children and grandchildren may 
inhabit a healthier, safer, more just, peaceful, and prosperous 
world.''
    The President posed five critical questions, and he is seeking 
answers in the form of policies--including strategies, activities and 
structures--to ensure our Nation's success in the decades ahead.
    Consistent with the President's letter, I believe the top three 
challenges are to develop policies to:

(1) Ensure that we learn from the current pandemic in the broadest 
        sense--about what is possible or what should become possible--
        to address the widest range of needs related to our public 
        health.
    This work includes how we can: dramatically improve our ability to 
rapidly address threats from pathogens, including emerging pandemics, 
potential bioweapons, and antibiotic resistance; dramatically speed our 
ability to develop and conduct clinical trials of therapies for other 
types of diseases like cancer; enable the rapid sharing, with patient 
consent, of health information to build a smarter and more effective 
healthcare system; best use telemedicine to improve health for all 
Americans; and much more.
(2) Ensure that the United States will be the world leader in the 
        technologies and industries of the future that will be critical 
        to our economic prosperity and national security, especially in 
        competition with China.
    New technologies are emerging with increasing rapidity that have 
the potential to transform our lives, increase our economic prosperity 
by creating new industries and jobs, and protect our national security. 
Examples of new or rapidly evolving technologies include artificial 
intelligence, synthetic biology, quantum computing, advanced energy 
technologies, advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, semiconductors, 
telecommunications, and much more.
    Over the past 75 years, America has consistently been a world 
leader in the development of all major technologies, with huge economic 
and national security benefits. Today, other countries--especially 
China--are making unprecedented investments and doing everything in 
their power to promote the growth of new industries and eclipse 
America's scientific and technological leadership. Our future depends 
on our ability to keep pace with our competitors and to lead in the 
fields that will define the economy of tomorrow.
    We need to focus on: maintaining the right level of national 
investment; creating the structures, infrastructures, and policies 
needed to accelerate the path from research laboratories to development 
projects to the marketplace; strengthening and expanding the 
connections between academia, industry, and government, which have 
historically been crucial for advancing technology and protecting 
national security; and ensuring that technological advances create 
rather than diminish high-quality jobs.
    In addition, we need to ensure the long-term health of science and 
technology in our Nation--from expanding the availability of high-
quality STEM education for all students and addressing stresses on 
colleges and universities, to protecting scientific integrity within 
government and making government a premier destination for scientists 
and technologists to work.
(3) Ensure that the creation and rewards of science and technology are 
        fully shared across America and among all Americans.
    Science and technology--including training, engagement, employment 
and the benefits--remain unevenly distributed across racial, gender, 
economic, and geographic lines in the US. We must ensure that Americans 
of all backgrounds are drawn into both the creation and the rewards of 
science and technology. We need to ensure that science and technology 
hubs flourish in every part of the country. And, we need to ensure that 
advances in medical science benefit the health of all Americans, 
including substantially reducing disparities across racial, 
socioeconomic and geographic disparities in health.
                   b. potential conflicts of interest
    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates, 
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement 
accounts.
    I have no continuing financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, or other continuing dealings with business associates, 
clients, or customers. My retirement accounts consist of the following:

  a.  The Broad Institute, Inc. 457(b) Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025 K 
        Shares)

  b.  Broad Institute, Inc. 401k Retirement Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025 
        Fund Class K Shares)

  c.  Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan (Vanguard 
        Institutional Target Retirement 2020 Fund Institutional Class 
        Shares)

  d.  A Sep IRA, consisting of:

    a)  Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund

    b)  Old Westbury Credit Income Fund

    c)  Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies

    d)  Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies

    e)  Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund

    f)  Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund

  e.  A Traditional IRA, consisting of:

    a)  Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund

    b)  Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund

    c)  Old Westbury Credit Income Fund

    d)  Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies

    e)  Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies

    f)  Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund

  f.  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, consisting of:

    a)  TIAA Traditional

    b)  CREF Stock

    c)  CREF Growth

    d)  CREF Equity Index

  g.  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research 403(B), consisting 
        of:

    a)  CREF Growth

    b)  CREF Bond Market

  h.  Retirement Income Plan For Teaching Faculty of Harvard 
        University, consisting of:

    a)  TIAA Traditional

    b)  CREF Stock R3

    For the Broad Institute 457(b) and 401k plans, I will continue to 
participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan sponsor will 
not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of absence during 
my government service.
    For the Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan, I will 
continue to participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan 
sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of 
absence during my government service.
    For the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research retirement 
accounts, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution 
plan. The plan sponsor ceased making contributions upon my separation.
    For the Retirement Income Plan for Teaching Faculty of Harvard 
University, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution 
plan. The plan sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an 
unpaid leave of absence during my government service.
    2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, 
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, 
association or other organization during your appointment? If so, 
please explain.
    As described in my ethics agreement, I have been granted leaves of 
absence from my tenured faculty appointments at (i) MIT, (ii) Harvard 
and (iii) the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, pursuant to their 
leave of absence policies and will abide by the terms governing those 
leaves set forth in the ethics agreement.
    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other 
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in 
the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will 
resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics 
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any 
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be 
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have 
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or 
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will 
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to 
resolve the conflict.
    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial 
transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for 
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in 
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the 
position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve 
each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics 
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any 
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be 
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have 
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or 
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will 
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to 
resolve the conflict.
    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain 
how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics 
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any 
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be 
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have 
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or 
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will 
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to 
resolve the conflict.
    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the 
names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the 
purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or 
modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and 
execution of law or public policy. None.
                            c. legal matters
    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics, 
professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a 
complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special 
Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other 
professional group? If yes:

  a.  Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;

  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action was issued or initiated;

  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action;

  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action, 
        complaint, or personnel action.
    No.
    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by 
any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal, 
State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain.
    No, (except for routine background investigations required for 
security clearance).
    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were 
an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency 
proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please 
explain.
    CRISPR Patent Litigation. The Broad Institute has been involved in 
various proceedings related to which party was the first to invent 
various aspects of the CRISPR genome-editing technology. These patent 
questions have been the subject of proceedings before the U.S. Patent 
and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office Board of Appeals, 
with one decision appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal 
Circuit. The principal cases are listed below.

   Regents of University of California v. The Broad Institute, 
        Inc. (0:2017bca
        ag01907), U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit

                In 2012, researchers from the University of California, 
                University of Vienna, and Emmanuelle Charpentier 
                (collectively, ``UC'') published their use of CRISPR-
                Cas9 to precisely cut purified DNA in a test tube. 
                Shortly thereafter, researchers from the Broad 
                Institute, Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
                and the President and Fellows of Harvard College 
                (collectively, ``Broad'') published their use of 
                CRISPR-Cas9 to edit DNA in living cells, including 
                human cells. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board 
                (``Board'') found that Broad's invention was patentably 
                distinct from UC's. UC appealed, and the Federal Court 
                of Appeals affirmed the Board's decision.

   Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, Case Number: 
        T 0844/18-3.308, Application Number: 13818570.7, Publication 
        Number: 2771468

                This appeal concerns European patent 2 771 468 having 
                the title ``ENGINEERING OF SYSTEMS, METHODS AND 
                OPTIMIZED GUIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE 
                MANIPULATION'' that is based upon European patent 
                application No. 13 818 570.7 and the PCT application, 
                PCT/US2013/074819 filed on 12 December 2013 (``PCT 
                '819''). European patent 2 771 468 and PCT '819 claim 
                priority from twelve U.S. provisional patent 
                applications (referred to as P1 to P12 in the decision 
                of the opposition division).

   George W. Schlich v. The Broad Institute, Inc., Feng Zhang, 
        Naomi Habib, and Le Cong (1:2016mc91278), U.S. Court of 
        Appeals, First Circuit

                European patent attorney representing genome editing 
                company petitioned to obtain discovery from non-profit 
                medical research organization in relation to opposition 
                proceedings currently before the European Patent Office 
                (EPO) in which the attorney challenged the validity of 
                several of the organization's European patents 
                involving technology used in the programmable genome 
                editing of mammalian cells. The United States District 
                Court for the District of Massachusetts, F. Dennis 
                Saylor, IV, J., 2016 WL 7209565, denied petition and 
                subsequently, 2017 WL 1015005, denied patent attorney's 
                motion for reconsideration. Patent attorney appealed.

   Benson Hill Biosystems Inc v. The Broad Institute Inc, U.S. 
        Patent and Trademark Office, Case PGR 2018-00072, U.S. Patent 
        No. 9,790,490

                Benson Hill Biosystems requested post grant review of 
                U.S. Patent No 9,790,490, which was assigned to the 
                Broad Institute, Presidents and Fellows of Harvard 
                College, and MIT ``patent owners''. This request was 
                denied on 1/22/2019.
Other Litigation
   Xiulin Liu v. The Broad Institute, Inc.(1:2017cv12045), 
        Massachusetts District Court, filed 10/19/17, closed 11/13/17

                In the Complaint, Plaintiff made allegations of 
                wrongful termination and age discrimination. The Broad 
                disputed Plaintiff's claims. The Court dismissed 
                Plaintiff's Complaint on November 13, 2017. Liu made 
                similar allegations in a complaint filed with the 
                Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination and the 
                U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; the 
                action was dismissed after investigation by the MCAD.

   Natissa Enterprises Ltd v. Broad Institute (1:2019mc91124), 
        filed 04/02/19, closed 05/02/19, Massachusetts District Court

                Plaintiff filed a Motion to Compel and Enforce Subpoena 
                as to the Broad in regard to a separate matter, In re 
                Illumina Inc. Securities Litigation, No. CV-03044-L 
                (S.D. Cal.). The Broad opposed Plaintiff's motion to 
                compel. Plaintiff agreed, by Stipulation dated and 
                filed on April 30, 2019, to withdraw its motion to 
                compel and dismiss the action against the Broad.

    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo 
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual 
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or 
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, 
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in 
connection with your nomination.
    I am not aware of additional information relevant to this section.
                     d. relationship with committee
    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with 
deadlines for information set by congressional committees, and that 
your department/agency endeavors to timely comply with requests for 
information from individual Members of Congress, including requests 
from members in the minority? Yes.
    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can 
to protect congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal 
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested 
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with 
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly 
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be 
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                 ______
                                 
              Attachment A9: Resume of Eric Steven Lander
TITLE
        President & Founding Director, The Eli and Edythe L. Broad 
        Institute of MIT and Harvard

        Professor, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of 
        Technology

        Professor, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical 
        School
OFFICE
        Broad Institute
        415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142
        617-714-7010 (phone)
HOME
DATE OF BIRTH
        February 3, 1957
        Brooklyn, New York
CITIZENSHIP
        United States
EDUCATION
        Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
                A.B. with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978

        Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
                D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981
FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (CURRENT)
        The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
        President and Founding Director, 2003-present

        Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
        Professor, 1993-present
        Associate Professor (with tenure), 1989-1993
        Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989

        Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
        Professor, 2004-present
FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (PAST)
        Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
        Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
        Member, 1989-2008
        Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989

        Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
        Associate Professor, 1987-1990
        Assistant Professor, 1981-1986

   Taught courses on mathematics, statistics and economics; 
        developed new courses on bidding and bargaining; artificial 
        intelligence; and science-based businesses.

   During this period learned molecular biology and genetics in 
        laboratories of Peter Cherbas and William Gelbart at Harvard, 
        and H. Robert Horvitz, David Botstein and David Page at MIT.
SUMMER COURSES
        The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
        Short Course in Medical and Mammalian Genetics,
        Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

        Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
        Genetic Approaches to Human Disease Using DNA Markers
        Course Co-organizer, Summer 1989, 1990, 1991

        Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics, Amherst, 
        Massachusetts
        National Science Foundation program for exceptional high school 
        students,
        Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979
MENTORING
        Mentored more than 100 scientists, many who have gone on to 
        become faculty at leading universities, research centers, and 
        hospitals (including Harvard, Caltech, Princeton, Massachusetts 
        General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber 
        Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson 
        Cancer Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Weizmann 
        Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, U.S. National 
        Institutes of Health) and biotechnology and pharmaceutical 
        companies.
HONORARY DOCTORATES
        Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020

        Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate, 
        2017

        Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate, 
        2017

        Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014

        Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and 
        Commencement Speaker, 2013

        Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008

        Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007

        Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement 
        Speaker, 2005

        University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005

        Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker, 
        2003

        Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

        Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

        Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
ELECTED ACADEMIES
        Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020

        Council on Foreign Relations, 2014

        Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013

        European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012

        Academy of Athens, 2009

        U.S. Institute of Medicine, 1999

        American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999

        American Academy of Achievement, 1999

        U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
AWARDS AND PRIZES (Selected)
        Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence 
        in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016

        Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
                ``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular 
                origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's 
                scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a 
                new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical 
                advancements''

        James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
                ``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT 
                faculty member''

        Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016

        AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
                ``for signal contributions to the advancement of 
                science in the United States''

        Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015

        Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013

        Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer 
        Research, Ohio State University, 2013

        Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
                ''For the discovery of general principles for 
                identifying human disease genes, and enabling their 
                application to medicine through the creation and 
                analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the 
                human genome.''

        Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel, 
        2012
                ''In recognition of his significant contributions to 
                the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most 
                of the major advances in this field.''

        Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 
        2012
                ``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''

        Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012

        Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany 
        Medical College, 2010

        New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished 
        Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009

        A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard 
        Medical School, 2008-2009

        U.S. News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006

        Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006

        AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, 
        2004
                ``for his excellence in communicating complex 
                scientific ideas, and their implications for society, 
                to the general public and policy-makers, while actively 
                engaged in a demanding and aggressive research 
                program.''

        Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National 
        Level, 2004

        Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004

        Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the 
        World Today,'' 2004

        Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical 
        Society, 2004

        American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003

        Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research 
        Interchange, 2003

        Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002

        Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
                ``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing 
                of the human and other genomes''

        John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied 
        Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002

        Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter 
        Symposium, 2002

        City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert 
        Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001

        J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001

        Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001

        Distinguished Service Award, American College of 
        Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001

        Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
                ``to the community of scientists that carried out the 
                Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of 
                community, together with Francis Collins and Craig 
                Venter

        Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000

        Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999

        Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow 
        Foundation, 1998

        Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for 
        Microbiology, 1998

        Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
                ``for outstanding work as a scientist''

        Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University, 
        1998
                ``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the 
                undergraduate college''

        American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997

        Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997

        Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of 
        Technology, 1996
                ``for outstanding teaching''

        Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle, 
        1996

        Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer 
        Research, 1995
                ``for excellence in cancer research''

        Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology, 
        1995

        Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at 
        San Francisco, 1995

        Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994

        Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of 
        Tennessee, 1994

        Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993

        Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York 
        University, 1993

        Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 
        MIT, 1992

        Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
        1990
                ``for research on the application of mathematical and 
                statistical approaches to molecular genetics''

        MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and 
        mathematics, 1987-1992

        Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981

        Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, for best thesis in 
        mathematics, June 1981

        Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981

        Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978

        Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
                ``the highest award the university confers upon an 
                undergraduate''

        Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
                ``for highest academic achievement''

        Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics, 
        Princeton University, 1976, 1977

        U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th 
        International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974

        First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974
GOVERNMENT SERVICE (Selected)
        Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense: 
        Member, 2016-2020

        President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's 
        Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
        2012

        President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 
        (PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017

        Presidential Commission on the National Medal of Science: 
        Member, 1995-2000

        National Institutes of Health: Member, Advisory Committee to 
        the Director, 1995-2000

        National Cancer Advisory Board: Member, 2003-2006

        National Institute of Mental Health: Member, Genetics Working 
        Group, 1997-1998

        National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Genome 
        Research Review Committee, 1990-1994

        National Science Foundation: Member, Advisory Committee, 
        Biological and Behavioral Sciences, 1989-1994

        National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc 
        Study Section on New Technologies for Genome Analysis, 1989

        National Library of Medicine (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc Study Section 
        on Analysis of Molecular Biology Data, 1988

        National Institutes of Health: Chair, Subcommittee on Genetic 
        Information, Advisory Committee on Human Genome Project, 1988

        National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH): Member, Special 
        Panel on Applications of Molecular Genetics to Hypertension and 
        Atherosclerosis, 1988

        Congressional Office of Technology Assessment: Member, Panel on 
        DNA Forensics, 1989
NON-PROFIT AND ACADEMIC BOARDS (Selected)
        Life Science Cares: Member, Board of Advisors, 2019-2021

        Society for Science & The Public: Member, Honorary Board, 2019-
        2021

        Biden Cancer Initiative: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021

        Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and 
        International Affairs: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021

        Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy: Member, Scientific 
        Advisory Board, 2015-2021

        Global Alliance for Genomics and Health: Member, Strategic 
        Advisory Board, 2014-2021

        Innocence Project: Member, Board of Directors, 2004-2021

        Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair, Scientific 
        Advisory Board, 2009-2017

        Salk Institute for Biological Studies: Non-Resident Fellow, 
        2010-2018

        Ragon Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2009-2021

        Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Research Advisory 
        Council, 2009-2012

        Boston University: Board of Trustees, 2008-2013

        International Cancer Genomics Consortium: Member, Scientific 
        Planning Committee, 2007-2008

        Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland: Member, Scientific 
        Advisory Board, 2007-2015

        Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: Member, Board of 
        Scientific Consultants, 2001-2008

        American Society of Human Genetics: Member, Board of Directors, 
        2001-2003

        Finnish Genome Center: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2000-
        2006

        The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Corporation, 1999-2004

        Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Scientific Advisory 
        Board, 1997-2001

