[Senate Hearing 117-815]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
S. Hrg. 117-815
NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)
=======================================================================
HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
__________
APRIL 29, 2021
__________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation
[GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov
__________
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
54-585 PDF WASHINGTON : 2024
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
MARIA CANTWELL, Washington, Chair
AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota ROGER WICKER, Mississippi, Ranking
RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut JOHN THUNE, South Dakota
BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii ROY BLUNT, Missouri
EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts TED CRUZ, Texas
GARY PETERS, Michigan DEB FISCHER, Nebraska
TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin JERRY MORAN, Kansas
TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska
JON TESTER, Montana MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
KYRSTEN SINEMA, Arizona TODD YOUNG, Indiana
JACKY ROSEN, Nevada MIKE LEE, Utah
BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West
RAPHAEL WARNOCK, Georgia Virginia
RICK SCOTT, Florida
CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming
David Strickland, Staff Director
Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director
George Greenwell, Policy Coordinator and Security Manager
John Keast, Republican Staff Director
Crystal Tully, Republican Deputy Staff Director
Steven Wall, General Counsel
C O N T E N T S
----------
Page
Hearing held on April 29, 2021................................... 1
Statement of Senator Duckworth................................... 1
Statement of Senator Wicker...................................... 3
Statement of Senator Markey...................................... 5
Statement of Senator Hickenlooper................................ 137
Statement of Senator Thune....................................... 139
Statement of Senator Blumenthal.................................. 140
Statement of Senator Blunt....................................... 142
Statement of Senator Blackburn................................... 144
Statement of Senator Lujan....................................... 146
Letter dated April 13, 2021 to Hon. Joe Manchin and Hon. John
Barrasso from the National Laboratory Directors' Council... 148
Statement of Senator Klobuchar................................... 153
Statement of Senator Rosen....................................... 155
Statement of Senator Sullivan.................................... 156
Statement of Senator Lummis...................................... 159
Statement of Senator Lee......................................... 161
Witnesses
Hon. Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts........... 3
Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director, Office of Science and
Technology Policy (OSTP)....................................... 7
Prepared statement........................................... 8
Biographical information..................................... 10
Appendix
Support letters for Dr. Eric S. Lander........................... 165
Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Eric S. Lander by:
Hon. Maria Cantwell.......................................... 242
Hon. Raphael Warnock......................................... 243
Hon. Roger Wicker............................................ 244
Hon. Mike Lee................................................ 247
Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................ 250
NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)
----------
THURSDAY, APRIL 29, 2021
U.S. Senate,
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
Washington, DC.
The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room
SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Tammy Duckworth,
presiding.
Present: Senators Duckworth [presiding], Klobuchar,
Blumenthal, Markey, Peters, Tester, Sinema, Rosen, Lujan,
Hickenlooper, Warnock, Wicker, Thune, Blunt, Fischer, Moran,
Blackburn, Young, Lee, Johnson, Scott, and Lummis.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TAMMY DUCKWORTH,
U.S. SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS
Senator Duckworth. Good morning and welcome. Today, the
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation will
consider the nomination of Dr. Eric Lander, to be the Director
of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Dr. Lander, I
welcome you and your family, and it is good to see you again.
The position that you have been nominated for, is charged
with advising the President on a broad range of scientific and
technological policies to address national problems. For the
first time in our country's history, President Biden has
elevated this position to a Cabinet-level post, underscoring
its significance and the Administration's commitment to follow
the science.
You are an accomplished geneticist, molecular biologist,
and mathematician--all subjects I got a C- in----
[Laughter.]
Senator Duckworth. Who has spear-headed scientific efforts
to increase our understanding of the human genome. You have
answered the call to public service, previously serving as the
Co-Chair of President Obama's Counsel of Advisors on Science
and Technology.
Our Nation is facing a critical moment, one with incredible
challenges, but also with infinite possibilities. We are
simultaneously facing a global pandemic and experiencing the
daily effects of a changing climate. And yet, we are on the
cusp of discoveries that could help us meet these challenges
and so many others facing our Nation today. And science has
never been more important.
Although science is often considered the Great Equalizer,
the truth is that gender and minority representation in
science, technology, engineering, and math, or the STEM fields,
are anything but equal. While the United States is a leader in
scientific and technological innovation, we have fallen short
of consistently recruiting, retaining, and promoting women and
diverse individuals in the STEM fields.
My home state of Illinois is proud to host two thriving
national labs, Fermilab and Argonne National Laboratory. These
crown jewels of scientific innovation would not be possible
without the contributions of women and diverse scientist and
engineers. To continue serving as a leader in scientific
research, the United States must tap as wide a talent pool as
possible. After all, more women in science, greater diversity
in science, ultimately, leads to better science and greater
breakthrough that benefit us all. One may need look no further
than the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry last year,
for their ground-breaking work on CRISPR, Dr. Jennifer Doudna
and Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, to see why female
representation is so important in the STEM fields.
Addressing gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in STEM
is a national priority. As a Nation, and as leaders in our
government, we need to do more to ensure that gender equality
exists, and that diverse candidates have meaningful
representation across scientific and engineering fields.
Increasing the number of women and diverse individuals in
science, requires intentional recruitment and promotion.
However, that alone will not be enough. We also need
inspiration. That means recognizing the accomplishments and
successes of women and minorities in science, technology,
engineering, and math. We need to inspire the next generation
of great minds to encourage scientific study in all children,
and to provide all children with the opportunity to succeed.
On this note, Dr. Lander, I must admit that I am troubled
by issues that have been raised surrounding your nomination.
You have been criticized for downplaying the contributions of
the female Nobel laureates I just mentioned, for toasting a
well-known racists, misogynistic, anti-Semite, and for
attending lunch meetings with the late, disgraced Jeffery
Epstein. You have provided responses to this committee, to
these allegations, and I plan to ask you about them today.
The bottom line is that, if confirmed, you will have the
authority to promote the representation of women and minorities
in STEM fields. So, I strongly encourage you to use this
hearing as an opportunity to explain how you have learned from
your past mistakes. Nobody enjoys reflecting on previous errors
that may be embarrassing, shameful, or worst of all, may have
harmed individuals, or a profession that you love. But
ultimately, our most productive growth as a leader,
occasionally stems from honest reflection and following through
on difficult lessons learned.
I hope to learn today how your successes, and failures have
made you a better leader, a better scientist, and prepared you
to direct our Nation's scientific policy in an inclusive
manner, that empowers women and minorities. I know recognize my
good friend from Mississippi, Ranking Member Wicker, to give
his opening remarks.
STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER WICKER,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI
Senator Wicker. Thank you very much, Senator Duckworth.
This is an important hearing on the nomination of Dr. Eric
Lander to be Director of the Office of Science and Technology
Policy. I commend Senator Cantwell for allowing the Committee
the necessary time to prepare and give a full and thorough
review of Dr. Lander's record and qualifications. There is no
doubt he has led a long and notable career as a bright and
dedicated research scientist. However, as Senator Duckworth has
said, our extensive evaluation of Dr. Lander's record has
brought to light a number of concerns that deserve further
examination by this committee. As Senator Duckworth further
said, I hope his testimony today will provide clarity on these
topics.
The Director of OSTP has been a critically important
position since it was first created. The person occupying this
role directly advises the President on the scientific,
engineering, and technological aspects of a wide range of
Federal Government activity. In addition, it falls to the
director of the OSTP to coordinate science and technology
policy across all Federal agencies.
Notably, under the Industries of the Future Act, which I
had the opportunity to author and see enacted last Congress,
the Director of the OSTP is required to submit a report on the
Federal Government research and development investments,
infrastructure, and workforce development. The report must
include a plan to advance U.S. leadership in industries of the
future, such as, artificial intelligence and quantum science,
as well as a blueprint for boosting annual spending in this
area to $10 billion by 2025. Implementing this new law is one
of the many responsibilities of the Director of OSTP.
This position has been made all the more significant by the
President's decision to elevate it to the Cabinet-level, hence
the need for a comprehensive review by this committee.
I want to thank Dr. Lander to his commitment to public
service, and for appearing before us today. I want to welcome
our two colleagues, from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and
I expect this hearing will be informative and useful to the
Committee.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I recognize Senator Warren.
STATEMENT OF HON. ELIZABETH WARREN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS
Senator Warren. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking
Member Wicker. I have the privilege of introducing Dr. Eric
Lander, who has been nominated to serve as the Director of the
President's Office of Science and Technology.
Now, Eric has an impressive record as a scientist and
leader. He received a degree in mathematics from Princeton and
a PhD from Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He record a
MacArthur Genius award in 1987 and was soon tapped to lead the
Human Genome project. In 2001, he and his team published the
first draft of the Human Genome. In 2003, Eric co-founded the
Broad Institute, where he has served as the President and
Founding Director. In addition, he is a professor at MIT and,
as you noted, Chair Duckworth, for 8 years during the Obama
Administration, Eric also served as the external Co-Chair of
the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
Now, I have known Eric for a decade. We have had many
conversations about a range of topics from hearing aids to
cancer vaccines. One recurring topic is women in science. Eric
recognizes that the scientific community is strongest when it
it is diverse and inclusive. Eric does not just mouth the
words. Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has prioritized
efforts to support and advance the careers of women scientists
and scientists of color.
Let me give you a specific example on this. Eric is a
scientist to his bones, and he believes in data. So, to assess
and improve diversity and inclusion at the Broad, Eric set in
motion a study, to collect data about the Institute. The
results showed that, in a field where women are
underrepresented, the Broad is modeling a better path.
Currently, women make up the majority of the Institutes'
overall employees, the majority of the scientific teams, and
the majority of the Senior Leadership team. In order to
recognize his support for women in science, in 2020, Eric's
former mentees and trainees raised an endowment to create an
award to honor his mentorship of early career women scientists.
Eric's support for women's careers has been recognized in
the world outside the Broad, as well. This September, for the
fourth year in a row, ``Working Mother'' magazine named the
Broad as one of the 100 Best Companies in America for
progressive programs related to advancing women, mentoring
flexibility, childcare, and parental leave.
Eric's commitment was on full display during this past
year. The pandemic's impact on working mothers has been
devastating, cutting into the career advancement of many women,
and forcing many more to leave the workforce all together. Eric
was not a passive observer. Instead, Eric led the Broad in
setting up its own childcare center and, to ensure the safety
of the children and reassure the parents, the Broad conducted
onsite COVID-19 testing every few days. Thanks to Eric's work,
women scientists at the Broad did not have to take a step back
during the pandemic.
Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has also operated a
flagship diversity and inclusion program for college students.
Nearly all of the program's graduates have enrolled in graduate
or medical programs. Some have even won prestigious awards,
including three Rhodes Scholars. The Broad has also launched or
collaborated on major research projects on racial health
disparities, including serving as the largest genome sequencing
laboratory for the NIH's All of U.S. research program.
And one final note. The Broad is internationally famous for
its cutting-edge work on genomics. During the coronavirus
pandemic, Eric led the Broad to take on a very different role.
The Broad ramped up and ran COVID tests night and day, building
from scratch a COVID testing lab, that grew into the largest
non-commercial lab in America. Described as, ``The centerpiece
of New England's testing infrastructure'', a vision of just how
much better our national pandemic response might have been. As
the need grew, the Broad took on more and more work running,
literally, millions of tests for cities and towns, K-12
schools, and over 100 colleges and universities in seven
states.
Now, there is much more that I could say about Eric. I know
I am out of time here. But I want to end with one last bit of
information, for those of you who do not already know him. Eric
is fun. He is a passionate scientist whose enthusiasm for
learning is infectious. He listens. He put people and ideas
tighter. And best of all, he makes things happen.
I know that, under Eric's leadership, the Office of Science
and Technology will push forward cutting-edge policies that
benefit everyone and reinvigorate our country's role as a
scientific leader. So, welcome, Eric, and congratulations on
your nomination.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.
STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD MARKEY,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS
Senator Markey. Thank you, Senator Duckworth, Senator
Wicker. Thank you for hosting us today. And I am pleased, along
with Senator Warren, to be here to introduce Dr. Eric Lander as
the nominee to be the Director of the White House Office of
Science and Technology Policy. And I want to extend a warm
welcome to Eric's family, to Lori--his wife, Lori who is here
today, and his children, Jessica and Daniel and David. And I
can tell you, they are a team. It is a very special family that
the Lander have created, and I am so proud of all of you and
glad to be with you here today.
Senator Warren is right. Dr. Lander is a visionary
scientist and thinker. And he is going to serve with
distinction, as Director of the Office of Science and
Technology Policy. I often say that Massachusetts is not only
the Bay State, it is the Brain State, and Dr. Lander represents
the kind of new American pioneer. One committed to exploring
horizons defined, not by the boundaries of land and shore, but
of genes and genius. A pioneer who does not see limits in
biology, but the expanse of possibility. He exemplifies what it
means to represent a place where scientific progress is a part
of our DNA.
Dr. Lander started his career as a mathematician. He has
taught economics and he has been one of the world's foremost
biomedical scientists for years. When I was a young boy who
refused to do his homework, my mother would threaten that she
would donate my brain to Harvard as a completely unused human
organ. Somehow--somehow, my mother anticipated Dr. Lander and
his work on the Human Genome project.
Senator Wicker. That explains so much about you, Senator.
[Laughter.]
Senator Markey. I--mothers know you best. And thank God,
there is a Dr. Lander that can help mothers. And so, I am so--I
am so proud that my mother can see me here today, introducing
Dr. Lander, because I know that she would think that somehow or
other, I had defied all expectations that she had for me as a
child.
And Dr. Lander's work on the Human Genome project and
founding of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, which
reflects his deep understanding of how science and policy can
inform one another. At the Broad Institute, he pursued
collaborative science, bringing together biologists,
clinicians, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists.
The transformative model for scientific research that the Broad
Institute represents, is a new way to take on the challenges
that we face today, bringing scientific discoveries and
advances forward more quickly than ever before.
His contribution to science has also demonstrated how
impactful research can be. The Human Genome project was a 13-
year long project that involved hundreds of scientists across
the entire world. This project is an incredible example of a
publicly funded project that keeps knowledge in the public
domain, and a feat that provided a model for the kind of large-
scale cooperative effort that the world's biggest problems
require.
The Human Genome project has also had an enormous economic
impact with one analysis, from 10 years ago, estimating that
the $3 billion project has produced more than 330,000 jobs and
nearly $800 billion in economic benefit. And that was 10 years
ago. Sequencing nearly the entire human genome has already led
to countless advances, a trend that is certain to continue into
the future. The project discovered genes that are fundamental
to thousands of diseases, including heart disease and
Alzheimer's and cancer, and paved the way for novel treatments.
Last night, we heard President Biden commit to curing
Alzheimer's disease, a disease that my mother died from. I know
we will reach that goal and I know Dr. Lander will have played
a part in that discovery.
In addition to his groundbreaking research, he has taught
MIT's Introductory Biology course for more than 25 years and is
one of MIT's most beloved teachers. He has inspired students to
grapple with complex issues, helping them become informed and
active members of their communities. He has an ability to
explain the science of why much better than senators can
explain the political science of why not. And that ability to
teach and translate is more important than ever before.
I know Dr. Lander has the skill to rebuild the celebration
of science that is a hallmark of American excellence. When his
country needed him, during the coronavirus pandemic, he moved
to build, from scratch to operation, the largest non-commercial
COVID testing laboratory in the country. Senator Warren already
spoke to that incredible success.
He has been a strong supporter of people of color in
science and improving racial equity in science outcomes. He has
used science as a tool for justice, playing a key role in the
origins of the Innocence Project, as his commitment to justice
and forensic science has spanned more than three decades.
The crises we face today, of man and mind and the
intersection of those two forces, are daunting. We are
confronted by a surging China and its race to dominate the
scientific and technological landscape. But Eric's breadth of
knowledge, unparalleled experience, and pioneering spirit make
him uniquely suitable to lead.
With Dr. Lander at the helm of the Office of Science and
Technology Policy, all Americans will be his students, sharing
his passion for science, discovery, and achievement. We thank
you, Dr. Lander, for trading your microscope for a microphone
and we appreciate your service for our country.
Thank you.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Senator Markey. Dr. Lander.
STATEMENT OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)
Dr. Lander. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking Member
Wicker. And thank you to Senators Warren and Markey for your
very, very kind introductions.
It is a tremendous honor to come before this committee as
President Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science
and Technology Policy. America has led the world in science and
technology for 75 years. That leadership has had profound
benefits for our health, economy, our national security,
driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to COVID, new
industries with millions of jobs, from computers to
biotechnology. But today, America's future depends on science
and technology like never before. We have amazing opportunities
ahead, but also unprecedented challenges and the choices we
make now will determine our path for generations to come.
In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to
rethink our strategy for the next 75 years. He asked OSTP to
take the lead, because OSTP is the place where all of science
and technology comes together across government, industry,
academia, medicine, and society. President Biden posed big
questions. What lessons can we learn, in the broadest way, from
this pandemic? How do we ensure America is the world leader in
the technologies of the future, especially in our competition
with China? How can science drive market-driven solutions for
climate change? And very importantly, how do we ensure the
fruits of science and technology are shared across all America
and all Americans?
If confirmed, I would throw my full energies into this and
let me explain why. I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I
was raised by my mom, because my dad suffered from a long
illness and died when I was 11 and in my neighborhood, there
were no scientists. If New York City had not had a few public
STEM high schools, there is no way I would have ever have
become a scientist. I knew I was very lucky to have that
chance, and I have never forgotten it. Most people never get a
chance. And the opportunity is so unevenly distributed across
gender and race and geography.
Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color.
It has been concentrated in a few regions of the country. And
most Americans lack access to great STEM schools and many even
to broadband. And lack of inclusion is not just deeply unfair,
it is a risk to America's success. To lead the world, we are
going to need everybody. If confirmed to OSTP, I will, as I
have done in my career at the Broad, make full inclusion and
equitable outcomes a high priority. Including ensuring that
OSTP's staff will look like America including by identifying
extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every
search. That PCAST, the advisory group, will be the most
diverse in history. That OSTP's work will be rooted in equity.
And I would work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers
of women and underrepresented people in STEM careers by 50
percent. We can do that.
I am also excited to bring other experiences and values. I
have seen how science can be a force for justice. As a young
scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first criminal
cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential
evidence, the quality was shoddy, and I said so. That position
was not popular with everyone. But the case forced higher
standards for DNA fingerprinting, and it led directly to the
founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA to reveal
that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars, with Black
Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served
much longer sentences.
A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration,
the Human Genome Project. When we set out in 1990, mapping a
person's complete genetic code seemed absurd. It would have
taken 200 years. But scientists rallied together and drove
innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today, it takes
just hours. And it has unlocked secrets from cancer to
Alzheimer's, driving unimaginable progress. And we are going to
need this kind of collaboration to tackle much of what is
ahead.
After the genome project, I worked with colleagues to find
a new kind of research community, the Broad Institute. It is
deeply collaborative. It lets scientists, particularly young
scientists, dream big and take on challenges at whatever scale
is needed, blending the best of individual creativity and
large-scale platforms. I am particularly proud it is one of the
few such institutions in which women comprise the majority of
the overall staff, scientific staff, and senior leadership
team. There is a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how
we do science.
Finally, I have learned that good science requires a
healthy dose of humility. Scientists? favorite ideas are often
wrong, mine included. We constantly need to be open to
different perspectives from scientists, non-scientists, and
policymakers. I know that this committee has led on so many
critical issues in science and technology. Your work has been
so collaborative and so bipartisan. If confirmed, I promise to
work closely and open-mindedly with each of you.
Thank you for the invitation to come before you and I look
forward to your questions.
[The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr.
Lander follow:]
Prepared Statement of Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director,
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Thank you, Chair Cantwell and Ranking Member Wicker. And, thank you
to Senators Warren and Markey for your kind introductions.
It's a great honor to come before this committee as President
Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science and Technology
Policy.
America has led the world in science and technology for 75 years.
That leadership has had profound benefits for our health, economy, and
national security--driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to covid;
new industries with millions of jobs, from computers to biotechnology.
But, today, America's future depends on science and technology like
never before. We see amazing opportunities ahead, but also
unprecedented challenges. The choices we make now will determine our
path for the generations to come.
In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to rethink
our strategy for the next 75 years.
He asked OSTP to take the lead, because OSTP is the one place where
all of science and technology comes together--across government,
industry, academia, medicine, and society.
President Biden posed big questions:
What lessons can we learn from the pandemic?
How do we ensure America is the world leader in the
technologies of the future, especially in competition with
China?
How can science create market-driven solutions for climate
change?
And, very importantly: How do we ensure the fruits of
science and technology are shared across all America and all
Americans?
If confirmed, I'd throw my full energies into this work. Let me
explain why.
I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I was raised by my mom,
because my dad suffered from a long illness and died when I was 11.
In my neighborhood, there were no scientists.
If New York City hadn't had a few public STEM high schools, there's
no way I'd ever have become a scientist.
I knew I was very lucky to have that chance. And, I've never
forgotten it.
Most people never get a chance. And, the opportunity is so unevenly
distributed across gender, race, and geography.
Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color. It's
concentrated in a few regions of the country. Most Americans lack
access to great STEM schools or many even to broadband.
Lack of inclusion is not only deeply unfair, it's a greatest risk
to America's success. To lead the world, we're going to need everyone.
If confirmed to OSTP, I will--as I've done in my career at the
Broad Institute--make full inclusion and equitable outcomes a high
priority, including that:
OSTP's staff will look like America, including identifying
extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every
search;
PCAST will be the most diverse in history;
OSTP's work will be rooted in equity--tackling issues from
STEM inclusion to algorithmic bias.
And, I'd work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers
of women and underrepresented people in the science and
technology professions by 50 percent. We can do that.
I'm also excited to bring other experiences and values:
I've seen how science can be a force for justice.
As a young scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first
criminal cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential
evidence, the quality was shoddy. I said so. That position wasn't
popular with everyone.
But the case forced high standards for DNA fingerprinting and led
directly to the founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA
to reveal that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars--with Black
Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served much
longer sentences.
A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration: the
Human Genome Project.
When we set out in 1990, mapping a person's complete genetic code
seemed absurd: it would have taken 200 years. But scientists rallied
together and drove innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today,
it takes just hours.
It's unlocked secrets from cancer to Alzheimer's, driving
unimaginable progress.
After the genome project, I worked to found a new kind of research
community, the Broad Institute.
It's deeply collaborative.
It lets scientists--particularly young scientists--take on
challenges at whatever scale is needed, blending the best of individual
creativity and large-scale platforms.
I'm particularly proud it's one of the few such institutions in
which women comprise the majority of the overall staff, scientific
staff, and senior leadership team.
There's a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how we do
science.
Finally, I've learned that good science requires a healthy dose of
humility.
Scientists' favorite ideas are often wrong, mine included. We
constantly need to be open to different perspectives--from scientists,
non-scientists, policymakers.
This committee has led on so many critical issues in science and
technology. Your work has been so collaborative and so bipartisan.
If confirmed, I promise to work closely and open-mindedly with each
of you.
Thank you. I look forward to your questions.
______
a. biographical information
1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Eric Steven
Lander.
2. Position to which nominated: Director, Office of Science and
Technology Policy.
3. Date of Nomination: Jan 20, 2021.
4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):
Residence: Information not released to the public.
Office (until January 25, 2021): Broad Institute, 415 Main
Street, Cambridge, MA 02142.
5. Date and Place of Birth: February 3, 1957; Brooklyn, New York.
6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
Lori Weiner Lander--Self-employed artist
Jessica Ann Lander--33
Daniel Aaron Lander--29
David Abraham Lander--26
7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
attended.
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
AB with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978
Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981
8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
the position for which you are nominated.
