    [Senate Hearing 117-815]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                                                        S. Hrg. 117-815

                       NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
                   NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE
                           AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                             COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
                          SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
                              UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                                 APRIL 29, 2021

                                   __________

        Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
                                 Transportation

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                    Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov

                                   __________

                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
    54-585 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2024

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

           SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

                        ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                       MARIA CANTWELL, Washington, Chair
    AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota             ROGER WICKER, Mississippi, Ranking
    RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut      JOHN THUNE, South Dakota
    BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                 ROY BLUNT, Missouri
    EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts         TED CRUZ, Texas
    GARY PETERS, Michigan                DEB FISCHER, Nebraska
    TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin             JERRY MORAN, Kansas
    TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois            DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska
    JON TESTER, Montana                  MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
    KYRSTEN SINEMA, Arizona              TODD YOUNG, Indiana
    JACKY ROSEN, Nevada                  MIKE LEE, Utah
    BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico            RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
    JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado          SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West
    RAPHAEL WARNOCK, Georgia                 Virginia
                                         RICK SCOTT, Florida
                                         CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming
                        David Strickland, Staff Director
                     Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director
           George Greenwell, Policy Coordinator and Security Manager
                     John Keast, Republican Staff Director
                Crystal Tully, Republican Deputy Staff Director
                          Steven Wall, General Counsel

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page
    Hearing held on April 29, 2021...................................     1
    Statement of Senator Duckworth...................................     1
    Statement of Senator Wicker......................................     3
    Statement of Senator Markey......................................     5
    Statement of Senator Hickenlooper................................   137
    Statement of Senator Thune.......................................   139
    Statement of Senator Blumenthal..................................   140
    Statement of Senator Blunt.......................................   142
    Statement of Senator Blackburn...................................   144
    Statement of Senator Lujan.......................................   146
        Letter dated April 13, 2021 to Hon. Joe Manchin and Hon. John
          Barrasso from the National Laboratory Directors' Council...   148
    Statement of Senator Klobuchar...................................   153
    Statement of Senator Rosen.......................................   155
    Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................   156
    Statement of Senator Lummis......................................   159
    Statement of Senator Lee.........................................   161

                                   Witnesses

    Hon. Elizabeth Warren, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts...........     3
    Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director, Office of Science and
      Technology Policy (OSTP).......................................     7
        Prepared statement...........................................     8
        Biographical information.....................................    10

                                    Appendix

    Support letters for Dr. Eric S. Lander...........................   165
    Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Eric S. Lander by:
        Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   242
        Hon. Raphael Warnock.........................................   243
        Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   244
        Hon. Mike Lee................................................   247
        Hon. Dan Sullivan............................................   250

                       NOMINATION OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,
                       NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF
                      SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

                                  ----------

                            THURSDAY, APRIL 29, 2021

                                           U.S. Senate,
            Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room
    SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Tammy Duckworth,
    presiding.
        Present: Senators Duckworth [presiding], Klobuchar,
    Blumenthal, Markey, Peters, Tester, Sinema, Rosen, Lujan,
    Hickenlooper, Warnock, Wicker, Thune, Blunt, Fischer, Moran,
    Blackburn, Young, Lee, Johnson, Scott, and Lummis.

              OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. TAMMY DUCKWORTH,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS

        Senator Duckworth. Good morning and welcome. Today, the
    Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation will
    consider the nomination of Dr. Eric Lander, to be the Director
    of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Dr. Lander, I
    welcome you and your family, and it is good to see you again.
        The position that you have been nominated for, is charged
    with advising the President on a broad range of scientific and
    technological policies to address national problems. For the
    first time in our country's history, President Biden has
    elevated this position to a Cabinet-level post, underscoring
    its significance and the Administration's commitment to follow
    the science.
        You are an accomplished geneticist, molecular biologist,
    and mathematician--all subjects I got a C- in----
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Duckworth. Who has spear-headed scientific efforts
    to increase our understanding of the human genome. You have
    answered the call to public service, previously serving as the
    Co-Chair of President Obama's Counsel of Advisors on Science
    and Technology.
        Our Nation is facing a critical moment, one with incredible
    challenges, but also with infinite possibilities. We are
    simultaneously facing a global pandemic and experiencing the
    daily effects of a changing climate. And yet, we are on the
    cusp of discoveries that could help us meet these challenges
    and so many others facing our Nation today. And science has
    never been more important.
        Although science is often considered the Great Equalizer,
    the truth is that gender and minority representation in
    science, technology, engineering, and math, or the STEM fields,
    are anything but equal. While the United States is a leader in
    scientific and technological innovation, we have fallen short
    of consistently recruiting, retaining, and promoting women and
    diverse individuals in the STEM fields.
        My home state of Illinois is proud to host two thriving
    national labs, Fermilab and Argonne National Laboratory. These
    crown jewels of scientific innovation would not be possible
    without the contributions of women and diverse scientist and
    engineers. To continue serving as a leader in scientific
    research, the United States must tap as wide a talent pool as
    possible. After all, more women in science, greater diversity
    in science, ultimately, leads to better science and greater
    breakthrough that benefit us all. One may need look no further
    than the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry last year,
    for their ground-breaking work on CRISPR, Dr. Jennifer Doudna
    and Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, to see why female
    representation is so important in the STEM fields.
        Addressing gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in STEM
    is a national priority. As a Nation, and as leaders in our
    government, we need to do more to ensure that gender equality
    exists, and that diverse candidates have meaningful
    representation across scientific and engineering fields.
    Increasing the number of women and diverse individuals in
    science, requires intentional recruitment and promotion.
        However, that alone will not be enough. We also need
    inspiration. That means recognizing the accomplishments and
    successes of women and minorities in science, technology,
    engineering, and math. We need to inspire the next generation
    of great minds to encourage scientific study in all children,
    and to provide all children with the opportunity to succeed.
        On this note, Dr. Lander, I must admit that I am troubled
    by issues that have been raised surrounding your nomination.
    You have been criticized for downplaying the contributions of
    the female Nobel laureates I just mentioned, for toasting a
    well-known racists, misogynistic, anti-Semite, and for
    attending lunch meetings with the late, disgraced Jeffery
    Epstein. You have provided responses to this committee, to
    these allegations, and I plan to ask you about them today.
        The bottom line is that, if confirmed, you will have the
    authority to promote the representation of women and minorities
    in STEM fields. So, I strongly encourage you to use this
    hearing as an opportunity to explain how you have learned from
    your past mistakes. Nobody enjoys reflecting on previous errors
    that may be embarrassing, shameful, or worst of all, may have
    harmed individuals, or a profession that you love. But
    ultimately, our most productive growth as a leader,
    occasionally stems from honest reflection and following through
    on difficult lessons learned.
        I hope to learn today how your successes, and failures have
    made you a better leader, a better scientist, and prepared you
    to direct our Nation's scientific policy in an inclusive
    manner, that empowers women and minorities. I know recognize my
    good friend from Mississippi, Ranking Member Wicker, to give
    his opening remarks.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER WICKER,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI

        Senator Wicker. Thank you very much, Senator Duckworth.
    This is an important hearing on the nomination of Dr. Eric
    Lander to be Director of the Office of Science and Technology
    Policy. I commend Senator Cantwell for allowing the Committee
    the necessary time to prepare and give a full and thorough
    review of Dr. Lander's record and qualifications. There is no
    doubt he has led a long and notable career as a bright and
    dedicated research scientist. However, as Senator Duckworth has
    said, our extensive evaluation of Dr. Lander's record has
    brought to light a number of concerns that deserve further
    examination by this committee. As Senator Duckworth further
    said, I hope his testimony today will provide clarity on these
    topics.
        The Director of OSTP has been a critically important
    position since it was first created. The person occupying this
    role directly advises the President on the scientific,
    engineering, and technological aspects of a wide range of
    Federal Government activity. In addition, it falls to the
    director of the OSTP to coordinate science and technology
    policy across all Federal agencies.
        Notably, under the Industries of the Future Act, which I
    had the opportunity to author and see enacted last Congress,
    the Director of the OSTP is required to submit a report on the
    Federal Government research and development investments,
    infrastructure, and workforce development. The report must
    include a plan to advance U.S. leadership in industries of the
    future, such as, artificial intelligence and quantum science,
    as well as a blueprint for boosting annual spending in this
    area to $10 billion by 2025. Implementing this new law is one
    of the many responsibilities of the Director of OSTP.
        This position has been made all the more significant by the
    President's decision to elevate it to the Cabinet-level, hence
    the need for a comprehensive review by this committee.
        I want to thank Dr. Lander to his commitment to public
    service, and for appearing before us today. I want to welcome
    our two colleagues, from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and
    I expect this hearing will be informative and useful to the
    Committee.
        Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I recognize Senator Warren.

                  STATEMENT OF HON. ELIZABETH WARREN,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS

        Senator Warren. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking
    Member Wicker. I have the privilege of introducing Dr. Eric
    Lander, who has been nominated to serve as the Director of the
    President's Office of Science and Technology.
        Now, Eric has an impressive record as a scientist and
    leader. He received a degree in mathematics from Princeton and
    a PhD from Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He record a
    MacArthur Genius award in 1987 and was soon tapped to lead the
    Human Genome project. In 2001, he and his team published the
    first draft of the Human Genome. In 2003, Eric co-founded the
    Broad Institute, where he has served as the President and
    Founding Director. In addition, he is a professor at MIT and,
    as you noted, Chair Duckworth, for 8 years during the Obama
    Administration, Eric also served as the external Co-Chair of
    the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
        Now, I have known Eric for a decade. We have had many
    conversations about a range of topics from hearing aids to
    cancer vaccines. One recurring topic is women in science. Eric
    recognizes that the scientific community is strongest when it
    it is diverse and inclusive. Eric does not just mouth the
    words. Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has prioritized
    efforts to support and advance the careers of women scientists
    and scientists of color.
        Let me give you a specific example on this. Eric is a
    scientist to his bones, and he believes in data. So, to assess
    and improve diversity and inclusion at the Broad, Eric set in
    motion a study, to collect data about the Institute. The
    results showed that, in a field where women are
    underrepresented, the Broad is modeling a better path.
    Currently, women make up the majority of the Institutes'
    overall employees, the majority of the scientific teams, and
    the majority of the Senior Leadership team. In order to
    recognize his support for women in science, in 2020, Eric's
    former mentees and trainees raised an endowment to create an
    award to honor his mentorship of early career women scientists.
        Eric's support for women's careers has been recognized in
    the world outside the Broad, as well. This September, for the
    fourth year in a row, ``Working Mother'' magazine named the
    Broad as one of the 100 Best Companies in America for
    progressive programs related to advancing women, mentoring
    flexibility, childcare, and parental leave.
        Eric's commitment was on full display during this past
    year. The pandemic's impact on working mothers has been
    devastating, cutting into the career advancement of many women,
    and forcing many more to leave the workforce all together. Eric
    was not a passive observer. Instead, Eric led the Broad in
    setting up its own childcare center and, to ensure the safety
    of the children and reassure the parents, the Broad conducted
    onsite COVID-19 testing every few days. Thanks to Eric's work,
    women scientists at the Broad did not have to take a step back
    during the pandemic.
        Under Eric's leadership, the Broad has also operated a
    flagship diversity and inclusion program for college students.
    Nearly all of the program's graduates have enrolled in graduate
    or medical programs. Some have even won prestigious awards,
    including three Rhodes Scholars. The Broad has also launched or
    collaborated on major research projects on racial health
    disparities, including serving as the largest genome sequencing
    laboratory for the NIH's All of U.S. research program.
        And one final note. The Broad is internationally famous for
    its cutting-edge work on genomics. During the coronavirus
    pandemic, Eric led the Broad to take on a very different role.
    The Broad ramped up and ran COVID tests night and day, building
    from scratch a COVID testing lab, that grew into the largest
    non-commercial lab in America. Described as, ``The centerpiece
    of New England's testing infrastructure'', a vision of just how
    much better our national pandemic response might have been. As
    the need grew, the Broad took on more and more work running,
    literally, millions of tests for cities and towns, K-12
    schools, and over 100 colleges and universities in seven
    states.
        Now, there is much more that I could say about Eric. I know
    I am out of time here. But I want to end with one last bit of
    information, for those of you who do not already know him. Eric
    is fun. He is a passionate scientist whose enthusiasm for
    learning is infectious. He listens. He put people and ideas
    tighter. And best of all, he makes things happen.
        I know that, under Eric's leadership, the Office of Science
    and Technology will push forward cutting-edge policies that
    benefit everyone and reinvigorate our country's role as a
    scientific leader. So, welcome, Eric, and congratulations on
    your nomination.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. EDWARD MARKEY,
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS

        Senator Markey. Thank you, Senator Duckworth, Senator
    Wicker. Thank you for hosting us today. And I am pleased, along
    with Senator Warren, to be here to introduce Dr. Eric Lander as
    the nominee to be the Director of the White House Office of
    Science and Technology Policy. And I want to extend a warm
    welcome to Eric's family, to Lori--his wife, Lori who is here
    today, and his children, Jessica and Daniel and David. And I
    can tell you, they are a team. It is a very special family that
    the Lander have created, and I am so proud of all of you and
    glad to be with you here today.
        Senator Warren is right. Dr. Lander is a visionary
    scientist and thinker. And he is going to serve with
    distinction, as Director of the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy. I often say that Massachusetts is not only
    the Bay State, it is the Brain State, and Dr. Lander represents
    the kind of new American pioneer. One committed to exploring
    horizons defined, not by the boundaries of land and shore, but
    of genes and genius. A pioneer who does not see limits in
    biology, but the expanse of possibility. He exemplifies what it
    means to represent a place where scientific progress is a part
    of our DNA.
        Dr. Lander started his career as a mathematician. He has
    taught economics and he has been one of the world's foremost
    biomedical scientists for years. When I was a young boy who
    refused to do his homework, my mother would threaten that she
    would donate my brain to Harvard as a completely unused human
    organ. Somehow--somehow, my mother anticipated Dr. Lander and
    his work on the Human Genome project.
        Senator Wicker. That explains so much about you, Senator.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Markey. I--mothers know you best. And thank God,
    there is a Dr. Lander that can help mothers. And so, I am so--I
    am so proud that my mother can see me here today, introducing
    Dr. Lander, because I know that she would think that somehow or
    other, I had defied all expectations that she had for me as a
    child.
        And Dr. Lander's work on the Human Genome project and
    founding of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, which
    reflects his deep understanding of how science and policy can
    inform one another. At the Broad Institute, he pursued
    collaborative science, bringing together biologists,
    clinicians, chemists, engineers, and computational scientists.
    The transformative model for scientific research that the Broad
    Institute represents, is a new way to take on the challenges
    that we face today, bringing scientific discoveries and
    advances forward more quickly than ever before.
        His contribution to science has also demonstrated how
    impactful research can be. The Human Genome project was a 13-
    year long project that involved hundreds of scientists across
    the entire world. This project is an incredible example of a
    publicly funded project that keeps knowledge in the public
    domain, and a feat that provided a model for the kind of large-
    scale cooperative effort that the world's biggest problems
    require.
        The Human Genome project has also had an enormous economic
    impact with one analysis, from 10 years ago, estimating that
    the $3 billion project has produced more than 330,000 jobs and
    nearly $800 billion in economic benefit. And that was 10 years
    ago. Sequencing nearly the entire human genome has already led
    to countless advances, a trend that is certain to continue into
    the future. The project discovered genes that are fundamental
    to thousands of diseases, including heart disease and
    Alzheimer's and cancer, and paved the way for novel treatments.
        Last night, we heard President Biden commit to curing
    Alzheimer's disease, a disease that my mother died from. I know
    we will reach that goal and I know Dr. Lander will have played
    a part in that discovery.
        In addition to his groundbreaking research, he has taught
    MIT's Introductory Biology course for more than 25 years and is
    one of MIT's most beloved teachers. He has inspired students to
    grapple with complex issues, helping them become informed and
    active members of their communities. He has an ability to
    explain the science of why much better than senators can
    explain the political science of why not. And that ability to
    teach and translate is more important than ever before.
        I know Dr. Lander has the skill to rebuild the celebration
    of science that is a hallmark of American excellence. When his
    country needed him, during the coronavirus pandemic, he moved
    to build, from scratch to operation, the largest non-commercial
    COVID testing laboratory in the country. Senator Warren already
    spoke to that incredible success.
        He has been a strong supporter of people of color in
    science and improving racial equity in science outcomes. He has
    used science as a tool for justice, playing a key role in the
    origins of the Innocence Project, as his commitment to justice
    and forensic science has spanned more than three decades.
        The crises we face today, of man and mind and the
    intersection of those two forces, are daunting. We are
    confronted by a surging China and its race to dominate the
    scientific and technological landscape. But Eric's breadth of
    knowledge, unparalleled experience, and pioneering spirit make
    him uniquely suitable to lead.
        With Dr. Lander at the helm of the Office of Science and
    Technology Policy, all Americans will be his students, sharing
    his passion for science, discovery, and achievement. We thank
    you, Dr. Lander, for trading your microscope for a microphone
    and we appreciate your service for our country.
        Thank you.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Senator Markey. Dr. Lander.

                    STATEMENT OF DR. ERIC S. LANDER,

               NOMINEE TO BE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF SCIENCE

                      AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY (OSTP)

        Dr. Lander. Thank you, Chair Duckworth and Ranking Member
    Wicker. And thank you to Senators Warren and Markey for your
    very, very kind introductions.
        It is a tremendous honor to come before this committee as
    President Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science
    and Technology Policy. America has led the world in science and
    technology for 75 years. That leadership has had profound
    benefits for our health, economy, our national security,
    driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to COVID, new
    industries with millions of jobs, from computers to
    biotechnology. But today, America's future depends on science
    and technology like never before. We have amazing opportunities
    ahead, but also unprecedented challenges and the choices we
    make now will determine our path for generations to come.
        In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to
    rethink our strategy for the next 75 years. He asked OSTP to
    take the lead, because OSTP is the place where all of science
    and technology comes together across government, industry,
    academia, medicine, and society. President Biden posed big
    questions. What lessons can we learn, in the broadest way, from
    this pandemic? How do we ensure America is the world leader in
    the technologies of the future, especially in our competition
    with China? How can science drive market-driven solutions for
    climate change? And very importantly, how do we ensure the
    fruits of science and technology are shared across all America
    and all Americans?
        If confirmed, I would throw my full energies into this and
    let me explain why. I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I
    was raised by my mom, because my dad suffered from a long
    illness and died when I was 11 and in my neighborhood, there
    were no scientists. If New York City had not had a few public
    STEM high schools, there is no way I would have ever have
    become a scientist. I knew I was very lucky to have that
    chance, and I have never forgotten it. Most people never get a
    chance. And the opportunity is so unevenly distributed across
    gender and race and geography.
        Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color.
    It has been concentrated in a few regions of the country. And
    most Americans lack access to great STEM schools and many even
    to broadband. And lack of inclusion is not just deeply unfair,
    it is a risk to America's success. To lead the world, we are
    going to need everybody. If confirmed to OSTP, I will, as I
    have done in my career at the Broad, make full inclusion and
    equitable outcomes a high priority. Including ensuring that
    OSTP's staff will look like America including by identifying
    extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every
    search. That PCAST, the advisory group, will be the most
    diverse in history. That OSTP's work will be rooted in equity.
    And I would work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers
    of women and underrepresented people in STEM careers by 50
    percent. We can do that.
        I am also excited to bring other experiences and values. I
    have seen how science can be a force for justice. As a young
    scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first criminal
    cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential
    evidence, the quality was shoddy, and I said so. That position
    was not popular with everyone. But the case forced higher
    standards for DNA fingerprinting, and it led directly to the
    founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA to reveal
    that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars, with Black
    Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served
    much longer sentences.
        A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration,
    the Human Genome Project. When we set out in 1990, mapping a
    person's complete genetic code seemed absurd. It would have
    taken 200 years. But scientists rallied together and drove
    innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today, it takes
    just hours. And it has unlocked secrets from cancer to
    Alzheimer's, driving unimaginable progress. And we are going to
    need this kind of collaboration to tackle much of what is
    ahead.
        After the genome project, I worked with colleagues to find
    a new kind of research community, the Broad Institute. It is
    deeply collaborative. It lets scientists, particularly young
    scientists, dream big and take on challenges at whatever scale
    is needed, blending the best of individual creativity and
    large-scale platforms. I am particularly proud it is one of the
    few such institutions in which women comprise the majority of
    the overall staff, scientific staff, and senior leadership
    team. There is a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how
    we do science.
        Finally, I have learned that good science requires a
    healthy dose of humility. Scientists? favorite ideas are often
    wrong, mine included. We constantly need to be open to
    different perspectives from scientists, non-scientists, and
    policymakers. I know that this committee has led on so many
    critical issues in science and technology. Your work has been
    so collaborative and so bipartisan. If confirmed, I promise to
    work closely and open-mindedly with each of you.
        Thank you for the invitation to come before you and I look
    forward to your questions.
        [The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr.
    Lander follow:]

       Prepared Statement of Dr. Eric S. Lander, Nominee to be Director,
                    Office of Science and Technology Policy
        Thank you, Chair Cantwell and Ranking Member Wicker. And, thank you
    to Senators Warren and Markey for your kind introductions.
        It's a great honor to come before this committee as President
    Biden's nominee for Director of the Office of Science and Technology
    Policy.
        America has led the world in science and technology for 75 years.
    That leadership has had profound benefits for our health, economy, and
    national security--driving medical breakthroughs from cancer to covid;
    new industries with millions of jobs, from computers to biotechnology.
        But, today, America's future depends on science and technology like
    never before. We see amazing opportunities ahead, but also
    unprecedented challenges. The choices we make now will determine our
    path for the generations to come.
        In a recent letter, President Biden recognized we need to rethink
    our strategy for the next 75 years.
        He asked OSTP to take the lead, because OSTP is the one place where
    all of science and technology comes together--across government,
    industry, academia, medicine, and society.
        President Biden posed big questions:

       What lessons can we learn from the pandemic?

       How do we ensure America is the world leader in the
            technologies of the future, especially in competition with
            China?

       How can science create market-driven solutions for climate
            change?

       And, very importantly: How do we ensure the fruits of
            science and technology are shared across all America and all
            Americans?

        If confirmed, I'd throw my full energies into this work. Let me
    explain why.
        I grew up as a kid in Brooklyn, New York. I was raised by my mom,
    because my dad suffered from a long illness and died when I was 11.
        In my neighborhood, there were no scientists.
        If New York City hadn't had a few public STEM high schools, there's
    no way I'd ever have become a scientist.
        I knew I was very lucky to have that chance. And, I've never
    forgotten it.
        Most people never get a chance. And, the opportunity is so unevenly
    distributed across gender, race, and geography.
        Science has been unwelcoming to women and people of color. It's
    concentrated in a few regions of the country. Most Americans lack
    access to great STEM schools or many even to broadband.
        Lack of inclusion is not only deeply unfair, it's a greatest risk
    to America's success. To lead the world, we're going to need everyone.
        If confirmed to OSTP, I will--as I've done in my career at the
    Broad Institute--make full inclusion and equitable outcomes a high
    priority, including that:

       OSTP's staff will look like America, including identifying
            extraordinary women and people of color as candidates in every
            search;

       PCAST will be the most diverse in history;

       OSTP's work will be rooted in equity--tackling issues from
            STEM inclusion to algorithmic bias.

       And, I'd work to put in place a plan to increase the numbers
            of women and underrepresented people in the science and
            technology professions by 50 percent. We can do that.

        I'm also excited to bring other experiences and values:

        I've seen how science can be a force for justice.
        As a young scientist in 1989, I testified in one of the first
    criminal cases using DNA fingerprinting. For such consequential
    evidence, the quality was shoddy. I said so. That position wasn't
    popular with everyone.
        But the case forced high standards for DNA fingerprinting and led
    directly to the founding of the Innocence Project, which has used DNA
    to reveal that hundreds of innocent people were behind bars--with Black
    Americans making up a disproportionate share and having served much
    longer sentences.
        A year later, I got to be part of an amazing collaboration: the
    Human Genome Project.
        When we set out in 1990, mapping a person's complete genetic code
    seemed absurd: it would have taken 200 years. But scientists rallied
    together and drove innovation. We got it done in just 13 years. Today,
    it takes just hours.
        It's unlocked secrets from cancer to Alzheimer's, driving
    unimaginable progress.
        After the genome project, I worked to found a new kind of research
    community, the Broad Institute.
        It's deeply collaborative.
        It lets scientists--particularly young scientists--take on
    challenges at whatever scale is needed, blending the best of individual
    creativity and large-scale platforms.
        I'm particularly proud it's one of the few such institutions in
    which women comprise the majority of the overall staff, scientific
    staff, and senior leadership team.
        There's a lot more to be done, but we can reimagine how we do
    science.
        Finally, I've learned that good science requires a healthy dose of
    humility.
        Scientists' favorite ideas are often wrong, mine included. We
    constantly need to be open to different perspectives--from scientists,
    non-scientists, policymakers.
        This committee has led on so many critical issues in science and
    technology. Your work has been so collaborative and so bipartisan.
        If confirmed, I promise to work closely and open-mindedly with each
    of you.
        Thank you. I look forward to your questions.
                                     ______

                          a. biographical information
        1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Eric Steven
    Lander.
        2. Position to which nominated: Director, Office of Science and
    Technology Policy.
        3. Date of Nomination: Jan 20, 2021.
        4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

            Residence: Information not released to the public.
            Office (until January 25, 2021): Broad Institute, 415 Main
            Street, Cambridge, MA 02142.

        5. Date and Place of Birth: February 3, 1957; Brooklyn, New York.
        6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
    spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
    stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

            Lori Weiner Lander--Self-employed artist

            Jessica Ann Lander--33

            Daniel Aaron Lander--29

            David Abraham Lander--26

        7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
    attended.

            Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
                    AB with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978

            Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
                    D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981

        8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
    management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
    the position for which you are nominated.

            Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
            President and Founding Director, 2003-2021
            Core Faculty Member 2003 to present (on leave)

            Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
            Professor, 1993 to present (on leave)
            Associate Professor, 1989-1993
            Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989

            Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
            Professor, 2004 to present (on leave)

            Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
            Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
            Member, 1989-2008
            Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989

            Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
            Associate Professor, 1987-1990
            Assistant Professor, 1981-1986

            Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
            Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

            The Jackson Laboratory
            Summer Course Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

            Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics
            Summer Course Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979

        9. Attach a copy of your resume.
        My CV is attached as Appendix A9 ``Resume''.
        10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
    service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
    than those listed above, within the last ten years.

            Massachusetts' COVID-19 Medical Advisory Board: Member, 2020-
            2021

            Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense:
            Member, 2016-2020

            President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's
            Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
            2012

            President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
            (PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017

        11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
    partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
    corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
    educational, or other institution within the last ten years.
    For Profit Companies:
            Codiak BioSciences, Board of Directors

            Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor

            FPrime (formerly Fidelity Biosciences), Scientific Advisory
            Board

            Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Board of Directors

            Neon Therapeutics, Board of Directors

            Third Rock Ventures, Scientific Advisory Board

            Verastem, Founding Advisor
    Non-Profit Organizations or Committees:
            Ariadne Labs, Advisory Board Member

            Biden Cancer Initiative, Secretary and Member, Board of
            Directors

            Boston University, Member, Board of Trustees

            Count Me In, Member, Board of Directors

            Global Alliance for Genomics & Health (GA4GH), Member,
            Strategic Advisory Board

            Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and
            International Affairs, Member, Board of Directors

            Innocence Project, Member, Board of Directors

            Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Member, Scientific
            Advisory Board

            Life Science Cares, Member, Board of Advisors

            Massachusetts General Hospital, Member, Research Advisory
            Council

            Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair Scientific
            Advisory Board

            Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI), Member, Board
            of Trustees

            Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Member, Scientific
            Advisory Board

            Ragon Institute, Member, Scientific Advisory Board

            Salk Institute, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Advisory
            Board Member

            Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Non-Resident Fellow

            Society for Science & The Public, Member, Honorary Board
        12. Please list each membership you have had during the past ten
    years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
    educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
    religiously affiliated organization, private club, or other membership
    organization. (For this question, you do not have to list your
    religious affiliation or membership in a religious house of worship or
    institution.). Include dates of membership and any positions you have
    held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or
    organization restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color,
    religion, national origin, age, or disability.
        I am a member of various scientific societies:

            American Association for Cancer Research

            New York Academy of Medicine (honorary fellow)

            American Society of Human Genetics

            American Society for Microbiology

            American Academy of Microbiology

            American Association for the Advancement of Science

            New York Academy of Sciences

            Genetics Society of America

            International Society for Computational Biology

        I am also a member of

            Council on Foreign Relations

            Examiner's Club (which organizes informal talks in Boston)

        None of these organizations restricts membership on the basis of
    sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability.
        13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
    (elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
    campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
    personally liable for that debt. No.
        14. List all memberships and offices held with and services
    rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or
    election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid
    position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether
    compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years,
    identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year
    of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.

            Hillary for America, Science Policy Working Group, Senior
            Partner (2015-2016) [uncompensated]

        15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
    organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
    entity of $500 or more for the past ten years.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       9/29/11   Barack Obama                                        $2,500
       9/30/11   Robert Massie                                         $500
       3/31/12   Barack Obama                                        $2,500
       3/31/12   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,500
       3/31/12   Eiizabeth Warren                                    $2,500
      10/22/12   DNC                                                 $5,000
       11/2/12   DNC                                                $15,000
        6/6/13   Democratic State Committee of Massachusetts         $2,400
       6/25/13   Ed Markey                                           $2,600
       6/24/14   Katherine Clark                                     $1,000
       7/29/14   Maura Healey                                          $500
       9/15/15   Hillary Clinton                                     $2,700
       9/22/16   Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee            $2,500
       9/27/16   Maggie Hassan                                       $1,000
       5/31/17   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,700
       5/24/19   Ed Markey                                           $2,800
       6/30/19   Elizabeth Warren                                      $250
       8/27/19   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,550
      10/25/19   Katherine Clark                                     $1,000
      11/10/19   Jake Auchincloss                                      $500
      12/31/19   Joe Biden                                           $2,800
      12/31/19   Elizabeth Warren                                    $2,800
      12/31/19   Elizabeth Warren                                      $250
        5/8/20   Ed Markey                                           $2,800
       8/11/20   Joe Biden                                           $2,800
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
    society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
    for outstanding service or achievements.
    Honorary Degrees:
            Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020

            Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate,
            2017

            Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate,
            2017

            Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014

            Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and
            Commencement Speaker, 2013

            Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008

            Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007

            Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement
            Speaker, 2005

            University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005

            Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker,
            2003

            Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

            Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

            Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
    Elected or Appointed Academies:
            Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020

            Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013

            European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012

            Academy of Athens, 2009

            U.S. Institute of Medicine (now U.S. National Academy of
            Medicine), 1999

            American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999

            American Academy of Achievement, 1999

            U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
    Award, Prizes and Other Recognition:
            Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence
            in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016

            Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
                    ``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular
                    origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's
                    scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a
                    new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical
                    advancements''

            James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
                    ``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT
                    faculty member''

            Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016
            AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
                    ``for signal contributions to the advancement of
                    science in the United States''

            Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015

            Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013

            Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer
            Research, Ohio State University, 2013

            Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
                    ``For the discovery of general principles for
                    identifying human disease genes, and enabling their
                    application to medicine through the creation and
                    analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the
                    human genome.''

            Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel,
            2012
                    ``In recognition of his significant contributions to
                    the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most
                    of the major advances in this field.''

            Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel,
            2012
                    ``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''

            Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012

            Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany
            Medical College, 2010

            New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished
            Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009

            A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard
            Medical School, 2008-2009

            US News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006

            Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006

            AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology,
            2004
                    ``for his excellence in communicating complex
                    scientific ideas, and their implications for society,
                    to the general public and policy-makers, while actively
                    engaged in a demanding and aggressive research
                    program.''

            Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National
            Level, 2004

            Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004

            Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the
            World Today,'' 2004

            Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical
            Society, 2004

            American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003

            Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research
            Interchange, 2003

            Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002

            Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
                    ``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing
                    of the human and other genomes''

            John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied
            Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002

            Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter
            Symposium, 2002

            City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert
            Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001

            J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001

            Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001

            Distinguished Service Award, American College of
            Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001

            Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
                    ``to the community of scientists that carried out the
                    Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of
                    community, together with Francis Collins and Craig
                    Venter

            Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000

            Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999

            Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow
            Foundation, 1998

            Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for
            Microbiology, 1998

            Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
                    ``for outstanding work as a scientist''

            Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University,
            1998
                    ``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the
                    undergraduate college''

            American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997

            Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997

            Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of
            Technology, 1996
                    ``for outstanding teaching''

            Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle,
            1996

            Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer
            Research, 1995
                    ``for excellence in cancer research''

            Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology,
            1995

            Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at
            San Francisco, 1995

            Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994

            Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of
            Tennessee, 1994

            Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993

            Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York
            University, 1993

            Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching,
            MIT, 1992

            Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
            1990
                    ``for research on the application of mathematical and
                    statistical approaches to molecular genetics''

            MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and
            mathematics, 1987-1992

            Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981

            Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, June 1981
                    for best thesis in mathematics,

            Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981

            Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978

            Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
                    ``the highest award the university confers upon an
                    undergraduate''

            Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
                    ``for highest academic achievement''

            Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics,
            Princeton University, 1976, 1977

            U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th
            International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974