        Task Force on Science, Health Care and the Economy: Member, 
        1997-present

        National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: Co-chair, Panel on 
        Genetic Resources, 1996-1997

        National Cancer Institute: Co-chair, Developmental Diagnostics 
        Working Group, 1996-1997

        Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory 
        Board, 1996-2001

        Joint Steering Committee for Public Policy: Chair, 1996-2001; 
        Member, 1994-2001

        Genetics Society of America: Member, Board of Directors, 1992-
        1997

        The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 
        1992-1997

        Human Genome Organization: Governing Council, 1992-1997

        National Academy of Sciences: Co-chair, Symposium on Molecular 
        Biology and Computer Science, 1990

        National Academy of Sciences: Chair, Committee on Mathematics 
        and Molecular Biology, 1989- 1990

        National Academy of Sciences: Member, Committee on DNA 
        Technology in Forensic Science, 1990-1993

        National Academy of Sciences: Member, Organizing Committee for 
        Symposium on the Frontiers of Science, 1990

        Princeton University: Member, Board of Trustees, 1987-1991

        Princeton University: Member, Advisory Council, Department of 
        Mathematics, 1981-1985
EDITORIAL BOARDS (Selected)
        Functional and Integrative Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2009

        Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Editor, 1999-2005

        Physiological Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2003

        Computational Biology, Editorial Board, 1994-2009

        Genetic Analysis: Techniques and Applications, Editorial Board, 
        1994-1995

        Human Mutation, Editorial Board, 1993-1995

        Advances in Applied Mathematics, Editorial Board, 1993-1995

        Genetic Epidemiology, Editorial Board, 1991-1996

        PCR Methods and Applications, Editorial Board, 1991-1995

        Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, Editorial Board, 
        1991-1995

        Human Molecular Genetics, Editorial Board, 1991-1995

        Mammalian Genome, Editorial Board, 1991-2009

        Genomics, Editorial Board, 1986-1999

        Theoretical Population Biology, Editorial Board, 1987-1991
CORPORATE BOARDS, CONSULTING AND OTHER (Selected)
        Codiak Biosciences: Board of Directors, 2015-2021

        NEON Therapeutics: Board of Directors, 2015-2021

        F-Prime Capital (formerly Fidelity Biosciences): Scientific 
        Advisory Board, 2010-2021

        Infinity Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 2001-2016

        Third Rock Ventures: Scientific Advisory Board, 2007-2021

        Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor, 2010-2014

        Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 1993-2007

        Affymetrix: Scientific Advisory Board, 1995-2000

        Healthcare Ventures: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-
        1995

        Arris Pharmaceutical: Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1997

        Medigene: Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1994

        E. Dupont de Nemours: Consultant, 1988

        Thinking Machines Corporation: Consultant, 1990-1994

        Collaborative Research: Consultant, 1985-1987

        National Broadcasting Company: Consultant on statistics and 
        economics, 1985

        Attorney General, State of Hawaii: Consultant on law and 
        economics, 1985

        Wyche, Burgess, Freeman & Parham, Atlanta, Georgia: Consultant 
        on bidding and law, 1982

        Bell Laboratories: Consultant on mathematics and statistics, 
        1981

        Business Week Magazine: Staff reporter (AAAS Mass Media Intern 
        Fellowship for science journalism), 1977
                              PUBLICATIONS
Web of Science (as of 2020):
Total publications: 639
Citations: 223,166

H-index: 208
Google Scholar (as of 2020):
Citations: 486,772
H-index: 279
BOOK
    1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach 
(Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
EDITED BOOK
    2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the 
secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to 
molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
ARTICLES
Mathematics
    3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes. 
Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
    4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their 
automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries 
and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
    5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their 
symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
    6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian 
difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
    7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters 
in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
    8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of 
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of the receptor to the plasma membrane and causes insulin-resistant 
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Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone 
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heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular 
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sequence repeats in the genome of the zebrafish. Genomics, 14(1), 200-
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identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced 
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mammary adenocarcinomas of B6C3F1 mice: frequent losses of 
heterozygosity in regions homologous to human tumor-suppressor genes. 
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frequent allelic losses on chromosome 4 and an association between 
allelic imbalances on chromosome 6 and K-ras activation. Cancer 
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constructed in a rad52 strain show a reduced rate of chimerism. 
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Integration of physical, breakpoint and genetic maps of chromosome 22. 
Localization of 587 yeast artificial chromosomes with 238 mapped 
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    Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Dr. Lander. I will start with 
the first round of questions.
    As a member of the Senate, I have a strong commitment to 
ensuring that our country is a leader in innovation and 
technology. This simply cannot be done without women and 
without diversity in our STEM work force. Dr. Lander, you have 
been the leader of the Broad Institute for 17 years and just 
explained to this committee that you have sought to support 
women in science. However, statistics compiled by the Broad 
Institute, suggest that it struggles to ensure robust 
representation by women in STEM roles. For example, at Broad in 
2018, women made up only about 25 percent of employees in 
computational science and software engineering roles. While 
this may track with national figures, maintaining the status 
quo is not what we need to be competitive. We must do better.
    Dr. Lander, my question to you is this. Did you do enough 
at the Broad Institute to address gender gaps in STEM roles? 
And if confirmed as Director, what concrete steps will you take 
to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the STEM fields?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I really appreciate the question 
because it is a topic I care tremendously about. When we did 
the survey, to look at representation across the Broad, we 
found that we had equal representation in all areas other than 
the computational field. And as you know, representation in the 
computational fields is terrible, with regard to gender and 
tech. It is 15 percent.
    We were very concerned that the one area in the Broad where 
we were not at parity, was at the computational field and that 
led us to an institute-wide process involving our group, Women 
at Broad, to look at ways to increase that representation, to 
go out to the conferences for women in computational sciences, 
and invite more people to come and apply, to go out and present 
at more of these conferences. And we have already made a 
significant difference, particularly increasing women the more 
senior roles in computational science.
    It is not at the 50 precent that it is across the whole 
rest of the Broad, but it is tracking up and we are very 
committed to getting it up there.
    Senator Duckworth. If confirmed as Director, what concrete 
steps will you take to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the 
STEM fields, for our Nation?
    Dr. Lander. Well, thank you for that question, because I am 
really excited about that and, as I say, have worked on it.
    The first thing I would do--I have a lot of ideas, myself, 
but the first thing--the place I know to start is to invite to 
the table all of the people who are most effected and, 
therefore, know the most. So, if confirmed, the first thing I 
would do is, OSTP would convene the amazing organizations that 
advocate for women and people of color in STEM fields, to 
gather the best ideas and recruit--to recruit, support, and 
retain women and underrepresented peoples.
    I think OSTP also has this ability to look at diversity 
across Federal agencies and look at what has worked there. And 
from all of this, I think OSTP can develop best practices and 
work with companies and institutions to adopt them.
    I would bring my own ideas to it, but I do not want to 
privilege my ideas over others. But some of the things I think 
matter a lot, ensuring mentorship and opportunities early, 
starting in middle school where we lose most girls--many girls 
and people of color. I am a huge supporter and fan of groups 
like, Girls Who Code and Resilient Coders.
    I think science is not about knowing the answer in the back 
of the book. Science is about asking questions that are not in 
the book at all. And experiences like this, well, if a young 
person builds something, creates something, invents something, 
discovers something, they are hooked. That is what we have got 
to do, and we have got to do it early and often and 
consistently.
    We also have to lift up role models. Life them up high so 
that people can see themselves as scientist. We have to work 
with academia and industry to address power dynamics in 
academic labs and in corporate labs. And we have to commit and 
get people to commit to diverse slates in every search.
    Then, finally, like we tried to do at the Broad, we have to 
set goals, we have to measure, and we have to hold ourselves 
accountable. And when we fall short, we have to shine a 
spotlight on it.
    Those are some of the things I would offer of--based on my 
experience. But as I say, I would very much want to first bring 
everyone to the table, because there are people who will know 
more and there are people who will know different. And we have 
got to start with that. But, if confirmed, this would be one of 
the first things I would do, in the role at OSTP.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I now recognize Ranking 
Member Wicker for his questions.
    Senator Wicker. Thank you very much. And very fascinating 
testimony so far.
    You know, Dr. Lander, I wish I could spend my first round 
asking you to elaborate on the Human Genome project and 
prospects for Alzheimer's and, also, a few more examples of why 
it is important for scientists to have a dose of humility. 
Unfortunately, I have got to ask questions about----
    Dr. Lander. Sure.
    Senator Wicker.--some requests that we have made. And of 
course, Senator Duckworth eluded to these, also.
    We have asked for 10 years of donors to the Broad 
Institute. We do not have a complete list yet. Are you going to 
be able to get those to us?
    Dr. Lander. I--Senator, I believe we sent you eight years, 
which is what was available. I can ask to see if they can go 
back two more.
    Senator Wicker. OK, well, I wish would. It is important to 
us that we--we asked for 10 for a reason. So, you are going to 
try to do that?
    Dr. Lander. I will try to do that, sir.
    [The information referred to follows:]

Donors, 2011-2012
    The Broad Institute became a 501(c)(3) in FY 2010. Beginning in FY 
2013, it began regularly preparing an annual donor report, based on 
gifts received of $1,000 or more. Lists were provided to the Committee 
covering the past eight Fiscal Years (2013-2020).
    To address the Committee's request for two additional years of 
donors (2011-2012), the Broad Institute agreed to review its files and 
was able to provide a donor list for these years (below).

Academia-Sinica
Agilent Technologies Foundation
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Airedale Health Foundation
Jill and David Altshuler
American Kennel Club, Canine Health Foundation
Amgen, Inc.
Valerie C. Anastasio
AstraZeneca UK Limited
Dennis Ausiello, M.D.
Autism Consortium
Drs. David Baltimore and Alice S. Huang
Blavatnik Family Foundation
Katherine and David Bradley
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Eli and Edythe L. Broad
Leslie Burke Sampson
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
Sadiya Carr
Centocor
Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
CHDI Foundation, Inc.
Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
Kent and Liz Dauten
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
Jamie Walters El-Erian and Dr. Mohamed El-Erian
Eli Lilly and Company
The European Bioinformatics Institute
Joan Faubion, Ph.D.
Alan Fein and Ellen Kolton
Fondation Leducq
John B. Forrest, Jr.
Foundation for Neurologic Diseases
Galenea Corporation
Patty and Paul Gannon
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Stephen and Wendy Gellman Gerstner Family Foundation
Todd and Martha Golub
Bill Helman
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Sylvan C. Herman Foundation
Human Frontier Science Program
International SAE Consortium, LTD.
Irish Wolfhound Foundation
Irish Wolfhound Club of America
Jewish Communal Fund
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
Klarman Family Foundation
Seth and Beth Klarman
Johanna L. Klein
The Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc.
Eric and Lori Lander
William and Leslie Lee Leonberger Health Foundation
Arthur D. Levinson
Lilly USA, LLC
The John F. MacDonald Fund for Pseudomonas Research in memory of John 
F. MacDonald
Barbara V. McInnes
The McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Merck Genome Research Institute
The Merkin Family Foundation
Montreal Heart Institute
Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation
Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium
Nestle Research Center
The New York Community Trust
Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
Ontario Cancer Research Institute
Peter and Minou Palandjian
Sarah Pearson and Don Balcom
Pfizer, Inc.
Prostate Cancer Foundation
Julian H. Robertson, Jr.
Paul Rotiroti
SAIC-Frederick, Inc.
Sanofi-Aventis U.S., LLC
Stuart Schreiber and Mimi Packman
Phillip and Ann Sharp
Sigma-Aldrich
Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud
Ted and Vada Stanley
Stanley Medical Research Institute
Starr Foundation
Patty Stonesifer and Michael Kinsley
Kathan and Don Tracy
Peg Van Doren
Nancy Vollmer & Chris McDonough
Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
The Wodecroft Foundation

    Senator Wicker. OK, thank you very much. And then--and 
then, Senator Duckworth mentioned Jeffrey Epstein. We asked for 
information regarding the second time you met with him in 2012. 
Can you commit to fulfilling this outstanding request for 
information?
    [The information referred to follows:]

    As previously reported to the Committee: Neither the Broad 
Institute nor Dr. Lander had any relationship with Epstein, and neither 
ever requested or received any funding from him or his foundations. The 
only interaction consisted of meeting him briefly at two events, a few 
weeks apart in the spring of 2012, with multiple Harvard donors, 
faculty and others.
    The Committee has asked for a description of the two events. This 
is provided below:

    The two Harvard events were organized by the university and donors, 
to give donors and prospective donors an opportunity to meet a range of 
Harvard-affiliated faculty.
Event #1: April 15, 2012
   Lunch, involving about fifteen people, including three or 
        four donors or prospective donors.

   Each of the faculty, including Dr. Lander, made 
        presentations about the state of research in their respective 
        fields, and answered questions from the group, including 
        Epstein.

   Event lasted for approximately sixty minutes. Dr. Lander 
        attended the entire event.
Event #2: May 12, 2012
   Dinner involving about forty people, including about ten 
        Harvard donors or prospective donors.

   Dr. Lander was invited to dinner but did not attend. He 
        stopped by the pre-dinner reception and spoke with several 
        donors or prospective donors, including Epstein.

   Dr. Lander stayed for about thirty minutes.

    After these two events, Dr. Lander never saw or spoke to Epstein 
again.

    Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I can. May I say something about 
Epstein?
    Senator Wicker. Certainly.
    Dr. Lander. Jeffrey Epstein was an abhorrent individual and 
my heart goes out to his victims. I chose to have no 
association whatsoever with him. We never requested funds. We 
never received funds--from him, from his foundation. The sum 
total of my interactions was that I met him briefly at two 
events within the span of three weeks, in the Spring of 2012.
    Senator Wicker. OK, well, I think it is important that you 
be given a chance to say that.
    Dr. Lander. I will. And I am going to say, I did not know 
about his sordid history before that point.
    Senator Wicker. Right.
    Dr. Lander. As soon as I learned about it, I had nothing to 
do with him, thereafter.
    Senator Wicker. If you could simply answer----
    Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I will.
    Senator Wicker.--our specific question, it would--I think 
it would help your case.
    Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
    Senator Wicker. And I think people on both sides of the 
dais would be well served.
    Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
    Senator Wicker. And then, with regard to your future plans 
with the Broad Institute, those of us that are in public 
service have a date in which our public service will end. It is 
expected that you would go back to the Broad Institute. And 
there are questions that need to be answered about whether you 
are going to be able to avoid prioritizing your work with the 
Broad Institute that might favor people back there at the 
Institute, at the expense of others.
    So, I want to give you an opportunity to address that 
concern which, undoubtedly, does not come as a surprise to you, 
at this point.
    Dr. Lander. Senator, if confirmed, I will do that job in a 
completely even-handed way. I have said I particularly care 
about the fact that we concentrate far too much funding in a 
few place in this country. One of my priorities is to make sure 
that, in fact, we bring in all of America into science. And so, 
I can assure you, I will not favor, in any way, institutions I 
have been associated with. And to the contrary, really think it 
is important that we broaden that scope.
    Senator Wicker. OK. Well, do you--do you think you will go 
back to the Broad Institute when you leave this position?
    Dr. Lander. I have said, and I think I probably will.
    Senator Wicker. Well, just be aware that is a concern. But 
you did segue to a matter that I will ask you to drill down on 
in the last 45 seconds that I have. How--what steps can we take 
to make sure the research is not just concentrated in two 
favored states, that--states like, perhaps, Illinois and 
Mississippi, that might be able contribute to this great quest 
we have for knowledge?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I--as I say, I care a lot about 
this. And I think creating programs that support and expand the 
national labs, which are distributed across the country, 
creating regional technology hubs, supporting focuses of 
particular excellence in different states. I think there are a 
large number of programs that can help create critical masses 
that become magnets.
    We have seen it happen with the manufacturing institutes 
that were created. A PCAST report, when I was the Co-chair of 
PCAST, called for these Manufacturing USA institutes and there 
are these institutes in a number of states. There is one in 
Illinois, for example. But we need to--we need to be thinking 
about mechanisms to create critical mass, all over the country, 
because we cannot succeed without it.
    So, I of course--I am very sensitive to the fact that I 
come from a State and a city, and institutions that have 
received lots of funding. That cannot be the way we run funding 
in the country is that things are just concentrated. It will 
not succeed.
    Senator Wicker. Thank you, sir and thank you, Madam Chair.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you.
    Remotely, Senator Hickenlooper.

             STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HICKENLOOPER, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM COLORADO

    Senator Hickenlooper. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. And 
Dr. Lander, thank you so much for being willing to step into 
public service and what a remarkable career and what a 
remarkable life you have had.
    Let me ask my first question. As a former geologist, I have 
seen firsthand how intricate Earth Science can be. Climate 
action is, and should remain, a priority in this 
Administration. One of OSTP's duties is to oversee the U.S. 
Global Change Research Program, to try and coalesce climate 
research across all 13 Federal agencies that are working on it, 
to produce the quadrennial, The National Climate Assessment. 
Can you describe how OSTP will preserve scientific integrity, 
when producing the next National Climate Assessment?
    Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. The--all of--all of 
the work at OSTP has to be rooted in scientific integrity. With 
regard to the Climate Assessment, the first thing is good 
process. It is--that National Climate Assessment involves a 
process that brings together lots of voices to wrestle in a 
structured way, so that lots of evidence is presented, and 
transparently.
    And then, the other really fundamental part is to embrace 
dissent and disagreements. I think science is strong, because 
science debates, because science embraces dissent. And so, if 
at the end of a process we do not all agree on the answers, we 
have to represent that range of dissent. That is what 
scientific integrity is about is to speak the truth. And we 
have to keep that separate from any external interference from 
any direction that is not about the evidence itself. And if 
committed, I will promise to support and enforce that kind of 
integrity, not just for the National Climate Assessment, but 
for everything that OSTP does.
    Senator Hickenlooper. That is great. I appreciate that. 
Second question, COVID-19, the pandemic, has highlighted so 
many things, including the importance of science to provide 
solutions to these modern problems. And the U.S. research 
enterprises span numerous Federal agencies, national labs, as 
we have already been discussing. We also have to recognize the 
contributions from many of the leading universities and 
graduate researchers, including of course, the University of 
Colorado and Colorado State University, Colorado School of 
Mines. I have to list them.
    Two things, can you comment on how you believe COVID-19--
the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Federal researchers and how you 
would lead OSTP to reinvigorate the research workforce? And 
then, if you can tag onto that, and how do we work to prevent 
future pandemics?
    Dr. Lander. Well, what great questions. Thank you very 
much, Senator. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating 
effect in many parts--you know, in all parts of the country. It 
has certainly had a huge impact in the research enterprise. The 
biggest impact has been on women scientists. As the economy 
shutdown, the burdens of childcare fell disproportionately on 
women scientists. It is part of an overall pattern of more than 
two million women leaving the workforce since the pandemic.
    It had impacts on labs whose funding may have run out in 
the middle of this period and will not have been able to reach 
the goals they had promised to reach. And has impacts on 
graduate students and post-docs, who have a limited time and 
they have lost critical time in their projects. So, it is going 
to require from the Federal Government that we have a 
flexibility with regard to supporting the research enterprise 
through an enormous disruption, to support people in 
laboratories.
    What we really have to do is make sure we never have this 
again. There will always be emerging infectious diseases. We 
have to make sure that they never turn into pandemics like 
this. And I think we have to set very bold goals.
    It was great that we could produce a vaccine in a year and 
then, get it distributed. We have to do much better. I think 
the sort of goals we need--and I think what is possible with 
science today, is to say within 100 days from the detection of 
a potential pandemic, we should be able to have enough doses of 
an approved vaccine, clinically tested, for the whole country. 
Within 100 days. And when you say something like that, you 
gulp. But then, you take it apart and you say, yes, we can do 
those pieces. It will require thinking differently about every 
one of them.
    What interests me, what excites me about this potential 
role, if confirmed, is to try to help us come together and set 
really bold goals and respond to them. Because I have seen 
America do it again and again and I think we can do it with 
regard to pandemics. This should be the last time--the last 
time that we have a pandemic like this. Not the last time we 
are going to need to respond, but the last time something 
devastates our country and the whole world, in this way, if we 
play--if we play our role. We owe that to future generations. 
It is a generational responsibility.
    Senator Hickenlooper. I appreciate very much your 
willingness to take on those big challenges and to make real 
bold commitments. A hundred days, that is--that is amazing if 
that can be done, and I believe that you could do it.
    Anyway, I will yield--I am out of time. I have many more 
questions, but I will yield my time back to the Chair--or my 
lack of time back to the Chair. Again, Dr. Lander, thank you 
for being willing to do this. I look forward to working with 
you.
    Dr. Lander. Thank you.
    Senator Duckworth. Senator Thune.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE, 
                 U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA

    Senator Thune. Thank you, Madam Chair and thank you, Dr. 
Lander for being here today. The Office of Science and 
Technology Policy always plays a significant role in 
coordinating Federal R&D initiatives and the rise in scientific 
prowess of China and other nations has made that role only more 
crucial today. It is imperative that the United States maintain 
its global leadership in the development, commercialization, 
and standardization of innovative technologies.
    During my time as Chairman of this Committee, we 
successfully enacted the American Innovation and 
Competitiveness Act to better coordinate R&D efforts at the 
Department of Commerce and the NSF, as well as the National 
Quantum Initiative Act to strengthen and unify the focus of the 
Federal Government on developing quantum technologies. Both of 
these bills were bipartisan and drew broad support from 
industry and the scientific community.
    The U.S. continues to lead the world in the development and 
commercialization of innovative technologies, and we cannot 
cede that competitive advantage to China. And it is crucial 
that the U.S. act boldly to solidify American leadership in 
science and in technology.
    Dr. Lander, at a hearing two weeks ago, Dr. Kelvin 
Droegemeier made an insightful comment on the need for private 
sector to be involved in strategic decisionmaking when it comes 
to research partnerships, rather than simply being brought in 
after the program has been established. How do you believe the 
Federal Government can better incorporate the private sector as 
a partner in R&D initiatives?
    Dr. Lander. Thank you, Senator. The biggest challenges 
facing the country today, many of them involve these 
technologies of the future. And I think a gap has become 
apparent between what we can do amazingly well in foundational 
research, and what we can do amazingly well with vibrant 
industry. And there is a gap of things that fall between, where 
government needs to work both with basic research and with 
industry to help fill that gap for things that are not yet a 
business plan but could launch 100 businesses or 1,000 
businesses.
    So, I think partnerships in many of these technologies, 
quantum computing, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, 
different kind of telecommunications, are going to be really 
crucial. We have to do this in an American way. We watch China 
doing this, in the way of a civil-military fusion and that is 
just not our way of doing it.
    But we need an American solution to it that brings together 
these great sectors we have to fill that middle. And sometimes, 
that is going to be creating the infrastructure that many 
startup businesses need but cannot afford to produce 
themselves. We see that with manufacturing, for example. 
Sometimes, it is going to be derisking technologies because no 
sensible investor would invest in those technologies because of 
the risk. But as a country, we can say we are going to need 
this technology. Let us derisk it together.
    I think that is, perhaps, the most interesting question 
about our scientific--science and technology strategy going 
forward is, 75 years ago that really was not the case. Today we 
face international competition, and we face big technologies 
that will require us to act together as a country, and yet, 
still do it in a way that is based on free enterprise.
    So, I--if confirmed, I am very eager to help and to work 
with you and your colleagues to figure how we do this best. And 
I see many ideas already being floated for this.
    Senator Thune. Last year, several Federal agencies were 
breached in a supply chain attack by malicious hackers. An 
attack at this scale has an enormous effect on our economy and 
national security. If confirmed, how would OSTP respond to this 
economic espionage and work with industry to combat ongoing 
cyber-attacks?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, the nature of cyber-attacks that 
steal intellectual property from the United States, for 
example, are very concerning. We have to approach these things 
in multiple ways--security, of course, and then, also, 
technology. Sometimes we are patching holes in cyber and I 
think it is important to be able to step back and ask, how can 
we make fundamental changes to the integrity of our cyber 
defense, that would ensure fewer holes?
    I think there is a lot of active discussion right now, 
about ways to rethink aspects of our cyber defense. And if 
confirmed, OSTP has important roles in this, and I would be a 
very active participant in trying to see how we defend 
ourselves technologically. And then, of course, we have to 
defend ourselves with regard to research security.
    Senator Thune. I see my time has expired, Madam Chair. 
Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Lander.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Blumenthal.

             STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, 
                 U.S. SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT

    Senator Blumenthal. Thanks, Madam Chair. Welcome to the 
Committee, Dr. Lander. You have an extraordinary and very 
impressive background in both academia and elsewhere. And I 
want to ask you, at the outset, a question that will not 
determine my vote on your nomination. Since I am in the middle 
of reading Walter Isaacson's book, ``The Codebreakers'', I 
would like your opinion of the book--what you think of it. And 
I do have a reason for asking about it, though.
    Dr. Lander. OK. I am--Senator, it is an excellent question, 
and I am going to have to say, I have not read the book yet. 
Having been in----
    Senator Blumenthal. That is fair enough.
    Dr. Lander. Yes.
    Senator Blumenthal. Let me just say, one of the--there are 
a couple of themes of the book. One is a recurrent theme in 
Walter Isaacson's works, which is that great inventions and 
innovation are the result of cooperation and collaboration 
among teams of scientists and also, academia, private industry, 
and government. And I think your appointment would further that 
kind for collaboration and partnership.
    But another kind of subplot of the book, since it is about 
a woman scientist, is that women are sometimes discriminated 
against or harassed in the world of science, as they are in 
many other professions, as well. I have introduced a measure 
called Combatting Sexual Harassment in Science Act. I have done 
it with Senator Smith of Minnesota. It was originally 
championed by then Senator Kamala Harris. I would like your 
commitment to support, at least, the goals of the legislation 
to end harassment and perhaps, for the legislation itself, 
which I hope will be incorporated in the Endless Frontier Act.
    Dr. Lander. You have my enthusiastic support and commitment 
toward those goals. They are extremely important, and I think 
there are many, many approaches we have to take to end that.
    Senator Blumenthal. I have also introduced a measure called 
Supporting Early Career Researchers Act, to give American STEM 
researchers, who are just beginning in their fields--especially 
women and traditionally underrepresented minorities more 
opportunities in the world of science, particularly important, 
as you have noted, because of the impact of COVID. It would 
direct NSF to establish a new post-doctoral fellowship program 
to support the next generation of STEM talent. One of my 
colleagues, Senator Klobuchar has been particularly 
instrumental in joining this effort. I think we lose valuable 
talent because of the potential obstacles for, and inequalities 
for, certain minorities. So, again, I would ask for your 
support, as Director of OSTP for this kind of effort, and in 
particular, that legislation.
    Dr. Lander. Senator, I commit to that.
    Senator Blumenthal. I have been very interested--I am a 
former prosecutor. I still think of myself as a litigator. 
Particularly interested in your work on forensic science, the 
Innocence Project. Do you think that the legal profession, and 
our justice system, has made sufficient use of science in the 
kind of forensic evidence that is submitted and particularly, 
in the more serious cases that were involved in the Innocence 
Project?
    Dr. Lander. Senator, the--science is a force for truth, for 
getting the right answer and our justice system needs that as a 
foundation. For anything else, is to know the right answers. I 
think we have not always availed ourselves of the best science 
to get those answers, or more troublingly, not always done it 
in the rigorous ways to be able to trust those answers. That 
all of these scientific methods, when they come to court, need 
empirical evidence.
    So, this is an extremely important topic, to make sure that 
science can be a really strong supporter of the search for 
justice. It has mattered to me for 30 years and, if confirmed, 
I will devote attention to making sure we fully realize the 
promise of this for justice.
    Senator Blumenthal. Thank you. My time has expired, but 
there is a wealth of conversation that I would like to have 
with you, and I would hope that we could spend some time 
talking about that last topic, as well as some of the others.
    Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I would love to do that.
    Senator Blumenthal. Great, thank you very much.
    Senator Duckworth. A very patient Senator Blunt.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. ROY BLUNT, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSOURI

    Senator Blunt. Thank you, Chairman. Dr. Lander, it is good 
to see you here. The President is seeking a lot of new 
authorities for research entities in the government, from the 
National Science Foundation to the Department of Energy. The 
one he mentioned last night was a new concept in health, ARPA-
H. Talk about how that would be different than what NIH has 
been doing. And also, talk about your view of whether the best 
place for that is at the National Institute of Health.
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first let me say thank you to 
you for your tremendous and consistent support of biomedical 
research. Biomedical research is an extraordinary gem of the 
United States and it is because the Congress has supported it 
for so long and so strongly. So, thank you.
    The idea of an ARPA-H has arisen, again, because of one of 
these gaps that I was referring to before, in the discussion 
with Senator Thune. We have unbelievable foundational research 
in this country that, through NIH grants, can discover all 
sorts of things. We have a vibrant biotech industry that is 
able to take a business plan and run with it. There are a lot 
of things that have big gaps in between. They are, you might 
call them, platforms.
    I will give one example, if I may. Very often drugs have 
side effects because they do not just act in the place you want 
them to act, but they act in other places in the body. What if 
you could build a post office, a zip code, that would deliver 
this drug to the right cell type? Well, you could dramatically 
reduce many side effects and probably be able to increase the 
dose if you know it is going to the right place. No, NIH basic 
research grant could do such a thing, not your traditional 
R01s. And no sensible startup biotech would take that on.
    These are the kinds of DARPA-like projects that led to the 
Internet and the GPS and we now see they could lead to things 
that would launch 1,000 opportunities. To me, this idea of 
DARPA, within biomedicine, is exactly that. It is to build 
those platforms to be able to overcome market failures, to take 
on bold challenges. And where should it sit? My answer is 
within the NIH. If you were to try to set up a separate thing, 
I think there would be duplication and competition.
    Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get another question in 
here.
    Dr. Lander. Please.
    Senator Blunt. With what NIH did during the pandemic with, 
particularly, what we call the shark tank on developing tests 
and becoming an active partner with 34 different businesses, 
would that make them more prepared to do this than they would 
have been, say, 2 years ago?
    Dr. Lander. Absolutely. I think this program, the RADx 
program, the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics initiative, is a 
perfect example that says, NIH can pivot and take on bold 
things like this that lift up, as you said, 34 or maybe many 
more, such opportunities. There is not a natural way to do it. 
It has been ad hoc, and it was amazing that it was spun up so 
quickly, as an ad hoc approach.
    Imagine the possibility if we had a structured way to be 
able to seize those opportunities each year. I think that it 
very much supports the idea.
    Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get in one more 
question. This whole, what is happening in synthetic biology 
and agriculture, developing advanced materials, if you are 
confirmed, what would do to ensure that the United States 
continues to advance our innovation and maintain a global 
advantage in that quickly growing area?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, synthetic biology has enormous 
potential to do things like reprogram cells to fight cancer or 
reprogram crops to be able to have a higher yield. And it 
requires a kind of toolkit. The same way the early days of 
semiconductors, people had the bits and pieces that they would 
assemble into integrated circuits. Biology is at that early 
stage where it needs to build those toolkits and get them in 
the hands of thousands of innovators. And I think that the 
Federal Government has a really important role in being able to 
support the creation and dissemination and the sharing of best 
practices, about how to use those.
    Senator Blunt. Thank you. Thank you, Chairman.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.
    Senator Markey. Thank you, Madam Chair. I would like to 
follow up on the direction that Senator Blunt was going, 
looking over at NIH and looking at what the President said last 
night about Alzheimer's and diabetes and cancer. And perhaps, 
you know, give you an opportunity to integrate that in what you 
have done in your career, thus far, and what your hopes would 
be, you know, the promise for families. Because research is 
medicine's field of dreams, from which we harvest the findings 
to give hope that there will be a cure.
    So, can you speak a little bit about what your goals would 
be? Just take those three disease, you know, and synchronize 
it, perhaps, with what the Biden Administration's dreams might 
be, over the next 4 years.
    Dr. Lander. Well, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, the 
problem in all three diseases had been we did not know what was 
wrong under the hood. We could give you an account of symptoms, 
but we could not give you an account of what was actually 
wrong.
    I think the Federal Government's investments, starting with 
the Human Genome project and many other investments, are now 
telling us how these diseases actually work. Which cells are 
going wrong and which ones to target. I think that has been a 
tremendous success. And now, the question is, can we target 
those cells? Alzheimer's, we used to think it was the problem 
in a nerve cells, but it is actually some other kind of cell 
entirely, that is likely the place to look.
    How do we manage to, now build the next generation of 
tools, to target things to the right places, do it safely, do 
clinical evaluations more quickly than five or eight years, for 
Alzheimer's, so that we can test many ideas? These are the sort 
of things that only Federal research can support and then, 
unleash innovators.
    Senator Markey. And do you think there is enough funding? 
Or are we going to have to increase funding, if we take this 
new model for having a doppler for healthcare research focusing 
upon those three diseases? Will it require a reallocation of 
funding? Or do you think an increase in funding would be called 
for?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I think the opportunities are so 
extraordinary that we are not fulfilling all the opportunities, 
in part, for lack of funding. I think we also always have to be 
thinking about using funding most wisely. But if you are asking 
are there remarkable opportunities ahead that we are not 
seizing today, the answer is yes.
    Senator Markey. When you look at the COVID crisis, where we 
are today, from your experience, what do you think is going to 
be needed, from an American perspective as a leader, in helping 
the rest of the world to deal with that issue, as well, so, 
that we anticipate, perhaps, a recurring phenomenon in the 
years ahead? What recommendation would you be giving to our 
country?
    Dr. Lander. We never want to see something like this happen 
again, hence, we have to take apart all the pieces of it. And 
we will need to have capacities in place--hot capacities that 
can be turned on a dime, because these things--well, we have 
learned what it means to have an exponential increase in 
something.
    Those are capacities for diagnostics. The ability, in a 
week, to reprogram existing diagnostics being used in public 
health, to take on a new pathogen and to do it so cheaply that 
we do not agonize about how to pay for it. The ability to 
produce vaccines against any of the classes of viruses that 
infect humans. There are 5 of them. The ability to make 
therapeutics very rapidly. We did not succeed in making 
therapeutics--new therapeutics, in this pandemic, rapidly 
enough to respond. Yet, there are approaches to do it. I think 
we need a top to bottom look at the components.
    The good news is, there are scientific approaches for all 
of those things. And we need to pull together, and we need to 
pull tighter across agencies, and we need to pull together, 
even across some countries. I think the United Kingdome is an 
obvious partner in something like this. Because we all have to 
prevent this from happening again.
    Senator Markey. Beautiful, thank you. Again, thank you for 
your service. Thank you, Madam Chair.
    Senator Duckworth. We have, via WebEx, my good friend from 
Tennessee, Senator Blackburn.

              STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

    Senator Blackburn. I thank you, Madam Chairman. And, Dr. 
Lander, I wanted to thank you for your phone call and the time 
that we had to visit. I so enjoyed that. I want to join Ranking 
Member Wicker in his request that the Broad Institute please 
provide to us that 10 year of donor records. The Epstein 
connection is of tremendous concern to us, and we would like to 
have that information.
    A question that I have for you. In your opening statement, 
you had said, you know, the OSTP's work will be rooted in 
equity, tackling issues from STEM inclusion to algorithmic 
bias. You also state, this administration poses big questions 
like, how can science create market driven solutions for 
climate change. So, first question to you is, I want you to 
provide some clarification around your utilization of 
algorithmic bias. And then, second, we will talk about market 
driven solutions.
    Dr. Lander. So, thank you, Senator. Those are--those are 
really important questions, and I am very glad to respond to 
them.
    When--when a computer scientist uses the word algorithmic 
bias, they mean that an algorithm is not producing the correct 
answer because of, typically, the data that was used to train 
it not applying to the circumstance in which it is being used. 
There are many ways that that can occur, but it means the 
results are not reliable. They do not reflect whether the 
person you are looking at really should get a loan. What they 
reflect is a data set that does not actually describe the 
person that has come before, requesting a loan, for example.
    I think it is a very important question right now, in 
artificial intelligence. How to be able to verify that programs 
produce the correct result, in circumstances other than the 
ways in which they were first constructed.
    Senator Blackburn. I agree with you on the concern with 
algorithmic bias. I think that your application to artificial 
intelligence is so appropriately placed.
    It is of concern, when you look at building these 
algorithms out. If you are pointing one direction, that 
algorithm, instead of opening up new potential options to you, 
it narrows those options that are presented to you. And I will 
look forward to continuing a conversation about how we change 
that and how we work with tech--Big Tech companies to change 
that. It is not helpful, whether it is in research, or whether 
it is in public discourse.
    I would love for you to talk just a minute--President Biden 
has been very aggressive in executive orders. And I sometimes 
wonder how this aligns with market driven solutions when you 
talk about climate, when you talk about energy, because what he 
is putting forward in executive orders does not seem to line up 
with market driven solutions. You can look at a variety of 
different things and look at how the Chinese have so adversely 
impacted the market, when it comes to solar panels, or to 
polysilicon being made in the United States.
    So--and then, you look at President Biden's executive 
orders, and what he did around the Keystone pipeline--which, by 
the way, natural gas. A good way to move oil and gas is through 
a pipeline. I look at some of these executive orders and I 
wonder what the desired outcome is because it does not seem to 
be a market driven solution.
    So, I would like for you to bridge that gap, between what 
has been happening by executive order, when it comes to fuels, 
when it comes to energy, and what is going to become market 
driven solutions that are affordable for the vast majority of 
the American people?
    Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. I think all of us are 
very concerned about addressing the issues around climate 
change and technological innovation is a critical part of that. 
That technological innovation, ultimately, has to include 
innovations that just make clean, net zero carbon energy 
cheaper than any alternative. In the long run, that will lead 
to market driven solutions. And I think science, uniquely, can 
contribute in those ways.
    Senator Blackburn. Thank you so much. Thank you, Mr. 
Chairman.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Lujan, remotely.

               STATEMENT OF HON. BEN RAY LUJAN, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO

    Senator Lujan. Thank you so much, Chair Duckworth. Dr. 
Lander, New Mexico is home to world class science and research 
facilities, including Los Alamos National Labs, Sandia National 
Lab, the Air Force Research Lab, Spaceport America, small 
businesses, universities, and community colleges, and more. 
From the Manhattan Project to the Human Genome project to the 
fuel that propelled the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, New 
Mexican scientists are playing a leading role in solving our 
toughest problems.
    I am excited that the Biden-Harris Administration has 
elevated your position to the Cabinet level. This demonstrates 
a strong commitment to science and innovation. From climate to 
emerging health issues, I want to offer my support in making 
sure that OSTP has the resources and capacity necessary to 
carry out its mission and offer necessary scientific counsel to 
the President.
    My question, if nominated, how do you plan to use your role 
to ensure that science and research and development are not 
just in the room, but are central to solving our most 
challenging problems?
    Dr. Lander. Scientific research--well, Senator, I very much 
enjoyed our conversation, particularly about the national labs. 
And I--I have to say, as I told you, my first experience with 
the national labs was in your home state with Los Alamos 
National Laboratory.
    So, I am deeply excited about what science can do to solve 
so many problems. And seeing so many different laboratories and 
approaches to science flourishing right now, and so many new 
technologies and opportunities, gives me such hope, if we can 
draw people into it. So, I think lifting up the possibilities--
I mean, this is a--I grew up in the 1960s, which I thought 
then, was a time of amazing inspiration and opportunity about 
what the world could accomplish. I think this is a moment like 
that again. We see possibilities that, I think, should lift the 
excitement of any young person, to say that being in science 
will be the most exciting thing that one can do in the coming 
decades. And we just have to make sure everyone understands all 
of those opportunities, and that there is a place for everyone 
in those opportunities.
    Senator Lujan. Thank you, Dr. Lander. As you know, Congress 
is currently considering proposals to strengthen America's 
leadership in science and technological innovation. As a 
Nation, we are not keeping pace with other countries' increases 
in their R&D spending. We must invest more in science, 
including at the Department of Energy, NSF, NIST, and NASA.
    The lab directors of the 17 Department of Energy National 
Labs recently wrote a joint letter offering technical 
assistance to the Endless Frontiers Act, which proposes an 
expansion of the NSF to address 10 technology focus areas. This 
letter recommends that Congress embrace a broad approach to our 
technology and leadership, economic competitiveness, by 
strengthening the entire U.S. innovation ecosystem. This means 
increasing investments at NSF, as well as other agencies that 
play a key role in important technology areas, such as the 
Department of Energy.
    Yes or no, do you believe that we have an innovation 
ecosystem and that the Department of Energy is a vital part of 
it?
    Dr. Lander. Senator, the Department of Energy and its 
amazing networks of laboratories is a vital part of America's 
ecosystem of innovation. I very much agree.
    Senator Lujan. Dr. Lander, do you believe that--do you 
believe that the Department of Energy and NSF do complimentary 
work?
    Dr. Lander. I do believe they do complimentary work.
    Senator Lujan. Do you agree with the lab directors that we 
must make substantial investments in and strengthen the entire 
U.S. innovation ecosystem, including at the Department of 
Energy?
    Dr. Lander. I--I think, if we are going to compete in the 
years ahead, we need to strengthen all aspects of our 
innovation ecosystem. This is a very consequential moment for 
the United States to make sure that we have strong innovation 
throughout the country, throughout the government support for 
it, throughout industry. So, it is critical that we strengthen 
all of it because it is the only way America will remain the 
leader in science and technology.
    Senator Lujan. Chair Duckworth, this letter from our 
Nation's lab directors recommends that Congress embrace a broad 
approach to our technology leadership and economic 
competitiveness by strengthening the entire U.S. innovation 
ecosystem. And I ask unanimous consent that it be entered into 
the record.
    Senator Duckworth. Without objection.
    [The information referred to follow:]

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    Senator Lujan. I want to thank Dr. Lander for his time 
today, for my conversation with him, and with that, Chair 
Duckworth, I yield back.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you and I recognize the Senator 
from Minnesota, Senator Klobuchar, who will take over as the 
Chair.

               STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA

    Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Madam Chair and 
thank you, Dr. Lander, for being here. And we talked on the 
phone about some of your interests in science and technology. 
And I want to start with, really, what I consider the biggest 
scientific challenge in front of us, which is climate change. 
And I know you have been asked a few things about this and the 
President certainly focused on it last night in the State of 
the Union.
    As you know, earlier this year, the President asked you how 
science and technology can create solutions to address climate 
change, and soon after he issued the executive order 
establishing the National Climate Task Force. Can you speak to 
the importance of interagency coordination in addressing 
climate change and what steps you can take to address the 
issue?
    Dr. Lander. Well, thank you--thank you so much, Senator. 
Climate change is--is an incredibly important challenge for our 
time and we have to move quickly on it. I am impressed, looking 
back the last decade, that we have seen real progress. That 
green technologies, zero carbon technologies, used to be hugely 
more expensive than fossil fuel technologies. That gap is 
closing. Look at market driven solutions when the gap closes 
all the way.
    But the gap is no longer so huge. We see it with solar; we 
see it with smart grids; we see it with wind. And I think, what 
we need to do now is, focus hard from the point of view of 
science and technology on what we can do to promote the 
innovation to make each of these things more and more 
efficient. So that, we reach a point where there is not really 
a question because--because it is just cheaper to do it that 
way. I think that is the ultimate goal for science and 
technology. And I think, amongst the agencies, we have to be 
coming together and looking on a continuing basis, what those 
differences in costs are and how we can close them.
    Senator Klobuchar. Very good. The--I know Senator Thune 
talked to you about cybersecurity work force, something that is 
a major priority and he and I have worked together on a public-
private exchange. Do you believe we need to train our 
cybersecurity workforce better to deal with the hacks and what 
we have seen out there?
    Dr. Lander. Oh, the cybersecurity problem is a very serious 
and very worrying problem for the whole country. I believe we 
do not have enough people trained in it to be able to both 
defend and then, think about how to construct systems that are 
just less hackable.
    Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
    Dr. Lander. So, I think this is an area of tremendous 
opportunity. There are some manufacturing institutes that we 
actually started that focus on cybersecurity manufacturing. 
There are programs I know of at Annapolis. But we really have 
to do a tremendous amount because the risk of cybersecurity 
threats is just too big.
    Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm. And along the lines of cyber, 
there are still issues, of course, with broadband, really come 
into magnification during the pandemic. And we have got, you 
know, in my state, about 16 percent of households--even our 
state is above the national average--that do not have access. 
Representative Clyburn and I lead the two major bills together, 
the same bill, on broadband. And of course, the President 
included these provisions in his infrastructure package.
    In your testimony, you highlight the importance of access 
to broadband. Can you talk about that, in terms of--I know you 
do such high-level science, but if you are going to get stuff 
out to people, so they can actually use it, you do not want a 
whole bunch of people, like 20 percent of the population not 
having access.
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, this is such an important issue. 
I mean, it--how can you be a part of 21st century American 
economy, education, work, healthcare, commerce without access 
to broadband? And yet, tens of millions of Americans lack 
access to broadband. And it is disproportionately rural 
Americans and people on tribal reservations, and people of 
color, and older, and lower income Americans, and Americans 
with disabilities.
    And for me, it is actually a personal issue because my 
daughter teaches high school in Lowell, Massachusetts and 
three-quarters of her kids are on free or reduced lunch. And 
during this pandemic, when she has been teaching online, we are 
acutely aware--she is acutely aware every day for how hard it 
is, for many of her students, to be able to even participate in 
class.
    Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
    Dr. Lander. We have to solve this.
    Senator Klobuchar. Yep, very good. And I think it is just 
important to put the connection with the high-level science and 
broadband.
    Dr. Lander. My daughter's class matters even more than the 
high-level science of this.
    Senator Klobuchar. My last question is, you and I talked 
about Minnesota and we are really proud of the work that we 
have done in research in our state, at places from the 
University of Minnesota to Mayo Clinic. And Mayo Clinic, I 
visited their Personal Medicine area, where they have 
personalized medicine, using the science we have now to help 
people. And could you talk a little bit about that, the work, 
of course, that Francis Collins has done, and where you see the 
future headed? Because I, as one of the co-chairs of the Rare 
Disease Caucus, along with Senator--with Senator Hatch and now, 
Senator Wicker, you know, we have done a lot of work in that 
area. And there is still so many things we need to know to give 
people the best treatment. Where do you see this going?
    Dr. Lander. Well, the amazing progress in being able to 
find the genes that underlie diseases is not just giving us 
diagnostics, it is now pointing to therapeutics. So, more and 
more rare genetic diseases, that we never imagined would be 
treatable, now through different kinds of gene therapies, we 
are seeing can be treatable.
    Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
    Dr. Lander. And it is just amazing. The hardest problem may 
be just delivering the therapy to the right cells. But the idea 
that this is becoming--well, gone from an utter mystery to a 
problem of careful engineering, and that, we can provide, in 
some cases, real therapies and cures, and in many other cases, 
you can at least see paths to them, to me it is--it is just a 
mind-blowing thing, over the past 10 or 20 years. And if you 
try to project forward 10 or 20 years, you just think, wow, 
what is going to happen?
    Senator Klobuchar. Exactly. All right, well, we hope in 
your new job, you will visit Mayo, if you are confirmed, and 
come to our State. So, with that, I can only chair this for a 
short period of time. I just happened to--I was at another 
hearing on patents in Judiciary, but I will toss it over to 
Senator Rosen, and then, maybe be able to come back in to call 
on Senator Sullivan. I have a number of calls. I did not know I 
was going to chair it, so--but do not worry. I guess you will 
not abandoned, Dr. Lander. With that, I will turn it over to 
Senator Rosen, who is with us remotely.

                STATEMENT OF HON. JACKY ROSEN, 
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM NEVADA

    Senator Rosen. Thank you, Senator Klobuchar. And thank you, 
Dr. Ladner, for your research, your service, and your 
willingness to serve in the future.
    You know, so many of my colleagues--I have been listening--
have asked great questions. We were able to have a great 
conversation. So, I want to build a little bit on my colleagues 
questions to talk about STEM education, because it is really 
important. That is one of my top priorities in Congress is STEM 
education and really building our STEM work force. You know, my 
Building Blocks of STEM Act with Senator Capito, was signed 
into law last year. It expanded the National Science Foundation 
programs to help increase participation for girls in computer 
science. I am glad it was really funded in the last omnibus.
    But there is just so much more work that we have to do, 
particularly in breaking down barriers that stand in the way of 
students of all ages, of all genders, from all backgrounds, 
whether they are urban or rural, just across the board. And so, 
what role do you really see that you have in helping to promote 
STEM education, workforce training? And really, what I want to 
ask you is that, how can you partner with all of us? The 21st 
century economy needs a 21st century workforce to find these 
wonderful breakthroughs, like we have been doing. And how can 
you use your platform to help us promote these kinds of 
exciting things and the work that you can do when you pursue 
any career in the STEM field?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator Rosen, thank you and it was--it 
was really great to talk to you the other day.
    I am, as was mentioned, a veteran teacher. For 25 years I 
have taught the Introductory Biology course at MIT and I have 
seen what happens when you can light the fire of imagination in 
someone's eyes.
    I think we need to lift up the possibilities and invite 
people in to STEM in a way that we have not done before. We 
need to create curricula that work for teachers in many 
different settings, so that everyone, wherever they are, can 
get as excited about these possibilities.
    There are many different approaches. I do not think there 
is any single answer to STEM. But I do think that one thing, 
again and again, that works is not book learning, but learning 
directly by doing. This kind of active learning, discovering 
something yourself, building something yourself, inventing 
something yourself, is--people get hooked on it and they do not 
even know that they are doing STEM. What they are doing is, we 
are tapping into the natural creativity.
    And I am very excited, if confirmed, to work to help pull 
together and convene to create more of the resources that will 
let teachers around the country be able to do this, in ways 
that suit their individual states and their cities and their 
classes and the diversity of Americans. Because there many ways 
in but we have make sure all of those paths in are smoothed 
paths.
    Senator Rosen. No, I could not agree more. We have so many 
robotics programs. I have been to third grade classrooms where 
they showed me how they built robots and they created the 
websites. We have seen cooking classes where they tell the 
kids, ``This is chemistry''. And I see, especially in 
elementary school, that spark of imagination. If we can just do 
that, I think you are exactly right.
    And so, that leads me to my next question. Because we know 
that there were concerns about the issues of politics 
influencing science. And so, we want to be sure that--that, at 
the new administration, that we let data and evidence direct 
our policy, in areas of science. Especially now, we have the 
pandemic and so many other things--rare diseases, cancer, all 
of the things we talk about.
    So, if confirmed, kind of building on this, how can you 
help restore trust and scientific integrity with the public?
    Dr. Lander. I think, Senator, restoring that trust is one 
of the most important things that we all have to do, and I 
think the most important thing is to listen. I think, 
sometimes, scientists talk first. I think we need to listen. 
People have valid concerns and I think, listening to people 
about their concerns--letting them express them, inviting them 
in--is so important to rebuilding trust. I do not think it is a 
question of just ``educating people''. I think it is sometimes 
about educating scientists about what concerns people.
    So, trust building requires listening and listening very 
deeply. And, if confirmed, I would want to make sure that OSTP 
took that approach and tried to promulgate that approach 
throughout Federal science programs.
    Senator Rosen. Thank you. I appreciate your time and I 
yield back.
    Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Senator Rosen. Next 
up, Senator Sullivan.

                STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN, 
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

    Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Madam Chair, and, Dr. Lander, 
good to see you. I really enjoyed our Zoom meeting. You know, I 
take the advice and consent role here in the Senate really 
importantly. I try to meet with everybody--assistant 
secretaries, undersecretaries, deputy secretaries, you name it. 
And some of these are very informative; some are not. But I 
really enjoyed our discussion. I learned a lot. I thank you for 
your time. I am going to be a strong supporter of yours in the 
confirmation process.
    Let me--let me kind of touch on a topic that you and I 
talked about. You know, we are getting through this pandemic. 
You know, there has been a lot of finger pointing and blame and 
everything like that. And--but there are some silver linings, 
as we talked about. And you know, you never want to highlight 
the misery of what is going on in other places, but it looks 
like, right now, if you look at overall--of course, we have had 
way too many deaths, which is horrible--but with regard to the 
vaccine and the ability for American states to get it out, my 
state has been leading the charge remarkably. Vaccine rates in 
Alaska, for the whole country, but how quickly we are able to 
do that, the vaccine, knock on wood and we hope this stays the 
case, appears to be working, relative to, like, the Chinese 
vaccine that does not seem to be working that well. And other 
countries are having a real hard time and now, we are--we are 
kind of leading the world, I would say. And I think there is so 
much to learn, in a positive way, from Operation Warp Speed and 
how that came together for----
    So, I am going to be working on legislation, and I know you 
and I talked about it. I would say, you know, I wish President 
Biden would be a little more magnanimous. You know, his 
discussion of vaccines always seem to start with his 
inauguration. Of course, that was not the case. He kind of did 
it again last night. He never recognizes the Trump 
Administration's work. I think we need to come together and 
recognize that.
    But could you just tell me, quickly, because I have got a 
couple other questions, what are some of the lessons that we 
learned? I mean, it has been a year really, since the pandemic 
hit us hard, and we already have a vaccine that is getting to 
most of the country. And most scientists would not have agreed 
that that could happen at all, and yet we did it. American 
ingenuity, we did it. It is a great lesson that we should all 
try to be celebrating and learning from.
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first, let me say, I also 
tremendously enjoyed our conversation. And I will say, for the 
record, I did commit to you to come to the great State of 
Alaska.
    Senator Sullivan. Yes. Oh, I was going to get to that.
    Dr. Lander. Oh, OK, well----
    Senator Sullivan. YOu even said you would come in the 
winter, which a lot of nominees do not. So, we are going to get 
you out there, at least----
    Dr. Lander. I am proactively recording----
    Senator Sullivan. I am going to take you to Fairbanks, 
where it is 40 below zero, and you are going to see.
    Dr. Lander. Well, you have got that great research center 
up there that we talked about it.
    Senator Sullivan. You know, I am--that is actually my next 
question.
    Dr. Lander. Oh, I am sorry. I am just, you know--I will 
stick to the question in front of us here.
    With regard to vaccines, it is amazing how fast it worked, 
and it is also amazing that it was 10 years in the making.
    Senator Sullivan. Yes, that is a good point.
    Dr. Lander. It was investments by this American Government, 
in things like MRNA vaccines, understanding coronaviruses. And 
so, as we look, going forward, I think we have to look that we 
have made investments over a long period of time, and then, 
when it came time, we had things on the shelf----
    Senator Sullivan. Yes.
    Dr. Lander. We could bring down. We have got to keep doing 
that.
    Senator Sullivan. Well, look, I want to--I am going to be 
proposing legislation. I think it will be very bipartisan. It 
will be not--it will be non-finger pointing, right? It is going 
to be, hey, we pulled this off, Democrats, Republicans, Trump 
Administration, Biden Administration. What have we learned and 
how can we apply that to other places?
    Dr. Lander. Yes.
    Senator Sullivan. So, I want to work with you on that 
legislation. You and I had a good chat about that.
    Let us--let us talk about Alaska, here, real quick. Here is 
my big issue. We are a great state. Everybody loves their own 
State. I think my State is the most unique, certainly, and you 
will see it when you are up there. But whether it is climate, 
arctic, oceans, fisheries, there are so many huge scientific 
things that we can learn from what is happening in Alaska.
    Here is a bit of a frustration. Federal agencies often want 
to study these, but they do it in places that are not in 
Alaska. So, I need your commitment to come up, see the State, 
but also, help me get the scientists who are studying these 
Alaska issues, to actually be in Alaska.
    This has been a problem--I will just give you one example. 
NOAA, I live NOAA. There was, like, this giant migration of 
scientists who were studying Alaska issues, who left Alaska. 
You would not have scientists studying the Grand Canyon do it 
from Illinois, right? So, I am just saying, we need to fix 
that. Can you comment on that, at all? I mean, it is best to be 
a scientist studying something in the place where it is taking 
place, right?
    Dr. Lander. Senator, I--there are some things you can learn 
from a distance and some things you can learn from a computer 
simulation. But you cannot learn about natural places without 
being there. And so, I think that is a broad statement that I 
strongly support. We need people there to observe and be part 
of the ecosystem and all for the exciting opportunities and 
challenges.
    Senator Sullivan. Let me--and I--and I know I am a little 
bit over my time, and I know, I think, Senator Lummis up next, 
but just one final question.
    I agree with what Senator Rosen just said. We have got to 
take politics out of science. But this works kind of all ways. 
Right now, I would say there is a definitive area where energy, 
traditional energy--oil and gas, in particular, mining--seems 
to be out of favor, right? This current administration is 
restricting the production of American energy. Crazy in my 
view, killing jobs, for sure. And even during the Obama 
Administration you had scientists come out and say the National 
Petroleum Reserve of Alaska does not really have any oil in it. 
That was the scientists. Well, it was totally political because 
they were wrong. It is a huge area. Some of the biggest finds 
recently, in the world, have been in what we call the NPRA.
    So, that was politicized science to try to get people not 
to explore for energy in America, based on faulty science. Fake 
science, in my view. So, can you just talk to me briefly about 
making sure you stay--keep it straight down the middle? A lot 
of focus on climate change. OK, we need to focus on that. But 
also, on energy. I have not--being the world's natural gas 
largest supplier has benefited our country and the environment 
and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions enormously. That 
is science. Some people do not want to say that, but that is 
science.
    Can you just talk about being even keeled and keeping 
politics, on both sides, out of science?
    Dr. Lander. Senator, you say it well. We have to be even 
keeled. Politics does not have a place in science. When we have 
a problem, we need to look to all the solutions we might have 
for that problem. And, if confirmed, I can commit that I will 
bring that approach and I will encourage that approach.
    Senator Sullivan. Good. I look forward to strongly 
supporting your confirmation and I believe--I--Senator Lummis, 
I think is up next. So, I think I am the de facto chair right 
now.

               STATEMENT OF HON. CYNTHIA LUMMIS, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM WYOMING

    Senator Lummis. Let me see if I can get it to--can you hear 
me?
    Senator Sullivan. Yes, we can hear you.
    Senator Lummis. Thank you so much. Appreciate it, Mr. 
Chairman. And I want to follow up on one of the things that you 
were addressing just now and expand it to rare earth and 
critical minerals. You know, our supply chain is one of the 
most important to be secured from Chinese influence. And 
fortunately, there are places in the United States with large 
critical mineral deposits. My state is one of them. I suspect 
Senator Sullivan's state is, as well.
    I believe the National Science Foundation should be working 
with the Department of Energy and other agencies to advance 
mining research and the development of related technology, to 
make sure the best use of American rare earth resources are 
occurring and is advanced now. So, could you talk about your 
perspective on this? How will you use your position at OSTP to 
make this a reality?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, thank you. The rare earth 
minerals is such an important issue because they are used in so 
many critical technologies today from, you know, lithium-ion 
batteries, to semiconductors. And because they are a real 
supply chain problem because, in many cases, perhaps half of 
cases, the major supply is China. And if we were ever to lose 
that supply, we would be in a bad way.
    So, there is an urgent question facing the United States 
of, how do we guarantee our supply chain for scores of rare 
earth minerals. You know, gallium, 100 percent of the supply 
comes from China. And it is not that we do not have supplies of 
some of these minerals here, it is that we do not have the 
mining and refining capacity for those.
    So, I would like to see systematic plans. And, if 
confirmed, I would like to push for systematic plans, to make 
sure that we know how to secure supply chains in ways that are 
economically robust and safe for the environment. And I think 
American manufacturers have been working out ways to do this 
with new kinds of mining and new kinds of secondary extraction.
    So, you have my commitment, Senator, that this is a very 
important topic, from the point of the economy and national 
security. And I would be very glad to work with you to make 
sure that we have the supply chain we need for these rare earth 
minerals.
    Senator Lummis. Well, thank you. We will push you to push 
others to prepare those plans, so they are available to all of 
us, and we can have the things we need--critically need, in 
case China pulls the rug out from under us, which they could at 
any time they chose to.
    I also have a question about the disparity in NSF funding 
allocations. Small universities are at a disadvantage when 
competing for NSF grants against major institutions like yours. 
The proof is the fact that just seven states received half of 
the available NSF funding and the bottom 10 states shard just 3 
percent. And this continues to be an issue that I have been 
following for decades because I used to be involved in these 
issues at my University of Wyoming.
    So, will you commit to using your position as Director of 
OSTP to work toward more equitable distribution of NSF funding?
    Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I strongly believe that this 
country will only fulfill its potential if we involve everyone 
and that means research going on vibrantly in all the states of 
this country. And there are many ways to help promote that and 
I am extremely interested in this topic. And I would commit, if 
confirmed, to work closely with you to make sure that we engage 
your state and many, many other states who are not as heavily 
engaged in this as they need to be and should be and must be. 
So, I will, indeed, work with you on this topic.
    Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much. Now, one last 
comment. You and I had a good discussion about some of the 
controversies that were brought up during your nomination 
earlier and when we spoke, and I looked into the allegations of 
sexism. And it is not clear to me what your motives were, but 
it is clear that you wanted to make sure that your labs got the 
patents and the credit for CRISPR technology, and that, in the 
process, you may have marginalized, or trivialized, the 
contribution of two scientists whose work was essential in 
making CRISPR breakthrough possible. So, that does remain a 
concern for me, however, I appreciate your candor during our 
conversations. And thank you for taking my questions today.
    Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
    Dr. Lander. And if I may respond----
    Senator Sullivan. Yes.
    Dr. Lander.--because it is a very important question, 
Senator.
    Senator Sullivan. It is an important question.
    Dr. Lander. It is a very important question. So, a very 
important value to me, throughout my whole career, has been 
championing scientists to make sure they get credit for their 
work.
    So, in 2016, I wrote a long review article championing the 
work of about a dozen scientists, mostly unsung heroes who had 
contributed to CRISPR over the course of 20 years. They 
included young scientists, immigrant scientists, young Asian 
American scientists, and two remarkable women scientists, Drs. 
Doudna and Charpentier. And I was excited to tell the whole 
story, especially because there is a long history of people not 
receiving proper recognition. And my goal was to show how all 
of these contributions, from 12 different people, built on each 
other and fit together. And I am afraid that, in writing it up, 
I understated the importance of those key advances that you 
referred to by Drs. Charpentier and Doudna. That was not my 
intention. I felt terrible about it. I made a mistake and when 
I make a mistake I own it and try to do better.
    I should have written those paragraphs differently to make 
my intention crystal clear. I have enormous respect for Drs. 
Doudna and Charpentier and the important work they have done 
throughout their careers. And over my career, I have tried to 
lift up others, again and again. And when I fail, as I failed, 
I try to learn and do better. And I appreciate the question and 
I take it extremely seriously.
    Senator Sullivan. Well, thank you for----
    Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much for responding. I 
appreciate your candor now, as well. I--that was very, very 
helpful. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I yield back.
    Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Senator Lummis. And I just 
want to add to her point about the smaller universities that 
still have great scientists. We have that in Alaska, as well. I 
believe Senator Lee is on.

                  STATEMENT OF HON. MIKE LEE, 
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM UTAH

    Senator Lee. Yes, yes, I am.
    Senator Sullivan. Great.
    Senator Lee. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Senator Sullivan. Yep.
    Senator Lee. Dr. Lander, during our phone call a few weeks 
ago, we had a brief discussion, as you may recall, about--about 
your stance on Federal research relating to ethics in certain 
scientific research areas, like those involving the use of 
aborted fetal tissue, or embryonic stem cells. As I recall, you 
indicated, during our conversation, that as Director of OSTP 
you would have little input in any of these areas. But to be 
clear, Title 42 states that the Director of OSTP is required to 
``develop, review, revise, and recommend criteria for 
determining scientific and technological activities warranting 
Federal support''.
    So, understanding this particular part of the job 
description, I would like to ask you a series of questions and 
I would like you, if possible, to keep these to a yes or no, 
just given the limited time-frame that we have. A series of yes 
or no questions regarding the ethics of certain scientific 
research. Do you support Hyde Amendment protections?
    Dr. Lander. I recognize the President's position and 
support the President's position on the Hyde Amendment.
    Senator Lee. So, is that a no?
    Dr. Lander. Sorry, I have not got quite which way yes and 
no went but I think my answer is, I support the President's 
position.
    Senator Lee. Understood. Do you support the use of aborted 
fetal tissue for research purposes?
    Dr. Lander. I think the role of OSTP is to be able to 
provide advice on what might be learned. I defer to our elected 
officials to determine how to balance the ethical questions in 
the use of it and the possible benefits that could emerge. I 
think science can provide, to our elected officials, the 
potential benefits. And I very much respect the importance of 
these ethical issues and how much they matter to so many 
people, myself included, and yourself included. And I respect 
that these are questions for our----
    Senator Lee. What about the use of live embryos? What about 
the use of live embryos in federally funded research, do you 
support that?
    Dr. Lander. Live embryos?
    Senator Lee. Yes.
    Dr. Lander. I am not aware of that.
    Senator Lee. OK, how about the creation of three parent 
embryos?
    Dr. Lander. I believe the creation of embryos for the 
purpose of human research is unethical. We should never be 
creating embryos for the purpose of human research.
    Senator Lee. OK. So, does that mean--do you support or 
oppose the use of germline genetic engineering to create 
genetically modified embryos?
    Dr. Lander. I have--I have been on record supporting a 
moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to create 
designer babies. I think there are deep technical questions, 
but deep ethical questions of creating children with genetic 
editing.
    Senator Lee. Do you support the creation of human animal 
hybrid embryos?
    Dr. Lander. I have deep ethical concerns about the creation 
of such hybrids. And certainly, there are strong regulations 
already and I think it is very much worth looking closely at 
that.
    Senator Lee. Do you support allowing an embryo to gestate 
in an artificial womb environment, for research purposes, for 
less than 14 days?
    Dr. Lander. I think the 14 days are the current Federal 
guidelines and again, I defer to our elected officials and the 
Federal Government's policies here. But I am very strongly 
opposed to letting----
    Senator Lee. What about longer than 14 days?
    Dr. Lander. Sorry?
    Senator Lee. How about longer than 14 days?
    Dr. Lander. I believe that those lines are drawn for very 
good reasons.
    Senator Lee. OK. Switching gears for a minute, the 
Committee--this committee is likely to take up the Endless 
Frontiers Act sometime soon. The Commerce Committee's portion 
of that bill places a great deal of responsibility on the OSTP 
Director and the National Science Foundation for implementation 
of $100+ billion government R&D effort, intended to counter 
China's expansion. I am concerned that this conversation is one 
in which we are only trying to respond to the Chinese Communist 
Party with more government spending. Should our biggest 
response to increase China's investment in R&D be to just spend 
more like China? And will outspending China, through the 
Federal Government, actually counter the CCP economically?
    Dr. Lander. Senator, I think our competition with China is 
incredibly important--incredibly important to the future of the 
country. I do not think we can respond by acting like China. We 
have to act like America.
    Senator Lee. OK.
    Dr. Lander. And so, I think we have to have American 
solutions to these problems.
    Senator Lee. I am glad to hear that we agree on that. And I 
have often wondered, you know, how much--how much money should 
the Federal Government spend on research and development in 
order to counteract that--that threat? The Endless Frontiers 
Act would propose, you know, something over $100 billion. But 
if $100 billion, why not $250 billion? Why not $1 trillion? Is 
there a point, and can you help me identify at what point 
Federal Government spending becomes counterproductive?
    Dr. Lander. Well, I think, Senator, that the importance of 
making sure that we win in these different technologies means 
that it is appropriate to be developing ways to move things 
from fundamental research into industry, by filling gaps 
between those two. Taking on those things that are not yet a 
business plan could not be something supported by investors but 
are crucially needed by the country. And I think there is----
    Senator Lee. And finally, there are other changes we could 
meet to----
    Senator Duckworth. The gentleman's time has ended. You are 
a minute over.
    Senator Lee. Thank you, Madam Chair.
    Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I see no one is waiting in 
the WebEx. So, before we close today's hearing, Dr. Lander, we 
have one more question for you, which we ask of all nominees. 
Dr. Lander, if confirmed, will you pledge to work 
collaboratively with this committee, provide thorough and 
timely responses to our request for information, as we put 
together and address important policy issues, and appear before 
the Committee when requested?
    Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I will do all of those things and 
I look forward to it.
    Senator Duckworth. The hearing record will remain open for 
two weeks, until May 13, 2021. Any Senators that would like 
submit questions for the record for Dr. Lander, should do so by 
May 13. We ask that your responses be returned to the 
committee, as quickly as possible, and in no case, later than 
two weeks after the receipt.
    Thank you and that concludes today's hearing.
    [Whereupon, at 11:50 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                            A P P E N D I X

[GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
                                 ______
                                 
                 Transcription of a talk by Eric Lander
National Math Festival. Gala dinner at the Library of Congress, 4/16/
        2015

                    (Introduction by David Eisenbud)