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
President and Founding Director, 2003-2021
Core Faculty Member 2003 to present (on leave)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
Professor, 1993 to present (on leave)
Associate Professor, 1989-1993
Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989
Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
Professor, 2004 to present (on leave)
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
Member, 1989-2008
Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989
Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
Associate Professor, 1987-1990
Assistant Professor, 1981-1986
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990
The Jackson Laboratory
Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990
Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics
Summer Course Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979
9. Attach a copy of your resume.
My CV is attached as Appendix A9 ``Resume''.
10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
than those listed above, within the last ten years.
Massachusetts' COVID-19 Medical Advisory Board: Member, 2020-
2021
Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense:
Member, 2016-2020
President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's
Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
2012
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
(PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017
11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
educational, or other institution within the last ten years.
For Profit Companies:
Codiak BioSciences, Board of Directors
Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor
FPrime (formerly Fidelity Biosciences), Scientific Advisory
Board
Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Board of Directors
Neon Therapeutics, Board of Directors
Third Rock Ventures, Scientific Advisory Board
Verastem, Founding Advisor
Non-Profit Organizations or Committees:
Ariadne Labs, Advisory Board Member
Biden Cancer Initiative, Secretary and Member, Board of
Directors
Boston University, Member, Board of Trustees
Count Me In, Member, Board of Directors
Global Alliance for Genomics & Health (GA4GH), Member,
Strategic Advisory Board
Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Member, Board of Directors
Innocence Project, Member, Board of Directors
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Member, Scientific
Advisory Board
Life Science Cares, Member, Board of Advisors
Massachusetts General Hospital, Member, Research Advisory
Council
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair Scientific
Advisory Board
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI), Member, Board
of Trustees
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Member, Scientific
Advisory Board
Ragon Institute, Member, Scientific Advisory Board
Salk Institute, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Advisory
Board Member
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Non-Resident Fellow
Society for Science & The Public, Member, Honorary Board
12. Please list each membership you have had during the past ten
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
religiously affiliated organization, private club, or other membership
organization. (For this question, you do not have to list your
religious affiliation or membership in a religious house of worship or
institution.). Include dates of membership and any positions you have
held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or
organization restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color,
religion, national origin, age, or disability.
I am a member of various scientific societies:
American Association for Cancer Research
New York Academy of Medicine (honorary fellow)
American Society of Human Genetics
American Society for Microbiology
American Academy of Microbiology
American Association for the Advancement of Science
New York Academy of Sciences
Genetics Society of America
International Society for Computational Biology
I am also a member of
Council on Foreign Relations
Examiner's Club (which organizes informal talks in Boston)
None of these organizations restricts membership on the basis of
sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.
13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
personally liable for that debt. No.
14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.
Hillary for America, Science Policy Working Group, Senior
Partner (2015-2016) [uncompensated]
15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
entity of $500 or more for the past ten years.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
9/29/11 Barack Obama $2,500
9/30/11 Robert Massie $500
3/31/12 Barack Obama $2,500
3/31/12 Elizabeth Warren $2,500
3/31/12 Eiizabeth Warren $2,500
10/22/12 DNC $5,000
11/2/12 DNC $15,000
6/6/13 Democratic State Committee of Massachusetts $2,400
6/25/13 Ed Markey $2,600
6/24/14 Katherine Clark $1,000
7/29/14 Maura Healey $500
9/15/15 Hillary Clinton $2,700
9/22/16 Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee $2,500
9/27/16 Maggie Hassan $1,000
5/31/17 Elizabeth Warren $2,700
5/24/19 Ed Markey $2,800
6/30/19 Elizabeth Warren $250
8/27/19 Elizabeth Warren $2,550
10/25/19 Katherine Clark $1,000
11/10/19 Jake Auchincloss $500
12/31/19 Joe Biden $2,800
12/31/19 Elizabeth Warren $2,800
12/31/19 Elizabeth Warren $250
5/8/20 Ed Markey $2,800
8/11/20 Joe Biden $2,800
------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
for outstanding service or achievements.
Honorary Degrees:
Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate,
2017
Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate,
2017
Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and
Commencement Speaker, 2013
Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008
Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007
Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement
Speaker, 2005
University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005
Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker,
2003
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001
Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001
Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
Elected or Appointed Academies:
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013
European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012
Academy of Athens, 2009
U.S. Institute of Medicine (now U.S. National Academy of
Medicine), 1999
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999
American Academy of Achievement, 1999
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
Award, Prizes and Other Recognition:
Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence
in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016
Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular
origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's
scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a
new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical
advancements''
James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT
faculty member''
Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016
AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
``for signal contributions to the advancement of
science in the United States''
Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015
Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013
Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer
Research, Ohio State University, 2013
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
``For the discovery of general principles for
identifying human disease genes, and enabling their
application to medicine through the creation and
analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the
human genome.''
Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel,
2012
``In recognition of his significant contributions to
the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most
of the major advances in this field.''
Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel,
2012
``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''
Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012
Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany
Medical College, 2010
New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished
Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009
A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard
Medical School, 2008-2009
US News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006
Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006
AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology,
2004
``for his excellence in communicating complex
scientific ideas, and their implications for society,
to the general public and policy-makers, while actively
engaged in a demanding and aggressive research
program.''
Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National
Level, 2004
Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004
Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the
World Today,'' 2004
Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical
Society, 2004
American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003
Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research
Interchange, 2003
Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002
Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing
of the human and other genomes''
John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002
Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter
Symposium, 2002
City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert
Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001
J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001
Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001
Distinguished Service Award, American College of
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001
Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
``to the community of scientists that carried out the
Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of
community, together with Francis Collins and Craig
Venter
Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000
Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999
Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow
Foundation, 1998
Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for
Microbiology, 1998
Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
``for outstanding work as a scientist''
Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University,
1998
``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the
undergraduate college''
American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997
Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997
Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1996
``for outstanding teaching''
Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle,
1996
Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer
Research, 1995
``for excellence in cancer research''
Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology,
1995
Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at
San Francisco, 1995
Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994
Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of
Tennessee, 1994
Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993
Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York
University, 1993
Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching,
MIT, 1992
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
1990
``for research on the application of mathematical and
statistical approaches to molecular genetics''
MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and
mathematics, 1987-1992
Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981
Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, June 1981
for best thesis in mathematics,
Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981
Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978
Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
``the highest award the university confers upon an
undergraduate''
Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
``for highest academic achievement''
Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics,
Princeton University, 1976, 1977
U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th
International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974
First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974
17. Please list each book, article, column, Internet blog posting,
or other publication you have authored, individually or with others.
Include a link to each publication when possible. Also list any
speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of these
publications unless otherwise instructed.
BOOK
1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach
(Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
EDITED BOOK
2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the
secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to
molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
ARTICLES
Mathematics
3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes.
Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their
automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries
and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their
symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian
difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters
in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
Economics
9. Farrell, J., & Lander, E.S. (1989). Competition between and
within teams: The lifeboat principle. Economics Letters, 29(3), 205-
208.
Biology
10. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Consanguinity and
heterogeneity: Cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy.
American Journal of Human Genetics, 39(2), 282-283. PMID: 3752091;
PMCID: PMC1683934.
11. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Strategies for studying
heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage map of
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 83(19), 7353-7357. PMID: 2876423; PMCID:
PMC386715.
12. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Mapping complex genetic
traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold
Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51(Pt 1), 49-62. PMID:
2884068.
13. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1987). Construction of multilocus
genetic linkage maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA, 84(8), 2363-2367. PMID: 3470801; PMCID: PMC304651.
14. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1987). Homozygosity mapping: a
way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children.
Science, 236(4808), 1567-1570. PMID: 2884728.
15. Green, P., Barker, D., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Watt, D., Weiffenbach, B., &
Donis-Keller, H. (1987). A genetic linkage map of chromosome 7
including the cystic fibrosis region. In: G. Mastella & P.M. Quinton
(Eds.), Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco,
CA: San Francisco Press.
16. Barker, D., Green, P., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Rising, M., Watt, D.,
Weiffenbach, B., & Donis-Keller, H. (1987). Genetic linkage map of
human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 84(22), 8006-8010. PMID: 2891136; PMCID:
PMC299465.
17. Lander, E.S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly,
M.J., Lincoln, S.E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: an interactive
computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of
experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. PMID:
3692487.
18. Donis-Keller, H., Green, P., Helms, C., Cartinhour, S.,
Weiffenbach, B., Stephens, K., Keith, T.P., Bowden, D.W., Smith, D.R.,
Lander, E.S., Botstein, D., Akots, G., Rediker, K.S., Gravius, T.,
Brown, V.A., Rising, M.B., Parker, C., Powers, J.A., Watt, D.E.,
Kauffman, E.R., Bricker, A., Phipps, P., Muller-Kahle, H., Fulton,
T.R., Ng, S., Schumm, J.W., Braman, J.C., Knowlton, R.G., Barker, D.F.,
Crooks, S.M., Lincoln, S., Daly, M.J., & Abrahamson, J. (1987). A
genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell, 51(2), 319-337. PMID:
3664638.
19. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1987). Constructing genetic
linkage maps with MAPMAKER: A tutorial and reference manual. Whitehead
Institute Technical Report, 107.
20. Lander, E.S. (1987). The new human genetics: Mapping inherited
diseases. Princeton Alumni Weekly, (March 25), 10-16.
21. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1988). Genomic mapping by
fingerprinting random clones: a mathematical analysis. Genomics, 2(3),
231-239. PMID: 3294162.
22. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S., &
Meyerowitz, E.M. (1988). Restriction fragment length polymorphism
linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 85(18), 6856-6860. PMID: 2901107; PMCID:
PMC282077.
23. Dracopoli, N.C., Stanger, B.Z., Ito, C.Y., Call, K.M., Lincoln,
S.E., Lander, E.S., Housman, D.E. (1988). A genetic linkage map of 27
loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human chromosome I. American
Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 462-470. PMID: 2902785; PMCID:
PMC1715484.
24. Lander, E.S., & Lincoln, S.E. (1988). The appropriate threshold
for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates.
American Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 396-400. PMID: 3177382;
PMCID: PMC1715500.
25. Paterson, A.H., Lander, E.S., Hewitt, J.D., Peterson, S.,
Lincoln, S.E., & Tanksley, S.D. (1988). Resolution of quantitative
traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature, 335(6192), 721-726.
PMID: 2902517.
26. Lander, E.S. (1988). Splitting schizophrenia. Nature,
336(6195), 105-106. PMID: 2903447.
27. Lander, E.S. (1988). Mapping complex genetic traits in humans.
In: K. Davies (Ed.), Genome analysis: A practical approach (pp. 171-
188). Oxford: IRL Press.
28. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restriction fragments: Their properties
and uses. In: M. Waterman (Ed.), Mathematical methods for DNA sequences
(pp. 35-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
29. Hulbert, S.H., Ilott, T.W., Legg, E.J., Lincoln, S.E., Lander,
E.S., & Michelmore, R.W. (1988). Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia
lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics,
120(4), 947-958. PMID: 2906309; PMCID: PMC1203586.
30. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1988). Protein
sequence comparison on a data parallel computer. Proceedings of the
1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing, August 15-19,
1988/sponsored by Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State
Universit
31. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors
underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics,
121(1), 185-199. PMID: 2563713; PMCID: PMC1203601.
32. Pato, C.N., Lander, E.S., & Schulz, S.C. (1989). Prospects for
the genetic analysis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(3),
365-372. PMID: 2683037.
33. Lander, E.S. (1989). DNA fingerprinting on trial. Nature,
339(6225), 501-505. PMID: 2567496.
34. Lander, E.S. (1989). Population genetic considerations in the
forensic use of DNA typing. Banbury Report, 32, 143-156.
35. Lander, E.S., & Daly, M.J. (1989). Genetic mapping of the
cystic fibrosis region: Multipoint linkage analysis in two-generation
pedigrees. In: R.C. Elston, M.A. Spence, S.E. Hodge, & J.W. MacCluer
(Eds.), Genetic Analysis Workshop 6: Multipoint Mapping and Linkage
Based upon Affected Pedigree Members. New York: Alan R. Liss.
36. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1989). Study of
protein sequence comparison metrics on the Connection Machine CM-2. The
Journal of Supercomputing, 3(4), 255-269.
37. Lander, E.S. (1989). Genetic mapping of polygenic factors
causing diabetes in inbred rodent strains. In: Nordisk Insulin
Symposium No. 3: Genes and Gene Products in the Development of Diabetes
Mellitus--Basic and Clinical Aspects, Oslo, Norway. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Publishers.
38. Accili, D., Frapier, C., Mosthaf, L., McKeon, C., Elbein, S.C.,
Permutt, M.A., Ramon, E., Lander, E.S., Ullrich, A., & Taylor, S.I.
(1989). A mutation in the insulin receptor gene that impairs transport
of the receptor to the plasma membrane and causes insulin-resistant
diabetes. The EMBO Journal, 8(9), 2509-2517. PMID: 2573522; PMCID:
PMC401244.
39. Lander E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Accurate and efficient
mapping of quantitative trait loci. In: T. Helentjaris & B. Burr
(Eds.), Development and Application of Molecular Markers in Problems in
Plant Genetics; Current Communications in Molecular Biology (pp. 89-
96). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
40. Jones, R., Taylor, W.J., Zhang, X., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander,
E.S. (1990). Protein sequence comparison on the Connection Machine CM-
2. In Computers and DNA: Proceedings of the Interface Between
Computation Science and Nucleic Acid Sequencing Workshop, Dec 12-16,
1988. Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
41. Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H. (1990). Mitochondrial diseases: gene
mapping and gene therapy. Cell, 61(6), 925-926. PMID: 2190693.
42. Chakravarti, A., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Genetic approaches to
the dissection of complex diseases. Banbury Report, 33, 307-315.
43. Immerman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Describing graphs: A
first-order approach to graph canonization. In A.L. Selman (Ed.),
Complexity Theory Retrospective (pp. 59-81). New York, NY: Springer-
Verlag.
44. Paterson A.H., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D. (1990). Mapping
QTLs affecting agriculturally important traits: Some examples from the
tomato. In: J.E. Womack (Ed.), Mapping the Genomes of Agriculturally
Important Animals. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
45. MacMurray, A.J., Weaver, A., Shin, H.S., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
An automated method for DNA preparation from thousands of YAC clones.
Nucleic Acids Research, 19(2), 385-390. PMID: 2014175; PMCID:
PMC333606.
46. Paterson, A.H., Damon, S., Hewitt, J.D., Zamir, D.,
Rabinowitch, H.D., Lincoln, S.E., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D.
(1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato:
comparison across species, generations, and environments. Genetics,
127(1), 181-197. PMID: 1673106; PMCID: PMC1204303.
47. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1991). Counting algorithms for
linkage: correction to Morton and Collins. Annals of Human Genetics,
55(Pt. 1), 33-38. PMID: 2042933.
48. Lander, E.S. (1991). Molecular Biology: The new frontier for
computational science. Very Large Scale Computation in the 21st
Century, 25, 138.
49. Green, P., & Lander, E.S. (1991). Forensic DNA tests and Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium. Science, 253(5023), 1038-1039. PMID: 17775346.
50. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing catching up with
courtroom application. American Journal of Human Genetics, 48(5), 819-
823. PMID: 1760000; PMCID: PMC1683053.
51. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing validated in the
literature [Reply]. American Journal of Human Genetics 49, 899-903.
52. Jacob, H.J., Lindpaintner, K., Lincoln, S.E., Kusumi, K.,
Bunker, R.K., Mao, Y.P., Ganten, D., Dzau, V.J., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone
spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cell, 67(1), 213-224. PMID: 1655275.
53. Arratia, R., Lander, E.S., Tavare, S., & Waterman, M.S. (1991).
Genomic mapping by anchoring random clones: A mathematical analysis.
Genomics, 11(4), 806-827. PMID: 1783390.
54. Lander, E.S., Langridge, R., & Saccocio, D.M. (1991). Computing
in molecular biology: mapping and interpreting biological information.
Computer, 24(11), 6-13.
55. Dietrich, W., Katz, H., Lincoln, S.E., Shin, H.S., Friedman,
J., Dracopoli, N.C., & Lander, E.S. (1992). A genetic map of the mouse
suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. Genetics, 131(2), 423-447.
PMID: 1353738; PMCID: PMC1205016.
56. Stuber, C.W., Lincoln, S.E., Wolff, D.W., Helentjaris, T., &
Lander, E.S. (1992). Identification of genetic factors contributing to
heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular
markers. Genetics, 132(3), 823-839. PMID: 1468633; PMCID: PMC1205218.
57. Jacob, H.J., Pettersson, A., Wilson, D., Mao, Y., Lernmark, A.,
& Lander, E.S. (1992). Genetic dissection of autoimmune type I diabetes
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Patwardhan, T. A., Nguyen, T. H., Kane, M., Perez, E. M., Durand, N.
C., Lareau, C. A., Stamenova, E. K., Aiden, E. L., Lander, E. S., &
Engreitz, J. M. (2019). Activity-by-contact model of enhancer-promoter
regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations. Nat Genet. 51(12):
1664-1669.
574. Basak, A., Munschauer, M., Lareau, C. A., Montbleau, K. E.,
Ulirsch, J. C., Hartigan, C. R., Schenone, M., Lian, J., Wang, Y.,
Huang, Y., Wu, X., Gehrke, L., Rice, C. M., An, X., Christou, H. A.,
Mohandas, N., Carr, S. A., Chen, J. J., Orkin, S. H., Lander, E. S. &
Sankaran, V. G. (2020). Control of human hemoglobin switching by
LIN28B-mediated regulation of BCL11A translation. Nature genetics.
52(2): 138-145.
575. Dietlein, F., Weghorn, D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Richters, A.,
Reardon, B., Liu, D., Lander, E. S., Van Allen, E. M. & Sunyaev, S. R.
(2020). Identification of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide
context. Nature genetics. 52(2): 208-218.
576. Painter, C. A., Jain, E., Tomson, B. N., Dunphy, M., Stoddard,
R. E., Thomas, B. S., Damon, A. L., Shah, S., Kim, D., Gomez Tejeda
Zanudo, J., Hornick, J. L., Chen, Y. L., Merriam, P., Raut, C. P.,
Demetri, G. D., Van Tine, B. A., Lander, E. S., Golub, T. R. & Wagle,
N. (2020). The Angiosarcoma Project: enabling genomic and clinical
discoveries in a rare cancer through patient-partnered research. Nature
medicine. 26(2): 181-187.
577. Ray, J. P., de Boer, C. G., Fulco, C. P., Lareau, C. A.,
Kanai, M., Ulirsch, J. C., Tewhey, R., Ludwig, L. S., Reilly, S. K.,
Bergman, D. T., Engreitz, J. M., Issner, R., Finucane, H. K., Lander,
E. S., Regev, A. & Hacohen, N. (2020). Prioritizing disease and trait
causal variants at the TNFAIP3 locus using functional and genomic
features. Nature communications. 11(1): 1237.
578. Vallabh, S. M., Minikel, E. V., Schreiber, S. L. & Lander, E.
S. (2020). Towards a treatment for genetic prion disease: trials and
biomarkers. The Lancet. Neurology. 19(4): 361-368.
579. Abel, H. J., Larson, D. E., Regier, A. A., Chiang, C., Das,
I., Kanchi, K. L., Layer, R. M., Neale, B. M., Salerno, W. J., Reeves,
C., Buyske, S., NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics, Matise, T.
C., Muzny, D. M., Zody, M. C., Lander, E. S., Dutcher, S. K., Stitziel
N. O., & Hall I. M. (2020). Mapping and characterization of structural
variation in 17,795 human genomes. Nature. 583(7814): 83-89.
580. Fahed, A. C., Wang, M., Homburger, J. R., Patel, A. P., Bick,
A. G., Neben, C. L., Lai, C., Brockman, D., Philippakis, A., Ellinor,
P. T., Cassa, C. A., Lebo, M., Ng, K., Lander, E. S., Zhou, A. Y.,
Kathiresan, S., & Khera, A. V. (2020). Polygenic background modifies
penetrance of monogenic variants for tier 1 genomic conditions. Nature
communications. 11(1): 3635.
581. Zoonomia Consortium. (2020). A comparative genomics multitool
for scientific discovery and conservation. Nature 587(7833): 240-245.
582. Bick A.G., Weinstock J.S., Nandakumar S.K., Fulco C.P., Bao
E.L., Zekavat S.M., Szeto M.D., Liao X., Leventhal M.J., Nasser J.,
Chang K., Laurie C., Burugula B.B., Gibson C.J., Lin A.E., Taub M.A.,
Aguet F,. Ardlie K., Mitchell B.D., Barnes K.C., Moscati A., Fornage
M., Redline S., Psaty B.M., Silverman E.K., Weiss S.T., Palmer N.D.,
Vasan R.S., Burchard E.G., Kardia S.L.R., He J., Kaplan R.C., Smith
N.L., Arnett D.K., Schwartz D.A., Correa A., de Andrade M., Guo X.,
Konkle B.A., Custer B., Peralta J.M., Gui H., Meyers D.A., McGarvey
S.T., Chen I.Y., Shoemaker M.B., Peyser P.A., Broome J.G., Gogarten
S.M., Wang F.F., Wong Q., Montasser M.E., Daya M., Kenny E.E., North
K.E., Launer L.J., Cade B.E., Bis J.C., Cho M.H., Lasky-Su J., Bowden
D.W., Cupples L.A., Mak A.C.Y., Becker L.C., Smith J.A., Kelly T.N.,
Aslibekyan S., Heckbert S.R., Tiwari H.K., Yang I.V., Heit J.A., Lubitz
S.A., Johnsen J.M., Curran J.E., Wenzel S.E., Weeks D.E., Rao D.C.,
Darbar D., Moon J.Y., Tracy R.P., Buth E.J., Rafaels N., Loos R.J.F.,
Durda P., Liu Y., Hou L., Lee J., Kachroo P., Freedman B.I., Levy D.,
Bielak L.F., Hixson J.E., Floyd J.S., Whitsel E.A., Ellinor P.T., Irvin
M.R., Fingerlin T.E., Raffield L.M., Armasu S.M., Wheeler M.M., Sabino
E.C., Blangero J., Williams L.K., Levy B.D., Sheu W.H., Roden D.M.,
Boerwinkle E., Manson J.E., Mathias R.A., Desai P., Taylor K.D.,
Johnson A.D.; NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium, Auer
P.L., Kooperberg C., Laurie C.C., Blackwell T.W., Smith A.V., Zhao H.,
Lange E., Lange L., Rich S.S., Rotter J.I., Wilson J.G., Scheet P.,
Kitzman J.O., Lander E.S., Engreitz J.M., Ebert B.L., Reiner A.P.,
Jaiswal S., Abecasis G., Sankaran V.G., Kathiresan S., & Natarajan P.
(2020). Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole
genomes. Nature. 586(7831): 763-768.
583. Schmidt N., Lareau C.A., Keshishian H., Ganskih S., Schneider
C., Hennig T., Melanson R., Werner S., Wei Y., Zimmer M., Ade J.,
Kirschner L., Zielinski S., Dolken L., Lander E.S., Caliskan N.,
Fischer U., Vogel J., Carr S.A., Bodem J., & Munschauer M. (2020). The
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-protein interactome in infected human cells. Nature
Microbiology. Epub ahead of print.
584. Marshall J.L., Doughty B.R., Subramanian V., Guckelberger P.,
Wang Q., Chen L.M., Rodriques S.G., Zhang K., Fulco C.P., Nasser J.,
Grinkevich E.J., Noel T., Mangiameli S., Bergman D.T., Greka A., Lander
E.S., Chen F., & Engreitz J.M. HyPR-seq: Single-cell quantification of
chosen RNAs via hybridization and sequencing of DNA probes. (2020).
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(52): 33404-33413.