            First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974

        17. Please list each book, article, column, Internet blog posting,
    or other publication you have authored, individually or with others.
    Include a link to each publication when possible. Also list any
    speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for
    which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of these
    publications unless otherwise instructed.
    BOOK
        1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach
    (Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    EDITED BOOK
        2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the
    secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to
    molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    ARTICLES
    Mathematics
        3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes.
    Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
        4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their
    automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries
    and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
        5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their
    symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
        6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian
    difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
        7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters
    in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
        8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
    the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
    binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
    Economics
        9. Farrell, J., & Lander, E.S. (1989). Competition between and
    within teams: The lifeboat principle. Economics Letters, 29(3), 205-
    208.
    Biology
        10. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Consanguinity and
    heterogeneity: Cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 39(2), 282-283. PMID: 3752091;
    PMCID: PMC1683934.
        11. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Strategies for studying
    heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage map of
    restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences, 83(19), 7353-7357. PMID: 2876423; PMCID:
    PMC386715.
        12. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Mapping complex genetic
    traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold
    Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51(Pt 1), 49-62. PMID:
    2884068.
        13. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1987). Construction of multilocus
    genetic linkage maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 84(8), 2363-2367. PMID: 3470801; PMCID: PMC304651.
        14. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1987). Homozygosity mapping: a
    way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children.
    Science, 236(4808), 1567-1570. PMID: 2884728.
        15. Green, P., Barker, D., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
    Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
    C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Watt, D., Weiffenbach, B., &
    Donis-Keller, H. (1987). A genetic linkage map of chromosome 7
    including the cystic fibrosis region. In: G. Mastella & P.M. Quinton
    (Eds.), Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco,
    CA: San Francisco Press.
        16. Barker, D., Green, P., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
    Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
    C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Rising, M., Watt, D.,
    Weiffenbach, B., & Donis-Keller, H. (1987). Genetic linkage map of
    human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 84(22), 8006-8010. PMID: 2891136; PMCID:
    PMC299465.
        17. Lander, E.S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly,
    M.J., Lincoln, S.E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: an interactive
    computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of
    experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. PMID:
    3692487.
        18. Donis-Keller, H., Green, P., Helms, C., Cartinhour, S.,
    Weiffenbach, B., Stephens, K., Keith, T.P., Bowden, D.W., Smith, D.R.,
    Lander, E.S., Botstein, D., Akots, G., Rediker, K.S., Gravius, T.,
    Brown, V.A., Rising, M.B., Parker, C., Powers, J.A., Watt, D.E.,
    Kauffman, E.R., Bricker, A., Phipps, P., Muller-Kahle, H., Fulton,
    T.R., Ng, S., Schumm, J.W., Braman, J.C., Knowlton, R.G., Barker, D.F.,
    Crooks, S.M., Lincoln, S., Daly, M.J., & Abrahamson, J. (1987). A
    genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell, 51(2), 319-337. PMID:
    3664638.
        19. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1987). Constructing genetic
    linkage maps with MAPMAKER: A tutorial and reference manual. Whitehead
    Institute Technical Report, 107.
        20. Lander, E.S. (1987). The new human genetics: Mapping inherited
    diseases. Princeton Alumni Weekly, (March 25), 10-16.
        21. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1988). Genomic mapping by
    fingerprinting random clones: a mathematical analysis. Genomics, 2(3),
    231-239. PMID: 3294162.
        22. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S., &
    Meyerowitz, E.M. (1988). Restriction fragment length polymorphism
    linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 85(18), 6856-6860. PMID: 2901107; PMCID:
    PMC282077.
        23. Dracopoli, N.C., Stanger, B.Z., Ito, C.Y., Call, K.M., Lincoln,
    S.E., Lander, E.S., Housman, D.E. (1988). A genetic linkage map of 27
    loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human chromosome I. American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 462-470. PMID: 2902785; PMCID:
    PMC1715484.
        24. Lander, E.S., & Lincoln, S.E. (1988). The appropriate threshold
    for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 396-400. PMID: 3177382;
    PMCID: PMC1715500.
        25. Paterson, A.H., Lander, E.S., Hewitt, J.D., Peterson, S.,
    Lincoln, S.E., & Tanksley, S.D. (1988). Resolution of quantitative
    traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of
    restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature, 335(6192), 721-726.
    PMID: 2902517.
        26. Lander, E.S. (1988). Splitting schizophrenia. Nature,
    336(6195), 105-106. PMID: 2903447.
        27. Lander, E.S. (1988). Mapping complex genetic traits in humans.
    In: K. Davies (Ed.), Genome analysis: A practical approach (pp. 171-
    188). Oxford: IRL Press.
        28. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restriction fragments: Their properties
    and uses. In: M. Waterman (Ed.), Mathematical methods for DNA sequences
    (pp. 35-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
        29. Hulbert, S.H., Ilott, T.W., Legg, E.J., Lincoln, S.E., Lander,
    E.S., & Michelmore, R.W. (1988). Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia
    lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics,
    120(4), 947-958. PMID: 2906309; PMCID: PMC1203586.
        30. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1988). Protein
    sequence comparison on a data parallel computer. Proceedings of the
    1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing, August 15-19,
    1988/sponsored by Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State
    Universit
        31. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors
    underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics,
    121(1), 185-199. PMID: 2563713; PMCID: PMC1203601.
        32. Pato, C.N., Lander, E.S., & Schulz, S.C. (1989). Prospects for
    the genetic analysis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(3),
    365-372. PMID: 2683037.
        33. Lander, E.S. (1989). DNA fingerprinting on trial. Nature,
    339(6225), 501-505. PMID: 2567496.
        34. Lander, E.S. (1989). Population genetic considerations in the
    forensic use of DNA typing. Banbury Report, 32, 143-156.
        35. Lander, E.S., & Daly, M.J. (1989). Genetic mapping of the
    cystic fibrosis region: Multipoint linkage analysis in two-generation
    pedigrees. In: R.C. Elston, M.A. Spence, S.E. Hodge, & J.W. MacCluer
    (Eds.), Genetic Analysis Workshop 6: Multipoint Mapping and Linkage
    Based upon Affected Pedigree Members. New York: Alan R. Liss.
        36. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1989). Study of
    protein sequence comparison metrics on the Connection Machine CM-2. The
    Journal of Supercomputing, 3(4), 255-269.
        37. Lander, E.S. (1989). Genetic mapping of polygenic factors
    causing diabetes in inbred rodent strains. In: Nordisk Insulin
    Symposium No. 3: Genes and Gene Products in the Development of Diabetes
    Mellitus--Basic and Clinical Aspects, Oslo, Norway. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    Publishers.
        38. Accili, D., Frapier, C., Mosthaf, L., McKeon, C., Elbein, S.C.,
    Permutt, M.A., Ramon, E., Lander, E.S., Ullrich, A., & Taylor, S.I.
    (1989). A mutation in the insulin receptor gene that impairs transport
    of the receptor to the plasma membrane and causes insulin-resistant
    diabetes. The EMBO Journal, 8(9), 2509-2517. PMID: 2573522; PMCID:
    PMC401244.
        39. Lander E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Accurate and efficient
    mapping of quantitative trait loci. In: T. Helentjaris & B. Burr
    (Eds.), Development and Application of Molecular Markers in Problems in
    Plant Genetics; Current Communications in Molecular Biology (pp. 89-
    96). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
        40. Jones, R., Taylor, W.J., Zhang, X., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander,
    E.S. (1990). Protein sequence comparison on the Connection Machine CM-
    2. In Computers and DNA: Proceedings of the Interface Between
    Computation Science and Nucleic Acid Sequencing Workshop, Dec 12-16,
    1988. Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
        41. Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H. (1990). Mitochondrial diseases: gene
    mapping and gene therapy. Cell, 61(6), 925-926. PMID: 2190693.
        42. Chakravarti, A., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Genetic approaches to
    the dissection of complex diseases. Banbury Report, 33, 307-315.
        43. Immerman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Describing graphs: A
    first-order approach to graph canonization. In A.L. Selman (Ed.),
    Complexity Theory Retrospective (pp. 59-81). New York, NY: Springer-
    Verlag.
        44. Paterson A.H., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D. (1990). Mapping
    QTLs affecting agriculturally important traits: Some examples from the
    tomato. In: J.E. Womack (Ed.), Mapping the Genomes of Agriculturally
    Important Animals. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
        45. MacMurray, A.J., Weaver, A., Shin, H.S., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
    An automated method for DNA preparation from thousands of YAC clones.
    Nucleic Acids Research, 19(2), 385-390. PMID: 2014175; PMCID:
    PMC333606.
        46. Paterson, A.H., Damon, S., Hewitt, J.D., Zamir, D.,
    Rabinowitch, H.D., Lincoln, S.E., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D.
    (1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato:
    comparison across species, generations, and environments. Genetics,
    127(1), 181-197. PMID: 1673106; PMCID: PMC1204303.
        47. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1991). Counting algorithms for
    linkage: correction to Morton and Collins. Annals of Human Genetics,
    55(Pt. 1), 33-38. PMID: 2042933.
        48. Lander, E.S. (1991). Molecular Biology: The new frontier for
    computational science. Very Large Scale Computation in the 21st
    Century, 25, 138.
        49. Green, P., & Lander, E.S. (1991). Forensic DNA tests and Hardy-
    Weinberg equilibrium. Science, 253(5023), 1038-1039. PMID: 17775346.
        50. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing catching up with
    courtroom application. American Journal of Human Genetics, 48(5), 819-
    823. PMID: 1760000; PMCID: PMC1683053.
        51. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing validated in the
    literature [Reply]. American Journal of Human Genetics 49, 899-903.
        52. Jacob, H.J., Lindpaintner, K., Lincoln, S.E., Kusumi, K.,
    Bunker, R.K., Mao, Y.P., Ganten, D., Dzau, V.J., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
    Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone
    spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cell, 67(1), 213-224. PMID: 1655275.
        53. Arratia, R., Lander, E.S., Tavare, S., & Waterman, M.S. (1991).
    Genomic mapping by anchoring random clones: A mathematical analysis.
    Genomics, 11(4), 806-827. PMID: 1783390.
        54. Lander, E.S., Langridge, R., & Saccocio, D.M. (1991). Computing
    in molecular biology: mapping and interpreting biological information.
    Computer, 24(11), 6-13.
        55. Dietrich, W., Katz, H., Lincoln, S.E., Shin, H.S., Friedman,
    J., Dracopoli, N.C., & Lander, E.S. (1992). A genetic map of the mouse
    suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. Genetics, 131(2), 423-447.
    PMID: 1353738; PMCID: PMC1205016.
        56. Stuber, C.W., Lincoln, S.E., Wolff, D.W., Helentjaris, T., &
    Lander, E.S. (1992). Identification of genetic factors contributing to
    heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular
    markers. Genetics, 132(3), 823-839. PMID: 1468633; PMCID: PMC1205218.
        57. Jacob, H.J., Pettersson, A., Wilson, D., Mao, Y., Lernmark, A.,
    & Lander, E.S. (1992). Genetic dissection of autoimmune type I diabetes
    in the BB rat. Nature Genetics, 2(1), 56-60. PMID: 1303251.
        58. Lander, E.S. (1992). DNA fingerprinting: Science, law, and the
    ultimate identifier. In: D.J. Kevles & L. Hood (Eds.), The Code of
    Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project (pp.
    191-210). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
        59. Waterman, M.S., Eggert, M., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Parametric
    sequence comparisons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 89(13), 6090-6093. PMID: 1631095; PMCID: PMC49443.
        60. Groot, P.C., Moen, C.J., Dietrich, W., Stoye, J.P., Lander,
    E.S., & Demant, P. (1992). The recombinant congenic strains for
    analysis of multigenic traits: genetic composition. The FASEB Journal,
    6(10), 2826-2835. PMID: 1634045.
        61. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Systematic detection of
    errors in genetic linkage data. Genomics, 14(3), 604-610. PMID:
    1427888.
        62. Hastbacka, J., de la Chapelle, A., Kaitila, I., Sistonen, P.,
    Weaver, A., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Linkage disequilibrium mapping in
    isolated founder populations: diastrophic dysplasia in Finland. Nature
    Genetics, 2(3), 204-211. PMID: 1345170.
        63. Goff, D.J., Galvin, K., Katz, H., Westerfield, M., Lander,
    E.S., & Tabin, C.J. (1992). Identification of polymorphic simple
    sequence repeats in the genome of the zebrafish. Genomics, 14(1), 200-
    202. PMID: 1427829.
        64. Luongo, C., Gould, K.A., Su, L.K., Kinzler, K.W., Vogelstein,
    B., Dietrich, W., Lander E.S., & Moser, A.R. (1993). Mapping of
    multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) to proximal chromosome 18 of the
    mouse. Genomics, 15(1), 3-8. PMID: 8094372.
        65. Dietrich, W., Miller, J., Katz, H., Joyce, D., Steen, R.,
    Lincoln, S., Daly, M., Reeve, M.P., Weaver, A., Goodman, N., Dracopoli,
    N., and Lander, E.S. (1993). SSLP genetic map of the mouse (Mus
    musculus) 2N= 40. Genetic Maps, 4-110.
        66. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Protein secondary structure
    prediction using nearest-neighbor methods. Journal of Molecular
    Biology, 232(4), 1117-1129. PMID: 8371270.
        67. Kusumi, K., Smith, J.S., Segre, J.A., Koos, D.S., & Lander,
    E.S. (1993). Construction of a large-insert yeast artificial chromosome
    library of the mouse genome. Mammalian Genome, 4(7), 391-392. PMID:
    8358173.
        68. Lander, E.S. (1993). DNA fingerprinting: the NRC report.
    Science, 260(5112), 1221. PMID: 8493559.
        69. Lander, E.S. (1993). Finding similarities and differences among
    genomes. Nature Genetics, 4(1), 5-6. PMID: 8513322.
        70. Lehesjokl, A.E., Koskiniemi, M., Norio, R., Tirrito, S.,
    Sistonen, P., Lander, E.S., & de la Chapelle, A. (1993). Localization
    of the EPM1 gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy on chromosome 21:
    linkage disequilibrium allows high resolution mapping. Human Molecular
    Genetics, 2(8), 1229-1234. PMID: 8104628.
        71. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Protein secondary structure
    prediction using nearest-neighbor methods. Journal of Molecular
    Biology, 232(4), 1117-1129. PMID: 8371270.
        72. Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Gilbert, D.J., Eppig, J.T.,
    Maltais, L.J., Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Weaver, A., Lincoln, S.E.,
    Steen, R.G., Stein, L.D., Nadeau, J., & Lander, E.S. (1993). A genetic
    linkage map of the mouse: current applications and future prospects.
    Science, 262(5130), 57-66. PMID: 8211130
        73. Copeland, G., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A., Nadeau, J.H.,
    Eppig, J.T., Maltais, L., Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Steen, R.G.,
    Lincoln, S.E., Weaver, A., Joyce, D.C., Merchant, M., Wessel, M., Katz,
    H., Stein, L.D., Reeve, M.P., Daly, M.C., Dredge, R.D., Marquis, A.,
    Goodman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Genome map IV: The mouse. Science,
    262, 67-82.
        74. Dietrich, W.F., Lander, E.S., Smith, J.S., Moser, A.R., Gould,
    K.A., Luongo, C., Borenstein, N., & Dove, W. (1993). Genetic
    identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced
    intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Cell, 75(4), 631-639. PMID: 8242739.
        75. Lisitsyn, N.A., Segre, J.A., Kusumi, K., Lisitsyn, N.M.,
    Nadeau, J.H., Frankel, W.N., Wigler, M., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Direct
    isolation of polymorphic markers linked to a trait by genetically
    directed representational difference analysis. Nature Genetics, 6(1),
    57-63. PMID: 8136836.
        76. Wiseman, R.W., Cochran, C., Dietrich, W., Lander, E.S., &
    Soderkvist, P. (1994). Allelotyping of butadiene-induced lung and
    mammary adenocarcinomas of B6C3F1 mice: frequent losses of
    heterozygosity in regions homologous to human tumor-suppressor genes.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91(9), 3759-3763.
    PMID: 8170984; PMCID: PMC43661.
        77. Dietrich, W.F., Miller, J.C., Steen, R.G., Merchant, M.,
    Damron, D., Nahf, R., Gross A., Joyce, D.C., Wessel, M., Dredge, R.D.,
    & Marquis, A. (1994). A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple
    sequence length polymorphisms. Nature Genetics, 7(2 Spec No), 220-245.
    PMID: 7920646.
        78. Hsu, L.C., Kennan, W.S., Shepel, L.A., Jacob, H.J., Szpirer,
    C., Szpirer, J., Lander, E.S., & Gould, M.N. (1994). Genetic
    identification of Mcs-1, a rat mammary carcinoma suppressor gene.
    Cancer Research, 54(10), 2765-2770. PMID: 8168109.
        79. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Recognition of related
    proteins by iterative template refinement (ITR). Protein Science, 3(8),
    1315-1328. PMID: 7987226; PMCID: PMC2142931.
        80. Lander, E.S., & Schork, N.J. (1994). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits. Science, 265(5181), 2037-2048. PMID: 8091226.
        81. Dietrich, W.F., Radany, E.H., Smith, J.S., Bishop, J.M.,
    Hanahan, D., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Genome-wide search for loss of
    heterozygosity in transgenic mouse tumors reveals candidate tumor
    suppressor genes on chromosomes 9 and 16. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 91(20), 9451-9455. PMID: 7937788; PMCID:
    PMC44830.
        82. Hastbacka, J., de la Chapelle, A., Mahtani, M.M., Clines, G.,
    Reeve-Daly, M.P., Daly, M.J., Hamilton, B.A., Kusumi, K., Trivedi, B.,
    Weaver, A., Coloma, A., Lovett, M., Buckler, A., Ilkka, K., & Lander,
    E.S. (1994). The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate
    transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage
    disequilibrium mapping. Cell, 78(6), 1073-1087. PMID: 7923357.
        83. Cox, D.R., Green, E.D., Lander, E.S., Cohen, D., & Myers, R.M.
    (1994). Assessing mapping progress in the Human Genome Project.
    Science, 265(5181), 2031-2032. PMID: 8091223.
        84. Lander, E.S., & Budowle, B. (1994). DNA fingerprinting dispute
    laid to rest. Nature, 371(6500), 735-738. PMID: 7818670.
        85. Hegi, M.E., Devereux, T.R., Dietrich, W.F., Cochran, C.J.,
    Lander, E.S., Foley, J.F., Maronpot R.R., Anderson M.W., & Wiseman,
    R.W. (1994). Allelotype analysis of mouse lung carcinomas reveals
    frequent allelic losses on chromosome 4 and an association between
    allelic imbalances on chromosome 6 and K-ras activation. Cancer
    Research, 54(23), 6257-6264. PMID: 7954475.
        86. Haldi, M., Perrot, V., Saumier, M., Desai, T., Cohen, D.,
    Cherif, D., Ward, D., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Large human YACs
    constructed in a rad52 strain show a reduced rate of chimerism.
    Genomics, 24(3), 478-484. PMID: 7713499.
        87. Truett, G.E., Jacob, H.J., Miller, J., Drouin, G., Bahary, N.,
    Smoller, J.W., Lander, E.S., & Leibel, R.L. (1995). Genetic map of rat
    chromosome 5 including the fatty (fa) locus. Mammalian Genome, 6(1),
    25-30. PMID: 7719022.
        88. Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (1995). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits. Nature Genetics, 11(3), 241-247. PMID: 7581446.
        89. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
    the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
    binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
        90. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes. In: E.S. Lander & M.S.
    Waterman (Eds.), Calculating the Secrets of Life: Contributions of the
    Mathematical Sciences to Molecular Biology (pp. 25-55). Washington, DC:
    National Academy Press.
        91. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1995). The Secrets of Life: A
    Mathematician's Introduction to Molecular Biology. In: E.S. Lander &
    M.S. Waterman (Eds.), Calculating the Secrets of Life: Contributions of
    the Mathematical Sciences to Molecular Biology (pp. 25-55). Washington,
    DC: National Academy Press.
        92. Kruglyak, L., Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Rapid
    multipoint linkage analysis of recessive traits in nuclear families,
    including homozygosity mapping. American Journal of Human Genetics,
    56(2), 519-527. PMID: 7847388; PMCID: PMC1801139.
        93. Jacob, H.J., Brown, D.M., Bunker, R.K., Daly, M.J., Dzau, V.J.,
    Goodman, A., Kren, V., Kurtz, T., Lernmark, A., Levan, G., Mao, Y.P.,
    Pettersson, A., Pravenec, M., Simon, J.S., Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J.,
    Trolliet, M.R., Winer, E.S., & Lander, E.S. (1995). A genetic linkage
    map of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus. Nature Genetics, 9(1),
    63-69. PMID: 7704027.
        94. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). A nonparametric approach
    for mapping quantitative trait loci. Genetics, 139(3), 1421-1428. PMID:
    7768449; PMCID: PMC1206467.
        95. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes (Part I). Notices of the
    AMS. 42, 747-753.
        96. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping Heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes (Part II). Notices of
    the AMS, 42(8), 854-858.
        97. Bell, C.J., Budarf, M.L., Nieuwenhuijsen, B.W., Barnoski, B.L.,
    Buetow, K.H., Campbell, K., Colbert A., Collins J., Desjardins, P.R.,
    DeZwaan, T., Eckman, B., Fischbeck, K.H., Foote, S., Hart, K., Hiester,
    K., Van Het Hoog, M.J., Hopper, E., McDermid, H.E., Overton, C., Reeve-
    Daly, M.P., Searls, D.B., Watson, E., Winston, R., Valmiki, V.H.,
    Nussbaum, R.L., Lander, E.S., Emanuel, B.S., & Hudson, T.J. (1995).
    Integration of physical, breakpoint and genetic maps of chromosome 22.
    Localization of 587 yeast artificial chromosomes with 238 mapped
    markers. Human Molecular Genetics, 4(1), 59-69. PMID: 7711735.
        98. Dietrich, W.F., Damron, D.M., Isberg, R.R., Lander, E.S., &
    Swanson, M.S. (1995). Lgn1, a gene that determines susceptibility to
    Legionella pneumophila, maps to mouse chromosome 13. Genomics, 26(3),
    443-450. PMID: 7607666.
        99. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). High-resolution genetic
    mapping of complex traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 56(5),
    1212-1223. PMID: 7726179; PMCID: PMC1801437.
        100. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Complete multipoint sib-
    pair analysis of qualitative and quantitative traits. American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 57(2), 439-454. PMID: 7668271; PMCID: PMC1801561.
        101. Segre, J.A., Nemhauser, J.L., Taylor, B.A., Nadeau, J.H., &
    Lander, E.S. (1995). Positional cloning of the nude locus: genetic,
    physical, and transcription maps of the region and mutations in the
    mouse and rat. Genomics, 28(3), 549-559. PMID: 7490093.
        102. Pettersson, A., Wilson, D., Daniels, T., Tobin, S., Jacob,
    H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (1995). Thyroiditis in the BB rat is
    associated with lymphopenia but occurs independently of diabetes.
    Journal of Autoimmunity, 8(4), 493-505. PMID: 7492346.
        103. De Sanctis, G.T., Merchant, M., Beier, D.R., Dredge, R.D.,
    Grobholz, J.K., Martin, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Drazen, J.M. (1995).
    Quantitative locus analyses of airway hyperresponsiveness in A/J and
    C57BL/6J mice. Nature Genetics, 11(2), 150-154. PMID: 7550342.
        104. Chumakov, I.M., Rigault, P., LeGall, I., Bellannechantelot,
    C., Billault, A., Guillou, S., Soularue P., Guasconi G., Poullier E.,
    Gros I., Belova, M., Sambucy, J., Susini, L., Gervy, P., Glibert, F.,
    Beaufils, S., Bui, H., Massart, C., De Tand, M., Dukasz, F., Lecoulant,
    S., Ougen, P., Perrot, V., Saumier, M., Soravito, C., Bahouayila, R.,
    Cohen-Akenin, A., Barillot, E., Bertrant, S., Codani, J., Caterina, D.,
    Georges, I., Lacroix, B., Lucotte, G., Sahbatou, M., Schmit, C.,
    Sangouard, M., Tubacher, E., Dib, C., Faure, S., Fizames, C., Gyapay,
    G., Millasseau, P., Nguyen, S., Muselet, D., Vignal, A., Morrisette,
    J., Menninger, J., Lieman, J., Desai, T., Banks, A., Bray-Ward, P.,
    Ward, D., Hudson, T., Gerety, S., Foote, S., Stein, L., Page, D.C.,
    Lander, E.S., Weissenbach, J., Le Paslier, D., & Cohen, D. (1995). A
    YAC contig map of the human genome. Nature, 377(6547 Suppl), 175-297.
    PMID: 7566096.
        105. Schork, N.J., Krieger, J.E., Trolliet, M.R., Franchini, K.G.,
    Koike, G., Krieger, E.M., Lander, E.S., Dzau, V.J., & Jacob, H.J.
    (1995). A biometrical genome search in rats reveals the multigenic
    basis of blood pressure variation. Genome Research, 5(2), 164-172.
    PMID: 9132270.
        106. Dietrich, W.F., Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Miller, J.C.,
    Jenkins, N.A., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping the mouse genome: current
    status and future prospects. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 92(24), 10849-10853. PMID: 7479896; PMCID: PMC40528.
        107. Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (1995). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage
    results. Nature Genetics, 11(3), 241-247. PMID: 7581446.
        108. Parangi, S., Dietrich, W., Christofori, G., Lander, E.S., &
    Hanahan, D. (1995). Tumor suppressor loci on mouse chromosomes 9 and 16
    are lost at distinct stages of tumorigenesis in a transgenic model of
    islet cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 55(24), 6071-6076. PMID:
    8521395.
        109. Hudson, T.J., Stein, L.D., Gerety, S.S., Ma, J., Castle, A.B.,
    Silva, J., Slonim, D.K., Baptista, R., Kruglyak, L., Xu, S.H., Hu, X.,
    Colbert, A.M., Rosenberg, C., Reeve-Daly, M.P., Rozen, S., Hui, L., Wu,
    X., Vestergaard, C., Wilson, K.M., Bae, J.S., Maitra, S., Ganiatsas,
    S., Evans, C.A., DeAngelis, M.M., Ingalls, K.A., Nahf, R.W., Horton,
    L.T., Anderson, M.O., Collymore, A.J., Ye, W., Kouyoumjian, V.,
    Zemsteva, I.S., Tam, J., Devine, R., Courtney, D.F., Renaud, M.T.,
    Nguyen, H., O'Connor, T.J., Fizames, C., Faure, S., Gyapay, G., Dib,
    C., Morissette, J., Orlin, J.B., Birren, B.W., Goodman, N.,
    Weissenbach, J., Hawkins, T.L., Foote, S., Page, D.C., & Lander, E.S.
    (1995). An STS-based map of the human genome. Science, 270(5244), 1945-
    1954. PMID: 8533086.
        110. Superti-Furga, A., Hastbacka, J., Wilcox, W.R., Cohn, D.H.,
    van der Harten, H.J., Rossi, A., Blau, N., Rimoin, D.L., Steinmann, B.,
    Lander, E.S., & Gitzelmann, R. (1996). Achondrogenesis type IB is
    caused by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulphate transporter
    gene. Nature Genetics, 12(1), 100-102. PMID: 8528239.
        111. Brown, D.M., Provoost, A.P., Daly, M.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Jacob, H.J. (1996). Renal disease susceptibility and hypertension are
    under independent genetic control in the fawn-hooded rat. Nature
    Genetics, 12(1), 44-51. PMID: 8528250.
        112. Jacob, H.J., Krieger, J.E., Dzau, V.J., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    Genetic dissection of hypertension in experimental animal models.
    Fundamental and Clinical Cardiology, 26, 293-320.
        113. Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Steen, R.G., Joyce, D.C.,
    Merchant, M.A., Wessel, M.T., Damron D.M., Nahf, R.W., Stein, L.D.,
    Dredge, R.D.,Marquis, A.L., Daly, M.J., Reeve, M.P., Goodman, N., Lord,
    C.J., Montague, C.T., Prins, J.B., Todd, J.A., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    SSLP/microsatellite genetic linkage map of the mouse. In: M.F. Lyon, S.
    Rastan, & S.D.M. Brown (Eds)., Genetic Variants and Strains of the
    Laboratory Mouse (pp. 1671-1755). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
        114. Galli, J., Li, L.S., Glaser, A., Ostenson, C.G., Jiao, H.,
    Fakhrai-Rad, H., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Luthman, H. (1996).
    Genetic analysis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the GK
    rat. Nature Genetics, 12(1), 31-37. PMID: 8528247.
        115. Hastbacka, J., Superti-Furga, A., Wilcox, W.R., Rimoin, D.L.,
    Cohn, D.H., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Atelosteogenesis type II is caused
    by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate-transporter gene
    (DTDST): evidence for a phenotypic series involving three
    chondrodysplasias. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(2), 255-262.
    PMID: 8571951; PMCID: PMC1914552.
        116. Dietrich, W.F., Miller, J., Steen, R., Merchant, M.A., Damron-
    Boles, D., Husain, Z., Dredge R., Daly M.J., Ingalls K.A., O'Connor,
    T.J., Evans, C.A., DeAngelis, M.M., Levinson, D.M., Kruglyak, L.,
    Goodman N., Copeland N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Hawkins, T.L., Stein, L.,
    Page, D.C., & Lander, E.S. (1996). A comprehensive genetic map of the
    mouse genome. Nature, 380(6570), 149-152. PMID: 8600386.
        117. Hamilton, B.A., Frankel, W.N., Kerrebrock, A.W., Hawkins,
    T.L., FitzHugh, W., Kusumi, K., Russell, L.B., Mueller, K.L., van
    Berkel, V., Birren, B.W., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    Disruption of the nuclear hormone receptor RORα in staggerer
    mice. Nature, 379(6567), 736-739. PMID: 8602221.
        118. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Limits on fine mapping of
    complex traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(5), 1092-1093.
    PMID: 8651271; PMCID: PMC1914627.
        119. Kruglyak, L., Daly, M.J., Reeve-Daly, M.P., & Lander, E.S.
    (1996). Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified
    multipoint approach. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(6), 1347-
    1363. PMID: 8651312; PMCID: PMC1915045.
        120. Yi, T. M., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Iterative template
    refinement: Protein-fold prediction using iterative search and hybrid
    sequence/structure templates. Methods in Enzymology, 266, 322-339.
    PMID: 8743692.
        121. Kurooka, H., Segre, J.A., Hirano, Y., Nemhauser, J.L.,
    Nishimura, H., Yoneda, K., Lander, E.S., & Honjo, T. (1996). Rescue of
    the hairless phenotype in nude mice by transgenic insertion of the
    wild-type Hfh11 genomic locus. International Immunology, 8(6), 961-966.
    PMID: 8671685.
        122. Superti-Furga, A., Hastbacka, J., Rossi, A., van der Harten,
    J.J., Wilcox, W.R., Cohn, D.H., Rimoin, D.L., Steinmann, B., Lander,
    E.S., & Gitzelmann, R. (1996). A family of chondrodysplasias caused by
    mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene and
    associated with impaired sulfation of proteoglycans. Annals of the New
    York Academy of Sciences, 785, 195-201. PMID: 8702127.
        123. Gschwend, M., Levran, O., Kruglyak, L., Ranade, K., Verlander,
    P.C., Shen, S., Faure, S., Weissenbach, J., Altay, C., Lander, E.S.,
    Auerbach, A.D., & Botstein, D. (1996). A locus for Fanconi anemia on
    16q determined by homozygosity mapping. American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 59(2), 377-384. PMID: 8755924; PMCID: PMC1914713.
        124. Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., Lehto, M., Thomas, J., McCarthy, M.,
    Brayer, J., Bryant, B., Chan, G., Daly, M.J., Forsblom, C., Kanninen,
    T., Kirby, A., Kruglyak, L., Munnelly, K., Parkkonen, M., Reeve-Daly,
    M.P., Weaver, A., Brettin, T., Duyk, G., Lander, E.S., & Groop, L.C.
    (1996). Mapping of a gene for type 2 diabetes associated with an
    insulin secretion defect by a genome scan in Finnish families. Nature
    Genetics, 14(1), 90-94. PMID: 8782826.
        125. Navin, A., Prekeris, R., Lisitsyn, N.A., Sonti, M.M., Grieco,
    D.A., Narayanswami, S., Lander, E.S., & Simpson, E.M. (1996). Mouse Y-
    specific repeats isolated by whole chromosome representational
    difference analysis. Genomics, 36(2), 349-353. PMID: 8812464.
        126. Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (1996). The importance of being
    independent: sib pair analysis in diabetes. Nature Genetics, 14(2),
    131-132. PMID: 8841179.
        127. Lander, E.S. (1996). The new genomics: global views of
    biology. Science, 274(5287), 536-539. PMID: 8928008.
        128. Schuler, G.D., Boguski, M.S., Stewart, E.A., Stein, L.D,
    Gyapay, G., Rice, K., White, R.E., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Aggarwal, A.,
    Bajorek, E., Bentolila, S., Birren, B.W., Butler, A., Castle, A.B.,
    Chiannilkulchai, N., Chu, A., Clee, C., Cowles, S., Day, P.J.R.,
    Dibling, T., Drouot, N., Dunham, I., Duprat, S., East, C., Edwards, C.,
    Fan, J.B., Fang, N., Fizames, C., Garrett, C., Green, L., Hadley, D.,
    Harris, M., Harrison, P., Brady, S., Hicks, A., Holloway, E., Hui, L.,
    Hussaine, S., Louis-Dit-Sully, C., Ma, J., MacGilvery, A., Mader, C.,
    Maratukulam, A., Matise, T.C., McKusick, K.B., Morissette, J., Mungall,
    A., Muselet, D., Nusbaum, H.C., Page, D.C., Peck, A., Perkins, S.,
    Piercy, M., Qin, F., Quackenbush, J., Ranby, S., Reif, T., Rozen, S.,
    Sanders, C., She, X., Silva, J., Slonim, D.K., Soderlund, C., Sun,
    W.L., Tabar, P., Thangarajah, T., Vega-Czarny, N., Vollrath, D.,
    Voyticky, S., Wilmer, T., Wu, X., Adams, M.D., Auffray, C., Berry, R.,
    Brandon, R., Dehejia, A., Goodfellow, P.N., Houlgatte, R., Hudson,
    J.R., Ide, S.E., Iorio, K.R., Lee, W.Y., Seki, N., Nagase, T.,
    Ishikawa, K., Nomura, N., Phillips, C., Polymeropoulos, M.H., Sandusky,
    M., Schmitt, K., Sikela, J.M., Swanson, K., Torres, R., Venter, J.C.,
    Walter, N.A.R., Beckmann, J.S., Weissenbach, J., Myers, R.M., Cox,
    D.R., James, M.R., Bentley, D., Deloukas, P., Lander, E.S., & Hudson,
    T.J. (1996). A gene map of the human genome. Science, 274(5287), 540.
        129. Haldi, M.L., Strickland, C., Lim, P., VanBerkel, V., Chen,
    X.N., Noya, D., Korenberg, J.R., Husain, Z., Miller, J., & Lander, E.S.
    (1996). A comprehensive large-insert yeast artificial chromosome
    library for physical mapping of the mouse genome. Mammalian Genome,
    7(10), 767-769. PMID: 8854865.
        130. Gould, K.A., Dietrich, W F., Borenstein, N., Lander, E.S., &
    Dove, W.F. (1996). Mom1 is a semi-dominant modifier of intestinal
    adenoma size and multiplicity in Min/+ mice. Genetics, 144(4), 1769-
    1776. PMID: 8978062; PMCID: PMC1207726.
        131. Gould, K.A., Luongo, C., Moser, A.R., McNeley, M.K.,
    Borenstein, N., Shedlovsky, A., Dove, W.F., Hong, K., Dietrich, W.F., &
    Lander, E.S. (1996). Genetic evaluation of candidate genes for the Mom1
    modifier of intestinal neoplasia in mice. Genetics,144(4), 1777-1785.
    PMID: 8978063; PMID: PMC1207727.
        132. Slonim, D.K., Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Building human genome maps with radiation hybrids. Proceedings of the
    First Annual International Conference on Computational Biology (RECOMB
    '97). New York: ACM Press.
        133. Hamilton, B.A., Smith, D.J., Mueller, K.L., Kerrebrock, A.W.,
    Bronson, R.T., van Berkel, V., Daly, M.J., Kruglyak, L., Reeve, M.P.,
    Nemhauser, J.L., Hawkins, T.L., Rubin, E.M., & Lander, E.S. (1997). The
    vibrator mutation causes neurodegeneration via reduced expression of
    PITPα: positional complementation cloning and extragenic
    suppression. Neuron, 18(5), 711-722. PMID: 9182797.
        134. Kuokkanen, S., Gschwend, M., Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J.,
    Terwilliger, J.D., Tienari, P.J., Wikstrom, J., Palo, J., Stein, L.D.,
    Hudson, T.J., Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (1997). Genomewide scan of
    multiple sclerosis in Finnish multiplex families. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 61(6), 1379-1387. PMID: 9399895; PMCID: PMC1716063.
        135. Hawkins, T.L., McKernan, K.J., Jacotot, L.B., MacKenzie, J.B.,
    Richardson, P.M., & Lander, E.S. (1997). A magnetic attraction to high-
    throughput genomics. Science, 276(5320), 1887-1889. PMID: 9206843.
        136. Cormier, R.T., Hong, K.H., Halberg, R.B., Hawkins, T.L.,
    Richardson, P., Mulherkar, R., Dove, W.F., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Secretory phospholipase Pla2g2a confers resistance to intestinal
    tumorigenesis. Nature Genetics, 17(1), 88-91. PMID: 9288104.
        137. Haldi, M.L., Lim, P., Kaphingst, K., Akella, U., Whang, J., &
    Lander, E.S. (1997). Construction of a large-insert yeast artificial
    chromosome library of the rat genome. Mammalian Genome, 8(6), 460.
    PMID: 9166603.
        138. Sidow, A., Bulotsky, M.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Bronson, R.T.,
    Daly, M.J., Reeve, M.P., Hawkins, T.L., Birren, B.W., Jaenisch, R., &
    Lander, E.S. (1997). Serrate2 is disrupted in the mouse limb-
    development mutant syndactylism. Nature, 389(6652), 722-725. PMID:
    9338782.
        139. Shi, Y.P., Mohapatra, G., Miller, J., Hanahan, D., Lander,
    E.S., Gold, P., Pinkel, D., & Gray, J. (1997). FISH probes for mouse
    chromosome identification. Genomics, 45(1), 42-47. PMID: 9339359.
        140. Laitinen, T., Kauppi, P., Ignatius, J., Ruotsalainen, T.,
    Daly, M.J., Kaariainen, H., Kruglyak, L., Laitinen, H., de la Chapelle,
    A., Lander, E.S., Laitinen, L.A., & Kere, J. (1997). Genetic control of
    serum IgE levels and asthma: linkage and linkage disequilibrium studies
    in an isolated population. Human Molecular Genetics, 6(12), 2069-2076.
    PMID: 9328470.
        141. Lehto, M., Tuomi, T., Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., Forsblom, C.,
    Sarelin, L., Gullstrom, M., Isomaa, B., Lehtovirta, M., Hyrkko, A.,
    Kanninen, T., Orho, M., Manley, S., Turner, R.C., Brettin, T., Kirby,
    A., Thomas, J., Duyk, G., Lander, E.S., Taskinen, M.R., & Groop, L.
    (1997). Characterization of the MODY3 phenotype. Early-onset diabetes
    caused by an insulin secretion defect. Journal of Clinical
    Investigation, 99(4), 582-591. PMID: 9045858; PMCID: PMC507838.
        142. Slonim, D., Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Building human genome maps with radiation hybrids. Journal of
    Computational Biology, 4(4), 487-504. PMID: 9385541.
        143. Fazeli, A., Steen, R.G., Dickinson, S.L., Bautista, D.,
    Dietrich, W.F., Bronson, R.T., Bresalier, R.S., Lander, E.S., Costa,
    J., & Weinberg, R.A. (1997). Effects of p53 mutations on apoptosis in
    mouse intestinal and human colonic adenomas. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 94(19), 10199-10204. PMID: 9294187;
    PMCID: PMC23339.
        144. Radany, E.H., Hong, K., Kesharvarzi, S., Lander, E.S., &
    Bishop, J.M. (1997). Mouse mammary tumor virus/v-Ha-ras transgene-
    induced mammary tumors exhibit strain-specific allelic loss on mouse
    chromosome 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    94(16), 8664-8669. PMID: 9238034; PMCID: PMC23068.
        145. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Faster multipoint linkage
    analysis using Fourier transforms. Journal of Computational Biology,
    5(1), 1-7. PMID: 9541867.
        146. Zhong, T.P., Kaphingst, K., Akella, U., Haldi, M., Lander,
    E.S., & Fishman, M.C. (1998). Zebrafish genomic library in yeast
    artificial chromosomes. Genomics, 48(1), 136-138. PMID: 9514818.
        147. Bieg, S., Koike, G., Jiang, J., Klaff, L., Pettersson, A.,
    MacMurray, A.J., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (1998).
    Genetic isolation of iddm 1 on chromosome 4 in the biobreeding (BB)
    rat. Mammalian Genome, 9(4), 324-326. PMID: 9530633.
        148. Wang, D.G., Fan, J.B., Siao, C.J., Berno, A., Young, P.,
    Sapolsky, R., Ghandour, G., Perkins, N., Winchester, E., Spencer, J.,
    Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., Hsie, L., Topalogolu, T., Hubbell, E.,
    Robinson, E., Mittmann, M., Morris, M.S., Shen, N., Kilburn, D., Rioux,
    J., Nusbaum, C., Rozen, S., Hudson, T.J., Lipshutz, R., Chee, M., &
    Lander, E.S. (1998). Large-scale identification, mapping, and
    genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome.
    Science, 280(5366), 1077-1082. PMID: 9582121.
        149. Altshuler, D., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Genetic
    polymorphisms and disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(22),
    1626. PMID: 9606122.
        150. Kusumi, K., Sun, E.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Bronson, R.T., Chi,
    D.C., Bulotsky, M.S., Spencer, J.B., Birren, B.W., Frankel, W.N., &
    Lander, E.S. (1998). The mouse pudgy mutation disrupts Delta homologue
    Dll3 and initiation of early somite boundaries. Nature Genetics, 19(3),
    274-278. PMID: 9662403.
        151. McCarthy, M.I., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Sib-pair
    collection strategies for complex diseases. Genetic Epidemiology,
    15(4), 317-340. PMID: 9671984.
        152. Savukoski, M., Klockars, T., Holmberg, V., Santavuori, P.,
    Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (1998). CLN5, a novel gene encoding a
    putative transmembrane protein mutated in Finnish variant late
    infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Nature Genetics, 19(3), 286-
    288. PMID: 9662406.
        153. Ober, C., Cox, N.J., Abney, M., Di Rienzo, A., Lander, E.S.,
    Changyaleket, B., Gidley, H., Kurtz, B., Lee, J., Nance, M.,
    Pettersson, A., Prescott, J., Richardson, A., Schlenker, E.,
    Summerhill, E., Willadsen, S., Parry R., & Collaborative Study on the
    Genetics of Asthma. (1998). Genome-wide search for asthma
    susceptibility loci in a founder population. Human Molecular Genetics,
    7(9), 1393-1398. PMID: 9700192.
        154. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Van Vooren, P., Tissir, F., Simon,
    J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan,
    K., & Levan, G. (1998). Gene-based anchoring of the rat genetic linkage
    and cytogenetic maps: new regional localizations, orientation of the
    linkage groups, and insights into mammalian chromosome evolution.
    Mammalian Genome, 9(9), 721-734. PMID: 9716657.
        155. Deloukas, P., Schuler, G.D., Gyapay, G., Beasley, E.M.,
    Soderlund, C., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Hui, L., Matise, T.C., McKusick,
    K.B., Beckmann, J.S., Bentolila, S., Bihoreau, M.T., Birren, B.W.,
    Browne, J., Butler, A., Castle, A.B., Chiannikulchai, N., Clee, C.,
    Day, P.J.R., Dehejia, A., Dibling, T., Drouot, N., Duprat, S., Fizames,
    C., Fox, S., Gelling, S., Green, L., Harrison, P., Hocking, R.,
    Holloway, E., Hunt, S., Keil, S., Lijnzaad, P., Louis-Dit-Sully, C.,
    Ma, J., Mendis, A., Miller, J., Morissette, J., Muselet, D., Nusbaum,
    H.C., Peck, A., Rozen, S., Simon, D., Slonim, D.K., Staples, R., Stein,
    L.D., Stewart, E.A., Suchard, M.A., Thangarajah, T., Vega-Czarny, N.,
    Webber, C., Wu, X., Auffray, C., Nomura, N., Sikela, J.M.,
    Polymeropoulos, M.H., James, M.R., Lander, E.S., Hudson, T.J., Myers,
    R.M., Cox, D.R., Weissenbach, J., Boguski, M.S., & Bentley, D.R.
    (1998). A physical map of 30,000 human genes. Science, 282(5389), 744-
    746. PMID: 9784132.
        156. Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J., Green, T., Stone, V., Lander, E.S.,
    Hudson, T.J., Steinhart A.H., Bull, S., Cohen, Z., Greenberg, G.,
    Griffiths, A., McLeod, R., Silverberg, M., Williams, C.N., &
    Siminovitch, K.A. (1998). Absence of linkage between inflammatory bowel
    disease and selected loci on chromosomes 3, 7, 12, and 16.
    Gastroenterology, 115(5), 1062-1065. PMID: 9797358.
        157. Rioux, J.D., Stone, V.A., Daly, M.J., Cargill, M., Green, T.,
    Nguyen, H., Nutman, T., Zimmerman, P.A., Tucker, M.A., Hudson, T.,
    Goldstein, A.M., Lander, E.S., & Lin, A.Y. (1998). Familial
    eosinophilia maps to the cytokine gene cluster on human chromosomal
    region 5q31-q33. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 63(4), 1086-
    1094. PMID: 9758611; PMCID: PMC1377485.
        158. Lander, E.S., & Ellis, J.J. (1998). Founding father. Nature,
    396(6706), 13-14. PMID: 9817195.
        159. Holstege, F.C., Jennings, E.G., Wyrick, J.J., Lee, T.I.,
    Hengartner, C.J., Green, M.R., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A.
    (1998). Dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome.
    Cell, 95(5), 717-728. PMID: 9845373.
        160. Lander, E.S. (1998). Scientific commentary: the scientific
    foundations and medical and social prospects of the Human Genome
    Project. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 26(3), 184-188. PMID:
    11066875.
        161. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Van Vooren, P., Tissir, F., Simon,
    J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan,
    K., & Levan, G. (1998). Gene-based anchoring of the rat genetic linkage
    and cytogenetic maps: new regional localizations, orientation of the
    linkage groups, and insights into mammalian chromosome evolution.
    Mammalian Genome, 9(9), 721-734. PMID: 9716657.
        162. Brown, D.M., Matise, T.C., Koike, G., Simon, J.S., Winer,
    E.S., Zangen, S., McLaughlin, M.G., Shiozawa, M., Atkinson, O.S.,
    Hudson, J.R., Chakravarti, A., Lander, E.S., & Jacob, H.J. (1998). An
    integrated genetic linkage map of the laboratory rat. Mammalian Genome,
    9(7), 521-530. PMID: 9657848.
        163. Batzoglou, S., Berger, B., Kleitman, D.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Pachter, L. (1998). Recent developments in computational gene
    recognition. Documenta Mathematica, 649-658.
        164. Lander, E.S. (1999). Array of hope. Nature Genetics, 21(1
    Suppl), 3-4. PMID: 9915492.
        165. Tamayo, P., Slonim, D., Mesirov, J., Zhu, Q., Kitareewan, S.,
    Dmitrovsky, E., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (1999). Interpreting
    patterns of gene expression with self-organizing maps: methods and
    application to hematopoietic differentiation. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 96(6), 2907-2912. PMID: 10077610;
    PMCID: PMC15868.
        166. Pardes, H., Manton, K.G., Lander, E.S., Tolley, H.D., Ullian,
    A.D., & Palmer, H. (1999). Effects of medical research on health care
    and the economy. Science, 283(5398), 36-37. PMID: 9917262.
        167. Lander E.S. (1999). Genetics in the 21st century. Human Genome
    News 10, 1-2.
        168. Cargill, M., Altshuler, D., Ireland, J., Sklar, P., Ardlie,
    K., Patil, N., Lane, C.R., Lim, E.P., Kalyanaraman, N., Nemesh, J.,
    Ziaugra, L., Friedland, L., Rolfe, A., Warrington, J., Lipshutz, R.,
    Daley, G.Q., & Lander, E.S. (1999). Characterization of single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature
    Genetics, 22(3), 231-238. PMID: 10391209.
        169. Fambrough, D., McClure, K., Kazlauskas, A., & Lander, E.S.
    (1999). Diverse signaling pathways activated by growth factor receptors
    induce broadly overlapping, rather than independent, sets of genes.
    Cell, 97(6), 727-741. PMID:10380925.
        170. Steen, R.G., Kwitek-Black, A.E., Glenn, C., Gullings-Handley,
    J., Van Etten, W., Atkinson, O.S., Appel, D., Twigger, S., Muir, M.,
    Mull, T., Granados, M., Kissebah, M., Russo, K., Crane, R., Popp, M.,
    Peden, M., Matise, T., Brown, D.M., Lu, J., Kingsmore, S., Tonellato,
    P.J., Rozen, S., Slonim, D., Young, P., Knoblauch, M., Provoost, A.,
    Ganten, D., Colman, S.D., Rothberg, J., Lander, E.S., & Jacob, H.J.
    (1999). A high-density integrated genetic linkage and radiation hybrid
    map of the laboratory rat. Genome Research, 9(6), AP1-AP8. PMID:
    10400928.
        171. Pachter, L., Batzoglou, S., Spitkovsky, V.I., Banks, E.,
    Lander, E.S., Kleitman, D.J., & Berger, B. (1999). A dictionary-based
    approach for gene annotation. Journal of Computational Biology, 6(3-4),
    419-430. PMID: 10582576.
        172. Hacia, J.G., Fan, J.B., Ryder, O., Jin, L., Edgemon, K.,
    Ghandour, G., Mayer, R.A., Sun, B., Hsie, L., Robbins, C.M., Brody,
    L.C., Wang, D., Lander, E.S., Lipshutz, R., Fodor, S.P.A., & Collins,
    F.S. (1999). Determination of ancestral alleles for human single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms using high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
    Nature Genetics, 22(2), 164-167. PMID: 10369258.
        173. Galitski, T., Saldanha, A.J., Styles, C.A., Lander, E.S., &
    Fink, G.R. (1999). Ploidy regulation of gene expression. Science,
    285(5425), 251-254. PMID: 10398601.
        174. Van Etten, W.J., Steen, R.G., Nguyen, H., Castle, A.B.,
    Slonim, D.K., Ge, B., Nusbaum, C., Schuler, G.D., Lander, E.S., &
    Hudson, T.J. (1999). Radiation hybrid map of the mouse genome. Nature
    Genetics, 22(4), 384-387. PMID: 10431245.
        175. Pfeifer, D., Kist, R., Dewar, K., Devon, K., Lander, E.S.,
    Birren, B., Komiszewski, L., Back, E., & Scherer, G. (1999). Campomelic
    dysplasia translocation breakpoints are scattered over 1 Mb proximal to
    SOX9: evidence for an extended control region. The American Journal of
    Human Genetics, 65(1), 111-124. PMID: 10364523; PMCID: PMC1378081.
        176. Nusbaum, C., Slonim, D.K., Harris, K.L., Birren, B.W., Steen,
    R.G., Stein, L.D., Miller, J., Dietrich, W.F., Nahf, R., Wang, V.,
    Merport, O., Castle, A.B., Husain, Z., Farino, G., Gray, D., Anderson,
    M.O., Devine, R., Horton, L.T., Ye, W., Wu, X., Kouyoumjian, V.,
    Zemsteva, I.S., Wu, Y., Collymore, A.J., Courtney, D.F., Tam, J.,
    Cadman, M., Haynes, A.R., Heuston, C., Marsland, T., Southwell, A.,
    Trickett, P., Strivens, M.A., Ross, M.T., Makalowski, W., Xu, Y.,
    Boguski, M.S., Carter, N.P., Denny, P., Brown, S.D.M., Hudson, T.J., &
    Lander, E.S. (1999). A YAC-based physical map of the mouse genome.
    Nature Genetics, 22(4), 388-393. PMID: 10431246.
        177. Sidow, A., Bulotsky, M.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Birren, B.W.,
    Altshuler, D., Jaenisch, R., Johnson, K.R., & Lander, E.S. (1999). A
    novel member of the F-box/WD40 gene family, encoding dactylin, is
    disrupted in the mouse dactylaplasia mutant. Nature Genetics, 23(1),
    104-107. PMID: 10471509.
        178. Hastbacka, J., Kerrebrock, A., Mokkala, K., Clines, G.,
    Lovett, M., Kaitila, I., de la Chapelle, A., & Lander, E.S. (1999).
    Identification of the Finnish founder mutation for diastrophic
    dysplasia (DTD). European Journal of Human Genetics, 7(6), 664-670.
    PMID: 10482955.
        179. Klaff, L.S., Koike, G., Jiang, J., Wang, Y., Bieg, S.,
    Pettersson, A., Lander, E.S., Jacob, H., & Lernmark, A. (1999). BB rat
    diabetes susceptibility and body weight regulation genes colocalize on
    chromosome 2. Mammalian Genome, 10(9), 883-887. PMID: 10441739.
        180. Golub, T.R., Slonim, D.K., Tamayo, P., Huard, C., Gaasenbeek,
    M., Mesirov, J.P., Coller, H., Loh, M.L., Downing, J.R., Caligiuri,
    M.A., Bloomfield, C.D., & Lander, E.S. (1999). Molecular classification
    of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression
    monitoring. Science, 286(5439), 531-537. PMID: 10521349.
        181. Wyrick, J.J., Holstege, F.C., Jennings, E.G., Causton, H.C.,
    Shore, D., Grunstein, M., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A. (1999).
    Chromosomal landscape of nucleosome-dependent gene expression and
    silencing in yeast. Nature, 402(6760), 418-421. PMID: 10586882.
        182. De Sanctis, G.T., Singer, J.B., Jiao, A., Yandava, C.N., Lee,
    Y.H., Haynes, T.C., Lander, E.S., Beier, D.R., & Drazen, J.M. (1999).
    Quantitative trait locus mapping of airway responsiveness to
    chromosomes 6 and 7 in inbred mice. American Journal of Physiology,
    277(6 Pt 1), L1118-L1123. PMID: 10600881.
        183. Batzoglou, S., Berger, B., Mesirov, J., & Lander, E.S. (1999).
    Sequencing a genome by walking with clone-end sequences: a mathematical
    analysis. Genome Research, 9(12), 1163-1174. PMID: 10613838.
        184. Klockars, T., Holmberg, V., Savukoski, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Peltonen, L. (1999). Transcript identification on the CLN5 region on
    chromosome 13q22. Human Genetics, 105(1-2), 51-56. PMID: 10480355.
        185. Madhani, H.D., Galitski, T., Lander, E.S., & Fink, G.R.
    (1999). Effectors of a developmental mitogen-activated protein kinase
    cascade revealed by expression signatures of signaling mutants.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96(22), 12530-
    12535. PMID: 10535956; PMCID: PMC22972.
        186. Lander, E.S., & Weinberg, R.A. (2000). Genomics: Journey to
    the center of biology. Science, 287(5459), 1777-1782. PMID: 10755930.
        187. Engert, J.C., Berube, P., Mercier, J., Dore, C., Lepage, P.,
    Ge, B., Bouchard, J.P., Mathieu, J., Mancon, S.B., Schalling, M.,
    Lander, E.S., Morgan, K., Hudson, T.J, & Richter, A. (2000). ARSACS, a
    spastic ataxia common in northeastern Quebec, is caused by mutations in
    a new gene encoding an 11.5-kb ORF. Nature Genetics, 24(2), 120-125.
    PMID: 10655055.
        188. Nadeau, J.H., Singer, J.B., Matin, A., & Lander, E.S. (2000).
    Analysing complex genetic traits with chromosome substitution strains.
    Nature Genetics, 24(3), 221-225. PMID: 10700173.
        189. Lindblad-Toh, K., Winchester, E., Daly, M.J., Wang, D.G.,
    Hirschhorn, J.N., Laviolette, J.P., Ardlie, K., Reich, D.E., Robinson,
    E., Sklar, P., Shah, N., Thomas, D., Fan, J.B., Gingeras, T.,
    Warrington, J., Patil, N., Hudson, T.J., & Lander, E.S. (2000). Large-
    scale discovery and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in
    the mouse. Nature Genetics, 24(4), 381-386. PMID: 10742102.
        190. Coller, H.A., Grandori, C., Tamayo, P., Colbert, T., Lander,
    E.S., Eisenman, R.N., & Golub, T.R. (2000). Expression analysis with
    oligonucleotide microarrays reveals that MYC regulates genes involved
    in growth, cell cycle, signaling, and adhesion. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 97(7), 3260-3265. PMID: 10737792;
    PMCID: PMC16226.
        191. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Vanvooren, P., Tissir, F., Kela, J.,
    Lallemand, F., Hoebee, B., Simon, J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander,
    E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan, K., & Levan, G. (2000). The rat genetic
    and cytogenetic maps. Journal of Experimental Animal Science, 41(1),
    38-39.
        192. Bulman, M.P., Kusumi, K., Frayling, T.M., McKeown, C.,
    Garrett, C., Lander, E.S., Krumlauf, R., Hattersley, A.T., Ellard, S.,
    & Turnpenny, P.D. (2000). Mutations in the human delta homologue, DLL3,
    cause axial skeletal defects in spondylocostal dysostosis. Nature
    Genetics, 24(4), 438-441. PMID: 10742114.
        193. Pajukanta, P., Cargill, M., Viitanen, L., Nuotio, I.,
    Kareinen, A., Perola, M., Terwilliger, J.D., Kempas, E., Daly, M.J.,
    Lilja, H., Rioux, J.D., Brettin, T., Viikari, J.S.A., Ronnemaa, T.,
    Laakso, M., Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (2000). Two loci on
    chromosomes 2 and X for premature coronary heart disease identified in
    early-and late-settlement populations of Finland. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 67(6), 1481-1493. PMID: 11078477; PMCID: PMC1287925.
        194. Batzoglou, S., Pachter, L., Mesirov, J.P., Berger, B., &
    Lander, E.S. (2000). Human and mouse gene structure: comparative