    First, thanks to Jim Simons, to David Eisenbud, to Robbert 
Dijkgraaf, to Bob Tjian, and everyone who put together this first-ever 
National Math Festival. It's about time!
    My assignment, from David, was to make the case for basic research. 
Now, looking around the room, I have to confess, I'm not sure to whom I 
need to make the case. But that was the assignment. And so, I'm going 
to do it. Because the truth is, we all have to be able to make the case 
for basic research. It is very important for us to be able to 
articulate the case for basic research.
    We have in this room people who have been tremendous forces for the 
importance of basic research. I want to thank former Representative 
Bart Gordon, who was Chairman of the House Committee on Science and 
Technology from 2007 until 2011, and former Representative Rush Holt, 
who is a research physicist and former professor and current CEO of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. We have 
Representative Jerry McNerney, who has the distinction of being the 
only mathematician serving in Congress. We had, until a moment ago, 
Leader Nancy Pelosi, who has also been a great supporter of research. 
So, even within the Congress, I preach to the converted and, indeed, 
from some of them, I have learned much about how to make the case for 
basic research. But, let's get down to it.
    My title is, The Miracle Machine. I'll come back to what that means 
in a moment.
    Because we are in Washington, DC, though, I want to start by 
talking about responsible public policy. As David says, I co-chair the 
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology for the White 
House, and I've come, over the six years I've been doing that, to 
appreciate the importance of responsible public policy. I've been aware 
that, since 2008, we've been living through a great recession. We're 
now climbing out, but it's been slow. As you heard from President of 
the European Central Bank Mario Draghi, Europe is climbing out much 
more slowly, if at all. Budgets are tight everywhere. We have not the 
surplus of the late 1990s, but deficits. Understandably, our elected 
officials want to ensure that with respect to public spending, we're 
getting the maximum bang for the buck--or euro, as the case may be. 
Before committing money, they want to see clear objectives, short-term 
outcomes, and avoidance of waste. No line item in the national budgets 
has escaped this scrutiny. And that includes research.
    Looking to the north, Canada, in 2013, decided to radically shift 
the focus of its National Research Council. It announced the 
transformation of a 98-year-old agency, which had been the leading 
force for basic research in Canada, into essentially a one-stop 
concierge service to bolster technological innovation by industry and 
generate jobs. To increasingly focus the Canadian National Research 
Council on industry issues, they describe themselves now as a strategic 
R&D organization for industry that aims to be directly responsive to 
those short-term goals. I can understand why a government might choose 
to do that.
    In Europe, we've seen similar things. In 2011, Ireland's government 
substantially changed how it thinks about funding science--to focus 
predominantly on research with clear potential to grow the economy and 
create jobs. The European Commission recently announced a plan to cut 
nearly 3 billion euros from the Horizon 2020 program--which includes 
funding for the European Research Council, which is the premier, 
frontier research organization directed at fundamental research--in 
order to move money into a new Strategic Investment Fund for Europe, a 
short-term focused stimulus program. They plan to cut about 5 percent 
of the European Research Council's budget.
    Here in the United States, we are not immune from this kind of 
thinking. There are bills in Congress to ensure the accountability of 
taxpayer dollars invested in science, to ensure that dollars are 
stretched efficiently and effectively--I quote from websites here--to 
ensure ``accountability'' and ``transparency''. There are proposals 
that the National Science Foundation be required to publish a 
justification of each and every grant's scientific merits and relevance 
to the broad national interest--that is, to the economy or defense. 
Now, how could you possible disagree with such prudent investing of 
American dollars? How could you possibly disagree with accountability, 
transparency? If I'm investing in real estate, I want to see a clear 
path to a return on my investment. If I'm investing in a start-up 
company, I might be willing to wait for a few years before I get my 
return, but I want to see a clear business plan. If investing in 
building roads and bridges for a country, I'd like a clear connection 
between social investment and social return. So what can possibly be 
wrong with wanting to have a clear case for precisely how investments 
in basic research will pay off?
    The answer is: absolutely everything! Everything is wrong with it. 
Applying this kind of filter to basic research is a terrible strategy. 
It'll guarantee that you will have ordinary returns--projects that pay 
off, at an ordinary rate. In the short term, you'll get outputs. But 
you will miss the extraordinary returns. Fundamental research is 
fundamentally different than any other kind of investment. We're all 
still struggling to understand it, but it is a remarkable thing: 
because time and time again, we've found that basic research can pay 
huge, out-of-proportion returns. Basic research can completely 
transform for the better our society, our economy, our defense.
    From a mathematical point of view, you'd say that the distribution 
of returns from basic research has a very fat tail. That is, you can 
get 10:1 returns, and 100:1 returns, and 1000:1 returns, and 10,000:1 
returns out of that tail. It doesn't fall off like an exponential; it 
has very fat tails. And, indeed, as the mathematicians here know, there 
are even distributions with fat tails where the expected return is 
infinite. Basic research is probably closer to that than to some 
normally distributed return for typical kinds of investments.
    The problem is that transformative ideas and discoveries often come 
out of left field. Try as you might, you cannot predict where they come 
from. We're dealing with something pretty remarkable here. I've started 
to call this thing the Miracle Machine. It is miraculous, and it is a 
machine, because it's quite reproducible; it works again and again. 
More and more, I want to understand how this Miracle Machine works. It 
is a challenge to explain it to people. Maybe the best way to explain 
it is through example. So I'm going to pick some examples, and tell you 
about them. Some of them you'll all know, because it's a highly 
mathematical crowd. Some of them you're not going to know very much 
about, because I'll pick some biological examples; they'll be kind of 
fun. These examples are at the heart of the case we need to make.
    So, let's start with math. As you know, I am by training a pure 
mathematician: a Princeton undergraduate, Oxford graduate student. I 
studied algebraic number theory and topology at Princeton, and then 
wrote my Ph.D. thesis at Oxford on group representation theory and 
algebraic coding theory. What got me most excited about math first in 
high school and in college was number theory. I love number theory--how 
can you not love number theory at that age?
    In high school, I read and loved G.H. Hardy's Introduction to the 
Theory of Numbers. The book conveyed the essential beauty of number 
theory, especially of prime numbers. Hardy loved number theory, 
precisely because it was both beautiful and completely useless. In his 
famous essay, ``A Mathematician's Apology'', Hardy likened pure 
mathematics to painting and poetry; he was proud that it had no 
practical applications. In the essay, he wrote that no one had found 
any practical applications--he actually said, any ``war-like'' 
applications; that was what was on his mind at the time--to be served 
by number theory or by general relativity. And, he said it seemed 
unlikely that anyone will do so for many, many years. Well, Hardy must 
be turning in his grave. Because number theory--prime numbers--lie at 
the heart of national security and communications. Public-key 
cryptography is fundamentally based on the question of decomposing 
numbers into their prime factors. So, number theory is central to 
commerce and defense.
    The other thing that Hardy said had no foreseeable application was 
relativity. [Laughter]
    Relativity itself has its roots in mathematics. You know, if you 
were explaining to, let's say, a Congressional committee in the 1800s 
why you were funding a grant on non-Euclidean geometry, you'd be 
saying: yes, yes, Mr. Congressman, I realize that for 2000 years we've 
known that parallel lines never meet, but let's just imagine that what 
we know isn't true, and let's fund someone to study what would happen 
in a counterfactual world where all lines intersected and there were no 
parallel lines.
    You could imagine that this would not be looked on with great 
favor. It would be viewed as some kind of mind game, because it didn't 
describe the real world, and it therefore wasn't practical. Except, of 
course, it turns out that it does describe the real world. It just was 
that the math was ahead of our understanding of the real world--to the 
curved space-time of general relativity.
    Now, to return Hardy's question, is relativity practical? Well, 
anybody who used their iPhone to get here tonight was using GPS, and 
anybody who's using GPS is using general relativity, because you 
actually need to correct for the time dilation of the satellites in 
order to get accurate GPS positioning. Your iPhone has general 
relativity built into it. Hardy was a great number theorist, but, I 
think, a very bad predictor of the ultimate impact of mathematics.
    Let me switch to physics. When Charles Townes invented lasers, he 
was advised by many people that it was a solution looking for a 
problem. What were you going to do with these lasers? It was a 
curiosity. People had masers and he wanted to know whether he could do 
a similar thing at the frequency of light, I don't think I would have 
wanted to defend its utility in advance based on that rationale. But 
lasers did turn out to be useful--for cutting, welding, printing, CDs, 
bar codes, scanners, treating acne, treating kidney stones, eye 
surgery, dentistry, fingerprint analysis, holograms, and laser light 
shows.
    What about huge particle accelerators? Those giant machines built 
to study obscure sub-atomic particles that you will never meet in your 
everyday life: quarks and leptons, and things like that. What excuse do 
we have for investing public money to build large particle accelerators 
to pursue this curiosity at this scale?
    Well, it kind of turns out that, when you build those things, it 
ends up giving us the technology to make synchrotron light sources that 
are used for x-ray crystallography, which used to study the structures 
of human proteins and which are central to all drug development 
efforts. Any good drug-development effort needs to have the structures 
of protein targets, and they have solved these structures using 
synchrotron light sources. It's very hard to predict that things like 
quark investigations will be useless--because they have this uncanny 
way of turning out, just when you'd least expect it, to be enormously 
useful.
    And then there's Andre Geim, the physicist who had Friday sessions 
in the lab where they deliberately worked on wacky things. They studied 
how geckos can climb up and stick to very smooth surfaces; it might not 
sound very important. But it led to the development of a super-sticky 
adhesive able to stick to the smoothest surfaces.
    He was also very interested in magnetic levitation and famously 
developed in his lab a system to levitate a frog. For this he won, in 
my fair City of Cambridge, Mass., an Ig Nobel prize for frog 
levitation. The Ig Nobels, if you've not been to the ceremony (I've 
actually been a speaker at the Ig Nobels) are a parody of the Nobel 
Prize.
    Geim, also in his lab, used Scotch tape to peel off very thin 
layers of graphite, then used tape on those layers to peel off thinner 
layers, and then thinner layers and thinner layers--until he got to 
layers of graphite that were just one atom thick. That is to say, 
graphene--a single monolayer of carbon atoms. For
    this work, he received not an Ig Nobel prize, but a Nobel Prize. 
Graphene is the thinnest material, incredibly strong, incredibly 
transparent, totally impervious, you can't even get helium through it. 
The same curiosity that levitated the frog produced the graphene. It's 
very hard to figure out in advance which ideas will turn into floating 
frogs and which will turn into graphene.
    Now these stories are just not a fluke. In the United States, we 
have this thing that I am increasingly thinking of as the Miracle 
Machine: a reproducible system for making miracles come to pass, for 
making dreams into reality.
    Vannevar Bush, the famous dean of engineering at MIT who directed 
research for the United States government during World War II, wrote a 
famous essay after the war about an imaginary device that he called a 
Memex. The essay was about the idea of a device that would give you 
access to all human knowledge. He imagined it with lots of microfilm 
and ways of accessing all that microfilm, whereby people could trace 
paths through all of human knowledge--a very appropriate image for the 
building in which we sit today, the Library of Congress. The Memex 
would contain all of the Library of Congress, all of human knowledge. 
It was . . . kind of crazy in 1945 to dream about such a thing. Well, 
along the way, as more people thought about such ideas, computers were 
developed. The field of computer science, built very much on 
mathematics, was developed. Hundreds of playful projects and 
algorithms, all sorts of things; the Internet was born. All of these 
things flowed one after another, after another.
    In 1993, the National Science Foundation gave a 3.6 million-dollar 
grant to some investigators at Stanford. According to the abstract of 
the grant application, the purpose was to work on an integrated virtual 
library that will provide uniform access to the large number of 
emerging networked information sources and collections that will link 
everything to personal information collections to collections found 
today in conventional libraries to large data collection. Two students 
working on this . . . you know where this is going . . . were Sergey 
Brin and Larry Page. This work gave rise to Google.
    On my iPhone, I just checked the market cap of Google today. It is 
360 billion dollars, which is a very, very precise 100,000-fold return 
on NSF's investment in a 3.6 million dollar grant. One hundred 
thousand-fold is a good return, if you can get it. Of course, the 
problem is, you don't know in advance precisely where to get it.
    Now, to get Google took more than just that public investment. You 
had a public investment from the NSF in basic science, and then, as 
these ideas proved more and more practical a few years later, the other 
part of the great Miracle Machine swung into action--private 
investment, from venture capitalists, from capital markets, to launch 
and sustain businesses, like Google. What we have in this country is an 
amazing partnership between a public good--publicly-funded, basic 
research, where we don't know precisely what it will deliver, or on 
what time frame--and then private investment. It's a fabulous 
partnership. Now, America is not the only country that does this. The 
Miracle Machine is not unique to the United States, but nowhere is it 
operating better than in the United States. And no place has reaped 
greater return from this Miracle Machine. So, it's important to 
understand how the pieces work together.
    What about biology? While I am trained as an algebraic 
combinatorialist, I have migrated over the years into biology (although 
I still use mathematics throughout biology). Biology is very fertile 
territory for some crazy-sounding studies. Let me tell you about some 
of the truly wacky things that have been done in biology.
    Biologists went and used Federal dollars to go to Yellowstone to 
look at bacteria that grow in hot springs. Pretty obscure. Who cares? 
Sounds like just butterfly collecting. Why hot springs . . . don't we 
have enough bacteria everywhere else? Well, it turns out that bacteria 
that grow in hot springs are remarkable, because all their enzymes are 
stable against extremely high temperatures. And a particular enzyme in 
these bacteria, a DNA polymerase, turned out to be a crucial component 
in the DNA amplification technology called polymerase chain reaction, 
PCR, that is used millions of times around the world every day. We have 
PCR in its current working form because somebody did go to the hot 
springs, although they didn't go for the purpose of enabling PCR.
    Biologists also wondered why jellyfish glow green. It's a cool 
question, but why should you waste public funding figuring out why they 
glow green? Well, it turns out the answer is a certain protein, now 
called Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). It can be attached, via genetic 
engineering, to other proteins that will now be marked by glowing 
green. With some modifications, you can also change the protein to glow 
red, and yellow, and other colors. And, with these tutti-frutti tags on 
proteins, you can study the internal architecture of cells in exquisite 
detail. It turns out that wondering why jellyfish glow green gave rise 
to tools that are used in tens of thousands of labs around the world 
and was worth a Nobel Prize.
    Here's another one: there are weird bacteria that can grow in 
amazingly salty conditions, such as in incredibly salty lakes in Egypt 
and Sudan. Scientists were curious about how bacteria can grow in five-
molar salt solutions. Somebody decided to investigate this seemingly 
ridiculous question, and figured out that they have a light-driven ion 
pump that uses sunlight to transport ions. Now, this was just a 
curiosity, until some investigators realized that if you put light-
driven ion pumps into neurons, you could get the neurons to fire 
whenever you shined a light on them. This gave rise to optogenetics--
the optical control of neurons--which is now used all over 
neurobiology. By the way, one of the applications that people are 
working on is inserting those optically-responsive ion channels into 
the retina to restore the sight of people with certain kinds of 
blindness. I could go on and on with examples from bacteria.
    But, let's move from bacteria to fruit flies. Politicians love to 
beat up on fruit fly research. Geneticists collect strange mutant fruit 
flies with weird defects; there's one called hedgehog, and it's got all 
these little funny spikes on it. It sounds like a silly thing to do--
except that the FDA just approved a hedgehog inhibitor in humans that 
treats basal cell carcinoma. It turns out that the same pathway the 
fruit fly uses for early development is a pathway operative in your 
skin cells. Evolution has conserved it over the course of hundreds of 
millions of years.
    Now, some politicians, including Republicans and Democrats over 
time, have sought to sound reasonable by ridiculing Federal grants that 
sound silly--at least if you only read their abstracts. William 
Proxmire, a Democrat of Wisconsin, famously gave the Golden Fleece 
awards in the 1970s for projects that he thought were frivolous, a 
waste of the taxpayers' money. In 1975, he gave the Golden Fleece to a 
study of the sex life of screwworms. You couldn't pick a better title 
than that: the sex life of screwworms. The U.S. Department of 
Agriculture gave a quarter of a million dollars to study the sex life 
of screwworms! Ridiculous! Except it turns out, the sex life of 
screwworms is pretty important. The screwworms are parasites. And 
scientists found out that females lay their eggs immediately after the 
first time they mate with a male. And it occurred to them: if one were 
to release a very large number of sterile males, they would overwhelm 
the fertile males and mate with the females, who would lay eggs that 
weren't fertilized, and one would be able to control the pest. This 
strategy was implemented and it has saved about twenty billion dollars 
in livestock costs and reduced the cost of beef by five percent. To his 
enormous credit, Senator Proxmire apologized, acknowledging that he 
blew that one. It tells you that you ought to read more than the 
abstract.
    Now, not all basic research in life sciences is bizarre-sounding or 
curiosity-driven. Sometimes critical research is about collecting lots 
of information, because you have a hunch that it's going be useful, but 
you don't exactly know how.
    To explain this, let me turn to another great example of the 
Miracle Machine. In 1953, Crick and Watson discovered the double 
helical structure of DNA and inferred how life encoded information in 
these two strands of DNA--with a sequence of DNA bases on one strand 
and a complementary sequence on the other strand. At the time, they had 
no idea that you would ever be able to read those sequences. I know, 
because I asked each of them. They said, not a chance, we never 
imagined that we'd be able, in our lifetime, be able to read out all 
that information.
    But the information was there, and maybe you could find a way to 
read it. So the Miracle Machine got to work, with tens of scientists, 
and then hundreds of scientists, and then thousands of scientists, 
chipping away at bits of this really great puzzle. And they began to 
work out how DNA is copied in cells. And how it's turned into RNA, and 
it's interpreted to make proteins, and then how we might be able to 
take some of those tricks and do it in the laboratory to actually clone 
DNA and sequence DNA. First a few letters, then hundreds of letters, 
then thousands of letters, then millions of letters and then this idea 
of a Human Genome Project, which started about 1985 and was, at first, 
considered pretty nuts. Some thought it was a total waste of money, 
because it was going to cost billions of dollars. But the scientific 
community debated it, and the Congress decided to fund it. By 1990, 
there was work underway. And by April 25, 2003, we had a finished 
sequence of the human genome. April 25, 2003--we actually chose that 
date on purpose. It was the 50th anniversary to the day of the 
publication of the Watson-Crick paper. That's what you can do in a half 
a century: you can go from a crazy idea that you might be able to 
somehow read out all that information to actually accomplishing it.
    So, what did we get out of it? Well, we got many of the things we 
expected. But, the most interesting things we got were the things we 
hadn't expected. The Human Genome turned out to be an amazing font of 
information for understanding the genetic basis of disease. For 
example, this past week, I was talking to a colleague who has been 
working out the genetics of early heart disease. We all know that 
lipids play an important role in heart disease--for example, LDL, the 
bad cholesterol, and HDL, the good cholesterol. But, he's using the 
human genome to discover entirely new pathways--for example, a pathway 
that has nothing to do with lipids at all; it looks like that's going 
to be very important. Similar things are happening for diabetes. And, 
for schizophrenia, genetics is starting to tell us that the disease is 
being driven by excessive pruning of neuronal outgrowth in adolescence. 
For autism, we have a great collaboration with Jim Simons that is 
helping to unravel the biological basis of autism. For cancer, the 
genome is revealing a tremendous amount information about the cellular 
basis of the disease, and has led to hundreds of drugs that are in 
clinical development.
    Beyond these applications to disease, there are many amazing 
fundamental discoveries about how genes are regulated, about how DNA is 
folded in the nucleus of the cell, about evolution, and about human 
populations and how they spread about the world. And, a complete 
surprise, about how humans interbred with Neanderthals--which we can 
read out from the DNA, using a heavy dose of mathematical analysis.
    In fact, all of this discovery has depended on a heavy dose of 
mathematical analysis. For example, suppose we scan the human genome to 
find genes for heart disease or schizophrenia. How do we know if a 
correlation is significant? If you're going to do only one test, you 
can use the classic significance level of p = 0.05. But, what if you're 
looking across an entire continuous genome of three billion bases? 
What's a significant result? Only math can tell us. It turns out you 
need to know the extreme valuable distribution of certain stochastic 
process called an Ornstein Uhlenbeck diffusion. In simpler terms, it 
turns out that figuring out whether a genetic finding is significant is 
equivalent to considering the behavior of a particle undergoing 
Brownian motion while coupled to the origin by a Hookean spring and 
asking how far it can get from the origin in a certain amount of time. 
This is just one of many unexpected connections between math and 
biology.
    Here's another: We study how the genome folds up in a cell. We 
recently studied a paper showing that--to a first-order approximation--
the genome folds up as a fractal. Actually, we now have enough data to 
say that it's not quite a fractal. It's almost a fractal and we can now 
see how it differs from a fractal. We learn this by combining molecular 
biology and mathematics to study the distribution of distances between 
points in the genome.
    So, what's been the economic impact of the Human Genome Project? 
Well, it's only been a little while so far, but the Battelle Institute 
calculated that the billions of dollars of investment that the Federal 
government put into the project has returned approximately 140:1, so 
far. That's a pretty good return. They estimate the total return is in 
the neighborhood of about a trillion dollars.
    All right, you get the point. When economists try to figure out the 
return on investment of basic research, the numbers vary because it's 
hard to measure precisely. But, the estimated ROI ranges from 20 
percent per annum and 60 percent per annum. Now, as my friend and PCAST 
colleague Bill Press points out, you might say: ``With returns like 
that, I should invest my whole retirement fund in basic research!''
    The problem is, of course, as the economists say, the returns are 
not appropriable--they can't be captured by a private investor. The 
investor in basic research can't fully capture the economic returns, 
because the fruits are largely knowledge that accrues to society at 
large. You can file patents, but this applies to only a very small 
fraction of knowledge. You can't patent laws of nature, and a good 
thing, that.
    So this Miracle Machine has these two components. The first 
component is public investment in basic research. It has to be public. 
Private investors won't invest if they can't own the fruits, but the 
public can invest because it gets its return in the form of benefits 
for society and in greater tax revenues from the economic activity. The 
second component is private investment that comes along to enable 
commercialization.
    We need every person in Congress, we need every American to 
understand how this Miracle Machine works--that it has these (and 
other) essential parts and they work together to produce social good.
    If you think you can improve social returns by moving money from 
long-term basic research to short-term investments, you fundamentally 
misunderstand the Miracle Machine. You will end up with modest returns, 
at best.
    Now, basic research investments pose a problem for our elected 
officials. For other kinds of investments, they expect that they should 
be allocating the funds to specific projects. But, we're saying: No, 
you shouldn't pick the projects. And, we're saying: Please don't ask 
researchers to explain how their work is directly connected to the 
national interest. Please don't ask them to be explicit, because it 
will cause them to focus on the short-term--in which case the game is 
lost.
    So, how should funds be allocated? I hate to say it, because it 
sounds elitist, but, you need to rely on expert taste and expert 
judgment as to what's a great question to study. In a democratic 
society, it is hard to say that the right answer is to rely on experts. 
You don't want to have to say that. But it is the right answer.
    Now, we shouldn't ask for unbounded trust. As Reagan said, ``trust, 
but verify''. The right way to monitor basic research, instead of 
asking what the payoff is going to be over the next 25 years, is to 
look backward and ask what my payoff has been over the last 25 years. 
If you continue to see that you've been doing amazingly well over these 
last 25 years (which has been the case), you should continue to invest 
in basic research! I suppose there is always the risk that, at some 
point the high returns on basic research will cease, but it hasn't 
happened yet!
    We need to keep the Miracle Machine functioning, we need to train 
amazing young minds, we need to fund the best ideas, because, at least 
so far, no one has invented any system that has had a greater impact on 
human welfare. Thank you very much.
                                 ______
                                 