585. Mitchell C.M., Mazzoni C., Hogstrom L., Bryant A., Bergerat
A., Cher A., Pochan S., Herman P., Carrigan M., Sharp K., Huttenhower
C., Lander E.S., Vlamakis H., Xavier R.J., & Yassour M. Delivery Mode
Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota. (2020). Cell Reports
Medicine. 1(9): 100156.
586. Collins F.S., Doudna J.A., Lander E.S., Rotimi C.N. Human
Molecular Genetics and Genomics--Important Advances and Exciting
Possibilities. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine. Epub ahead of
print.
587. Sinnott-Armstrong N., Sousa I.S., Laber S., Rendina-Ruedy E.,
Nitter Dankel S.E., Ferreira T., Mellgren G., Karasik D., Rivas M.,
Pritchard J., Guntur A.R., Cox R.D., Lindgren C.M., Hauner H., Sallari
R., Rosen C.J., Hsu Y.H., Lander E.S., Kiel D.P., Claussnitzer M. A
regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk for
hyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density. (2021) Cell Metab. Epub
ahead of print.
IV. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
I have also authored OpEds, PCAST reports during the Obama
Administration, Ad Hoc working group reports, Supreme Court amicus
briefs, and a law review article.
OpEds:
Just when we need it most, science is in danger (Boston
Globe): https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/10/08/opinion/just-
when-we-need-it-most-science-is-danger/
Looking to the future of patient-centered cancer research
and treatment (Boston Globe; with Reed Jobs): https://
www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/10/18/looking-future-patient-
centered-cancer-research-and-treatment/C7jJ2lV0Z0PjOHZOxv9oyJ/
story.html
Will America yield its position as the world's leader in
science and technology? (Boston Globe): https://
www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/012918-BostonGlobe-
LanderOpEd.pdf
America's `Miracle Machine' is in desperate need of, well, a
miracle (Washington Post; with Eric Schmidt): https://
www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/050517-WashPost-
OpEdMiracleMachine.pdf
Hype vs. hope in medical research (Boston Globe/Medium):
https://www.broad
institute.org/files/sections/about/BostonGlobe-HypeVsHope-
opinion.pdf
(Medium: https://medium.com/@eric_lander/hype-vs-hope-in-medical-
research-3fbd8edf018d)
Fix the Flaws in Forensic Science (New York Times): https://
www.nytimes
.com/2015/04/21/opinion/fix-the-flaws-in-forensic-science.html
Private Money Pays Off For Medicine (Wall Street Journal;
with Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.): https://www.wsj.com/articles/
eric-lander-and-louis-gerstner-private-money-pays-off-for-
medicine-1407710070
The Accelerator (Science): https://science.sciencemag.org/
content/331/6020/1024.2.full
In Wake of Genetic Revolution, Questions About Its Meaning
(New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/science/
essay-in-wake-of-genetic
-revolution-questions-about-its-meaning.html
Law Review Article:
Fixing Rule 702: The PCAST Report and Steps to Ensure the
Reliability of Forensic Feature-Comparison Methods in the
Criminal Courts: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/
about/PCAST/2018 percent20ensurin g-reliability-forensic.pdf
Supreme Court Amicus Briefs:
Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics:
https://www.broadin
stitute.org/files/sections/about/12-398-ac-Lander.pdf
Gill v. Whitford: https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/
default/files/legal-work
/Gill_AmicusBrief_EricLander_InSupportofAppellees.pdf
Rucho v. Common Cause: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/
sections/about/Gerrymandering_Amicus Brief_EricLander_Rucho.pdf
Reports
International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human
Germline Genome Editing Heritable Human Genome Editing report:
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-
editing
39 Reports of the President's Council of Advisors on Science
and Technology (PCAST), which I co-chaired during the Obama
Administration, 2009-2017 (one classified): https://
obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/
docsrep orts
OPCAST Ad Hoc Pandemic Response Group (single document with
all six reports): https://opcast.org/OPCAST_Compendium.pdf
On Human Gene Editing: International Summit Statement:
https://www
.nationalacademies.org/news/2015/12/on-human-gene-editing-
international-summit-statement
National Academy of Sciences Committee on DNA Technology in
Forensic Science report: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1866/dna-
technology-in-forensic-science
V. ONLINE MATERIALS
Online Courses:
Introduction to Biology--The Secret of Life (edX):
https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-to-biology-the-secret-
of-life-3
Fundamentals of Biology (MIT OpenCourseware):
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-01sc-fundamentals-of-
biology-fall-2011/
Podcasts:
Brave New Planet (host):
https://www.pushkin.fm/show/brave-new-planet/
Clear + Vivid (guest)
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-decoding-
life/id1400082430?i=1000506582017
Lovett or Leave It (guest):
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/coup-clutz-clan/
id1216346463?i=1000499693551
Deep Background with Noah Feldman (guest):
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-big-data-revolution/
id1460055316?i=1000501053706
Armchair Expert (guest):
https://armchairexpert.simplecast.com/episodes/eric-lander-
yfQOlTJc
Stay Tuned with Preet (guest):
https://cafe.com/stay-tuned/playing-god-with-eric-lander/
Theory and Practice (guest):
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-broad-
institute/id1480260459?i=1000459308356
Talking Machines podcast (guest):
https://www.thetalkingmachines.com/episodes/eric-lander-and-
restricted-boltzmann-machines
Relevant Lectures and Talks:
Lecture 14: ``Rapid research response in a pandemic'' (MIT):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLkuchTScn8
Klinsky Lecture on Science, Law and Policy (Harvard Law
School):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOZJ-kn2Tc
Science, Technology, and the Future of America (HUBweek):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfN7b79SSec
``Secrets of the Human Genome'' (Killian Lecture):
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?t=8m21s&v=ztMBrL21bP4&feature=youtu.be
Precision Medicine: the Promise, the Journey, the Future
(Public Health Grand Rounds at the Aspen Institute):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfh-0xlVCpo
Limits to our Understanding (International Summit on Human Gene
Editing):
https://vimeo.com/showcase/3703972/video/149192705
The Miracle Machine (National Math Festival):
https://vimeo.com/133400574
Aspen Ideas Festival Afternoon of Conversation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoTuRTYuY14
Future of U.S. Innovation (Brookings Institute):
https://www.c-span.org/video/?300258-4/future-us-innovation#
Save the Miracle Machine:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNqa8TWM_10
Millennium evenings at the White House, Information Meets
Genomics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hnMi714CX0
18. List digital platforms (including social media and other
digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'' you
have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account
is active, deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if
possible.
Twitter [Active]: https://twitter.com/eric_lander (A podcast
that I hosted also has a Twitter account, https://twitter.com/
BravePlanetPod, although I do not maintain that account.)
Instagram [Dormant]: https://www.instagram.com/ericlander17/
Facebook [Deleted]: I do not have a personal Facebook account.
(An account was created in 2013, never used, and then deleted.)
Reddit [Dormant]: https://www.reddit.com/user/Eric_Lander
Medium [Dormant]: https://medium.com/@eric_lander
19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
testimony.
I have testified before such bodies on these two occasions:
1. United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Space:
The Science and Standards of Forensics (March 28, 2012)
2. The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human
Services, Education, and Related Agencies: FY 1996 budget for
the National Institutes of Health (February 2, 1995)
To the best of my recollection, I have not testified on other
occasions.
20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
position?
Affirmative qualifications for the Director of the Office of
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): I have worked as scientist for 35
years, including on major scientific projects such as the Human Genome
Project; I have served on several bodies that provide advice concerning
science and technology to the Federal government, including co-chairing
for eight years the President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology (which provides advice to the President and the White House)
and serving for four years on the Defense Innovation Board (which
provides advice to the Secretary of Defense and the DOD).
I wish to serve in this position because I believe that (i) U.S.
science and technology will be crucial to our Nation's health, economic
prosperity and national security in the decades ahead and (ii) sound
Federal policies can promote U.S. science and technology.
21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
organization?
Responsibilities to Ensure Proper Management and Accounting
Controls: I recognize that as Director, I would be responsible for all
issues of compliance at the agency including management and accounting
responsibility. Working with appointed leadership, career staff and
Congressional oversight, I will work to ensure that OSTP meets the
highest standards of professionalism and compliance to serve the public
good. This would include ensuring that the agency adhere to the OSTP
Open Government Plan, promoting transparency, timely responses to
Congressional and GAO inquiries and compliance with reporting
requirements.
Experience Managing Large Organizations: Since 2004, I have served
as the CEO, President and Founding Director of the Broad Institute of
MIT and Harvard. Since 2009, the Broad Institute has been an 501(c)(3)
non-profit organization, with a large scientific community (currently
more than 4,500 people), many employees (currently more than 2,000
people) and a large budget (currently more than $500 million/year).
22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
department/agency, and why?
As the President has noted: In the aftermath of WWII, the United
States adopted a wise science and technology strategy that has guided
the Nation for 75 years, ensuring that the U.S. has been the world
leader in scientific discovery and technological innovation and
yielding enormous benefits for the Nation's health, economic prosperity
and national security. However, much has changed over the past 75
years--making it now essential to ``refresh and reinvigorate our
national science and technology strategy to set us on a strong course
for the next 75 years, so that our children and grandchildren may
inhabit a healthier, safer, more just, peaceful, and prosperous
world.''
The President posed five critical questions, and he is seeking
answers in the form of policies--including strategies, activities and
structures--to ensure our Nation's success in the decades ahead.
Consistent with the President's letter, I believe the top three
challenges are to develop policies to:
(1) Ensure that we learn from the current pandemic in the broadest
sense--about what is possible or what should become possible--
to address the widest range of needs related to our public
health.
This work includes how we can: dramatically improve our ability to
rapidly address threats from pathogens, including emerging pandemics,
potential bioweapons, and antibiotic resistance; dramatically speed our
ability to develop and conduct clinical trials of therapies for other
types of diseases like cancer; enable the rapid sharing, with patient
consent, of health information to build a smarter and more effective
healthcare system; best use telemedicine to improve health for all
Americans; and much more.
(2) Ensure that the United States will be the world leader in the
technologies and industries of the future that will be critical
to our economic prosperity and national security, especially in
competition with China.
New technologies are emerging with increasing rapidity that have
the potential to transform our lives, increase our economic prosperity
by creating new industries and jobs, and protect our national security.
Examples of new or rapidly evolving technologies include artificial
intelligence, synthetic biology, quantum computing, advanced energy
technologies, advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, semiconductors,
telecommunications, and much more.
Over the past 75 years, America has consistently been a world
leader in the development of all major technologies, with huge economic
and national security benefits. Today, other countries--especially
China--are making unprecedented investments and doing everything in
their power to promote the growth of new industries and eclipse
America's scientific and technological leadership. Our future depends
on our ability to keep pace with our competitors and to lead in the
fields that will define the economy of tomorrow.
We need to focus on: maintaining the right level of national
investment; creating the structures, infrastructures, and policies
needed to accelerate the path from research laboratories to development
projects to the marketplace; strengthening and expanding the
connections between academia, industry, and government, which have
historically been crucial for advancing technology and protecting
national security; and ensuring that technological advances create
rather than diminish high-quality jobs.
In addition, we need to ensure the long-term health of science and
technology in our Nation--from expanding the availability of high-
quality STEM education for all students and addressing stresses on
colleges and universities, to protecting scientific integrity within
government and making government a premier destination for scientists
and technologists to work.
(3) Ensure that the creation and rewards of science and technology are
fully shared across America and among all Americans.
Science and technology--including training, engagement, employment
and the benefits--remain unevenly distributed across racial, gender,
economic, and geographic lines in the US. We must ensure that Americans
of all backgrounds are drawn into both the creation and the rewards of
science and technology. We need to ensure that science and technology
hubs flourish in every part of the country. And, we need to ensure that
advances in medical science benefit the health of all Americans,
including substantially reducing disparities across racial,
socioeconomic and geographic disparities in health.
b. potential conflicts of interest
1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
accounts.
I have no continuing financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, or other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. My retirement accounts consist of the following:
a. The Broad Institute, Inc. 457(b) Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025 K
Shares)
b. Broad Institute, Inc. 401k Retirement Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025
Fund Class K Shares)
c. Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan (Vanguard
Institutional Target Retirement 2020 Fund Institutional Class
Shares)
d. A Sep IRA, consisting of:
a) Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund
b) Old Westbury Credit Income Fund
c) Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies
d) Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies
e) Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund
f) Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund
e. A Traditional IRA, consisting of:
a) Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund
b) Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund
c) Old Westbury Credit Income Fund
d) Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies
e) Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies
f) Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund
f. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, consisting of:
a) TIAA Traditional
b) CREF Stock
c) CREF Growth
d) CREF Equity Index
g. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research 403(B), consisting
of:
a) CREF Growth
b) CREF Bond Market
h. Retirement Income Plan For Teaching Faculty of Harvard
University, consisting of:
a) TIAA Traditional
b) CREF Stock R3
For the Broad Institute 457(b) and 401k plans, I will continue to
participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan sponsor will
not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of absence during
my government service.
For the Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan, I will
continue to participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan
sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of
absence during my government service.
For the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research retirement
accounts, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution
plan. The plan sponsor ceased making contributions upon my separation.
For the Retirement Income Plan for Teaching Faculty of Harvard
University, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution
plan. The plan sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an
unpaid leave of absence during my government service.
2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
please explain.
As described in my ethics agreement, I have been granted leaves of
absence from my tenured faculty appointments at (i) MIT, (ii) Harvard
and (iii) the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, pursuant to their
leave of absence policies and will abide by the terms governing those
leaves set forth in the ethics agreement.
3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
resolve each potential conflict of interest.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
resolve the conflict.
4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
each potential conflict of interest.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
resolve the conflict.
5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain
how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
resolve the conflict.
6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
execution of law or public policy. None.
c. legal matters
1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
professional group? If yes:
a. Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;
b. Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
personnel action was issued or initiated;
c. Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
personnel action;
d. Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
complaint, or personnel action.
No.
2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain.
No, (except for routine background investigations required for
security clearance).
3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
explain.
CRISPR Patent Litigation. The Broad Institute has been involved in
various proceedings related to which party was the first to invent
various aspects of the CRISPR genome-editing technology. These patent
questions have been the subject of proceedings before the U.S. Patent
and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office Board of Appeals,
with one decision appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal
Circuit. The principal cases are listed below.
Regents of University of California v. The Broad Institute,
Inc. (0:2017bca
ag01907), U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit
In 2012, researchers from the University of California,
University of Vienna, and Emmanuelle Charpentier
(collectively, ``UC'') published their use of CRISPR-
Cas9 to precisely cut purified DNA in a test tube.
Shortly thereafter, researchers from the Broad
Institute, Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
(collectively, ``Broad'') published their use of
CRISPR-Cas9 to edit DNA in living cells, including
human cells. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board
(``Board'') found that Broad's invention was patentably
distinct from UC's. UC appealed, and the Federal Court
of Appeals affirmed the Board's decision.
Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, Case Number:
T 0844/18-3.308, Application Number: 13818570.7, Publication
Number: 2771468
This appeal concerns European patent 2 771 468 having
the title ``ENGINEERING OF SYSTEMS, METHODS AND
OPTIMIZED GUIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE
MANIPULATION'' that is based upon European patent
application No. 13 818 570.7 and the PCT application,
PCT/US2013/074819 filed on 12 December 2013 (``PCT
'819''). European patent 2 771 468 and PCT '819 claim
priority from twelve U.S. provisional patent
applications (referred to as P1 to P12 in the decision
of the opposition division).
George W. Schlich v. The Broad Institute, Inc., Feng Zhang,
Naomi Habib, and Le Cong (1:2016mc91278), U.S. Court of
Appeals, First Circuit
European patent attorney representing genome editing
company petitioned to obtain discovery from non-profit
medical research organization in relation to opposition
proceedings currently before the European Patent Office
(EPO) in which the attorney challenged the validity of
several of the organization's European patents
involving technology used in the programmable genome
editing of mammalian cells. The United States District
Court for the District of Massachusetts, F. Dennis
Saylor, IV, J., 2016 WL 7209565, denied petition and
subsequently, 2017 WL 1015005, denied patent attorney's
motion for reconsideration. Patent attorney appealed.
Benson Hill Biosystems Inc v. The Broad Institute Inc, U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office, Case PGR 2018-00072, U.S. Patent
No. 9,790,490
Benson Hill Biosystems requested post grant review of
U.S. Patent No 9,790,490, which was assigned to the
Broad Institute, Presidents and Fellows of Harvard
College, and MIT ``patent owners''. This request was
denied on 1/22/2019.
Other Litigation
Xiulin Liu v. The Broad Institute, Inc.(1:2017cv12045),
Massachusetts District Court, filed 10/19/17, closed 11/13/17
In the Complaint, Plaintiff made allegations of
wrongful termination and age discrimination. The Broad
disputed Plaintiff's claims. The Court dismissed
Plaintiff's Complaint on November 13, 2017. Liu made
similar allegations in a complaint filed with the
Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination and the
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; the
action was dismissed after investigation by the MCAD.
Natissa Enterprises Ltd v. Broad Institute (1:2019mc91124),
filed 04/02/19, closed 05/02/19, Massachusetts District Court
Plaintiff filed a Motion to Compel and Enforce Subpoena
as to the Broad in regard to a separate matter, In re
Illumina Inc. Securities Litigation, No. CV-03044-L
(S.D. Cal.). The Broad opposed Plaintiff's motion to
compel. Plaintiff agreed, by Stipulation dated and
filed on April 30, 2019, to withdraw its motion to
compel and dismiss the action against the Broad.
4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain. No.
5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
connection with your nomination.
I am not aware of additional information relevant to this section.
d. relationship with committee
1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
deadlines for information set by congressional committees, and that
your department/agency endeavors to timely comply with requests for
information from individual Members of Congress, including requests
from members in the minority? Yes.
2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
to protect congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
______
Attachment A9: Resume of Eric Steven Lander
TITLE
President & Founding Director, The Eli and Edythe L. Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard
Professor, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Professor, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical
School
OFFICE
Broad Institute
415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142
617-714-7010 (phone)
HOME
DATE OF BIRTH
February 3, 1957
Brooklyn, New York
CITIZENSHIP
United States
EDUCATION
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
A.B. with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978
Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981
FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (CURRENT)
The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
President and Founding Director, 2003-present
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
Professor, 1993-present
Associate Professor (with tenure), 1989-1993
Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989
Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
Professor, 2004-present
FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (PAST)
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
Member, 1989-2008
Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989
Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
Associate Professor, 1987-1990
Assistant Professor, 1981-1986
Taught courses on mathematics, statistics and economics;
developed new courses on bidding and bargaining; artificial
intelligence; and science-based businesses.
During this period learned molecular biology and genetics in
laboratories of Peter Cherbas and William Gelbart at Harvard,
and H. Robert Horvitz, David Botstein and David Page at MIT.
SUMMER COURSES
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
Short Course in Medical and Mammalian Genetics,
Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Genetic Approaches to Human Disease Using DNA Markers
Course Co-organizer, Summer 1989, 1990, 1991
Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics, Amherst,
Massachusetts
National Science Foundation program for exceptional high school
students,
Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979
MENTORING
Mentored more than 100 scientists, many who have gone on to
become faculty at leading universities, research centers, and
hospitals (including Harvard, Caltech, Princeton, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson
Cancer Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Weizmann
Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, U.S. National
Institutes of Health) and biotechnology and pharmaceutical
companies.
HONORARY DOCTORATES
Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate,
2017
Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate,
2017
Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and
Commencement Speaker, 2013
Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008
Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007
Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement
Speaker, 2005
University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005
Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker,
2003
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001
Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001
Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
ELECTED ACADEMIES
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020
Council on Foreign Relations, 2014
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013
European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012
Academy of Athens, 2009
U.S. Institute of Medicine, 1999
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999
American Academy of Achievement, 1999
U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
AWARDS AND PRIZES (Selected)
Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence
in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016
Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular
origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's
scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a
new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical
advancements''
James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT
faculty member''
Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016
AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
``for signal contributions to the advancement of
science in the United States''
Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015
Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013
Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer
Research, Ohio State University, 2013
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
''For the discovery of general principles for
identifying human disease genes, and enabling their
application to medicine through the creation and
analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the
human genome.''
Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel,
2012
''In recognition of his significant contributions to
the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most
of the major advances in this field.''
Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel,
2012
``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''
Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012
Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany
Medical College, 2010
New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished
Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009
A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard
Medical School, 2008-2009
U.S. News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006
Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006
AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology,
2004
``for his excellence in communicating complex
scientific ideas, and their implications for society,
to the general public and policy-makers, while actively
engaged in a demanding and aggressive research
program.''
Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National
Level, 2004
Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004
Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the
World Today,'' 2004
Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical
Society, 2004
American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003
Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research
Interchange, 2003
Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002
Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing
of the human and other genomes''
John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied
Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002
Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter
Symposium, 2002
City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert
Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001
J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001
Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001
Distinguished Service Award, American College of
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001
Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
``to the community of scientists that carried out the
Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of
community, together with Francis Collins and Craig
Venter
Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000
Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999
Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow
Foundation, 1998
Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for
Microbiology, 1998
Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
``for outstanding work as a scientist''
Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University,
1998
``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the
undergraduate college''
American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997
Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997
Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1996
``for outstanding teaching''
Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle,
1996
Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer
Research, 1995
``for excellence in cancer research''
Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology,
1995
Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at
San Francisco, 1995
Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994
Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of
Tennessee, 1994
Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993
Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York
University, 1993
Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching,
MIT, 1992
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
1990
``for research on the application of mathematical and
statistical approaches to molecular genetics''
MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and
mathematics, 1987-1992
Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981
Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, for best thesis in
mathematics, June 1981
Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981
Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978
Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
``the highest award the university confers upon an
undergraduate''
Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
``for highest academic achievement''
Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics,
Princeton University, 1976, 1977
U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th
International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974
First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974
GOVERNMENT SERVICE (Selected)
Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense:
Member, 2016-2020
President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's
Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
2012
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
(PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017
Presidential Commission on the National Medal of Science:
Member, 1995-2000
National Institutes of Health: Member, Advisory Committee to
the Director, 1995-2000
National Cancer Advisory Board: Member, 2003-2006
National Institute of Mental Health: Member, Genetics Working
Group, 1997-1998
National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Genome
Research Review Committee, 1990-1994
National Science Foundation: Member, Advisory Committee,
Biological and Behavioral Sciences, 1989-1994
National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc
Study Section on New Technologies for Genome Analysis, 1989
National Library of Medicine (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc Study Section
on Analysis of Molecular Biology Data, 1988
National Institutes of Health: Chair, Subcommittee on Genetic
Information, Advisory Committee on Human Genome Project, 1988
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH): Member, Special
Panel on Applications of Molecular Genetics to Hypertension and
Atherosclerosis, 1988
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment: Member, Panel on
DNA Forensics, 1989
NON-PROFIT AND ACADEMIC BOARDS (Selected)
Life Science Cares: Member, Board of Advisors, 2019-2021
Society for Science & The Public: Member, Honorary Board, 2019-
2021
Biden Cancer Initiative: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021
Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy: Member, Scientific
Advisory Board, 2015-2021
Global Alliance for Genomics and Health: Member, Strategic
Advisory Board, 2014-2021
Innocence Project: Member, Board of Directors, 2004-2021
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair, Scientific
Advisory Board, 2009-2017
Salk Institute for Biological Studies: Non-Resident Fellow,
2010-2018
Ragon Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2009-2021
Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Research Advisory
Council, 2009-2012
Boston University: Board of Trustees, 2008-2013
International Cancer Genomics Consortium: Member, Scientific
Planning Committee, 2007-2008
Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland: Member, Scientific
Advisory Board, 2007-2015
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: Member, Board of
Scientific Consultants, 2001-2008
American Society of Human Genetics: Member, Board of Directors,
2001-2003
Finnish Genome Center: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2000-
2006
The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Corporation, 1999-2004
Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Scientific Advisory
Board, 1997-2001
Task Force on Science, Health Care and the Economy: Member,
1997-present
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: Co-chair, Panel on
Genetic Resources, 1996-1997
National Cancer Institute: Co-chair, Developmental Diagnostics
Working Group, 1996-1997
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory
Board, 1996-2001
Joint Steering Committee for Public Policy: Chair, 1996-2001;
Member, 1994-2001
Genetics Society of America: Member, Board of Directors, 1992-
1997
The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Scientific Advisory Board,
1992-1997
Human Genome Organization: Governing Council, 1992-1997
National Academy of Sciences: Co-chair, Symposium on Molecular
Biology and Computer Science, 1990
National Academy of Sciences: Chair, Committee on Mathematics
and Molecular Biology, 1989- 1990
National Academy of Sciences: Member, Committee on DNA
Technology in Forensic Science, 1990-1993
National Academy of Sciences: Member, Organizing Committee for
Symposium on the Frontiers of Science, 1990
Princeton University: Member, Board of Trustees, 1987-1991
Princeton University: Member, Advisory Council, Department of
Mathematics, 1981-1985
EDITORIAL BOARDS (Selected)
Functional and Integrative Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2009
Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Editor, 1999-2005
Physiological Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2003
Computational Biology, Editorial Board, 1994-2009
Genetic Analysis: Techniques and Applications, Editorial Board,
1994-1995
Human Mutation, Editorial Board, 1993-1995
Advances in Applied Mathematics, Editorial Board, 1993-1995
Genetic Epidemiology, Editorial Board, 1991-1996
PCR Methods and Applications, Editorial Board, 1991-1995
Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, Editorial Board,
1991-1995
Human Molecular Genetics, Editorial Board, 1991-1995
Mammalian Genome, Editorial Board, 1991-2009
Genomics, Editorial Board, 1986-1999
Theoretical Population Biology, Editorial Board, 1987-1991
CORPORATE BOARDS, CONSULTING AND OTHER (Selected)
Codiak Biosciences: Board of Directors, 2015-2021
NEON Therapeutics: Board of Directors, 2015-2021
F-Prime Capital (formerly Fidelity Biosciences): Scientific
Advisory Board, 2010-2021
Infinity Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 2001-2016
Third Rock Ventures: Scientific Advisory Board, 2007-2021
Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor, 2010-2014
Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 1993-2007
Affymetrix: Scientific Advisory Board, 1995-2000
Healthcare Ventures: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-
1995
Arris Pharmaceutical: Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1997
Medigene: Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1994
E. Dupont de Nemours: Consultant, 1988
Thinking Machines Corporation: Consultant, 1990-1994
Collaborative Research: Consultant, 1985-1987
National Broadcasting Company: Consultant on statistics and
economics, 1985
Attorney General, State of Hawaii: Consultant on law and
economics, 1985
Wyche, Burgess, Freeman & Parham, Atlanta, Georgia: Consultant
on bidding and law, 1982
Bell Laboratories: Consultant on mathematics and statistics,
1981
Business Week Magazine: Staff reporter (AAAS Mass Media Intern
Fellowship for science journalism), 1977
PUBLICATIONS
Web of Science (as of 2020):
Total publications: 639
Citations: 223,166
H-index: 208
Google Scholar (as of 2020):
Citations: 486,772
H-index: 279
BOOK
1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach
(Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
EDITED BOOK
2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the
secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to
molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
ARTICLES
Mathematics
3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes.
Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their
automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries
and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their
symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian
difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters
in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
Economics
9. Farrell, J., & Lander, E.S. (1989). Competition between and
within teams: The lifeboat principle. Economics Letters, 29(3), 205-
208.
Biology
10. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Consanguinity and
heterogeneity: Cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy.
American Journal of Human Genetics, 39(2), 282-283. PMID: 3752091;
PMCID: PMC1683934.
11. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Strategies for studying
heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage map of
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 83(19), 7353-7357. PMID: 2876423; PMCID:
PMC386715.
12. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Mapping complex genetic
traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold
Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51(Pt 1), 49-62. PMID:
2884068.
13. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1987). Construction of multilocus
genetic linkage maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA, 84(8), 2363-2367. PMID: 3470801; PMCID: PMC304651.
14. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1987). Homozygosity mapping: a
way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children.
Science, 236(4808), 1567-1570. PMID: 2884728.
15. Green, P., Barker, D., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Watt, D., Weiffenbach, B., &
Donis-Keller, H. (1987). A genetic linkage map of chromosome 7
including the cystic fibrosis region. In: G. Mastella & P.M. Quinton
(Eds.), Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco,
CA: San Francisco Press.
16. Barker, D., Green, P., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Rising, M., Watt, D.,
Weiffenbach, B., & Donis-Keller, H. (1987). Genetic linkage map of
human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 84(22), 8006-8010. PMID: 2891136; PMCID:
PMC299465.
17. Lander, E.S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly,
M.J., Lincoln, S.E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: an interactive
computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of
experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. PMID:
3692487.
18. Donis-Keller, H., Green, P., Helms, C., Cartinhour, S.,
Weiffenbach, B., Stephens, K., Keith, T.P., Bowden, D.W., Smith, D.R.,
Lander, E.S., Botstein, D., Akots, G., Rediker, K.S., Gravius, T.,
Brown, V.A., Rising, M.B., Parker, C., Powers, J.A., Watt, D.E.,
Kauffman, E.R., Bricker, A., Phipps, P., Muller-Kahle, H., Fulton,
T.R., Ng, S., Schumm, J.W., Braman, J.C., Knowlton, R.G., Barker, D.F.,
Crooks, S.M., Lincoln, S., Daly, M.J., & Abrahamson, J. (1987). A
genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell, 51(2), 319-337. PMID:
3664638.
19. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1987). Constructing genetic
linkage maps with MAPMAKER: A tutorial and reference manual. Whitehead
Institute Technical Report, 107.
20. Lander, E.S. (1987). The new human genetics: Mapping inherited
diseases. Princeton Alumni Weekly, (March 25), 10-16.
21. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1988). Genomic mapping by
fingerprinting random clones: a mathematical analysis. Genomics, 2(3),
231-239. PMID: 3294162.
22. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S., &
Meyerowitz, E.M. (1988). Restriction fragment length polymorphism
linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA, 85(18), 6856-6860. PMID: 2901107; PMCID:
PMC282077.
23. Dracopoli, N.C., Stanger, B.Z., Ito, C.Y., Call, K.M., Lincoln,
S.E., Lander, E.S., Housman, D.E. (1988). A genetic linkage map of 27
loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human chromosome I. American
Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 462-470. PMID: 2902785; PMCID:
PMC1715484.
24. Lander, E.S., & Lincoln, S.E. (1988). The appropriate threshold
for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates.
American Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 396-400. PMID: 3177382;
PMCID: PMC1715500.
25. Paterson, A.H., Lander, E.S., Hewitt, J.D., Peterson, S.,
Lincoln, S.E., & Tanksley, S.D. (1988). Resolution of quantitative
traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of
restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature, 335(6192), 721-726.
PMID: 2902517.
26. Lander, E.S. (1988). Splitting schizophrenia. Nature,
336(6195), 105-106. PMID: 2903447.
27. Lander, E.S. (1988). Mapping complex genetic traits in humans.
In: K. Davies (Ed.), Genome analysis: A practical approach (pp. 171-
188). Oxford: IRL Press.
28. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restriction fragments: Their properties
and uses. In: M. Waterman (Ed.), Mathematical methods for DNA sequences
(pp. 35-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
29. Hulbert, S.H., Ilott, T.W., Legg, E.J., Lincoln, S.E., Lander,
E.S., & Michelmore, R.W. (1988). Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia
lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics,
120(4), 947-958. PMID: 2906309; PMCID: PMC1203586.
30. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1988). Protein
sequence comparison on a data parallel computer. Proceedings of the
1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing, August 15-19,
1988/sponsored by Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State
University.
31. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors
underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics,
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Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Dr. Lander. I will start with
the first round of questions.
As a member of the Senate, I have a strong commitment to
ensuring that our country is a leader in innovation and
technology. This simply cannot be done without women and
without diversity in our STEM work force. Dr. Lander, you have
been the leader of the Broad Institute for 17 years and just
explained to this committee that you have sought to support
women in science. However, statistics compiled by the Broad
Institute, suggest that it struggles to ensure robust
representation by women in STEM roles. For example, at Broad in
2018, women made up only about 25 percent of employees in
computational science and software engineering roles. While
this may track with national figures, maintaining the status
quo is not what we need to be competitive. We must do better.
Dr. Lander, my question to you is this. Did you do enough
at the Broad Institute to address gender gaps in STEM roles?
And if confirmed as Director, what concrete steps will you take
to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the STEM fields?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I really appreciate the question
because it is a topic I care tremendously about. When we did
the survey, to look at representation across the Broad, we
found that we had equal representation in all areas other than
the computational field. And as you know, representation in the
computational fields is terrible, with regard to gender and
tech. It is 15 percent.
We were very concerned that the one area in the Broad where
we were not at parity, was at the computational field and that
led us to an institute-wide process involving our group, Women
at Broad, to look at ways to increase that representation, to
go out to the conferences for women in computational sciences,
and invite more people to come and apply, to go out and present
at more of these conferences. And we have already made a
significant difference, particularly increasing women the more
senior roles in computational science.
It is not at the 50 precent that it is across the whole
rest of the Broad, but it is tracking up and we are very
committed to getting it up there.
Senator Duckworth. If confirmed as Director, what concrete
steps will you take to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the
STEM fields, for our Nation?
Dr. Lander. Well, thank you for that question, because I am
really excited about that and, as I say, have worked on it.
The first thing I would do--I have a lot of ideas, myself,
but the first thing--the place I know to start is to invite to
the table all of the people who are most effected and,
therefore, know the most. So, if confirmed, the first thing I
would do is, OSTP would convene the amazing organizations that
advocate for women and people of color in STEM fields, to
gather the best ideas and recruit--to recruit, support, and
retain women and underrepresented peoples.
I think OSTP also has this ability to look at diversity
across Federal agencies and look at what has worked there. And
from all of this, I think OSTP can develop best practices and
work with companies and institutions to adopt them.
I would bring my own ideas to it, but I do not want to
privilege my ideas over others. But some of the things I think
matter a lot, ensuring mentorship and opportunities early,
starting in middle school where we lose most girls--many girls
and people of color. I am a huge supporter and fan of groups
like, Girls Who Code and Resilient Coders.
I think science is not about knowing the answer in the back
of the book. Science is about asking questions that are not in
the book at all. And experiences like this, well, if a young
person builds something, creates something, invents something,
discovers something, they are hooked. That is what we have got
to do, and we have got to do it early and often and
consistently.
We also have to lift up role models. Life them up high so
that people can see themselves as scientist. We have to work
with academia and industry to address power dynamics in
academic labs and in corporate labs. And we have to commit and
get people to commit to diverse slates in every search.
Then, finally, like we tried to do at the Broad, we have to
set goals, we have to measure, and we have to hold ourselves
accountable. And when we fall short, we have to shine a
spotlight on it.
Those are some of the things I would offer of--based on my
experience. But as I say, I would very much want to first bring
everyone to the table, because there are people who will know
more and there are people who will know different. And we have
got to start with that. But, if confirmed, this would be one of
the first things I would do, in the role at OSTP.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I now recognize Ranking
Member Wicker for his questions.
Senator Wicker. Thank you very much. And very fascinating
testimony so far.
You know, Dr. Lander, I wish I could spend my first round
asking you to elaborate on the Human Genome project and
prospects for Alzheimer's and, also, a few more examples of why
it is important for scientists to have a dose of humility.
Unfortunately, I have got to ask questions about----
Dr. Lander. Sure.
Senator Wicker.--some requests that we have made. And of
course, Senator Duckworth eluded to these, also.
We have asked for 10 years of donors to the Broad
Institute. We do not have a complete list yet. Are you going to
be able to get those to us?
Dr. Lander. I--Senator, I believe we sent you eight years,
which is what was available. I can ask to see if they can go
back two more.
Senator Wicker. OK, well, I wish would. It is important to
us that we--we asked for 10 for a reason. So, you are going to
try to do that?
Dr. Lander. I will try to do that, sir.
[The information referred to follows:]
Donors, 2011-2012
The Broad Institute became a 501(c)(3) in FY 2010. Beginning in FY
2013, it began regularly preparing an annual donor report, based on
gifts received of $1,000 or more. Lists were provided to the Committee
covering the past eight Fiscal Years (2013-2020).
To address the Committee's request for two additional years of
donors (2011-2012), the Broad Institute agreed to review its files and
was able to provide a donor list for these years (below).
Academia-Sinica
Agilent Technologies Foundation
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Airedale Health Foundation
Jill and David Altshuler
American Kennel Club, Canine Health Foundation
Amgen, Inc.
Valerie C. Anastasio
AstraZeneca UK Limited
Dennis Ausiello, M.D.
Autism Consortium
Drs. David Baltimore and Alice S. Huang
Blavatnik Family Foundation
Katherine and David Bradley
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Eli and Edythe L. Broad
Leslie Burke Sampson
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
Sadiya Carr
Centocor
Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
CHDI Foundation, Inc.
Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
Kent and Liz Dauten
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
Jamie Walters El-Erian and Dr. Mohamed El-Erian
Eli Lilly and Company
The European Bioinformatics Institute
Joan Faubion, Ph.D.
Alan Fein and Ellen Kolton
Fondation Leducq
John B. Forrest, Jr.
Foundation for Neurologic Diseases
Galenea Corporation
Patty and Paul Gannon
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Stephen and Wendy Gellman Gerstner Family Foundation
Todd and Martha Golub
Bill Helman
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Sylvan C. Herman Foundation
Human Frontier Science Program
International SAE Consortium, LTD.
Irish Wolfhound Foundation
Irish Wolfhound Club of America
Jewish Communal Fund
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
Klarman Family Foundation
Seth and Beth Klarman
Johanna L. Klein
The Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc.
Eric and Lori Lander
William and Leslie Lee Leonberger Health Foundation
Arthur D. Levinson
Lilly USA, LLC
The John F. MacDonald Fund for Pseudomonas Research in memory of John
F. MacDonald
Barbara V. McInnes
The McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Merck Genome Research Institute
The Merkin Family Foundation
Montreal Heart Institute
Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation
Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium
Nestle Research Center
The New York Community Trust
Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
Ontario Cancer Research Institute
Peter and Minou Palandjian
Sarah Pearson and Don Balcom
Pfizer, Inc.
Prostate Cancer Foundation
Julian H. Robertson, Jr.
Paul Rotiroti
SAIC-Frederick, Inc.
Sanofi-Aventis U.S., LLC
Stuart Schreiber and Mimi Packman
Phillip and Ann Sharp
Sigma-Aldrich
Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud
Ted and Vada Stanley
Stanley Medical Research Institute
Starr Foundation
Patty Stonesifer and Michael Kinsley
Kathan and Don Tracy
Peg Van Doren
Nancy Vollmer & Chris McDonough
Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
The Wodecroft Foundation
Senator Wicker. OK, thank you very much. And then--and
then, Senator Duckworth mentioned Jeffrey Epstein. We asked for
information regarding the second time you met with him in 2012.
Can you commit to fulfilling this outstanding request for
information?
[The information referred to follows:]
As previously reported to the Committee: Neither the Broad
Institute nor Dr. Lander had any relationship with Epstein, and neither
ever requested or received any funding from him or his foundations. The
only interaction consisted of meeting him briefly at two events, a few
weeks apart in the spring of 2012, with multiple Harvard donors,
faculty and others.
The Committee has asked for a description of the two events. This
is provided below:
The two Harvard events were organized by the university and donors,
to give donors and prospective donors an opportunity to meet a range of
Harvard-affiliated faculty.
Event #1: April 15, 2012
Lunch, involving about fifteen people, including three or
four donors or prospective donors.
Each of the faculty, including Dr. Lander, made
presentations about the state of research in their respective
fields, and answered questions from the group, including
Epstein.
Event lasted for approximately sixty minutes. Dr. Lander
attended the entire event.
Event #2: May 12, 2012
Dinner involving about forty people, including about ten
Harvard donors or prospective donors.
Dr. Lander was invited to dinner but did not attend. He
stopped by the pre-dinner reception and spoke with several
donors or prospective donors, including Epstein.
Dr. Lander stayed for about thirty minutes.
After these two events, Dr. Lander never saw or spoke to Epstein
again.
Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I can. May I say something about
Epstein?
Senator Wicker. Certainly.
Dr. Lander. Jeffrey Epstein was an abhorrent individual and
my heart goes out to his victims. I chose to have no
association whatsoever with him. We never requested funds. We
never received funds--from him, from his foundation. The sum
total of my interactions was that I met him briefly at two
events within the span of three weeks, in the Spring of 2012.
Senator Wicker. OK, well, I think it is important that you
be given a chance to say that.
Dr. Lander. I will. And I am going to say, I did not know
about his sordid history before that point.
Senator Wicker. Right.
Dr. Lander. As soon as I learned about it, I had nothing to
do with him, thereafter.
Senator Wicker. If you could simply answer----
Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I will.
Senator Wicker.--our specific question, it would--I think
it would help your case.
Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
Senator Wicker. And I think people on both sides of the
dais would be well served.
Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
Senator Wicker. And then, with regard to your future plans
with the Broad Institute, those of us that are in public
service have a date in which our public service will end. It is
expected that you would go back to the Broad Institute. And
there are questions that need to be answered about whether you
are going to be able to avoid prioritizing your work with the
Broad Institute that might favor people back there at the
Institute, at the expense of others.
So, I want to give you an opportunity to address that
concern which, undoubtedly, does not come as a surprise to you,
at this point.
Dr. Lander. Senator, if confirmed, I will do that job in a
completely even-handed way. I have said I particularly care
about the fact that we concentrate far too much funding in a
few place in this country. One of my priorities is to make sure
that, in fact, we bring in all of America into science. And so,
I can assure you, I will not favor, in any way, institutions I
have been associated with. And to the contrary, really think it
is important that we broaden that scope.
Senator Wicker. OK. Well, do you--do you think you will go
back to the Broad Institute when you leave this position?
Dr. Lander. I have said, and I think I probably will.
Senator Wicker. Well, just be aware that is a concern. But
you did segue to a matter that I will ask you to drill down on
in the last 45 seconds that I have. How--what steps can we take
to make sure the research is not just concentrated in two
favored states, that--states like, perhaps, Illinois and
Mississippi, that might be able contribute to this great quest
we have for knowledge?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I--as I say, I care a lot about
this. And I think creating programs that support and expand the
national labs, which are distributed across the country,
creating regional technology hubs, supporting focuses of
particular excellence in different states. I think there are a
large number of programs that can help create critical masses
that become magnets.
We have seen it happen with the manufacturing institutes
that were created. A PCAST report, when I was the Co-chair of
PCAST, called for these Manufacturing USA institutes and there
are these institutes in a number of states. There is one in
Illinois, for example. But we need to--we need to be thinking
about mechanisms to create critical mass, all over the country,
because we cannot succeed without it.
So, I of course--I am very sensitive to the fact that I
come from a State and a city, and institutions that have
received lots of funding. That cannot be the way we run funding
in the country is that things are just concentrated. It will
not succeed.
Senator Wicker. Thank you, sir and thank you, Madam Chair.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you.
Remotely, Senator Hickenlooper.
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HICKENLOOPER,
U.S. SENATOR FROM COLORADO
Senator Hickenlooper. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. And
Dr. Lander, thank you so much for being willing to step into
public service and what a remarkable career and what a
remarkable life you have had.
Let me ask my first question. As a former geologist, I have
seen firsthand how intricate Earth Science can be. Climate
action is, and should remain, a priority in this
Administration. One of OSTP's duties is to oversee the U.S.
Global Change Research Program, to try and coalesce climate
research across all 13 Federal agencies that are working on it,
to produce the quadrennial, The National Climate Assessment.
Can you describe how OSTP will preserve scientific integrity,
when producing the next National Climate Assessment?
Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. The--all of--all of
the work at OSTP has to be rooted in scientific integrity. With
regard to the Climate Assessment, the first thing is good
process. It is--that National Climate Assessment involves a
process that brings together lots of voices to wrestle in a
structured way, so that lots of evidence is presented, and
transparently.
And then, the other really fundamental part is to embrace
dissent and disagreements. I think science is strong, because
science debates, because science embraces dissent. And so, if
at the end of a process we do not all agree on the answers, we
have to represent that range of dissent. That is what
scientific integrity is about is to speak the truth. And we
have to keep that separate from any external interference from
any direction that is not about the evidence itself. And if
committed, I will promise to support and enforce that kind of
integrity, not just for the National Climate Assessment, but
for everything that OSTP does.
Senator Hickenlooper. That is great. I appreciate that.
Second question, COVID-19, the pandemic, has highlighted so
many things, including the importance of science to provide
solutions to these modern problems. And the U.S. research
enterprises span numerous Federal agencies, national labs, as
we have already been discussing. We also have to recognize the
contributions from many of the leading universities and
graduate researchers, including of course, the University of
Colorado and Colorado State University, Colorado School of
Mines. I have to list them.
Two things, can you comment on how you believe COVID-19--
the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Federal researchers and how you
would lead OSTP to reinvigorate the research workforce? And
then, if you can tag onto that, and how do we work to prevent
future pandemics?
Dr. Lander. Well, what great questions. Thank you very
much, Senator. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating
effect in many parts--you know, in all parts of the country. It
has certainly had a huge impact in the research enterprise. The
biggest impact has been on women scientists. As the economy
shutdown, the burdens of childcare fell disproportionately on
women scientists. It is part of an overall pattern of more than
two million women leaving the workforce since the pandemic.
It had impacts on labs whose funding may have run out in
the middle of this period and will not have been able to reach
the goals they had promised to reach. And has impacts on
graduate students and post-docs, who have a limited time and
they have lost critical time in their projects. So, it is going
to require from the Federal Government that we have a
flexibility with regard to supporting the research enterprise
through an enormous disruption, to support people in
laboratories.
What we really have to do is make sure we never have this
again. There will always be emerging infectious diseases. We
have to make sure that they never turn into pandemics like
this. And I think we have to set very bold goals.
It was great that we could produce a vaccine in a year and
then, get it distributed. We have to do much better. I think
the sort of goals we need--and I think what is possible with
science today, is to say within 100 days from the detection of
a potential pandemic, we should be able to have enough doses of
an approved vaccine, clinically tested, for the whole country.
Within 100 days. And when you say something like that, you
gulp. But then, you take it apart and you say, yes, we can do
those pieces. It will require thinking differently about every
one of them.
What interests me, what excites me about this potential
role, if confirmed, is to try to help us come together and set
really bold goals and respond to them. Because I have seen
America do it again and again and I think we can do it with
regard to pandemics. This should be the last time--the last
time that we have a pandemic like this. Not the last time we
are going to need to respond, but the last time something
devastates our country and the whole world, in this way, if we
play--if we play our role. We owe that to future generations.
It is a generational responsibility.
Senator Hickenlooper. I appreciate very much your
willingness to take on those big challenges and to make real
bold commitments. A hundred days, that is--that is amazing if
that can be done, and I believe that you could do it.
Anyway, I will yield--I am out of time. I have many more
questions, but I will yield my time back to the Chair--or my
lack of time back to the Chair. Again, Dr. Lander, thank you
for being willing to do this. I look forward to working with
you.
Dr. Lander. Thank you.
Senator Duckworth. Senator Thune.
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE,
U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA
Senator Thune. Thank you, Madam Chair and thank you, Dr.
Lander for being here today. The Office of Science and
Technology Policy always plays a significant role in
coordinating Federal R&D initiatives and the rise in scientific
prowess of China and other nations has made that role only more
crucial today. It is imperative that the United States maintain
its global leadership in the development, commercialization,
and standardization of innovative technologies.