    analysis and application to exon prediction. Genome Research, 10(7),
    950-958. PMID: 10899144; PMCID: PMC310911.
        195. Cormier, R.T., Bilger, A., Lillich, A.J., Halberg, R.B., Hong,
    K.H., Gould, K.A., Borenstein, N., Lander, E.S., & Dove, W.F. (2000).
    The Mom1AKR intestinal tumor resistance region consists of Pla2g2a and
    a locus distal to D4Mit64. Oncogene, 19(28), 3182-3192. PMID: 10918573.
        196. Clark, E.A., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Hynes, R.O. (2000).
    Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC.
    Nature, 406(6795), 532-535. PMID: 10952316.
        197. Rioux, J.D., Silverberg, M.S., Daly, M.J., Steinhart, A.H.,
    McLeod, R.S., Griffiths, A.M., Green, T., Brettin, T.S., Stone, V.,
    Bull, S.B., Bitton, A., Williams, C.N., Greenberg, G.R., Cohen, Z.,
    Lander, E.S., Hudson, T.J., & Siminovitch, K.A. (2000). Genomewide
    search in Canadian families with inflammatory bowel disease reveals two
    novel susceptibility loci. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    66(6), 1863-1870. PMID: 10777714; PMCID: PMC1378042.
        198. Altshuler, D., Hirschhorn, J.N., Klannemark, M., Lindgren,
    C.M., Vohl, M.C., Nemesh, J., Lane, C.R., Schaffner, S.F., Bolk, S.,
    Brewer, C., Tuomi, T., Gaudet, D., Hudson, T.J., Daly, M.J., Groop, L.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2000). The common PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism is
    associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics,
    26(1), 76-80. PMID: 10973253.
        199. Lindblad-Toh, K., Tanenbaum, D.M., Daly, M.J., Winchester, E.,
    Lui, W.O., Villapakkam, A., Stanton, S.E., Larsson, C., Hudson, T.J.,
    Johnson, B.E., Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2000). Loss-of-
    heterozygosity analysis of small-cell lung carcinomas using single-
    nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Nature Biotechnology, 18(9), 1001-1005.
    PMID: 10973224.
        200. Hirschhorn, J.N., Sklar, P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lim, Y.M.,
    Ruiz-Gutierrez, M., Bolk, S., Langhorst, B., Schaffner, S., Winchester,
    E., & Lander, E.S. (2000). SBE-TAGS: an array-based method for
    efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 97(22), 12164-12169. PMID: 11035790;
    PMCID: PMC17312.
        201. Lander, E.S. (2000). Genomics: launching a revolution in
    medicine. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 28(4-Suppl), 3-14.
    PMID: 11244841.
        202. Altshuler, D., Pollara, V.J., Cowles, C.R., Van Etten, W.J.,
    Baldwin, J., Linton, L., & Lander, E.S. (2000). An SNP map of the human
    genome generated by reduced representation shotgun sequencing. Nature,
    407(6803), 513-516. PMID: 11029002.
        203. Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody,
    M.C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, H.,
    Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L.,
    Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, K., Meldrim, J.,
    Mesirov, J.P., Miranda, C., Morris, W., Naylor, J., Raymond, C.,
    Rosetti, M., Santos, R., Sheridan, A., Sougnez, C., Stange-Thomann, N.,
    Stojanovic, N., Subramanian, A., Wyman, D., Rogers, J., Sulston, J.,
    Ainscough, R., Beck, S., Bentley, D., Burton, J., Clee, C., Carter, N.,
    Coulson, A., Deadman, R., Deloukas, P., Dunham, A., Dunham, I., Durbin,
    R., French, L., Grafham, D., Gregory, S., Hubbard, T., Humphray, S.,
    Hunt, A., Jones, M., Lloyd, C., McMurray, A., Matthews, L., Mercer, S.,
    Milne, S., Mullikin, J.C., Mungall, A., Plumb, R., Ross, M., Shownkeen,
    R., Sims, S., Waterston, R.H., Wilson, R.K., Hillier, L.W., McPherson,
    J.D., Marra, M.A., Mardis, E.R., Fulton, L.A., Chinwalla, A.T., Pepin,
    K.H., Gish, W.R., Chissoe, S.L., Wendl, M.C., Delehaunty, K.D., Miner,
    T.L., Delehaunty, A., Kramer, J.B., Cook, L.L., Fulton, R.S., Johnson,
    D.L., Minx, P.J., Clifton, S.W., Hawkins, T., Branscomb, E., Predki,
    P., Richardson, P., Wenning, S., Slezak, T., Doggett, N., Cheng, J.F.,
    Olsen, A., Lucas, S., Elkin, C., Uberbacher, E., Frazier, M., Gibbs,
    R., Muzny, D.M., Scherer, S.E., Bouck, J.B., Sodergren, E.J., Worley,
    K.C., Rives, C.M., Gorrell, J.H., Metzker, M.L., Naylor, S.L.,
    Kucherlapati, R.S., Nelson, D.L., Weinstock, G.M., Sakaki, Y.,
    Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Yada, T., Toyoda, A., Itoh, T., Kawagoe, C.,
    Watanabe, H., Totoki, Y., Taylor, T., Weissenbach, J., Heilig, R.,
    Saurin, W., Artiguenave, F., Brottier, P., Bruls, T., Pelletier, E.,
    Robert, C., Wincker, P., Smith, D.R., Doucette-Stamm, L., Rubenfield,
    M., Weinstock, K., Lee, H.M., Dubois, J., Rosenthal, A., Platzer, M.,
    Nyakatura, G., Taudien, S., Rump, A., Yang, H., Yu, J., Wang, J.,
    Huang, G., Gu, J., Hood, L., Rowen, L., Madan, A., Qin, S., Davis,
    R.W., Federspiel, N.A., Abola, A.P., Proctor, M.J., Myers, R.M.,
    Schmutz, J., Dickson, M., Grimwood, J., Cox, D.R., Olson, M.V., Kaul,
    R., Raymond, C., Shimizu, N., Kawasaki, K., Minoshima, S., Evans, G.A.,
    Athanasiou, M., Schultz, R., Roe, B.A., Chen, F., Pan, H., Ramser, J.,
    Lehrach, H., Reinhardt, R., McCombie, W.R., de la Bastide, M., Dedhia,
    N., Blocker, H., Hornischer, K., Nordsiek, G., Agarwala, R., Aravind,
    L., Bailey, J.A., Bateman, A., Batzoglou, S., Birney, E., Bork, P.,
    Brown, D.G., Burge, C.B., Cerutti, L., Chen, H.C., Church, D., Clamp,
    M., Copley, R.R., Doerks, T., Eddy, S.R., Eichler, E.E., Furey, T.S.,
    Galagan, J., Gilbert, J.G., Harmon, C., Hayashizaki, Y., Haussler, D.,
    Hermjakob, H., Hokamp, K., Jang, W., Johnson, J.S., Jones, T.A., Kasif,
    S., Kaspryzk, A., Kennedy, S., Kent, W.J., Kitts, P., Koonin, E.V.,
    Korf, I., Kulp, D., Lancet, D., Lowe, T.M., McLysaght, A., Mikkelsen,
    T., Moran, J.V., Mulder, N., Pollara, V.J., Ponting, C.P., Schuler, G.,
    Schultz, J., Slater, G., Smit, A.F., Stupka, E., Thierry-Mieg, D.,
    Thierry-Mieg, J., Wagner, L., Wallis, J., Wheeler, R., Williams, A.,
    Wolf, Y.I., Wolfe, K.H., Yang, S.P., Yeh, R.F., Collins, F., Guyer,
    M.S., Peterson, J., Felsenfeld, A., Wetterstrand, K.A., Patrinos, A.,
    Morgan, M.J., de Jong, P., Catanese, J.J., Osoegawa, K., Shizuya, H.,
    Choi, S., Chen, Y.J., Szustakowski, J, & International Human Genome
    Sequencing Consortium. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the
    human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860-921. PMID: 11237011.
        204. Lee, N., Daly, M.J., Delmonte, T., Lander, E.S., Xu, F.,
    Hudson, T.J., Mitchell, G.A., Morin, C.C., Robinson, B.H., & Rioux,
    J.D. (2001). A genomewide linkage-disequilibrium scan localizes the
    Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean cytochrome oxidase deficiency to 2p16. The
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 68(2), 397-409. PMID: 11156535;
    PMCID: PMC1235273.
        205. Cavanaugh, J., & IBD International Genetics Consortium.
    (2001). International collaboration provides convincing linkage
    replication in complex disease through analysis of a large pooled data
    set: Crohn disease and chromosome 16. The American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 68(5), 1165-1171. PMID: 11309682; PMCID: PMC1226097.
        206. Bartoloni, L., Blouin, J.L., Maiti, A.K., Sainsbury, A.,
    Rossier, C., Gehrig, C., She, J.X., Marron, M.P., Lander, E.S., Meeks,
    M., Chung, E., Armengot, M., Jorissen, M., Scott, H.S., Delozier-
    Blanchet, C.D., Gardiner, R.M., & Antonarakis, S.E. (2001). Axonemal
    beta heavy chain dynein DNAH9: cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and
    investigation of its role in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Genomics,
    72(1), 21-33. PMID: 11247663.
        207. Sachidanandam, R., Weissman, D., Schmidt, S.C., Kakol, J.M.,
    Stein, L.D., Marth, G., Sherry S., Mullikin, J.C., Mortimore, B.J.,
    Willey, D., Hunt, S.E., Cole, C.G., Coggill, P.C., Rice, C.M., Ning,
    Z., Rogers, J., Bentley, D.R., Kwok, P.Y., Mardis, E.R., Yeh, R.T.,
    Schultz, B., Cook, L., Davenport, R., Dante, M., Fulton, L., Hillier,
    L., Waterston, R.H., McPherson, J.D., Gilman, B., Schaffner, S., Van
    Etten, W.J., Reich, D., Higgins, J., Blumenstiel, B., Baldwin, J.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Zody, M.C., Linton, L., Lander, E.S., Altshuler,
    D., & International SNP Map Working Group. (2001). A map of human
    genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide
    polymorphisms. Nature, 409(6822), 928-933. PMID: 11237013.
        208. Hong, K.H., Bonventre, J.C., O'Leary, E., Bonventre, J.V., &
    Lander, E.S. (2001). Deletion of cytosolic phospholipase A2 suppresses
    ApcMin-induced tumorigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 98(7), 3935-3939. PMID: 11274413; PMCID: PMC31157.
        209. Jackson-Grusby, L., Beard, C., Possemato, R., Tudor, M.,
    Fambrough, D., Csankovszki, G., Dausman, J., Lee, P., Wilson, C.,
    Lander, E.S., & Jaenisch, R. (2001). Loss of genomic methylation causes
    p53-dependent apoptosis and epigenetic deregulation. Nature Genetics,
    27(1), 31-39. PMID: 11137995.
        210. Causton, H.C., Ren, B., Koh, S.S., Harbison, C.T., Kanin, E.,
    Jennings, E.G., Lee, T.I., True, H.L., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A.
    (2001). Remodeling of yeast genome expression in response to
    environmental changes. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 12(2), 323-337.
    PMID: 11179418; PMCID: PMC30946.
        211. Yeang, C.H., Ramaswamy, S., Tamayo, P., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin,
    R.M., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J., & Golub, T.R.
    (2001). Molecular classification of multiple tumor types.
    Bioinformatics, 17(Suppl 1), S316-S322. PMID: 11473023.
        212. Laitinen, T., Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Kauppi, P., Laprise,
    C., Petays, T., Green, T., Cargill, M., Haahtela, T., Lander, E.S.,
    Laitinen, L.A., Hudson, T.J., & Kere, J. (2001). A susceptibility locus
    for asthma-related traits on chromosome 7 revealed by genome-wide scan
    in a founder population. Nature Genetics, 28(1), 87-91. PMID: 11326283.
        213. Reich, D.E., Cargill, M., Bolk, S., Ireland, J., Sabeti, P.C.,
    Richter, D.J., Lavery, T., Kouyoumjian, R., Farhadian, S.F., Ward, R.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2001). Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome.
    Nature, 411(6834), 199-204. PMID: 11346797.
        214. Hirschhorn, J.N., Lindgren, C.M., Daly, M.J., Kirby, A.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Burtt, N.P., Altshuler, D., Parker, A., Rioux, J.D.,
    Platko, J., Gaudet, D., Hudson, T.J., Groop, L.C., & Lander, E.S.
    (2001). Genomewide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations
    reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height. The
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 69(1), 106-116. PMID: 11410839;
    PMCID: PMC1226025.
        215. Barclay, J., Balaguero, N., Mione, M., Ackerman, S.L., Letts,
    V.A., Brodbeck, J., Canti, C., Meir, A., Page, K.M., Kusumi, K., Perez-
    Reyes, E., Lander, E.S., Frankel, W.N., Gardiner, R.M., Dolphin, A.C.,
    & Rees, M. (2001). Ducky mouse phenotype of epilepsy and ataxia is
    associated with mutations in the Cacna2d2 gene and decreased calcium
    channel current in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The Journal of
    Neuroscience, 21(16), 6095-6104. PMID: 11487633.
        216. Sklar, P., Schwab, S.G., Williams, N.M., Daly, M., Schaffner,
    S., Maier, W., Albus, M., Trixler, M., Eichhammer, P., Lerer, B.,
    Hallmayer, J., Norton, N., Williams, H., Zammit, S., Cardno, A.G.,
    Jones, S., McCarthy, G., Milanova, V., Kirov, G., O'Donovan, M.C.,
    Lander, E.S., Owen, M.J., & Wildenauer, D.B. (2001). Association
    analysis of NOTCH4 loci in schizophrenia using family and population-
    based controls. Nature Genetics, 28(2), 126-128. PMID: 11381257.
        217. Inoue, K., Dewar, K., Katsanis, N., Reiter, L.T., Lander,
    E.S., Devon, K.L., Wyman, D.W., Lupski, J.R., & Birren, B. (2001). The
    1.4-Mb CMT1A duplication/HNPP deletion genomic region reveals unique
    genome architectural features and provides insights into the recent
    evolution of new genes. Genome Research, 11(6), 1018-1033. PMID:
    11381029; PMCID: PMC311111.
        218. Ardlie, K., Liu-Cordero, S.N., Eberle, M.A., Daly, M.J.,
    Barrett, J., Winchester, E., Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (2001).
    Lower-than-expected linkage disequilibrium between tightly linked
    markers in humans suggests a role for gene conversion. The American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 69(3), 582-589. PMID: 11473344; PMCID:
    PMC1235487.
        219. Reich, D.E., & Lander, E.S. (2001). On the allelic spectrum of
    human disease. TRENDS in Genetics, 17(9), 502-510. PMID: 11525833.
        220. Hudson, T.J., Church, D.M., Greenaway, S., Nguyen, H., Cook,
    A., Steen, R.G., Van Etten, W.J., Castle, A.B., Strivens, M.A.,
    Trickett, P., Heuston, C., Davison, C., Southwell, A., Hardisty, R.,
    Varela-Carver, A., Haynes, A.R., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Doi, H., Ko,
    M.S.H., Pontius, J., Schriml, L., Wagner, L., Maglott, D., Brown,
    S.D.M., Lander, E.S., Schuler, G., & Denny, P. (2001). A radiation
    hybrid map of mouse genes. Nature Genetics, 29(2), 201-205. PMID:
    11586302.
        221. Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J., Silverberg, M.S., Lindblad-Toh, K.,
    Steinhart, H., Cohen, Z., Delmonte, T., Kocher, K., Miller, K.,
    Guschwan, S., Kulbokas, E.J., O'Leary, S., Winchester, E., Dewar, K.,
    Green, T., Stone, V., Chow, C., Cohen, A., Langelier, D., Lapointe, G.,
    Gaudet, D., Faith, J., Branco, N., Bull, S.B., McLeod, R.S., Griffiths,
    A.M., Bitton, A., Greenberg, G.R., Lander, E.S., Siminovitch, K.A., &
    Hudson, T.J. (2001). Genetic variation in the 5q31 cytokine gene
    cluster confers susceptibility to Crohn disease. Nature Genetics,
    29(2), 223-228. PMID: 11586304.
        222. Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Schaffner, S.F., Hudson, T.J., &
    Lander, E.S. (2001). High-resolution haplotype structure in the human
    genome. Nature Genetics, 29(2), 229-232. PMID: 11586305.
        223. Huang, Q., Liu, D., Majewski, P., Schulte, L.C., Korn, J.M.,
    Young, R.A., Lander, E.S., & Hacohen, N. (2001). The plasticity of
    dendritic cell responses to pathogens and their components. Science,
    294(5543), 870-875. PMID: 11679675.
        224. Staunton, J.E., Slonim, D.K., Coller, H.A., Tamayo, P.,
    Angelo, M.J., Park, J., Scherf, U., Lee, J.K., Reinhold, W.O.,
    Weinstein, J.N., Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2001).
    Chemosensitivity prediction by transcriptional profiling. Proceedings
    of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98(19), 10787-10792. PMID:
    11553813; PMCID: PMC58553.
        225. Sweeney, C., Fambrough, D., Huard, C., Diamonti, A.J., Lander,
    E.S., Cantley, L.C., & Carraway, K.L. (2001). Growth factor-specific
    signaling pathway stimulation and gene expression mediated by ErbB
    receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(25), 22685-22698. PMID:
    11297548.
        226. Ramaswamy, S., Tamayo, P., Rifkin, R., Mukherjee, S., Yeang,
    C.H., Angelo, M., Ladd, C., Reich, M., Latulippe, E., Mesirov, J.P.,
    Poggio, T., Gerald, W., Loda, M., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2001).
    Multiclass cancer diagnosis using tumor gene expression signatures.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98(26), 15149-
    15154. PMID: 11742071; PMCID: PMC64998.
        227. Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., McPherson, J.D., Waterston,
    R.H., Rodgers, J., & Birney, E. (2001). Progress in sequencing the
    mouse genome. Genesis, 31(4), 137-141. PMID: 11783003.
        228. Bhattacharjee, A., Richards, W.G., Staunton, J., Li, C.,
    Monti, S., Vasa, P., Ladd,C., Beheshti, J., Bueno, R., Gillette, M.,
    Loda, M., Weber, G., Mark, E.J., Lander, E.S., Wong, W., Johnson, B.E.,
    Golub, T.R., Sugarbaker, D.J., & Meyerson, M. (2001). Classification of
    human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct
    adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 98(24), 13790-13795. PMID: 11707567; PMCID: PMC61120.
        229. Shipp, M.A., Ross, K.N., Tamayo, P., Weng, A.P., Kutok, J.L.,
    Aguiar, R.C., Gaasenbeek, M., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Pinkus, G.S., Ray,
    T.S., Koval, M.A., Last, K.W., Norton, A., Lister, T.A., Mesirov, J.,
    Neuberg, D.S., Lander, E.S., Aster, J.C., & Golub, T.R. (2002). Diffuse
    large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling
    and supervised machine learning. Nature Medicine, 8(1), 68-74. PMID:
    11786909.
        230. Armstrong, S.A., Staunton, J.E., Silverman, L.B., Pieters, R.,
    den Boer, M.L., Minden, M.D., Sallan, S.E., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R.,
    & Korsmeyer, S.J. (2002). MLL translocations specify a distinct gene
    expression profile that distinguishes a unique leukemia. Nature
    Genetics, 30(1), 41-47. PMID: 11731795.
        231. Pomeroy, S.L., Tamayo, P., Gaasenbeek, M., Sturla, L.M.,
    Angelo, M., McLaughlin, M.E., Kim, J.Y., Goumnerova, L.C., Black, P.M.,
    Lau, C., Allen, J.C., Zagzag, D., Olson, J.M., Curran, T., Wetmore, C.,
    Biegel, J.A., Poggio, T., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin, R., Califano, A.,
    Stolovitzky, G., Louis, D.N., Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Golub,
    T.R. (2002). Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour
    outcome based on gene expression. Nature, 415(6870), 436-442. PMID:
    11807556.
        232. Lindgren, C.M., Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., McCarthy, M.I.,
    Daly, M.J., Kirby, A., Reeve, M.P., Kruglyak, L., Parker, A., Meyer,
    J., Almgren, P., Lehto, M., Kanninen, T., Tuomi, T., Groop, L.C., &
    Lander, E.S. (2002). Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes mellitus
    susceptibility loci in Finnish families: the Botnia study. The American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 70(2), 509-516. PMID: 11791216; PMCID:
    PMC384923.
        233. Batzoglou, S., Jaffe, D.B., Stanley, K., Butler, J., Gnerre,
    S., Mauceli, E., Berger, B., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander, E.S. (2002).
    ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler. Genome Research, 12(1), 177-
    189. PMID: 11779843; PMCID: PMC155255.
        234. Nau, G.J., Richmond, J.F., Schlesinger, A., Jennings, E.G.,
    Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A. (2002). Human macrophage activation
    programs induced by bacterial pathogens. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 99(3), 1503-1508. PMID: 11805289; PMCID:
    PMC122220.
        235. Waterston, R.H., Lander, E.S., & Sulston, J.E. (2002). On the
    sequencing of the human genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 99(6), 3712-3716. PMID: 11880605; PMCID: PMC122589.
        236. Singh, D., Febbo, P.G., Ross, K., Jackson, D.G., Manola, J.,
    Ladd, C., Tamayo, P., Renshaw, A.A., D'Amico, A.V., Richie, J.P.,
    Lander, E.S., Loda, M., Kantoff, P.W., Golub, T.R., & Sellers, W.R.
    (2002). Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer
    behavior. Cancer Cell, 1(2), 203-209. PMID: 12086878.
        237. Galagan, J.E., Nusbaum, C., Roy, A., Endrizzi, M.G.,
    Macdonald, P., FitzHugh, W., Calvo, S., Engels, R., Smirnov, S.,
    Atnoor, D., Brown, A., Allen, N., Naylor, J., Stange-Thomann, N.,
    DeArellano, K., Johnson, R., Linton, L., McEwan, P., McKernan, K.,
    Talamas, J., Tirrell, A., Ye, W., Zimmer, A., Barber, R.D., Cann, I.,
    Graham, D.E., Grahame, D., Guss, A.M., Hedderich, R., Ingram-Smith, C.,
    Kuettner, H.C., Krzycki, J., Leigh, J.A., Li, W., Liu, J.,
    Mukhopadhyay, B., Reeve, J.N., Smith, K., Springer, T., Umayam, L.A.,
    White, O., White, R.H., de Macario, E.C., Ferry, J.G., Jarrell, K.F.,
    Jing, H., Macario, A.J.L., Paulsen, I., Pritchett, M., Sowers, K.R.,
    Swanson, R.V., Zinder, S.H., Lander, E,S., Metcalf, W.W., & Birren,
    B.W. (2002). The genome of M. acetivorans reveals extensive metabolic
    and physiological diversity. Genome Research, 12(4), 532-542. PMID:
    11932238; PMCID: PMC187521.
        238. Gabriel, S.B., Schaffner, S.F., Nguyen, H., Moore, J.M., Roy,
    J., Blumenstiel, B., Higgins, J., DeFelice, M., Lochner, A., Faggart,
    M., Liu-Cordero, S.N., Rotimi, C., Adeyemo, A., Cooper, R., Ward, R.,
    Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., & Altshuler, D. (2002). The structure of
    haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science, 296(5576), 2225-2229.
    PMID: 12029063.
        239. Ferrando, A.A., Neuberg, D.S., Staunton, J., Loh, M.L., Huard,
    C., Raimondi, S.C., Behm, F.G., Pui, C.H., Downing, J.R., Gilliland,
    D.G., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., & Look, A.T. (2002). Gene expression
    signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute
    lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell, 1(1), 75-87. PMID: 12086890.
        240. MacMurray, A.J., Moralejo, D.H., Kwitek, A.E., Rutledge, E.A.,
    Van Yserloo, B., Gohlke, P., Speros, S.J., Snyder, B., Schaefer, J.,
    Bieg, S., Jiang, J., Ettinger, R.A., Fuller, J., Daniels, T.L.,
    Pettersson, A., Orlebeke, K., Birren, B.W., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Lernmark, A. (2002). Lymphopenia in the BB rat model of type 1
    diabetes is due to a mutation in a novel immune-associated nucleotide
    (Ian)-related gene. Genome Research, 12(7), 1029-1039. PMID: 12097339;
    PMCID: PMC186618.
        241. Reich, D.E., Schaffner, S.F., Daly, M.J., McVean, G.,
    Mullikin, J.C., Higgins, J.M., Richter, D.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Altshuler, D. (2002). Human genome sequence variation and the influence
    of gene history, mutation and recombination. Nature Genetics, 32(1),
    135-142. PMID: 12161752.
        242. Humpherys, D., Eggan, K., Akutsu, H., Friedman, A.,
    Hochedlinger, K., Yanagimachi, R., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., &
    Jaenisch, R. (2002). Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived
    from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 99(20), 12889-12894. PMID: 12235366;
    PMCID: PMC130555.
        243. Sabeti, P.C., Reich, D.E., Higgins, J.M., Levine, H.Z.,
    Richter, D.J., Schaffner, S.F., Gabriel, S.B., Platko, J.V., Patterson,
    N.J., McDonald, G.J., Ackerman, H.C., Campbell, S.J., Altshuler, D.,
    Cooper, R., Kwiatkowski, D., Ward, R., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Detecting
    recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure.
    Nature, 419(6909), 832-837. PMID: 12397357.
        244. Sklar, P., Gabriel, S.B., McInnis, M.G., Bennett, P., Lim, Y.,
    Tsan, G., Schaffner, S., Kirov, G., Jones, I., Owen, M., Craddock, N.,
    DePaulo, J.R., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Family-based association study of
    76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus.
    Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(6), 579-593.
    PMID: 12140781.
        245. Cowles, C.R., Hirschhorn, J.N., Altshuler, D., & Lander, E.S.
    (2002). Detection of regulatory variation in mouse genes. Nature
    Genetics, 32(3), 432-437. PMID: 12410233.
        246. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, Waterston, R.H., Lindblad-
    Toh, K., Birney, E., Rogers, J., Abril, J.F., Agarwal, P., Agarwala,
    R., Ainscough, R., Alexandersson, M., An, P., Antonarakis, S.E.,
    Attwood, J., Baertsch, R., Bailey, J., Barlow, K., Beck, S., Berry, E.,
    Birren, B., Bloom, T., Bork, P., Botcherby, M., Bray, N., Brent, M.R.,
    Brown, D.G., Brown, S.D., Bult, C., Burton, J., Butler, J., Campbell,
    R.D., Carninci, P., Cawley, S., Chiaromonte, F., Chinwalla, A.T.,
    Church, D.M., Clamp, M., Clee, C., Collins, F.S., Cook, L.L., Copley,
    R.R., Coulson, A., Couronne, O., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Daly,
    M., David, R., Davies, J., Delehaunty, K.D., Deri, J., Dermitzakis,
    E.T., Dewey, C., Dickens, N.J., Diekhans, M., Dodge, S., Dubchak, I.,
    Dunn, D.M., Eddy, S.R., Elnitski, L., Emes, R.D., Eswara, P., Eyras,
    E., Felsenfeld, A., Fewell, G.A., Flicek, P., Foley, K., Frankel, W.N.,
    Fulton, L.A., Fulton, R.S., Furey, T.S., Gage, D., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Glusman, G., Gnerre, S., Goldman, N., Goodstadt, L., Grafham, D.,
    Graves, T.A., Green, E.D., Gregory, S., Guigo, R., Guyer, M., Hardison,
    R.C., Haussler, D., Hayashizaki, Y., Hillier, L.W., Hinrichs, A.,
    Hlavina, W., Holzer, T., Hsu, F., Hua, A., Hubbard, T., Hunt, A.,
    Jackson, I., Jaffe, D.B., Johnson, L.S., Jones, M., Jones, T.A., Joy,
    A., Kamal, M., Karlsson, E.K., Karolchik, D., Kasprzyk, A., Kawai, J.,
    Keibler, E., Kells, C., Kent, W.J., Kirby, A., Kolbe, D.L., Korf, I.,
    Kucherlapati, R.S., Kulbokas, E.J., Kulp, D., Landers, T., Leger, J.P.,
    Leonard, S., Letunic, I., Levine, R., Li, J., Li, M., Lloyd, C., Lucas,
    S., Ma, B., Maglott, D.R., Mardis, E.R., Matthews, L., Mauceli, E.,
    Mayer, J.H., McCarthy, M., McCombie, W.R., McLaren, S., McLay, K.,
    McPherson, J.D., Meldrim, J., Meredith, B., Mesirov, J.P., Miller, W.,
    Miner, T.L., Mongin, E., Montgomery, K.T., Morgan, M., Mott, R.,
    Mullikin, J.C., Muzny, D.M., Nash, W.E., Nelson, J.O., Nhan, M.N.,
    Nicol, R., Ning, Z., Nusbaum, C., O'Connor, M.J., Okazaki, Y., Oliver,
    K., Overton-Larty, E., Pachter, L., Parra, G., Pepin, K.H., Peterson,
    J., Pevzner, P., Plumb, R., Pohl, C.S., Poliakov, A., Ponce, T.C.,
    Ponting, C.P., Potter, S., Quail, M., Reymond, A., Roe, B.A., Roskin,
    K.M., Rubin, E.M., Rust, A.G., Santos, R., Sapojnikov, V., Schultz, B.,
    Schultz, J., Schwartz, M.S., Schwartz, S., Scott, C., Seaman, S.,
    Searle, S., Sharpe, T., Sheridan, A., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Singer,
    J.B., Slater, G., Smit, A., Smith, D.R., Spencer, B., Stabenau, A.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Sugnet, C., Suyama, M., Tesler, G., Thompson, J.,
    Torrents, D., Trevaskis, E., Tromp, J., Ucla, C., Ureta-Vidal, A.,
    Vinson, J.P., Von Niederhausern, A.C., Wade, C.M., Wall, M., Weber,
    R.J., Weiss, R.B., Wendl, M.C., West, A.P., Wetterstrand, K., Wheeler,
    R., Whelan, S., Wierzbowski, J., Willey, D., Williams, S., Wilson,
    R.K., Winter, E., Worley, K.C., Wyman, D., Yang, S., Yang, S.P.,
    Zdobnov, E.M., Zody, M.C., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Initial sequencing
    and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature, 420(6915), 520-
    562. PMID: 12466850.
        247. Okazaki, Y., Furuno, M., Kasukawa, T., Adachi, J., Bono, H.,
    Kondo, S., Nikaido, I., Osato, N., Saito, R., Suzuki, H., Yamanaka, I.,
    Kiyosawa, H., Yagi, K., Tomaru, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Nogami, A.,
    Schonbach, C., Gojobori, T., Baldarelli, R., Hill, D.P., Bult, C.,
    Hume, D.A., Quackenbush, J., Schriml, L.M., Kanapin, A., Matsuda, H.,
    Batalov, S., Beisel, K.W., Blake, J.A., Bradt, D., Brusic, V., Chothia,
    C., Corbani, L.E., Cousins, S., Dalla, E., Dragani, T.A., Fletcher,
    C.F., Forrest, A., Frazer, K.S., Gaasterland, T., Gariboldi, M., Gissi,
    C., Godzik, A., Gough, J., Grimmond, S., Gustincich, S., Hirokawa, N.,
    Jackson, I.J., Jarvis, E.D., Kanai, A., Kawaji, H., Kawasawa, Y.,
    Kedzierski, R.M., King, B.L., Konagaya, A., Kurochkin, I.V., Lee, Y.,
    Lenhard, B., Lyons, P.A., Maglott, D.R., Maltais, L., Marchionni, L.,
    McKenzie, L., Miki, H., Nagashima, T., Numata, K., Okido, T., Pavan,
    W.J., Pertea, G., Pesole, G., Petrovsky, N., Pillai, R., Pontius, J.U.,
    Qi, D., Ramachandran, S., Ravasi, T., Reed, J.C., Reed, D.J., Reid, J.,
    Ring, B.Z., Ringwald, M., Sandelin, A., Schneider, C., Semple, C.A.,
    Setou, M., Shimada, K., Sultana, R., Takenaka, Y., Taylor, M.S.,
    Teasdale, R.D., Tomita, M., Verardo, R., Wagner, L., Wahlestedt, C.,
    Wang, Y., Watanabe, Y., Wells, C., Wilming, L.G., Wynshaw-Boris, A.,
    Yanagisawa, M., Yang, I., Yang, L., Yuan, Z., Zavolan, M., Zhu, Y.,
    Zimmer, A., Carninci, P., Hayatsu, N., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Konno,
    H., Nakamura, M., Sakazume, N., Sato, K., Shiraki, T., Waki, K., Kawai,
    J., Aizawa, K., Arakawa, T., Fukuda, S., Hara, A., Hashizume, W.,
    Imotani, K., Ishii, Y., Itoh, M., Kagawa, I., Miyazaki, A., Sakai, K.,
    Sasaki, D., Shibata, K., Shinagawa, A., Yasunishi, A., Yoshino, M.,
    Waterston, R., Lander, E.S., Rogers, J., Birney, E., Hayashizaki, Y.,
    FANTOM Consortium, & RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group Phase I &
    II Team. (2002). Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on
    functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. Nature, 420(6915),
    563-573. PMID: 12466851.
        248. Wade, C.M., Kulbokas, E.J., Kirby, A.W., Zody, M.C., Mullikin,
    J.C., Lander, E.S., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Daly, M.J. (2002). The mosaic
    structure of variation in the laboratory mouse genome. Nature,
    420(6915), 563-573. PMID: 12466852.
        249. Williams, C.N., Kocher, K., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., & Rioux,
    J.D. (2002). Using a genome-wide scan and meta-analysis to identify a
    novel IBD locus and confirm previously identified IBD loci.
    Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 8(6), 375-381. PMID: 12454612.
        250. Chen, C.Z., Li, M., de Graaf, D., Monti, S., Gottgens, B.,
    Sanchez, M.J., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., Green, A.R., & Lodish, H.F.
    (2002). Identification of endoglin as a functional marker that defines
    long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 99(24), 15468-15473. PMID: 12438646;
    PMCID: PMC137740.
        251. Ramaswamy, S., Ross, K.N., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2003).
    A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nature
    Genetics, 33(1), 49-54. PMID: 12469122.
        252. Lohmueller, K.E., Pearce, C.L., Pike, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Hirschhorn, J.N. (2003). Meta-analysis of genetic association studies
    supports a contribution of common variants to susceptibility to common
    disease. Nature Genetics, 33(2), 177-182. PMID: 12524541.
        253. Jaffe, D.B., Butler, J., Gnerre, S., Mauceli, E., Lindblad-
    Toh, K., Mesirov, J.P., Zody, M.C., & Lander, E.S. (2003). Whole-genome
    sequence assembly for mammalian genomes: Arachne 2. Genome Research,
    13(1), 91-96. PMID: 12529310; PMCID: PMC430950.
        254. Mootha, V.K., Lepage, P., Miller, K., Bunkenborg, J., Reich,
    M., Hjerrild, M., Delmonte, T., Villeneuve, A., Sladek, R., Xu, F.,
    Mitchell, G.A., Morin, C., Mann, M., Hudson, T.J., Robinson, B., Rioux,
    J.D., & Lander, E.S. (2003). Identification of a gene causing human
    cytochrome c oxidase deficiency by integrative genomics. Proceedings of
    the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100(2), 605-610. PMID: 12529507;
    PMCID: PMC141043.
        255. Waterston, R.H., Lander, E.S., & Sulston, J.E. (2003). More on
    the sequencing of the human genome. Proceedings of the National Academy
    of Sciences USA, 100(6), 3022-3024. PMID: 12631699; PMCID: PMC152236.
        256. Xu, Y., Stange-Thomann, N., Weber, G., Bo, R., Dodge, S.,
    David, R.G., Foley, K., Beheshti, J., Harris, N.L., Birren, B.W.,
    Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2003). Pathogen discovery from human
    tissue by sequence-based computational subtraction. Genomics, 81(3),
    329-335. PMID: 12659816.
        257. Kamvysselis, M., Patterson, N., Birren, B., Berger, B., &
    Lander, E.S. (2003). Whole-genome comparative annotation and regulatory
    motif discovery in multiple yeast species. In Proceedings of the
    Seventh Annual International Conference on Research in Computational
    Molecular Biology (pp. 157-166).
        258. Chiang, D.Y., Moses, A.M., Kellis, M., Lander, E.S., & Eisen,
    M.B. (2003). Phylogenetically and spatially conserved word pairs
    associated with gene-expression changes in yeasts. Genome Biology,
    4(7), R43. PMID: 12844359; PMID: PMC193630.
        259. Galagan, J.E., Calvo, S.E., Borkovich, K.A., Selker, E.U.,
    Read, N.D., Jaffe, D., FitzHugh, W., Ma, L.J., Smirnov, S., Purcell,
    S., Rehman, B., Elkins, T., Engels, R., Wang, S., Nielsen, C.B.,
    Butler, J., Endrizzi, M., Qui, D., Ianakiev, P., Bell-Pedersen, D.,
    Nelson, M.A., Werner-Washburne, M., Selitrennikoff, C.P., Kinsey, J.A.,
    Braun, E.L., Zelter, A., Schulte, U., Kothe, G.O., Jedd, G., Mewes, W.,
    Staben, C., Marcotte, E., Greenberg, D., Roy, A., Foley, K., Naylor,
    J., Stange-Thomann, N., Barrett, R., Gnerre, S., Kamal, M.,
    Kamvysselis, M., Mauceli, E., Bielke, C., Rudd, S., Frishman, D.,
    Krystofova, S., Rasmussen, C., Metzenberg, R.L., Perkins, D.D., Kroken,
    S., Cogoni, C., Macino, G., Catcheside, D., Li, W., Pratt, R.J.,
    Osmani, S.A., DeSouza, C.P., Glass, L., Orbach, M.J., Berglund, J.A.,
    Voelker, R., Yarden, O., Plamann, M., Seiler, S., Dunlap, J., Radford,
    A., Aramayo, R., Natvig, D.O., Alex, L.A., Mannhaupt, G., Ebbole, D.J.,
    Freitag, M., Paulsen, I., Sachs, M.S., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., &
    Birren, B.W. (2003). The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus
    Neurospora crassa. Nature, 422(6934), 859-868. PMID: 12712197.
        260. Kellis, M., Patterson, N., Endrizzi, M., Birren, B.W., &
    Lander, E.S. (2003). Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to
    identify genes and regulatory elements. Nature, 423(6937), 241-254.
    PMID: 12748633.
        261. Giallourakis, C., Stoll, M., Miller, K., Hampe, J., Lander,
    E.S., Daly, M.J., Schreiber, S., & Rioux, J.D. (2003). IBD5 is a
    general risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: replication of
    association with Crohn disease and identification of a novel
    association with ulcerative colitis. The American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 73(1), 205-211. PMID: 12776251; PMCID: PMC1180582.
        262. Giallourakis, C., Stoll, M., Miller, K., Hampe, J., Lander,
    E.S., Daly, M.J., Schreiber, S., & Rioux, J.D. (2003). PGC-1α-
    responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately
    downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genetics, 34(3), 267-273. PMID:
    12808457.
        263. Lowe, C.J., Wu, M., Salic, A., Evans, L., Lander, E.S.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Gruber, C.E., Gerhart, J., & Kirschner, M. (2003).
    Anteroposterior patterning in hemichordates and the origins of the
    chordate nervous system. Cell, 113(7), 853-865. PMID: 12837244.
        264. Rifkin, R., Mukherjee, S., Tamayo, P., Ramaswamy, S., Yeang,
    C.H., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Poggio, T., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., &
    Mesirov, J.P. (2003). An analytical method for multiclass molecular
    cancer classification. Siam Review, 45(4), 706-723.
        265. Walsh, E.C., Mather, K.A., Schaffner, S.F., Farwell, L., Daly,
    M.J., Patterson, N., Cullen, M., Carrington, M., Bugawan, T.L., Erlich,
    H., Campbell, J., Barrett, J., Miller, K., Thomson, G., Lander, E.S., &
    Rioux, J.D. (2003). An integrated haplotype map of the human major
    histocompatibility complex. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    73(3), 580-590. PMID: 12920676; PMCID: PMC1180682.
        266. Moses, A.M., Chiang, D.Y., Kellis, M., Lander, E.S., & Eisen,
    M.B. (2003). Position specific variation in the rate of evolution in
    transcription factor binding sites. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 3, 19.
    PMID: 12946282; PMCID: PMC212491.
        267. Moralejo, D.H., Park, H.A., Speros, S.J., MacMurray, A.J.,
    Kwitek, A.E., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (2003). Genetic
    dissection of lymphopenia from autoimmunity by introgression of mutated
    Ian5 gene onto the F344 rat. Journal of Autoimmunity, 21(4), 315-324.
    PMID: 14624755.
        268. Mootha, V.K., Bunkenborg, J., Olsen, J.V., Hjerrild, M.,
    Wisniewski, J.R., Stahl, E., Bolouri, M.S., Ray, H.N., Sihag, S.,
    Kamal, M., Patterson, N., Lander, E.S., & Mann, M. (2003). Integrated
    analysis of protein composition, tissue diversity, and gene regulation
    in mouse mitochondria. Cell, 115(5), 629-640. PMID: 14651853.
        269. International HapMap Consortium. (2003). The International
    HapMap Project. Nature 426, 789-796.
        270. Sklar, P., Pato, M.T., Kirby, A., Petryshen, T.L., Medeiros,
    H., Carvalho, C., Macedo, A., Dourado, A., Coelho, I., Valente, J.,
    Soares, M.J., Ferreira, C.P., Lei, M., Verner, A., Hudson, T.J.,
    Morley, C.P., Kennedy, J.L., Azevedo, M.H., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., &
    Pato, C.N. (2004). Genome-wide scan in Portuguese Island families
    identifies 5q31-5q35 as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and
    psychosis. Molecular Psychiatry, 9(2), 213-218. PMID: 14699422.
        271. Kellis, M., Birren, B.W., & Lander, E.S. (2004). Proof and
    evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature, 428(6983), 617-624. PMID: 15004568.
        272. Singer, J.B., Hill, A.E., Burrage, L.C., Olszens, K.R., Song,
    J., Justice, M., O'Brien, W.E., Conti, D.V., Witte, J.S., Lander, E.S.,
    & Nadeau, J.H. (2004). Genetic dissection of complex traits with
    chromosome substitution strains of mice. Science, 304(5669), 445-448.
    PMID: 15031436.
        273. Freedman, M.L., Reich, D., Penney, K.L., McDonald, G.J.,
    Mignault, A.A., Patterson, N., Gabriel, S.B., Topol, E.J., Smoller,
    J.W., Pato, C.N., Pato, M.T., Petryshen, T.L., Kolonel, L.N., Lander,
    E.S., Sklar, P., Henderson, B., Hirschhorn, J.N., & Altshuler, D.
    (2004). Assessing the impact of population stratification on genetic
    association studies. Nature Genetics, 36(4), 388-393. PMID: 15052270.
        274. Mootha, V.K., Handschin, C., Arlow, D., Xie, X., St. Pierre,
    J., Sihag, S., Yang, W., Altshuler, D., Puigserver, P., Patterson, N.,
    Willy, P.J., Schulman, I.G., Heyman, R.A., Lander, E.S., & Spiegelman,
    B.M. (2004). Erralpha and Gabpa/b specify PGC-1a-dependent oxidative
    phosphorylation gene expression that is altered in diabetic muscle.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101(17), 6570-
    6575. PMID: 15100410; PMCID: PMC404086.
        275. Tantisira, K.G., Lake, S., Silverman, E.S., Palmer, L.J.,
    Lazarus, R., Silverman, E.K., Liggett, S.B., Gelfand, E.W.,
    Rosenwasser, L.J., Richter, B., Israel, E., Wechsler, M., Gabriel, S.,
    Altshuler, D., Lander, E.S., Drazen, J., & Weiss, S.T. (2004).
    Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: association of sequence variants in
    CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled
    corticosteroids. Human Molecular Genetics, 13(13), 1353-1359. PMID:
    15128701.
        276. Sawcer, S.J., Maranian, M., Singlehurst, S., Yeo, T.,
    Compston, A., Daly, M.J., De Jager, P.L., Gabriel, S., Hafler, D.A.,
    Ivinson, A.J., Lander, E.S., Rioux, J.D., Walsh, E., Gregory, S.G.,
    Schmidt, S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Barcellos, L., Hauser, S.L.,
    Oksenberg, J.R., Kenealy, S.J., & Haines, J.L. (2004). Enhancing
    linkage analysis of complex disorders: an evaluation of high-density
    genotyping. Human Molecular Genetics, 13(17), 1943-1949. PMID:
    15238506.
        277. Kellis, M., Patterson, N., Birren, B.W., Berger, B., & Lander,
    E.S. (2004). Methods in comparative genomics: genome correspondence,
    gene identification and regulatory motif discovery. Journal of
    Computational Biology, 11(2-3), 319-355. PMID: 15285895.
        278. Krewson, T.D., Supelak, P.J., Hill, A.E., Singer, J.B.,
    Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., & Palmert, M.R. (2004). Chromosomes 6 and
    13 harbor genes that regulate pubertal timing in mouse chromosome
    substitution strains. Endocrinology, 145(10), 4447-4451. PMID:
    15284200.
        279. Michalkiewicz, M., Michalkiewicz, T., Ettinger, R.A.,
    Rutledge, E.A., Fuller, J.M., Moralejo, D.H., Van Yserloo, B.,
    MacMurray, A.J., Kwitek, A.E., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark,
    A. (2004). Transgenic rescue demonstrates involvement of the Ian5 gene
    in T cell development in the rat. Physiological Genomics, 19(2), 228-
    232. PMID: 15328390.
        280. Harbison, C.T., Gordon, D.B., Lee, T.I., Rinaldi, N.J.,
    Macisaac, K.D., Danford, T.W., Hannett, N.M., Tagne, J.B., Reynolds,
    D.B., Yoo, J., Jennings, E.G., Zeitlinger, J., Pokholok, D.K., Kellis,
    M., Rolfe, P.A., Takusagawa, K.T., Lander, E.S., Gifford, D.K.,
    Fraenkel, E., & Young, R.A. (2004). Transcriptional regulatory code of
    a eukaryotic genome. Nature, 431(7004), 99-104. PMID: 15343339; PMCID:
    PMC3006441.
        281. Rioux, J.D., Karinen, H., Kocher, K., McMahon, S.G.,
    Karkkainen, P., Janatuinen, E., Heikkinen, M., Julkunen, R.,
    Pihlajamaki, J., Naukkarinen, A., Kosma, V.M., Daly, M.J., Lander,
    E.S., & Laakso, M. (2004). Genomewide search and association studies in
    a Finnish celiac disease population: Identification of a novel locus
    and replication of the HLA and CTLA4 loci. American Journal of Medical
    Genetics Part A, 130(4), 345-350. PMID: 15386476.
        282. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2004).
    Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature,
    431(7011), 931-945. PMID: 15496913.
        283. Jaillon, O., Aury, J.M., Brunet, F., Petit, J.L., Stange-
    Thomann, N., Mauceli, E., Bouneau, L., Fischer, C., Ozouf-Costaz, C.,
    Bernot, A., Nicaud, S., Jaffe, D., Fisher, S., Lutfalla, G., Dossat,
    C., Segurens, B., Dasilva, C., Salanoubat, M., Levy, M., Boudet, N.,
    Castellano, S., Anthouard, V., Jubin, C., Castelli, V., Katinka, M.,
    Vacherie, B., Biemont, C., Skalli, Z., Cattolico, L., Poulain, J., De
    Berardinis, V., Cruaud, C., Duprat, S., Brottier, P., Coutanceau, J.P.,
    Gouzy, J., Parra, G., Lardier, G., Chapple, C., McKernan, K.J., McEwan,
    P., Bosak, S., Kellis, M., Volff, J.N., Guigo, R., Zody, M.C., Mesirov,
    J., Lindblad-Toh, K., Birren, B.W., Nusbaum, C., Kahn, D., Robinson-
    Rechavi, M., Laudet, V., Schachter, V., Quetier, F., Saurin, W.,
    Scarpelli, C., Wincker, P., Lander, E.S., Weissenbach, J., & Roest
    Crollius, H. (2004). Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon
    nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature,
    431(7011), 946-957. PMID: 15496914.
        284. Poirier, C., Qin, Y., Adams, C.P., Anaya, Y., Singer, J.B.,
    Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., & Bishop, C.E. (2004). A
    complex interaction of imprinted and maternal-effect genes modifies sex
    determination in Odd Sex (Ods) mice. Genetics, 168(3), 1557-1562. PMID:
    15579706; PMCID: PMC1448764.
        285. Singer, J.B., Hill, A.E., Nadeau, J.H., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Mapping quantitative trait loci for anxiety in chromosome substitution
    strains of mice. Genetics, 169(2), 855-862. PMID: 15371360; PMCID:
    PMC1449086.
        286. Bernstein, B.E., Kamal, M., Lindblad-Toh, K., Bekiranov, S.,
    Bailey, D.K., Huebert, D.J., McMahon, S., Karlsson, E.K., Kulbokas,
    E.J., Gingeras, T.R., Schreiber, S.L., & Lander, E.S. (2005). Genomic
    maps and comparative analysis of histone modifications in human and
    mouse. Cell, 120(2), 169-181. PMID: 15680324.
        287. International HapMap Consortium. (2005). A haplotype map of
    the human genome. Nature, 437(7063),1299-320. PMCID: PMC1880871.
        288. Coordinating Committee of the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine
    Enterprise. (2005). The Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise: Scientific
    Strategic Plan. PLoS Medicine, 2(2), e25. PMID: 15740411;
    PMCID:PMC544553.
        289. Ackerman, K.G., Huang, H., Grasemann, H., Puma, C., Singer,
    J.B., Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., Churchill, G.A., Drazen,
    J.M., & Beier, D.R. (2005). Interacting genetic loci cause airway
    hyperresponsiveness. Physiological Genomics, 21(1), 105-111. PMID:
    15657107.
        290. Xie, X., Lu, J., Kulbokas, E.J., Golub, T.R., Mootha, V.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., & Kellis, M. (2005). Systematic
    discovery of regulatory motifs in human promoters and 3+ UTRs by
    comparison of several mammals. Nature, 434(7031), 338-345. PMID:
    15735639; PMCID: PMC2923337.
        291. Miretti, M.M., Walsh, E.C., Ke, X., Delgado, M., Griffiths,
    M., Hunt, S., Morrison, J., Whittaker, P., Lander, E.S., Cardon, L.R.,
    Bentley, D.R., Rioux, J.D., Beck, S., & Deloukas, P. (2005). A high-
    resolution linkage-disequilibrium map of the human major
    histocompatibility complex and first generation of tag single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    76(4), 634-646. PMID: 15747258; PMCID: PMC1199300.
        292. Margulies, E.H., Vinson, J.P., NISC Comparative Sequencing
    Program, Miller, W., Jaffe, D.B., Lindblad-Toh, K., Chang, J.L., Green,
    E.D., Lander, E.S., Mullikin, J.C., & Clamp, M. (2005). An initial
    strategy for the systematic identification of functional elements in
    the human genome by low-redundancy comparative sequencing. Proceedings
    of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102(13), 4795-4800. PMID:
    15778292; PMCID: PMC555705.
        293. Vinson, J.P., Jaffe, D.B., O'Neill, K., Karlsson, E.K.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Anderson, S., Mesirov, J.P., Satoh, N., Satou, Y.,
    Nusbaum, C., Birren, B.W., Galagan, J.E., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Assembly of polymorphic genomes: algorithms and application to Ciona
    savignyi. Genome Research, 15(8), 1127-1135. PMID: 16077012; PMCID:
    PMC1182225.
        294. Sawcer, S., Ban, M., Maranian, M., Yeo, T.W., Compston, A.,
    Kirby, A., Daly, M.J., De Jager, P.L., Walsh, E., Lander, E.S., Rioux,
    J.D., Hafler, D.A., Ivinson, A., Rimmler, J., Gregory, S.G., Schmidt,
    S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Akesson, E., Hillert, J., Datta, P., Oturai,
    A., Ryder, L.P., Harbo, H.F., Spurkland, A., Myhr, K.M., Laaksonen, M.,
    Booth, D., Heard, R., Stewart, G., Lincoln, R., Barcellos, L.F.,
    Hauser, S.L., Oksenberg, J.R., Kenealy, S.J., Haines, J.L.,
    International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. (2005). A high-
    density screen for linkage in multiple sclerosis. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 77(3), 454-467. PMID: 16080120; PMCID: PMC1226210.
        295. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. (2005). Initial
    sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome.
    Nature, 437(7055), 69-87. PMID: 16136131.
        296. Nusbaum, C., Zody, M.C., Borowsky, M.L., Kamal, M., Kodira,
    C.D., Taylor, T.D., Whittaker, C.A., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Dewar,
    K., FitzGerald, M.G., Yang, X., Abouelleil, A., Allen, N.R., Anderson,
    S., Bloom, T., Bugalter, B., Butler, J., Cook, A., DeCaprio, D.,
    Engels, R., Garber, M., Gnirke, A., Hafez, N., Hall, J.L., Norman,
    C.H., Itoh, T., Jaffe, D.B., Kuroki, Y., Lehoczky, J., Lui, A.,
    Macdonald, P., Mauceli, E., Mikkelsen, T.S., Naylor, J.W., Nicol, R.,
    Nguyen, C., Noguchi, H., O'Leary, S.B., O'Neill, K., Piqani, B., Smith,
    C.L., Talamas, J.A., Topham, K., Totoki, Y., Toyoda, A., Wain, H.M.,
    Young, S.K., Zeng, Q., Zimmer, A.R., Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Birren,
    B.W., Sakaki, Y., & Lander, E.S. (2005). DNA sequence and analysis of
    human chromosome 18. Nature, 437(7058), 551-555. PMID: 16177791.
        297. Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V.K., Mukherjee, S.,
    Ebert, B.L., Gillette, M.A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S.L., Golub, T.R.,
    Lander, E.S., & Mesirov, J.P. (2005). Gene set enrichment analysis: a
    knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression
    profiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102(43),
    15545-15550. PMID: 16199517; PMCID: PMC1239896.
        298. Meissner, A., Gnirke, A., Bell, G.W., Ramsahoye, B., Lander,
    E.S., & Jaenisch, R. (2005). Reduced representation bisulfite
    sequencing for comparative high-resolution DNA methylation analysis.
    Nucleic Acids Research, 33(18), 5868-5877. PMID: 16224102; PMCID:
    PMC1258174.
        299. Sabeti, P.C., Walsh, E., Schaffner, S.F., Varilly, P., Fry,
    B., Cullen, M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Roy, J., Patterson, N., Cooper, R.,
    Altshuler, D., & Lander, E.S. (2005). The case for selection of CCR5-
    delta32. PloS Biology, 3(11): e378. PMID: 16248677; PMCID: PMC1275522.
        300. Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C.M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Karlsson, E.K.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J.L., Kulbokas, E.J., Zody,
    M.C., Mauceli, E., Xie, X., Breen, M., Wayne, R.K., Ostrander, E.A.,
    Ponting, C.P., Galibert, F., Smith, D.R., DeJong, P.J., Kirkness, E.,
    Alvarez, P., Biagi, T., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin, C.W., Cook, A.,
    Cuff, J., Daly, M.J., DeCaprio, D., Gnerre, S., Grabherr, M., Kellis,
    M., Kleber, M., Bardeleben, C., Goodstadt, L., Heger, A., Hitte, C.,
    Kim, L., Koepfli, K.P., Parker, H.G., Pollinger, J.P., Searle, S.M.,
    Sutter, N.B., Thomas, R., Webber, C., Baldwin, J., Abebe, A.,
    Abouelleil, A., Aftuck, L., Ait-Zahra, M., Aldredge, T., Allen, N., An,
    P., Anderson, S., Antoine, C., Arachchi, H., Aslam, A., Ayotte, L.,
    Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T., Benamara, M., Berlin, A.,
    Bessette, D., Blitshteyn, B., Bloom, T., Blye, J., Boguslavskiy, L.,
    Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Brown, A., Cahill, P., Calixte, N.,
    Camarata, J., Cheshatsang, Y., Chu, J., Citroen, M., Collymore, A.,
    Cooke, P., Dawoe, T., Daza, R., Decktor, K., DeGray, S., Dhargay, N.,
    Dooley, K., Dooley, K., Dorje, P., Dorjee, K., Dorris, L., Duffey, N.,
    Dupes, A., Egbiremolen, O., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S.,
    Ferguson, D., Ferreira, P., Fisher, S., FitzGerald, M., Foley, K.,
    Foley, C., Franke, A., Friedrich, D., Gage, D., Garber, M., Gearin, G.,
    Giannoukos, G., Goode, T., Goyette, A., Graham, J., Grandbois, E.,
    Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagopian, D., Hagos, B., Hall, J., Healy, C.,
    Hegarty, R., Honan, T., Horn, A., Houde, N., Hughes, L., Hunnicutt, L.,
    Husby, M., Jester, B., Jones, C., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kells, C.,
    Khazanovich, D., Kieu, A.C., Kisner, P., Kumar, M., Lance, K., Landers,
    T., Lara, M., Lee, W., Leger, J.P., Lennon, N., Leuper, L., LeVine, S.,
    Liu, J., Liu, X., Lokyitsang, Y., Lokyitsang, T., Lui, A., Macdonald,
    J., Major, J., Marabella, R., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McDonough, S.,
    Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Melnikov, A., Meneus, L., Mihalev, A., Mihova,
    T., Miller, K., Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Mulrain, L., Munson, G.,
    Navidi, A., Naylor, J., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, T.,
    Nicol, R., Norbu, N., Norbu, C., Novod, N., Nyima, T., Olandt, P.,
    O'Neill, B., O'Neill, K., Osman, S., Oyono, L., Patti, C., Perrin, D.,
    Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Rachupka, A., Raghuraman, S.,
    Rameau, R., Ray, V., Raymond, C., Rege, F., Rise, C., Rogers, J.,
    Rogov, P., Sahalie, J., Settipalli, S., Sharpe, T., Shea, T., Sheehan,
    M., Sherpa, N., Shi, J., Shih, D., Sloan, J., Smith, C., Sparrow, T.,
    Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S., Stone, C., Stone,
    S., Sykes, S., Tchuinga, P., Tenzing, P., Tesfaye, S., Thoulutsang, D.,
    Thoulutsang, Y., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H.,
    Venkataraman, V., Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M.,
    Wilkinson, J., Wilson, A., Yadav, S., Yang, S., Yang, X., Young, G.,
    Yu, Q., Zainoun, J., Zembek, L., Zimmer, A., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the
    domestic dog. Nature, 438(7069), 803-819. PMID: 16341006.
        301. Nusbaum, C., Mikkelsen, T.S., Zody, M.C., Asakawa, S.,
    Taudien, S., Garber, M., Kodira, C.D., Schueler, M.G., Shimizu, A.,
    Whittaker, C.A., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Dewar, K., FitzGerald, M.G.,
    Yang, X., Allen, N.R., Anderson, S., Asakawa, T., Blechschmidt, K.,
    Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L., Butler, J., Cook, A., Corum, B., DeArellano,
    K., DeCaprio, D., Dooley, K.T., Dorris, L., Engels, R., Glockner, G.,
    Hafez, N., Hagopian, D.S., Hall, J.L., Ishikawa, S.K., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Kamat, A., Kudoh, J., Lehmann, R., Lokitsang, T., Macdonald, P., Major,
    J.E., Matthews, C.D., Mauceli, E., Menzel, U., Mihalev, A.H.,
    Minoshima, S., Murayama, Y., Naylor, J.W., Nicol, R., Nguyen, C.,
    O'Leary, S.B., O'Neill, K., Parker, S.C., Polley, A., Raymond, C.K.,
    Reichwald, K., Rodriguez, J., Sasaki, T., Schilhabel, M., Siddiqui, R.,
    Smith, C.L., Sneddon, T.P., Talamas, J.A., Tenzin, P., Topham, K.,
    Venkataraman, V., Wen, G., Yamazaki, S., Young, S.K., Zeng, Q., Zimmer,
    A.R., Rosenthal, A., Birren, B.W., Platzer, M., Shimizu, N., & Lander,
    E.S. (2006). DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8. Nature,
    439(7074), 331-335. PMID: 16421571.
        302. Walsh, E.C., Sabeti, P., Hutcheson, H.B., Fry, B., Schaffner,
    S.F., de Bakker, P.I., Varilly, P., Palma, A.A., Roy, J., Cooper, R.,
    Winkler, C., Zeng, Y., de The, G., Lander, E.S., O'Brien, S., &
    Altshuler, D. (2006). Searching for signals of evolutionary selection
    in 168 genes related to immune function. Human Genetics, 119(1-2), 92-
    102. PMID: 16362345.
        303. Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2006). Chromosome
    substitution strains: a new way to study genetically complex traits.
    Methods in Molecular Medicine, 128, 153-172. PMID: 17071995.
        304. Taylor, T.D., Noguchi, H., Totoki, Y., Toyoda, A., Kuroki, Y.,
    Dewar, K., Lloyd, C., Itoh, T., Takeda, T., Kim, D.W., She, X., Barlow,
    K.F., Bloom, T., Bruford, E., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Eichler, E.,
    FitzGerald, M.G., Jaffe, D.B., LaButti, K., Nicol, R., Park, H.S.,
    Seaman, C., Sougnez, C., Yang, X., Zimmer, A.R., Zody, M.C., Birren,
    B.W., Nusbaum, C., Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Rogers, J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Sakaki, Y. (2006). Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis
    including novel gene identification. Nature, 440(7083), 497-500. PMID:
    16477033; PMCID: PMC1413850.
        305. Kamal, M., Xie, X., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A large family of
    ancient repeat elements in the human genome is under strong selection.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(8), 2740-2745.
        306. Moffat, J., Grueneberg, D.A., Yang, X., Kim, S.Y., Kloepfer,
    A.M., Hinkle, G., Piqani, B., Eisenhaure, T.M., Luo, B., Grenier, J.K.,
    Carpenter, A.E., Foo, S.Y., Stewart, S.A., Stockwell, B.R., Hacohen,
    N., Hahn, W.C., Lander, E.S., Sabatini, D.M., & Root, D.E. (2006). A
    lentiviral RNAi library for human and mouse genes applied to an arrayed
    viral high-content screen. Cell, 124(6), 1283-1298. PMID: 16564017.
        307. Zody, M.C., Garber, M., Sharpe, T., Young, S.K., Rowen, L.,
    O'Neill, K., Whittaker, C.A., Kamal, M., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A.,
    Dewar, K., FitzGerald, M.G., Kodira, C.D., Madan, A., Qin, S., Yang,
    X., Abbasi, N., Abouelleil, A., Arachchi, H.M., Baradarani, L.,
    Birditt, B., Bloom, S., Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L., Burke, J., Butler,
    J., Cook, A., DeArellano, K., DeCaprio, D., Dorris, L., Dors, M.,
    Eichler, E.E., Engels, R., Fahey, J., Fleetwood, P., Friedman, C.,
    Gearin, G., Hall, J.L., Hensley, G., Johnson, E., Jones, C., Kamat, A.,
    Kaur, A., Locke, D.P., Madan, A., Munson, G., Jaffe, D.B., Lui, A.,
    Macdonald, P., Mauceli, E., Naylor, J.W., Nesbitt, R., Nicol, R.,
    O'Leary, S.B., Ratcliffe, A., Rounsley, S., She, X., Sneddon, K.M.,
    Stewart, S., Sougnez, C., Stone, S.M., Topham, K., Vincent, D., Wang,
    S., Zimmer, A.R., Birren, B.W., Hood, L., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C.
    (2006). Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human
    chromosome 15. Nature, 440(7084), 671-675. PMID: 16572171.
        308. Tello-Ruiz, M.K., Curley, C., DelMonte, T., Giallourakis, C.,
    Kirby, A., Miller, K., Wild, G., Cohen, A., Langelier, D., Latiano, A.,
    Wedemeyer, N., Lander, E.S., Schreiber, S., Annese, V., Daly, M.J., &
    Rioux, J.D. (2006). Haplotype-based association analysis of 56
    functional candidate genes in the IBD6 locus on chromosome 19. European
    Journal of Human Genetics, 14(6), 780-790. PMID: 16570073.
        309. Kamal, M., Xie, X., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A large family of
    ancient repeat elements in the human genome is under strong selection.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(8), 2740-2745.
    PMID: 16477033; PMCID: PMC1413850.
        310. Root, D.E., Hacohen, N., Hahn, W.C., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini,
    D.M. (2006). Genome-scale loss-of-function screening with a lentiviral
    RNAi library. Nature Methods, 3(9), 715-719. PMID: 16929317.
        311. Houstis, N., Rosen, E.D., & Lander, E.S. (2006). Reactive
    oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin
    resistance. Nature, 440(7086), 944-948. PMID: 16612386.
        312. Zody, M.C., Garber, M., Adams, D.J., Sharpe, T., Harrow, J.,
    Lupski, J.R., Nicholson, C., Searle, S.M., Wilming, L., Young, S.K.,
    Abouelleil, A., Allen, N.R., Bi, W., Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L.,
    Bugalter, B.E., Butler, J., Chang, J.L., Chen, C.K., Cook, A., Corum,
    B., Cuomo, C.A., de Jong, P.J., DeCaprio, D., Dewar, K., FitzGerald,
    M., Gilbert, J., Gibson, R., Gnerre, S., Goldstein, S., Grafham, D.V.,
    Grocock, R., Hafez, N., Hagopian, D.S., Hart, E., Norman, C.H.,
    Humphray, S., Jaffe, D.B., Jones, M., Kamal, M., Khodiyar, V.K.,
    LaButti, K., Laird, G., Lehoczky, J., Liu, X., Lokyitsang, T.,
    Loveland, J., Lui, A., Macdonald, P., Major, J.E., Matthews, L.,
    Mauceli, E., McCarroll, S.A., Mihalev, A.H., Mudge, J., Nguyen, C.,
    Nicol, R., O'Leary, S.B., Osoegawa, K., Schwartz, D.C., Shaw-Smith, C.,
    Stankiewicz, P., Steward, C., Swarbreck, D., Venkataraman, V.,
    Whittaker, C.A., Yang, X., Zimmer, A.R., Bradley, A., Hubbard, T.,
    Birren, B.W., Rogers, J., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C. (2006). DNA
    sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the
    human lineage. Nature, 440(7087), 1045-1049. PMID: 16625196; PMCID:
    PMC2610434.
        313. Bernstein, B.E., Mikkelsen, T.S., Xie, X., Kamal, M., Huebert,
    D.J., Cuff, J., Fry, B., Meissner, A., Wernig, M., Plath, K., Jaenisch,
    R., Wagschal, A., Feil, R., Schreiber, S.L., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A
    bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic
    stem cells. Cell, 125(2), 315-326. PMID: 16630819.
        314. Pedersen, J.S., Bejerano, G., Siepel, A., Rosenbloom, K.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., Kent, J., Miller, W., & Haussler, D.
    (2006). Identification and classification of conserved RNA secondary
    structures in the human genome. PLoS Computational Biology, 2(4), e33.
    PMID: 16628248; PMCID: PMC1440920.
        315. Patterson, N., Richter, D.J., Gnerre, S., Lander, E.S., &
    Reich, D. (2006). Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and
    chimpanzees. Nature, 441(7097), 1103-1108. PMID: 16710306.
        316. Sabeti, P.C., Schaffner, S.F., Fry, B., Lohmueller, J.,
    Varilly, P., Shamovsky, O., Palma, A., Mikkelsen, T.S., Altshuler, D.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2006). Positive natural selection in the human lineage.
    Science, 312(5780), 1614-1620. PMID: 16778047.
        317. Xie, X., Kamal, M., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A family of
    conserved noncoding elements derived from an ancient transposable
    element. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(31),
    11659-11664. PMID: 16864796; PMCID: PMC1518811.
        318. Lowe, C.J., Terasaki, M., Wu, M., Freeman, R.M., Runft, L.,
    Kwan, K., Haigo, S., Aronowicz, J., Lander, E.S., Gruber, C., Smith,
    M., Kirschner, M., & Gerhart, J. (2006). Dorsoventral patterning in
    hemichordates: insights into early chordate evolution. PLoS Biology,
    4(9), e291. PMID: 16933975; PMCID: PMC1551926.
        319. Lamb, J., Crawford, E.D., Peck, D., Modell, J.W., Blat, I.C.,
    Wrobel, M.J., Lerner, J., Brunet, J.P., Subramanian, A., Ross, K.N.,
    Reich, M., Hieronymus, H., Wei, G., Armstrong, S.A., Haggarty, S.J.,
    Clemons, P.A., Wei, R., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2006).
    The Connectivity Map: using gene-expression signatures to connect small
    molecules, genes, and disease. Science, 313(5795), 1929-1935. PMID:
    17008526.
        320. Wei, B.Q., Mikkelsen, T.S., McKinney, M.K., Lander, E.S., &
    Cravatt, B. F. (2006). A second fatty acid amide hydrolase with
    variable distribution among placental mammals. Journal of Biological
    Chemistry, 281(48), 36569-36578. PMID: 17015445.
        321. Bourlat, S.J., Juliusdottir, T., Lowe, C.J., Freeman, R.,
    Aronowicz, J., Kirschner, M., Lander, E.S., Thorndyke, M., Nakano, H.,
    Kohn, A.B., Heyland, A., Moroz, L.L., Copley, R.R., & Telford, M.J.
    (2006). Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the
    new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature, 444(7115), 85-88. PMID: 17051155.
        322. Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2006). Chromosome
    substitution strains: A new way to study genetically complex traits.
    Methods in Molecular Medicine, 128, 153-172. PMID: 17071995.
        323. Volkman, S.K., Sabeti, P.C., DeCaprio, D., Neafsey, D.E.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Milner, D.A., Daily, J.P., Sarr, O., Ndiaye, D., Ndir,
    O., Mboup, S., Duraisingh, M.T., Lukens, A., Derr, A., Stange-Thomann,
    N., Waggoner, S., Onofrio, R., Ziaugra, L., Mauceli, E., Gnerre, S.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Zainoun, J., Wiegand, R.C., Birren, B.W., Hartl, D.L.,
    Galagan, J.E., Lander, E.S., & Wirth, D.F. (2007). A genome-wide map of
    diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature Genetics, 39(1), 113-119.
    PMID: 17159979.
        324. Yeo, T.W., De Jager, P.L., Gregory, S.G., Barcellos, L.F.,
    Walton, A., Goris, A., Fenoglio, C., Ban, M., Taylor, C.J., Goodman,
    R.S., Walsh, E., Wolfish, C.S., Horton, R., Traherne, J., Beck, S.,
    Trowsdale, J., Caillier, S.J., Ivinson, A.J., Green, T., Pobywajlo, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Haines, J.L., Daly, M.J., Oksenberg,
    J.R., Hauser, S.L., Compston, A., Hafler, D.A., Rioux, J.D., & Sawcer,
    S. (2007). A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility
    locus for multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, 61(3), 228-236.
    PMID: 17252545; PMCID: PMC2737610.
        325. Bernstein, B.E., Meissner, A., & Lander, E.S. (2007). The
    mammalian epigenome. Cell, 128(4), 669-681. PMID: 17320505.
        326. Strohl, K.P., Gallaugher, L., Lynn, A., Friedman, L., Hill,
    A., Singer, J.B., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J. (2007). Sleep-related
    epilepsy in the A/J mouse. Sleep, 30(2), 169-176. PMID: 17326542.
        327. Xie, X., Mikkelsen, T.S., Gnirke, A., Lindblad-Toh, K.,
    Kellis, M., & Lander, E.S. (2007). Systematic discovery of regulatory
    motifs in conserved regions of the human genome, including thousands of
    CTCF insulator sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 104(17), 7145-7150. PMID: 17442748; PMCID: PMC1852749.
        328. Mikkelsen, T.S., Wakefield, M.J., Aken, B., Amemiya, C.T.,
    Chang, J.L., Duke, S., Garber, M., Gentles, A.J., Goodstadt, L., Heger,
    A., Jurka, J., Kamal, M., Mauceli, E., Searle, S.M., Sharpe, T., Baker,
    M.L., Batzer, M.A., Benos, P.V., Belov, K., Clamp, M., Cook, A., Cuff,
    J., Das, R., Davidow, L., Deakin, J.E., Fazzari, M.J., Glass, J.L.,
    Grabherr, M., Greally, J.M., Gu, W., Hore, T.A., Huttley, G.A., Kleber,
    M., Jirtle, R.L., Koina, E., Lee, J.T., Mahony, S., Marra, M.A.,
    Miller, R.D., Nicholls, R.D., Oda, M., Papenfuss, A.T., Parra, Z.E.,
    Pollock, D.D., Ray, D.A., Schein, J.E., Speed, T.P., Thompson, K.,
    VandeBerg, J.L., Wade, C.M., Walker, J.A., Waters, P.D., Webber, C.,
    Weidman, J.R., Xie, X., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute Genome Sequencing
    Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, Graves, J.A.,
    Ponting, C.P., Breen, M., Samollow, P.B., Lander, E.S., & Lindblad-Toh,
    K. (2007). Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals
    innovation in non-coding sequences. Nature, 447(7141), 167-177. PMID:
    17495919.
        329. Margulies, E.H., Cooper, G.M., Asimenos, G., Thomas, D.J.,
    Dewey, C.N., Siepel, A., Birney, E., Keefe, D., Schwartz, A.S., Hou,
    M.,Taylor, J., Nikolaev, S., Montoya-Burgos, J.I., Loytynoja, A.,
    Whelan, S., Pardi, F., Massingham, T., Brown, J.B., Bickel, P., Holmes,
    I., Mullikin, J.C., Ureta-Vidal, A., Paten, B., Stone, E.A.,
    Rosenbloom, K.R., Kent, W.J., Bouffard, G.G., Guan, X., Hansen, N.F.,
    Idol, J.R., Maduro, V.V., Maskeri, B., McDowell, J.C., Park, M.,
    Thomas, P.J., Young, A.C., Blakesley, R.W., Muzny, D.M., Sodergren, E.,
    Wheeler, D.A., Worley, K.C., Jiang, H., Weinstock, G.M., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Graves, T., Fulton, R., Mardis, E.R., Wilson, R.K., Clamp, M., Cuff,
    J., Gnerre, S., Jaffe, D.B., Chang, J.L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander,
    E.S., Hinrichs, A., Trumbower, H., Clawson, H., Zweig, A., Kuhn, R.M.,
    Barber, G., Harte, R., Karolchik, D., Field, M.A., Moore, R.A.,
    Matthewson, C.A., Schein, J.E., Marra, M.A., Antonarakis, S.E.,
    Batzoglou, S., Goldman, N., Hardison, R., Haussler, D., Miller, W.,
    Pachter, L., Green, E.D., & Sidow, A. (2007). Analyses of deep
    mammalian sequence alignments and constraint predictions for 1 percent
    of the human genome. Genome Research, 17(6), 760-774. PMID: 17567995;
    PMCID: PMC1891336.
        330. ENCODE Project Consortium. (2007). Identification and analysis
    of functional elements in 1 percent of the human genome by the ENCODE
    pilot project. Nature, 447(7146), 799-816. PMID: 17571346; PMCID:
    PMC2212820.
        331. Boehm, J.S., Zhao, J.J., Yao, J., Kim, S.Y., Firestein, R.,
    Dunn, I.F., Sjostrom, S.K., Garraway, L.A., Weremowicz, S., Richardson,
    A.L., Greulich, H., Stewart, C.J., Mulvey, L.A., Shen, R.R., Ambrogio,
    L., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Hill, D.E., Vidal, M., Meyerson, M.,
    Grenier, J.K., Hinkle, G., Root, D.E., Roberts, T.M., Lander, E.S.,
    Polyak, K., & Hahn, W.C. (2007). Integrative genomic approaches
    identify IKBKE as a breast cancer oncogene. Cell, 129(6), 1065-1079.
    PMID: 17574021.
        332. Mikkelsen, T.S., Ku, M., Jaffe, D.B., Issac, B., Lieberman,
    E., Giannoukos, G., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Kim, T.K., Koche, R.P.,
    Lee, W., Mendenhall, E., O'Donovan, A., Presser, A., Russ, C., Xie, X.,
    Meissner, A., Wernig, M., Jaenisch, R., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., &
    Bernstein, B.E. (2007). Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in
    pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature, 448(7153), 553-560.
    PMID: 17603471; PMCID: PMC2921165.
        333. International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Hafler,
    D.A., Compston, A., Sawcer, S., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., De Jager,
    P.L., de Bakker, P.I., Gabriel, S.B., Mirel, D.B., Ivinson, A.J.,
    Pericak-Vance, M.A., Gregory, S.G., Rioux, J.D., McCauley, J.L.,
    Haines, J.L., Barcellos, L.F., Cree, B., Oksenberg, J.R., & Hauser,
    S.L. (2007). Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a
    genomewide study. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(9), 851-862.
    PMID: 17660530.
        334. Sabeti, P.C., Varilly, P., Fry, B., Lohmueller, J., Hostetter,
    E., Cotsapas, C., Xie, X., Byrne, E.H., McCarroll, S.A., Gaudet, R.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Lander, E.S., International HapMap Consortium, Frazer,
    K.A., Ballinger, D.G., Cox, D.R., Hinds, D.A., Stuve, L.L., Gibbs,
    R.A., Belmont, J.W., Boudreau, A., Hardenbol, P., Leal, S.M.,
    Pasternak, S., Wheeler, D.A., Willis, T.D., Yu, F., Yang, H., Zeng, C.,
    Gao, Y., Hu, H., Hu, W., Li, C., Lin, W., Liu, S., Pan, H., Tang, X.,
    Wang, J., Wang, W., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, Q., Zhao, H., Zhao, H.,
    Zhou, J., Gabriel, S.B., Barry, R., Blumenstiel, B., Camargo, A.,
    Defelice, M., Faggart, M., Goyette, M., Gupta, S., Moore, J., Nguyen,
    H., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Roy, J., Stahl, E., Winchester, E.,
    Ziaugra, L., Altshuler, D., Shen, Y., Yao, Z., Huang, W., Chu, X., He,
    Y., Jin, L., Liu, Y., Shen, Y., Sun, W., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.,
    Xiong, X., Xu, L., Waye, M.M., Tsui, S.K., Xue, H., Wong, J.T., Galver,
    L.M., Fan, J.B., Gunderson, K., Murray, S.S., Oliphant, A.R., Chee,
    M.S., Montpetit, A., Chagnon, F., Ferretti, V., Leboeuf, M., Olivier,
    J.F., Phillips, M.S., Roumy, S., Sallee, C., Verner, A., Hudson, T.J.,
    Kwok, P.Y., Cai, D., Koboldt, D.C., Miller, R.D., Pawlikowska, L.,
    Taillon-Miller, P., Xiao, M., Tsui, L.C., Mak, W., Song, Y.Q., Tam,
    P.K., Nakamura, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Kitamoto, T., Morizono, T.,
    Nagashima, A., Ohnishi, Y., Sekine, A., Tanaka, T., Tsunoda, T.,
    Deloukas, P., Bird, C.P., Delgado, M., Dermitzakis, E.T., Gwilliam, R.,
    Hunt, S., Morrison, J., Powell, D., Stranger, B.E., Whittaker, P.,
    Bentley, D.R., Daly, M.J., de Bakker, P.I., Barrett, J., Chretien,
    Y.R., Maller, J., McCarroll, S., Patterson, N., Pe'er, I., Price, A.,
    Purcell, S., Richter, D.J., Sabeti, P., Saxena, R., Schaffner, S.F.,
    Sham, P.C., Varilly, P., Altshuler, D., Stein, L.D., Krishnan, L.,
    Smith, A.V., Tello-Ruiz, M.K., Thorisson, G.A., Chakravarti, A., Chen,
    P.E., Cutler, D.J., Kashuk, C.S., Lin, S., Abecasis, G.R., Guan, W.,
    Li, Y., Munro, H.M., Qin, Z.S., Thomas, D.J., McVean, G., Auton, A.,
    Bottolo, L., Cardin, N., Eyheramendy, S., Freeman, C., Marchini, J.,
    Myers, S., Spencer, C., Stephens, M., Donnelly, P., Cardon, L.R.,
    Clarke, G., Evans, D.M., Morris, A.P., Weir, B.S., Tsunoda, T.,
    Johnson, T.A., Mullikin, J.C., Sherry, S.T., Feolo, M., Skol, A.,
    Zhang, H., Zeng, C., Zhao, H., Matsuda, I., Fukushima, Y., Macer, D.R.,
    Suda, E., Rotimi, C.N., Adebamowo, C.A., Ajayi, I., Aniagwu, T.,
    Marshall, P.A., Nkwodimmah, C., Royal, C.D., Leppert, M.F., Dixon, M.,
    Peiffer, A., Qiu, R., Kent, A., Kato, K., Niikawa, N., Adewole, I.F.,
    Knoppers, B.M., Foster, M.W., Clayton, E.W., Watkin, J., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Belmont, J.W., Muzny, D., Nazareth, L., Sodergren, E., Weinstock, G.M.,
    Wheeler, D.A., Yakub, I., Gabriel, S.B., Onofrio, R.C., Richter, D.J.,
    Ziaugra, L., Birren, B.W., Daly, M.J., Altshuler, D., Wilson, R.K.,
    Fulton, L.L., Rogers, J., Burton, J., Carter, N.P., Clee, C.M.,
    Griffiths, M., Jones, M.C., McLay, K., Plumb, R.W., Ross, M.T., Sims,
    S.K., Willey, D.L., Chen, Z., Han, H., Kang, L., Godbout, M.,
    Wallenburg, J.C., L'Archeveque, P., Bellemare, G., Saeki, K., Wang, H.,
    An, D., Fu, H., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, R., Holden, A.L., Brooks, L.D.,
    McEwen, J.E., Guyer, M.S., Wang, V.O., Peterson, J.L., Shi, M.,
    Spiegel, J., Sung, L.M., Zacharia, L.F., Collins, F.S., Kennedy, K.,
    Jamieson, R., & Stewart, J. (2007). Genome-wide detection and
    characterization of positive selection in human populations. Nature,
    449(7164), 913-918. PMID: 17943131; PMCID: PMC2687721.
        335. GAIN Collaborative Research Group, Manolio, T.A., Rodriguez,
    L.L., Brooks, L., Abecasis, G., Collaborative Association Study of
    Psoriasis, Ballinger, D., Daly, M., Donnelly, P., Faraone, S.V.,
    International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics Project, Frazer, K., Gabriel,
    S., Gejman, P., Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Collaboration,
    Guttmacher, A., Harris, E.L., Insel, T., Kelsoe, J.R., Bipolar Genome
    Study, Lander, E.S., McCowin, N., Mailman, M.D., Nabel, E., Ostell, J.,
    Pugh, E., Sherry, S., Sullivan, P.F., Major Depression Stage 1
    Genomewide Association in Population-Based Samples Study, Thompson,
    J.F., Warram, J., Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) Study,
    Wholley, D., Milos, P.M., & Collins, F.S. (2007). New models of
    collaboration in genome-wide association studies: the Genetic
    Association Information Network. Nature Genetics, 39(9), 1045-1051.
    PMID: 17728769.
        336. Getz, G., Hofling, H., Mesirov, J.P., Golub, T.R., Meyerson,
    M., Tibshirani, R., & Lander E.S. (2007). The consensus coding
    sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers [Comment]. Science
    317(5844), 1500. PMID: 17872428.
        337. Karlsson, E.K., Baranowska, I., Wade, C.M., Salmon Hillbertz,
    N.H., Zody, M.C., Anderson, N., Biagi, T.M., Patterson, N., Pielberg,
    G.R., Kulbokas, E.J., Comstock, K.E., Keller, E.T., Mesirov, J.P., von
    Euler, H., Kampe, O., Hedhammar, A., Lander, E.S., Andersson, G.,
    Andersson, L., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2007). Efficient mapping of
    mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. Nature
    Genetics, 39(11), 1321-1328. PMID: 17906626.
        338. Weir, B.A., Woo, M.S., Getz, G., Perner, S., Ding, L.,
    Beroukhim, R., Lin, W.M., Province, M.A., Kraja, A., Johnson, L.A.,
    Shah, K., Sato, M., Thomas, R.K., Barletta, J.A., Borecki, I.B.,
    Broderick, S., Chang, A.C., Chiang, D.Y., Chirieac, L.R., Cho, J.,
    Fujii, Y., Gazdar, A.F., Giordano, T., Greulich, H., Hanna, M.,
    Johnson, B.E., Kris, M.G., Lash, A., Lin, L., Lindeman, N., Mardis,
    E.R., McPherson, J.D., Minna, J.D., Morgan, M.B., Nadel, M., Orringer,
    M.B., Osborne, J.R., Ozenberger, B., Ramos, A.H., Robinson, J., Roth,
    J.A., Rusch, V., Sasaki, H., Shepherd, F., Sougnez, C., Spitz, M.R.,
    Tsao, M.S., Twomey, D., Verhaak, R.G., Weinstock, G.M., Wheeler, D.A.,
    Winckler, W., Yoshizawa, A., Yu, S., Zakowski, M.F., Zhang, Q., Beer,
    D.G., Wistuba, I.I., Watson, M.A., Garraway, L.A., Ladanyi, M.,Travis,
    W.D., Pao, W., Rubin, M.A., Gabriel, S.B., Gibbs, R.A., Varmus, H.E.,
    Wilson, R.K., Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2007). Characterizing the
    cancer genome in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature, 450(7171), 893-898. PMID:
    17982442; PMCID: PMC2538683.
        339. Miller, W., Rosenbloom, K., Hardison, R.C., Hou, M., Taylor,
    J., Raney, B., Burhans, R., King, D.C., Baertsch, R., Blankenberg, D.,
    Kosakovsky Pond, S.L., Nekrutenko, A., Giardine, B., Harris, R.S.,
    Tyekucheva, S., Diekhans, M., Pringle, T.H., Murphy, W.J., Lesk, A.,
    Weinstock, G.M., Lindblad-Toh, K., Gibbs, R.A., Lander, E.S., Siepel,
    A., Haussler, D., & Kent, W.J. (2007). 28-way vertebrate alignment and
    conservation track in the UCSC Genome Browser. Genome Research, 17(12),
    1797-1808. PMID: 17984227; PMCID: PMC2099589.
        340. Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium, Clark, A.G., Eisen, M.B.,
    Smith, D.R., Bergman, C.M., Oliver, B., Markow, T.A., Kaufman, T.C.,
    Kellis, M., Gelbart, W., Iyer, V.N., Pollard, D.A., Sackton, T.B.,
    Larracuente, A.M., Singh, N.D., Abad, J.P., Abt, D.N., Adryan, B.,
    Aguade, M., Akashi, H., Anderson, W.W., Aquadro, C.F., Ardell, D.H.,
    Arguello, R., Artieri, C.G., Barbash, D.A., Barker, D., Barsanti, P.,
    Batterham, P., Batzoglou, S., Begun, D., Bhutkar, A., Blanco, E.,
    Bosak, S.A., Bradley, R.K., Brand, A.D., Brent, M.R., Brooks, A.N.,
    Brown, R.H., Butlin, R.K., Caggese, C., Calvi, B.R., Bernardo de
    Carvalho, A., Caspi, A., Castrezana, S., Celniker, S.E., Chang, J.L.,
    Chapple, C., Chatterji, S., Chinwalla, A., Civetta, A., Clifton, S.W.,
    Comeron, J.M., Costello, J.C., Coyne, J.A., Daub, J., David, R.G.,
    Delcher, A.L., Delehaunty, K., Do, C.B., Ebling, H., Edwards, K.,
    Eickbush, T., Evans, J.D., Filipski, A., Findeiss, S., Freyhult, E.,
    Fulton, L., Fulton, R., Garcia, A.C., Gardiner, A., Garfield, D.A.,
    Garvin, B.E., Gibson, G., Gilbert, D., Gnerre, S., Godfrey, J., Good,
    R., Gotea, V., Gravely, B., Greenberg, A.J., Griffiths-Jones, S.,
    Gross, S., Guigo, R., Gustafson, E.A., Haerty, W., Hahn, M.W.,
    Halligan, D.L., Halpern, A.L., Halter, G.M., Han, M.V., Heger, A.,
    Hillier, L., Hinrichs, A.S., Holmes, I., Hoskins, R.A., Hubisz, M.J.,
    Hultmark, D., Huntley, M.A., Jaffe, D.B., Jagadeeshan, S., Jeck, W.R.,
    Johnson, J., Jones, C.D., Jordan, W.C., Karpen, G.H., Kataoka, E.,
    Keightley, P.D., Kheradpour, P., Kirkness, E.F., Koerich, L.B.,
    Kristiansen, K., Kudrna, D., Kulathinal, R.J., Kumar, S., Kwok, R.,
    Lander, E.S., Langley, C.H., Lapoint, R., Lazzaro, B.P., Lee, S.J.,
    Levesque, L., Li, R., Lin, C.F., Lin, M.F., Lindblad-Toh, K., Llopart,
    A., Long, M., Low, L., Lozovsky, E., Lu, J., Luo, M., Machado, C.A.,
    Makalowski, W., Marzo, M., Matsuda, M., Matzkin, L., McAllister, B.,
    McBride, C.S., McKernan, B., McKernan, K., Mendez-Lago, M., Minx, P.,
    Mollenhauer, M.U., Montooth, K., Mount, S.M., Mu, X., Myers, E., Negre,
    B., Newfeld, S., Nielsen, R., Noor, M.A., O'Grady, P., Pachter, L.,
    Papaceit, M., Parisi, M.J., Parisi, M., Parts, L., Pedersen, J.S.,
    Pesole, G., Phillippy, A.M., Ponting, C.P., Pop, M., Porcelli, D.,
    Powell, J.R., Prohaska, S., Pruitt, K., Puig, M., Quesneville, H., Ram,
    K.R., Rand, D., Rasmussen, M.D., Reed, L.K., Reenan, R., Reily, A.,
    Remington, K.A., Rieger, T.T., Ritchie, M.G., Robin, C., Rogers, Y.H.,
    Rohde, C., Rozas, J., Rubenfield, M.J., Ruiz, A., Russo, S., Salzberg,
    S.L., Sanchez-Gracia, A., Saranga, D.J., Sato, H., Schaeffer, S.W.,
    Schatz, M.C., Schlenke, T., Schwartz, R., Segarra, C., Singh, R.S.,
    Sirot, L., Sirota, M., Sisneros, N.B., Smith, C.D., Smith, T.F.,
    Spieth, J., Stage, D.E., Stark, A., Stephan, W., Strausberg, R.L.,
    Strempel, S., Sturgill, D., Sutton, G., Sutton, G.G., Tao, W.,
    Teichmann, S., Tobari, Y.N., Tomimura, Y., Tsolas, J.M., Valente, V.L.,
    Venter, E., Venter, J.C., Vicario, S., Vieira, F.G., Vilella, A.J.,
    Villasante, A., Walenz, B., Wang, J., Wasserman, M., Watts, T., Wilson,
    D., Wilson, R.K., Wing, R.A., Wolfner, M.F., Wong, A., Wong, G.K., Wu,
    C.I., Wu, G., Yamamoto, D., Yang, H.P., Yang, S.P., Yorke, J.A.,
    Yoshida, K., Zdobnov, E., Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., Zimin, A.V., Baldwin,
    J., Abdouelleil, A., Abdulkadir, J., Abebe, A., Abera, B., Abreu, J.,
    Acer, S.C., Aftuck, L., Alexander, A., An, P., Anderson, E., Anderson,
    S., Arachi, H., Azer, M., Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T.,
    Berlin, A., Bessette, D., Bloom, T., Blye, J., Boguslavskiy, L.,
    Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Bourzgui, I., Brown, A., Cahill, P.,
    Channer, S., Cheshatsang, Y., Chuda, L., Citroen, M., Collymore, A.,
    Cooke, P., Costello, M., D'Aco, K., Daza, R., De Haan, G., DeGray, S.,
    DeMaso, C., Dhargay, N., Dooley, K., Dooley, E., Doricent, M., Dorje,
    P., Dorjee, K., Dupes, A., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S.,
    Ferguson, D., Fisher, S., Foley, C.D., Franke, A., Friedrich, D.,
    Gadbois, L., Gearin, G., Gearin, C.R., Giannoukos, G., Goode, T.,
    Graham, J., Grandbois, E., Grewal, S., Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagos,
    B., Hall, J., Henson, C., Hollinger, A., Honan, T., Huard, M.D.,
    Hughes, L., Hurhula, B., Husby, M.E., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kashin, S.,
    Khazanovich, D., Kisner, P., Lance, K., Lara, M., Lee, W., Lennon, N.,
    Letendre, F., LeVine, R., Lipovsky, A., Liu, X., Liu, J., Liu, S.,
    Lokyitsang, T., Lokyitsang, Y., Lubonja, R., Lui, A., MacDonald, P.,
    Magnisalis, V., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McCusker, W., McDonough, S.,
    Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Meneus, L., Mihai, O., Mihalev, A., Mihova, T.,
    Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Montmayeur, A., Mulrain, L., Navidi, A.,
    Naylor, J., Negash, T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nicol, R., Norbu, C.,
    Norbu, N., Novod, N., O'Neill, B., Osman, S., Markiewicz, E., Oyono,
    O.L., Patti, C., Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Raghuraman, S.,
    Rege, F., Reyes, R., Rise, C., Rogov, P., Ross, K., Ryan, E.,
    Settipalli, S., Shea, T., Sherpa, N., Shi, L., Shih, D., Sparrow, T.,
    Spaulding, J., Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S.,
    Stone, C., Strader, C., Tesfaye, S., Thomson, T., Thoulutsang, Y.,
    Thoulutsang, D., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H.,
    Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M., Wilkinson, J., Wilson,
    A., Yadav, S., Young, G., Yu, Q., Zembek, L., Zhong, D., Zimmer, A.,
    Zwirko, Z., Jaffe, D.B., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin,
    C., Gnerre, S., Grabherr, M., Kleber, M., Mauceli, E., & MacCallum, I.
    (2007). Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny.
    Nature, 450(7167), 203-218. PMID: 17994087.
        341. Clamp, M., Fry, B., Kamal, M., Xie, X., Cuff, J., Lin, M.F.,
    Kellis, M., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Lander, E.S. (2007). Distinguishing
    protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome. Proceedings of
    the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104(49), 19428-19433. PMID:
    18040051; PMCID: PMC2148306.
        342. Beroukhim, R., Getz, G., Nghiemphu, L., Barretina, J., Hsueh,
    T., Linhart, D., Vivanco, I., Lee, J.C., Huang, J.H., Alexander, S.,
    Du, J., Kau, T., Thomas, R.K., Shah, K., Soto, H., Perner, S.,
    Prensner, J., Debiasi, R.M., Demichelis, F., Hatton, C., Rubin, M.A.,
    Garraway, L.A., Nelson, S.F., Liau, L., Mischel, P.S., Cloughesy, T.F.,
    Meyerson, M., Golub, T.A., Lander, E.S., Mellinghoff, I.K., & Sellers,
    W.R. (2007). Assessing the significance of chromosomal aberrations in
    cancer: methodology and application to glioma. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 104(50), 20007-20012. PMID: 18077431;
    PMCID: PMC2148413.
        343. Daily, J.P., Scanfeld, D., Pochet, N., Le Roch, K., Plouffe,
    D., Kamal, M., Sarr, O., Mboup, S., Ndir, O., Wypij, D., Levasseur,
    K.,Thomas, E., Tamayo, P., Dong, C., Zhou, Y., Lander, E.S., Ndiaye,
    D., Wirth, D., Winzeler, E.A., Mesirov, J.P., & Regev, A. (2007).
    Distinct physiological states of Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-
    infected patients. Nature, 450(7172), 1091-1095. PMID: 18046333.
        344. Brockman, W., Alvarez, P., Young, S., Garber, M., Giannoukos,
    G., Lee, W.L., Russ, C., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., & Jaffe, D.B.
    (2008). Quality scores and SNP detection in sequencing-by-synthesis
    systems. Genome Research, 18(5), 763-770. PMID: 18212088; PMCID:
    PMC2336812.
        345. Butler, J., MacCallum, I., Kleber, M., Shlyakhter, I.A.,
    Belmonte, M.K., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., & Jaffe, D.B. (2008).
    ALLPATHS: de novo assembly of whole-genome shotgun microreads. Genome
    Research, 18(5), 810-820. PMID: 18340039; PMCID: PMC2336810.
        346. Onder, T.T., Gupta, P.B., Mani, S.A., Yang, J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Weinberg, R.A. (2008). Loss of E-cadherin promotes metastasis via
    multiple downstream transcriptional pathways. Cancer Research, 68(10),
    3645-3654. PMID: 18483246.
        347. Freeman, R.M., Wu, M., Cordonnier-Pratt, M.M., Pratt, L.H.,
    Gruber, C.E., Smith, M., Lander, E.S., Stange-Thomann, N., Lowe, C.J.,
    Gerhart, J., & Kirschner, M. (2008). cDNA sequences for transcription
    factors and signaling proteins of the hemichordate Saccoglossus
    kowalevskii: efficacy of the expressed sequence tag (EST) approach for
    evolutionary and developmental studies of a new organism. The
    Biological Bulletin, 214(3), 284-302. PMID: 18574105.
        348. Mikkelsen, T.S., Hanna, J., Zhang, X., Ku, M., Wernig, M.,
    Schorderet, P., Bernstein, B.E., Jaenisch, R., Lander, E.S., &
    Meissner, A. (2008). Dissecting direct reprogramming through
    integrative genomic analysis. Nature, 454(7200), 49-55. PMID: 18509334;
    PMCID: PMC2754827.
        349. Meissner, A., Mikkelsen, T.S., Gu, H., Wernig, M., Hanna, J.,
    Sivachenko, A., Zhang, X., Bernstein, B.E., Nusbaum, C., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Gnirke, A., Jaenisch, R., & Lander, E.S. (2008). Genome-scale DNA
    methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature,
    454(7205), 766-770. PMID: 18600261; PMCID: PMC2896277.
        350. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2008). Comprehensive
    genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core
    pathways. Nature, 455(7216), 1061-1068. PMID: 18772890; PMCID:
    PMC2671642.
        351. Ku, M., Koche, R.P., Rheinbay, E., Mendenhall, E.M., Endoh,
    M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Presser, A., Nusbaum, C., Xie, X., Chi, A.S.,
    Adli, M., Kasif, S., Ptaszek, L.M., Cowan, C.A., Lander, E.S., Koseki,
    H., & Bernstein, B.E. (2008). Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2
    occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains. PLoS Genetics,
    4(10), e1000242. PMID: 18974828; PMCID: PMC2567431.
        352. Ding, L., Getz, G., Wheeler, D.A., Mardis, E.R., McLellan,
    M.D., Cibulskis, K., Sougnez, C., Greulich, H., Muzny, D.M., Morgan,
    M.B., Fulton, L., Fulton, R.S., Zhang, Q., Wendl, M.C., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Larson, D.E., Chen, K., Dooling, D.J., Sabo, A., Hawes, A.C., Shen, H.,
    Jhangiani, S.N., Lewis, L.R., Hall, O., Zhu, Y., Mathew, T., Ren, Y.,
    Yao, J., Scherer, S.E., Clerc, K., Metcalf, G.A., Ng, B.,
    Milosavljevic, A., Gonzalez-Garay, M.L., Osborne, J.R., Meyer, R., Shi,
    X., Tang, Y., Koboldt, D.C., Lin, L., Abbott, R., Miner, T.L., Pohl,
    C., Fewell, G., Haipek, C., Schmidt, H., Dunford-Shore, B.H., Kraja,
    A., Crosby, S.D., Sawyer, C.S., Vickery, T., Sander, S., Robinson, J.,
    Winckler, W., Baldwin, J., Chirieac, L.R., Dutt, A., Fennell, T.,
    Hanna, M., Johnson, B.E., Onofrio, R.C., Thomas, R.K.,Tonon, G., Weir,
    B.A., Zhao, X., Ziaugra, L., Zody, M.C., Giordano, T., Orringer, M.B.,
    Roth, J.A., Spitz, M.R., Wistuba, I.I., Ozenberger, B., Good, P.J.,
    Chang, A.C., Beer, D.G., Watson, M.A., Ladanyi, M., Broderick, S.,
    Yoshizawa, A., Travis, W.D., Pao, W., Province, M.A., Weinstock, G.M.,
    Varmus, H.E., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Gibbs, R.A., Meyerson, M., &
    Wilson, R.K. (2008). Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung
    adenocarcinoma. Nature, 455(7216), 1069-1075. PMID: 18948947; PMCID:
    PMC2694412.
        353. Altshuler, D., Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (2008). Genetic
    mapping in human disease. Science, 322(5903), 881-888. PMID: 18988837;
    PMCID: PMC2694957.
        354. Miller, W., Drautz, D.I., Ratan, A., Pusey, B., Qi, J., Lesk,
    A.M., Tomsho, L.P., Packard, M.D., Zhao, F., Sher, A., Tikhonov, A.,
    Raney, B., Patterson, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., Knight, J.R.,
    Irzyk, G.P., Fredrikson, K.M., Harkins, T.T., Sheridan, S., Pringle,
    T., & Schuster, S.C. (2008). Sequencing the nuclear genome of the
    extinct woolly mammoth. Nature, 456(7220), 387-390. PMID: 19020620.
        355. Shao, H., Burrage, L.C., Sinasac, D.S., Hill, A.E., Ernest,
    S.R., O'Brien, W., Courtland, H.W., Jepsen, K.J., Kirby, A., Kulbokas,
    E.J., Daly, M.J., Broman, K.W., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2008).
    Genetic architecture of complex traits: large phenotypic effects and
    pervasive epistasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 105(50), 19910-19914. PMID: 19066216; PMCID: PMC2604967.
        356. Luo, B., Cheung, H.W., Subramanian, A., Sharifnia, T.,
    Okamoto, M., Yang, X., Hinkle, G., Boehm, J.S., Beroukhim, R., Weir,
    B.A., Mermel, C., Barbie, D.A., Awad, T., Zhou, X., Nguyen, T., Piqani,
    B., Li, C., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Hacohen, N., Hahn, W.C., Lander,
    E.S., Sabatini, D.M., & Root, D.E. (2008). Highly parallel
    identification of essential genes in cancer cells. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(51), 20380-20385. PMID: 19091943;
    PMCID: PMC2629277.
        357. Chiang, D.Y., Getz, G., Jaffe, D.B., O'Kelly, M.J., Zhao, X.,
    Carter, S.L., Russ, C., Nusbaum, C., Meyerson, M., & Lander, E.S.
    (2009). High-resolution mapping of copy-number alterations with
    massively parallel sequencing. Nature Methods, 6(1), 99-103. PMID:
    19043412; PMCID: PMC2630795.
        358. Nusbaum, C., Ohsumi, T.K., Gomez, J., Aquadro, J., Victor,
    T.C., Warren, R.M., Hung, D.T., Birren, B.W., Lander, E.S., & Jaffe,
    D.B. (2009). Sensitive, specific polymorphism discovery in bacteria
    using massively parallel sequencing. Nature Methods, 6(1), 67-69. PMID:
    19079253; PMCID: PMC2613166.
        359. Gnirke, A., Melnikov, A., Maguire, J., Rogov, P., LeProust,
    E.M., Brockman, W., Fennell, T., Giannoukos, G., Fisher, S., Russ, C.,
    Gabriel, S., Jaffe, D.B., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C. (2009). Solution
    hybrid selection with ultra-long oligonucleotides for massively
    parallel targeted sequencing. Nature Biotechnology, 27(2), 182-189.
    PMID: 19182786; PMCID: PMC2663421.
        360. Guttman, M., Amit, I., Garber, M., French, C., Lin, M.F.,
    Feldser, D., Huarte, M., Zuk, O., Carey, B.W., Cassady, J.P., Cabili,
    M.N., Jaenisch, R., Mikkelsen, T.S., Jacks, T., Hacohen, N., Bernstein,
    B.E., Kellis, M., Regev, A., Rinn, J.L., & Lander, E.S. (2009).
    Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-
    coding RNAs in mammals. Nature, 458(7235), 223-227. PMID: 19182780;
    PMCID: PMC2754849.
        361. Vasudevan, K.M., Barbie, D.A., Davies, M.A., Rabinovsky, R.,
    McNear, C.J., Kim, J.J., Hennessy, B.T., Tseng, H., Pochanard, P., Kim,
    S.Y., Dunn, I.F., Schinzel, A.C., Sandy, P., Hoersch, S., Sheng, Q.,
    Gupta, P.B., Boehm, J.S., Reiling, J.H., Silver, S., Lu, Y., Stemke-
    Hale, K., Dutta, B., Joy, C., Sahin, A.A., Gonzalez-Angulo, A.M.,
    Lluch, A., Rameh, L.E., Jacks, T., Root, D.E., Lander, E.S., Mills,
    G.B., Hahn, W.C., Sellers, W.R., & Garraway, L.A. (2009). AKT-
    independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human
    cancer. Cancer Cell, 16(1), 21-32. PMID: 19573809; PMCID: PMC2752826.
        362. Khalil, A.M., Guttman, M., Huarte, M., Garber, M., Raj, A.,
    Rivea Morales, D., Thomas, K., Presser, A., Bernstein, B.E., van
    Oudenaarden, A., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., & Rinn, J.L. (2009). Many
    human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-
    modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(28), 11667-11672. PMID: 19571010;
    PMCID: PMC2704857.
        363. Gupta, P.B., Onder, T.T., Jiang, G., Tao, K., Kuperwasser, C.,
    Weinberg, R.A., & Lander, E.S. (2009). Identification of selective
    inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening. Cell,
    138(4), 645-659. PMID: 19682730; PMCID: PMC4892125.
        364. Gnerre, S., Lander, E.S., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Jaffe, D.B.
    (2009). Assisted assembly: how to improve a de novo genome assembly by
    using related species. Genome Biology, 10(8), R88. PMID: 19712469;
    PMCID: PMC2745769.
        365. Lieberman-Aiden, E., van Berkum, N.L., Williams, L., Imakaev,
    M., Ragoczy, T., Telling, A., Amit, I., Lajoie, B.R., Sabo, P.J.,
    Dorschner, M.O., Sandstrom, R., Bernstein, B., Bender, M.A., Groudine,
    M., Gnirke, A., Stamatoyannopoulos, J., Mirny, L.A., Lander, E.S., &
    Dekker, J. (2009). Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions
    reveals folding principles of the human genome. Science, 326(5950),
    289-293. PMID: 19815776; PMCID: PMC2858594.
        366. Barbie, D.A., Tamayo, P., Boehm, J.S., Kim, S.Y., Moody, S.E.,
    Dunn, I.F., Schinzel, A.C., Sandy, P., Meylan, E., Scholl, C.,
    Frohling, S., Chan, E.M., Sos, M.L., Michel, K., Mermel, C., Silver,
    S.J., Weir, B.A., Reiling, J.H., Sheng, Q., Gupta, P.B., Wadlow, R.C.,
    Le, H., Hoersch, S., Wittner, B.S., Ramaswamy, S., Livingston, D.M.,
    Sabatini, D.M., Meyerson, M., Thomas, R.K., Lander, E.S., Mesirov,
    J.P., Root, D.E., Gilliland, D.G., Jacks, T., & Hahn, W.C. (2009).
    Systematic RNA interference reveals that oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers
    require TBK1. Nature, 462(7269), 108-112. PMID: 19847166; PMCID:
    PMC2783335.
        367. Wade, C.M., Giulotto, E., Sigurdsson, S., Zoli, M., Gnerre,
    S., Imsland, F., Lear, T.L., Adelson, D.L., Bailey, E., Bellone, R.R.,
    Blocker, H., Distl, O., Edgar, R.C., Garber, M., Leeb, T., Mauceli, E.,
    MacLeod, J.N., Penedo, M.C., Raison, J.M., Sharpe, T., Vogel, J.,
    Andersson, L., Antczak, D.F., Biagi, T., Binns, M.M., Chowdhary, B.P.,
    Coleman, S.J., Della Valle, G., Fryc, S., Guerin, G., Hasegawa, T.,
    Hill, E.W., Jurka, J., Kiialainen, A., Lindgren, G., Liu, J., Magnani,
    E., Mickelson, J.R., Murray, J., Nergadze, S.G., Onofrio, R., Pedroni,
    S., Piras, M.F., Raudsepp, T., Rocchi, M., Røed, K.H., Ryder,
    O.A., Searle, S., Skow, L., Swinburne, J.E., Syvanen, A.C., Tozaki, T.,
    Valberg, S.J., Vaudin, M., White, J.R., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute
    Genome Sequencing Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team,
    Lander, E.S., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2009). Genome sequence, comparative
    analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Science,
    326(5954), 865-867. PMID: 19892987; PMCID: PMC3785132.
        368. Markljung, E., Jiang, L., Jaffe, J.D., Mikkelsen, T.S.,
    Wallerman, O., Larhammar, M., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Saenz-Vash, V.,
    Gnirke, A., Lindroth, A.M., Barres, R., Yan, J., Stromberg, S., De, S.,
    Ponten, F., Lander, E.S., Carr, S.A., Zierath, J.R., Kullander, K.,
    Wadelius, C., Lindblad-Toh, K., Andersson, G., Hjalm, G., & Andersson,
    L. (2009). ZBED6, a novel transcription factor derived from a
    domesticated DNA transposon regulates IGF2 expression and muscle
    growth. PLoS Biology, 7(12), e1000256. PMID: 20016685; PMCID:
    PMC2780926.
        369. Lander, E.S., Jiang, G., & Tao, K. (2009). Taking aim at
    aggressive cancer cells. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 8(16), ii. PMID:
    19830887.
        370. Grossman, S.R., Shlyakhter, I., Karlsson, E.K., Byrne, E.H.,
    Morales, S., Frieden, G., Hostetter, E., Angelino, E., Garber, M., Zuk,
    O., Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2010). A composite
    of multiple signals distinguishes causal variants in regions of
    positive selection. Science, 327(5967), 883-886. PMID: 20056855.
        371. Gu, H., Bock, C., Mikkelsen, T.S., Jager, N., Smith, Z.D.,
    Tomazou, E., Gnirke, A., Lander, E.S., & Meissner, A. (2010). Genome-
    scale DNA methylation mapping of clinical samples at single-nucleotide
    resolution. Nature Methods, 7(2), 133-136. PMID: 20062050; PMCID:
    PMC2860480.
        372. Kim, S.Y., Dunn, I.F., Firestein, R., Gupta, P., Wardwell, L.,
    Repich, K., Schinzel, A.C., Wittner, B., Silver, S.J., Root, D.E.,
    Boehm, J.S., Ramaswamy, S., Lander, E.S., & Hahn, W.C. (2010).
    CK1ϵ is required for breast cancers dependent on β-catenin
    activity. PLoS One, 5(2), e8979. PMID: 20126544; PMCID: PMC2813871.
        373. Grossman, S.R., Shlyakhter, I., Karlsson, E.K., Byrne, E.H.,
    Morales, S., Frieden, G., Hostetter, E., Angelino, E., Garber, M., Zuk,
    O., Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2010). A composite
    of multiple signals distinguishes causal variants in regions of
    positive selection. Science, 327(5967), 883-886. PMID: 20056855.
        374. Burrage, L.C., Baskin-Hill, A.E., Sinasac, D.S., Singer, J.B.,
    Croniger, C.M., Kirby, A., Kulbokas, E.J., Daly, M.J., Lander, E.S.,
    Broman, K.W., & Nadeau, J.H. (2010). Genetic resistance to diet-induced
    obesity in chromosome substitution strains of mice. Mammalian Genome,
    21(3-4), 115-129. PMID: 20127486; PMCID: PMC3831885.
        375. Beroukhim, R., Mermel, C.H., Porter, D., Wei, G.,
    Raychaudhuri, S., Donovan, J., Barretina, J., Boehm, J.S., Dobson, J.,
    Urashima, M., Mc Henry, K.T., Pinchback, R.M., Ligon, A.H., Cho, Y.J.,
    Haery, L., Greulich, H., Reich, M., Winckler, W., Lawrence, M.S., Weir,
    B.A., Tanaka, K.E., Chiang, D.Y., Bass, A.J., Loo, A., Hoffman, C.,
    Prensner, J., Liefeld, T., Gao, Q., Yecies, D., Signoretti, S., Maher,
    E., Kaye, F.J., Sasaki, H., Tepper, J.E., Fletcher, J.A., Tabernero,
    J., Baselga, J., Tsao, M.S., Demichelis, F., Rubin, M.A., Janne, P.A.,
    Daly, M.J., Nucera, C., Levine, R.L., Ebert, B.L., Gabriel, S., Rustgi,
    A.K., Antonescu, C.R., Ladanyi, M., Letai, A., Garraway, L.A., Loda,
    M., Beer, D.G., True, L.D., Okamoto, A., Pomeroy, S.L., Singer, S.,
    Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Sellers, W.R., & Meyerson, M.
    (2010). The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human
    cancers. Nature, 463(7283), 899-905. PMID: 20164920; PMCID: PMC2826709.
        376. Berger, M.F., Levin, J.Z., Vijayendran, K., Sivachenko, A.,
    Adiconis, X., Maguire, J., Johnson, L.A., Robinson, J., Verhaak, R.G.,
    Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R.C., Ziaugra, L., Cibulskis, K., Laine, E.,
    Barretina, J., Winckler, W., Fisher, D.E., Getz, G., Meyerson, M.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Dummer, R., Gnirke, A.,
    Nusbaum, C., & Garraway, L.A. (2010). Integrative analysis of the
    melanoma transcriptome. Genome Research, 20(4), 413-427. PMID:
    20179022; PMCID: PMC2847744.
        377. Guttman, M., Garber, M., Levin, J.Z., Donaghey, J., Robinson,
    J., Adiconis, X., Fan, L., Koziol, M.J., Gnirke, A., Nusbaum, C., Rinn,
    J.L., Lander, E.S., & Regev, A. (2010). Ab initio reconstruction of
    cell type-specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the conserved multi-
    exonic structure of lincRNAs. Nature Biotechnology, 28(5), 503-510.
    PMID: 20436462; PMCID: PMC2868100.
        378. International Cancer Genome Consortium, Hudson, T.J.,
    Anderson, W., Artez, A., Barker, A.D., Bell, C., Bernabe, R.R., Bhan,
    M.K., Calvo, F., Eerola, I., Gerhard, D.S., Guttmacher, A., Guyer, M.,
    Hemsley, F.M., Jennings, J.L., Kerr, D., Klatt, P., Kolar, P., Kusada,
    J., Lane, D.P., Laplace, F., Youyong, L., Nettekoven, G., Ozenberger,
    B., Peterson, J., Rao, T.S., Remacle, J., Schafer, A.J., Shibata, T.,
    Stratton, M.R., Vockley, J.G., Watanabe, K., Yang, H., Yuen, M.M.,
    Knoppers, B.M., Bobrow, M., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Dressler, L.G., Dyke,
    S.O., Joly, Y., Kato, K., Kennedy, K.L., Nicolas, P., Parker, M.J.,
    Rial-Sebbag, E., Romeo-Casabona, C.M., Shaw, K.M., Wallace, S.,
    Wiesner, G.L., Zeps, N., Lichter, P., Biankin, A.V., Chabannon, C.,
    Chin, L., Clement, B., de Alava, E., Degos, F., Ferguson, M.L., Geary,
    P., Hayes, D.N., Hudson, T.J., Johns, A.L., Kasprzyk, A., Nakagawa, H.,
    Penny, R., Piris, M.A., Sarin, R., Scarpa, A., Shibata, T., van de
    Vijver, M., Futreal, P.A., Aburatani, H., Bayes, M., Botwell, D.D.,
    Campbell, P.J., Estivill, X., Gerhard, D.S., Grimmond, S.M., Gut, I.,
    Hirst, M., Lopez-Otin, C., Majumder, P., Marra, M., McPherson, J.D.,
    Nakagawa, H., Ning, Z., Puente, X.S., Ruan, Y., Shibata, T., Stratton,
    M.R., Stunnenberg, H.G., Swerdlow, H., Velculescu, V.E., Wilson, R.K.,
    Xue, H.H., Yang, L., Spellman, P.T., Bader, G.D., Boutros, P.C.,
    Campbell, P.J., Flicek, P., Getz, G., Guigo, R., Guo, G., Haussler, D.,
    Heath, S., Hubbard, T.J., Jiang, T., Jones, S.M., Li, Q., Lopez-Bigas,
    N., Luo, R., Muthuswamy, L., Ouellette, B.F., Pearson, J.V., Puente,
    X.S., Quesada, V., Raphael, B.J., Sander, C., Shibata, T., Speed, T.P.,
    Stein, L.D., Stuart, J.M., Teague, J.W., Totoki, Y., Tsunoda, T.,
    Valencia, A., Wheeler, D.A., Wu, H., Zhao, S., Zhou, G., Stein, L.D.,
    Guigo, R., Hubbard, T.J., Joly, Y., Jones, S.M., Kasprzyk, A., Lathrop,
    M., Lopez-Bigas, N., Ouellette, B.F., Spellman, P.T., Teague, J.W.,
    Thomas, G., Valencia, A., Yoshida, T., Kennedy, K.L., Axton, M., Dyke,
    S.O., Futreal, P.A., Gerhard, D.S., Gunter, C., Guyer, M., Hudson,
    T.J., McPherson, J.D., Miller, L.J., Ozenberger, B., Shaw, K.M.,
    Kasprzyk, A., Stein, L.D., Zhang, J., Haider, S.A., Wang, J., Yung,
    C.K., Cros, A., Liang, Y., Gnaneshan, S., Guberman, J., Hsu, J.,
    Bobrow, M., Chalmers, D.R., Hasel, K.W., Joly, Y., Kaan, T.S., Kennedy,
    K.L., Knoppers, B.M., Lowrance, W.W., Masui, T., Nicolas, P., Rial-
    Sebbag, E., Rodriguez, L.L., Vergely, C., Yoshida, T., Grimmond, S.M.,
    Biankin, A.V., Bowtell, D.D., Cloonan, N., deFazio, A., Eshleman, J.R.,
    Etemadmoghadam, D., Gardiner, B.B., Kench, J.G., Scarpa, A.,
    Sutherland, R.L.,Tempero, M.A., Waddell, N.J., Wilson, P.J., McPherson,
    J.D., Gallinger, S., Tsao, M.S., Shaw, P.A., Petersen, G.M.,
    Mukhopadhyay, D., Chin, L., DePinho, R.A., Thayer, S., Muthuswamy, L.,
    Shazand, K., Beck, T., Sam, M., Timms, L., Ballin, V., Lu, Y., Ji, J.,
    Zhang, X., Chen, F., Hu, X., Zhou, G., Yang, Q., Tian, G., Zhang, L.,
    Xing, X., Li, X., Zhu, Z., Yu, Y., Yu, J., Yang, H., Lathrop, M., Tost,
    J., Brennan, P., Holcatova, I., Zaridze, D., Brazma, A., Egevard, L.,
    Prokhortchouk, E., Banks, R.E., Uhlen, M., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Viksna,
    J., Ponten, F., Skryabin, K., Stratton, M.R., Futreal, P.A., Birney,
    E., Borg, A., Børresen-Dale, A.L., Caldas, C., Foekens, J.A.,
    Martin, S., Reis-Filho, J.S., Richardson, A.L., Sotiriou, C.,
    Stunnenberg, H.G., Thoms, G., van de Vijver, M., van't Veer, L., Calvo,
    F., Birnbaum, D., Blanche, H., Boucher, P., Boyault, S., Chabannon, C.,
    Gut, I., Masson-Jacquemier, J.D., Lathrop, M., Pauporte, I., Pivot, X.,
    Vincent-Salomon, A., Tabone, E., Theillet, C., Thomas, G., Tost, J.,
    Treilleux, I., Calvo, F., Bioulac-Sage, P., Clement, B., Decaens, T.,
    Degos, F., Franco, D., Gut, I., Gut, M., Heath, S., Lathrop, M.,
    Samuel, D., Thomas, G., Zucman-Rossi, J., Lichter, P., Eils, R., Brors,
    B., Korbel, J.O., Korshunov, A., Landgraf, P., Lehrach, H., Pfister,
    S., Radlwimmer, B., Reifenberger, G., Taylor, M.D., von Kalle, C.,
    Majumder, P.P., Sarin, R., Rao, T.S., Bhan, M.K., Scarpa, A.,
    Pederzoli, P., Lawlor, R.A., Delledonne, M., Bardelli, A., Biankin,
    A.V., Grimmond, S.M., Gress, T., Klimstra, D., Zamboni, G., Shibata,
    T., Nakamura, Y., Nakagawa, H., Kusada, J., Tsunoda, T., Miyano, S.,
    Aburatani, H., Kato, K., Fujimoto, A., Yoshida, T., Campo, E., Lopez-
    Otin, C., Estivill, X., Guigo, R., de Sanjose, S., Piris, M.A.,
    Montserrat, E., Gonzalez-Diaz, M., Puente, X.S., Jares, P., Valencia,
    A., Himmelbauer, H., Quesada, V., Bea, S., Stratton, M.R., Futreal,
    P.A., Campbell, P.J., Vincent-Salomon, A., Richardson, A.L., Reis-
    Filho, J.S., van de Vijver, M., Thomas, G., Masson-Jacquemier, J.D.,
    Aparicio, S., Borg, A., Børresen-Dale, A.L., Caldas, C.,
    Foekens, J.A., Stunnenberg, H.G., van't Veer, L., Easton, D.F.,
    Spellman, P.T., Martin, S., Barker, A.D., Chin, L., Collins, F.S.,
    Compton, C.C., Ferguson, M.L., Gerhard, D.S., Getz, G., Gunter, C.,
    Guttmacher, A., Guyer, M., Hayes, D.N., Lander, E.S., Ozenberger, B.,
    Penny, R., Peterson, J., Sander, C., Shaw, K.M., Speed, T.P., Spellman,
    P.T., Vockley, J.G., Wheeler, D.A., Wilson, R.K., Hudson, T.J., Chin,
    L., Knoppers, B.M., Lander, E.S., Lichter, P., Stein, L.D., Stratton,
    M.R., Anderson, W., Barker, A.D., Bell, C., Bobrow, M., Burke, W.,
    Collins, F.S., Compton, C.C., DePinho, R.A., Easton, D.F., Futreal,
    P.A., Gerhard, D.S., Green, A.R., Guyer, M., Hamilton, S.R., Hubbard,
    T.J., Kallioniemi, O.P., Kennedy, K.L., Ley, T.J., Liu, E.T., Lu, Y.,
    Majumder, P., Marra, M., Ozenberger, B., Peterson, J., Schafer, A.J.,
    Spellman, P.T., Stunnenberg, H.G., Wainwright, B.J., Wilson, R.K., &
    Yang, H. (2010). International network of cancer genome projects.
    Nature, 464(7291), 993-998. PMID: 20393554; PMCID: PMC2902243.
        379. Green, R.E., Krause, J., Briggs, A.W., Maricic, T., Stenzel,
    U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M.H., Hansen,
    N.F., Durand, E.Y., Malaspinas, A.S., Jensen, J.D., Marques-Bonet, T.,
    Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H.A., Good, J.M., Schultz,
    R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund,
    M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., Russ, C., Novod, N.,
    Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan,
    Z., Gusic, I., Doronichev, V.B., Golovanova, L.V., Lalueza-Fox, C., de
    la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R.W., Johnson, P.L.,
    Eichler, E.E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J.C., Slatkin, M.,
    Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., & Paabo, S. (2010). A
    draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328(5979), 710-722.
    PMID: 20448178.
        380. van Berkum, N.L., Lieberman-Aiden, E., Williams, L., Imakaev,
    M., Gnirke, A., Mirny, L.A., Dekker, J., & Lander, E.S. (2010). Hi-C: a
    method to study the three-dimensional architecture of genomes. Journal
    of Visualized Experiments, (39), e1869-e1869. PMID: 20461051; PMCID:
    PMC3149993.
        381. Aiden, A.P., Rivera, M.N., Rheinbay, E., Ku, M., Coffman,
    E.J., Truong, T.T., Vargas, S.O., Lander, E.S., Haber, D.A., &
    Bernstein, B.E. (2010). Wilms tumor chromatin profiles highlight stem
    cell properties and a renal developmental network. Cell Stem Cell,
    6(6), 591-602. PMID: 20569696; PMCID: PMC2897075.
        382. Barretina, J., Taylor, B.S., Banerji, S., Ramos, A.H., Lagos-
    Quintana, M., Decarolis, P.L., Shah, K., Socci, N.D., Weir, B.A., Ho,
    A., Chiang, D.Y., Reva, B., Mermel, C.H., Getz, G., Antipin, Y.,
    Beroukhim, R., Major, J.E., Hatton, C., Nicoletti, R., Hanna, M.,
    Sharpe, T., Fennell, T.J., Cibulskis, K., Onofrio, R.C., Saito, T.,
    Shukla, N., Lau, C., Nelander, S., Silver, S.J., Sougnez, C., Viale,
    A., Winckler, W., Maki, R.G., Garraway, L.A., Lash, A., Greulich, H.,
    Root, D.E., Sellers, W.R., Schwartz, G.K., Antonescu, C.R., Lander,
    E.S., Varmus, H.E., Ladanyi, M., Sander, C., Meyerson, M., & Singer, S.
    (2010). Subtype-specific genomic alterations define new targets for
    soft-tissue sarcoma therapy. Nature Genetics, 42(8), 715-721. PMID:
    20601955; PMCID: PMC2911503.
        383. Huarte, M., Guttman, M., Feldser, D., Garber, M., Koziol,
    M.J., Kenzelmann-Broz, D., Khalil, A.M., Zuk, O., Amit, I., Rabani, M.,
    Attardi, L.D., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Jacks, T., & Rinn, J.L. (2010).
    A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene
    repression in the p53 response. Cell, 142(3), 409-419. PMID: 20673990;
    PMCID: PMC2956184.
        384. Taube, J.H., Herschkowitz, J.I., Komurov, K., Zhou, A.Y.,
    Gupta, S., Yang, J., Hartwell, K., Onder, T.T., Gupta, P.B., Evans,
    K.W., Hollier, B.G., Ram, P.T., Lander, E.S., Rosen, J.M., Weinberg,
    R.A., & Mani, S.A. (2010). Core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
    interactome gene-expression signature is associated with claudin-low
    and metaplastic breast cancer subtypes. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 107(35), 15449-15454. PMID: 20713713; PMCID:
    PMC2932589.
        385. Bernstein, B.E., Stamatoyannopoulos, J.A., Costello, J.F.,
    Ren, B., Milosavljevic, A., Meissner, A., Kellis, M., Marra, M.A.,
    Beaudet, A.L., Ecker, J.R., Farnham, P.J., Hirst, M., Lander, E.S.,
    Mikkelsen, T.S., & Thomson, J.A. (2010). The NIH roadmap epigenomics
    mapping consortium. Nature Biotechnology, 28(10), 1045-1048. PMID:
    20944595; PMCID: PMC3607281.
        386. Mikkelsen, T.S., Xu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Gimble, J.M.,
    Lander, E.S., & Rosen, E.D. (2010). Comparative epigenomic analysis of
    murine and human adipogenesis. Cell, 143(1), 156-169. PMID: 20887899;
    PMCID: PMC2950833.
        387. Lander, E.S., & Gates, S.J. (2010). Prepare and inspire.
    Science, 330(6001), 151. PMID: 20929738.
        388. Neafsey, D.E., Lawniczak, M.K., Park, D.J., Redmond, S.N.,
    Coulibaly, M.B., Traore, S.F., Sagnon, N., Costantini, C., Johnson, C.,
    Wiegand, R.C., Collins, F.H., Lander, E.S., Wirth, D.F., Kafatos, F.C.,
    Besansky, N.J., Christophides, G.K., & Muskavitch, M.A. (2010). SNP
    genotyping defines complex gene-flow boundaries among African malaria
    vector mosquitoes. Science, 330(6003), 514-517. PMID: 20966254; PMCID:
    PMC4811326.
        389. Loewer, S., Cabili, M.N., Guttman, M., Loh, Y.H., Thomas, K.,
    Park, I.H., Garber, M., Curran, M., Onder, T., Agarwal, S., Manos,
    P.D., Datta, S., Lander, E.S., Schlaeger, T.M., Daley, G.Q., & Rinn,
    J.L. (2010). Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR modulates
    reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature Genetics,
    42(12), 1113-1117. PMID: 21057500; PMCID: PMC3040650.
        390. Fillmore, C.M., Gupta, P.B., Rudnick, J.A., Caballero, S.,
    Keller, P.J., Lander, E.S., & Kuperwasser, C. (2010). Estrogen expands
    breast cancer stem-like cells through paracrine FGF/Tbx3 signaling.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(50), 21737-
    21742. PMID: 21098263; PMCID: PMC3003123.
        391. Gnerre, S., Maccallum, I., Przybylski, D., Ribeiro, F.J.,
    Burton, J.N., Walker, B.J., Sharpe, T., Hall, G., Shea, T.P., Sykes,
    S., Berlin, A.M., Aird, D., Costello, M., Daza, R., Williams, L.,
    Nicol, R., Gnirke, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., & Jaffe, D.B. (2011).
    High-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively
    parallel sequence data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 108(4), 1513-1518. PMID: 21187386; PMCID: PMC3029755.
        392. Robinson, J.T., Thorvaldsdottir, H., Winckler, W., Guttman,
    M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Mesirov, J.P. (2011). Integrative
    genomics viewer. Nature Biotechnology, 29(1), 24-26. PMID: 21221095;
    PMCID: PMC3346182.
        393. Sankaran, V.G., Menne, T.F., Scepanovic, D., Vergilio, J.A.,
    Ji, P., Kim, J., Thiru, P., Orkin, S.H., Lander, E.S., & Lodish H.F.
    (2011). MicroRNA-15a and -16-1 act via MYB to elevate fetal hemoglobin
    expression in human trisomy 13. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 108(4), 1519-1524. PMID: 21205891; PMCID: PMC3029749.
        394. Mills, R.E., Walter, K., Stewart, C., Handsaker, R.E., Chen,
    K., Alkan, C., Abyzov, A., Yoon, S.C., Ye, K., Cheetham, R.K.,
    Chinwalla, A., Conrad, D.F., Fu, Y., Grubert, F., Hajirasouliha, I.,
    Hormozdiari, F., Iakoucheva, L.M., Iqbal, Z., Kang, S., Kidd, J.M.,
    Konkel, M.K., Korn, J., Khurana, E., Kural, D., Lam, H.Y., Leng, J.,
    Li, R., Li, Y., Lin, C.Y., Luo, R., Mu, X.J., Nemesh, J., Peckham,
    H.E., Rausch, T., Scally, A., Shi, X., Stromberg, M.P., Stutz, A.M.,
    Urban, A.E., Walker, J.A., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z.D., Batzer,
    M.A., Ding, L., Marth, G.T., McVean, G., Sebat, J., Snyder, M., Wang,
    J., Ye, K., Eichler, E.E., Gerstein, M.B., Hurles, M.E., Lee, C.,
    McCarroll, S.A., Korbel, J.O., & 1000 Genomes Project. (2011). Mapping
    copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing. Nature,
    470(7332), 59-65. PMID: 21293372; PMCID: PMC3077050.
        395. Proia, T.A., Keller, P.J., Gupta, P.B., Klebba, I., Jones,
    A.D., Sedic, M., Gilmore, H., Tung, N., Naber, S.P., Schnitt, S.,
    Lander, E.S., & Kuperwasser, C. (2011). Genetic predisposition directs
    breast cancer phenotype by dictating progenitor cell fate. Cell Stem
    Cell, 8(2), 149-163. PMID: 21295272; PMCID: PMC3050563.
        396. Lander, E.S. (2011). Initial impact of the sequencing of the
    human genome. Nature, 470(7333), 187-197. PMID: 21307931.
        397. Berger, M.F., Lawrence, M.S., Demichelis, F., Drier, Y.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A.Y., Sboner, A., Esgueva, R., Pflueger, D.,
    Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R., Carter, S.L., Park, K., Habegger, L.,
    Ambrogio, L., Fennell, T., Parkin, M., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Ramos,
    A.H., Pugh, T.J., Wilkinson, J., Fisher, S., Winckler, W., Mahan, S.,
    Ardlie, K., Baldwin, J., Simons, J.W., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald,
    T.Y., Kantoff, P.W., Chin, L., Gabriel, S.B., Gerstein, M.B., Golub,
    T.R., Meyerson, M., Tewari, A., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Rubin, M.A., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2011). The genomic complexity of primary human prostate
    cancer. Nature, 470(7333), 214-220. PMID: 21307934; PMCID: PMC3075885.
        398. Reshef, D.N., Reshef, Y.A., Finucane, H.K., Grossman, S.R.,
    McVean, G., Turnbaugh, P.J., Lander, E.S., Mitzenmacher, M., & Sabeti,
    P.C. (2011). Detecting novel associations in large data sets. Science,
    334(6062), 1518-1524. PMID: 22174245; PMCID: PMC3325791.
        399. Wang, L., Lawrence, M.S., Wan, Y., Stojanov, P., Sougnez, C.,
    Stevenson, K., Werner, L., Sivachenko, A., DeLuca, D.S., Zhang, L.,
    Zhang, W., Vartanov, A.R., Fernandes, S.M., Goldstein, N.R., Folco,
    E.G., Cibulskis, K., Tesar, B., Sievers, Q.L., Shefler, E., Gabriel,
    S., Hacohen, N., Reed, R., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S.,
    Neuberg, D., Brown, J.R., Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2011). SF3B1 and other
    novel cancer genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal
    of Medicine, 365(26), 2497-2506. PMID: 22150006; PMCID: PMC3685413.
        400. Lander, E.S. (2011). Genome-sequence. The accelerator. Science
    331:1024.
        401. Chapman, M.A., Lawrence, M.S., Keats, J.J., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sougnez, C., Schinzel, A.C., Harview, C.L., Brunet, J.P., Ahmann, G.J.,
    Adli, M., Anderson, K.C., Ardlie, K.G., Auclair, D., Baker, A.,
    Bergsagel, P.L., Bernstein, B.E., Drier, Y., Fonseca, R., Gabriel,
    S.B., Hofmeister, C.C., Jagannath, S., Jakubowiak, A.J., Krishnan, A.,
    Levy, J., Liefeld, T., Lonial, S., Mahan, S., Mfuko, B., Monti,
    S.,Perkins, L.M., Onofrio, R., Pugh, T.J., Rajkumar, S.V., Ramos, A.H.,
    Siegel, D.S., Sivachenko, A., Stewart, A.K., Trudel, S., Vij, R., Voet,
    D., Winckler, W., Zimmerman, T., Carpten, J., Trent, J., Hahn, W.C.,
    Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Golub, T.R.
    (2011). Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma.
    Nature, 471(7339), 467-472. PMID: 21430775; PMCID: PMC3560292.