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   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to 
                           Dr. Eric S. Lander
    Financial Conflicts of Interest. Given the considerable authority 
granted to the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, 
it is critical that you avoid any actual or apparent conflicts of 
interest. According to your financial disclosures, you hold investments 
in entities that may be affected by the work you would perform as 
Director, including companies in the medical, biotechnology, and 
pharmaceutical industries. As a part of your ethics agreement, you have 
said that you will divest from these investments.

    Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to divesting from any 
investments you hold in entities that may present an actual or apparent 
conflict of interest, including but not limited to entities operating 
in the medical, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries?
    Answer. Yes.

    Question 2. Will you commit to complying with all of the provisions 
in the Ethics Agreement you signed on February 19, 2021?
    Answer. Yes.

    Conflicts of Interest in Future Employment. The OSTP's mission has 
direct interaction with research institutions like the Broad Institute. 
During your confirmation hearing you expressed an interest in returning 
to work at the Broad Institute after your tenure as Director of the 
OSTP is complete.

    Question 1. Please detail the steps that you will take as Director 
of OSTP to ensure that any decision the impacts the Broad Institute 
does not present a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict 
of interest with your previous work at the Broad Institute and your 
intended return to that same institution.
    Answer. I will not participate personally or substantially in any 
particular matter that, to my knowledge, would have a direct and 
predictable effect on the financial interests of the Broad Institute. I 
will not participate in any particular matter involving specific 
parties in which the Broad Institute is a party or represents a party. 
Furthermore, in the event that an actual or potential conflict arises 
with regard to Broad or any other entity or person, I will consult with 
an agency ethics official and take whatever steps are needed to resolve 
such conflict, including immediate recusal and/or divestiture.

    Question 2. Will you commit to providing this Committee, upon 
request, information regarding funding, contracts, or support directed 
towards the Broad Institute and your involvement in the decision to 
send funding, contracts, or support to that institution?
    Answer. I have resigned from my position as CEO of the Broad 
Institute and I am on an unpaid leave of absence from my position as 
tenured professor there. If confirmed as OSTP Director, if requested, I 
commit to working with this Committee to provide information regarding 
funding, contracts, or support directed towards the Broad Institute by 
OSTP while I serve in this capacity. Moreover, I commit to this 
Committee that I will recuse myself from any and all decisions that 
could potentially or actually direct funding, contracts, or support 
towards the Broad Institute.

    Diversity in STEM. The nation has struggled to increase STEM 
diversity. Congress has authorized a number of programs to broaden 
participation in STEM, but we have yet to see any significant progress.

    Question 1. If confirmed as Director of OSTP, what concrete steps 
will you take that would garner additional support for and expand 
participation in STEM?
    Answer. I understand that we are not drawing upon the full 
potential of our country's talent, owing the long-term 
underrepresentation of various groups, including women and people of 
color. Increasing diversity and advancing equity in STEM is critical to 
our success in science and technology, and it requires a systematic 
approach.
    We need to invite and engage more people in STEM, embrace and lift 
up more role models, give more students amazing hands-on opportunities 
to learn and engage in the scientific enterprise, create more inclusive 
and diverse learning and working environments, and monitor, measure, 
evaluate and report on progress towards these goals.
    If confirmed, I'm committed to working with educators, community 
thought leaders, science and technology stakeholders, public and 
private institutions, agencies, and Congress to develop a plan to carry 
out the President's vision of a more inclusive and equitable nation.

    Question 2. How do you address concerns that your decision to toast 
Dr. Watson, and your failure to include recognition for two notable 
female scientists is evidence that you will perpetuate stereotypes and 
not take active steps to promote the work of minorities and women in 
STEM if you are confirmed?
    Answer. I believe that supporting women and people of color in STEM 
is critical. I understand that science has not always been welcoming--
and has often been hostile--to individuals from underrepresented 
groups. This is such an important issue because the lack of inclusion 
is not only deeply unfair, but is also one of the greatest risks to 
America's success. Throughout my career, I have worked to improve 
diversity and inclusion in science.
    If confirmed, I am committed to making full inclusion and equitable 
outcomes a high priority, including building the most diverse OSTP and 
PCAST in history and developing a plan to increase the numbers of women 
and people from underrepresented groups in the science and technology 
professions by 50 percent. I would welcome the opportunity to work with 
you on this.
                                 ______
                                 
  Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Raphael Warnock to 
                           Dr. Eric S. Lander
    Inclusion of Underserved Communities. In my home state, Georgia 
Tech, Morehouse College, and PRENEURology Global have launched the 
Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub, 
which will serve as a network of entrepreneur spaces, education 
pathways, and engagement programs--specifically focused on minority 
entrepreneurs and students.

    Question. How can OSTP better work with agencies, Congress, and the 
university and startup ecosystem to bring research out of the lab and 
into underserved, underrepresented localities that need more 
opportunities for new businesses and new jobs?
    Answer. I understand how important it is for agencies, STEM 
ecosystems, Congress, and OSTP to work together to turn research into 
business and job opportunities for those in underserved communities.
    As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is 
calling on Congress to invest in workforce training that prioritizes 
underserved communities and communities hit hardest by our transforming 
economy. It asks for the support of investments that ensure those from 
underserved groups have greater access to new infrastructure jobs. The 
President's plan also calls for support of community college 
partnerships that build capacity to deliver job training programs based 
on in-demand skills. I am also in full support of the President's 
Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved 
Communities Through the Federal Government.
    If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies, such as the 
National Science Foundation, the Department of Education, and the 
Department of Labor to support the development of policies and programs 
that deliver resources and benefits equitably to all. Likewise, I am 
committed to working with agencies, STEM education ecosystems, and 
Congress to support economic and scientific growth in underserved 
communities. I am also personally interested to learn more about the 
Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub, to 
understand ways in which it may be a useful model for other underserved 
communities.

    Innovation and Efficiency. Our most serious global challenges are 
increasingly at the intersection of scientific disciplines with 
significant societal impacts. Our vulnerable populations and 
disadvantaged communities are and will withstand the worst of health 
and environmental challenges. Unfortunately, our Federal research 
agencies are often siloed both internally and across agencies in their 
approaches and missions. The researchers in our universities in Georgia 
often want to tackle challenges at this intersection--such as the 
health impacts of energy technology--but are stymied by the current 
bureaucratic structures of our research agencies.

    Question. How will you work to bring our agencies together to make 
real change that spurs new discoveries and innovation?
    Answer. I understand how important it is for the success of our 
research community that the Federal government take a holistic approach 
in supporting new discoveries and innovation. And, I know that this 
does not always occur.
    Optimizing interagency collaboration is central to OSTP's mission 
and OSTP is uniquely positioned to carry out this goal, through its 
leadership of National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), which 
helps to coordinate science and technology across the Federal agencies 
and support collaborative initiatives and activities across agencies.
    If confirmed, I am committed to utilizing the NSTC to its full 
capacity, supporting agencies that model convergent approaches to their 
work, and identifying and supporting other ways that agencies can 
support the intersection of scientific disciplines with the potential 
of significant societal impact.

    Improved Screening Technology. As we have seen throughout the 
Covid-19 pandemic, America's seniors went without preventive health 
services for far too long. One major consequence of this is the 
substantial reduction in cancer screenings among those at greatest risk 
for cancer: adults over age 65. The risks are further exacerbated by 
the health inequities we face in the U.S. that continue to 
disproportionately impact African-Americans. In August 2020, NCI 
Director Dr. Sharpless warned of an increase in late-stage cancer 
diagnosis due to missed screenings.

    Question. As the Director of OSTP, what would you do to ensure that 
the Administration pursues policies that promote innovative screening 
technology to reduce the number of late-stage cancer diagnoses?
    Answer. As a life scientist who has worked on cancer and other 
diseases, I appreciate the importance that screening plays in reducing 
late-stage cancer diagnoses. I know that recent advances in science and 
technology offer new opportunities to detect cancers earlier and to 
ensure access that is broader and equitable to all. I understand how 
important it is to support policies that promote such technology.
    I know the President supports advanced research and screening 
efforts found through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 
National Comprehensive Cancer Control and the National Breast and 
Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs, and the Food and Drug 
Administration's Oncology Center of Excellence, for example. I am also 
in full support of the President's Executive Order On Advancing Racial 
Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal 
Government. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted African-
Americans and others who have been historically underserved, 
marginalized, and adversely affected by persistent poverty and 
inequality.
    If confirmed, I will work with agencies to support the development 
of policies and programs that promote innovative technologies to 
improve medical diagnoses and care and deliver resources and benefits 
equitably to all.

    Reliable and accurate scientific information. These days, as we 
deal with the worst public health crisis in generations, it's more 
important than ever to have reliable and accurate scientific 
information. We clearly need rigorous, peer-reviewed analyses of 
research to guide our decisions.

    Question. Dr. Lander, how would you work with the scientific 
societies and publishers to produce high-quality scientific analyses 
and articles while ensuring policymakers, community leaders, and the 
greater scientific community has access to potentially lifesaving and 
life-improving information?
    Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that we have 
reliable and accurate scientific information, especially on topics with 
lifesaving and life-improving implications. I also recognize that it is 
important that information is rapidly and fully accessible to 
policymakers, community leaders, and the greater scientific community.
    To execute on these goals, there needs to be funding and 
collaboration mechanisms to generate critical data related to public 
health as well as mechanisms and norms for ensuring rapid and open 
sharing of data sets and publications. The pandemic has led to 
innovation in these areas and it will be important to capture and 
evaluate the learnings and see how they might be reflected in policy.
    These goals also relate the importance of scientific integrity, 
including within the Federal government. OSTP is in full support of the 
President's Memorandum on Restoring Trust in Government Through 
Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking. To implement this 
policy, OSTP recently launched a multi-agency Scientific Integrity Task 
Force. As noted in a recent press release, ``the Task Force will review 
existing Federal scientific-integrity policies to identify effective 
solutions that will help improve the lives of the American people, 
inform innovative and equitable policy, and revitalize the confidence 
of the American public in its government.''
    If confirmed, I am committed to supporting efforts to capture and 
evaluate the learnings during the pandemic about innovative scientific 
practices; supporting the Scientific Integrity Task Force; and 
exploring additional ways in cooperation with the scientific community 
to ensure scientific information used in decisions is of the highest 
quality and publicly available.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to 
                           Dr. Eric S. Lander
    Question 1. Dr. Lander, nearly half of Federal research dollars 
over the last 20 years went to just six states, and more than one third 
went to just two states, California and Maryland. U.S. world leadership 
in science and technology is dependent on tapping into the potential of 
all Americans as we build the workforce of the future.

   What steps should we take to better spread science and 
        technology research and expertise across the entire nation?

    Answer. If confirmed, I'm committed to working with Congress, 
Federal science agencies, and my White House colleagues to make sure 
that all Americans have the opportunities to do science and technology 
research and benefit from the results of research.
    I believe we can learn from and build on existing programs such as 
the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), the 
Institutional Development Award (IDeA) program at the National 
Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 
programs supporting research across the country, Federal STEM-education 
programs, and other capacity-building programs to build research 
infrastructure and capacity in all states and jurisdictions throughout 
the United States.

    Question 2. According to FBI Director Christopher Wray, ``the 
greatest long-term threat to our Nation's information and intellectual 
property, and to our economic vitality, is the counterintelligence and 
economic espionage threat from China.''