During my time as Chairman of this Committee, we
successfully enacted the American Innovation and
Competitiveness Act to better coordinate R&D efforts at the
Department of Commerce and the NSF, as well as the National
Quantum Initiative Act to strengthen and unify the focus of the
Federal Government on developing quantum technologies. Both of
these bills were bipartisan and drew broad support from
industry and the scientific community.
The U.S. continues to lead the world in the development and
commercialization of innovative technologies, and we cannot
cede that competitive advantage to China. And it is crucial
that the U.S. act boldly to solidify American leadership in
science and in technology.
Dr. Lander, at a hearing two weeks ago, Dr. Kelvin
Droegemeier made an insightful comment on the need for private
sector to be involved in strategic decisionmaking when it comes
to research partnerships, rather than simply being brought in
after the program has been established. How do you believe the
Federal Government can better incorporate the private sector as
a partner in R&D initiatives?
Dr. Lander. Thank you, Senator. The biggest challenges
facing the country today, many of them involve these
technologies of the future. And I think a gap has become
apparent between what we can do amazingly well in foundational
research, and what we can do amazingly well with vibrant
industry. And there is a gap of things that fall between, where
government needs to work both with basic research and with
industry to help fill that gap for things that are not yet a
business plan but could launch 100 businesses or 1,000
businesses.
So, I think partnerships in many of these technologies,
quantum computing, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology,
different kind of telecommunications, are going to be really
crucial. We have to do this in an American way. We watch China
doing this, in the way of a civil-military fusion and that is
just not our way of doing it.
But we need an American solution to it that brings together
these great sectors we have to fill that middle. And sometimes,
that is going to be creating the infrastructure that many
startup businesses need but cannot afford to produce
themselves. We see that with manufacturing, for example.
Sometimes, it is going to be derisking technologies because no
sensible investor would invest in those technologies because of
the risk. But as a country, we can say we are going to need
this technology. Let us derisk it together.
I think that is, perhaps, the most interesting question
about our scientific--science and technology strategy going
forward is, 75 years ago that really was not the case. Today we
face international competition, and we face big technologies
that will require us to act together as a country, and yet,
still do it in a way that is based on free enterprise.
So, I--if confirmed, I am very eager to help and to work
with you and your colleagues to figure how we do this best. And
I see many ideas already being floated for this.
Senator Thune. Last year, several Federal agencies were
breached in a supply chain attack by malicious hackers. An
attack at this scale has an enormous effect on our economy and
national security. If confirmed, how would OSTP respond to this
economic espionage and work with industry to combat ongoing
cyber-attacks?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, the nature of cyber-attacks that
steal intellectual property from the United States, for
example, are very concerning. We have to approach these things
in multiple ways--security, of course, and then, also,
technology. Sometimes we are patching holes in cyber and I
think it is important to be able to step back and ask, how can
we make fundamental changes to the integrity of our cyber
defense, that would ensure fewer holes?
I think there is a lot of active discussion right now,
about ways to rethink aspects of our cyber defense. And if
confirmed, OSTP has important roles in this, and I would be a
very active participant in trying to see how we defend
ourselves technologically. And then, of course, we have to
defend ourselves with regard to research security.
Senator Thune. I see my time has expired, Madam Chair.
Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Lander.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Blumenthal.
STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD BLUMENTHAL,
U.S. SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT
Senator Blumenthal. Thanks, Madam Chair. Welcome to the
Committee, Dr. Lander. You have an extraordinary and very
impressive background in both academia and elsewhere. And I
want to ask you, at the outset, a question that will not
determine my vote on your nomination. Since I am in the middle
of reading Walter Isaacson's book, ``The Codebreakers'', I
would like your opinion of the book--what you think of it. And
I do have a reason for asking about it, though.
Dr. Lander. OK. I am--Senator, it is an excellent question,
and I am going to have to say, I have not read the book yet.
Having been in----
Senator Blumenthal. That is fair enough.
Dr. Lander. Yes.
Senator Blumenthal. Let me just say, one of the--there are
a couple of themes of the book. One is a recurrent theme in
Walter Isaacson's works, which is that great inventions and
innovation are the result of cooperation and collaboration
among teams of scientists and also, academia, private industry,
and government. And I think your appointment would further that
kind for collaboration and partnership.
But another kind of subplot of the book, since it is about
a woman scientist, is that women are sometimes discriminated
against or harassed in the world of science, as they are in
many other professions, as well. I have introduced a measure
called Combatting Sexual Harassment in Science Act. I have done
it with Senator Smith of Minnesota. It was originally
championed by then Senator Kamala Harris. I would like your
commitment to support, at least, the goals of the legislation
to end harassment and perhaps, for the legislation itself,
which I hope will be incorporated in the Endless Frontier Act.
Dr. Lander. You have my enthusiastic support and commitment
toward those goals. They are extremely important, and I think
there are many, many approaches we have to take to end that.
Senator Blumenthal. I have also introduced a measure called
Supporting Early Career Researchers Act, to give American STEM
researchers, who are just beginning in their fields--especially
women and traditionally underrepresented minorities more
opportunities in the world of science, particularly important,
as you have noted, because of the impact of COVID. It would
direct NSF to establish a new post-doctoral fellowship program
to support the next generation of STEM talent. One of my
colleagues, Senator Klobuchar has been particularly
instrumental in joining this effort. I think we lose valuable
talent because of the potential obstacles for, and inequalities
for, certain minorities. So, again, I would ask for your
support, as Director of OSTP for this kind of effort, and in
particular, that legislation.
Dr. Lander. Senator, I commit to that.
Senator Blumenthal. I have been very interested--I am a
former prosecutor. I still think of myself as a litigator.
Particularly interested in your work on forensic science, the
Innocence Project. Do you think that the legal profession, and
our justice system, has made sufficient use of science in the
kind of forensic evidence that is submitted and particularly,
in the more serious cases that were involved in the Innocence
Project?
Dr. Lander. Senator, the--science is a force for truth, for
getting the right answer and our justice system needs that as a
foundation. For anything else, is to know the right answers. I
think we have not always availed ourselves of the best science
to get those answers, or more troublingly, not always done it
in the rigorous ways to be able to trust those answers. That
all of these scientific methods, when they come to court, need
empirical evidence.
So, this is an extremely important topic, to make sure that
science can be a really strong supporter of the search for
justice. It has mattered to me for 30 years and, if confirmed,
I will devote attention to making sure we fully realize the
promise of this for justice.
Senator Blumenthal. Thank you. My time has expired, but
there is a wealth of conversation that I would like to have
with you, and I would hope that we could spend some time
talking about that last topic, as well as some of the others.
Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I would love to do that.
Senator Blumenthal. Great, thank you very much.
Senator Duckworth. A very patient Senator Blunt.
STATEMENT OF HON. ROY BLUNT,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSOURI
Senator Blunt. Thank you, Chairman. Dr. Lander, it is good
to see you here. The President is seeking a lot of new
authorities for research entities in the government, from the
National Science Foundation to the Department of Energy. The
one he mentioned last night was a new concept in health, ARPA-
H. Talk about how that would be different than what NIH has
been doing. And also, talk about your view of whether the best
place for that is at the National Institute of Health.
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first let me say thank you to
you for your tremendous and consistent support of biomedical
research. Biomedical research is an extraordinary gem of the
United States and it is because the Congress has supported it
for so long and so strongly. So, thank you.
The idea of an ARPA-H has arisen, again, because of one of
these gaps that I was referring to before, in the discussion
with Senator Thune. We have unbelievable foundational research
in this country that, through NIH grants, can discover all
sorts of things. We have a vibrant biotech industry that is
able to take a business plan and run with it. There are a lot
of things that have big gaps in between. They are, you might
call them, platforms.
I will give one example, if I may. Very often drugs have
side effects because they do not just act in the place you want
them to act, but they act in other places in the body. What if
you could build a post office, a zip code, that would deliver
this drug to the right cell type? Well, you could dramatically
reduce many side effects and probably be able to increase the
dose if you know it is going to the right place. No, NIH basic
research grant could do such a thing, not your traditional
R01s. And no sensible startup biotech would take that on.
These are the kinds of DARPA-like projects that led to the
Internet and the GPS and we now see they could lead to things
that would launch 1,000 opportunities. To me, this idea of
DARPA, within biomedicine, is exactly that. It is to build
those platforms to be able to overcome market failures, to take
on bold challenges. And where should it sit? My answer is
within the NIH. If you were to try to set up a separate thing,
I think there would be duplication and competition.
Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get another question in
here.
Dr. Lander. Please.
Senator Blunt. With what NIH did during the pandemic with,
particularly, what we call the shark tank on developing tests
and becoming an active partner with 34 different businesses,
would that make them more prepared to do this than they would
have been, say, 2 years ago?
Dr. Lander. Absolutely. I think this program, the RADx
program, the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics initiative, is a
perfect example that says, NIH can pivot and take on bold
things like this that lift up, as you said, 34 or maybe many
more, such opportunities. There is not a natural way to do it.
It has been ad hoc, and it was amazing that it was spun up so
quickly, as an ad hoc approach.
Imagine the possibility if we had a structured way to be
able to seize those opportunities each year. I think that it
very much supports the idea.
Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get in one more
question. This whole, what is happening in synthetic biology
and agriculture, developing advanced materials, if you are
confirmed, what would do to ensure that the United States
continues to advance our innovation and maintain a global
advantage in that quickly growing area?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, synthetic biology has enormous
potential to do things like reprogram cells to fight cancer or
reprogram crops to be able to have a higher yield. And it
requires a kind of toolkit. The same way the early days of
semiconductors, people had the bits and pieces that they would
assemble into integrated circuits. Biology is at that early
stage where it needs to build those toolkits and get them in
the hands of thousands of innovators. And I think that the
Federal Government has a really important role in being able to
support the creation and dissemination and the sharing of best
practices, about how to use those.
Senator Blunt. Thank you. Thank you, Chairman.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.
Senator Markey. Thank you, Madam Chair. I would like to
follow up on the direction that Senator Blunt was going,
looking over at NIH and looking at what the President said last
night about Alzheimer's and diabetes and cancer. And perhaps,
you know, give you an opportunity to integrate that in what you
have done in your career, thus far, and what your hopes would
be, you know, the promise for families. Because research is
medicine's field of dreams, from which we harvest the findings
to give hope that there will be a cure.
So, can you speak a little bit about what your goals would
be? Just take those three disease, you know, and synchronize
it, perhaps, with what the Biden Administration's dreams might
be, over the next 4 years.
Dr. Lander. Well, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, the
problem in all three diseases had been we did not know what was
wrong under the hood. We could give you an account of symptoms,
but we could not give you an account of what was actually
wrong.
I think the Federal Government's investments, starting with
the Human Genome project and many other investments, are now
telling us how these diseases actually work. Which cells are
going wrong and which ones to target. I think that has been a
tremendous success. And now, the question is, can we target
those cells? Alzheimer's, we used to think it was the problem
in a nerve cells, but it is actually some other kind of cell
entirely, that is likely the place to look.
How do we manage to, now build the next generation of
tools, to target things to the right places, do it safely, do
clinical evaluations more quickly than five or eight years, for
Alzheimer's, so that we can test many ideas? These are the sort
of things that only Federal research can support and then,
unleash innovators.
Senator Markey. And do you think there is enough funding?
Or are we going to have to increase funding, if we take this
new model for having a doppler for healthcare research focusing
upon those three diseases? Will it require a reallocation of
funding? Or do you think an increase in funding would be called
for?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I think the opportunities are so
extraordinary that we are not fulfilling all the opportunities,
in part, for lack of funding. I think we also always have to be
thinking about using funding most wisely. But if you are asking
are there remarkable opportunities ahead that we are not
seizing today, the answer is yes.
Senator Markey. When you look at the COVID crisis, where we
are today, from your experience, what do you think is going to
be needed, from an American perspective as a leader, in helping
the rest of the world to deal with that issue, as well, so,
that we anticipate, perhaps, a recurring phenomenon in the
years ahead? What recommendation would you be giving to our
country?
Dr. Lander. We never want to see something like this happen
again, hence, we have to take apart all the pieces of it. And
we will need to have capacities in place--hot capacities that
can be turned on a dime, because these things--well, we have
learned what it means to have an exponential increase in
something.
Those are capacities for diagnostics. The ability, in a
week, to reprogram existing diagnostics being used in public
health, to take on a new pathogen and to do it so cheaply that
we do not agonize about how to pay for it. The ability to
produce vaccines against any of the classes of viruses that
infect humans. There are 5 of them. The ability to make
therapeutics very rapidly. We did not succeed in making
therapeutics--new therapeutics, in this pandemic, rapidly
enough to respond. Yet, there are approaches to do it. I think
we need a top to bottom look at the components.
The good news is, there are scientific approaches for all
of those things. And we need to pull together, and we need to
pull tighter across agencies, and we need to pull together,
even across some countries. I think the United Kingdome is an
obvious partner in something like this. Because we all have to
prevent this from happening again.
Senator Markey. Beautiful, thank you. Again, thank you for
your service. Thank you, Madam Chair.
Senator Duckworth. We have, via WebEx, my good friend from
Tennessee, Senator Blackburn.
STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE
Senator Blackburn. I thank you, Madam Chairman. And, Dr.
Lander, I wanted to thank you for your phone call and the time
that we had to visit. I so enjoyed that. I want to join Ranking
Member Wicker in his request that the Broad Institute please
provide to us that 10 year of donor records. The Epstein
connection is of tremendous concern to us, and we would like to
have that information.
A question that I have for you. In your opening statement,
you had said, you know, the OSTP's work will be rooted in
equity, tackling issues from STEM inclusion to algorithmic
bias. You also state, this administration poses big questions
like, how can science create market driven solutions for
climate change. So, first question to you is, I want you to
provide some clarification around your utilization of
algorithmic bias. And then, second, we will talk about market
driven solutions.
Dr. Lander. So, thank you, Senator. Those are--those are
really important questions, and I am very glad to respond to
them.
When--when a computer scientist uses the word algorithmic
bias, they mean that an algorithm is not producing the correct
answer because of, typically, the data that was used to train
it not applying to the circumstance in which it is being used.
There are many ways that that can occur, but it means the
results are not reliable. They do not reflect whether the
person you are looking at really should get a loan. What they
reflect is a data set that does not actually describe the
person that has come before, requesting a loan, for example.
I think it is a very important question right now, in
artificial intelligence. How to be able to verify that programs
produce the correct result, in circumstances other than the
ways in which they were first constructed.
Senator Blackburn. I agree with you on the concern with
algorithmic bias. I think that your application to artificial
intelligence is so appropriately placed.
It is of concern, when you look at building these
algorithms out. If you are pointing one direction, that
algorithm, instead of opening up new potential options to you,
it narrows those options that are presented to you. And I will
look forward to continuing a conversation about how we change
that and how we work with tech--Big Tech companies to change
that. It is not helpful, whether it is in research, or whether
it is in public discourse.
I would love for you to talk just a minute--President Biden
has been very aggressive in executive orders. And I sometimes
wonder how this aligns with market driven solutions when you
talk about climate, when you talk about energy, because what he
is putting forward in executive orders does not seem to line up
with market driven solutions. You can look at a variety of
different things and look at how the Chinese have so adversely
impacted the market, when it comes to solar panels, or to
polysilicon being made in the United States.
So--and then, you look at President Biden's executive
orders, and what he did around the Keystone pipeline--which, by
the way, natural gas. A good way to move oil and gas is through
a pipeline. I look at some of these executive orders and I
wonder what the desired outcome is because it does not seem to
be a market driven solution.
So, I would like for you to bridge that gap, between what
has been happening by executive order, when it comes to fuels,
when it comes to energy, and what is going to become market
driven solutions that are affordable for the vast majority of
the American people?
Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. I think all of us are
very concerned about addressing the issues around climate
change and technological innovation is a critical part of that.
That technological innovation, ultimately, has to include
innovations that just make clean, net zero carbon energy
cheaper than any alternative. In the long run, that will lead
to market driven solutions. And I think science, uniquely, can
contribute in those ways.
Senator Blackburn. Thank you so much. Thank you, Mr.
Chairman.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Lujan, remotely.
STATEMENT OF HON. BEN RAY LUJAN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO
Senator Lujan. Thank you so much, Chair Duckworth. Dr.
Lander, New Mexico is home to world class science and research
facilities, including Los Alamos National Labs, Sandia National
Lab, the Air Force Research Lab, Spaceport America, small
businesses, universities, and community colleges, and more.
From the Manhattan Project to the Human Genome project to the
fuel that propelled the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, New
Mexican scientists are playing a leading role in solving our
toughest problems.
I am excited that the Biden-Harris Administration has
elevated your position to the Cabinet level. This demonstrates
a strong commitment to science and innovation. From climate to
emerging health issues, I want to offer my support in making
sure that OSTP has the resources and capacity necessary to
carry out its mission and offer necessary scientific counsel to
the President.
My question, if nominated, how do you plan to use your role
to ensure that science and research and development are not
just in the room, but are central to solving our most
challenging problems?
Dr. Lander. Scientific research--well, Senator, I very much
enjoyed our conversation, particularly about the national labs.
And I--I have to say, as I told you, my first experience with
the national labs was in your home state with Los Alamos
National Laboratory.
So, I am deeply excited about what science can do to solve
so many problems. And seeing so many different laboratories and
approaches to science flourishing right now, and so many new
technologies and opportunities, gives me such hope, if we can
draw people into it. So, I think lifting up the possibilities--
I mean, this is a--I grew up in the 1960s, which I thought
then, was a time of amazing inspiration and opportunity about
what the world could accomplish. I think this is a moment like
that again. We see possibilities that, I think, should lift the
excitement of any young person, to say that being in science
will be the most exciting thing that one can do in the coming
decades. And we just have to make sure everyone understands all
of those opportunities, and that there is a place for everyone
in those opportunities.
Senator Lujan. Thank you, Dr. Lander. As you know, Congress
is currently considering proposals to strengthen America's
leadership in science and technological innovation. As a
Nation, we are not keeping pace with other countries' increases
in their R&D spending. We must invest more in science,
including at the Department of Energy, NSF, NIST, and NASA.
The lab directors of the 17 Department of Energy National
Labs recently wrote a joint letter offering technical
assistance to the Endless Frontiers Act, which proposes an
expansion of the NSF to address 10 technology focus areas. This
letter recommends that Congress embrace a broad approach to our
technology and leadership, economic competitiveness, by
strengthening the entire U.S. innovation ecosystem. This means
increasing investments at NSF, as well as other agencies that
play a key role in important technology areas, such as the
Department of Energy.
Yes or no, do you believe that we have an innovation
ecosystem and that the Department of Energy is a vital part of
it?
Dr. Lander. Senator, the Department of Energy and its
amazing networks of laboratories is a vital part of America's
ecosystem of innovation. I very much agree.
Senator Lujan. Dr. Lander, do you believe that--do you
believe that the Department of Energy and NSF do complimentary
work?
Dr. Lander. I do believe they do complimentary work.
Senator Lujan. Do you agree with the lab directors that we
must make substantial investments in and strengthen the entire
U.S. innovation ecosystem, including at the Department of
Energy?
Dr. Lander. I--I think, if we are going to compete in the
years ahead, we need to strengthen all aspects of our
innovation ecosystem. This is a very consequential moment for
the United States to make sure that we have strong innovation
throughout the country, throughout the government support for
it, throughout industry. So, it is critical that we strengthen
all of it because it is the only way America will remain the
leader in science and technology.
Senator Lujan. Chair Duckworth, this letter from our
Nation's lab directors recommends that Congress embrace a broad
approach to our technology leadership and economic
competitiveness by strengthening the entire U.S. innovation
ecosystem. And I ask unanimous consent that it be entered into
the record.
Senator Duckworth. Without objection.
[The information referred to follow:]
Senator Lujan. I want to thank Dr. Lander for his time
today, for my conversation with him, and with that, Chair
Duckworth, I yield back.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you and I recognize the Senator
from Minnesota, Senator Klobuchar, who will take over as the
Chair.
STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA
Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Madam Chair and
thank you, Dr. Lander, for being here. And we talked on the
phone about some of your interests in science and technology.
And I want to start with, really, what I consider the biggest
scientific challenge in front of us, which is climate change.
And I know you have been asked a few things about this and the
President certainly focused on it last night in the State of
the Union.
As you know, earlier this year, the President asked you how
science and technology can create solutions to address climate
change, and soon after he issued the executive order
establishing the National Climate Task Force. Can you speak to
the importance of interagency coordination in addressing
climate change and what steps you can take to address the
issue?
Dr. Lander. Well, thank you--thank you so much, Senator.
Climate change is--is an incredibly important challenge for our
time and we have to move quickly on it. I am impressed, looking
back the last decade, that we have seen real progress. That
green technologies, zero carbon technologies, used to be hugely
more expensive than fossil fuel technologies. That gap is
closing. Look at market driven solutions when the gap closes
all the way.
But the gap is no longer so huge. We see it with solar; we
see it with smart grids; we see it with wind. And I think, what
we need to do now is, focus hard from the point of view of
science and technology on what we can do to promote the
innovation to make each of these things more and more
efficient. So that, we reach a point where there is not really
a question because--because it is just cheaper to do it that
way. I think that is the ultimate goal for science and
technology. And I think, amongst the agencies, we have to be
coming together and looking on a continuing basis, what those
differences in costs are and how we can close them.
Senator Klobuchar. Very good. The--I know Senator Thune
talked to you about cybersecurity work force, something that is
a major priority and he and I have worked together on a public-
private exchange. Do you believe we need to train our
cybersecurity workforce better to deal with the hacks and what
we have seen out there?
Dr. Lander. Oh, the cybersecurity problem is a very serious
and very worrying problem for the whole country. I believe we
do not have enough people trained in it to be able to both
defend and then, think about how to construct systems that are
just less hackable.
Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
Dr. Lander. So, I think this is an area of tremendous
opportunity. There are some manufacturing institutes that we
actually started that focus on cybersecurity manufacturing.
There are programs I know of at Annapolis. But we really have
to do a tremendous amount because the risk of cybersecurity
threats is just too big.
Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm. And along the lines of cyber,
there are still issues, of course, with broadband, really come
into magnification during the pandemic. And we have got, you
know, in my state, about 16 percent of households--even our
state is above the national average--that do not have access.
Representative Clyburn and I lead the two major bills together,
the same bill, on broadband. And of course, the President
included these provisions in his infrastructure package.
In your testimony, you highlight the importance of access
to broadband. Can you talk about that, in terms of--I know you
do such high-level science, but if you are going to get stuff
out to people, so they can actually use it, you do not want a
whole bunch of people, like 20 percent of the population not
having access.
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, this is such an important issue.
I mean, it--how can you be a part of 21st century American
economy, education, work, healthcare, commerce without access
to broadband? And yet, tens of millions of Americans lack
access to broadband. And it is disproportionately rural
Americans and people on tribal reservations, and people of
color, and older, and lower income Americans, and Americans
with disabilities.
And for me, it is actually a personal issue because my
daughter teaches high school in Lowell, Massachusetts and
three-quarters of her kids are on free or reduced lunch. And
during this pandemic, when she has been teaching online, we are
acutely aware--she is acutely aware every day for how hard it
is, for many of her students, to be able to even participate in
class.
Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
Dr. Lander. We have to solve this.
Senator Klobuchar. Yep, very good. And I think it is just
important to put the connection with the high-level science and
broadband.
Dr. Lander. My daughter's class matters even more than the
high-level science of this.
Senator Klobuchar. My last question is, you and I talked
about Minnesota and we are really proud of the work that we
have done in research in our state, at places from the
University of Minnesota to Mayo Clinic. And Mayo Clinic, I
visited their Personal Medicine area, where they have
personalized medicine, using the science we have now to help
people. And could you talk a little bit about that, the work,
of course, that Francis Collins has done, and where you see the
future headed? Because I, as one of the co-chairs of the Rare
Disease Caucus, along with Senator--with Senator Hatch and now,
Senator Wicker, you know, we have done a lot of work in that
area. And there is still so many things we need to know to give
people the best treatment. Where do you see this going?