        402. Van Tyne, D., Park, D.J., Schaffner, S.F., Neafsey, D.E.,
    Angelino, E., Cortese, J.F., Barnes, K.G., Rosen, D.M., Lukens, A.K.,
    Daniels, R.F., Milner, D.A., Johnson, C.A., Shlyakhter, I., Grossman,
    S.R., Becker, J.S., Yamins, D., Karlsson, E.K., Ndiaye, D., Sarr, O.,
    Mboup, S., Happi, C., Furlotte, N.A., Eskin, E., Kang, H.M., Hartl,
    D.L., Birren, B.W., Wiegand, R.C., Lander, E.S., Wirth, D.F., Volkman,
    S.K., & Sabeti, P.C. (2011). Identification and functional validation
    of the novel antimalarial resistance locus PF10_0355 in Plasmodium
    falciparum. PLoS Genetics, 7(4), e1001383. PMID: 21533027; PMCID:
    PMC3080868.
        403. Conrad, D.F., Keebler, J.E., DePristo, M.A., Lindsay, S.J.,
    Zhang, Y., Casals, F., Idaghdour, Y., Hartl, C.L., Torroja, C.,
    Garimella, K.V., Zilversmit, M., Cartwright, R., Rouleau, G.A., Daly,
    M., Stone, E.A., Hurles, M.E., Awadalla, P., & 1000 Genomes Project.
    (2011). Variation in genome-wide mutation rates within and between
    human families. Nature Genetics, 43(7), 712-714. PMID: 21666693; PMCID:
    PMC3322360.
        404. Cheung, H.W., Cowley, G.S., Weir, B.A., Boehm, J.S., Rusin,
    S., Scott, J.A., East, A., Ali, L.D., Lizotte, P.H., Wong, T.C., Jiang,
    G., Hsiao, J., Mermel, C.H., Getz, G., Barretina, J., Gopal, S.,
    Tamayo, P., Gould, J., Tsherniak, A., Stransky, N., Luo, B., Ren, Y.,
    Drapkin, R., Bhatia, S.N., Mesirov, J.P., Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M.,
    Lander, E.S., Root, D.E., & Hahn, W.C. (2011). Systematic investigation
    of genetic vulnerabilities across cancer cell lines reveals lineage-
    specific dependencies in ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 108(30), 12372-12377. PMID: 21746896; PMCID:
    PMC3145679.
        405. Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G., Albers, C.A., Banks, E.,
    DePristo, M.A., Handsaker, R.E., Lunter, G., Marth, G.T., Sherry, S.T.,
    McVean, G., Durbin, R., & 1000 Genomes Project Analysis Group. (2011).
    The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics, 27(15), 2156-
    2158. PMID: 21653522; PMCID: PMC3137218 .
        406. Gupta, P.B., Fillmore, C.M., Jiang, G., Shapira, S.D., Tao,
    K., Kuperwasser, C., & Lander, E.S. (2011). Stochastic state
    transitions give rise to phenotypic equilibrium in populations of
    cancer cells. Cell, 146(4), 633-644. PMID: 21854987.
        407. Stransky, N., Egloff, A.M., Tward, A.D., Kostic, A.D.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Kryukov, G.V., Lawrence, M.S., Sougnez,
    C., McKenna, A., Shefler, E., Ramos, A.H., Stojanov, P., Carter, S.L.,
    Voet, D., Cortes, M.L., Auclair, D., Berger, M.F., Saksena, G.,
    Guiducci, C., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Romkes, M., Weissfeld, J.L.,
    Seethala, R.R., Wang, L., Rangel-Escareno, C., Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.,
    Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Winckler, W., Ardlie, K.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Golub, T.R.,
    Garraway, L.A., & Grandis, J.R. (2011). The mutational landscape of
    head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Science, 333(6046), 1157-1160.
    PMID: 21798893; PMCID: PMC3415217.
        408. Guttman, M., Donaghey, J., Carey, B.W., Garber, M., Grenier,
    J.K., Munson, G., Young, G., Lucas, A.B., Ach, R., Bruhn, L., Yang, X.,
    Amit, I., Meissner, A., Regev, A., Rinn, J.L., Root, D.E., & Lander,
    E.S. (2011). lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and
    differentiation. Nature, 477(7364), 295-300. PMID: 21874018; PMCID:
    PMC3175327.
        409. Alfoldi, J., Di Palma, F., Grabherr, M., Williams, C., Kong,
    L., Mauceli, E., Russell, P., Lowe, C.B., Glor, R.E., Jaffe, J.D., Ray,
    D.A., Boissinot, S., Shedlock, A.M., Botka, C., Castoe, T.A.,
    Colbourne, J.K., Fujita, M.K., Moreno, R.G., ten Hallers, B.F.,
    Haussler, D., Heger, A., Heiman, D., Janes, D.E., Johnson, J., de Jong,
    P.J., Koriabine, M.Y., Lara, M., Novick, P.A., Organ, C.L., Peach,
    S.E., Poe, S., Pollock, D.D., de Queiroz, K., Sanger, T., Searle, S.,
    Smith, J.D., Smith, Z., Swofford, R., Turner-Maier, J., Wade, J.,
    Young, S., Zadissa, A., Edwards, S.V., Glenn, T.C., Schneider, C.J.,
    Losos, J.B., Lander, E.S., Breen, M., Ponting, C.P., & Lindblad-Toh, K.
    (2011). The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis
    with birds and mammals. Nature, 477(7366), 587-591. PMID: 21881562;
    PMCID: PMC3184186.
        410. Bass, A.J., Lawrence, M.S., Brace, L.E., Ramos, A.H., Drier,
    Y., Cibulskis, K., Sougnez, C., Voet, D., Saksena, G., Sivachenko, A.,
    Jing, R., Parkin, M., Pugh, T., Verhaak, R.G., Stransky, N., Boutin,
    A.T., Barretina, J., Solit, D.B., Vakiani, E., Shao, W., Mishina, Y.,
    Warmuth, M., Jimenez, J., Chiang, D.Y., Signoretti, S., Kaelin, W.G.,
    Spardy, N., Hahn, W.C., Hoshida, Y., Ogino, S., Depinho, R.A., Chin,
    L., Garraway, L.A., Fuchs, C.S., Baselga, J., Tabernero, J., Gabriel,
    S., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Meyerson, M. (2011). Genomic sequencing
    of colorectal adenocarcinomas identifies a recurrent VTI1A-TCF7L2
    fusion. Nature Genetics, 43(10), 964-968. PMID: 21892161; PMCID:
    PMC3802528.
        411. Lindblad-Toh, K., Garber, M., Zuk, O., Lin, M.F., Parker,
    B.J., Washietl, S., Kheradpour, P., Ernst, J., Jordan, G., Mauceli, E.,
    Ward, L.D., Lowe, C.B., Holloway, A.K., Clamp, M., Gnerre, S., Alfoldi,
    J., Beal, K., Chang, J., Clawson, H., Cuff, J., Di Palma, F.,
    Fitzgerald, S., Flicek, P., Guttman, M., Hubisz, M.J., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Jungreis, I., Kent, W.J., Kostka, D., Lara, M., Martins, A.L.,
    Massingham, T., Moltke, I., Raney, B.J., Rasmussen, M.D., Robinson, J.,
    Stark, A., Vilella, A.J., Wen, J., Xie, X., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute
    Sequencing Platform and Whole Genome Assembly Team, Baldwin, J., Bloom,
    T., Chin, C.W., Heiman, D., Nicol, R., Nusbaum, C., Young, S.,
    Wilkinson, J., Worley, K.C., Kovar, C.L., Muzny, D.M., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Sequencing
    Team, Cree, A., Dihn, H.H., Fowler, G., Jhangiani, S., Joshi, V., Lee,
    S., Lewis, L.R., Nazareth, L.V., Okwuonu, G., Santibanez, J., Warren,
    W.C., Mardis, E.R., Weinstock, G.M., Wilson, R.K., Genome Institute at
    Washington University, Delehaunty, K., Dooling, D., Fronik, C., Fulton,
    L., Fulton, B., Graves, T., Minx, P., Sodergren, E., Birney, E.,
    Margulies, E.H., Herrero, J., Green, E.D., Haussler, D., Siepel, A.,
    Goldman, N., Pollard, K.S., Pedersen, J.S., Lander, E.S., & Kellis, M.
    (2011). A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29
    mammals. Nature, 478(7370), 476-482. PMID: 21993624; PMCID: PMC3207357.
        412. Zuk, O., Hechter, E., Sunyaev, S.R., & Lander, E.S. (2012).
    The mystery of missing heritability: Genetic interactions create
    phantom heritability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 109(4), 1193-1198. PMID: 22223662; PMCID: PMC3268279.
        413. Grad, Y.H., Lipsitch, M., Feldgarden, M., Arachchi, H.M.,
    Cerqueira, G.C., Fitzgerald, M., Godfrey, P., Haas, B.J., Murphy, C.I.,
    Russ, C., Sykes, S., Walker, B.J., Wortman, J.R., Young, S., Zeng, Q.,
    Abouelleil, A., Bochicchio, J., Chauvin, S., Desmet, T., Gujja, S.,
    McCowan, C., Montmayeur, A., Steelman, S., Frimodt-Møller, J.,
    Petersen, A.M., Struve, C., Krogfelt, K.A., Bingen, E., Weill, F.X.,
    Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., Birren, B.W., Hung, D.T., & Hanage, W.P.
    (2012). Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104: H4 outbreaks
    in Europe, 2011. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    109(8), 3065-3070. PMID: 22315421; PMCID: PMC3286951.
        414. Lohr, J.G., Stojanov, P., Lawrence, M.S., Auclair, D., Chapuy,
    B., Sougnez, C., Cruz-Gordillo, P., Knoechel, B., Asmann, Y.W., Slager,
    S.L., Novak, A.J., Dogan, A., Ansell, S.M., Link, B.K., Zou, L., Gould,
    J., Saksena, G., Stransky, N., Rangel-Escareno, C., Fernandez-Lopez,
    J.C., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Hernandez-Lemus, E.,
    Schwarz-Cruz y Celis, A., Imaz-Rosshandler, I., Ojesina, A.I., Jung,
    J., Pedamallu, C.S., Lander, E.S., Habermann, T.M., Cerhan, J.R.,
    Shipp, M.A., Getz, G., & Golub, T.R. (2012). Discovery and
    prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
    (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing. Proceedings of the National Academy
    of Sciences USA, 109(10), 3879-3884. PMID: 22343534; PMCID: PMC3309757.
        415. Melnikov, A., Murugan, A., Zhang, X., Tesileanu, T., Wang, L.,
    Rogov, P., Feizi, S., Gnirke, A., Callan, C.G., Kinney, J.B., Kellis,
    M., Lander, E.S., & Mikkelsen, T.S. (2012). Systematic dissection and
    optimization of inducible enhancers in human cells using a massively
    parallel reporter assay. Nature Biotechnology, 30(3), 271-277. PMID:
    22371084; PMCID: PMC3297981.
        416. Onder, T.T., Kara, N., Cherry, A., Sinha, A.U., Zhu, N.,
    Bernt, K.M., Cahan, P., Marcarci, B.O., Unternaehrer, J., Gupta, P.B.,
    Lander, E.S., Armstrong, S.A., & Daley, G.Q. (2012). Chromatin-
    modifying enzymes as modulators of reprogramming. Nature, 483(7391),
    598-602. PMID: 22388813; PMCID: PMC3501145.
        417. Jones, F.C., Grabherr, M.G., Chan, Y.F., Russell, P., Mauceli,
    E., Johnson, J., Swofford, R., Pirun, M., Zody, M.C., White, S.,
    Birney, E., Searle, S., Schmutz, J., Grimwood, J., Dickson, M.C.,
    Myers, R.M., Miller, C.T., Summers, B.R., Knecht, A.K., Brady, S.D.,
    Zhang, H., Pollen, A.A., Howes, T., Amemiya, C., Broad Institute Genome
    Sequencing Platform & Whole Genome Assembly Team, Baldwin, J., Bloom,
    T., Jaffe, D.B., Nicol, R., Wilkinson, J., Lander, E.S., Di Palma, F.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., & Kingsley, D.M. (2012). The genomic basis of
    adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Nature, 484(7392), 55-
    61. PMID: 22481358; PMCID: PMC3322419.
        418. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2012). Comprehensive
    genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature,
    489(7417), 519-525. PMID: 22960745; PMCID: PMC3466113.
        419. Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Helman, E., McKenna, A., Shen,
    H., Zack, T., Laird, P.W., Onofrio, R.C., Winckler, W., Weir, B.A.,
    Beroukhim, R., Pellman, D., Levine, D.A., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., &
    Getz, G. (2012). Absolute quantification of somatic DNA alterations in
    human cancer. Nature Biotechnology, 30(5), 413-421. PMID: 22544022;
    PMCID: PMC4383288.
        420. Berger, M.F., Hodis, E., Heffernan, T.P., Deribe, Y.L.,
    Lawrence, M.S., Protopopov, A., Ivanova, E., Watson, I.R., Nickerson,
    E., Ghosh, P., Zhang, H., Zeid, R., Ren, X., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko,
    A.Y., Wagle, N., Sucker, A., Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R., Ambrogio, L.,
    Auclair, D., Fennell, T., Carter, S.L., Drier, Y., Stojanov, P.,
    Singer, M.A., Voet, D., Jing, R., Saksena, G., Barretina, J., Ramos,
    A.H., Pugh, T.J., Stransky, N., Parkin, M., Winckler, W., Mahan, S.,
    Ardlie, K., Baldwin, J., Wargo, J., Schadendorf, D., Meyerson, M.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Golub, T.R., Wagner, S.N., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Chin,
    L., & Garraway, L.A. (2012). Melanoma genome sequencing reveals
    frequent PREX2 mutations. Nature, 485(7399), 502-506. PMID: 22622578;
    PMCID: PMC3367798.
        421. Germain, A.R., Carmody, L.C., Morgan, B., Fernandez, C.,
    Forbeck, E., Lewis, T.A., Nag, P.P, Ting, A., VerPlank, L., Feng, Y.,
    Perez, J.R., Dandapani, S., Palmer, M., Lander, E.S., Gupta, P.B.,
    Schreiber, S.L., & Munoz, B. (2012). Identification of a selective
    small molecule inhibitor of breast cancer stem cells. Bioorganic &
    Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 22(10), 3571-3574. PMID: 22503247.
        422. Barbieri, C.E., Baca, S.C., Lawrence, M.S., Demichelis, F.,
    Blattner, M., Theurillat, J.P., White, T.A., Stojanov, P., Van Allen,
    E., Stransky, N., Nickerson, E., Chae, S.S., Boysen, G., Auclair, D.,
    Onofrio, R.C., Park, K., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald, T.Y., Sheikh, K.,
    Vuong, T., Guiducci, C., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L.,
    Saksena, G., Voet, D., Hussain, W.M., Ramos, A.H., Winckler, W.,
    Redman, M.C., Ardlie, K., Tewari, A.K., Mosquera, J.M., Rupp, N., Wild,
    P.J., Moch, H., Morrissey, C., Nelson, P.S., Kantoff, P.W., Gabriel,
    S.B., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Rubin, M.A., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2012). Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP,
    FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer. Nature Genetics, 44(6),
    685-689. PMID: 22610119; PMCID: PMC3673022.
        423. Banerji, S., Cibulskis, K., Rangel-Escareno, C., Brown, K.K.,
    Carter, S.L., Frederick, A.M., Lawrence, M.S., Sivachenko, A.Y.,
    Sougnez, C., Zou, L., Cortes, M.L., Fernandez-Lopez, J.C., Peng, S.,
    Ardlie, K.G., Auclair, D., Bautista-Pina, V., Duke, F., Francis, J.,
    Jung, J., Maffuz-Aziz, A., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Pho, N.H.,
    Quintanar-Jurado, V., Ramos, A.H., Rebollar-Vega, R., Rodriguez-Cuevas,
    S., Romero-Cordoba, S.L., Schumacher, S.E., Stransky, N., Thompson,
    K.M., Uribe-Figueroa, L., Baselga, J., Beroukhim, R., Polyak, K.,
    Sgroi, D.C., Richardson, A.L., Jimenez-Sanchez, G., Lander, E.S.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Garraway, L.A., Golub, T.R., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Toker,
    A., Getz, G., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., & Meyerson, M. (2012). Sequence
    analysis of mutations and translocations across breast cancer subtypes.
    Nature, 486(7403), 405-409. PMID: 22722202; PMCID: PMC4148686.
        424. Sankaran, V.G., Ghazvinian, R., Do, R., Thiru, P., Vergilio,
    J.A., Beggs, A.H., Sieff, C.A., Orkin, S.H., Nathan, D.G., Lander,
    E.S., & Gazda, H.T. (2012). Exome sequencing identifies GATA1 mutations
    resulting in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. The Journal of Clinical
    Investigation, 122(7), 2439-2443. PMID: 22706301; PMCID: PMC3386831.
        425. Hodis, E., Watson, I.R., Kryukov, G.V., Arold, S.T.,
    Imielinski, M., Theurillat, J.P., Nickerson, E., Auclair, D., Li, L.,
    Place, C., Dicara, D., Ramos, A.H., Lawrence, M.S., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sivachenko, A., Voet, D., Saksena, G., Stransky, N., Onofrio, R.C.,
    Winckler, W., Ardlie, K., Wagle, N., Wargo, J., Chong, K., Morton,
    D.L., Stemke-Hale, K., Chen, G., Noble, M., Meyerson, M., Ladbury,
    J.E., Davies, M.A., Gershenwald, J.E., Wagner, S.N., Hoon, D.S.,
    Schadendorf, D., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B., Getz, G., Garraway, L.A.,
    & Chin, L. (2012). A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell,
    150(2), 251-263. PMID: 22817889; PMCID: PMC3600117.
        426. Imielinski, M., Berger, A.H., Hammerman, P.S., Hernandez, B.,
    Pugh, T.J., Hodis, E., Cho, J., Suh, J., Capelletti, M., Sivachenko,
    A., Sougnez, C., Auclair, D., Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Cibulskis,
    K., Choi, K., de Waal, L., Sharifnia, T., Brooks, A., Greulich, H.,
    Banerji, S., Zander, T., Seidel, D., Leenders, F., Ansen, S., Ludwig,
    C., Engel-Riedel, W., Stoelben, E., Wolf, J., Goparju, C.,Thompson, K.,
    Winckler, W., Kwiatkowski, D., Johnson, B.E., Janne, P.A., Miller,
    V.A., Pao, W., Travis, W.D., Pass, H.I., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Thomas, R.K., Garraway, L.A., Getz, G., & Meyerson, M. (2012). Mapping
    the hallmarks of lung adenocarcinoma with massively parallel
    sequencing. Cell, 150(6), 1107-1120. PMID: 22980975; PMCID: PMC3557932.
        427. Sankaran, V.G., Ludwig, L.S., Sicinska, E., Xu, J., Bauer,
    D.E., Eng, J.C., Patterson, H.C., Metcalf, R.A., Natkunam, Y., Orkin,
    S.H., Sicinski, P., Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H.F. (2012). Cyclin D3
    coordinates the cell cycle during differentiation to regulate
    erythrocyte size and number. Genes & Development, 26(18), 2075-2087.
    PMID: 22929040; PMCID: PMC3444733.
        428. Gire, S.K., Stremlau, M., Andersen, K.G., Schaffner, S.F.,
    Bjornson, Z., Rubins, K., Hensley, L., McCormick, J.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Garry, R.F., Happi, C., & Sabeti, P.C. (2012). Epidemiology. Emerging
    disease or diagnosis?. Science, 338(6108), 750-752. PMID: 23139320.
        429. Drier, Y., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Gabriel,
    S.B., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., Beroukhim, R., & Getz, G. (2013).
    Somatic rearrangements across cancer reveal classes of samples with
    distinct patterns of DNA breakage and rearrangement-induced
    hypermutability. Genome Research, 23(2), 228-235. PMID: 23124520;
    PMCID: PMC3561864.
        430. Pugh, T.J., Morozova, O., Attiyeh, E.F., Asgharzadeh, S., Wei,
    J.S., Auclair, D.D., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Hanna, M., Kiezun,
    A., Kim, J., Lawrence, M.S., Lichenstein, L., McKenna, A., Pedamallu,
    C.S., Ramos, A.H., Shefler, E., Sivachenko, A., Sougnez, C., Stewart,
    C., Ally, A., Birol, I., Chiu, R., Corbett, R.D., Hirst, M., Jackman,
    S.D., Kamoh, B., Khodabakshi, A.H., Krzywinski, M., Lo, A., Moore,
    R.A., Mungall, K.L., Qian, J., Tam, A., Thiessen, N., Zhao, Y., Cole,
    K.A., Diamond, M., Diskin, S.J., Mosse, Y.P., Wood, A.C., Ji, L.,
    Sposto, R., Badgett, T., London, W.B., Moyer, Y., Gastier-Foster, J.M.,
    Smith, M.A., Auvil, J.M., Gerhard, D.S., Hogarty, M.D., Jones, S.J.,
    Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B., Getz, G., Seeger, R.C., Khan, J., Marra,
    M.A., Meyerson, M., & Maris, J.M. (2013). The genetic landscape of
    high-risk neuroblastoma. Nature Genetics, 45(3), 279-284. PMID:
    23334666; PMCID: PMC3682833.
        431. Costello, M., Pugh, T.J., Fennell, T.J., Stewart, C.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Meldrim, J.C., Fostel, J.L., Friedrich, D.C., Perrin,
    D., Dionne, D., Kim, S., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Fisher, S., &
    Getz, G. (2013). Discovery and characterization of artifactual
    mutations in deep coverage targeted capture sequencing data due to
    oxidative DNA damage during sample preparation. Nucleic Acids Research,
    41(6), e67. PMID: 23303777; PMCID: PMC3616734.
        432. Drier, Y., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Gabriel,
    S.B., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., Beroukhim, R., & Getz, G. (2013).
    Somatic rearrangements across cancer reveal classes of samples with
    distinct patterns of DNA breakage and rearrangement-induced
    hypermutability. Genome Research, 23(2), 228-235. PMID: 23124520;
    PMCID: PMC3561864.
        433. Engreitz, J.M., Pandya-Jones, A., McDonel, P., Shishkin, A.,
    Sirokman, K., Surka, C., Kadri, S., Xing, J., Goren, A., Lander, E.S.,
    Plath, K., & Guttman, M. (2013). The Xist lncRNA exploits three-
    dimensional genome architecture to spread across the X chromosome.
    Science, 341(6147), 1237973. PMID: 23828888; PMCID: PMC3778663.
        434. Cibulskis, K., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Sivachenko, A.,
    Jaffe, D., Sougnez, C., Gabriel, S., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Getz, G. (2013). Sensitive detection of somatic point mutations in
    impure and heterogeneous cancer samples. Nature Biotechnology, 31(3),
    213-219. PMID: 23396013; PMCID: PMC3833702.
        435. Grossman, S.R., Andersen, K.G., Shlyakhter, I., Tabrizi, S.,
    Winnicki, S., Yen, A., Park, D.J., Griesemer, D., Karlsson, E.K., Wong,
    S.H., Cabili, M., Adegbola, R.A., Bamezai, R.N., Hill, A.V., Vannberg,
    F.O., Rinn, J.L., 1000 Genomes Project, Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F.,
    & Sabeti, P.C. (2013). Identifying recent adaptations in large-scale
    genomic data. Cell, 152(4), 703-713. PMID: 23415221; PMCID: PMC3674781.
        436. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2013). Comprehensive
    molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nature,
    499(7456), 43-49. PMID: 23792563; PMCID: PMC3771322.
        437. Gifford, C.A., Ziller, M.J., Gu, H., Trapnell, C., Donaghey,
    J., Tsankov, A., Shalek, A.K., Kelley, D.R., Shishkin, A.A., Issner,
    R., Zhang, X., Coyne, M., Fostel, J.L., Holmes, L., Meldrim, J.,
    Guttman, M., Epstein, C., Park, H., Kohlbacher, O., Rinn, J., Gnirke,
    A., Lander, E.S., Bernstein, B.E., & Meissner, A. (2013).
    Transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics during specification of human
    embryonic stem cells. Cell, 153(5), 1149-1163. PMID: 23664763; PMCID:
    PMC3709577.
        438. Dulak, A.M., Stojanov, P., Peng, S., Lawrence, M.S., Fox, C.,
    Stewart, C., Bandla, S., Imamura, Y., Schumacher, S.E., Shefler, E.,
    McKenna, A., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Saksena, G.,
    Voet, D., Ramos, A.H., Auclair, D., Thompson, K., Sougnez, C., Onofrio,
    R.C., Guiducci, C., Beroukhim, R., Zhou, Z., Lin, L., Lin, J., Reddy,
    R., Chang, A., Landrenau, R., Pennathur, A., Ogino, S., Luketich, J.D.,
    Golub, T.R., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Beer, D.G., Godfrey, T.E.,
    Getz, G., & Bass, A.J (2013). Exome and whole-genome sequencing of
    esophageal adenocarcinoma identifies recurrent driver events and
    mutational complexity. Nature Genetics, 45(5), 478-486. PMID: 23525077;
    PMCID: PMC3678719.
        439. Baca, S.C., Prandi, D., Lawrence, M.S., Mosquera, J.M.,
    Romanel, A., Drier, Y., Park, K., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald, T.Y.,
    Ghandi, M., Van Allen, E., Kryukov, G.V., Sboner, A., Theurillat, J.P.,
    Soong, T.D., Nickerson, E., Auclair, D., Tewari, A., Beltran, H.,
    Onofrio, R.C., Boysen, G., Guiducci, C., Barbieri, C.E., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Ramos, A.H.,
    Winckler, W., Cipicchio, M., Ardlie, K., Kantoff, P.W., Berger, M.F.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Elemento, O.,
    Getz, G., Demichelis, F., Rubin, M.A., & Garraway, L.A. (2013).
    Punctuated evolution of prostate cancer genomes. Cell, 153(3), 666-677.
    PMID: 23622249; PMCID: PMC3690918.
        440. Garraway, L.A., & Lander, E.S. (2013). Lessons from the cancer
    genome. Cell, 153(1), 17-37. PMID: 23540688.
        441. Germain, A.R., Carmody, L.C., Nag, P.P., Morgan, B., Verplank,
    L., Fernandez, C., Donckele, E., Feng, Y., Perez, J.R., Dandapani, S.,
    Palmer, M., Lander, E.S., Gupta, P.B., Schreiber, S.L., & Munoz, B.
    (2013). Cinnamides as selective small-molecule inhibitors of a cellular
    model of breast cancer stem cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
    Letters, 23(6), 1834-1838. PMID: 23403082.
        442. Kirby, A., Gnirke, A., Jaffe, D.B., Baresova, V., Pochet, N.,
    Blumenstiel, B., Ye, C., Aird, D., Stevens, C., Robinson, J.T., Cabili,
    M.N., Gat-Viks, I., Kelliher, E., Daza, R., DeFelice, M., Hulkova, H.,
    Sovova, J., Vylet'al, P., Antignac, C., Guttman, M., Handsaker, R.E.,
    Perrin, D., Steelman, S., Sigurdsson, S., Scheinman, S.J., Sougnez, C.,
    Cibulskis, K., Parkin, M., Green, T., Rossin, E., Zody, M.C., Xavier,
    R.J., Pollak, M.R., Alper, S.L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Gabriel, S., Hart,
    P.S., Regev, A., Nusbaum, C., Kmoch, S., Bleyer, A.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Daly, M.J. (2013). Mutations causing medullary cystic kidney disease
    type 1 lie in a large VNTR in MUC1 missed by massively parallel
    sequencing. Nature Genetics, 45(3), 299-303. PMID: 23396133; PMCID:
    PMC3901305.
        443. Landau, D.A., Carter, S.L., Stojanov, P., McKenna, A.,
    Stevenson, K., Lawrence, M.S., Sougnez, C., Stewart, C., Sivachenko,
    A., Wang, L., Wan, Y., Zhang, W., Shukla, S.A., Vartanov, A.,
    Fernandes, S.M., Saksena, G., Cibulskis, K., Tesar, B., Gabriel, S.,
    Hacohen, N., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Neuberg, D., Brown, J.R.,
    Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2013). Evolution and impact of subclonal
    mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cell, 152(4), 714-726. PMID:
    23415222; PMCID: PMC3575604.
        444. Guttman, M., Russell, P., Ingolia, N.T., Weissman, J.S., &
    Lander, E.S. (2013). Ribosome profiling provides evidence that large
    noncoding RNAs do not encode proteins. Cell, 154(1), 240-251. PMID:
    23810193; PMCID: PMC3756563.
        445. Hacohen, N., Fritsch, E.F., Carter, T.A., Lander, E.S., & Wu,
    C.J. (2013). Getting personal with neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer
    vaccines. Cancer Immunology Research, 1(1), 11-15. PMID: 24777245;
    PMCID: PMC4033902.
        446. Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Polak, P., Kryukov, G.V.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Mermel, C.H.,
    Roberts, S.A., Kiezun, A., Hammerman, P.S., McKenna, A., Drier, Y.,
    Zou, L., Ramos, A.H., Pugh, T.J., Stransky, N., Helman, E., Kim, J.,
    Sougnez, C., Ambrogio, L., Nickerson, E., Shefler, E., Cortes, M.L.,
    Auclair, D., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Noble, M., DiCara, D., Lin, P.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Heiman, D.I., Fennell, T., Imielinski, M., Hernandez,
    B., Hodis, E., Baca, S., Dulak, A.M., Lohr, J., Landau, D.A., Wu, C.J.,
    Melendez-Zajgla, J., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Koren, A., McCarroll, S.A.,
    Mora, J., Lee, R.S., Crompton, B., Onofrio, R., Parkin, M., Winckler,
    W., Ardlie, K., Gabriel, S.B., Roberts, C.W., Biegel, J.A., Stegmaier,
    K., Bass, A.J., Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Gordenin,
    D.A., Sunyaev, S., Lander, E.S., & Getz, G. (2013). Mutational
    heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes.
    Nature, 499(7457), 214-218. PMID: 23770567; PMCID: PMC3919509.
        447. Farhat, M.R., Shapiro, B.J., Kieser, K.J., Sultana, R.,
    Jacobson, K.R., Victor, T.C., Warren, R.M., Streicher, E.M., Calver,
    A., Sloutsky, A., Kaur, D., Posey, J.E., Plikaytis, B., Oggioni, M.R.,
    Gardy, J.L., Johnston, J.C., Rodrigues, M., Tang, P.K., Kato-Maeda, M.,
    Borowsky, M.L., Muddukrishna, B., Kreiswirth, B.N., Kurepina, N.,
    Galagan, J., Gagneux, S., Birren, B., Rubin, E.J., Lander, E.S.,
    Sabeti, P.C., & Murray, M. (2013). Genomic analysis identifies targets
    of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium
    tuberculosis. Nature Genetics, 45(10), 1183-1189. PMID: 23995135;
    PMCID: PMC3887553.
        448. Schwartz, S., Agarwala, S.D., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M.,
    Mertins, P., Shishkin, A., Tabach, Y., Mikkelsen, T.S., Satija, R.,
    Ruvkun, G., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S., Fink, G.R., & Regev, A. (2013).
    High-resolution mapping reveals a conserved, widespread, dynamic mRNA
    methylation program in yeast meiosis. Cell, 155(6), 1409-1421. PMID:
    24269006; PMCID: PMC3956118.
        449. Karlsson, E.K., Sigurdsson, S., Ivansson, E., Thomas, R.,
    Elvers, I., Wright, J., Howald, C., Tonomura, N., Perloski, M.,
    Swofford, R., Biagi, T., Fryc, S., Anderson, N., Courtay-Cahen, C.,
    Youell, L., Ricketts, S.L., Mandlebaum, S., Rivera, P., von Euler, H.,
    Kisseberth, W.C., London, C.A., Lander, E.S., Couto, G., Comstock, K.,
    Starkey, M.P., Modiano, J.F., Breen, M., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2013).
    Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma,
    including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B. Genome Biology, 14(12),
    R132. PMID: 24330828; PMCID: PMC4053774.
        450. Wang, T., Wei, J.J., Sabatini, D.M., & Lander, E.S. (2014).
    Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Science,
    343(6166), 80-84. PMID: 24336569; PMCID: PMC3972032.
        451. Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Mermel, C.H., Robinson, J.T.,
    Garraway, L.A., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    & Getz, G. (2014). Discovery and saturation analysis of cancer genes
    across 21 tumour types. Nature, 505(7484), 495-501. PMID: 24390350;
    PMCID: PMC4048962.
        452. Zuk, O., Schaffner, S.F., Samocha, K., Do, R., Hechter, E.,
    Kathiresan, S., Daly, M.J., Neale, B.M., Sunyaev, S.R., & Lander, E.S.
    (2014). Searching for missing heritability: designing rare variant
    association studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 111(4), E455-E464. PMID: 24443550; PMCID: PMC3910587.
        453. Hacisuleyman, E., Goff, L.A., Trapnell, C., Williams, A.,
    Henao-Mejia, J., Sun, L., McClanahan, P., Hendrickson, D.G., Sauvageau,
    M., Kelley, D.R., Morse, M., Engreitz, J., Lander, E.S., Guttman, M.,
    Lodish, H.F., Flavell, R., Raj, A., & Rinn, J.L. (2014). Topological
    organization of multichromosomal regions by the long intergenic
    noncoding RNA Firre. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 21(2), 198-
    206. PMID: 24463464; PMCID: PMC3950333.
        454. Purcell, S.M., Moran, J.L., Fromer, M., Ruderfer, D.,
    Solovieff, N., Roussos, P., O'Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Bergen,
    S.E., Kahler, A., Duncan, L., Stahl, E., Genovese, G., Fernandez, E.,
    Collins, M.O., Komiyama, N.H., Choudhary, J.S., Magnusson, P.K., Banks,
    E., Shakir, K., Garimella, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., Grant, S.G.,
    Haggarty, S.J., Gabriel, S., Scolnick, E.M., Lander, E.S., Hultman,
    C.M., Sullivan, P.F., McCarroll, S.A., & Sklar, P. (2014). A polygenic
    burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia. Nature,
    506(7487), 185-190. PMID: 24463508; PMCID: PMC4136494.
        455. Hoeppner, M.P., Lundquist, A., Pirun, M., Meadows, J.R.,
    Zamani, N., Johnson, J., Sundstrom, G., Cook, A, FitzGerald, M.G.,
    Swofford, R., Mauceli, E., Moghadam, B.T., Greka, A., Alfoldi, J.,
    Abouelleil, A., Aftuck, L., Bessette, D., Berlin, A., Brown, A.,
    Gearin, G., Lui, A., Macdonald, J.P., Priest, M., Shea, T., Turner-
    Maier, J., Zimmer, A., Lander, E.S., di Palma, F., Lindblad-Toh, K., &
    Grabherr, M.G. (2014). An improved canine genome and a comprehensive
    catalogue of coding genes and non-coding transcripts. PloS One, 9(3),
    e91172. PMID: 24625832; PMCID: PMC3953330.
        456. Wagle, N., Grabiner, B.C., Van Allen, E.M., Hodis, E.,
    Jacobus, S., Supko, J.G., Stewart, M., Choueiri, T.K., Gandhi, L.,
    Cleary, J.M., Elfiky, A.A., Taplin, M.E., Stack, E.C., Signoretti, S.,
    Loda, M., Shapiro, G.I., Sabatini, D.M., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B.,
    Kantoff, P.W., Garraway, L.A., & Rosenberg, J.E. (2014). Activating
    mTOR mutations in a patient with an extraordinary response on a phase I
    trial of everolimus and pazopanib. Cancer Discovery, 4(5), 546-553.
    PMID: 24625776; PMCID: PMC4122326.
        457. Van Allen, E.M., Wagle, N., Stojanov, P., Perrin, D.L.,
    Cibulskis, K., Marlow, S., Jane-Valbuena, J., Friedrich, D.C., Kryukov,
    G., Carter, S.L., McKenna, A., Sivachenko, A., Rosenberg, M., Kiezun,
    A., Voet, D., Lawrence, M., Lichtenstein, L.T., Gentry, J.G., Huang,
    F.W., Fostel, J., Farlow, D., Barbie, D., Gandhi, L., Lander, E.S.,
    Gray, S.W., Joffe, S., Janne, P., Garber, J., MacConaill, L., Lindeman,
    N., Rollins, B., Kantoff, P., Fisher, S.A., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2014). Whole-exome sequencing and clinical
    interpretation of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples to
    guide precision cancer medicine. Nature Medicine, 20(6), 682-688. PMID:
    24836576; PMCID: PMC4048335.
        458. Cho, J., Bass, A.J., Lawrence, M.S., Cibulskis, K., Cho, A.,
    Lee, S.N., Yamauchi, M., Wagle, N., Pochanard, P., Kim, N., Park, A.K.,
    Won, J., Hur, H.S., Greulich, H., Ogino, S., Sougnez, C., Voet, D.,
    Tabernero, J., Jimenez, J., Baselga, J., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Getz, G., Eck, M.J., Park, W.Y., & Meyerson, M. (2014). Colon cancer-
    derived oncogenic EGFR G724S mutant identified by whole genome sequence
    analysis is dependent on asymmetric dimerization and sensitive to
    cetuximab. Molecular Cancer, 13, 141. PMID: 24894453; PMCID:
    PMC4072491.
        459. Hsu, P.D., Lander, E.S., & Zhang, F. (2014). Development and
    applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell, 157(6), 1262-
    1278. PMID: 24906146; PMCID: PMC4343198.
        460. Wang, L., Shalek, A.K., Lawrence, M., Ding, R., Gaublomme,
    J.T., Pochet, N., Stojanov, P., Sougnez, C., Shukla, S.A., Stevenson,
    K.E., Zhang, W., Wong, J., Sievers, Q.L., MacDonald, B.T., Vartanov,
    A.R., Goldstein, N.R., Neuberg, D., He, X., Lander, E.S., Hacohen, N.,
    Regev, A., Getz, G., Brown, J.R., Park, H., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Somatic
    mutation as a mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in
    CLL. Blood, 124(7), 1089-1098. PMID: 24778153; PMCID: PMC4133483.
        461. Rajasagi, M., Shukla, S.A., Fritsch, E.F., Keskin, D.B.,
    DeLuca, D., Carmona, E., Zhang, W., Sougnez, C., Cibulskis, K., Sidney,
    J., Stevenson, K., Ritz, J., Neuberg, D., Brusic, V., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Systematic
    identification of personal tumor-specific neoantigens in chronic
    lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 124(3), 453-462. PMID: 24891321; PMCID:
    PMC4102716.
        462. Ludwig, L.S., Gazda, H.T., Eng, J.C., Eichhorn, S.W., Thiru,
    P., Ghazvinian, R., George, T.I., Gotlib, J.R., Beggs, A.H., Sieff,
    C.A., Lodish, H.F., Lander, E.S., & Sankaran, V.G. (2014). Altered
    translation of GATA1 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Nature Medicine,
    20(7), 748-753. PMID: 24952648; PMCID: PMC4087046.
        463. Schwartz, S., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M., Wang, T., Maciag,
    K., Bushkin, G.G., Mertins, P., Ter-Ovanesyan, D., Habib, N.,
    Cacchiarelli, D., Sanjana, N.E., Freinkman, E., Pacold, M.E., Satija,
    R., Mikkelsen, T.S., Hacohen, N., Zhang, F., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S.,
    & Regev, A. (2014). Perturbation of m6A writers reveals two distinct
    classes of mRNA methylation at internal and 5+ sites. Cell Reports,
    8(1), 284-296. PMID: 24981863; PMCID: PMC4142486.
        464. Rajasagi, M., Shukla, S.A., Fritsch, E.F., Keskin, D.B.,
    DeLuca, D., Carmona, E., Zhang, W., Sougnez, C., Cibulskis, K., Sidney,
    J., Stevenson, K., Ritz, J., Neuberg, D., Brusic, V., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Systematic
    identification of personal tumor-specific neoantigens in chronic
    lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 124(3), 453-462. PMID: 24891321; PMCID:
    PMC4102716.
        465. Carneiro, M., Rubin, C.J., Di Palma, F., Albert, F.W.,
    Alfoldi, J., Barrio, A.M., Pielberg, G., Rafati, N., Sayyab, S.,
    Turner-Maier, J., Younis, S., Afonso, S., Aken, B., Alves, J.M.,
    Barrell, D., Bolet, G., Boucher, S., Burbano, H.A., Campos, R., Chang,
    J.L., Duranthon, V., Fontanesi, L., Garreau, H., Heiman, D., Johnson,
    J., Mage, R.G., Peng, Z., Queney, G., Rogel-Gaillard, C., Ruffier, M.,
    Searle, S., Villafuerte, R., Xiong, A., Young, S., Forsberg-Nilsson,
    K., Good, J.M., Lander, E.S., Ferrand, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., &
    Andersson, L. (2014). Rabbit genome analysis reveals a polygenic basis
    for phenotypic change during domestication. Science, 345(6200), 1074-
    1079. PMID: 25170157.
        466. Gire, S.K., Goba, A., Andersen, K.G., Sealfon, R.S., Park,
    D.J., Kanneh, L., Jalloh, S., Momoh, M., Fullah, M., Dudas, G., Wohl,
    S., Moses, L.M., Yozwiak, N.L., Winnicki, S., Matranga, C.B., Malboeuf,
    C.M., Qu, J., Gladden, A.D., Schaffner, S.F., Yang, X., Jiang, P.P.,
    Nekoui, M., Colubri, A., Coomber, M.R., Fonnie, M., Moigboi, A.,
    Gbakie, M., Kamara, F.K.,Tucker, V., Konuwa, E., Saffa, S., Sellu, J.,
    Jalloh, A.A., Kovoma, A., Koninga, J., Mustapha, I., Kargbo, K., Foday,
    M., Yillah, M., Kanneh, F., Robert, W., Massally, J.L., Chapman, S.B.,
    Bochicchio, J., Murphy, C., Nusbaum, C., Young, S., Birren, B.W.,
    Grant, D.S., Scheiffelin, J.S., Lander, E.S., Happi, C., Gevao, S.M.,
    Gnirke, A., Rambaut, A., Garry, R.F., Khan, S.H., & Sabeti, P.C.
    (2014). Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and
    transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science, 345(6202), 1369-1372.
    PMID: 25214632; PMCID: PMC4431643.
        467. Brawand, D., Wagner, C.E., Li, Y.I., Malinsky, M., Keller, I.,
    Fan, S., Simakov, O., Ng, A.Y., Lim, Z.W., Bezault, E., Turner-Maier,
    J., Johnson, J., Alcazar, R., Noh, H.J., Russell, P., Aken, B.,
    Alfoldi, J., Amemiya, C., Azzouzi, N., Baroiller, J.F., Barloy-Hubler,
    F., Berlin, A., Bloomquist, R., Carleton, K.L., Conte, M.A., D'Cotta,
    H., Eshel, O., Gaffney, L., Galibert, F., Gante, H.F., Gnerre, S.,
    Greuter, L., Guyon, R., Haddad, N.S., Haerty, W., Harris, R.M.,
    Hofmann, H.A., Hourlier, T., Hulata, G., Jaffe, D.B., Lara, M., Lee,
    A.P., MacCallum, I., Mwaiko, S., Nikaido, M., Nishihara, H., Ozouf-
    Costaz, C., Penman, D.J., Przybylski, D., Rakotomanga, M., Renn, S.C.,
    Ribeiro, F.J., Ron, M., Salzburger, W., Sanchez-Pulido, L., Santos,
    M.E., Searle, S., Sharpe, T., Swofford, R.,Tan, F.J., Williams, L.,
    Young, S., Yin, S., Okada, N., Kocher, T.D., Miska, E.A., Lander, E.S.,
    Venkatesh, B., Fernald, R.D., Meyer, A., Ponting, C.P., Streelman,
    J.T., Lindblad-Toh, K., Seehausen, O., & Di Palma, F. (2014). The
    genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish.
    Nature, 513(7518), 375-381. PMID: 25186727; PMCID: PMC4353498.
        468. Schwartz, S., Bernstein, D.A., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M.,
    Herbst, R.H., Leon-Ricardo, B.X., Engreitz, J.M., Guttman, M., Satija,
    R., Lander, E.S., Fink, G., & Regev, A. (2014). Transcriptome-wide
    mapping reveals widespread dynamic-regulated pseudouridylation of ncRNA
    and mRNA. Cell, 159(1), 148-162. PMID: 25219674; PMCID: PMC4180118.
        469. Engreitz, J.M., Sirokman, K., McDonel, P., Shishkin, A.A.,
    Surka, C., Russell, P., Grossman, S.R., Chow, A.Y., Guttman, M., &
    Lander, E.S. (2014). RNA-RNA interactions enable specific targeting of
    noncoding RNAs to nascent Pre-mRNAs and chromatin sites. Cell, 159(1),
    188-199. PMID: 25259926; PMCID: PMC4177037.
        470. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium Investigators.
    (2014). Inactivating mutations in NPC1L1 and protection from coronary
    heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(22), 2072-2082.
    PMID: 25390462; PMCID: PMC4335708.
        471. Weisenfeld, N.I., Yin, S., Sharpe, T., Lau, B., Hegarty, R.,
    Holmes, L., Sogoloff, B., Tabbaa, D., Williams, L., Russ, C., Nusbaum,
    C., Lander, E.S., MacCallum, I., & Jaffe, D.B. (2014). Comprehensive
    variation discovery in single human genomes. Nature Genetics, 46(12),
    1350-1355. PMID: 25326702; PMCID: PMC4244235.
        472. Giannakis, M., Hodis, E., Jasmine Mu, X., Yamauchi, M.,
    Rosenbluh, J., Cibulskis, K., Saksena, G., Lawrence, M.S., Qian, Z.R.,
    Nishihara, R., Van Allen, E.M., Hahn, W.C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Getz, G., Ogino, S., Fuchs, C.S., & Garraway, L.A. (2014). RNF43
    is frequently mutated in colorectal and endometrial cancers. Nature
    Genetics, 46(12), 1264-1266. PMID: 25344691; PMCID: PMC4283570.
        473. Landau, D.A., Clement, K., Ziller, M.J., Boyle, P., Fan, J.,
    Gu, H., Stevenson, K., Sougnez, C., Wang, L., Li, S., Kotliar, D.,
    Zhang, W., Ghandi, M., Garraway, L., Fernandes, S.M., Livak, K.J.,
    Gabriel, S., Gnirke, A., Lander, E.S., Brown, J.R., Neuberg, D.,
    Kharchenko, P.V., Hacohen, N., Getz, G., Meissner, A., & Wu, C.J.
    (2014). Locally disordered methylation forms the basis of intratumor
    methylome variation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell,
    26(6), 813-825. PMID: 25490447; PMCID: PMC4302418.
        474. Golan, D., Lander, E.S., & Rosset, S. (2014). Measuring
    missing heritability: inferring the contribution of common variants.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111(49), E5272-
    E5281. PMID: 25422463; PMCID: PMC4267399.
        475. Rao, S.S., Huntley, M.H., Durand, N.C., Stamenova, E.K.,
    Bochkov, I.D., Robinson, J.T., Sanborn, A.L., Machol, I., Omer, A.D.,
    Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2014). A 3D map of the human genome at
    kilobase resolution reveals principles of chromatin looping. Cell,
    159(7), 1665-1680. PMID: 25497547.
        476. Perry, J.A., Kiezun, A., Tonzi, P., Van Allen, E.M., Carter,
    S.L., Baca, S.C., Cowley, G.S., Bhatt, A.S., Rheinbay, E., Pedamallu,
    C.S., Helman, E., Taylor-Weiner, A., McKenna, A., DeLuca, D.S.,
    Lawrence, M.S., Ambrogio, L., Sougnez, C., Sivachenko, A., Walensky,
    L.D., Wagle, N., Mora, J., de Torres, C., Lavarino, C., Dos Santos
    Aguiar, S., Yunes, J.A., Brandalise, S.R., Mercado-Celis, G.E.,
    Melendez-Zajgla, J., Cardenas-Cardos, R., Velasco-Hidalgo, L., Roberts,
    C.W., Garraway, L.A., Rodriguez-Galindo, C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Golub, T.R., Orkin, S.H., Getz, G., & Janeway, K.A. (2014).
    Complementary genomic approaches highlight the PI3K/mTOR pathway as a
    common vulnerability in osteosarcoma. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 111(51), E5564-E5573. PMID: 25512523; PMCID:
    PMC4280630.
        477. Genovese, G., Kahler, A.K., Handsaker, R.E., Lindberg, J.,
    Rose, S.A., Bakhoum, S.F., Chambert, K., Mick, E., Neale, B.M., Fromer,
    M., Purcell, S.M., Svantesson, O., Landen, M., Hoglund, M., Lehmann,
    S., Gabriel, S.B., Moran, J.L., Lander, E.S., Sullivan, P.F., Sklar,
    P., Gronberg, H., Hultman, C.M., & McCarroll, S.A. (2014). Clonal
    hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence.
    New England Journal of Medicine, 371(26), 2477-2487. PMID: 25426838;
    PMCID: PMC4290021.
        478. Delaneau, O., Marchini, J., & 1000 Genomes Project Consortium.
    (2014). Integrating sequence and array data to create an improved 1000
    Genomes Project haplotype reference panel. Nature Communications, 5,
    3934. PMID: 25653097; PMCID: PMC4338501.
        479. Engreitz, J., Lander, E.S., & Guttman, M. (2015). RNA
    antisense purification (RAP) for mapping RNA interactions with
    chromatin. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1262, 183-197. PMID: 25555582.
        480. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Brat, D.J., Verhaak,
    R.G., Aldape, K.D., Yung, W.K., Salama, S.R., Cooper, L.A., Rheinbay,
    E., Miller, C.R., Vitucci, M., Morozova, O., Robertson, A.G.,
    Noushmehr, H., Laird, P.W., Cherniack, A.D., Akbani, R., Huse, J.T.,
    Ciriello, G., Poisson, L.M., Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S., Berger, M.S.,
    Brennan, C., Colen, R.R., Colman, H., Flanders, A.E., Giannini, C.,
    Grifford, M., Iavarone, A., Jain, R., Joseph, I., Kim, J., Kasaian, K.,
    Mikkelsen, T., Murray, B.A., O'Neill, B.P., Pachter, L., Parsons, D.W.,
    Sougnez, C., Sulman, E.P., Vandenberg, S.R., Van Meir, E.G., von
    Deimling, A., Zhang, H., Crain, D., Lau, K., Mallery, D., Morris, S.,
    Paulauskis, J., Penny, R., Shelton, T., Sherman, M., Yena, P., Black,
    A., Bowen, J., Dicostanzo, K., Gastier-Foster, J., Leraas, K.M.,
    Lichtenberg, T.M., Pierson, C.R., Ramirez, N.C., Taylor, C., Weaver,
    S., Wise, L., Zmuda, E., Davidsen, T., Demchok, J.A., Eley, G.,
    Ferguson, M.L., Hutter, C.M., Mills Shaw, K.R., Ozenberger, B.A.,
    Sheth, M., Sofia, H.J., Tarnuzzer, R., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Zenklusen,
    J.C., Ayala, B., Baboud, J., Chudamani, S., Jensen, M.A., Liu, J.,
    Pihl, T., Raman, R., Wan, Y., Wu, Y., Ally, A., Auman, J.T.,
    Balasundaram, M., Balu, S., Baylin, S.B., Beroukhim, R., Bootwalla,
    M.S., Bowlby, R., Bristow, C.A., Brooks, D., Butterfield, Y., Carlsen,
    R., Carter, S., Chin, L., Chu, A., Chuah, E., Cibulskis, K., Clarke,
    A., Coetzee, S.G., Dhalla, N., Fennell, T., Fisher, S., Gabriel, S.,
    Getz, G., Gibbs, R., Guin, R., Hadjipanayis, A., Hayes, D.N., Hinoue,
    T., Hoadley, K., Holt, R.A., Hoyle, A.P., Jefferys, S.R., Jones, S.,
    Jones, C.D., Kucherlapati, R., Lai, P.H., Lander, E.S., Lee, S.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Ma, Y., Maglinte, D.T., Mahadeshwar, H.S., Marra,
    M.A., Mayo, M., Meng, S., Meyerson, M.L., Mieczkowski, P.A., Moore,
    R.A., Mose, L.E., Mungall, A.J., Pantazi, A., Parfenov, M., Park, P.J.,
    Parker, J.S., Perou, C.M., Protopopov, A., Ren, X., Roach, J., Sabedot,
    T.S., Schein, J., Schumacher, S.E., Seidman, J.G., Seth, S., Shen, H.,
    Simons, J.V., Sipahimalani, P., Soloway, M.G., Song, X., Sun, H.,
    Tabak, B., Tam, A., Tan, D., Tang, J., Thiessen, N., Triche, T., Van
    Den Berg, D.J., Veluvolu, U., Waring, S., Weisenberger, D.J.,
    Wilkerson, M.D., Wong, T., Wu, J., Xi, L., Xu, A.W., Yang, L., Zack,
    T.I., Zhang, J., Aksoy, B.A., Arachchi, H., Benz, C., Bernard, B.,
    Carlin, D., Cho, J., DiCara, D., Frazer, S., Fuller, G.N., Gao, J.,
    Gehlenborg, N., Haussler, D., Heiman, D.I., Iype, L., Jacobsen, A., Ju,
    Z., Katzman, S., Kim, H., Knijnenburg, T., Kreisberg, R.B., Lawrence,
    M.S., Lee, W., Leinonen, K., Lin, P., Ling, S., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Liu,
    Y., Lu, Y., Mills, G., Ng, S., Noble, M.S., Paull, E., Rao, A.,
    Reynolds, S., Saksena, G., Sanborn, Z., Sander, C., Schultz, N.,
    Senbabaoglu, Y., Shen, R., Shmulevich, I., Sinha, R., Stuart, J.,
    Sumer, S.O., Sun, Y., Tasman, N., Taylor, B.S., Voet, D., Weinhold, N.,
    Weinstein, J.N., Yang, D., Yoshihara, K., Zheng, S., Zhang, W., Zou,
    L., Abel, T., Sadeghi, S., Cohen, M.L., Eschbacher, J., Hattab, E.M.,
    Raghunathan, A., Schniederjan, M.J., Aziz, D., Barnett, G., Barrett,
    W., Bigner, D.D., Boice, L., Brewer, C., Calatozzolo, C., Campos, B.,
    Carlotti, C.G., Chan, T.A., Cuppini, L., Curley, E., Cuzzubbo, S.,
    Devine, K., DiMeco, F., Duell, R., Elder, J.B., Fehrenbach, A.,
    Finocchiaro, G., Friedman, W., Fulop, J., Gardner, J., Hermes, B.,
    Herold-Mende, C., Jungk, C., Kendler, A., Lehman, N.L., Lipp, E., Liu,
    O., Mandt, R., McGraw, M., Mclendon, R., McPherson, C., Neder, L.,
    Nguyen, P., Noss, A., Nunziata, R., Ostrom, Q.T., Palmer, C., Perin,
    A., Pollo, B., Potapov, A., Potapova, O., Rathmell, W.K., Rotin, D.,
    Scarpace, L., Schilero, C., Senecal, K., Shimmel, K., Shurkhay, V.,
    Sifri, S., Singh, R., Sloan, A.E., Smolenski, K., Staugaitis, S.M.,
    Steele, R., Thorne, L., Tirapelli, D.P., Unterberg, A., Vallurupalli,
    M., Wang, Y., Warnick, R., Williams, F., Wolinsky, Y., Bell, S.,
    Rosenberg, M., Stewart, C., Huang, F., Grimsby, J.L., Radenbaugh, A.J.,
    & Zhang, J. (2015). Comprehensive, integrative genomic analysis of
    diffuse lower-grade gliomas. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(26),
    2481-2498. PMID: 26061751; PMCID: PMC4530011.
        481. Do, R., Stitziel, N.O., Won, H.H., Jørgensen, A.B.,
    Duga, S., Angelica Merlini, P., Kiezun, A., Farrall, M., Goel, A., Zuk,
    O., Guella, I., Asselta, R., Lange, L.A., Peloso, G.M., Auer, P.L.,
    NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, Girelli, D., Martinelli, N., Farlow,
    D.N., DePristo, M.A., Roberts, R., Stewart, A.F., Saleheen, D., Danesh,
    J., Epstein, S.E., Sivapalaratnam, S., Hovingh, G.K., Kastelein, J.J.,
    Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Erdmann, J., Shah, S.H., Kraus, W.E.,
    Davies, R., Nikpay, M., Johansen, C.T., Wang, J., Hegele, R.A.,
    Hechter, E., Marz, W., Kleber, M.E., Huang, J., Johnson, A.D., Li, M.,
    Burke, G.L., Gross, M., Liu, Y., Assimes, T.L., Heiss, G., Lange, E.M.,
    Folsom, A.R., Taylor, H.A., Olivieri, O., Hamsten, A., Clarke, R.,
    Reilly, D.F., Yin, W., Rivas, M.A., Donnelly, P., Rossouw, J.E., Psaty,
    B.M., Herrington, D.M., Wilson, J.G., Rich, S.S., Bamshad, M.J., Tracy,
    R.P., Cupples, L.A., Rader, D.J., Reilly, M.P., Spertus, J.A., Cresci,
    S., Hartiala, J., Tang, W.H., Hazen, S.L., Allayee, H., Reiner, A.P.,
    Carlson, C.S., Kooperberg, C., Jackson, R.D., Boerwinkle, E., Lander,
    E.S., Schwartz, S.M., Siscovick, D.S., McPherson, R., Tybjaerg-Hansen,
    A., Abecasis, G.R., Watkins, H., Nickerson, D.A., Ardissino, D.,
    Sunyaev, S.R., O'Donnell, C.J., Altshuler, D., Gabriel, S., &
    Kathiresan, S. (2015). Exome sequencing identifies rare LDLR and APOA5
    alleles conferring risk for myocardial infarction. Nature, 518(7537),
    102-106. PMID: 25487149; PMCID: PMC4319990.
        482. Tonomura, N., Elvers, I., Thomas, R., Megquier, K., Turner-
    Maier, J., Howald, C., Sarver, A.L., Swofford, R., Frantz, A.M., Ito,
    D., Mauceli, E., Arendt, M., Noh, H.J., Koltookian, M., Biagi, T.,
    Fryc, S., Williams, C., Avery, A.C., Kim, J.H., Barber, L., Burgess,
    K., Lander, E.S., Karlsson, E.K., Azuma, C., Modiano, J.F., Breen, M.,
    & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2015). Genome-wide association study identifies
    shared risk loci common to two malignancies in golden retrievers. PLoS
    Genetics, 11(2), e1004922. PMID: 25642983; PMCID: PMC4333733,
        483. Thormaehlen, A.S., Schuberth, C., Won, H.H., Blattmann, P.,
    Joggerst-Thomalla, B., Theiss, S., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini,
    P.A., Ardissino, D., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Rader, D.J., Peloso,
    G.M., Pepperkok, R., Kathiresan, S., & Runz, H. (2015). Systematic
    cell-based phenotyping of missense alleles empowers rare variant
    association studies: a case for LDLR and myocardial infarction. PLoS
    Genetics, 11(2), e1004855. PMID: 25647241; PMCID: PMC4409815.
        484. Kim, H., Zheng, S., Amini, S.S., Virk, S.M., Mikkelsen, T.,
    Brat, D.J., Grimsby, J., Sougnez, C., Muller, F., Hu, J., Sloan, A.E.,
    Cohen, M.L., Van Meir, E.G., Scarpace, L., Laird, P.W., Weinstein,
    J.N., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., Meyerson, M., Chin, L.,
    Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S., & Verhaak, R.G. (2015). Whole-genome and
    multisector exome sequencing of primary and post-treatment glioblastoma
    reveals patterns of tumor evolution. Genome Research, 25(3), 316-327.
    PMID: 25650244; PMCID: PMC4352879.
        485. Lander, E.S. (2015). Cutting the Gordian helix--regulating
    genomic testing in the era of precision medicine. New England Journal
    of Medicine, 372(13), 1185-1186. PMID: 25689017.
        486. McHugh, C.A., Chen, C.K., Chow, A., Surka, C.F., Tran, C.,
    McDonel, P., Pandya-Jones, A., Blanco, M., Burghard, C., Moradian, A.,
    Sweredoski, M.J., Shishkin, A.A., Su, J., Lander, E.S., Hess, S.,
    Plath, K., & Guttman, M. (2015). The Xist lncRNA interacts directly
    with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3. Nature, 521(7551),
    232-236. PMID: 25915022; PMCID: PMC4516396.
        487. Lander ES. (2015). Brave New Genome. New England Journal of
    Medicine, 373(1), 5-8. PMID: 26039524.
        488. Cacchiarelli, D., Trapnell, C., Ziller, M.J., Soumillon, M.,
    Cesana, M., Karnik, R., Donaghey, J., Smith, Z.D., Ratanasirintrawoot,
    S., Zhang, X., Ho Sui, S.J., Wu, Z., Akopian, V., Gifford, C.A.,
    Doench, J., Rinn, J.L., Daley, G.Q., Meissner, A., Lander, E.S., &
    Mikkelsen, T.S. (2015). Integrative analyses of human reprogramming
    reveal dynamic nature of induced pluripotency. Cell, 162(2), 412-424.
    PMID: 26186193; PMCID: PMC4511597.
        489. Stachler, M.D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Peng, S., McKenna, A.,
    Agoston, A.T., Odze, R.D., Davison, J.M., Nason, K.S., Loda, M.,
    Leshchiner, I., Stewart, C., Stojanov, P., Seepo, S., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Ferrer-Torres, D., Lin, J., Chang, A.C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Beer, D.G., Getz, G., Carter, S.L., & Bass, A.J. (2015). Paired exome
    analysis of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nature Genetics,
    47(9), 1047-1055. PMID: 26192918; PMCID: PMC4552571.
        490. Andersen, K.G., Shapiro, B.J., Matranga, C.B., Sealfon, R.,
    Lin, A.E., Moses, L.M., Folarin, O.A., Goba, A., Odia, I., Ehiane,
    P.E., Momoh, M., England, E.M., Winnicki, S., Branco, L.M., Gire, S.K.,
    Phelan, E., Tariyal, R., Tewhey, R., Omoniwa, O., Fullah, M., Fonnie,
    R., Fonnie, M., Kanneh, L., Jalloh, S., Gbakie, M., Saffa, S., Karbo,
    K., Gladden, A.D., Qu, J., Stremlau, M., Nekoui, M., Finucane, H.K.,
    Tabrizi, S., Vitti, J.J., Birren, B., Fitzgerald, M., McCowan, C.,
    Ireland, A., Berlin, A.M., Bochicchio, J., Tazon-Vega, B., Lennon,
    N.J., Ryan, E.M., Bjornson, Z., Milner, D.A., Lukens, A.K., Broodie,
    N., Rowland, M., Heinrich, M., Akdag, M., Schieffelin, J.S., Levy, D.,
    Akpan, H., Bausch, D.G., Rubins, K., McCormick, J.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Gunther, S., Hensley. L., Okogbenin, S., Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
    Consortium, Schaffner, S.F., Okokhere, P.O., Khan, S.H., Grant, D.S.,
    Akpede, G.O., Asogun, D.A., Gnirke, A., Levin, J.Z., Happi, C.T.,
    Garry, R.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2015). Clinical sequencing uncovers
    origins and evolution of Lassa virus. Cell, 162(4), 738-750. PMID:
    26276630; PMCID: PMC4537774.
        491. Kamburov, A., Lawrence, M.S., Polak, P., Leshchiner, I., Lage,
    K., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Getz. G. (2015). Comprehensive
    assessment of cancer missense mutation clustering in protein
    structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    112(40), E5486-E5495. PMID: 26392535; PMCID: PMC4603469.
        492. Brastianos, P.K., Carter, S.L., Santagata, S., Cahill, D.P.,
    Taylor-Weiner, A., Jones, R.T., Van Allen, E.M., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Horowitz, P.M., Cibulskis, K., Ligon, K.L., Tabernero, J., Seoane, J.,
    Martinez-Saez, E., Curry, W.T., Dunn, I.F., Paek, S.H., Park, S.H.,
    McKenna, A., Chevalier, A., Rosenberg, M., Barker, F.G., Gill, C.M.,
    Van Hummelen, P., Thorner, A.R., Johnson, B.E., Hoang, M.P., Choueiri,
    T.K., Signoretti, S., Sougnez, C., Rabin, M.S., Lin, N.U., Winer, E.P.,
    Stemmer-Rachamimov, A., Meyerson, M., Garraway, L., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Beroukhim, R., Batchelor, T.T., Baselga, J., Louis, D.N.,
    Getz, G., & Hahn, W.C. (2015). Genomic characterization of brain
    metastases reveals branched evolution and potential therapeutic
    targets. Cancer Discovery, 5(11), 1164-1177. PMID: 26410082; PMCID:
    PMC4916970.
        493. Wang, T., Birsoy, K., Hughes, N.W., Krupczak, K.M., Post, Y.,
    Wei, J.J., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2015). Identification and
    characterization of essential genes in the human genome. Science,
    350(6264), 1096-1101. PMID: 26472758; PMCID: PMC4662922.
        494. Landau, D.A., Tausch, E., Taylor-Weiner, A.N., Stewart, C.,
    Reiter, J.G., Bahlo, J., Kluth, S., Bozic, I., Lawrence, M., Bottcher,
    S., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Mertens, D., Sougnez, C.L., Rosenberg,
    M., Hess, J.M., Edelmann, J., Kless, S., Kneba, M., Ritgen, M., Fink,
    A., Fischer, K., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Nowak, M.A., Dohner, H.,
    Hallek, M., Neuberg, D., Getz, G., Stilgenbauer, S., & Wu, C.J. (2015).
    Mutations driving CLL and their evolution in progression and relapse.
    Nature, 526(7574), 525-530. PMID: 26466571; PMCID: PMC4815041.
        495. Golan, D., Rosset, S., & Lander, E.S. (2015). Downward bias in
    heritability estimation is not due to simplified linkage equilibrium
    SNP simulation [Reply]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 112(40), E5452-5453. PMID: 26417112; PMCID: PMC4603505.
        496. Sanborn, A.L., Rao, S.S., Huang, S.C., Durand, N.C., Huntley,
    M.H., Jewett, A.I., Bochkov, I.D., Chinnappan, D., Cutkosky, A., Li,
    J., Geeting, K.P., Gnirke, A., Melnikov, A., McKenna, D., Stamenova,
    E.K., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2015). Chromatin extrusion explains
    key features of loop and domain formation in wild-type and engineered
    genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 112(47),
    E6456-E6465. PMID: 26499245; PMCID: PMC4664323.
        497. Kasar, S., Kim, J., Improgo, R., Tiao, G., Polak, P.,
    Haradhvala, N., Lawrence, M.S., Kiezun, A., Fernandes, S.M., Bahl, S.,
    Sougnez, C., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Kim, H.T., Getz, G., & Brown,
    J.R. (2015). Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced
    cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic
    leukaemia evolution. Nature Communications, 6, 8866. PMID: 26638776;
    PMCID: PMC4686820.
        498. Lander, E.S. (2016). The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell, 164(1-2), 18-
    28. PMID: 26771483.
        499. Yassour, M., Lim, M.Y., Yun, H.S., Tickle, T.L., Sung, J.,
    Song, Y.M., Lee, K., Franzosa, E.A., Morgan, X.C., Gevers, D., Lander,
    E.S., Xavier, R.J., Birren, B.W., Ko, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016).
    Sub-clinical detection of gut microbial biomarkers of obesity and type
    2 diabetes. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 17. PMID: 26884067; PMCID:
    PMC4756455.
        500. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Single guide
    RNA library design and construction. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3,
    pdb.prot090803. PMID: 26933249; PMCID: PMC4804709.
        501. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Viral
    packaging and cell culture for CRISPR-based screens. Cold Spring Harbor