   What steps can universities and industry take to protect our 
        valuable research from foreign espionage?

    Answer. I understand the importance of protecting against foreign 
espionage, including espionage that targets non-public information and 
intellectual property. Government, academia, and industry must work 
together to strengthen and protect our innovation enterprise. This 
includes increased understanding and awareness of risks, identification 
of technological vulnerabilities, cyber security measures and training, 
and openness and transparency with respect to research and development 
collaborations.
    If confirmed, I look forward to working with academic research 
institutions, industry, and with Congress to identify and implement 
appropriate measures to safeguard prepublication research and 
intellectual property, and build our competitiveness in science and 
technology.

    Question 3. Dr. Lander, although basic research in universities and 
government agencies is important, more than 70 percent of R&D in our 
Nation is funded and conducted by industry.

   How can our Federal research agencies work to ensure 
        industry is at the table in technology development so we can 
        cross the so-called ``valley of death'' between conducting 
        research and actually developing commercially viable products?

    Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that Federal 
research agencies are involved in technology development to address the 
``valley of death'' that exists between research and developing 
commercially viable products.
    Public-private partnerships can be a valuable tool for addressing 
the ``valley of death'' challenge. For example, on April 27, the White 
House announced that the National Science Foundation (NSF), in 
partnership with the Department of Defense Office of the Undersecretary 
of Defense for Research and Engineering, the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology (NIST), and nine leading companies, launched a 
program to accelerate research on next-generation networking and 
computing systems. This partnership joins our great Federal research 
institutions with nine leading companies including Apple, Ericsson, 
Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia, Qualcomm, and VMware. Together, 
they will partner to tackle society's future needs for connectivity, 
maintain U.S. leadership in critical technologies, and upgrade the 
Nation's digital infrastructure.
    If confirmed I commit to supporting the administration's efforts in 
this area and to working with you to explore other strategies.

    Question 4. U.S. leadership in R&D is critical. Our near peer 
competitors like China are investing significant resources in these 
fields. I was proud to champion the recently enacted Industries of the 
Future Act, which directs OSTP to develop a plan to continue U.S. 
leadership in industries of the future.

   What will you do at OSTP to enable U.S. advancements in 
        technology, such as artificial intelligence and quantum 
        science, so that we can maintain a competitive advantage over 
        countries like China?

     Follow-up: If confirmed, will you commit to swift 
            implementation of the Industries of the Future Act?

    Answer. I understand the importance of U.S. leadership in research 
and development in order to enable U.S. advancements in technology so 
that we can maintain an international competitive advantage.
    OSTP, as part of the Biden-Harris Administration, strongly supports 
increased funding for emerging technologies. Notably, as indicated in 
the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is calling on Congress to 
``make an $180 billion investment that will advance U.S. leadership in 
critical technologies and upgrade America's research infrastructure. 
U.S. leadership in new technologies--from artificial intelligence to 
biotechnology to computing--is critical to both our future economic 
competitiveness and our national security.''
    If confirmed, I commit to working with you to support U.S. 
leadership in research and development and to implement the Industries 
of the Future Act.

    Question 5. Dr. Lander, FY 2018 marked the first increase in 
Federal science and engineering obligations to HBCUs since FY 2014. 
Unfortunately, this remains only a small fraction of the total Federal 
dollars awarded to all U.S. institutions of higher education. HBCUs 
play a critical role in education and scientific research. As we 
discussed in our meeting, Jackson State University was a pioneer in 
researching the environmental and genetic factors associated with 
heart, kidney and lung diseases among African Americans through the 
Jackson Heart Study.

   If confirmed, what will you do to increase the amount of 
        Federal R&D spending at HBCUs like those in my home state of 
        Mississippi?

    Answer. I understand the important role that HBCUs play in 
education and scientific research. The National Center for Science and 
Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation 
recently released an update on Women, Minorities, and Persons with 
Disabilities in Science and Engineering, reporting that 23 percent of 
African American or Black graduates who earned an S&E doctorate between 
2015 and 2019 earned their bachelor's degree from an HBCU.
    As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is 
calling on Congress ``to make a $10 billion R&D investment at HBCUs and 
other MSIs.'' The Plan also calls on Congress ``to invest $15 billion 
in creating up to 200 centers of excellence that serve as research 
incubators at HBCUs and other MSIs to provide graduate fellowships and 
other opportunities for underserved populations, including through pre-
college programs.''
    As indicated in the American Families Plan, the Administration is 
calling on Congress to support a $400 million investment ``in teacher 
preparation programs at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs'' and a $5 billion 
investment ``to expand existing institutional aid grants to HBCUs, 
TCUs, and MSIs,'' which would include creating or expanding 
``educational programs in high-demand fields (e.g., STEM, computer 
sciences, nursing, and allied health).'' As further noted in the 
American Families Plan, ``these proposed investments, combined with the 
$45 billion proposed in the American Jobs Plan targeted to these 
institutions, will enable America's HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs to help 
advance underrepresented students and make the U.S. more competitive on 
the global stage.''
    If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies to support 
the development of policies and programs that deliver resources and 
benefits equitably to all and with Congress to support greater Federal 
R&D spending at HBCUs.

    Question 6. Dr. Lander, In February, NASA successfully landed the 
Perseverance rover on the surface of Mars. Even more remarkably, this 
was the 9th time NASA has accomplished such a feat. Space science and 
technology inspires us and has enriched our lives. As director of OSTP, 
you will have a role in maintaining U.S. progress in this critical 
area.

   How do you plan to ensure continued focus on space science 
        and exploration? Will you work with the National Space Council 
        to advance this effort?

    Answer. I understand the importance of space as a national and 
international source of inspiration, which reminds us of the boldness 
of the human spirit through feats like flying the first helicopter on 
Mars and launching a new space telescope, and scientific and 
technological knowledge.
    If confirmed, I will ensure the United States remains at the 
vanguard of space science and technology with ground-breaking 
achievements, like the deployment of the Perseverance rover and the use 
of American-made rockets to transport Americans safely into space. If 
confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the National Space 
Council because much work remains to advance the future of space 
science and technology. I commit to working with this committee, if 
confirmed, to advance our national space policy objectives in service 
to the American people.

    Question 7. Dr. Lander, last Congress this Committee passed several 
bipartisan bills focused on at OSTP. This Congress, I continued that 
work by introducing the Ocean Exploration Act, along with Senators 
Cantwell, Schatz, Murkowski, and Whitehouse.

   Can you speak to the importance of bipartisan work for our 
        oceans? And what do you see as the role of OSTP in fostering 
        ocean exploration?

    Answer. Covering more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface and 
over 97 percent of its inhabitable volume, the ocean is critical to our 
Nation's health, prosperity, and security. All Americans benefit from 
the services the ocean provides, such as commerce, food production, 
energy, tourism and recreation, environmental protection, conservation, 
and national and homeland security.
    I applaud this committee's leadership on ocean issues, and its 
strong support for ocean observations, stewardship, and ocean 
exploration, and recognize that the recently codified Ocean Policy 
Committee (OPC) provides an effective way to coordinate and advance 
these interests.
    If confirmed, I look forward, with my colleague and OPC co-chair 
Brenda Mallory, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, to 
convening the OPC.
    I greatly appreciate this committee's continuing support for the 
important work of exploring, observing, and predicting ocean processes. 
These activities are currently undertaken by numerous Federal agencies, 
the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and academic 
institutions. Meeting ambitious goals to map, explore, and characterize 
the ocean requires engaging these partners to facilitate effective 
partnerships and working with agencies to minimize barriers to external 
participation.
    As co-chair of the OPC and the National Science and Technology 
Council's Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology, OSTP will play 
an important role in coordinating and supporting the continued 
advancement of ocean science and technology, and I commit to working 
with you to do so.
                                 ______
                                 
      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mike Lee to 
                           Dr. Eric S. Lander
    Question 1. During the hearing you stated that you ``have been on 
record supporting a moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to 
create designer babies.'' A moratorium is only a temporary restriction 
on this type of research and last year, you coauthored a report on 
Heritable Human Genome Editing that charts a potential path forward on 
this research.

   Do you support a permanent ban on germline genetic 
        engineering to create designer babies? If so, why? If not, what 
        parameters do you believe must be put in place before a 
        moratorium should be lifted?

    Answer. This is an extremely important issue: genome editing 
technology is a powerful tool with potential applications to improve 
human health and very worrying potential consequences. I am against the 
use of genome editing technology to create ``designer babies.'' I 
believe that the unintended consequences and ethical issues are not yet 
adequately understood and that germline editing is not yet safe or 
effective enough to justify any use in the clinic.
    A moratorium on heritable gene editing is an important first step--
there are scientific, technical, medical, ethical and social issues 
that will need to be addressed before a decision can be made about 
whether to lift, extend, or make permanent a mortarium. The decision is 
not mine alone to make. I believe these discussions will require broad 
societal input.
    If confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to hear your thoughts 
and work with you on this critical issue.

    Question 2. The Biden Administration recently lifted restrictions 
on the use of fetal tissue for medical research. These new rules would 
allow scientists to use tissue derived from abortions for medical 
research. Recently, news broke from a series of FOIA requests that 
showed how the Food and Drug Administration paid an estimated $2,000 
per individual baby and sometimes up to $12,000 per box of harvested 
organs. Some documents have even showed that the FDA bought body parts 
from babies that were 24 weeks old as well as the skulls of second 
trimester babies.

   With the Biden Administration's lifting restrictions on use 
        of fetal tissue, do you support the trafficking of aborted 
        human body parts?

   If confirmed to be OSTP Director, a role that involves the 
        coordination and establishment of research and development 
        goals across Federal agencies, will you oppose this type of 
        scientific research being conducted at the FDA or any Federal 
        agency?

    Answer. I understand the importance of this issue, which raises 
sensitive ethical and moral concerns.
    The administration's policy keeps in place all of the rigorous 
expectations, regulations, and applicable laws for conducting this type 
of research that were adopted by previous administrations, including 
the most recent. In particular, every researcher will still have to 
clear the very high bar to demonstrate that the research goals cannot 
be accomplished in any other way and that robust informed-consent 
procedures are in place.
    If confirmed, I would advise the President on the scientific 
underpinnings--for example, what advances might result from the 
development of alternative models to the use of human fetal tissue--and 
I look forward to working with Congress on continuing to ensure ethical 
and moral issues are fully considered.

    Question 3. It's anticipated that the Senate will soon take up the 
Endless Frontier Act, which places a great deal of responsibility on 
the OSTP Director and National Science Foundation for implementation of 
a $100+ billion government R&D effort to counter China's threat to the 
U.S. homeland. As I stated during the hearing, I'm concerned that in 
this conversation that we are only trying to respond to the CCP threat 
with more government spending.

   Are there structural changes that we need to make in order 
        to better mobilize the United States to meet the challenges 
        posed by the Chinese government? How about regulatory changes? 
        Tax code changes? Workforce changes?

   Will U.S. spending be less effective without making these 
        structural changes?

    Answer. I understand the urgent need to counter the competitive 
threat that China poses. Our strategic response and competition with 
China will require an all-of-government effort, as President Biden has 
recognized. To address this critical issue, it is important to 
carefully consider the full range of challenges that American industry 
may face in competition with China and the full range of levers that 
might be applied to maximize American competitiveness, including 
regulatory, tax, and workforce policies.
    If confirmed, I look forward to working with you to explore all the 
tools we will need to meet the challenge, including which regulatory, 
tax, and workforce policies may the most effective.

    Question 4. What is the appropriate role of the Federal government 
for the categories of ``basic research'', ``applied research'', or 
``development''? And what should be left to the private sector?
    Answer. I understand the importance of investments from the Federal 
and private sector to ensure that all the categories of scientific 
research in the United States research and development ecosystem will 
thrive. In each category, the Federal support should focus primarily on 
driving critical R&D that would not otherwise be done--at all, at 
adequate scale, or at adequate speed--by the private sector, owing to 
insufficient private return on investment.
    If confirmed, I commit to working with you to exploring this 
balance so that all aspects of scientific research can be supported and 
thrive.

    Question 5. The OSTP under the Trump Administration was influential 
in the formation of the UAS Integration Pilot Program (IPP). The IPP is 
now completed and the FAA is now transitioning into their next program 
called BEYOND. A big question in drone policy is the scope of Federal 
preemption. A September 2020 GAO report noted that both DOT and DOJ 
will soon be issuing a joint opinion on the scope of FAA preemption in 
the context of low altitude drone operations. The FAA has taken the 
position that they control the airspace from the ground up.

   Do you think the Federal government has the ability to 
        regulate the airspace a couple of feet above your lawn? What 
        about inches above the blades of grass? Is this a problematic 
        position to take?

   Do you think full and safe drone integration is possible 
        without shared responsibility between the Federal government 
        and state and local governments?

    Answer. I understand the important role that Unmanned Aerial 
Systems play now and will play in the future and thus the importance of 
ensuring that the United States has balanced guidelines and 
regulations. I recognize it is important to weigh the considerations of 
individual property rights and Federal authority. It is also important 
to work together at all levels of government to develop the best 
possible solutions to these complex issues.
    If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important 
matters.

    Question 6. Access to additional spectrum is critical for future 
technological innovation. Unfortunately, the Federal government sits on 
a lot of a valuable spectrum bands, particularly mid-band spectrum 
which is the best suited for 5G wireless networks.

   Do you think Federal agencies currently use their spectrum 
        efficiently?

   Should government agencies be immune from oversight of their 
        use of the electromagnetic spectrum?

   I think Congress and Executive Branch agencies need the best 
        available data to identify inefficiencies in both the 
        commercial and government contexts. Will you support my 
        legislation, the Government Spectrum Valuation Act, which would 
        require NTIA to calculate the value or the ``opportunity 
        costs'' associated with Federal spectrum so that we can make 
        more informed decisions?

    Answer. I understand the tremendous need to use spectrum 
efficiently. The demand on our spectrum for uses like 5G and other 
applications is growing exponentially. Because spectrum is a finite 
resource, we need to continuously evaluate how it is allocated and used 
and how to devise ways to squeeze all the value out of it for the 
American people, including for our economy and national security.
    If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important 
balancing considerations.

    Question 7. Congress is in the midst of a debate about Federal 
legislation related to data privacy.

   What is the role of the Federal government when it comes to 
        data privacy?

   Some believe the FTC should be given greater authority to 
        prescribe data privacy rules, including broad APA authority. 
        What are your views on this?

    Answer. I understand the importance of addressing data privacy 
issues. We cannot maximize the benefits of technology without ensuring 
privacy.
    If confirmed, I will work with Federal agencies and the Congress to 
develop effective ways to protect personal data and to build trust 
among the American people that personal data about them are protected, 
while also helping America reap the benefits of innovation and the 
Internet economy.

    Question 8. Regulatory red tape is likely the single largest 
barrier to deployment of wired and wireless broadband. It can be 
especially difficult for small rural providers to invest the time, 
money, and effort to build a network that is on or crosses Federal 
lands. Because 2/3 of Utah's land is owned by the Federal government, 
Utah broadband providers more urgently feel the need for Federal 
permitting reform for broadband infrastructure.

   What would you recommend to agencies to help streamline the 
        permitting process so we can lower the cost, as well as more 
        efficiently allow, for companies to deploy broadband on Federal 
        land?

    Answer. Americans depend on the Internet for education, work, 
healthcare, and commerce.
    Without broadband, it will be impossible for people to fully 
participate in the American economy in the 21st Century.
    High-speed Internet connectivity needs to be readily, affordably, 
equitably, and reliably available to every American household. However, 
millions of Americans lack access to broadband service. These unserved 
and underserved Americans are disproportionally rural Americans, people 
on Tribal reservations, people of color, Americans who are older, or 
those with low-incomes, or with disabilities.
    If confirmed, I commit to working with you to explore options to 
lower the costs of deployment and streamline the deployment of 
broadband so that more Americans can reap the benefits of connectivity.

    Question 9. What is the role of the Federal government in 
regulation of tech companies and tech censorship generally? How would 
you approach this issue as you advise the President?
    Answer. If confirmed, I will approach the issue of advising on 
technology governance the same way I approach all science and 
technology policy issues: with curiosity and an open mind; by calling 
on the best minds throughout the country for their advice; engaging 
with companies, organizations, Congress, and academia for their 
insights and experiences; and relying on our best-available scientific 
and technical research.

    Question 10. Is the Internet a public utility? Should it be 
regulated as such?
    Answer. The past year has made it that clear that Americans depend 
on Internet access for education, work, healthcare, and commerce.
    If confirmed, I will work with Congress to identify appropriate 
approaches for Internet governance. Whatever legal approach is adopted 
should support affordable and equitable access for all Americans.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to 
                           Dr. Eric S. Lander
    Question. As you know, the Office of Science and Technology has 
previously played a critical role in spectrum policy, which is 
obviously crucial for leadership in 5G--especially in our race with 
China. If confirmed, what role do you see your OSTP taking in spectrum 
policy, and what more can be done to help the U.S. lead in 5G?
    Answer. I understand the critical need for U.S. leadership in 5G--
both for U.S. economic growth and our national security.
    United States policies that create easier access to spectrum will 
not only spur the domestic economy, but will help us maintain 
international leadership in this crucial area of modern technological 
innovation and commerce.
    If confirmed, I pledge to work with stakeholders, including civil 
society, government, and industry to optimize and advance efficient 
spectrum use and American competitiveness.

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