Dr. Lander. Well, the amazing progress in being able to
find the genes that underlie diseases is not just giving us
diagnostics, it is now pointing to therapeutics. So, more and
more rare genetic diseases, that we never imagined would be
treatable, now through different kinds of gene therapies, we
are seeing can be treatable.
Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
Dr. Lander. And it is just amazing. The hardest problem may
be just delivering the therapy to the right cells. But the idea
that this is becoming--well, gone from an utter mystery to a
problem of careful engineering, and that, we can provide, in
some cases, real therapies and cures, and in many other cases,
you can at least see paths to them, to me it is--it is just a
mind-blowing thing, over the past 10 or 20 years. And if you
try to project forward 10 or 20 years, you just think, wow,
what is going to happen?
Senator Klobuchar. Exactly. All right, well, we hope in
your new job, you will visit Mayo, if you are confirmed, and
come to our State. So, with that, I can only chair this for a
short period of time. I just happened to--I was at another
hearing on patents in Judiciary, but I will toss it over to
Senator Rosen, and then, maybe be able to come back in to call
on Senator Sullivan. I have a number of calls. I did not know I
was going to chair it, so--but do not worry. I guess you will
not abandoned, Dr. Lander. With that, I will turn it over to
Senator Rosen, who is with us remotely.
STATEMENT OF HON. JACKY ROSEN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM NEVADA
Senator Rosen. Thank you, Senator Klobuchar. And thank you,
Dr. Ladner, for your research, your service, and your
willingness to serve in the future.
You know, so many of my colleagues--I have been listening--
have asked great questions. We were able to have a great
conversation. So, I want to build a little bit on my colleagues
questions to talk about STEM education, because it is really
important. That is one of my top priorities in Congress is STEM
education and really building our STEM work force. You know, my
Building Blocks of STEM Act with Senator Capito, was signed
into law last year. It expanded the National Science Foundation
programs to help increase participation for girls in computer
science. I am glad it was really funded in the last omnibus.
But there is just so much more work that we have to do,
particularly in breaking down barriers that stand in the way of
students of all ages, of all genders, from all backgrounds,
whether they are urban or rural, just across the board. And so,
what role do you really see that you have in helping to promote
STEM education, workforce training? And really, what I want to
ask you is that, how can you partner with all of us? The 21st
century economy needs a 21st century workforce to find these
wonderful breakthroughs, like we have been doing. And how can
you use your platform to help us promote these kinds of
exciting things and the work that you can do when you pursue
any career in the STEM field?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator Rosen, thank you and it was--it
was really great to talk to you the other day.
I am, as was mentioned, a veteran teacher. For 25 years I
have taught the Introductory Biology course at MIT and I have
seen what happens when you can light the fire of imagination in
someone's eyes.
I think we need to lift up the possibilities and invite
people in to STEM in a way that we have not done before. We
need to create curricula that work for teachers in many
different settings, so that everyone, wherever they are, can
get as excited about these possibilities.
There are many different approaches. I do not think there
is any single answer to STEM. But I do think that one thing,
again and again, that works is not book learning, but learning
directly by doing. This kind of active learning, discovering
something yourself, building something yourself, inventing
something yourself, is--people get hooked on it and they do not
even know that they are doing STEM. What they are doing is, we
are tapping into the natural creativity.
And I am very excited, if confirmed, to work to help pull
together and convene to create more of the resources that will
let teachers around the country be able to do this, in ways
that suit their individual states and their cities and their
classes and the diversity of Americans. Because there many ways
in but we have make sure all of those paths in are smoothed
paths.
Senator Rosen. No, I could not agree more. We have so many
robotics programs. I have been to third grade classrooms where
they showed me how they built robots and they created the
websites. We have seen cooking classes where they tell the
kids, ``This is chemistry''. And I see, especially in
elementary school, that spark of imagination. If we can just do
that, I think you are exactly right.
And so, that leads me to my next question. Because we know
that there were concerns about the issues of politics
influencing science. And so, we want to be sure that--that, at
the new administration, that we let data and evidence direct
our policy, in areas of science. Especially now, we have the
pandemic and so many other things--rare diseases, cancer, all
of the things we talk about.
So, if confirmed, kind of building on this, how can you
help restore trust and scientific integrity with the public?
Dr. Lander. I think, Senator, restoring that trust is one
of the most important things that we all have to do, and I
think the most important thing is to listen. I think,
sometimes, scientists talk first. I think we need to listen.
People have valid concerns and I think, listening to people
about their concerns--letting them express them, inviting them
in--is so important to rebuilding trust. I do not think it is a
question of just ``educating people''. I think it is sometimes
about educating scientists about what concerns people.
So, trust building requires listening and listening very
deeply. And, if confirmed, I would want to make sure that OSTP
took that approach and tried to promulgate that approach
throughout Federal science programs.
Senator Rosen. Thank you. I appreciate your time and I
yield back.
Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Senator Rosen. Next
up, Senator Sullivan.
STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA
Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Madam Chair, and, Dr. Lander,
good to see you. I really enjoyed our Zoom meeting. You know, I
take the advice and consent role here in the Senate really
importantly. I try to meet with everybody--assistant
secretaries, undersecretaries, deputy secretaries, you name it.
And some of these are very informative; some are not. But I
really enjoyed our discussion. I learned a lot. I thank you for
your time. I am going to be a strong supporter of yours in the
confirmation process.
Let me--let me kind of touch on a topic that you and I
talked about. You know, we are getting through this pandemic.
You know, there has been a lot of finger pointing and blame and
everything like that. And--but there are some silver linings,
as we talked about. And you know, you never want to highlight
the misery of what is going on in other places, but it looks
like, right now, if you look at overall--of course, we have had
way too many deaths, which is horrible--but with regard to the
vaccine and the ability for American states to get it out, my
state has been leading the charge remarkably. Vaccine rates in
Alaska, for the whole country, but how quickly we are able to
do that, the vaccine, knock on wood and we hope this stays the
case, appears to be working, relative to, like, the Chinese
vaccine that does not seem to be working that well. And other
countries are having a real hard time and now, we are--we are
kind of leading the world, I would say. And I think there is so
much to learn, in a positive way, from Operation Warp Speed and
how that came together for----
So, I am going to be working on legislation, and I know you
and I talked about it. I would say, you know, I wish President
Biden would be a little more magnanimous. You know, his
discussion of vaccines always seem to start with his
inauguration. Of course, that was not the case. He kind of did
it again last night. He never recognizes the Trump
Administration's work. I think we need to come together and
recognize that.
But could you just tell me, quickly, because I have got a
couple other questions, what are some of the lessons that we
learned? I mean, it has been a year really, since the pandemic
hit us hard, and we already have a vaccine that is getting to
most of the country. And most scientists would not have agreed
that that could happen at all, and yet we did it. American
ingenuity, we did it. It is a great lesson that we should all
try to be celebrating and learning from.
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first, let me say, I also
tremendously enjoyed our conversation. And I will say, for the
record, I did commit to you to come to the great State of
Alaska.
Senator Sullivan. Yes. Oh, I was going to get to that.
Dr. Lander. Oh, OK, well----
Senator Sullivan. YOu even said you would come in the
winter, which a lot of nominees do not. So, we are going to get
you out there, at least----
Dr. Lander. I am proactively recording----
Senator Sullivan. I am going to take you to Fairbanks,
where it is 40 below zero, and you are going to see.
Dr. Lander. Well, you have got that great research center
up there that we talked about it.
Senator Sullivan. You know, I am--that is actually my next
question.
Dr. Lander. Oh, I am sorry. I am just, you know--I will
stick to the question in front of us here.
With regard to vaccines, it is amazing how fast it worked,
and it is also amazing that it was 10 years in the making.
Senator Sullivan. Yes, that is a good point.
Dr. Lander. It was investments by this American Government,
in things like MRNA vaccines, understanding coronaviruses. And
so, as we look, going forward, I think we have to look that we
have made investments over a long period of time, and then,
when it came time, we had things on the shelf----
Senator Sullivan. Yes.
Dr. Lander. We could bring down. We have got to keep doing
that.
Senator Sullivan. Well, look, I want to--I am going to be
proposing legislation. I think it will be very bipartisan. It
will be not--it will be non-finger pointing, right? It is going
to be, hey, we pulled this off, Democrats, Republicans, Trump
Administration, Biden Administration. What have we learned and
how can we apply that to other places?
Dr. Lander. Yes.
Senator Sullivan. So, I want to work with you on that
legislation. You and I had a good chat about that.
Let us--let us talk about Alaska, here, real quick. Here is
my big issue. We are a great state. Everybody loves their own
State. I think my State is the most unique, certainly, and you
will see it when you are up there. But whether it is climate,
arctic, oceans, fisheries, there are so many huge scientific
things that we can learn from what is happening in Alaska.
Here is a bit of a frustration. Federal agencies often want
to study these, but they do it in places that are not in
Alaska. So, I need your commitment to come up, see the State,
but also, help me get the scientists who are studying these
Alaska issues, to actually be in Alaska.
This has been a problem--I will just give you one example.
NOAA, I live NOAA. There was, like, this giant migration of
scientists who were studying Alaska issues, who left Alaska.
You would not have scientists studying the Grand Canyon do it
from Illinois, right? So, I am just saying, we need to fix
that. Can you comment on that, at all? I mean, it is best to be
a scientist studying something in the place where it is taking
place, right?
Dr. Lander. Senator, I--there are some things you can learn
from a distance and some things you can learn from a computer
simulation. But you cannot learn about natural places without
being there. And so, I think that is a broad statement that I
strongly support. We need people there to observe and be part
of the ecosystem and all for the exciting opportunities and
challenges.
Senator Sullivan. Let me--and I--and I know I am a little
bit over my time, and I know, I think, Senator Lummis up next,
but just one final question.
I agree with what Senator Rosen just said. We have got to
take politics out of science. But this works kind of all ways.
Right now, I would say there is a definitive area where energy,
traditional energy--oil and gas, in particular, mining--seems
to be out of favor, right? This current administration is
restricting the production of American energy. Crazy in my
view, killing jobs, for sure. And even during the Obama
Administration you had scientists come out and say the National
Petroleum Reserve of Alaska does not really have any oil in it.
That was the scientists. Well, it was totally political because
they were wrong. It is a huge area. Some of the biggest finds
recently, in the world, have been in what we call the NPRA.
So, that was politicized science to try to get people not
to explore for energy in America, based on faulty science. Fake
science, in my view. So, can you just talk to me briefly about
making sure you stay--keep it straight down the middle? A lot
of focus on climate change. OK, we need to focus on that. But
also, on energy. I have not--being the world's natural gas
largest supplier has benefited our country and the environment
and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions enormously. That
is science. Some people do not want to say that, but that is
science.
Can you just talk about being even keeled and keeping
politics, on both sides, out of science?
Dr. Lander. Senator, you say it well. We have to be even
keeled. Politics does not have a place in science. When we have
a problem, we need to look to all the solutions we might have
for that problem. And, if confirmed, I can commit that I will
bring that approach and I will encourage that approach.
Senator Sullivan. Good. I look forward to strongly
supporting your confirmation and I believe--I--Senator Lummis,
I think is up next. So, I think I am the de facto chair right
now.
STATEMENT OF HON. CYNTHIA LUMMIS,
U.S. SENATOR FROM WYOMING
Senator Lummis. Let me see if I can get it to--can you hear
me?
Senator Sullivan. Yes, we can hear you.
Senator Lummis. Thank you so much. Appreciate it, Mr.
Chairman. And I want to follow up on one of the things that you
were addressing just now and expand it to rare earth and
critical minerals. You know, our supply chain is one of the
most important to be secured from Chinese influence. And
fortunately, there are places in the United States with large
critical mineral deposits. My state is one of them. I suspect
Senator Sullivan's state is, as well.
I believe the National Science Foundation should be working
with the Department of Energy and other agencies to advance
mining research and the development of related technology, to
make sure the best use of American rare earth resources are
occurring and is advanced now. So, could you talk about your
perspective on this? How will you use your position at OSTP to
make this a reality?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, thank you. The rare earth
minerals is such an important issue because they are used in so
many critical technologies today from, you know, lithium-ion
batteries, to semiconductors. And because they are a real
supply chain problem because, in many cases, perhaps half of
cases, the major supply is China. And if we were ever to lose
that supply, we would be in a bad way.
So, there is an urgent question facing the United States
of, how do we guarantee our supply chain for scores of rare
earth minerals. You know, gallium, 100 percent of the supply
comes from China. And it is not that we do not have supplies of
some of these minerals here, it is that we do not have the
mining and refining capacity for those.
So, I would like to see systematic plans. And, if
confirmed, I would like to push for systematic plans, to make
sure that we know how to secure supply chains in ways that are
economically robust and safe for the environment. And I think
American manufacturers have been working out ways to do this
with new kinds of mining and new kinds of secondary extraction.
So, you have my commitment, Senator, that this is a very
important topic, from the point of the economy and national
security. And I would be very glad to work with you to make
sure that we have the supply chain we need for these rare earth
minerals.
Senator Lummis. Well, thank you. We will push you to push
others to prepare those plans, so they are available to all of
us, and we can have the things we need--critically need, in
case China pulls the rug out from under us, which they could at
any time they chose to.
I also have a question about the disparity in NSF funding
allocations. Small universities are at a disadvantage when
competing for NSF grants against major institutions like yours.
The proof is the fact that just seven states received half of
the available NSF funding and the bottom 10 states shard just 3
percent. And this continues to be an issue that I have been
following for decades because I used to be involved in these
issues at my University of Wyoming.
So, will you commit to using your position as Director of
OSTP to work toward more equitable distribution of NSF funding?
Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I strongly believe that this
country will only fulfill its potential if we involve everyone
and that means research going on vibrantly in all the states of
this country. And there are many ways to help promote that and
I am extremely interested in this topic. And I would commit, if
confirmed, to work closely with you to make sure that we engage
your state and many, many other states who are not as heavily
engaged in this as they need to be and should be and must be.
So, I will, indeed, work with you on this topic.
Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much. Now, one last
comment. You and I had a good discussion about some of the
controversies that were brought up during your nomination
earlier and when we spoke, and I looked into the allegations of
sexism. And it is not clear to me what your motives were, but
it is clear that you wanted to make sure that your labs got the
patents and the credit for CRISPR technology, and that, in the
process, you may have marginalized, or trivialized, the
contribution of two scientists whose work was essential in
making CRISPR breakthrough possible. So, that does remain a
concern for me, however, I appreciate your candor during our
conversations. And thank you for taking my questions today.
Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
Dr. Lander. And if I may respond----
Senator Sullivan. Yes.
Dr. Lander.--because it is a very important question,
Senator.
Senator Sullivan. It is an important question.
Dr. Lander. It is a very important question. So, a very
important value to me, throughout my whole career, has been
championing scientists to make sure they get credit for their
work.
So, in 2016, I wrote a long review article championing the
work of about a dozen scientists, mostly unsung heroes who had
contributed to CRISPR over the course of 20 years. They
included young scientists, immigrant scientists, young Asian
American scientists, and two remarkable women scientists, Drs.
Doudna and Charpentier. And I was excited to tell the whole
story, especially because there is a long history of people not
receiving proper recognition. And my goal was to show how all
of these contributions, from 12 different people, built on each
other and fit together. And I am afraid that, in writing it up,
I understated the importance of those key advances that you
referred to by Drs. Charpentier and Doudna. That was not my
intention. I felt terrible about it. I made a mistake and when
I make a mistake I own it and try to do better.
I should have written those paragraphs differently to make
my intention crystal clear. I have enormous respect for Drs.
Doudna and Charpentier and the important work they have done
throughout their careers. And over my career, I have tried to
lift up others, again and again. And when I fail, as I failed,
I try to learn and do better. And I appreciate the question and
I take it extremely seriously.
Senator Sullivan. Well, thank you for----
Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much for responding. I
appreciate your candor now, as well. I--that was very, very
helpful. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I yield back.
Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Senator Lummis. And I just
want to add to her point about the smaller universities that
still have great scientists. We have that in Alaska, as well. I
believe Senator Lee is on.
STATEMENT OF HON. MIKE LEE,
U.S. SENATOR FROM UTAH
Senator Lee. Yes, yes, I am.
Senator Sullivan. Great.
Senator Lee. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Sullivan. Yep.
Senator Lee. Dr. Lander, during our phone call a few weeks
ago, we had a brief discussion, as you may recall, about--about
your stance on Federal research relating to ethics in certain
scientific research areas, like those involving the use of
aborted fetal tissue, or embryonic stem cells. As I recall, you
indicated, during our conversation, that as Director of OSTP
you would have little input in any of these areas. But to be
clear, Title 42 states that the Director of OSTP is required to
``develop, review, revise, and recommend criteria for
determining scientific and technological activities warranting
Federal support''.
So, understanding this particular part of the job
description, I would like to ask you a series of questions and
I would like you, if possible, to keep these to a yes or no,
just given the limited time-frame that we have. A series of yes
or no questions regarding the ethics of certain scientific
research. Do you support Hyde Amendment protections?
Dr. Lander. I recognize the President's position and
support the President's position on the Hyde Amendment.
Senator Lee. So, is that a no?
Dr. Lander. Sorry, I have not got quite which way yes and
no went but I think my answer is, I support the President's
position.
Senator Lee. Understood. Do you support the use of aborted
fetal tissue for research purposes?
Dr. Lander. I think the role of OSTP is to be able to
provide advice on what might be learned. I defer to our elected
officials to determine how to balance the ethical questions in
the use of it and the possible benefits that could emerge. I
think science can provide, to our elected officials, the
potential benefits. And I very much respect the importance of
these ethical issues and how much they matter to so many
people, myself included, and yourself included. And I respect
that these are questions for our----
Senator Lee. What about the use of live embryos? What about
the use of live embryos in federally funded research, do you
support that?
Dr. Lander. Live embryos?
Senator Lee. Yes.
Dr. Lander. I am not aware of that.
Senator Lee. OK, how about the creation of three parent
embryos?
Dr. Lander. I believe the creation of embryos for the
purpose of human research is unethical. We should never be
creating embryos for the purpose of human research.
Senator Lee. OK. So, does that mean--do you support or
oppose the use of germline genetic engineering to create
genetically modified embryos?
Dr. Lander. I have--I have been on record supporting a
moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to create
designer babies. I think there are deep technical questions,
but deep ethical questions of creating children with genetic
editing.
Senator Lee. Do you support the creation of human animal
hybrid embryos?
Dr. Lander. I have deep ethical concerns about the creation
of such hybrids. And certainly, there are strong regulations
already and I think it is very much worth looking closely at
that.
Senator Lee. Do you support allowing an embryo to gestate
in an artificial womb environment, for research purposes, for
less than 14 days?
Dr. Lander. I think the 14 days are the current Federal
guidelines and again, I defer to our elected officials and the
Federal Government's policies here. But I am very strongly
opposed to letting----
Senator Lee. What about longer than 14 days?
Dr. Lander. Sorry?
Senator Lee. How about longer than 14 days?
Dr. Lander. I believe that those lines are drawn for very
good reasons.
Senator Lee. OK. Switching gears for a minute, the
Committee--this committee is likely to take up the Endless
Frontiers Act sometime soon. The Commerce Committee's portion
of that bill places a great deal of responsibility on the OSTP
Director and the National Science Foundation for implementation
of $100+ billion government R&D effort, intended to counter
China's expansion. I am concerned that this conversation is one
in which we are only trying to respond to the Chinese Communist
Party with more government spending. Should our biggest
response to increase China's investment in R&D be to just spend
more like China? And will outspending China, through the
Federal Government, actually counter the CCP economically?
Dr. Lander. Senator, I think our competition with China is
incredibly important--incredibly important to the future of the
country. I do not think we can respond by acting like China. We
have to act like America.
Senator Lee. OK.
Dr. Lander. And so, I think we have to have American
solutions to these problems.
Senator Lee. I am glad to hear that we agree on that. And I
have often wondered, you know, how much--how much money should
the Federal Government spend on research and development in
order to counteract that--that threat? The Endless Frontiers
Act would propose, you know, something over $100 billion. But
if $100 billion, why not $250 billion? Why not $1 trillion? Is
there a point, and can you help me identify at what point
Federal Government spending becomes counterproductive?
Dr. Lander. Well, I think, Senator, that the importance of
making sure that we win in these different technologies means
that it is appropriate to be developing ways to move things
from fundamental research into industry, by filling gaps
between those two. Taking on those things that are not yet a
business plan could not be something supported by investors but
are crucially needed by the country. And I think there is----
Senator Lee. And finally, there are other changes we could
meet to----
Senator Duckworth. The gentleman's time has ended. You are
a minute over.
Senator Lee. Thank you, Madam Chair.
Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I see no one is waiting in
the WebEx. So, before we close today's hearing, Dr. Lander, we
have one more question for you, which we ask of all nominees.
Dr. Lander, if confirmed, will you pledge to work
collaboratively with this committee, provide thorough and
timely responses to our request for information, as we put
together and address important policy issues, and appear before
the Committee when requested?
Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I will do all of those things and
I look forward to it.
Senator Duckworth. The hearing record will remain open for
two weeks, until May 13, 2021. Any Senators that would like
submit questions for the record for Dr. Lander, should do so by
May 13. We ask that your responses be returned to the
committee, as quickly as possible, and in no case, later than
two weeks after the receipt.
Thank you and that concludes today's hearing.
[Whereupon, at 11:50 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]
A P P E N D I X
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Transcription of a talk by Eric Lander
National Math Festival. Gala dinner at the Library of Congress, 4/16/
2015
(Introduction by David Eisenbud)
First, thanks to Jim Simons, to David Eisenbud, to Robbert
Dijkgraaf, to Bob Tjian, and everyone who put together this first-ever
National Math Festival. It's about time!
My assignment, from David, was to make the case for basic research.
Now, looking around the room, I have to confess, I'm not sure to whom I
need to make the case. But that was the assignment. And so, I'm going
to do it. Because the truth is, we all have to be able to make the case
for basic research. It is very important for us to be able to
articulate the case for basic research.
We have in this room people who have been tremendous forces for the
importance of basic research. I want to thank former Representative
Bart Gordon, who was Chairman of the House Committee on Science and
Technology from 2007 until 2011, and former Representative Rush Holt,
who is a research physicist and former professor and current CEO of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science. We have
Representative Jerry McNerney, who has the distinction of being the
only mathematician serving in Congress. We had, until a moment ago,
Leader Nancy Pelosi, who has also been a great supporter of research.
So, even within the Congress, I preach to the converted and, indeed,
from some of them, I have learned much about how to make the case for
basic research. But, let's get down to it.
My title is, The Miracle Machine. I'll come back to what that means
in a moment.
Because we are in Washington, DC, though, I want to start by
talking about responsible public policy. As David says, I co-chair the
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology for the White
House, and I've come, over the six years I've been doing that, to
appreciate the importance of responsible public policy. I've been aware
that, since 2008, we've been living through a great recession. We're
now climbing out, but it's been slow. As you heard from President of
the European Central Bank Mario Draghi, Europe is climbing out much
more slowly, if at all. Budgets are tight everywhere. We have not the
surplus of the late 1990s, but deficits. Understandably, our elected
officials want to ensure that with respect to public spending, we're
getting the maximum bang for the buck--or euro, as the case may be.
Before committing money, they want to see clear objectives, short-term
outcomes, and avoidance of waste. No line item in the national budgets
has escaped this scrutiny. And that includes research.