    Protocols, 3, pdb.prot090811. PMID: 26933250; PMCID: PMC4804706.
        502. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Large-scale
    single guide RNA library construction and use for CRISPR-Cas9-based
    genetic screens. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3, pdb.top086892. PMID:
    26933254; PMCID: PMC4804892.
        503. Giannakis, M., Mu, X.J., Shukla, S.A., Qian, Z.R., Cohen, O.,
    Nishihara, R., Bahl, S., Cao, Y., Amin-Mansour, A., Yamauchi, M.,
    Sukawa, Y., Stewart, C., Rosenberg, M., Mima, K., Inamura, K., Nosho,
    K., Nowak, J.A., Lawrence, M.S., Giovannucci, E.L., Chan, A.T., Ng, K.,
    Meyerhardt, J.A., Van Allen, E.M., Getz, G., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Wu, C.J., Fuchs, C.S., Ogino, S., & Garraway, L.A. (2016).
    Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma.
    Cell Reports, 15(4), 857-865. PMID: 27149842; PMCID: PMC4850357.
        504. Blumenstiel, B., DeFelice, M., Birsoy, O., Bleyer, A.J.,
    Kmoch, S., Carter, T.A., Gnirke, A., Kidd, K., Rehm, H.L., Ronco, L.,
    Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., & Lennon, N.J. (2016). Development and
    validation of a mass spectrometry-based assay for the molecular
    diagnosis of Mucin-1 kidney disease. The Journal of Molecular
    Diagnostics, 18(4), 566-571. PMID: 27157321.
        505. Abudayyeh, O.O., Gootenberg, J.S., Konermann, S., Joung, J.,
    Slaymaker, I.M., Cox, D.B., Shmakov, S., Makarova, K.S., Semenova, E.,
    Minakhin, L., Severinov, K., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Koonin, E.V., &
    Zhang, F. (2016). C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided
    RNA-targeting CRISPR effector. Science, 353(6299), aaf5573. PMID:
    27256883.
        506. Tewhey, R., Kotliar, D., Park, D.S., Liu, B., Winnicki, S.,
    Reilly, S.K., Andersen, K.G., Mikkelsen, T.S., Lander, E.S., Schaffner,
    S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2016). Direct identification of hundreds of
    expression-modulating variants using a multiplexed reporter assay.
    Cell, 165(6), 1519-1529. PMID: 27259153; PMCID: PMC4957403.
        507. Yassour, M., Vatanen, T., Siljander, H., Hamalainen, A.M.,
    Harkonen, T., Ryhanen, S.J., Franzosa, E.A., Vlamakis, H., Huttenhower,
    C., Gevers, D., Lander, E.S., Knip, M., DIABIMMUNE Study Group, &
    Xavier, R.J. (2016). Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and
    impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and
    stability. Science Translational Medicine, 8(343), 343ra81. PMID:
    27306663; PMCID: PMC5032909.
        508. Darrow, E.M., Huntley, M.H., Dudchenko, O., Stamenova, E.K.,
    Durand, N.C., Sun, Z., Huang, S.C., Sanborn, A.L., Machol, I., Shamim,
    M., Seberg, A.P., Lander, E.S., Chadwick, B.P., & Aiden, E.L. (2016).
    Deletion of DXZ4 on the human inactive X chromosome alters higher-order
    genome architecture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 113(31), E4504-E4512. PMID: 27432957; PMCID: PMC4978254.
        509. Durand, N.C., Robinson, J.T., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I.,
    Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2016). Juicebox provides a
    visualization system for Hi-C contact maps with unlimited zoom. Cell
    Systems, 3(1), 99-101. PMID: 27467250.
        510. Durand, N.C., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I., Rao, S.S., Huntley,
    M.H., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2016). Juicer provides a one-click
    system for analyzing loop-resolution Hi-C experiments. Cell Systems,
    3(1), 95-98. PMID: 27467249.
        511. Burger, J.A., Landau, D.A., Taylor-Weiner, A., Bozic, I.,
    Zhang, H., Sarosiek, K., Wang, L., Stewart, C., Fan, J., Hoellenriegel,
    J., Sivina, M., Dubuc, A.M., Fraser, C., Han, Y., Li, S., Livak, K.J.,
    Zou, L., Wan, Y., Konoplev, S., Sougnez, C., Brown, J.R., Abruzzo,
    L.V., Carter, S.L., Keating, M.J., Davids, M.S., Wierda, W.G.,
    Cibulskis, K., Zenz, T., Werner, L., Dal Cin, P., Kharchencko, P.,
    Neuberg, D., Kantarjian, H., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., O'Brien, S.,
    Letai, A., Weitz, D.A., Nowak, M.A., Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2016).
    Clonal evolution in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
    developing resistance to BTK inhibition. Nature Communications, 20(7),
    11589. PMID: 27199251; PMCID: PMC4876453.
        512. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., Lawson, K.S., Bartz,
    T.M., Deng, X., van Leeuwen, E.M., Natarajan, P., Emdin, C.A., Bick,
    A.G., Morrison, A.C., Brody, J.A., Gupta, N., Nomura, A., Kessler, T.,
    Duga, S., Bis, J.C., van Duijn, C.M., Cupples, L.A., Psaty, B., Rader,
    D.J., Danesh, J., Schunkert, H., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins,
    H., Lander, E.S., Wilson, J.G., Correa, A., Boerwinkle, E., Merlini,
    P.A., Ardissino, D., Saleheen, D., Gabriel, S., & Kathiresan, S.
    (2016). Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial
    hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe
    hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
    67(22), 2578-2589. PMID: 27050191.
        513. Engreitz, J.M., Haines, J.E., Perez, E.M., Munson, G., Chen,
    J., Kane, M., McDonel, P.E., Guttman, M., & Lander, E.S. (2016). Local
    regulation of gene expression by lncRNA promoters, transcription and
    splicing. Nature 539(7629), 452-455. PMID: 27783602
        514. Dixit, A., Parnas, O., Li, B., Chen, J., Fulco, C.P., Jerby-
    Arnon, L., Marjanovic, N.D., Dionne, D., Burks, T., Raychowdhury, R.,
    Adamson, B., Norman, T.M., Lander, E.S., Weissman, J.S., Friedman, N.,
    & Regev, S. (2016). Perturb-Seq: Dissecting Molecular Circuits with
    Scalable Single-Cell RNA Profiling of Pooled Genetic Screens. Cell,
    167(7), 1853-1866.e1817.
        515. Emdin, C.A., Khera, A.V., Natarajan, P., Klarin, D., Won,
    H.H., Peloso, G.M., Stitziel, N.O., Nomura, A., Zekavat, S.M., Bick,
    A.G., Gupta, N., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S.,
    Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., McPherson, R.,
    Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R., Felix, J.F.,
    Vasan, R.S., Lander, E., Rader, D.J., Danesh, J., Ardissino, D.,
    Gabriel, S., Saleheen, D., & Kathiresan, S. (2016). Phenotypic
    Characterization of Genetically Lowered Human Lipoprotein(a) Levels.
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 68(25), 2761-2772.
        516. Fuchsberger, C., Flannick, J., Teslovich, T.M., Mahajan, A.,
    Agarwala, V., Gaulton, K.J., Ma, C., Fontanillas, P., Moutsianas, L.,
    McCarthy, D.J., Rivas, M.A., Perry, J.R., Sim, X., Blackwell, T.W.,
    Robertson, N.R., Rayner, N.W., Cingolani, P., Locke, A.E., Fernandez
    Tajes, J., Highland, H.M., Dupuis, J., Chines, P.S., Lindgren, C.M.,
    Hartl, C., Jackson, A.U., Chen, H., Huyghe, J.R., van de Bunt, M.,
    Pearson, R.D., Kumar, A., Muller-Nurasyid, M., Grarup, N., Stringham,
    H.M., Gamazon, E.R., Lee, J., Chen, Y., Scott, R.A., Below, J.E., Chen,
    P., Huang, J., Go, M.J., Stitzel, M.L., Pasko, D., Parker, S.C., Varga,
    T.V., Green, T., Beer, N.L., Day-Williams, A.G., Ferreira, T.,
    Fingerlin, T., Horikoshi, M., Hu, C., Huh, I., Ikram, M.K., Kim, B.J.,
    Kim, Y., Kim, Y.J., Kwon, M.S., Lee, J., Lee, S., Lin, K.H., Maxwell,
    T.J., Nagai, Y., Wang, X., Welch, R.P., Yoon, J., Zhang, W., Barzilai,
    N., Voight, B.F., Han, B.G., Jenkinson, C.P., Kuulasmaa, T., Kuusisto,
    J., Manning, A., Ng, M.C., Palmer, N.D., Balkau, B., Stancakova, A.,
    Abboud, H.E., Boeing, H., Giedraitis, V., Prabhakaran, D., Gottesman,
    O., Scott, J., Carey, J., Kwan, P., Grant, G., Smith, J.D., Neale,
    B.M., Purcell, S., Butterworth, A.S., Howson, J.M., Lee, H.M., Lu, Y.,
    Kwak, S.H., Zhao, W., Danesh, J., Lam, V.K., Park, K.S., Saleheen, D.,
    So, W.Y., Tam, C.H., Afzal, U., Aguilar, D., Arya, R., Aung, T., Chan,
    E., Navarro, C., Cheng, C.Y., Palli, D., Correa, A., Curran, J.E.,
    Rybin, D., Farook, V.S., Fowler, S.P., Freedman, B.I., Griswold, M.,
    Hale, D.E., Hicks, P.J., Khor, C.C., Kumar, S., Lehne, B., Thuillier,
    D., Lim, W.Y., Liu, J., van der Schouw, Y.T., Loh, M., Musani, S.K.,
    Puppala, S., Scott, W.R., Yengo, L., Tan, S.T., Taylor, H.A., Jr.,
    Thameem, F., Wilson, G., Sr., Wong, T.Y., Njolstad, P.R., Levy, J.C.,
    Mangino, M., Bonnycastle, L.L., Schwarzmayr, T., Fadista, J.,
    Surdulescu, G.L., Herder, C., Groves, C.J., Wieland, T., Bork-Jensen,
    J., Brandslund, I., Christensen, C., Koistinen, H.A., Doney, A.S.,
    Kinnunen, L., Esko, T., Farmer, A.J., Hakaste, L., Hodgkiss, D.,
    Kravic, J., Lyssenko, V., Hollensted, M., Jorgensen, M.E., Jorgensen,
    T., Ladenvall, C., Justesen, J.M., Karajamaki, A., Kriebel, J.,
    Rathmann, W., Lannfelt, L., Lauritzen, T., Narisu, N., Linneberg, A.,
    Melander, O., Milani, L., Neville, M., Orho-Melander, M., Qi, L., Qi,
    Q., Roden, M., Rolandsson, O., Swift, A., Rosengren, A.H., Stirrups,
    K., Wood, A.R., Mihailov, E., Blancher, C., Carneiro, M.O., Maguire,
    J., Poplin, R., Shakir, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., Hrabe de
    Angelis, M., Deloukas, P., Gjesing, A.P., Jun, G., Nilsson, P., Murphy,
    J., Onofrio, R., Thorand, B., Hansen, T., Meisinger, C., Hu, F.B.,
    Isomaa, B., Karpe, F., Liang, L., Peters, A., Huth, C., O'Rahilly,
    S.P., Palmer, C.N., Pedersen, O., Rauramaa, R., Tuomilehto, J.,
    Salomaa, V., Watanabe, R.M., Syvanen, A.C., Bergman, R.N., Bharadwaj,
    D., Bottinger, E.P., Cho, Y.S., Chandak, G.R., Chan, J.C., Chia, K.S.,
    Daly, M.J., Ebrahim, S.B., Langenberg, C., Elliott, P., Jablonski,
    K.A., Lehman, D.M., Jia, W., Ma, R.C., Pollin, T.I., Sandhu, M.,
    Tandon, N., Froguel, P., Barroso, I., Teo, Y.Y., Zeggini, E., Loos,
    R.J., Small, K.S., Ried, J.S., DeFronzo, R.A., Grallert, H., Glaser,
    B., Metspalu, A., Wareham, N.J., Walker, M., Banks, E., Gieger, C.,
    Ingelsson, E., Im, H.K., Illig, T., Franks, P.W., Buck, G., Trakalo,
    J., Buck, D., Prokopenko, I., Magi, R., Lind, L., Farjoun, Y., Owen,
    K.R., Gloyn, A.L., Strauch, K., Tuomi, T., Kooner, J.S., Lee, J.Y.,
    Park, T., Donnelly, P., Morris, A.D., Hattersley, A.T., Bowden, D.W.,
    Collins, F.S., Atzmon, G., Chambers, J.C., Spector, T.D., Laakso, M.,
    Strom, T.M., Bell, G.I., Blangero, J., Duggirala, R., Tai, E.S.,
    McVean, G., Hanis, C.L., Wilson, J.G., Seielstad, M., Frayling, T.M.,
    Meigs, J.B., Cox, N.J., Sladek, R., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Burtt,
    N.P., Mohlke, K.L., Meitinger, T., Groop, L., Abecasis, G., Florez,
    J.C., Scott, L.J., Morris, A.P., Kang, H.M., Boehnke, M., Altshuler,
    D., & McCarthy, M.I. (2016). The genetic architecture of type 2
    diabetes. Nature, 536(7614), 41-47.
        517. Fulco, C.P., Munschauer, M., Anyoha, R., Munson, G., Grossman,
    S.R., Perez, E.M., Kane, M., Cleary, B., Lander, E.S., & Engreitz, J.M.
    (2016). Systematic mapping of functional enhancer-promoter connections
    with CRISPR interference. Science, 354(6313), 769-773.
        518. Park, R.J., Wang, T., Koundakjian, D., Hultquist, J.F.,
    Lamothe-Molina, P., Monel, B., Schumann, K., Yu, H., Krupzcak, K.M.,
    Garcia-Beltran, W., Piechocka-Trocha, A., Krogan, N.J., Marson, A.,
    Sabatini, D.M., Lander, E.S., Hacohen, N., & Walker, B.D. (2017). A
    genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host
    dependency factors. Nature Genetics, 49(2), 193-203. doi: 10.1038/
    ng.3741.
        519. Guo, M.H., Nandakumar, S.K., Ulirsch, J.C., Zekavat, S.M.,
    Buenrostro, J.D., Natarajan, P., Salem, R.M., Chiarle, R., Mitt, M.,
    Kals, M., Parn, K., Fischer, K., Milani, L., Magi, R., Palta, P.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Metspalu, A., Lander, E.S., Kathiresan, S., Hirschhorn,
    J.N., Esko, T., & Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Comprehensive population-based
    genome sequencing provides insight into hematopoietic regulatory
    mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A,
    114(3), E327-e336.
        520. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2017). Integrated
    genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature, 541(7636),
    169-175.
        521. Grossman, S.R., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Engreitz, J., Melnikov,
    A., Rogov, P., Tewhey, R., Isakova, A., Deplancke, B., Bernstein, B.E.,
    Mikkelsen, T.S., & Lander, E.S. (2017). Systematic dissection of
    genomic features determining transcription factor binding and enhancer
    function. Proceedings of the Nationall Academy of Sciences U S A,
    114(7), E1291-e1300.
        522. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., O'Dushlaine, C., Liu,
    D., Stitziel, N.O., Natarajan, P., Nomura, A., Emdin, C.A., Gupta, N.,
    Borecki, I.B., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey,
    D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner, H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus,
    J.N., Hartzel, D.N., Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua,
    R., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J.,
    Danesh, J., Ardissino, D., Gabriel, S., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R.,
    Saleheen, D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Association of rare
    and common variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene with coronary
    artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 317(9),
    937-946.
        523. Kim, A.R., Ulirsch, J.C., Wilmes, S., Unal, E., Moraga, I.,
    Karakukcu, M., Yuan, D., Kazerounian, S., Abdulhay, N.J., King, D.S.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Patiroglu, T., Ozcan, A.,
    Ozdemir, M.A., Garcia, K.C., Piehler, J., Gazda, H.T., Klein, D.E., &
    Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Functional selectivity in cytokine signaling
    revealed through a pathogenic EPO mutation. Cell, 168(6), 1053-
    1064.e1015.
        524. Wang, T., Yu, H., Hughes, N.W., Liu, B., Kendirli, A., Klein,
    K., Chen, W.W., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2017). Gene
    essentiality profiling reveals gene networks and synthetic lethal
    interactions with oncogenic Ras. Cell, 168(5), 890-903.e815.
        525. Dudchenko, O., Batra, S.S., Omer, A.D., Nyquist, S.K., Hoeger,
    M., Durand, N.C., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I., Lander, E.S., Aiden, A.P.,
    & Aiden, E.L. (2017). De novo assembly of the aedes aegypti genome
    using hi-c yields chromosome-length scaffolds. Science, 356(6333), 92-
    95.
        526. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., O'Dushlaine, C., Liu,
    D., Stitziel, N.O., Natarajan, P., Nomura, A., Emdin, C.A., Gupta, N.,
    Borecki, I.B., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey,
    D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner, H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus,
    J.N., Hartzel, D.N., Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua,
    R., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J.,
    Danesh, J., Ardissino, D., Gabriel, S., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R.,
    Saleheen, D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Association of rare
    and common variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene with coronary
    artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Associatio, 317(9),
    937-946.
        527. Kim, A.R., Ulirsch, J.C., Wilmes, S., Unal, E., Moraga, I.,
    Karakukcu, M., Yuan, D., Kazerounian, S., Abdulhay, N.J., King, D.S.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Patiroglu, T., Ozcan, A.,
    Ozdemir, M.A., Garcia, K.C., Piehler, J., Gazda, H.T., Klein, D.E., &
    Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Functional selectivity in cytokine signaling
    revealed through a pathogenic epo mutation. Cell, 168(6), 1053-
    1064.e1015.
        528. Mitt, M., Kals, M., Parn, K., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Palotie, A., Ripatti, S., Morris, A.P., Metspalu, A., Esko, T., Magi,
    R., & Palta, P. (2017). Improved imputation accuracy of rare and low-
    frequency variants using population-specific high-coverage wgs-based
    imputation reference panel. European Journal of Human Genetics, 25(7),
    869-876.
        529. Nomura, A., Won, H.H., Khera, A.V., Takeuchi, F., Ito, K.,
    McCarthy, S., Emdin, C.A., Klarin, D., Natarajan, P., Zekavat, S.M.,
    Gupta, N., Peloso, G.M., Borecki, I.B., Teslovich, T.M., Asselta, R.,
    Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A., Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown,
    M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey, D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner,
    H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus, J.N., Hartze, D.N., Samani,
    N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., McPherson, R., Farrall,
    M., Watkins, H., Juang, J.J., Hsiung, C.A., Lin, S.Y., Wang, J.S.,
    Tada, H., Kawashiri, M.A., Inazu, A., Yamagishi, M., Katsuya, T.,
    Nakashima, E., Nakatochi, M., Yamamoto, K., Yokota, M., Momozawa, Y.,
    Rotter, J.I., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J., Danesh, J., Ardissino, D.,
    Gabriel, S., Willer, C.J., Abecasis, G.R., Saleheen, D., Kubo, M.,
    Kato, N., Ida Chen, Y.D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017).
    Protein-truncating variants at the cholesteryl ester transfer protein
    gene and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation Research, 121(1),
    81-88.
        530. Ott, P.A., Hu, Z., Keskin, D.B., Shukla, S.A., Sun, J., Bozym,
    D.J., Zhang, W., Luoma, A., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Peter, L., Chen, C.,
    Olive, O., Carter, T.A., Li, S., Lieb, D.J., Eisenhaure, T., Gjini, E.,
    Stevens, J., Lane, W.J., Javeri, I., Nellaiappan, K., Salazar, A.M.,
    Daley, H., Seaman, M., Buchbinder, E.I., Yoon, C.H., Harden, M.,
    Lennon, N., Gabriel, S., Rodig, S.J., Barouch, D.H., Aster, J.C., Getz,
    G., Wucherpfennig, K., Neuberg, D., Ritz, J., Lander, E.S., Fritsch,
    E.F., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2017). An immunogenic personal
    neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma. Nature, 547(7662), 217-
    221.
        531. Rheinbay, E., Parasuraman, P., Grimsby, J., Tiao, G.,
    Engreitz, J.M., Kim, J., Lawrence, M.S., Taylor-Weiner, A., Rodriguez-
    Cuevas, S., Rosenberg, M., Hess, J., Stewart, C., Maruvka, Y.E.,
    Stojanov, P., Cortes, M.L., Seepo, S., Cibulskis, C., Tracy, A., Pugh,
    T.J., Lee, J., Zheng, Z., Ellisen, L.W., Iafrate, A.J., Boehm, J.S.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Baselga, J., Hidalgo-Miranda,
    A., Shioda, T., Bernards, A., Lander, E.S., & Getz, G. (2017).
    Recurrent and functional regulatory mutations in breast cancer. Nature,
    547(7661), 55-60.
        532. Rusu, V., Hoch, E., Mercader, J.M., Tenen, D.E., Gymrek, M.,
    Hartigan, C.R., DeRan, M., von Grotthuss, M., Fontanillas, P., Spooner,
    A., Guzman, G., Deik, A.A., Pierce, K.A., Dennis, C., Clish, C.B.,
    Carr, S.A., Wagner, B.K., Schenone, M., Ng, M.C.Y., Chen, B.H.,
    Centeno-Cruz, F., Zerrweck, C., Orozco, L., Altshuler, D.M., Schreiber,
    S.L., Florez, J.C., Jacobs, S.B.R., & Lander, E.S. (2017). Type 2
    diabetes variants disrupt function of slc16a11 through two distinct
    mechanisms. Cell, 170(1), 199-212.e120.
        533. Saleheen, D., Natarajan, P., Armean, I.M., Zhao, W., Rasheed,
    A., Khetarpal, S.A., Won, H.H., Karczewski, K.J., O'Donnell-Luria,
    A.H., Samocha, K.E., Weisburd, B., Gupta, N., Zaidi, M., Samuel, M.,
    Imran, A., Abbas, S., Majeed, F., Ishaq, M., Akhtar, S., Trindade, K.,
    Mucksavage, M., Qamar, N., Zaman, K.S., Yaqoob, Z., Saghir, T., Rizvi,
    S.N.H., Memon, A., Hayyat Mallick, N., Ishaq, M., Rasheed, S.Z., Memon,
    F.U., Mahmood, K., Ahmed, N., Do, R., Krauss, R.M., MacArthur, D.G.,
    Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., Frossard, P., Danesh, J., Rader,
    D.J., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Human knockouts and phenotypic analysis
    in a cohort with a high rate of consanguinity. Nature, 544(7649), 235-
    239.
        534. Stitziel, N.O., Khera, A.V., Wang, X., Bierhals, A.J.,
    Vourakis, A.C., Sperry, A.E., Natarajan, P., Klarin, D., Emdin, C.A.,
    Zekavat, S.M., Nomura, A., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Samani, N.J.,
    Kraus, W.E., Shah, S.H., Yu, B., Boerwinkle, E., Rader, D.J., Gupta,
    N., Frossard, P.M., Rasheed, A., Danesh, J., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.,
    Saleheen, D., Musunuru, K., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Angptl3 deficiency
    and protection against coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol,
    69(16), 2054-2063.
        535. Tiao, G., Improgo, M.R., Kasar, S., Poh, W., Kamburov, A.,
    Landau, D.A., Tausch, E., Taylor-Weiner, A., Cibulskis, C., Bahl, S.,
    Fernandes, S.M., Hoang, K., Rheinbay, E., Kim, H.T., Bahlo, J.,
    Robrecht, S., Fischer, K., Hallek, M., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S.,
    Stilgenbauer, S., Wu, C.J., Kiezun, A., Getz, G., & Brown, J.R. (2017).
    Rare germline variants in atm are associated with chronic lymphocytic
    leukemia. Leukemia 31(10), 2244-2247.
        536. Joung, J., Engreitz, J.M., Konermann, S., Abudayyeh, O.O.,
    Verdine, V.K., Aguet, F., Gootenberg, J.S., Sanjana, N.E., Wright,
    J.B., Fulco, C.P., Tseng, Y.Y., Yoon, C.H., Boehm, J.S., Lander, E.S.,
    & Zhang, F. (2017). Genome-scale activation screen identifies a lncrna
    locus regulating a gene neighbourhood. Nature, 548(7667), 343-346.
        537. Polak, P., Kim, J., Braunstein, L.Z., Karlic, R., Haradhavala,
    N.J., Tiao, G., Rosebrock, D., Livitz, D., Kubler, K., Mouw, K.W.,
    Kamburov, A., Maruvka, Y.E., Leshchiner, I., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R.,
    Zick, A., Orthwein, A., Lawrence, M.S., Batra, R.N., Caldas, C., Haber,
    D.A., Laird, P.W., Shen, H., Ellisen, L.W., D'Andrea, A.D., Chanock,
    S.J., Foulkes, W.D., & Getz, G. (2017). A mutational signature reveals
    alterations underlying deficient homologous recombination repair in
    breast cancer. Nature Genetics 49(10), 1476-1486.
        538. Abudayyeh, O.O., Gootenberg, J.S., Essletzbichler, P., Han,
    S., Joung, J., Belanto, J.J., Verdine, V., Cox, D.B.T., Kellner, M.J.,
    Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Voytas, D.F., Ting, A.Y., & Zhang, F. (2017).
    Rna targeting with crispr-cas13. Nature, 550(7675), 280-284.
        539. Rao, S.S.P., Huang, S.C., Glenn St Hilaire, B., Engreitz,
    J.M., Perez, E.M., Kieffer-Kwon, K.R., Sanborn, A.L., Johnstone, S.E.,
    Bascom, G.D., Bochkov, I.D., Huang, X., Shamim, M.S., Shin, J., Turner,
    D., Ye, Z., Omer, A.D., Robinson, J.T., Schlick, T., Bernstein, B.E.,
    Casellas, R., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2017). Cohesin loss
    eliminates all loop domains. Cell, 171(2), 305-320.e324.
        540. Cleary, B., Cong, L., Cheung, A., Lander, E.S., & Regev, A.
    (2017). Efficient generation of transcriptomic profiles by random
    composite measurements. Cell, 171(6), 1424-1436.e1418.
        541. Hall, A.B., Yassour, M., Sauk, J., Garner, A., Jiang, X.,
    Arthur, T., Lagoudas, G.K., Vatanen, T., Fornelos, N., Wilson, R.,
    Bertha, M., Cohen, M., Garber, J., Khalili, H., Gevers, D.,
    Ananthakrishnan, A.N., Kugathasan, S., Lander, E.S., Blainey, P.,
    Vlamakis, H., Xavier, R.J., & Huttenhower, C. (2017). A novel
    ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease
    patients. Genome Med, 9(1), 103.
        542. Flannick, J., Fuchsberger, C., Mahajan, A., Teslovich, T.M.,
    Agarwala, V., Gaulton, K.J., Caulkins, L., Koesterer, R., Ma, C.,
    Moutsianas, L., McCarthy, D.J., Rivas, M.A., Perry, J.R.B., Sim, X.,
    Blackwell, T.W., Robertson, N.R., Rayner, N.W., Cingolani, P., Locke,
    A.E., Tajes, J.F., Highland, H.M., Dupuis, J., Chines, P.S., Lindgren,
    C.M., Hartl, C., Jackson, A.U., Chen, H., Huyghe, J.R., van de Bunt,
    M., Pearson, R.D., Kumar, A., Muller-Nurasyid, M., Grarup, N.,
    Stringham, H.M., Gamazon, E.R., Lee, J., Chen, Y., Scott, R.A., Below,
    J.E., Chen, P., Huang, J., Go, M.J., Stitzel, M.L., Pasko, D., Parker,
    S.C.J., Varga, T.V., Green, T., Beer, N.L., Day-Williams, A.G.,
    Ferreira, T., Fingerlin, T., Horikoshi, M., Hu, C., Huh, I., Ikram,
    M.K., Kim, B.J., Kim, Y., Kim, Y.J., Kwon, M.S., Lee, J., Lee, S., Lin,
    K.H., Maxwell, T.J., Nagai, Y., Wang, X., Welch, R.P., Yoon, J., Zhang,
    W., Barzilai, N., Voight, B.F., Han, B.G., Jenkinson, C.P., Kuulasmaa,
    T., Kuusisto, J., Manning, A., Ng, M.C.Y., Palmer, N.D., Balkau, B.,
    Stancakova, A., Abboud, H.E., Boeing, H., Giedraitis, V., Prabhakaran,
    D., Gottesman, O., Scott, J., Carey, J., Kwan, P., Grant, G., Smith,
    J.D., Neale, B.M., Purcell, S., Butterworth, A.S., Howson, J.M.M., Lee,
    H.M., Lu, Y., Kwak, S.H., Zhao, W., Danesh, J., Lam, V.K.L., Park,
    K.S., Saleheen, D., So, W.Y., Tam, C.H.T., Afzal, U., Aguilar, D.,
    Arya, R., Aung, T., Chan, E., Navarro, C., Cheng, C.Y., Palli, D.,
    Correa, A., Curran, J.E., Rybin, D., Farook, V.S., Fowler, S.P.,
    Freedman, B.I., Griswold, M., Hale, D.E., Hicks, P.J., Khor, C.C.,
    Kumar, S., Lehne, B., Thuillier, D., Lim, W.Y., Liu, J., Loh, M.,
    Musani, S.K., Puppala, S., Scott, W.R., Yengo, L., Tan, S.T., Taylor,
    H.A., Thameem, F., Wilson, G., Wong, T.Y., Njolstad, P.R., Levy, J.C.,
    Mangino, M., Bonnycastle, L.L., Schwarzmayr, T., Fadista, J.,
    Surdulescu, G.L., Herder, C., Groves, C.J., Wieland, T., Bork-Jensen,
    J., Brandslund, I., Christensen, C., Koistinen, H.A., Doney, A.S.F.,
    Kinnunen, L., Esko, T., Farmer, A.J., Hakaste, L., Hodgkiss, D.,
    Kravic, J., Lyssenko, V., Hollensted, M., Jorgensen, M.E., Jorgensen,
    T., Ladenvall, C., Justesen, J.M., Karajamaki, A., Kriebel, J.,
    Rathmann, W., Lannfelt, L., Lauritzen, T., Narisu, N., Linneberg, A.,
    Melander, O., Milani, L., Neville, M., Orho-Melander, M., Qi, L., Qi,
    Q., Roden, M., Rolandsson, O., Swift, A., Rosengren, A.H., Stirrups,
    K., Wood, A.R., Mihailov, E., Blancher, C., Carneiro, M.O., Maguire,
    J., Poplin, R., Shakir, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., de Angelis,
    M.H., Deloukas, P., Gjesing, A.P., Jun, G., Nilsson, P., Murphy, J.,
    Onofrio, R., Thorand, B., Hansen, T., Meisinger, C., Hu, F.B., Isomaa,
    B., Karpe, F., Liang, L., Peters, A., Huth, C., O'Rahilly, S.P.,
    Palmer, C.N.A., Pedersen, O., Rauramaa, R., Tuomilehto, J., Salomaa,
    V., Watanabe, R.M., Syvanen, A.C., Bergman, R.N., Bharadwaj, D.,
    Bottinger, E.P., Cho, Y.S., Chandak, G.R., Chan, J.C., Chia, K.S.,
    Daly, M.J., Ebrahim, S.B., Langenberg, C., Elliott, P., Jablonski,
    K.A., Lehman, D.M., Jia, W., Ma, R.C.W., Pollin, T.I., Sandhu, M.,
    Tandon, N., Froguel, P., Barroso, I., Teo, Y.Y., Zeggini, E., Loos,
    R.J.F., Small, K.S., Ried, J.S., DeFronzo, R.A., Grallert, H., Glaser,
    B., Metspalu, A., Wareham, N.J., Walker, M., Banks, E., Gieger, C.,
    Ingelsson, E., Im, H.K., Illig, T., Franks, P.W., Buck, G., Trakalo,
    J., Buck, D., Prokopenko, I., Magi, R., Lind, L., Farjoun, Y., Owen,
    K.R., Gloyn, A.L., Strauch, K., Tuomi, T., Kooner, J.S., Lee, J.Y.,
    Park, T., Donnelly, P., Morris, A.D., Hattersley, A.T., Bowden, D.W.,
    Collins, F.S., Atzmon, G., Chambers, J.C., Spector, T.D., Laakso, M.,
    Strom, T.M., Bell, G.I., Blangero, J., Duggirala, R., Tai, E.S.,
    McVean, G., Hanis, C.L., Wilson, J.G., Seielstad, M., Frayling, T.M.,
    Meigs, J.B., Cox, N.J., Sladek, R., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Mohlke,
    K.L., Meitinger, T., Groop, L., Abecasis, G., Scott, L.J., Morris,
    A.P., Kang, H.M., Altshuler, D., Burtt, N.P., Florez, J.C., Boehnke,
    M., & McCarthy, M.I. (2017). Sequence data and association statistics
    from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data, 4, 170-179.
        543. Regev, A., Teichmann, S.A., Lander, E.S., Amit, I., Benoist,
    C., Birney, E., Bodenmiller, B., Campbell, P., Carninci, P.,
    Clatworthy, M., Clevers, H., Deplancke, B., Dunham, I., Eberwine, J.,
    Eils, R., Enard, W., Farmer, A., Fugger, L., Gottgens, B., Hacohen, N.,
    Haniffa, M., Hemberg, M., Kim, S., Klenerman, P., Kriegstein, A., Lein,
    E., Linnarsson, S., Lundberg, E., Lundeberg, J., Majumder, P., Marioni,
    J.C., Merad, M., Mhlanga, M., Nawijn, M., Netea, M., Nolan, G., Pe'er,
    D., Phillipakis, A., Ponting, C.P., Quake, S., Reik, W., Rozenblatt-
    Rosen, O., Sanes, J., Satija, R., Schumacher, T.N., Shalek, A.,
    Shapiro, E., Sharma, P., Shin, J.W., Stegle, O., Stratton, M.,
    Stubbington, M.J.T., Theis, F.J., Uhlen, M., van Oudenaarden, A.,
    Wagner, A., Watt, F., Weissman, J., Wold, B., Xavier, R., & Yosef, N.
    (2017). The human cell atlas. Elife, 6.
        544. Zhou, Y., Castonguay, P., Sidhom, E.H., Clark, A.R., Dvela-
    Levitt, M., Kim, S., Sieber, J., Wieder, N., Jung, J.Y., Andreeva, S.,
    Reichardt, J., Dubois, F., Hoffmann, S.C., Basgen, J.M., Montesinos,
    M.S., Weins, A., Johnson, A.C., Lander, E.S., Garrett, M.R., Hopkins,
    C.R., & Greka, A. (2017). A small-molecule inhibitor of trpc5 ion
    channels suppresses progressive kidney disease in animal models.
    Science, 358(6368), 1332-1336.
        545. Grasso, C.S., Giannakis, M., Wells, D.K., Hamada, T., Mu,
    X.J., Quist, M., Nowak, J.A., Nishihara, R., Qian, Z.R., Inamura, K.,
    Morikawa, T., Nosho, K., Abril-Rodriguez, G., Connolly, C., Escuin-
    Ordinas, H., Geybels, M.S., Grady, W.M., Hsu, L., Hu-Lieskovan, S.,
    Huyghe, J.R., Kim, Y.J., Krystofinski, P.E., Leiserson, M.D., Montoya,
    D.J., Nadel, B.B., Pellegrini, M., Pritchard, C.C., Puig-Saus, C.,
    Quist, E.H., Raphael, B.J., Salipante, S.J., Shin, D.S., Shinbrot, E.,
    Shirts, B., Shukla, S., Stanford, J.L., Sun, W., Tsoi, J., Upfill-
    Brown, A., Wheeler, D.A., Wu, C.J., Yu, M., Zaidi, S.H., Zaretsky,
    J.M., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Garraway, L.A., Hudson, T.J., Fuchs,
    C.S., Ribas, A., Ogino, S., & Peters, U. (2018). Genetic mechanisms of
    immune evasion in colorectal cancer. Cancer Discovery. 8(6):730-749.
        546. Ott, P. A., Hu, Z., Keskin, D. B., Shukla, S. A., Sun, J.,
    Bozym, D. J., Zhang, W., Luoma, A., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Peter, L.,
    Chen, C., Olive, O., Carter, T. A., Li, S., Lieb, D. J., Eisenhaure,
    T., Gjini, E., Stevens, J., Lane, W. J., Javeri, I., Nellaiappan, K.,
    Salazar, A. M., Daley, H., Seaman, M., Buchbinder, E. I., Yoon, C. H.,
    Harden, M., Lennon, N., Gabriel, S., Rodig, S. J., Barouch, D. H.,
    Aster, J. C., Getz, G., Wucherpfennig, K., Neuberg, D., Ritz, J.,
    Lander, E. S., Fritsch, E. F., Hacohen, N. & Wu, C. J. (2018).
    Corrigendum: An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients
    with melanoma. Nature, 555(7696): 402.
        547. Khajuria, R.K., Munschauer, M., Ulirsch, J.C., Fiorini, C.,
    Ludwig, L.S., McFarland, S.K., Abdulhay, N.J., Specht, H., Keshishian,
    H., Mani, D.R., Jovanovic, M., Ellis, S.R., Fulco, C.P., Engreitz,
    J.M., Schutz, S., Lian, J., Gripp, K.W., Weinberg, O.K., Pinkus, G.S.,
    Gehrke, L., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Gazda, H.T., Lee, W.Y., Panse,
    V.G., Carr, S.A., & Sankaran, V.G. (2018). Ribosome levels selectively
    regulate translation and lineage commitment in human hematopoiesis.
    Cell, 173(1):90-103.
        548. Tewhey, R., Kotliar, D., Park, D.S., Liu, B., Winnicki, S.,
    Reilly, S.K., Andersen, K.G., Mikkelsen, T.S., Lander, E.S., Schaffner,
    S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2018). Direct identification of hundreds of
    expression-modulating variants using a multiplexed reporter assay.
    Cell, 172(5), 1132-1134.
        549. Grossman, S.R., Engreitz, J., Ray, J.P., Nguyen, T.H.,
    Hacohen, N., & Lander, E.S. (2018). Positional specificity of different
    transcription factor classes within enhancers. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences U S A, 115(30), E7222-E7230.
        550. Yassour, M., Jason, E., Hogstrom, L.J., Arthur, T.D.,
    Tripathi, S., Siljander, H., Selvenius, J., Oikarinen, S., Hyoty, H.,
    Virtanen, S.M., Ilonen, J., Ferretti, P., Pasolli, E., Tett, A.,
    Asnicar, F., Segata, N., Vlamakis, H., Lander, E.S., Huttenhower, C.,
    Knip, M., & Xavier, R.J. (2018). Strain-level analysis of mother-to-
    child bacterial transmission during the first few months of life. Cell
    Host Microbe, 24(1), 146-154.e144.
        551. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Aragam, K. G., Haas, M. E.,
    Roselli, C., Choi, S. H., Natarajan, P., Lander, E. S., Lubitz, S. A.,
    Ellinor, P. T. & Kathiresan, S. (2018). Genome-wide polygenic scores
    for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to
    monogenic mutations. Nature Genetics, 50(9): 1219-1224.
        552. Bis, J. C., Jian, X., Kunkle, B. W., Chen, Y., Hamilton-
    Nelson, K. L., Bush, W. S., Salerno, W. J., Lancour, D., Ma, Y.,
    Renton, A. E., Marcora, E., Farrell, J. J., Zhao, Y., Qu, L., Ahmad,
    S., Amin, N., Amouyel, P., Beecham, G. W., Below, J. E., Campion, D.,
    Charbonnier, C., Chung, J., Crane, P. K., Cruchaga, C., Cupples, L. A.,
    Dartigues, J. F., Debette, S., Deleuze, J. F., Fulton, L., Gabriel, S.
    B., Genin, E., Gibbs, R. A., Goate, A., Grenier-Boley, B., Gupta, N.,
    Haines, J. L., Havulinna, A. S., Helisalmi, S., Hiltunen, M., Howrigan,
    D. P., Ikram, M. A., Kaprio, J., Konrad, J., Kuzma, A., Lander, E. S.,
    Lathrop, M., Lehtimaki, T., Lin, H., Mattila, K., Mayeux, R., Muzny, D.
    M., Nasser, W., Neale, B., Nho, K., Nicolas, G., Patel, D., Pericak-
    Vance, M. A., Perola, M., Psaty, B. M., Quenez, O., Rajabli, F., Redon,
    R., Reitz, C., Remes, A. M., Salomaa, V., Sarnowski, C., Schmidt, H.,
    Schmidt, M., Schmidt, R., Soininen, H., Thornton, T. A., Tosto, G.,
    Tzourio, C., van der Lee, S. J., van Duijn, C. M., Vardarajan, B.,
    Wang, W., Wijsman, E., Wilson, R. K., Witten, D., Worley, K. C., Zhang,
    X., Bellenguez, C., Lambert, J. C., Kurki, M. I., Palotie, A., Daly,
    M., Boerwinkle, E., Lunetta, K. L., Destefano, A. L., Dupuis, J.,
    Martin, E. R., Schellenberg, G. D., Seshadri, S., Naj, A. C., Fornage,
    M. & Farrer, L. A. (2018). Whole exome sequencing study identifies
    novel rare and common Alzheimer's-Associated variants involved in
    immune response and transcriptional regulation. Molecular Psychiatry.
    [Epub ahead of print]
        553. Natarajan, P., Peloso, G. M., Zekavat, S. M., Montasser, M.,
    Ganna, A., Chaffin, M., Khera, A. V., Zhou, W., Bloom, J. M., Engreitz,
    J. M., Ernst, J., O'Connell, J. R., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Alver, M.,
    Manichaikul, A., Johnson, W. C., Perry, J. A., Poterba, T., Seed, C.,
    Surakka, I. L., Esko, T., Ripatti, S., Salomaa, V., Correa, A., Vasan,
    R. S., Kellis, M., Neale, B. M., Lander, E. S., Abecasis, G., Mitchell,
    B., Rich, S. S., Wilson, J. G., Cupples, L. A., Rotter, J. I., Willer,
    C. J. & Kathiresan, S. (2018). Deep-coverage whole genome sequences and
    blood lipids among 16,324 individuals. Nature Communications, 9(1):
    3391.
        554. Munschauer, M., Nguyen, C. T., Sirokman, K., Hartigan, C. R.,
    Hogstrom, L., Engreitz, J. M., Ulirsch, J. C., Fulco, C. P.,
    Subramanian, V., Chen, J., Schenone, M., Guttman, M., Carr, S. A. &
    Lander, E. S. (2018). The NORAD lncRNA assembles a topoisomerase
    complex critical for genome stability. Nature, 561(7721): 132-136.
        555. Alver, M., Palover, M., Saar, A., Lall, K., Zekavat, S. M.,
    Tonisson, N., Leitsalu, L., Reigo, A., Nikopensius, T., Ainla, T.,
    Kals, M., Magi, R., Gabriel, S. B., Eha, J., Lander, E. S., Irs, A.,
    Philippakis, A., Marandi, T., Natarajan, P., Metspalu, A., Kathiresan,
    S. & Esko, T. (2018). Recall by genotype and cascade screening for
    familial hypercholesterolemia in a population-based biobank from
    Estonia. Genetics in Medicine. [Epub ahead of print]
        556. Ulirsch, J. C., Verboon, J. M., Kazerounian, S., Guo, M. H.,
    Yuan, D., Ludwig, L. S., Handsaker, R. E., Abdulhay, N. J., Fiorini,
    C., Genovese, G., Lim, E. T., Cheng, A., Cummings, B. B., Chao, K. R.,
    Beggs, A. H., Genetti, C. A., Sieff, C. A., Newburger, P. E.,
    Niewiadomska, E., Matysiak, M., Vlachos, A., Lipton, J. M., Atsidaftos,
    E., Glader, B., Narla, A., Gleizes, P. E., O'Donohue, M. F., Montel-
    Lehry, N., Amor, D. J., McCarroll, S. A., O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., MacArthur, D. G., Lander, E. S., Lek, M., Da
    Costa, L., Nathan, D. G., Korostelev, A. A., Do, R., Sankaran, V. G. &
    Gazda, H. T. (2018). The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 103(6): 930-947.
        557. Hsu, J. Y., Fulco, C. P., Cole, M. A., Canver, M. C., Pellin,
    D., Sher, F., Farouni, R., Clement, K., Guo, J. A., Biasco, L., Orkin,
    S. H., Engreitz, J. M., Lander, E. S., Joung, J. K., Bauer, D. E. &
    Pinello, L. (2018). CRISPR-SURF: discovering regulatory elements by
    deconvolution of CRISPR tiling screen data. Nature Methods, 15(12):
    992-993.
        558. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Zekavat, S. M., Collins, R. L.,
    Roselli, C., Natarajan, P., Lichtman, J. H., D'Onofrio, G., Mattera, J.
    A., Dreyer, R. P., Spertus, J. A., Taylor, K. D., Psaty, B. M., Rich,
    S. S., Post, W. S., Gupta, N., Gabriel, S., Lander, E., Chen, Y. I.,
    Talkowski, M. E., Rotter, J. I., Krumholz, H. M., & Kathiresan, S.
    (2018). Whole Genome Sequencing to Characterize Monogenic and Polygenic
    Contributions in Patients Hospitalized with Early-Onset Myocardial
    Infarction. Circulation.
        559. Adelmann, C. H., Wang, T., Sabatini, D. M. & Lander, E. S.
    (2019). Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screening for Identification of Cancer
    Genes in Cell Lines. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1907: 125-136.
        560. Keskin, D. B., Anandappa, A. J., Sun, J., Tirosh, I.,
    Mathewson, N. D., Li, S., Oliveira, G., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Felt, K.,
    Gjini, E., Shukla, S. A., Hu, Z., Li, L., Le, P. M., Allesoe, R. L.,
    Richman, A. R., Kowalczyk, M. S., Abdelrahman, S., Geduldig, J. E.,
    Charbonneau, S., Pelton, K., Iorgulescu, J. B., Elagina, L., Zhang, W.,
    Olive, O., McCluskey, C., Olsen, L. R., Stevens, J., Lane, W. J.,
    Salazar, A. M., Daley, H., Wen, P. Y., Chiocca, E. A., Harden, M.,
    Lennon, N. J., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., Lander, E. S., Regev, A., Ritz,
    J., Neuberg, D., Rodig, S. J., Ligon, K. L., Suva, M. L.,
    Wucherpfennig, K. W., Hacohen, N., Fritsch, E. F., Livak, K. J., Ott,
    P. A., Wu, C. J. & Reardon, D. A. (2019). Neoantigen vaccine generates
    intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial. Nature,
    565(7738): 234-239.
        561. Schiebinger, G., Shu, J., Tabaka, M., Cleary, B., Subramanian,
    V., Solomon. A., Gould, J., Liu, S., Lin, S., Berube, P., Lee, L.,
    Chen, J., Brumbaugh, J., Rigollet, P., Hochedlinger, K., Jaenisch, R.,
    Regev, A., & Lander, E. S. (2019). Optimal-Transport Analysis of
    Single-Cell Gene Expression Identifies Developmental Trajectories in
    Reprogramming. Cell, 176(4): 928-943.e22.
        562. Lander, E. S. (2019). 2018 William Allan Award: Discovering
    the Genes for Common Disease: From Families to Populations. Am J Hum
    Genet, 104(3): 375-383.
        563. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Wade, K. H., Zahid, S., Brancale,
    J., Xia, R., Distefano, M., Senol-Cosar, O., Haas, M. E., Bick, A.,
    Aragam, K. G., Lander, E. S., Smith, G. D., Mason-Suares, H., Fornage,
    M., Lebo, M., Timpson, N. J., Kaplan, L. M. & Kathiresan, S. (2019).
    Polygenic Prediction of Weight and Obesity Trajectories from Birth to
    Adulthood. Cell. 177: 587-596 e589.
        564. Lander, E. S., Baylis, F., Zhang, F., Charpentier, E., Berg,
    P., Bourgain, C., Friedrich, B., Joung, J. K., Li, J., Liu, D.,
    Naldini, L., Nie, J. B., Qiu, R., Schoene-Seifert, B., Shao, F., Terry,
    S., Wei, W. & Winnacker, E. L. (2019). Adopt a moratorium on heritable
    genome editing. Nature. 567: 165-168.
        565. Poulsen, B. E., Yang, R., Clatworthy, A. E., White, T.,
    Osmulski, S. J., Li, L., Penaranda, C., Lander, E. S., Shoresh, N. &
    Hung, D. T. (2019). Defining the core essential genome of Pseudomonas
    aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
        566. Ulirsch, J. C., Verboon, J. M., Kazerounian, S., Guo, M. H.,
    Yuan, D., Ludwig, L. S., Handsaker, R. E., Abdulhay, N. J., Fiorini,
    C., Genovese, G., Lim, E. T., Cheng, A., Cummings, B. B., Chao, K. R.,
    Beggs, A. H., Genetti, C. A., Sieff, C. A., Newburger, P. E.,
    Niewiadomska, E., Matysiak, M., Vlachos, A., Lipton, J. M., Atsidaftos,
    E., Glader, B., Narla, A., Gleizes, P. E., O'Donohue, M. F., Montel-
    Lehry, N., Amor, D. J., McCarroll, S. A., O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., MacArthur, D. G., Lander, E. S., Lek, M., Da
    Costa, L., Nathan, D. G., Korostelev, A. A., Do, R., Sankaran, V. G. &
    Gazda, H. T. (2019). The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia.
    Am J Hum Genet. 104: 356.
        567. Johnson, E. O., LaVerriere, E., Office, E., Stanley, M.,
    Meyer, E., Kawate, T., Gomez, J. E., Audette, R.E., Bandyopadhyay, N.,
    Betancourt, N., Delano, K., Da Silva, I., Davis, J., Gallo, C.,
    Gardner, M., Golas, A. J., Guinn, K. M., Kennedy, S., Korn, R.,
    McConnell, J. A., Moss, C. E., Murphy, K. C., Nietupski, R. M.,
    Papavinasasundaram, K. G., Pinkham, J. T., Pino, P. A., Proulx, M. K.,
    Ruecker, N., Song, N., Thompson, M., Trujillo, C., Wakabayashi, S.,
    Wallach, J. B., Watson, C., Ioerger, T. R., Lander, E. S., Hubbard, B.
    K., Serrano-Wu, M. H., Ehrt, S., Fitzgerald, M., Rubin, E. J., Sassetti
    C. M., Schnappinger, D., & Hung, D. T. (2019). Large-scale chemical-
    genetics yields new M. tuberculosis inhibitor classes. Nature.
    571(7763): 72-78.
        568. Feng, Y. A., Howrigan, D. P., Abbott, L. E., Tashman, K.,
    Cerrato, F., Singh, T., Heyne, H., Byrnes, A., Churchhouse, C., Watts,
    N., Solomonson, M., Lal, D., Heinzen, E. L., Dhindsa, R. S., Stanley,
    K. E., Cavalleri, G. L., Hakonarson, H., Helbig, I., Krause, R., May,
    P., Weckhuysen, S., Petrovski, S., Kamalakaran, S., Sisodiya, S. M.,
    Cossette, P., Cotsapas, C., De Jonghe, P., Dixon-Salazar, T., Guerrini,
    R., Kwan, P., Marson, A. G., Stewart, R., Depondt, C., Dlugos, D. J.,
    Scheffer, I. E., Striano, P., Freyer, C., McKenna, K., Regan, B. M.,
    Bellows, S. T., Leu, C., Bennett, C. A., Johns, E. M. C., Macdonald,
    A., Shilling, H., Burgess, R., Weckhuysen, D., Bahlo, M., O'Brien, T.
    J., Todaro, M., Stamberger, H., Andrade, D. M., Sadoway, T. R., Mo, K.,
    Krestel, H., Gallati, S., Papacostas, S. S., Kousiappa, I., Tanteles,
    G. A., Sterbova, K., Vlckova, M., Sedlackova, L., Lassuthova, P.,
    Klein, K. M., Rosenow, F., Reif, P. S., Knake, S., Kunz, W. S., Zsurka,
    G., Elger, C. E., Bauer, J., Rademacher, M., Pendziwiat, M., Muhle, H.,
    Rademacher, A., van Baalen, A., von Spiczak, S., Stephani, U., Afawi,
    Z., Korczyn, A. D., Kanaan, M., Canavati, C., Kurlemann, G., Muller-
    Schluter, K., Kluger, G., Hausler, M., Blatt, I., Lemke, J. R., Krey,
    I., Weber, Y. G., Wolking, S., Becker, F., Hengsbach, C., Rau, S.,
    Maisch, A. F., Steinhoff, B. J., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Schubert-Bast,
    S., Schreiber, H., Borggrafe, I., Schankin, C. J., Mayer, T.,
    Korinthenberg, R., Brockmann, K., Kurlemann, G., Dennig, D., Madeleyn,
    R., Kalviainen, R., Auvinen, P., Saarela, A., Linnankivi, T.,
    Lehesjoki, A. E., Rees, M. I., Chung, S. K., Pickrell, W. O., Powell,
    R., Schneider, N., Balestrini, S., Zagaglia, S., Braatz, V., Johnson,
    M. R., Auce, P., Sills, G. J., Baum, L. W., Sham, P. C., Cherny, S. S.,
    Lui, C. H. T., Barisic, N., Delanty, N., Doherty, C. P., Shukralla, A.,
    McCormack, M., El-Naggar, H., Canafoglia, L., Franceschetti, S.,
    Castellotti, B., Granata, T., Zara, F., Iacomino, M., Madia, F., Vari,
    M. S., Mancardi, M. M., Salpietro, V., Bisulli, F., Tinuper, P.,
    Licchetta, L., Pippucci, T., Stipa, C., Minardi, R., Gambardella, A.,
    Labate, A., Annesi, G., Manna, L., Gagliardi, M., Parrini, E., Mei, D.,
    Vetro, A., Bianchini, C., Montomoli, M., Doccini, V., Marini, C.,
    Suzuki, T., Inoue, Y., Yamakawa, K., Tumiene, B., Sadleir, L. G., King,
    C., Mountier, E., Caglayan, S. H., Arslan, M., Yapıcı,
    Z., Yis, U., Topaloglu, P., Kara, B., Turkdogan, D., Gundogdu-Eken, A.,
    Bebek, N., Ugur-İseri, S., Baykan, B., Salman, B., Haryanyan, G.,
    Yucesan, E., Kesim, Y., Ozkara, C., Poduri, A., Shiedley, B. R., Shain,
    C., Buono, R. J., Ferraro, T. N., Sperling, M. R., Lo, W., Privitera,
    M., French, J. A., Schachter, S., Kuzniecky, R. I., Devinsky, O.,
    Hegde, M., Khankhanian, P., Helbig, K. L., Ellis, C. A., Spalletta, G.,
    Piras, F., Piras, F., Gili, T., Ciullo, V., Reif, A., McQuillin, A.,
    Bass, N., McIntosh, A., Blackwood, D., Johnstone, M., Palotie, A.,
    Pato, M. T., Pato, C. N., Bromet, E. J., Carvalho, C. B., Achtyes, E.
    D., Azevedo, M. H., Kotov, R., Lehrer, D. S., Malaspina, D., Marder, S.
    R., Medeiros, H., Morley, C. P., Perkins, D. O., Sobell, J. L.,
    Buckley, P. F., Macciardi, F., Rapaport, M. H., Knowles, J. A., Fanous,
    A. H., McCarroll, S. A., Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., Daly, M. J.,
    Lander, E. S., Lowenstein, D. H., Goldstein, D. B., Lerche, H.,
    Berkovic, S. F., & Neale, B. M. (2019). Ultra-Rare Genetic Variation in
    the Epilepsies: A Whole-Exome Sequencing Study of 17,606 Individuals.
    Am J Hum Genet. 105(2): 267-282.
        569. Dvela-Levitt, M., Kost-Alimova, M., Emani, M., Kohnert, E.,
    Thompson, R., Sidhom, E. H., Rivadeneira, A., Sahakian, N., Roignot,
    J., Papagregoriou, G., Montesinos, M. S., Clark, A. R., McKinney, D.,
    Gutierrez, J., Roth, M., Ronco, L., Elonga, E., Carter, T. A., Gnirke,
    A., Melanson, M., Hartland, K., Wieder, N., Hsu, J. C., Deltas, C.,
    Hughey, R., Bleyer, A. J., Kmoch, S., Zivna, M., Baresova, V., Kota,
    S., Schlondorff, J., Heiman, M., Alper, S. L., Wagner, F., Weins, A.,
    Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., & Greka, A. (2019). Small Molecule Targets
    TMED9 and Promotes Lysosomal Degradation to Reverse Proteinopathy.
    Cell. 178(3): 521-535 e23.
        570. Albers, J., Aoun, J. E., Audia, J. E., Bailey, M. P., Barrett,
    P., Bartel, D., Bienamie, J. J., Blum, R. I., Boger, J., Bollenbacher,
    J., Bonney, M. W., Booth, B., Bradbury, D. M., Brandicourt, O.,
    Braunwald, E., Carpenter, A. E., Chang, H. E., Cheruvu, P.,
    Christensen, G., Church, G., Clayman, M. D., Cooney, C. L., Cox, G. F.,
    Curley, S. J., Dahiyat, B., DePinho, R. A., Diekman, J., Doerfler, D.,
    Dornbusch, D., Douglas, R. H., Dunsire, D., Ebright, R. H., Eskridge,
    W., Flesher, G. J., Fong, K., Formela, J. F., Foster-Cheek, K.,
    Francois, C., Franken, M. P., Franklin, H., Fu, Y. X., Gage, L. P.,
    Gardner, P., Gardner, J., Genead, M., Geraghty, J. A., Gerweck, L.,
    Gill, S., Gillis, S., Goeddel, D. V., Goldsmith, M., Graves, K., Gray,
    M. A., Grayzel, D., Greene, B., Gregory, R. J., Greve-Philips, C. A.,
    Gros, D. A., Hamburg, M. A., Hammerschmidt, M., Hao, Y., Hartounian,
    H., Hasnain, F., Hastings, P. J., Hawkins, E. S., He, W. W., He, W.,
    Hirzel, A., Hong, Z., Hoppenot, H., Jia, W., Kaplan, J., Keiper, J.,
    King, V., Kolchinsky, P., Koller, D., Laikind, P., Lander, E. S.,
    Langer, R. S., LaVoie, D. L., Lawton, A., Lee, J. J., Leff, J. S.,
    Lepore, J., Leschly, N., Li, Q., Liang, M. H., Lieberman, J., Lim, J.,
    Lindenberg, M., Lippard, S. J., Liu, D. R., Liu, Y., Liu, S. L.,
    Lodish, H., Loncar, B., Lopatin, U., Love, T. W., Lowe, D., Lowy, I.,
    Lu, H., Luo, L., Mahanthappa, N. K., Martin, P. W. Jr., Martini, A.,
    Martucci, W. E., McArthur, J., McCann, C. M., McCarthy, S., McLachlan,
    D., Mello, C., Mento, S. J., Meyers, J., Meyers, R., Mills, K., Moch,
    K. I., Moos, W. H., Narachi, M., Nashat, A., Newell, W. J., Nodelman,
    O., Olle, B., Osborn, J. E., Oyler, J. V., Pao, W., Patel, N., Perez,
    R., Peterkin, D., Pompino, A., Pruzanski, M., Dan Quinn, Qutub, A. A.,
    Raab, M. G., Radaelli, M., Rakhit, A., Ramamoorthi, K., Rastetter, W.,
    Reed, J. C., Reinhart, H., Rhodes, J. P., Rieflin, W. J., Rong, L.,
    Rosan, D. E., Rosenblatt, M., Rutter, W. J., Samudio, I., Samuels, C.,
    Sato, V. L., Saunders, B., Scadden, D., Scangos, G., Scarlett, J. A.,
    Schegerin, M., Schimmel, P., Schreiber, S. L., Schubert, C. R.,
    Schulman, A., Shaff, E., Shaffer, R., Sharp, P. A., Sheng, M., Sheng,
    G., Shenk, T., Shi, F., Silos-Santiago, A., Simonian, N., Slattery, W.,
    Smith, J. A., Stocks, C., Stoffel, M., Su, M., Su, L., Tandon, N.,
    Tang, C. M., Taunton-Rigby, A., Tezapsidis, N., Theuer, C., Thornberry,
    N. A., Tolar, M., Topol, E., Tormos, W., Trask, A., Truex, S., Tuschl,
    T., Varmus, H. E., Vasconcelles, M. J., Vounatsos, M., Walbert, T. P.,
    Walsh, C. T., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, N., Westphal, C., Wierenga, W.,
    Williams, D. E., Williams, L. T., Winningham, R. E., Wirth, P., Witt,
    R., Wood, C., Woodhouse, D. J., Wright, R., Wu, Y., Xanthopoulos, K.
    G., Xiao, C., Xiao, T. S., Xie, J., Xu, Y., Xu, Z. C., Yakatan, G. J.,
    Yuan, L., Yung, W. K. A., Zamore, P. D., Zaydman, M., Zeng, X. M.,
    Zerhouni, E., Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, S. (2019). Chinese
    scientists and U.S. leadership in the life sciences. Nat Biotechnol.
    37(11): 1261-1263.
        571. Hoch, E., Florez, J. C., Lander, E. S., & Jacobs, S. B. R.
    (2019). Gain-of-Function Claims for Type-2-Diabetes-Associated Coding
    Variants in SLC16A11 Are Not Supported by the Experimental Data. Cell
    Rep. 29(3): 778-780.
        572. Khera, A. V., Mason-Suares, H., Brockman, D., Wang, M.,
    VanDenburgh, M. J., Senol-Cosar, O., Patterson, C., Newton-Cheh, C.,
    Zekavat, S. M., Pester, J., Chasman, D. I., Kabrhel, C., Jensen, M. K.,
    Manson, J. E., Gaziano, J. M., Taylor, K. D., Sotoodehnia, N., Post, W.
    S., Rich, S. S., Rotter, J. I., Lander, E. S., Rehm, H. L., Ng K.,
    Philippakis, A., Lebo, M., Albert, CM, & Kathiresan, S. (2019). Rare
    Genetic Variants Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in Adults. J Am
    Coll Cardiol. 74(21): 2623-2634.
        573. Fulco, C. P., Nasser, J., Jones, T. R., Munson, G., Bergman,
    D. T., Subramanian, V., Grossman, S. R., Anyoha, R., Doughty, B. R.,
    Patwardhan, T. A., Nguyen, T. H., Kane, M., Perez, E. M., Durand, N.
    C., Lareau, C. A., Stamenova, E. K., Aiden, E. L., Lander, E. S., &
    Engreitz, J. M. (2019). Activity-by-contact model of enhancer-promoter
    regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations. Nat Genet. 51(12):
    1664-1669.
        574. Basak, A., Munschauer, M., Lareau, C. A., Montbleau, K. E.,
    Ulirsch, J. C., Hartigan, C. R., Schenone, M., Lian, J., Wang, Y.,
    Huang, Y., Wu, X., Gehrke, L., Rice, C. M., An, X., Christou, H. A.,
    Mohandas, N., Carr, S. A., Chen, J. J., Orkin, S. H., Lander, E. S. &
    Sankaran, V. G. (2020). Control of human hemoglobin switching by
    LIN28B-mediated regulation of BCL11A translation. Nature genetics.
    52(2): 138-145.
        575. Dietlein, F., Weghorn, D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Richters, A.,
    Reardon, B., Liu, D., Lander, E. S., Van Allen, E. M. & Sunyaev, S. R.
    (2020). Identification of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide
    context. Nature genetics. 52(2): 208-218.
        576. Painter, C. A., Jain, E., Tomson, B. N., Dunphy, M., Stoddard,
    R. E., Thomas, B. S., Damon, A. L., Shah, S., Kim, D., Gomez Tejeda
    Zanudo, J., Hornick, J. L., Chen, Y. L., Merriam, P., Raut, C. P.,
    Demetri, G. D., Van Tine, B. A., Lander, E. S., Golub, T. R. & Wagle,
    N. (2020). The Angiosarcoma Project: enabling genomic and clinical
    discoveries in a rare cancer through patient-partnered research. Nature
    medicine. 26(2): 181-187.
        577. Ray, J. P., de Boer, C. G., Fulco, C. P., Lareau, C. A.,
    Kanai, M., Ulirsch, J. C., Tewhey, R., Ludwig, L. S., Reilly, S. K.,
    Bergman, D. T., Engreitz, J. M., Issner, R., Finucane, H. K., Lander,
    E. S., Regev, A. & Hacohen, N. (2020). Prioritizing disease and trait
    causal variants at the TNFAIP3 locus using functional and genomic
    features. Nature communications. 11(1): 1237.
        578. Vallabh, S. M., Minikel, E. V., Schreiber, S. L. & Lander, E.
    S. (2020). Towards a treatment for genetic prion disease: trials and
    biomarkers. The Lancet. Neurology. 19(4): 361-368.
        579. Abel, H. J., Larson, D. E., Regier, A. A., Chiang, C., Das,
    I., Kanchi, K. L., Layer, R. M., Neale, B. M., Salerno, W. J., Reeves,
    C., Buyske, S., NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics, Matise, T.
    C., Muzny, D. M., Zody, M. C., Lander, E. S., Dutcher, S. K., Stitziel
    N. O., & Hall I. M. (2020). Mapping and characterization of structural
    variation in 17,795 human genomes. Nature. 583(7814): 83-89.
        580. Fahed, A. C., Wang, M., Homburger, J. R., Patel, A. P., Bick,
    A. G., Neben, C. L., Lai, C., Brockman, D., Philippakis, A., Ellinor,
    P. T., Cassa, C. A., Lebo, M., Ng, K., Lander, E. S., Zhou, A. Y.,
    Kathiresan, S., & Khera, A. V. (2020). Polygenic background modifies
    penetrance of monogenic variants for tier 1 genomic conditions. Nature
    communications. 11(1): 3635.
        581. Zoonomia Consortium. (2020). A comparative genomics multitool
    for scientific discovery and conservation. Nature 587(7833): 240-245.
        582. Bick A.G., Weinstock J.S., Nandakumar S.K., Fulco C.P., Bao
    E.L., Zekavat S.M., Szeto M.D., Liao X., Leventhal M.J., Nasser J.,
    Chang K., Laurie C., Burugula B.B., Gibson C.J., Lin A.E., Taub M.A.,
    Aguet F,. Ardlie K., Mitchell B.D., Barnes K.C., Moscati A., Fornage
    M., Redline S., Psaty B.M., Silverman E.K., Weiss S.T., Palmer N.D.,
    Vasan R.S., Burchard E.G., Kardia S.L.R., He J., Kaplan R.C., Smith
    N.L., Arnett D.K., Schwartz D.A., Correa A., de Andrade M., Guo X.,
    Konkle B.A., Custer B., Peralta J.M., Gui H., Meyers D.A., McGarvey
    S.T., Chen I.Y., Shoemaker M.B., Peyser P.A., Broome J.G., Gogarten
    S.M., Wang F.F., Wong Q., Montasser M.E., Daya M., Kenny E.E., North
    K.E., Launer L.J., Cade B.E., Bis J.C., Cho M.H., Lasky-Su J., Bowden
    D.W., Cupples L.A., Mak A.C.Y., Becker L.C., Smith J.A., Kelly T.N.,
    Aslibekyan S., Heckbert S.R., Tiwari H.K., Yang I.V., Heit J.A., Lubitz
    S.A., Johnsen J.M., Curran J.E., Wenzel S.E., Weeks D.E., Rao D.C.,
    Darbar D., Moon J.Y., Tracy R.P., Buth E.J., Rafaels N., Loos R.J.F.,
    Durda P., Liu Y., Hou L., Lee J., Kachroo P., Freedman B.I., Levy D.,
    Bielak L.F., Hixson J.E., Floyd J.S., Whitsel E.A., Ellinor P.T., Irvin
    M.R., Fingerlin T.E., Raffield L.M., Armasu S.M., Wheeler M.M., Sabino
    E.C., Blangero J., Williams L.K., Levy B.D., Sheu W.H., Roden D.M.,
    Boerwinkle E., Manson J.E., Mathias R.A., Desai P., Taylor K.D.,
    Johnson A.D.; NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium, Auer
    P.L., Kooperberg C., Laurie C.C., Blackwell T.W., Smith A.V., Zhao H.,
    Lange E., Lange L., Rich S.S., Rotter J.I., Wilson J.G., Scheet P.,
    Kitzman J.O., Lander E.S., Engreitz J.M., Ebert B.L., Reiner A.P.,
    Jaiswal S., Abecasis G., Sankaran V.G., Kathiresan S., & Natarajan P.
    (2020). Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole
    genomes. Nature. 586(7831): 763-768.
        583. Schmidt N., Lareau C.A., Keshishian H., Ganskih S., Schneider
    C., Hennig T., Melanson R., Werner S., Wei Y., Zimmer M., Ade J.,
    Kirschner L., Zielinski S., Dolken L., Lander E.S., Caliskan N.,
    Fischer U., Vogel J., Carr S.A., Bodem J., & Munschauer M. (2020). The
    SARS-CoV-2 RNA-protein interactome in infected human cells. Nature
    Microbiology. Epub ahead of print.
        584. Marshall J.L., Doughty B.R., Subramanian V., Guckelberger P.,
    Wang Q., Chen L.M., Rodriques S.G., Zhang K., Fulco C.P., Nasser J.,
    Grinkevich E.J., Noel T., Mangiameli S., Bergman D.T., Greka A., Lander
    E.S., Chen F., & Engreitz J.M. HyPR-seq: Single-cell quantification of
    chosen RNAs via hybridization and sequencing of DNA probes. (2020).
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(52): 33404-33413.
        585. Mitchell C.M., Mazzoni C., Hogstrom L., Bryant A., Bergerat
    A., Cher A., Pochan S., Herman P., Carrigan M., Sharp K., Huttenhower
    C., Lander E.S., Vlamakis H., Xavier R.J., & Yassour M. Delivery Mode
    Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota. (2020). Cell Reports
    Medicine. 1(9): 100156.
        586. Collins F.S., Doudna J.A., Lander E.S., Rotimi C.N. Human
    Molecular Genetics and Genomics--Important Advances and Exciting
    Possibilities. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine. Epub ahead of
    print.
        587. Sinnott-Armstrong N., Sousa I.S., Laber S., Rendina-Ruedy E.,
    Nitter Dankel S.E., Ferreira T., Mellgren G., Karasik D., Rivas M.,
    Pritchard J., Guntur A.R., Cox R.D., Lindgren C.M., Hauner H., Sallari
    R., Rosen C.J., Hsu Y.H., Lander E.S., Kiel D.P., Claussnitzer M. A
    regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk for
    hyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density. (2021) Cell Metab. Epub
    ahead of print.
    IV. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
        I have also authored OpEds, PCAST reports during the Obama
    Administration, Ad Hoc working group reports, Supreme Court amicus
    briefs, and a law review article.
    OpEds:
       Just when we need it most, science is in danger (Boston
            Globe): https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/10/08/opinion/just-
            when-we-need-it-most-science-is-danger/