Looking to the north, Canada, in 2013, decided to radically shift
the focus of its National Research Council. It announced the
transformation of a 98-year-old agency, which had been the leading
force for basic research in Canada, into essentially a one-stop
concierge service to bolster technological innovation by industry and
generate jobs. To increasingly focus the Canadian National Research
Council on industry issues, they describe themselves now as a strategic
R&D organization for industry that aims to be directly responsive to
those short-term goals. I can understand why a government might choose
to do that.
In Europe, we've seen similar things. In 2011, Ireland's government
substantially changed how it thinks about funding science--to focus
predominantly on research with clear potential to grow the economy and
create jobs. The European Commission recently announced a plan to cut
nearly 3 billion euros from the Horizon 2020 program--which includes
funding for the European Research Council, which is the premier,
frontier research organization directed at fundamental research--in
order to move money into a new Strategic Investment Fund for Europe, a
short-term focused stimulus program. They plan to cut about 5 percent
of the European Research Council's budget.
Here in the United States, we are not immune from this kind of
thinking. There are bills in Congress to ensure the accountability of
taxpayer dollars invested in science, to ensure that dollars are
stretched efficiently and effectively--I quote from websites here--to
ensure ``accountability'' and ``transparency''. There are proposals
that the National Science Foundation be required to publish a
justification of each and every grant's scientific merits and relevance
to the broad national interest--that is, to the economy or defense.
Now, how could you possible disagree with such prudent investing of
American dollars? How could you possibly disagree with accountability,
transparency? If I'm investing in real estate, I want to see a clear
path to a return on my investment. If I'm investing in a start-up
company, I might be willing to wait for a few years before I get my
return, but I want to see a clear business plan. If investing in
building roads and bridges for a country, I'd like a clear connection
between social investment and social return. So what can possibly be
wrong with wanting to have a clear case for precisely how investments
in basic research will pay off?
The answer is: absolutely everything! Everything is wrong with it.
Applying this kind of filter to basic research is a terrible strategy.
It'll guarantee that you will have ordinary returns--projects that pay
off, at an ordinary rate. In the short term, you'll get outputs. But
you will miss the extraordinary returns. Fundamental research is
fundamentally different than any other kind of investment. We're all
still struggling to understand it, but it is a remarkable thing:
because time and time again, we've found that basic research can pay
huge, out-of-proportion returns. Basic research can completely
transform for the better our society, our economy, our defense.
From a mathematical point of view, you'd say that the distribution
of returns from basic research has a very fat tail. That is, you can
get 10:1 returns, and 100:1 returns, and 1000:1 returns, and 10,000:1
returns out of that tail. It doesn't fall off like an exponential; it
has very fat tails. And, indeed, as the mathematicians here know, there
are even distributions with fat tails where the expected return is
infinite. Basic research is probably closer to that than to some
normally distributed return for typical kinds of investments.
The problem is that transformative ideas and discoveries often come
out of left field. Try as you might, you cannot predict where they come
from. We're dealing with something pretty remarkable here. I've started
to call this thing the Miracle Machine. It is miraculous, and it is a
machine, because it's quite reproducible; it works again and again.
More and more, I want to understand how this Miracle Machine works. It
is a challenge to explain it to people. Maybe the best way to explain
it is through example. So I'm going to pick some examples, and tell you
about them. Some of them you'll all know, because it's a highly
mathematical crowd. Some of them you're not going to know very much
about, because I'll pick some biological examples; they'll be kind of
fun. These examples are at the heart of the case we need to make.
So, let's start with math. As you know, I am by training a pure
mathematician: a Princeton undergraduate, Oxford graduate student. I
studied algebraic number theory and topology at Princeton, and then
wrote my Ph.D. thesis at Oxford on group representation theory and
algebraic coding theory. What got me most excited about math first in
high school and in college was number theory. I love number theory--how
can you not love number theory at that age?
In high school, I read and loved G.H. Hardy's Introduction to the
Theory of Numbers. The book conveyed the essential beauty of number
theory, especially of prime numbers. Hardy loved number theory,
precisely because it was both beautiful and completely useless. In his
famous essay, ``A Mathematician's Apology'', Hardy likened pure
mathematics to painting and poetry; he was proud that it had no
practical applications. In the essay, he wrote that no one had found
any practical applications--he actually said, any ``war-like''
applications; that was what was on his mind at the time--to be served
by number theory or by general relativity. And, he said it seemed
unlikely that anyone will do so for many, many years. Well, Hardy must
be turning in his grave. Because number theory--prime numbers--lie at
the heart of national security and communications. Public-key
cryptography is fundamentally based on the question of decomposing
numbers into their prime factors. So, number theory is central to
commerce and defense.
The other thing that Hardy said had no foreseeable application was
relativity. [Laughter]
Relativity itself has its roots in mathematics. You know, if you
were explaining to, let's say, a Congressional committee in the 1800s
why you were funding a grant on non-Euclidean geometry, you'd be
saying: yes, yes, Mr. Congressman, I realize that for 2000 years we've
known that parallel lines never meet, but let's just imagine that what
we know isn't true, and let's fund someone to study what would happen
in a counterfactual world where all lines intersected and there were no
parallel lines.
You could imagine that this would not be looked on with great
favor. It would be viewed as some kind of mind game, because it didn't
describe the real world, and it therefore wasn't practical. Except, of
course, it turns out that it does describe the real world. It just was
that the math was ahead of our understanding of the real world--to the
curved space-time of general relativity.
Now, to return Hardy's question, is relativity practical? Well,
anybody who used their iPhone to get here tonight was using GPS, and
anybody who's using GPS is using general relativity, because you
actually need to correct for the time dilation of the satellites in
order to get accurate GPS positioning. Your iPhone has general
relativity built into it. Hardy was a great number theorist, but, I
think, a very bad predictor of the ultimate impact of mathematics.
Let me switch to physics. When Charles Townes invented lasers, he
was advised by many people that it was a solution looking for a
problem. What were you going to do with these lasers? It was a
curiosity. People had masers and he wanted to know whether he could do
a similar thing at the frequency of light, I don't think I would have
wanted to defend its utility in advance based on that rationale. But
lasers did turn out to be useful--for cutting, welding, printing, CDs,
bar codes, scanners, treating acne, treating kidney stones, eye
surgery, dentistry, fingerprint analysis, holograms, and laser light
shows.
What about huge particle accelerators? Those giant machines built
to study obscure sub-atomic particles that you will never meet in your
everyday life: quarks and leptons, and things like that. What excuse do
we have for investing public money to build large particle accelerators
to pursue this curiosity at this scale?
Well, it kind of turns out that, when you build those things, it
ends up giving us the technology to make synchrotron light sources that
are used for x-ray crystallography, which used to study the structures
of human proteins and which are central to all drug development
efforts. Any good drug-development effort needs to have the structures
of protein targets, and they have solved these structures using
synchrotron light sources. It's very hard to predict that things like
quark investigations will be useless--because they have this uncanny
way of turning out, just when you'd least expect it, to be enormously
useful.
And then there's Andre Geim, the physicist who had Friday sessions
in the lab where they deliberately worked on wacky things. They studied
how geckos can climb up and stick to very smooth surfaces; it might not
sound very important. But it led to the development of a super-sticky
adhesive able to stick to the smoothest surfaces.
He was also very interested in magnetic levitation and famously
developed in his lab a system to levitate a frog. For this he won, in
my fair City of Cambridge, Mass., an Ig Nobel prize for frog
levitation. The Ig Nobels, if you've not been to the ceremony (I've
actually been a speaker at the Ig Nobels) are a parody of the Nobel
Prize.
Geim, also in his lab, used Scotch tape to peel off very thin
layers of graphite, then used tape on those layers to peel off thinner
layers, and then thinner layers and thinner layers--until he got to
layers of graphite that were just one atom thick. That is to say,
graphene--a single monolayer of carbon atoms. For
this work, he received not an Ig Nobel prize, but a Nobel Prize.
Graphene is the thinnest material, incredibly strong, incredibly
transparent, totally impervious, you can't even get helium through it.
The same curiosity that levitated the frog produced the graphene. It's
very hard to figure out in advance which ideas will turn into floating
frogs and which will turn into graphene.
Now these stories are just not a fluke. In the United States, we
have this thing that I am increasingly thinking of as the Miracle
Machine: a reproducible system for making miracles come to pass, for
making dreams into reality.
Vannevar Bush, the famous dean of engineering at MIT who directed
research for the United States government during World War II, wrote a
famous essay after the war about an imaginary device that he called a
Memex. The essay was about the idea of a device that would give you
access to all human knowledge. He imagined it with lots of microfilm
and ways of accessing all that microfilm, whereby people could trace
paths through all of human knowledge--a very appropriate image for the
building in which we sit today, the Library of Congress. The Memex
would contain all of the Library of Congress, all of human knowledge.
It was . . . kind of crazy in 1945 to dream about such a thing. Well,
along the way, as more people thought about such ideas, computers were
developed. The field of computer science, built very much on
mathematics, was developed. Hundreds of playful projects and
algorithms, all sorts of things; the Internet was born. All of these
things flowed one after another, after another.
In 1993, the National Science Foundation gave a 3.6 million-dollar
grant to some investigators at Stanford. According to the abstract of
the grant application, the purpose was to work on an integrated virtual
library that will provide uniform access to the large number of
emerging networked information sources and collections that will link
everything to personal information collections to collections found
today in conventional libraries to large data collection. Two students
working on this . . . you know where this is going . . . were Sergey
Brin and Larry Page. This work gave rise to Google.
On my iPhone, I just checked the market cap of Google today. It is
360 billion dollars, which is a very, very precise 100,000-fold return
on NSF's investment in a 3.6 million dollar grant. One hundred
thousand-fold is a good return, if you can get it. Of course, the
problem is, you don't know in advance precisely where to get it.
Now, to get Google took more than just that public investment. You
had a public investment from the NSF in basic science, and then, as
these ideas proved more and more practical a few years later, the other
part of the great Miracle Machine swung into action--private
investment, from venture capitalists, from capital markets, to launch
and sustain businesses, like Google. What we have in this country is an
amazing partnership between a public good--publicly-funded, basic
research, where we don't know precisely what it will deliver, or on
what time frame--and then private investment. It's a fabulous
partnership. Now, America is not the only country that does this. The
Miracle Machine is not unique to the United States, but nowhere is it
operating better than in the United States. And no place has reaped
greater return from this Miracle Machine. So, it's important to
understand how the pieces work together.
What about biology? While I am trained as an algebraic
combinatorialist, I have migrated over the years into biology (although
I still use mathematics throughout biology). Biology is very fertile
territory for some crazy-sounding studies. Let me tell you about some
of the truly wacky things that have been done in biology.
Biologists went and used Federal dollars to go to Yellowstone to
look at bacteria that grow in hot springs. Pretty obscure. Who cares?
Sounds like just butterfly collecting. Why hot springs . . . don't we
have enough bacteria everywhere else? Well, it turns out that bacteria
that grow in hot springs are remarkable, because all their enzymes are
stable against extremely high temperatures. And a particular enzyme in
these bacteria, a DNA polymerase, turned out to be a crucial component
in the DNA amplification technology called polymerase chain reaction,
PCR, that is used millions of times around the world every day. We have
PCR in its current working form because somebody did go to the hot
springs, although they didn't go for the purpose of enabling PCR.
Biologists also wondered why jellyfish glow green. It's a cool
question, but why should you waste public funding figuring out why they
glow green? Well, it turns out the answer is a certain protein, now
called Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). It can be attached, via genetic
engineering, to other proteins that will now be marked by glowing
green. With some modifications, you can also change the protein to glow
red, and yellow, and other colors. And, with these tutti-frutti tags on
proteins, you can study the internal architecture of cells in exquisite
detail. It turns out that wondering why jellyfish glow green gave rise
to tools that are used in tens of thousands of labs around the world
and was worth a Nobel Prize.
Here's another one: there are weird bacteria that can grow in
amazingly salty conditions, such as in incredibly salty lakes in Egypt
and Sudan. Scientists were curious about how bacteria can grow in five-
molar salt solutions. Somebody decided to investigate this seemingly
ridiculous question, and figured out that they have a light-driven ion
pump that uses sunlight to transport ions. Now, this was just a
curiosity, until some investigators realized that if you put light-
driven ion pumps into neurons, you could get the neurons to fire
whenever you shined a light on them. This gave rise to optogenetics--
the optical control of neurons--which is now used all over
neurobiology. By the way, one of the applications that people are
working on is inserting those optically-responsive ion channels into
the retina to restore the sight of people with certain kinds of
blindness. I could go on and on with examples from bacteria.
But, let's move from bacteria to fruit flies. Politicians love to
beat up on fruit fly research. Geneticists collect strange mutant fruit
flies with weird defects; there's one called hedgehog, and it's got all
these little funny spikes on it. It sounds like a silly thing to do--
except that the FDA just approved a hedgehog inhibitor in humans that
treats basal cell carcinoma. It turns out that the same pathway the
fruit fly uses for early development is a pathway operative in your
skin cells. Evolution has conserved it over the course of hundreds of
millions of years.
Now, some politicians, including Republicans and Democrats over
time, have sought to sound reasonable by ridiculing Federal grants that
sound silly--at least if you only read their abstracts. William
Proxmire, a Democrat of Wisconsin, famously gave the Golden Fleece
awards in the 1970s for projects that he thought were frivolous, a
waste of the taxpayers' money. In 1975, he gave the Golden Fleece to a
study of the sex life of screwworms. You couldn't pick a better title
than that: the sex life of screwworms. The U.S. Department of
Agriculture gave a quarter of a million dollars to study the sex life
of screwworms! Ridiculous! Except it turns out, the sex life of
screwworms is pretty important. The screwworms are parasites. And
scientists found out that females lay their eggs immediately after the
first time they mate with a male. And it occurred to them: if one were
to release a very large number of sterile males, they would overwhelm
the fertile males and mate with the females, who would lay eggs that
weren't fertilized, and one would be able to control the pest. This
strategy was implemented and it has saved about twenty billion dollars
in livestock costs and reduced the cost of beef by five percent. To his
enormous credit, Senator Proxmire apologized, acknowledging that he
blew that one. It tells you that you ought to read more than the
abstract.
Now, not all basic research in life sciences is bizarre-sounding or
curiosity-driven. Sometimes critical research is about collecting lots
of information, because you have a hunch that it's going be useful, but
you don't exactly know how.
To explain this, let me turn to another great example of the
Miracle Machine. In 1953, Crick and Watson discovered the double
helical structure of DNA and inferred how life encoded information in
these two strands of DNA--with a sequence of DNA bases on one strand
and a complementary sequence on the other strand. At the time, they had
no idea that you would ever be able to read those sequences. I know,
because I asked each of them. They said, not a chance, we never
imagined that we'd be able, in our lifetime, be able to read out all
that information.
But the information was there, and maybe you could find a way to
read it. So the Miracle Machine got to work, with tens of scientists,
and then hundreds of scientists, and then thousands of scientists,
chipping away at bits of this really great puzzle. And they began to
work out how DNA is copied in cells. And how it's turned into RNA, and
it's interpreted to make proteins, and then how we might be able to
take some of those tricks and do it in the laboratory to actually clone
DNA and sequence DNA. First a few letters, then hundreds of letters,
then thousands of letters, then millions of letters and then this idea
of a Human Genome Project, which started about 1985 and was, at first,
considered pretty nuts. Some thought it was a total waste of money,
because it was going to cost billions of dollars. But the scientific
community debated it, and the Congress decided to fund it. By 1990,
there was work underway. And by April 25, 2003, we had a finished
sequence of the human genome. April 25, 2003--we actually chose that
date on purpose. It was the 50th anniversary to the day of the
publication of the Watson-Crick paper. That's what you can do in a half
a century: you can go from a crazy idea that you might be able to
somehow read out all that information to actually accomplishing it.
So, what did we get out of it? Well, we got many of the things we
expected. But, the most interesting things we got were the things we
hadn't expected. The Human Genome turned out to be an amazing font of
information for understanding the genetic basis of disease. For
example, this past week, I was talking to a colleague who has been
working out the genetics of early heart disease. We all know that
lipids play an important role in heart disease--for example, LDL, the
bad cholesterol, and HDL, the good cholesterol. But, he's using the
human genome to discover entirely new pathways--for example, a pathway
that has nothing to do with lipids at all; it looks like that's going
to be very important. Similar things are happening for diabetes. And,
for schizophrenia, genetics is starting to tell us that the disease is
being driven by excessive pruning of neuronal outgrowth in adolescence.
For autism, we have a great collaboration with Jim Simons that is
helping to unravel the biological basis of autism. For cancer, the
genome is revealing a tremendous amount information about the cellular
basis of the disease, and has led to hundreds of drugs that are in
clinical development.
Beyond these applications to disease, there are many amazing
fundamental discoveries about how genes are regulated, about how DNA is
folded in the nucleus of the cell, about evolution, and about human
populations and how they spread about the world. And, a complete
surprise, about how humans interbred with Neanderthals--which we can
read out from the DNA, using a heavy dose of mathematical analysis.
In fact, all of this discovery has depended on a heavy dose of
mathematical analysis. For example, suppose we scan the human genome to
find genes for heart disease or schizophrenia. How do we know if a
correlation is significant? If you're going to do only one test, you
can use the classic significance level of p = 0.05. But, what if you're
looking across an entire continuous genome of three billion bases?
What's a significant result? Only math can tell us. It turns out you
need to know the extreme valuable distribution of certain stochastic
process called an Ornstein Uhlenbeck diffusion. In simpler terms, it
turns out that figuring out whether a genetic finding is significant is
equivalent to considering the behavior of a particle undergoing
Brownian motion while coupled to the origin by a Hookean spring and
asking how far it can get from the origin in a certain amount of time.
This is just one of many unexpected connections between math and
biology.
Here's another: We study how the genome folds up in a cell. We
recently studied a paper showing that--to a first-order approximation--
the genome folds up as a fractal. Actually, we now have enough data to
say that it's not quite a fractal. It's almost a fractal and we can now
see how it differs from a fractal. We learn this by combining molecular
biology and mathematics to study the distribution of distances between
points in the genome.
So, what's been the economic impact of the Human Genome Project?
Well, it's only been a little while so far, but the Battelle Institute
calculated that the billions of dollars of investment that the Federal
government put into the project has returned approximately 140:1, so
far. That's a pretty good return. They estimate the total return is in
the neighborhood of about a trillion dollars.
All right, you get the point. When economists try to figure out the
return on investment of basic research, the numbers vary because it's
hard to measure precisely. But, the estimated ROI ranges from 20
percent per annum and 60 percent per annum. Now, as my friend and PCAST
colleague Bill Press points out, you might say: ``With returns like
that, I should invest my whole retirement fund in basic research!''
The problem is, of course, as the economists say, the returns are
not appropriable--they can't be captured by a private investor. The
investor in basic research can't fully capture the economic returns,
because the fruits are largely knowledge that accrues to society at
large. You can file patents, but this applies to only a very small
fraction of knowledge. You can't patent laws of nature, and a good
thing, that.
So this Miracle Machine has these two components. The first
component is public investment in basic research. It has to be public.
Private investors won't invest if they can't own the fruits, but the
public can invest because it gets its return in the form of benefits
for society and in greater tax revenues from the economic activity. The
second component is private investment that comes along to enable
commercialization.
We need every person in Congress, we need every American to
understand how this Miracle Machine works--that it has these (and
other) essential parts and they work together to produce social good.
If you think you can improve social returns by moving money from
long-term basic research to short-term investments, you fundamentally
misunderstand the Miracle Machine. You will end up with modest returns,
at best.
Now, basic research investments pose a problem for our elected
officials. For other kinds of investments, they expect that they should
be allocating the funds to specific projects. But, we're saying: No,
you shouldn't pick the projects. And, we're saying: Please don't ask
researchers to explain how their work is directly connected to the
national interest. Please don't ask them to be explicit, because it
will cause them to focus on the short-term--in which case the game is
lost.
So, how should funds be allocated? I hate to say it, because it
sounds elitist, but, you need to rely on expert taste and expert
judgment as to what's a great question to study. In a democratic
society, it is hard to say that the right answer is to rely on experts.
You don't want to have to say that. But it is the right answer.
Now, we shouldn't ask for unbounded trust. As Reagan said, ``trust,
but verify''. The right way to monitor basic research, instead of
asking what the payoff is going to be over the next 25 years, is to
look backward and ask what my payoff has been over the last 25 years.
If you continue to see that you've been doing amazingly well over these
last 25 years (which has been the case), you should continue to invest
in basic research! I suppose there is always the risk that, at some
point the high returns on basic research will cease, but it hasn't
happened yet!
We need to keep the Miracle Machine functioning, we need to train
amazing young minds, we need to fund the best ideas, because, at least
so far, no one has invented any system that has had a greater impact on
human welfare. Thank you very much.
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Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
Dr. Eric S. Lander
Financial Conflicts of Interest. Given the considerable authority
granted to the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy,
it is critical that you avoid any actual or apparent conflicts of
interest. According to your financial disclosures, you hold investments
in entities that may be affected by the work you would perform as
Director, including companies in the medical, biotechnology, and
pharmaceutical industries. As a part of your ethics agreement, you have
said that you will divest from these investments.
Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to divesting from any
investments you hold in entities that may present an actual or apparent
conflict of interest, including but not limited to entities operating
in the medical, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries?
Answer. Yes.
Question 2. Will you commit to complying with all of the provisions
in the Ethics Agreement you signed on February 19, 2021?
Answer. Yes.
Conflicts of Interest in Future Employment. The OSTP's mission has
direct interaction with research institutions like the Broad Institute.
During your confirmation hearing you expressed an interest in returning
to work at the Broad Institute after your tenure as Director of the
OSTP is complete.
Question 1. Please detail the steps that you will take as Director
of OSTP to ensure that any decision the impacts the Broad Institute
does not present a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict
of interest with your previous work at the Broad Institute and your
intended return to that same institution.
Answer. I will not participate personally or substantially in any
particular matter that, to my knowledge, would have a direct and
predictable effect on the financial interests of the Broad Institute. I
will not participate in any particular matter involving specific
parties in which the Broad Institute is a party or represents a party.
Furthermore, in the event that an actual or potential conflict arises
with regard to Broad or any other entity or person, I will consult with
an agency ethics official and take whatever steps are needed to resolve
such conflict, including immediate recusal and/or divestiture.
Question 2. Will you commit to providing this Committee, upon
request, information regarding funding, contracts, or support directed
towards the Broad Institute and your involvement in the decision to
send funding, contracts, or support to that institution?
Answer. I have resigned from my position as CEO of the Broad
Institute and I am on an unpaid leave of absence from my position as
tenured professor there. If confirmed as OSTP Director, if requested, I
commit to working with this Committee to provide information regarding
funding, contracts, or support directed towards the Broad Institute by
OSTP while I serve in this capacity. Moreover, I commit to this
Committee that I will recuse myself from any and all decisions that
could potentially or actually direct funding, contracts, or support
towards the Broad Institute.
Diversity in STEM. The nation has struggled to increase STEM
diversity. Congress has authorized a number of programs to broaden
participation in STEM, but we have yet to see any significant progress.
Question 1. If confirmed as Director of OSTP, what concrete steps
will you take that would garner additional support for and expand
participation in STEM?
Answer. I understand that we are not drawing upon the full
potential of our country's talent, owing the long-term
underrepresentation of various groups, including women and people of
color. Increasing diversity and advancing equity in STEM is critical to
our success in science and technology, and it requires a systematic
approach.
We need to invite and engage more people in STEM, embrace and lift
up more role models, give more students amazing hands-on opportunities
to learn and engage in the scientific enterprise, create more inclusive
and diverse learning and working environments, and monitor, measure,
evaluate and report on progress towards these goals.
If confirmed, I'm committed to working with educators, community
thought leaders, science and technology stakeholders, public and
private institutions, agencies, and Congress to develop a plan to carry
out the President's vision of a more inclusive and equitable nation.