       Looking to the future of patient-centered cancer research
            and treatment (Boston Globe; with Reed Jobs): https://
            www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/10/18/looking-future-patient-
            centered-cancer-research-and-treatment/C7jJ2lV0Z0PjOHZOxv9oyJ/
            story.html

       Will America yield its position as the world's leader in
            science and technology? (Boston Globe): https://
            www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/012918-BostonGlobe-
            LanderOpEd.pdf

       America's `Miracle Machine' is in desperate need of, well, a
            miracle (Washington Post; with Eric Schmidt): https://
            www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/about/050517-WashPost-
            OpEdMiracleMachine.pdf

       Hype vs. hope in medical research (Boston Globe/Medium):
            https://www.broad
            institute.org/files/sections/about/BostonGlobe-HypeVsHope-
            opinion.pdf
        (Medium: https://medium.com/@eric_lander/hype-vs-hope-in-medical-
            research-3fbd8edf018d)

       Fix the Flaws in Forensic Science (New York Times): https://
            www.nytimes
            .com/2015/04/21/opinion/fix-the-flaws-in-forensic-science.html

       Private Money Pays Off For Medicine (Wall Street Journal;
            with Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.): https://www.wsj.com/articles/
            eric-lander-and-louis-gerstner-private-money-pays-off-for-
            medicine-1407710070

       The Accelerator (Science): https://science.sciencemag.org/
            content/331/6020/1024.2.full

       In Wake of Genetic Revolution, Questions About Its Meaning
            (New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/science/
            essay-in-wake-of-genetic
            -revolution-questions-about-its-meaning.html
    Law Review Article:
       Fixing Rule 702: The PCAST Report and Steps to Ensure the
            Reliability of Forensic Feature-Comparison Methods in the
            Criminal Courts: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/sections/
            about/PCAST/2018 percent20ensurin g-reliability-forensic.pdf
    Supreme Court Amicus Briefs:
       Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics:
            https://www.broadin
            stitute.org/files/sections/about/12-398-ac-Lander.pdf

       Gill v. Whitford: https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/
            default/files/legal-work
            /Gill_AmicusBrief_EricLander_InSupportofAppellees.pdf

       Rucho v. Common Cause: https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/
            sections/about/Gerrymandering_Amicus Brief_EricLander_Rucho.pdf
    Reports
       International Commission on the Clinical Use of Human
            Germline Genome Editing Heritable Human Genome Editing report:
            https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25665/heritable-human-genome-
            editing

       39 Reports of the President's Council of Advisors on Science
            and Technology (PCAST), which I co-chaired during the Obama
            Administration, 2009-2017 (one classified): https://
            obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/
            docsrep orts

       OPCAST Ad Hoc Pandemic Response Group (single document with
            all six reports): https://opcast.org/OPCAST_Compendium.pdf

       On Human Gene Editing: International Summit Statement:
            https://www
            .nationalacademies.org/news/2015/12/on-human-gene-editing-
            international-summit-statement

       National Academy of Sciences Committee on DNA Technology in
            Forensic Science report: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1866/dna-
            technology-in-forensic-science
    V. ONLINE MATERIALS
    Online Courses:
            Introduction to Biology--The Secret of Life (edX):
            https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-to-biology-the-secret-
            of-life-3

            Fundamentals of Biology (MIT OpenCourseware):
            https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-01sc-fundamentals-of-
            biology-fall-2011/
    Podcasts:
            Brave New Planet (host):
            https://www.pushkin.fm/show/brave-new-planet/

            Clear + Vivid (guest)
            https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-decoding-
            life/id1400082430?i=1000506582017

            Lovett or Leave It (guest):
            https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/coup-clutz-clan/
            id1216346463?i=1000499693551

            Deep Background with Noah Feldman (guest):
            https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-big-data-revolution/
            id1460055316?i=1000501053706

            Armchair Expert (guest):
            https://armchairexpert.simplecast.com/episodes/eric-lander-
            yfQOlTJc

            Stay Tuned with Preet (guest):
            https://cafe.com/stay-tuned/playing-god-with-eric-lander/

            Theory and Practice (guest):
            https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/eric-lander-broad-
            institute/id1480260459?i=1000459308356

            Talking Machines podcast (guest):
            https://www.thetalkingmachines.com/episodes/eric-lander-and-
            restricted-boltzmann-machines
    Relevant Lectures and Talks:
            Lecture 14: ``Rapid research response in a pandemic'' (MIT):
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLkuchTScn8

            Klinsky Lecture on Science, Law and Policy (Harvard Law
            School):
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOZJ-kn2Tc

            Science, Technology, and the Future of America (HUBweek):
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfN7b79SSec

            ``Secrets of the Human Genome'' (Killian Lecture):
            https://www.youtube.com/
            watch?t=8m21s&v=ztMBrL21bP4&feature=youtu.be

            Precision Medicine: the Promise, the Journey, the Future
            (Public Health Grand Rounds at the Aspen Institute):
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfh-0xlVCpo

            Limits to our Understanding (International Summit on Human Gene
            Editing):
            https://vimeo.com/showcase/3703972/video/149192705

            The Miracle Machine (National Math Festival):
            https://vimeo.com/133400574

            Aspen Ideas Festival Afternoon of Conversation:
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoTuRTYuY14

            Future of U.S. Innovation (Brookings Institute):
            https://www.c-span.org/video/?300258-4/future-us-innovation#

            Save the Miracle Machine:
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNqa8TWM_10

            Millennium evenings at the White House, Information Meets
            Genomics:
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hnMi714CX0

        18. List digital platforms (including social media and other
    digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated
    an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your
    name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'' you
    have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account
    is active, deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if
    possible.

            Twitter [Active]: https://twitter.com/eric_lander (A podcast
            that I hosted also has a Twitter account, https://twitter.com/
            BravePlanetPod, although I do not maintain that account.)

            Instagram [Dormant]: https://www.instagram.com/ericlander17/

            Facebook [Deleted]: I do not have a personal Facebook account.
            (An account was created in 2013, never used, and then deleted.)

            Reddit [Dormant]: https://www.reddit.com/user/Eric_Lander

            Medium [Dormant]: https://medium.com/@eric_lander
        19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
    orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
    governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
    testimony.
        I have testified before such bodies on these two occasions:

      1.  United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Space:
            The Science and Standards of Forensics (March 28, 2012)

      2.  The House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human
            Services, Education, and Related Agencies: FY 1996 budget for
            the National Institutes of Health (February 2, 1995)

        To the best of my recollection, I have not testified on other
    occasions.
        20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
    operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
    nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
    believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
    which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
    position?
        Affirmative qualifications for the Director of the Office of
    Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): I have worked as scientist for 35
    years, including on major scientific projects such as the Human Genome
    Project; I have served on several bodies that provide advice concerning
    science and technology to the Federal government, including co-chairing
    for eight years the President's Council of Advisors on Science and
    Technology (which provides advice to the President and the White House)
    and serving for four years on the Defense Innovation Board (which
    provides advice to the Secretary of Defense and the DOD).
        I wish to serve in this position because I believe that (i) U.S.
    science and technology will be crucial to our Nation's health, economic
    prosperity and national security in the decades ahead and (ii) sound
    Federal policies can promote U.S. science and technology.
        21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
    ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
    controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
    organization?
        Responsibilities to Ensure Proper Management and Accounting
    Controls: I recognize that as Director, I would be responsible for all
    issues of compliance at the agency including management and accounting
    responsibility. Working with appointed leadership, career staff and
    Congressional oversight, I will work to ensure that OSTP meets the
    highest standards of professionalism and compliance to serve the public
    good. This would include ensuring that the agency adhere to the OSTP
    Open Government Plan, promoting transparency, timely responses to
    Congressional and GAO inquiries and compliance with reporting
    requirements.
        Experience Managing Large Organizations: Since 2004, I have served
    as the CEO, President and Founding Director of the Broad Institute of
    MIT and Harvard. Since 2009, the Broad Institute has been an 501(c)(3)
    non-profit organization, with a large scientific community (currently
    more than 4,500 people), many employees (currently more than 2,000
    people) and a large budget (currently more than $500 million/year).
        22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
    department/agency, and why?
        As the President has noted: In the aftermath of WWII, the United
    States adopted a wise science and technology strategy that has guided
    the Nation for 75 years, ensuring that the U.S. has been the world
    leader in scientific discovery and technological innovation and
    yielding enormous benefits for the Nation's health, economic prosperity
    and national security. However, much has changed over the past 75
    years--making it now essential to ``refresh and reinvigorate our
    national science and technology strategy to set us on a strong course
    for the next 75 years, so that our children and grandchildren may
    inhabit a healthier, safer, more just, peaceful, and prosperous
    world.''
        The President posed five critical questions, and he is seeking
    answers in the form of policies--including strategies, activities and
    structures--to ensure our Nation's success in the decades ahead.
        Consistent with the President's letter, I believe the top three
    challenges are to develop policies to:

    (1) Ensure that we learn from the current pandemic in the broadest
            sense--about what is possible or what should become possible--
            to address the widest range of needs related to our public
            health.
        This work includes how we can: dramatically improve our ability to
    rapidly address threats from pathogens, including emerging pandemics,
    potential bioweapons, and antibiotic resistance; dramatically speed our
    ability to develop and conduct clinical trials of therapies for other
    types of diseases like cancer; enable the rapid sharing, with patient
    consent, of health information to build a smarter and more effective
    healthcare system; best use telemedicine to improve health for all
    Americans; and much more.
    (2) Ensure that the United States will be the world leader in the
            technologies and industries of the future that will be critical
            to our economic prosperity and national security, especially in
            competition with China.
        New technologies are emerging with increasing rapidity that have
    the potential to transform our lives, increase our economic prosperity
    by creating new industries and jobs, and protect our national security.
    Examples of new or rapidly evolving technologies include artificial
    intelligence, synthetic biology, quantum computing, advanced energy
    technologies, advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, semiconductors,
    telecommunications, and much more.
        Over the past 75 years, America has consistently been a world
    leader in the development of all major technologies, with huge economic
    and national security benefits. Today, other countries--especially
    China--are making unprecedented investments and doing everything in
    their power to promote the growth of new industries and eclipse
    America's scientific and technological leadership. Our future depends
    on our ability to keep pace with our competitors and to lead in the
    fields that will define the economy of tomorrow.
        We need to focus on: maintaining the right level of national
    investment; creating the structures, infrastructures, and policies
    needed to accelerate the path from research laboratories to development
    projects to the marketplace; strengthening and expanding the
    connections between academia, industry, and government, which have
    historically been crucial for advancing technology and protecting
    national security; and ensuring that technological advances create
    rather than diminish high-quality jobs.
        In addition, we need to ensure the long-term health of science and
    technology in our Nation--from expanding the availability of high-
    quality STEM education for all students and addressing stresses on
    colleges and universities, to protecting scientific integrity within
    government and making government a premier destination for scientists
    and technologists to work.
    (3) Ensure that the creation and rewards of science and technology are
            fully shared across America and among all Americans.
        Science and technology--including training, engagement, employment
    and the benefits--remain unevenly distributed across racial, gender,
    economic, and geographic lines in the US. We must ensure that Americans
    of all backgrounds are drawn into both the creation and the rewards of
    science and technology. We need to ensure that science and technology
    hubs flourish in every part of the country. And, we need to ensure that
    advances in medical science benefit the health of all Americans,
    including substantially reducing disparities across racial,
    socioeconomic and geographic disparities in health.
                       b. potential conflicts of interest
        1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
    accounts.
        I have no continuing financial arrangements, deferred compensation
    agreements, or other continuing dealings with business associates,
    clients, or customers. My retirement accounts consist of the following:

      a.  The Broad Institute, Inc. 457(b) Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025 K
            Shares)

      b.  Broad Institute, Inc. 401k Retirement Plan (Fidelity Freedom 2025
            Fund Class K Shares)

      c.  Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan (Vanguard
            Institutional Target Retirement 2020 Fund Institutional Class
            Shares)

      d.  A Sep IRA, consisting of:

        a)  Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund

        b)  Old Westbury Credit Income Fund

        c)  Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies

        d)  Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies

        e)  Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund

        f)  Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund

      e.  A Traditional IRA, consisting of:

        a)  Old Westbury Fixed Income Fund

        b)  Old Westbury Multi-Asset Opportunities Fund

        c)  Old Westbury Credit Income Fund

        d)  Old Westbury Large Cap Strategies

        e)  Old Westbury Small & Mid Cap Strategies

        f)  Old Westbury All Cap Core Fund

      f.  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, consisting of:

        a)  TIAA Traditional

        b)  CREF Stock

        c)  CREF Growth

        d)  CREF Equity Index

      g.  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research 403(B), consisting
            of:

        a)  CREF Growth

        b)  CREF Bond Market

      h.  Retirement Income Plan For Teaching Faculty of Harvard
            University, consisting of:

        a)  TIAA Traditional

        b)  CREF Stock R3

        For the Broad Institute 457(b) and 401k plans, I will continue to
    participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan sponsor will
    not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of absence during
    my government service.
        For the Harvard University Tax-Deferred Annuity Plan, I will
    continue to participate in this defined contribution plan. The plan
    sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an unpaid leave of
    absence during my government service.
        For the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research retirement
    accounts, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution
    plan. The plan sponsor ceased making contributions upon my separation.
        For the Retirement Income Plan for Teaching Faculty of Harvard
    University, I will continue to participate in this defined contribution
    plan. The plan sponsor will not make contributions while I am on an
    unpaid leave of absence during my government service.
        2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
    to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
    association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
    please explain.
        As described in my ethics agreement, I have been granted leaves of
    absence from my tenured faculty appointments at (i) MIT, (ii) Harvard
    and (iii) the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, pursuant to their
    leave of absence policies and will abide by the terms governing those
    leaves set forth in the ethics agreement.
        3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
    relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
    the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will
    resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
    Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
    potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
    resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
    entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
    will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
    potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
    consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
    resolve the conflict.
        4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
    transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for
    yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
    any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
    position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve
    each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
    Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
    potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
    resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
    entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
    will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
    potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
    consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
    resolve the conflict.
        5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain
    how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
        In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
    the Office of Government Ethics and the Designated Agency Ethics
    Official at the Office of Science Technology Policy to identify any
    potential conflict of interest. Any conflict of interest will be
    resolved according to the terms of an ethics agreement that I have
    entered into with OSTP's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that
    will be provided to this Committee. In the event that an actual or
    potential conflict of interest arises during my appointment, I will
    consult with OSTP's ethics counsel and take the measures necessary to
    resolve the conflict.
        6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the
    names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the
    purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or
    modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and
    execution of law or public policy. None.
                                c. legal matters
        1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics,
    professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a
    complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special
    Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
    professional group? If yes:

      a.  Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;

      b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action was issued or initiated;

      c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or
            personnel action;

      d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action,
            complaint, or personnel action.
        No.
        2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
    any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal,
    State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain.
        No, (except for routine background investigations required for
    security clearance).
        3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were
    an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency
    proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please
    explain.
        CRISPR Patent Litigation. The Broad Institute has been involved in
    various proceedings related to which party was the first to invent
    various aspects of the CRISPR genome-editing technology. These patent
    questions have been the subject of proceedings before the U.S. Patent
    and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office Board of Appeals,
    with one decision appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal
    Circuit. The principal cases are listed below.