Question 2. How do you address concerns that your decision to toast
Dr. Watson, and your failure to include recognition for two notable
female scientists is evidence that you will perpetuate stereotypes and
not take active steps to promote the work of minorities and women in
STEM if you are confirmed?
Answer. I believe that supporting women and people of color in STEM
is critical. I understand that science has not always been welcoming--
and has often been hostile--to individuals from underrepresented
groups. This is such an important issue because the lack of inclusion
is not only deeply unfair, but is also one of the greatest risks to
America's success. Throughout my career, I have worked to improve
diversity and inclusion in science.
If confirmed, I am committed to making full inclusion and equitable
outcomes a high priority, including building the most diverse OSTP and
PCAST in history and developing a plan to increase the numbers of women
and people from underrepresented groups in the science and technology
professions by 50 percent. I would welcome the opportunity to work with
you on this.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Raphael Warnock to
Dr. Eric S. Lander
Inclusion of Underserved Communities. In my home state, Georgia
Tech, Morehouse College, and PRENEURology Global have launched the
Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub,
which will serve as a network of entrepreneur spaces, education
pathways, and engagement programs--specifically focused on minority
entrepreneurs and students.
Question. How can OSTP better work with agencies, Congress, and the
university and startup ecosystem to bring research out of the lab and
into underserved, underrepresented localities that need more
opportunities for new businesses and new jobs?
Answer. I understand how important it is for agencies, STEM
ecosystems, Congress, and OSTP to work together to turn research into
business and job opportunities for those in underserved communities.
As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is
calling on Congress to invest in workforce training that prioritizes
underserved communities and communities hit hardest by our transforming
economy. It asks for the support of investments that ensure those from
underserved groups have greater access to new infrastructure jobs. The
President's plan also calls for support of community college
partnerships that build capacity to deliver job training programs based
on in-demand skills. I am also in full support of the President's
Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved
Communities Through the Federal Government.
If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies, such as the
National Science Foundation, the Department of Education, and the
Department of Labor to support the development of policies and programs
that deliver resources and benefits equitably to all. Likewise, I am
committed to working with agencies, STEM education ecosystems, and
Congress to support economic and scientific growth in underserved
communities. I am also personally interested to learn more about the
Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub, to
understand ways in which it may be a useful model for other underserved
communities.
Innovation and Efficiency. Our most serious global challenges are
increasingly at the intersection of scientific disciplines with
significant societal impacts. Our vulnerable populations and
disadvantaged communities are and will withstand the worst of health
and environmental challenges. Unfortunately, our Federal research
agencies are often siloed both internally and across agencies in their
approaches and missions. The researchers in our universities in Georgia
often want to tackle challenges at this intersection--such as the
health impacts of energy technology--but are stymied by the current
bureaucratic structures of our research agencies.
Question. How will you work to bring our agencies together to make
real change that spurs new discoveries and innovation?
Answer. I understand how important it is for the success of our
research community that the Federal government take a holistic approach
in supporting new discoveries and innovation. And, I know that this
does not always occur.
Optimizing interagency collaboration is central to OSTP's mission
and OSTP is uniquely positioned to carry out this goal, through its
leadership of National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), which
helps to coordinate science and technology across the Federal agencies
and support collaborative initiatives and activities across agencies.
If confirmed, I am committed to utilizing the NSTC to its full
capacity, supporting agencies that model convergent approaches to their
work, and identifying and supporting other ways that agencies can
support the intersection of scientific disciplines with the potential
of significant societal impact.
Improved Screening Technology. As we have seen throughout the
Covid-19 pandemic, America's seniors went without preventive health
services for far too long. One major consequence of this is the
substantial reduction in cancer screenings among those at greatest risk
for cancer: adults over age 65. The risks are further exacerbated by
the health inequities we face in the U.S. that continue to
disproportionately impact African-Americans. In August 2020, NCI
Director Dr. Sharpless warned of an increase in late-stage cancer
diagnosis due to missed screenings.
Question. As the Director of OSTP, what would you do to ensure that
the Administration pursues policies that promote innovative screening
technology to reduce the number of late-stage cancer diagnoses?
Answer. As a life scientist who has worked on cancer and other
diseases, I appreciate the importance that screening plays in reducing
late-stage cancer diagnoses. I know that recent advances in science and
technology offer new opportunities to detect cancers earlier and to
ensure access that is broader and equitable to all. I understand how
important it is to support policies that promote such technology.
I know the President supports advanced research and screening
efforts found through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
National Comprehensive Cancer Control and the National Breast and
Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs, and the Food and Drug
Administration's Oncology Center of Excellence, for example. I am also
in full support of the President's Executive Order On Advancing Racial
Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal
Government. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted African-
Americans and others who have been historically underserved,
marginalized, and adversely affected by persistent poverty and
inequality.
If confirmed, I will work with agencies to support the development
of policies and programs that promote innovative technologies to
improve medical diagnoses and care and deliver resources and benefits
equitably to all.
Reliable and accurate scientific information. These days, as we
deal with the worst public health crisis in generations, it's more
important than ever to have reliable and accurate scientific
information. We clearly need rigorous, peer-reviewed analyses of
research to guide our decisions.
Question. Dr. Lander, how would you work with the scientific
societies and publishers to produce high-quality scientific analyses
and articles while ensuring policymakers, community leaders, and the
greater scientific community has access to potentially lifesaving and
life-improving information?
Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that we have
reliable and accurate scientific information, especially on topics with
lifesaving and life-improving implications. I also recognize that it is
important that information is rapidly and fully accessible to
policymakers, community leaders, and the greater scientific community.
To execute on these goals, there needs to be funding and
collaboration mechanisms to generate critical data related to public
health as well as mechanisms and norms for ensuring rapid and open
sharing of data sets and publications. The pandemic has led to
innovation in these areas and it will be important to capture and
evaluate the learnings and see how they might be reflected in policy.
These goals also relate the importance of scientific integrity,
including within the Federal government. OSTP is in full support of the
President's Memorandum on Restoring Trust in Government Through
Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking. To implement this
policy, OSTP recently launched a multi-agency Scientific Integrity Task
Force. As noted in a recent press release, ``the Task Force will review
existing Federal scientific-integrity policies to identify effective
solutions that will help improve the lives of the American people,
inform innovative and equitable policy, and revitalize the confidence
of the American public in its government.''
If confirmed, I am committed to supporting efforts to capture and
evaluate the learnings during the pandemic about innovative scientific
practices; supporting the Scientific Integrity Task Force; and
exploring additional ways in cooperation with the scientific community
to ensure scientific information used in decisions is of the highest
quality and publicly available.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to
Dr. Eric S. Lander
Question 1. Dr. Lander, nearly half of Federal research dollars
over the last 20 years went to just six states, and more than one third
went to just two states, California and Maryland. U.S. world leadership
in science and technology is dependent on tapping into the potential of
all Americans as we build the workforce of the future.
What steps should we take to better spread science and
technology research and expertise across the entire nation?
Answer. If confirmed, I'm committed to working with Congress,
Federal science agencies, and my White House colleagues to make sure
that all Americans have the opportunities to do science and technology
research and benefit from the results of research.
I believe we can learn from and build on existing programs such as
the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), the
Institutional Development Award (IDeA) program at the National
Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
programs supporting research across the country, Federal STEM-education
programs, and other capacity-building programs to build research
infrastructure and capacity in all states and jurisdictions throughout
the United States.
Question 2. According to FBI Director Christopher Wray, ``the
greatest long-term threat to our Nation's information and intellectual
property, and to our economic vitality, is the counterintelligence and
economic espionage threat from China.''
What steps can universities and industry take to protect our
valuable research from foreign espionage?
Answer. I understand the importance of protecting against foreign
espionage, including espionage that targets non-public information and
intellectual property. Government, academia, and industry must work
together to strengthen and protect our innovation enterprise. This
includes increased understanding and awareness of risks, identification
of technological vulnerabilities, cyber security measures and training,
and openness and transparency with respect to research and development
collaborations.
If confirmed, I look forward to working with academic research
institutions, industry, and with Congress to identify and implement
appropriate measures to safeguard prepublication research and
intellectual property, and build our competitiveness in science and
technology.
Question 3. Dr. Lander, although basic research in universities and
government agencies is important, more than 70 percent of R&D in our
Nation is funded and conducted by industry.
How can our Federal research agencies work to ensure
industry is at the table in technology development so we can
cross the so-called ``valley of death'' between conducting
research and actually developing commercially viable products?
Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that Federal
research agencies are involved in technology development to address the
``valley of death'' that exists between research and developing
commercially viable products.
Public-private partnerships can be a valuable tool for addressing
the ``valley of death'' challenge. For example, on April 27, the White
House announced that the National Science Foundation (NSF), in
partnership with the Department of Defense Office of the Undersecretary
of Defense for Research and Engineering, the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), and nine leading companies, launched a
program to accelerate research on next-generation networking and
computing systems. This partnership joins our great Federal research
institutions with nine leading companies including Apple, Ericsson,
Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia, Qualcomm, and VMware. Together,
they will partner to tackle society's future needs for connectivity,
maintain U.S. leadership in critical technologies, and upgrade the
Nation's digital infrastructure.
If confirmed I commit to supporting the administration's efforts in
this area and to working with you to explore other strategies.
Question 4. U.S. leadership in R&D is critical. Our near peer
competitors like China are investing significant resources in these
fields. I was proud to champion the recently enacted Industries of the
Future Act, which directs OSTP to develop a plan to continue U.S.
leadership in industries of the future.
What will you do at OSTP to enable U.S. advancements in
technology, such as artificial intelligence and quantum
science, so that we can maintain a competitive advantage over
countries like China?
Follow-up: If confirmed, will you commit to swift
implementation of the Industries of the Future Act?
Answer. I understand the importance of U.S. leadership in research
and development in order to enable U.S. advancements in technology so
that we can maintain an international competitive advantage.
OSTP, as part of the Biden-Harris Administration, strongly supports
increased funding for emerging technologies. Notably, as indicated in
the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is calling on Congress to
``make an $180 billion investment that will advance U.S. leadership in
critical technologies and upgrade America's research infrastructure.
U.S. leadership in new technologies--from artificial intelligence to
biotechnology to computing--is critical to both our future economic
competitiveness and our national security.''
If confirmed, I commit to working with you to support U.S.
leadership in research and development and to implement the Industries
of the Future Act.
Question 5. Dr. Lander, FY 2018 marked the first increase in
Federal science and engineering obligations to HBCUs since FY 2014.
Unfortunately, this remains only a small fraction of the total Federal
dollars awarded to all U.S. institutions of higher education. HBCUs
play a critical role in education and scientific research. As we
discussed in our meeting, Jackson State University was a pioneer in
researching the environmental and genetic factors associated with
heart, kidney and lung diseases among African Americans through the
Jackson Heart Study.
If confirmed, what will you do to increase the amount of
Federal R&D spending at HBCUs like those in my home state of
Mississippi?
Answer. I understand the important role that HBCUs play in
education and scientific research. The National Center for Science and
Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation
recently released an update on Women, Minorities, and Persons with
Disabilities in Science and Engineering, reporting that 23 percent of
African American or Black graduates who earned an S&E doctorate between
2015 and 2019 earned their bachelor's degree from an HBCU.
As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is
calling on Congress ``to make a $10 billion R&D investment at HBCUs and
other MSIs.'' The Plan also calls on Congress ``to invest $15 billion
in creating up to 200 centers of excellence that serve as research
incubators at HBCUs and other MSIs to provide graduate fellowships and
other opportunities for underserved populations, including through pre-
college programs.''
As indicated in the American Families Plan, the Administration is
calling on Congress to support a $400 million investment ``in teacher
preparation programs at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs'' and a $5 billion
investment ``to expand existing institutional aid grants to HBCUs,
TCUs, and MSIs,'' which would include creating or expanding
``educational programs in high-demand fields (e.g., STEM, computer
sciences, nursing, and allied health).'' As further noted in the
American Families Plan, ``these proposed investments, combined with the
$45 billion proposed in the American Jobs Plan targeted to these
institutions, will enable America's HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs to help
advance underrepresented students and make the U.S. more competitive on
the global stage.''
If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies to support
the development of policies and programs that deliver resources and
benefits equitably to all and with Congress to support greater Federal
R&D spending at HBCUs.
Question 6. Dr. Lander, In February, NASA successfully landed the
Perseverance rover on the surface of Mars. Even more remarkably, this
was the 9th time NASA has accomplished such a feat. Space science and
technology inspires us and has enriched our lives. As director of OSTP,
you will have a role in maintaining U.S. progress in this critical
area.
How do you plan to ensure continued focus on space science
and exploration? Will you work with the National Space Council
to advance this effort?
Answer. I understand the importance of space as a national and
international source of inspiration, which reminds us of the boldness
of the human spirit through feats like flying the first helicopter on
Mars and launching a new space telescope, and scientific and
technological knowledge.
If confirmed, I will ensure the United States remains at the
vanguard of space science and technology with ground-breaking
achievements, like the deployment of the Perseverance rover and the use
of American-made rockets to transport Americans safely into space. If
confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the National Space
Council because much work remains to advance the future of space
science and technology. I commit to working with this committee, if
confirmed, to advance our national space policy objectives in service
to the American people.
Question 7. Dr. Lander, last Congress this Committee passed several
bipartisan bills focused on at OSTP. This Congress, I continued that
work by introducing the Ocean Exploration Act, along with Senators
Cantwell, Schatz, Murkowski, and Whitehouse.
Can you speak to the importance of bipartisan work for our
oceans? And what do you see as the role of OSTP in fostering
ocean exploration?
Answer. Covering more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface and
over 97 percent of its inhabitable volume, the ocean is critical to our
Nation's health, prosperity, and security. All Americans benefit from
the services the ocean provides, such as commerce, food production,
energy, tourism and recreation, environmental protection, conservation,
and national and homeland security.
I applaud this committee's leadership on ocean issues, and its
strong support for ocean observations, stewardship, and ocean
exploration, and recognize that the recently codified Ocean Policy
Committee (OPC) provides an effective way to coordinate and advance
these interests.
If confirmed, I look forward, with my colleague and OPC co-chair
Brenda Mallory, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, to
convening the OPC.
I greatly appreciate this committee's continuing support for the
important work of exploring, observing, and predicting ocean processes.
These activities are currently undertaken by numerous Federal agencies,
the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and academic
institutions. Meeting ambitious goals to map, explore, and characterize
the ocean requires engaging these partners to facilitate effective
partnerships and working with agencies to minimize barriers to external
participation.
As co-chair of the OPC and the National Science and Technology
Council's Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology, OSTP will play
an important role in coordinating and supporting the continued
advancement of ocean science and technology, and I commit to working
with you to do so.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mike Lee to
Dr. Eric S. Lander
Question 1. During the hearing you stated that you ``have been on
record supporting a moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to
create designer babies.'' A moratorium is only a temporary restriction
on this type of research and last year, you coauthored a report on
Heritable Human Genome Editing that charts a potential path forward on
this research.
Do you support a permanent ban on germline genetic
engineering to create designer babies? If so, why? If not, what
parameters do you believe must be put in place before a
moratorium should be lifted?
Answer. This is an extremely important issue: genome editing
technology is a powerful tool with potential applications to improve
human health and very worrying potential consequences. I am against the
use of genome editing technology to create ``designer babies.'' I
believe that the unintended consequences and ethical issues are not yet
adequately understood and that germline editing is not yet safe or
effective enough to justify any use in the clinic.
A moratorium on heritable gene editing is an important first step--
there are scientific, technical, medical, ethical and social issues
that will need to be addressed before a decision can be made about
whether to lift, extend, or make permanent a mortarium. The decision is
not mine alone to make. I believe these discussions will require broad
societal input.
If confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to hear your thoughts
and work with you on this critical issue.
Question 2. The Biden Administration recently lifted restrictions
on the use of fetal tissue for medical research. These new rules would
allow scientists to use tissue derived from abortions for medical
research. Recently, news broke from a series of FOIA requests that
showed how the Food and Drug Administration paid an estimated $2,000
per individual baby and sometimes up to $12,000 per box of harvested
organs. Some documents have even showed that the FDA bought body parts
from babies that were 24 weeks old as well as the skulls of second
trimester babies.
With the Biden Administration's lifting restrictions on use
of fetal tissue, do you support the trafficking of aborted
human body parts?
If confirmed to be OSTP Director, a role that involves the
coordination and establishment of research and development
goals across Federal agencies, will you oppose this type of
scientific research being conducted at the FDA or any Federal
agency?
Answer. I understand the importance of this issue, which raises
sensitive ethical and moral concerns.
The administration's policy keeps in place all of the rigorous
expectations, regulations, and applicable laws for conducting this type
of research that were adopted by previous administrations, including
the most recent. In particular, every researcher will still have to
clear the very high bar to demonstrate that the research goals cannot
be accomplished in any other way and that robust informed-consent
procedures are in place.
If confirmed, I would advise the President on the scientific
underpinnings--for example, what advances might result from the
development of alternative models to the use of human fetal tissue--and
I look forward to working with Congress on continuing to ensure ethical
and moral issues are fully considered.
Question 3. It's anticipated that the Senate will soon take up the
Endless Frontier Act, which places a great deal of responsibility on
the OSTP Director and National Science Foundation for implementation of
a $100+ billion government R&D effort to counter China's threat to the
U.S. homeland. As I stated during the hearing, I'm concerned that in
this conversation that we are only trying to respond to the CCP threat
with more government spending.
Are there structural changes that we need to make in order
to better mobilize the United States to meet the challenges
posed by the Chinese government? How about regulatory changes?
Tax code changes? Workforce changes?
Will U.S. spending be less effective without making these
structural changes?
Answer. I understand the urgent need to counter the competitive
threat that China poses. Our strategic response and competition with
China will require an all-of-government effort, as President Biden has
recognized. To address this critical issue, it is important to
carefully consider the full range of challenges that American industry
may face in competition with China and the full range of levers that
might be applied to maximize American competitiveness, including
regulatory, tax, and workforce policies.
If confirmed, I look forward to working with you to explore all the
tools we will need to meet the challenge, including which regulatory,
tax, and workforce policies may the most effective.
Question 4. What is the appropriate role of the Federal government
for the categories of ``basic research'', ``applied research'', or
``development''? And what should be left to the private sector?
Answer. I understand the importance of investments from the Federal
and private sector to ensure that all the categories of scientific
research in the United States research and development ecosystem will
thrive. In each category, the Federal support should focus primarily on
driving critical R&D that would not otherwise be done--at all, at
adequate scale, or at adequate speed--by the private sector, owing to
insufficient private return on investment.
If confirmed, I commit to working with you to exploring this
balance so that all aspects of scientific research can be supported and
thrive.
Question 5. The OSTP under the Trump Administration was influential
in the formation of the UAS Integration Pilot Program (IPP). The IPP is
now completed and the FAA is now transitioning into their next program
called BEYOND. A big question in drone policy is the scope of Federal
preemption. A September 2020 GAO report noted that both DOT and DOJ
will soon be issuing a joint opinion on the scope of FAA preemption in
the context of low altitude drone operations. The FAA has taken the
position that they control the airspace from the ground up.
Do you think the Federal government has the ability to
regulate the airspace a couple of feet above your lawn? What
about inches above the blades of grass? Is this a problematic
position to take?
Do you think full and safe drone integration is possible
without shared responsibility between the Federal government
and state and local governments?
Answer. I understand the important role that Unmanned Aerial
Systems play now and will play in the future and thus the importance of
ensuring that the United States has balanced guidelines and
regulations. I recognize it is important to weigh the considerations of
individual property rights and Federal authority. It is also important
to work together at all levels of government to develop the best
possible solutions to these complex issues.
If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important
matters.
Question 6. Access to additional spectrum is critical for future
technological innovation. Unfortunately, the Federal government sits on
a lot of a valuable spectrum bands, particularly mid-band spectrum
which is the best suited for 5G wireless networks.
Do you think Federal agencies currently use their spectrum
efficiently?
Should government agencies be immune from oversight of their
use of the electromagnetic spectrum?
I think Congress and Executive Branch agencies need the best
available data to identify inefficiencies in both the
commercial and government contexts. Will you support my
legislation, the Government Spectrum Valuation Act, which would
require NTIA to calculate the value or the ``opportunity
costs'' associated with Federal spectrum so that we can make
more informed decisions?
Answer. I understand the tremendous need to use spectrum
efficiently. The demand on our spectrum for uses like 5G and other
applications is growing exponentially. Because spectrum is a finite
resource, we need to continuously evaluate how it is allocated and used
and how to devise ways to squeeze all the value out of it for the
American people, including for our economy and national security.
If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important
balancing considerations.
Question 7. Congress is in the midst of a debate about Federal
legislation related to data privacy.
What is the role of the Federal government when it comes to
data privacy?
Some believe the FTC should be given greater authority to
prescribe data privacy rules, including broad APA authority.
What are your views on this?
Answer. I understand the importance of addressing data privacy
issues. We cannot maximize the benefits of technology without ensuring
privacy.
If confirmed, I will work with Federal agencies and the Congress to
develop effective ways to protect personal data and to build trust
among the American people that personal data about them are protected,
while also helping America reap the benefits of innovation and the
Internet economy.
Question 8. Regulatory red tape is likely the single largest
barrier to deployment of wired and wireless broadband. It can be
especially difficult for small rural providers to invest the time,
money, and effort to build a network that is on or crosses Federal
lands. Because 2/3 of Utah's land is owned by the Federal government,
Utah broadband providers more urgently feel the need for Federal
permitting reform for broadband infrastructure.
What would you recommend to agencies to help streamline the
permitting process so we can lower the cost, as well as more
efficiently allow, for companies to deploy broadband on Federal
land?
Answer. Americans depend on the Internet for education, work,
healthcare, and commerce.
Without broadband, it will be impossible for people to fully
participate in the American economy in the 21st Century.
High-speed Internet connectivity needs to be readily, affordably,
equitably, and reliably available to every American household. However,
millions of Americans lack access to broadband service. These unserved
and underserved Americans are disproportionally rural Americans, people
on Tribal reservations, people of color, Americans who are older, or
those with low-incomes, or with disabilities.
If confirmed, I commit to working with you to explore options to
lower the costs of deployment and streamline the deployment of
broadband so that more Americans can reap the benefits of connectivity.
Question 9. What is the role of the Federal government in
regulation of tech companies and tech censorship generally? How would
you approach this issue as you advise the President?
Answer. If confirmed, I will approach the issue of advising on
technology governance the same way I approach all science and
technology policy issues: with curiosity and an open mind; by calling
on the best minds throughout the country for their advice; engaging
with companies, organizations, Congress, and academia for their
insights and experiences; and relying on our best-available scientific
and technical research.
Question 10. Is the Internet a public utility? Should it be
regulated as such?
Answer. The past year has made it that clear that Americans depend
on Internet access for education, work, healthcare, and commerce.
If confirmed, I will work with Congress to identify appropriate
approaches for Internet governance. Whatever legal approach is adopted
should support affordable and equitable access for all Americans.
______
Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to
Dr. Eric S. Lander
Question. As you know, the Office of Science and Technology has
previously played a critical role in spectrum policy, which is
obviously crucial for leadership in 5G--especially in our race with
China. If confirmed, what role do you see your OSTP taking in spectrum
policy, and what more can be done to help the U.S. lead in 5G?
Answer. I understand the critical need for U.S. leadership in 5G--
both for U.S. economic growth and our national security.
United States policies that create easier access to spectrum will
not only spur the domestic economy, but will help us maintain
international leadership in this crucial area of modern technological
innovation and commerce.
If confirmed, I pledge to work with stakeholders, including civil
society, government, and industry to optimize and advance efficient
spectrum use and American competitiveness.
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