       Regents of University of California v. The Broad Institute,
            Inc. (0:2017bca
            ag01907), U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit

                    In 2012, researchers from the University of California,
                    University of Vienna, and Emmanuelle Charpentier
                    (collectively, ``UC'') published their use of CRISPR-
                    Cas9 to precisely cut purified DNA in a test tube.
                    Shortly thereafter, researchers from the Broad
                    Institute, Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
                    and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
                    (collectively, ``Broad'') published their use of
                    CRISPR-Cas9 to edit DNA in living cells, including
                    human cells. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board
                    (``Board'') found that Broad's invention was patentably
                    distinct from UC's. UC appealed, and the Federal Court
                    of Appeals affirmed the Board's decision.

       Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, Case Number:
            T 0844/18-3.308, Application Number: 13818570.7, Publication
            Number: 2771468

                    This appeal concerns European patent 2 771 468 having
                    the title ``ENGINEERING OF SYSTEMS, METHODS AND
                    OPTIMIZED GUIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE
                    MANIPULATION'' that is based upon European patent
                    application No. 13 818 570.7 and the PCT application,
                    PCT/US2013/074819 filed on 12 December 2013 (``PCT
                    '819''). European patent 2 771 468 and PCT '819 claim
                    priority from twelve U.S. provisional patent
                    applications (referred to as P1 to P12 in the decision
                    of the opposition division).

       George W. Schlich v. The Broad Institute, Inc., Feng Zhang,
            Naomi Habib, and Le Cong (1:2016mc91278), U.S. Court of
            Appeals, First Circuit

                    European patent attorney representing genome editing
                    company petitioned to obtain discovery from non-profit
                    medical research organization in relation to opposition
                    proceedings currently before the European Patent Office
                    (EPO) in which the attorney challenged the validity of
                    several of the organization's European patents
                    involving technology used in the programmable genome
                    editing of mammalian cells. The United States District
                    Court for the District of Massachusetts, F. Dennis
                    Saylor, IV, J., 2016 WL 7209565, denied petition and
                    subsequently, 2017 WL 1015005, denied patent attorney's
                    motion for reconsideration. Patent attorney appealed.

       Benson Hill Biosystems Inc v. The Broad Institute Inc, U.S.
            Patent and Trademark Office, Case PGR 2018-00072, U.S. Patent
            No. 9,790,490

                    Benson Hill Biosystems requested post grant review of
                    U.S. Patent No 9,790,490, which was assigned to the
                    Broad Institute, Presidents and Fellows of Harvard
                    College, and MIT ``patent owners''. This request was
                    denied on 1/22/2019.
    Other Litigation
       Xiulin Liu v. The Broad Institute, Inc.(1:2017cv12045),
            Massachusetts District Court, filed 10/19/17, closed 11/13/17

                    In the Complaint, Plaintiff made allegations of
                    wrongful termination and age discrimination. The Broad
                    disputed Plaintiff's claims. The Court dismissed
                    Plaintiff's Complaint on November 13, 2017. Liu made
                    similar allegations in a complaint filed with the
                    Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination and the
                    U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; the
                    action was dismissed after investigation by the MCAD.

       Natissa Enterprises Ltd v. Broad Institute (1:2019mc91124),
            filed 04/02/19, closed 05/02/19, Massachusetts District Court

                    Plaintiff filed a Motion to Compel and Enforce Subpoena
                    as to the Broad in regard to a separate matter, In re
                    Illumina Inc. Securities Litigation, No. CV-03044-L
                    (S.D. Cal.). The Broad opposed Plaintiff's motion to
                    compel. Plaintiff agreed, by Stipulation dated and
                    filed on April 30, 2019, to withdraw its motion to
                    compel and dismiss the action against the Broad.

        4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
    contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
    offense? If so, please explain. No.
        5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
    harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
    any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
        6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
    favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
    connection with your nomination.
        I am not aware of additional information relevant to this section.
                         d. relationship with committee
        1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
    deadlines for information set by congressional committees, and that
    your department/agency endeavors to timely comply with requests for
    information from individual Members of Congress, including requests
    from members in the minority? Yes.
        2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
    to protect congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
    for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
        3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
    witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
    firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
        4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
    constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
    reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                     ______

                  Attachment A9: Resume of Eric Steven Lander
    TITLE
            President & Founding Director, The Eli and Edythe L. Broad
            Institute of MIT and Harvard

            Professor, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of
            Technology

            Professor, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical
            School
    OFFICE
            Broad Institute
            415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142
            617-714-7010 (phone)
    HOME
    DATE OF BIRTH
            February 3, 1957
            Brooklyn, New York
    CITIZENSHIP
            United States
    EDUCATION
            Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 1974-1978
                    A.B. with highest honors in Mathematics, June 1978

            Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1978-1981
                    D. Phil. in Mathematics, January 1981
    FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (CURRENT)
            The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
            President and Founding Director, 2003-present

            Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
            Professor, 1993-present
            Associate Professor (with tenure), 1989-1993
            Visiting Scientist, 1984-1989

            Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
            Professor, 2004-present
    FACULTY APPOINTMENTS (PAST)
            Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
            Director, Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, 1990-2003
            Member, 1989-2008
            Whitehead Fellow, 1986-1989

            Harvard University, Graduate School of Business
            Associate Professor, 1987-1990
            Assistant Professor, 1981-1986

       Taught courses on mathematics, statistics and economics;
            developed new courses on bidding and bargaining; artificial
            intelligence; and science-based businesses.

       During this period learned molecular biology and genetics in
            laboratories of Peter Cherbas and William Gelbart at Harvard,
            and H. Robert Horvitz, David Botstein and David Page at MIT.
    SUMMER COURSES
            The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
            Short Course in Medical and Mammalian Genetics,
            Lecturer, Summer 1987, 1989, 1990

            Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
            Genetic Approaches to Human Disease Using DNA Markers
            Course Co-organizer, Summer 1989, 1990, 1991

            Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics, Amherst,
            Massachusetts
            National Science Foundation program for exceptional high school
            students,
            Faculty, Summer 1975, 1976, 1979
    MENTORING
            Mentored more than 100 scientists, many who have gone on to
            become faculty at leading universities, research centers, and
            hospitals (including Harvard, Caltech, Princeton, Massachusetts
            General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber
            Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson
            Cancer Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Weizmann
            Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, U.S. National
            Institutes of Health) and biotechnology and pharmaceutical
            companies.
    HONORARY DOCTORATES
            Charles University, Czech Republic, Honorary Doctorate, 2020

            Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, Honorary Doctorate,
            2017

            Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Honorary Doctorate,
            2017

            Brandeis University, Honorary Doctorate, 2014

            Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Honorary Doctorate and
            Commencement Speaker, 2013

            Columbia University, Honorary Doctorate, 2008

            Lund University, Sweden, Honorary Doctorate, 2007

            Northeastern University, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement
            Speaker, 2005

            University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Honorary Doctorate, 2005

            Williams College, Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Speaker,
            2003

            Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

            Medical College of Wisconsin, Honorary Doctorate, 2001

            Tel Aviv University, Honorary Doctorate, 2000
    ELECTED ACADEMIES
            Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2020

            Council on Foreign Relations, 2014

            Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Class of Biosciences, 2013

            European Molecular Biology Organization, 2012

            Academy of Athens, 2009

            U.S. Institute of Medicine, 1999

            American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999

            American Academy of Achievement, 1999

            U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1997
    AWARDS AND PRIZES (Selected)
            Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) Award for Excellence
            in Molecular Diagnostics, 2016

            Friends of Cancer Research Leadership Award, 2016
                    ``for pioneering research unlocking the molecular
                    origins of cancer, leadership guiding our Nation's
                    scientific priorities, and dedication to empowering a
                    new generation of researchers to accelerate biomedical
                    advancements''

            James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award, MIT, 2016
                    ``for extraordinary professional achievements by an MIT
                    faculty member''

            Fellow, American Association for Cancer Research Academy, 2016

            AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize, 2015
                    ``for signal contributions to the advancement of
                    science in the United States''

            Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award, Van Andel Institute, 2015

            Time Magazine's 10 years of Influence, 2013

            Block Memorial Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer
            Research, Ohio State University, 2013

            Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2013
                    ''For the discovery of general principles for
                    identifying human disease genes, and enabling their
                    application to medicine through the creation and
                    analysis of genetic, physical and sequence maps of the
                    human genome.''

            Harvey Prize for Human Health, Technion University, Israel,
            2012
                    ''In recognition of his significant contributions to
                    the field of genomics, as the driving force behind most
                    of the major advances in this field.''

            Dan David Prize, Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Israel,
            2012
                    ``For the Future Dimension--Genome Research''

            Dart/NYU Biotechnology Achievement Award, 2012

            Albany Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, Albany
            Medical College, 2010

            New York Academy of Medicine Medal for Distinguished
            Contribution in Biomedical Sciences, 2009

            A. Clifford Barger Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard
            Medical School, 2008-2009

            U.S. News & World Report ``America's Best Leaders,'' 2006

            Reenpaa Medal, Finnish Cultural Foundation, 2006

            AAAS Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology,
            2004
                    ``for his excellence in communicating complex
                    scientific ideas, and their implications for society,
                    to the general public and policy-makers, while actively
                    engaged in a demanding and aggressive research
                    program.''

            Research!America Award for Sustained Leadership at the National
            Level, 2004

            Lila Gruber Cancer Award, American Academy of Dermatology, 2004

            Time Magazine, List of ``100 Most Influential People in the
            World Today,'' 2004

            Josiah Willard Gibbs Prize Lecturer, American Mathematical
            Society, 2004

            American Scientist of the Year Award, R&D Magazine, 2003

            Scientist of the Year Award, National Disease Research
            Interchange, 2003

            Alfred Benzon Foundation Prize, Denmark, 2002

            Gairdner Foundation International Award, Canada, 2002
                    ``for his major seminal contribution to the sequencing
                    of the human and other genomes''

            John von Neumann Award, Society for Industrial and Applied
            Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2002

            Special Achievement Award, Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter
            Symposium, 2002

            City of Medicine Award, 2001, with John Sulston and Robert
            Waterston Max Delbruck Medal, Berlin, 2001

            J. Allyn Taylor Prize, Canada, 2001

            Novartis Drew Award in Biomedical Research, 2001

            Distinguished Service Award, American College of
            Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001

            Allen Award, American Society of Human Genetics, 2000
                    ``to the community of scientists that carried out the
                    Human Genome Project'', accepted on behalf of
                    community, together with Francis Collins and Craig
                    Venter

            Beckman Prize, American Association for Lab Automation, 2000

            Millennium Lecturer, The White House, October 1999

            Pasarow Prize in Cancer, Robert J. and Claire Pasarow
            Foundation, 1998

            Chiron Prize for Biotechnology, American Society for
            Microbiology, 1998

            Phi Beta Kappa Associates Award, 1998
                    ``for outstanding work as a scientist''

            Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service, Princeton University,
            1998
                    ``the university's highest award to an alumnus of the
                    undergraduate college''

            American Academy of Microbiology, elected 1997

            Dickson Prize in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1997

            Class of 1960 Fellows Award, Massachusetts Institute of
            Technology, 1996
                    ``for outstanding teaching''

            Kroc Distinguished Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle,
            1996

            Rhoads Memorial Award, American Association for Cancer
            Research, 1995
                    ``for excellence in cancer research''

            Herman Beerman Lecturer, Society for Investigative Dermatology,
            1995

            Herbert Boyer Lecturer in Genetics, University of California at
            San Francisco, 1995

            Gladstone Distinguished Lecturer, Gladstone Institute, 1994

            Ralph R. Braund Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of
            Tennessee, 1994

            Herbert W. Dickerman Award, New York Department of Health, 1993

            Christian A. Herter Distinguished Lecturer, New York
            University, 1993

            Baker Memorial Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching,
            MIT, 1992

            Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science,
            1990
                    ``for research on the application of mathematical and
                    statistical approaches to molecular genetics''

            MacArthur Prize Fellow, for research in human genetics and
            mathematics, 1987-1992

            Rhodes Scholar, 1978-1981

            Johnson Memorial Bequest, Oxford University, for best thesis in
            mathematics, June 1981

            Senior Prize, Oxford University, June 1981

            Valedictorian, Princeton University, June 1978

            Pyne Prize, Princeton University, February 1978
                    ``the highest award the university confers upon an
                    undergraduate''

            Phi Beta Kappa Award, Princeton University, June 1978
                    ``for highest academic achievement''

            Class of 1863 Prize and Andrew Brown Prize in Mathematics,
            Princeton University, 1976, 1977

            U.S. Mathematical Olympiad Team, Silver Medal, 16th
            International Mathematical Olympiad, Erfurt, East Germany, 1974

            First Place, Westinghouse Science Talent Search, 1974
    GOVERNMENT SERVICE (Selected)
            Defense Innovation Board, Office of the Secretary of Defense:
            Member, 2016-2020

            President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (President's
            Jobs Council), Executive Office of the President: Member, 2011-
            2012

            President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
            (PCAST), Executive Office of the President: Co-Chair, 2009-2017

            Presidential Commission on the National Medal of Science:
            Member, 1995-2000

            National Institutes of Health: Member, Advisory Committee to
            the Director, 1995-2000

            National Cancer Advisory Board: Member, 2003-2006

            National Institute of Mental Health: Member, Genetics Working
            Group, 1997-1998

            National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Genome
            Research Review Committee, 1990-1994

            National Science Foundation: Member, Advisory Committee,
            Biological and Behavioral Sciences, 1989-1994

            National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc
            Study Section on New Technologies for Genome Analysis, 1989

            National Library of Medicine (NIH): Chair, Ad Hoc Study Section
            on Analysis of Molecular Biology Data, 1988

            National Institutes of Health: Chair, Subcommittee on Genetic
            Information, Advisory Committee on Human Genome Project, 1988

            National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH): Member, Special
            Panel on Applications of Molecular Genetics to Hypertension and
            Atherosclerosis, 1988

            Congressional Office of Technology Assessment: Member, Panel on
            DNA Forensics, 1989
    NON-PROFIT AND ACADEMIC BOARDS (Selected)
            Life Science Cares: Member, Board of Advisors, 2019-2021

            Society for Science & The Public: Member, Honorary Board, 2019-
            2021

            Biden Cancer Initiative: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021

            Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and
            International Affairs: Member, Board of Directors, 2017-2021

            Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy: Member, Scientific
            Advisory Board, 2015-2021

            Global Alliance for Genomics and Health: Member, Strategic
            Advisory Board, 2014-2021

            Innocence Project: Member, Board of Directors, 2004-2021

            Ontario Institute for Cancer Research: Co-Chair, Scientific
            Advisory Board, 2009-2017

            Salk Institute for Biological Studies: Non-Resident Fellow,
            2010-2018

            Ragon Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2009-2021

            Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Research Advisory
            Council, 2009-2012

            Boston University: Board of Trustees, 2008-2013

            International Cancer Genomics Consortium: Member, Scientific
            Planning Committee, 2007-2008

            Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland: Member, Scientific
            Advisory Board, 2007-2015

            Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: Member, Board of
            Scientific Consultants, 2001-2008

            American Society of Human Genetics: Member, Board of Directors,
            2001-2003

            Finnish Genome Center: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 2000-
            2006

            The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Corporation, 1999-2004

            Massachusetts General Hospital: Member, Scientific Advisory
            Board, 1997-2001

            Task Force on Science, Health Care and the Economy: Member,
            1997-present

            National Heart Lung and Blood Institute: Co-chair, Panel on
            Genetic Resources, 1996-1997

            National Cancer Institute: Co-chair, Developmental Diagnostics
            Working Group, 1996-1997

            Dana-Farber Cancer Institute: Member, Scientific Advisory
            Board, 1996-2001

            Joint Steering Committee for Public Policy: Chair, 1996-2001;
            Member, 1994-2001

            Genetics Society of America: Member, Board of Directors, 1992-
            1997

            The Jackson Laboratory: Member, Scientific Advisory Board,
            1992-1997

            Human Genome Organization: Governing Council, 1992-1997

            National Academy of Sciences: Co-chair, Symposium on Molecular
            Biology and Computer Science, 1990

            National Academy of Sciences: Chair, Committee on Mathematics
            and Molecular Biology, 1989- 1990

            National Academy of Sciences: Member, Committee on DNA
            Technology in Forensic Science, 1990-1993

            National Academy of Sciences: Member, Organizing Committee for
            Symposium on the Frontiers of Science, 1990

            Princeton University: Member, Board of Trustees, 1987-1991

            Princeton University: Member, Advisory Council, Department of
            Mathematics, 1981-1985
    EDITORIAL BOARDS (Selected)
            Functional and Integrative Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2009

            Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Editor, 1999-2005

            Physiological Genomics, Editorial Board, 1999-2003

            Computational Biology, Editorial Board, 1994-2009

            Genetic Analysis: Techniques and Applications, Editorial Board,
            1994-1995

            Human Mutation, Editorial Board, 1993-1995

            Advances in Applied Mathematics, Editorial Board, 1993-1995

            Genetic Epidemiology, Editorial Board, 1991-1996

            PCR Methods and Applications, Editorial Board, 1991-1995

            Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, Editorial Board,
            1991-1995

            Human Molecular Genetics, Editorial Board, 1991-1995

            Mammalian Genome, Editorial Board, 1991-2009

            Genomics, Editorial Board, 1986-1999

            Theoretical Population Biology, Editorial Board, 1987-1991
    CORPORATE BOARDS, CONSULTING AND OTHER (Selected)
            Codiak Biosciences: Board of Directors, 2015-2021

            NEON Therapeutics: Board of Directors, 2015-2021

            F-Prime Capital (formerly Fidelity Biosciences): Scientific
            Advisory Board, 2010-2021

            Infinity Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 2001-2016

            Third Rock Ventures: Scientific Advisory Board, 2007-2021

            Foundation Medicine, Founding Advisor, 2010-2014

            Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Board of Directors, 1993-2007

            Affymetrix: Scientific Advisory Board, 1995-2000

            Healthcare Ventures: Member, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-
            1995

            Arris Pharmaceutical: Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1997

            Medigene: Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, 1990-1994

            E. Dupont de Nemours: Consultant, 1988

            Thinking Machines Corporation: Consultant, 1990-1994

            Collaborative Research: Consultant, 1985-1987

            National Broadcasting Company: Consultant on statistics and
            economics, 1985

            Attorney General, State of Hawaii: Consultant on law and
            economics, 1985

            Wyche, Burgess, Freeman & Parham, Atlanta, Georgia: Consultant
            on bidding and law, 1982

            Bell Laboratories: Consultant on mathematics and statistics,
            1981

            Business Week Magazine: Staff reporter (AAAS Mass Media Intern
            Fellowship for science journalism), 1977
                                  PUBLICATIONS
    Web of Science (as of 2020):
    Total publications: 639
    Citations: 223,166

    H-index: 208
    Google Scholar (as of 2020):
    Citations: 486,772
    H-index: 279
    BOOK
        1. Lander, E.S. (1983). Symmetric designs: an algebraic approach
    (Vol. 74). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    EDITED BOOK
        2. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (Eds.). (1995). Calculating the
    secrets of life: Contributions of the mathematical sciences to
    molecular biology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    ARTICLES
    Mathematics
        3. Lander, E.S. (1981). Symmetric designs and self-dual codes.
    Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2(2), 193-204.
        4. Lander, E.S. (1981). Characterization of biplanes by their
    automorphism groups. In M. Aigner & D. Jungnickel. (Eds.), Geometries
    and groups (pp. 204-218). Berlin Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
        5. Lander, E.S. (1988). Characterizing symmetric designs by their
    symmetries. Journal of Algebra, 113(1), 1-18.
        6. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restrictions upon multipliers of an abelian
    difference set. Archiv der Mathematik, 50(3), 241-242.
        7. Arratia, R., & Lander, E.S. (1990). The distribution of clusters
    in random graphs. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 11(1), 36-48.
        8. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
    the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
    binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
    Economics
        9. Farrell, J., & Lander, E.S. (1989). Competition between and
    within teams: The lifeboat principle. Economics Letters, 29(3), 205-
    208.
    Biology
        10. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Consanguinity and
    heterogeneity: Cystic fibrosis need not be homogeneous in Italy.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 39(2), 282-283. PMID: 3752091;
    PMCID: PMC1683934.
        11. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Strategies for studying
    heterogeneous genetic traits in humans by using a linkage map of
    restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences, 83(19), 7353-7357. PMID: 2876423; PMCID:
    PMC386715.
        12. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1986). Mapping complex genetic
    traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold
    Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 51(Pt 1), 49-62. PMID:
    2884068.
        13. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1987). Construction of multilocus
    genetic linkage maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 84(8), 2363-2367. PMID: 3470801; PMCID: PMC304651.
        14. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1987). Homozygosity mapping: a
    way to map human recessive traits with the DNA of inbred children.
    Science, 236(4808), 1567-1570. PMID: 2884728.
        15. Green, P., Barker, D., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
    Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
    C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Watt, D., Weiffenbach, B., &
    Donis-Keller, H. (1987). A genetic linkage map of chromosome 7
    including the cystic fibrosis region. In: G. Mastella & P.M. Quinton
    (Eds.), Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis. San Francisco,
    CA: San Francisco Press.
        16. Barker, D., Green, P., Knowlton, R., Schumm, J., Lander, E.S.,
    Oliphant, A., Willard, H., Akots, G., Brown, V., Gravius, T., Helms,
    C., Nelson, C., Parker, C., Rediker, K., Rising, M., Watt, D.,
    Weiffenbach, B., & Donis-Keller, H. (1987). Genetic linkage map of
    human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 84(22), 8006-8010. PMID: 2891136; PMCID:
    PMC299465.
        17. Lander, E.S., Green, P., Abrahamson, J., Barlow, A., Daly,
    M.J., Lincoln, S.E., & Newburg, L. (1987). MAPMAKER: an interactive
    computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of
    experimental and natural populations. Genomics, 1(2), 174-181. PMID:
    3692487.
        18. Donis-Keller, H., Green, P., Helms, C., Cartinhour, S.,
    Weiffenbach, B., Stephens, K., Keith, T.P., Bowden, D.W., Smith, D.R.,
    Lander, E.S., Botstein, D., Akots, G., Rediker, K.S., Gravius, T.,
    Brown, V.A., Rising, M.B., Parker, C., Powers, J.A., Watt, D.E.,
    Kauffman, E.R., Bricker, A., Phipps, P., Muller-Kahle, H., Fulton,
    T.R., Ng, S., Schumm, J.W., Braman, J.C., Knowlton, R.G., Barker, D.F.,
    Crooks, S.M., Lincoln, S., Daly, M.J., & Abrahamson, J. (1987). A
    genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell, 51(2), 319-337. PMID:
    3664638.
        19. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1987). Constructing genetic
    linkage maps with MAPMAKER: A tutorial and reference manual. Whitehead
    Institute Technical Report, 107.
        20. Lander, E.S. (1987). The new human genetics: Mapping inherited
    diseases. Princeton Alumni Weekly, (March 25), 10-16.
        21. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1988). Genomic mapping by
    fingerprinting random clones: a mathematical analysis. Genomics, 2(3),
    231-239. PMID: 3294162.
        22. Chang, C., Bowman, J.L., DeJohn, A.W., Lander, E.S., &
    Meyerowitz, E.M. (1988). Restriction fragment length polymorphism
    linkage map for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 85(18), 6856-6860. PMID: 2901107; PMCID:
    PMC282077.
        23. Dracopoli, N.C., Stanger, B.Z., Ito, C.Y., Call, K.M., Lincoln,
    S.E., Lander, E.S., Housman, D.E. (1988). A genetic linkage map of 27
    loci from PND to FY on the short arm of human chromosome I. American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 462-470. PMID: 2902785; PMCID:
    PMC1715484.
        24. Lander, E.S., & Lincoln, S.E. (1988). The appropriate threshold
    for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 43(4), 396-400. PMID: 3177382;
    PMCID: PMC1715500.
        25. Paterson, A.H., Lander, E.S., Hewitt, J.D., Peterson, S.,
    Lincoln, S.E., & Tanksley, S.D. (1988). Resolution of quantitative
    traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of
    restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature, 335(6192), 721-726.
    PMID: 2902517.
        26. Lander, E.S. (1988). Splitting schizophrenia. Nature,
    336(6195), 105-106. PMID: 2903447.
        27. Lander, E.S. (1988). Mapping complex genetic traits in humans.
    In: K. Davies (Ed.), Genome analysis: A practical approach (pp. 171-
    188). Oxford: IRL Press.
        28. Lander, E.S. (1988). Restriction fragments: Their properties
    and uses. In: M. Waterman (Ed.), Mathematical methods for DNA sequences
    (pp. 35-52). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
        29. Hulbert, S.H., Ilott, T.W., Legg, E.J., Lincoln, S.E., Lander,
    E.S., & Michelmore, R.W. (1988). Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia
    lactucae, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genetics,
    120(4), 947-958. PMID: 2906309; PMCID: PMC1203586.
        30. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1988). Protein
    sequence comparison on a data parallel computer. Proceedings of the
    1988 International Conference on Parallel Processing, August 15-19,
    1988/sponsored by Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State
    University.
        31. Lander, E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors
    underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics,
    121(1), 185-199. PMID: 2563713; PMCID: PMC1203601.
        32. Pato, C.N., Lander, E.S., & Schulz, S.C. (1989). Prospects for
    the genetic analysis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(3),
    365-372. PMID: 2683037.
        33. Lander, E.S. (1989). DNA fingerprinting on trial. Nature,
    339(6225), 501-505. PMID: 2567496.
        34. Lander, E.S. (1989). Population genetic considerations in the
    forensic use of DNA typing. Banbury Report, 32, 143-156.
        35. Lander, E.S., & Daly, M.J. (1989). Genetic mapping of the
    cystic fibrosis region: Multipoint linkage analysis in two-generation
    pedigrees. In: R.C. Elston, M.A. Spence, S.E. Hodge, & J.W. MacCluer
    (Eds.), Genetic Analysis Workshop 6: Multipoint Mapping and Linkage
    Based upon Affected Pedigree Members. New York: Alan R. Liss.
        36. Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J.P., & Taylor, W.J. (1989). Study of
    protein sequence comparison metrics on the Connection Machine CM-2. The
    Journal of Supercomputing, 3(4), 255-269.
        37. Lander, E.S. (1989). Genetic mapping of polygenic factors
    causing diabetes in inbred rodent strains. In: Nordisk Insulin
    Symposium No. 3: Genes and Gene Products in the Development of Diabetes
    Mellitus--Basic and Clinical Aspects, Oslo, Norway. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    Publishers.
        38. Accili, D., Frapier, C., Mosthaf, L., McKeon, C., Elbein, S.C.,
    Permutt, M.A., Ramon, E., Lander, E.S., Ullrich, A., & Taylor, S.I.
    (1989). A mutation in the insulin receptor gene that impairs transport
    of the receptor to the plasma membrane and causes insulin-resistant
    diabetes. The EMBO Journal, 8(9), 2509-2517. PMID: 2573522; PMCID:
    PMC401244.
        39. Lander E.S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Accurate and efficient
    mapping of quantitative trait loci. In: T. Helentjaris & B. Burr
    (Eds.), Development and Application of Molecular Markers in Problems in
    Plant Genetics; Current Communications in Molecular Biology (pp. 89-
    96). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
        40. Jones, R., Taylor, W.J., Zhang, X., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander,
    E.S. (1990). Protein sequence comparison on the Connection Machine CM-
    2. In Computers and DNA: Proceedings of the Interface Between
    Computation Science and Nucleic Acid Sequencing Workshop, Dec 12-16,
    1988. Redwood City, Calif.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
        41. Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H. (1990). Mitochondrial diseases: gene
    mapping and gene therapy. Cell, 61(6), 925-926. PMID: 2190693.
        42. Chakravarti, A., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Genetic approaches to
    the dissection of complex diseases. Banbury Report, 33, 307-315.
        43. Immerman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1990). Describing graphs: A
    first-order approach to graph canonization. In A.L. Selman (Ed.),
    Complexity Theory Retrospective (pp. 59-81). New York, NY: Springer-
    Verlag.
        44. Paterson A.H., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D. (1990). Mapping
    QTLs affecting agriculturally important traits: Some examples from the
    tomato. In: J.E. Womack (Ed.), Mapping the Genomes of Agriculturally
    Important Animals. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
        45. MacMurray, A.J., Weaver, A., Shin, H.S., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
    An automated method for DNA preparation from thousands of YAC clones.
    Nucleic Acids Research, 19(2), 385-390. PMID: 2014175; PMCID:
    PMC333606.
        46. Paterson, A.H., Damon, S., Hewitt, J.D., Zamir, D.,
    Rabinowitch, H.D., Lincoln, S.E., Lander, E.S., & Tanksley, S.D.
    (1991). Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato:
    comparison across species, generations, and environments. Genetics,
    127(1), 181-197. PMID: 1673106; PMCID: PMC1204303.
        47. Lander, E.S., & Green, P. (1991). Counting algorithms for
    linkage: correction to Morton and Collins. Annals of Human Genetics,
    55(Pt. 1), 33-38. PMID: 2042933.
        48. Lander, E.S. (1991). Molecular Biology: The new frontier for
    computational science. Very Large Scale Computation in the 21st
    Century, 25, 138.
        49. Green, P., & Lander, E.S. (1991). Forensic DNA tests and Hardy-
    Weinberg equilibrium. Science, 253(5023), 1038-1039. PMID: 17775346.
        50. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing catching up with
    courtroom application. American Journal of Human Genetics, 48(5), 819-
    823. PMID: 1760000; PMCID: PMC1683053.
        51. Lander, E.S. (1991). Research on DNA typing validated in the
    literature [Reply]. American Journal of Human Genetics 49, 899-903.
        52. Jacob, H.J., Lindpaintner, K., Lincoln, S.E., Kusumi, K.,
    Bunker, R.K., Mao, Y.P., Ganten, D., Dzau, V.J., & Lander, E.S. (1991).
    Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone
    spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cell, 67(1), 213-224. PMID: 1655275.
        53. Arratia, R., Lander, E.S., Tavare, S., & Waterman, M.S. (1991).
    Genomic mapping by anchoring random clones: A mathematical analysis.
    Genomics, 11(4), 806-827. PMID: 1783390.
        54. Lander, E.S., Langridge, R., & Saccocio, D.M. (1991). Computing
    in molecular biology: mapping and interpreting biological information.
    Computer, 24(11), 6-13.
        55. Dietrich, W., Katz, H., Lincoln, S.E., Shin, H.S., Friedman,
    J., Dracopoli, N.C., & Lander, E.S. (1992). A genetic map of the mouse
    suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. Genetics, 131(2), 423-447.
    PMID: 1353738; PMCID: PMC1205016.
        56. Stuber, C.W., Lincoln, S.E., Wolff, D.W., Helentjaris, T., &
    Lander, E.S. (1992). Identification of genetic factors contributing to
    heterosis in a hybrid from two elite maize inbred lines using molecular
    markers. Genetics, 132(3), 823-839. PMID: 1468633; PMCID: PMC1205218.
        57. Jacob, H.J., Pettersson, A., Wilson, D., Mao, Y., Lernmark, A.,
    & Lander, E.S. (1992). Genetic dissection of autoimmune type I diabetes
    in the BB rat. Nature Genetics, 2(1), 56-60. PMID: 1303251.
        58. Lander, E.S. (1992). DNA fingerprinting: Science, law, and the
    ultimate identifier. In: D.J. Kevles & L. Hood (Eds.), The Code of
    Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project (pp.
    191-210). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
        59. Waterman, M.S., Eggert, M., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Parametric
    sequence comparisons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 89(13), 6090-6093. PMID: 1631095; PMCID: PMC49443.
        60. Groot, P.C., Moen, C.J., Dietrich, W., Stoye, J.P., Lander,
    E.S., & Demant, P. (1992). The recombinant congenic strains for
    analysis of multigenic traits: genetic composition. The FASEB Journal,
    6(10), 2826-2835. PMID: 1634045.
        61. Lincoln, S.E., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Systematic detection of
    errors in genetic linkage data. Genomics, 14(3), 604-610. PMID:
    1427888.
        62. Hastbacka, J., de la Chapelle, A., Kaitila, I., Sistonen, P.,
    Weaver, A., & Lander, E.S. (1992). Linkage disequilibrium mapping in
    isolated founder populations: diastrophic dysplasia in Finland. Nature
    Genetics, 2(3), 204-211. PMID: 1345170.
        63. Goff, D.J., Galvin, K., Katz, H., Westerfield, M., Lander,
    E.S., & Tabin, C.J. (1992). Identification of polymorphic simple
    sequence repeats in the genome of the zebrafish. Genomics, 14(1), 200-
    202. PMID: 1427829.
        64. Luongo, C., Gould, K.A., Su, L.K., Kinzler, K.W., Vogelstein,
    B., Dietrich, W., Lander E.S., & Moser, A.R. (1993). Mapping of
    multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) to proximal chromosome 18 of the
    mouse. Genomics, 15(1), 3-8. PMID: 8094372.
        65. Dietrich, W., Miller, J., Katz, H., Joyce, D., Steen, R.,
    Lincoln, S., Daly, M., Reeve, M.P., Weaver, A., Goodman, N., Dracopoli,
    N., and Lander, E.S. (1993). SSLP genetic map of the mouse (Mus
    musculus) 2N= 40. Genetic Maps, 4-110.
        66. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Protein secondary structure
    prediction using nearest-neighbor methods.Journal of Molecular Biology,
    232(4), 1117-1129. PMID: 8371270.
        67. Kusumi, K., Smith, J.S., Segre, J.A., Koos, D.S., & Lander,
    E.S. (1993). Construction of a large-insert yeast artificial chromosome
    library of the mouse genome. Mammalian Genome, 4(7), 391-392. PMID:
    8358173.
        68. Lander, E.S. (1993). DNA fingerprinting: the NRC report.
    Science, 260(5112), 1221. PMID: 8493559.
        69. Lander, E.S. (1993). Finding similarities and differences among
    genomes. Nature Genetics, 4(1), 5-6. PMID: 8513322.
        70. Lehesjokl, A.E., Koskiniemi, M., Norio, R., Tirrito, S.,
    Sistonen, P., Lander, E.S., & de la Chapelle, A. (1993). Localization
    of the EPM1 gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy on chromosome 21:
    linkage disequilibrium allows high resolution mapping. Human Molecular
    Genetics, 2(8), 1229-1234. PMID: 8104628.
        71. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Protein secondary structure
    prediction using nearest-neighbor methods.Journal of Molecular Biology,
    232(4), 1117-1129. PMID: 8371270.
        72. Copeland, N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Gilbert, D.J., Eppig, J.T.,
    Maltais, L.J., Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Weaver, A., Lincoln, S.E.,
    Steen, R.G., Stein, L.D., Nadeau, J., & Lander, E.S. (1993). A genetic
    linkage map of the mouse: current applications and future prospects.
    Science, 262(5130), 57-66. PMID: 8211130
        73. Copeland, G., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A., Nadeau, J.H.,
    Eppig, J.T., Maltais, L., Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Steen, R.G.,
    Lincoln, S.E., Weaver, A., Joyce, D.C., Merchant, M., Wessel, M., Katz,
    H., Stein, L.D., Reeve, M.P., Daly, M.C., Dredge, R.D., Marquis, A.,
    Goodman, N., & Lander, E.S. (1993). Genome map IV: The mouse. Science,
    262, 67-82.
        74. Dietrich, W.F., Lander, E.S., Smith, J.S., Moser, A.R., Gould,
    K.A., Luongo, C., Borenstein, N., & Dove, W. (1993). Genetic
    identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced
    intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Cell, 75(4), 631-639. PMID: 8242739.
        75. Lisitsyn, N.A., Segre, J.A., Kusumi, K., Lisitsyn, N.M.,
    Nadeau, J.H., Frankel, W.N., Wigler, M., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Direct
    isolation of polymorphic markers linked to a trait by genetically
    directed representational difference analysis. Nature Genetics, 6(1),
    57-63. PMID: 8136836.
        76. Wiseman, R.W., Cochran, C., Dietrich, W., Lander, E.S., &
    Soderkvist, P. (1994). Allelotyping of butadiene-induced lung and
    mammary adenocarcinomas of B6C3F1 mice: frequent losses of
    heterozygosity in regions homologous to human tumor-suppressor genes.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91(9), 3759-3763.
    PMID: 8170984; PMCID: PMC43661.
        77. Dietrich, W.F., Miller, J.C., Steen, R.G., Merchant, M.,
    Damron, D., Nahf, R., Gross A., Joyce, D.C., Wessel, M., Dredge, R.D.,
    & Marquis, A. (1994). A genetic map of the mouse with 4,006 simple
    sequence length polymorphisms. Nature Genetics, 7(2 Spec No), 220-245.
    PMID: 7920646.
        78. Hsu, L.C., Kennan, W.S., Shepel, L.A., Jacob, H.J., Szpirer,
    C., Szpirer, J., Lander, E.S., & Gould, M.N. (1994). Genetic
    identification of Mcs-1, a rat mammary carcinoma suppressor gene.
    Cancer Research, 54(10), 2765-2770. PMID: 8168109.
        79. Yi, T.M., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Recognition of related
    proteins by iterative template refinement (ITR). Protein Science, 3(8),
    1315-1328. PMID: 7987226; PMCID: PMC2142931.
        80. Lander, E.S., & Schork, N.J. (1994). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits. Science, 265(5181), 2037-2048. PMID: 8091226.
        81. Dietrich, W.F., Radany, E.H., Smith, J.S., Bishop, J.M.,
    Hanahan, D., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Genome-wide search for loss of
    heterozygosity in transgenic mouse tumors reveals candidate tumor
    suppressor genes on chromosomes 9 and 16. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 91(20), 9451-9455. PMID: 7937788; PMCID:
    PMC44830.
        82. Hastbacka, J., de la Chapelle, A., Mahtani, M.M., Clines, G.,
    Reeve-Daly, M.P., Daly, M.J., Hamilton, B.A., Kusumi, K., Trivedi, B.,
    Weaver, A., Coloma, A., Lovett, M., Buckler, A., Ilkka, K., & Lander,
    E.S. (1994). The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate
    transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage
    disequilibrium mapping. Cell, 78(6), 1073-1087. PMID: 7923357.
        83. Cox, D.R., Green, E.D., Lander, E.S., Cohen, D., & Myers, R.M.
    (1994). Assessing mapping progress in the Human Genome Project.
    Science, 265(5181), 2031-2032. PMID: 8091223.
        84. Lander, E.S., & Budowle, B. (1994). DNA fingerprinting dispute
    laid to rest. Nature, 371(6500), 735-738. PMID: 7818670.
        85. Hegi, M.E., Devereux, T.R., Dietrich, W.F., Cochran, C.J.,
    Lander, E.S., Foley, J.F., Maronpot R.R., Anderson M.W., & Wiseman,
    R.W. (1994). Allelotype analysis of mouse lung carcinomas reveals
    frequent allelic losses on chromosome 4 and an association between
    allelic imbalances on chromosome 6 and K-ras activation. Cancer
    Research, 54(23), 6257-6264. PMID: 7954475.
        86. Haldi, M., Perrot, V., Saumier, M., Desai, T., Cohen, D.,
    Cherif, D., Ward, D., & Lander, E.S. (1994). Large human YACs
    constructed in a rad52 strain show a reduced rate of chimerism.
    Genomics, 24(3), 478-484. PMID: 7713499.
        87. Truett, G.E., Jacob, H.J., Miller, J., Drouin, G., Bahary, N.,
    Smoller, J.W., Lander, E.S., & Leibel, R.L. (1995). Genetic map of rat
    chromosome 5 including the fatty (fa) locus. Mammalian Genome, 6(1),
    25-30. PMID: 7719022.
        88. Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (1995). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits. Nature Genetics, 11(3), 241-247. PMID: 7581446.
        89. Chernoff, H., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Asymptotic distribution of
    the likelihood ratio test that a mixture of two binomials is a single
    binomial. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 43(1), 19-40.
        90. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes. In: E.S. Lander & M.S.
    Waterman (Eds.), Calculating the Secrets of Life: Contributions of the
    Mathematical Sciences to Molecular Biology (pp. 25-55). Washington, DC:
    National Academy Press.
        91. Lander, E.S., & Waterman, M.S. (1995). The Secrets of Life: A
    Mathematician's Introduction to Molecular Biology. In: E.S. Lander &
    M.S. Waterman (Eds.), Calculating the Secrets of Life: Contributions of
    the Mathematical Sciences to Molecular Biology (pp. 25-55). Washington,
    DC: National Academy Press.
        92. Kruglyak, L., Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Rapid
    multipoint linkage analysis of recessive traits in nuclear families,
    including homozygosity mapping. American Journal of Human Genetics,
    56(2), 519-527. PMID: 7847388; PMCID: PMC1801139.
        93. Jacob, H.J., Brown, D.M., Bunker, R.K., Daly, M.J., Dzau, V.J.,
    Goodman, A., Kren, V., Kurtz, T., Lernmark, A., Levan, G., Mao, Y.P.,
    Pettersson, A., Pravenec, M., Simon, J.S., Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J.,
    Trolliet, M.R., Winer, E.S., & Lander, E.S. (1995). A genetic linkage
    map of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus. Nature Genetics, 9(1),
    63-69. PMID: 7704027.
        94. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). A nonparametric approach
    for mapping quantitative trait loci. Genetics, 139(3), 1421-1428. PMID:
    7768449; PMCID: PMC1206467.
        95. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes (Part I). Notices of the
    AMS. 42, 747-753.
        96. Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping Heredity: Using probabilistic
    models and algorithms to map genes and genomes (Part II). Notices of
    the AMS, 42(8), 854-858.
        97. Bell, C.J., Budarf, M.L., Nieuwenhuijsen, B.W., Barnoski, B.L.,
    Buetow, K.H., Campbell, K., Colbert A., Collins J., Desjardins, P.R.,
    DeZwaan, T., Eckman, B., Fischbeck, K.H., Foote, S., Hart, K., Hiester,
    K., Van Het Hoog, M.J., Hopper, E., McDermid, H.E., Overton, C., Reeve-
    Daly, M.P., Searls, D.B., Watson, E., Winston, R., Valmiki, V.H.,
    Nussbaum, R.L., Lander, E.S., Emanuel, B.S., & Hudson, T.J. (1995).
    Integration of physical, breakpoint and genetic maps of chromosome 22.
    Localization of 587 yeast artificial chromosomes with 238 mapped
    markers. Human Molecular Genetics, 4(1), 59-69. PMID: 7711735.
        98. Dietrich, W.F., Damron, D.M., Isberg, R.R., Lander, E.S., &
    Swanson, M.S. (1995). Lgn1, a gene that determines susceptibility to
    Legionella pneumophila, maps to mouse chromosome 13. Genomics, 26(3),
    443-450. PMID: 7607666.
        99. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). High-resolution genetic
    mapping of complex traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 56(5),
    1212-1223. PMID: 7726179; PMCID: PMC1801437.
        100. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Complete multipoint sib-
    pair analysis of qualitative and quantitative traits. American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 57(2), 439-454. PMID: 7668271; PMCID: PMC1801561.
        101. Segre, J.A., Nemhauser, J.L., Taylor, B.A., Nadeau, J.H., &
    Lander, E.S. (1995). Positional cloning of the nude locus: genetic,
    physical, and transcription maps of the region and mutations in the
    mouse and rat. Genomics, 28(3), 549-559. PMID: 7490093.
        102. Pettersson, A., Wilson, D., Daniels, T., Tobin, S., Jacob,
    H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (1995). Thyroiditis in the BB rat is
    associated with lymphopenia but occurs independently of diabetes.
    Journal of Autoimmunity, 8(4), 493-505. PMID: 7492346.
        103. De Sanctis, G.T., Merchant, M., Beier, D.R., Dredge, R.D.,
    Grobholz, J.K., Martin, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Drazen, J.M. (1995).
    Quantitative locus analyses of airway hyperresponsiveness in A/J and
    C57BL/6J mice. Nature Genetics, 11(2), 150-154. PMID: 7550342.
        104. Chumakov, I.M., Rigault, P., LeGall, I., Bellannechantelot,
    C., Billault, A., Guillou, S., Soularue P., Guasconi G., Poullier E.,
    Gros I., Belova, M., Sambucy, J., Susini, L., Gervy, P., Glibert, F.,
    Beaufils, S., Bui, H., Massart, C., De Tand, M., Dukasz, F., Lecoulant,
    S., Ougen, P., Perrot, V., Saumier, M., Soravito, C., Bahouayila, R.,
    Cohen-Akenin, A., Barillot, E., Bertrant, S., Codani, J., Caterina, D.,
    Georges, I., Lacroix, B., Lucotte, G., Sahbatou, M., Schmit, C.,
    Sangouard, M., Tubacher, E., Dib, C., Faure, S., Fizames, C., Gyapay,
    G., Millasseau, P., Nguyen, S., Muselet, D., Vignal, A., Morrisette,
    J., Menninger, J., Lieman, J., Desai, T., Banks, A., Bray-Ward, P.,
    Ward, D., Hudson, T., Gerety, S., Foote, S., Stein, L., Page, D.C.,
    Lander, E.S., Weissenbach, J., Le Paslier, D., & Cohen, D. (1995). A
    YAC contig map of the human genome. Nature, 377(6547 Suppl), 175-297.
    PMID: 7566096.
        105. Schork, N.J., Krieger, J.E., Trolliet, M.R., Franchini, K.G.,
    Koike, G., Krieger, E.M., Lander, E.S., Dzau, V.J., & Jacob, H.J.
    (1995). A biometrical genome search in rats reveals the multigenic
    basis of blood pressure variation. Genome Research, 5(2), 164-172.
    PMID: 9132270.
        106. Dietrich, W.F., Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Miller, J.C.,
    Jenkins, N.A., & Lander, E.S. (1995). Mapping the mouse genome: current
    status and future prospects. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 92(24), 10849-10853. PMID: 7479896; PMCID: PMC40528.
        107. Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (1995). Genetic dissection of
    complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage
    results. Nature Genetics, 11(3), 241-247. PMID: 7581446.
        108. Parangi, S., Dietrich, W., Christofori, G., Lander, E.S., &
    Hanahan, D. (1995). Tumor suppressor loci on mouse chromosomes 9 and 16
    are lost at distinct stages of tumorigenesis in a transgenic model of
    islet cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 55(24), 6071-6076. PMID:
    8521395.
        109. Hudson, T.J., Stein, L.D., Gerety, S.S., Ma, J., Castle, A.B.,
    Silva, J., Slonim, D.K., Baptista, R., Kruglyak, L., Xu, S.H., Hu, X.,
    Colbert, A.M., Rosenberg, C., Reeve-Daly, M.P., Rozen, S., Hui, L., Wu,
    X., Vestergaard, C., Wilson, K.M., Bae, J.S., Maitra, S., Ganiatsas,
    S., Evans, C.A., DeAngelis, M.M., Ingalls, K.A., Nahf, R.W., Horton,
    L.T., Anderson, M.O., Collymore, A.J., Ye, W., Kouyoumjian, V.,
    Zemsteva, I.S., Tam, J., Devine, R., Courtney, D.F., Renaud, M.T.,
    Nguyen, H., O'Connor, T.J., Fizames, C., Faure, S., Gyapay, G., Dib,
    C., Morissette, J., Orlin, J.B., Birren, B.W., Goodman, N.,
    Weissenbach, J., Hawkins, T.L., Foote, S., Page, D.C., & Lander, E.S.
    (1995). An STS-based map of the human genome. Science, 270(5244), 1945-
    1954. PMID: 8533086.
        110. Superti-Furga, A., Hastbacka, J., Wilcox, W.R., Cohn, D.H.,
    van der Harten, H.J., Rossi, A., Blau, N., Rimoin, D.L., Steinmann, B.,
    Lander, E.S., & Gitzelmann, R. (1996). Achondrogenesis type IB is
    caused by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulphate transporter
    gene. Nature Genetics, 12(1), 100-102. PMID: 8528239.
        111. Brown, D.M., Provoost, A.P., Daly, M.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Jacob, H.J. (1996). Renal disease susceptibility and hypertension are
    under independent genetic control in the fawn-hooded rat. Nature
    Genetics, 12(1), 44-51. PMID: 8528250.
        112. Jacob, H.J., Krieger, J.E., Dzau, V.J., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    Genetic dissection of hypertension in experimental animal models.
    Fundamental and Clinical Cardiology, 26, 293-320.
        113. Miller, J.C., Dietrich, W.F., Steen, R.G., Joyce, D.C.,
    Merchant, M.A., Wessel, M.T., Damron D.M., Nahf, R.W., Stein, L.D.,
    Dredge, R.D.,Marquis, A.L., Daly, M.J., Reeve, M.P., Goodman, N., Lord,
    C.J., Montague, C.T., Prins, J.B., Todd, J.A., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    SSLP/microsatellite genetic linkage map of the mouse. In: M.F. Lyon, S.
    Rastan, & S.D.M. Brown (Eds)., Genetic Variants and Strains of the
    Laboratory Mouse (pp. 1671-1755). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
        114. Galli, J., Li, L.S., Glaser, A., Ostenson, C.G., Jiao, H.,
    Fakhrai-Rad, H., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Luthman, H. (1996).
    Genetic analysis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the GK
    rat. Nature Genetics, 12(1), 31-37. PMID: 8528247.
        115. Hastbacka, J., Superti-Furga, A., Wilcox, W.R., Rimoin, D.L.,
    Cohn, D.H., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Atelosteogenesis type II is caused
    by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate-transporter gene
    (DTDST): evidence for a phenotypic series involving three
    chondrodysplasias. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(2), 255-262.
    PMID: 8571951; PMCID: PMC1914552.
        116. Dietrich, W.F., Miller, J., Steen, R., Merchant, M.A., Damron-
    Boles, D., Husain, Z., Dredge R., Daly M.J., Ingalls K.A., O'Connor,
    T.J., Evans, C.A., DeAngelis, M.M., Levinson, D.M., Kruglyak, L.,
    Goodman N., Copeland N.G., Jenkins, N.A., Hawkins, T.L., Stein, L.,
    Page, D.C., & Lander, E.S. (1996). A comprehensive genetic map of the
    mouse genome. Nature, 380(6570), 149-152. PMID: 8600386.
        117. Hamilton, B.A., Frankel, W.N., Kerrebrock, A.W., Hawkins,
    T.L., FitzHugh, W., Kusumi, K., Russell, L.B., Mueller, K.L., van
    Berkel, V., Birren, B.W., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1996).
    Disruption of the nuclear hormone receptor RORα in staggerer
    mice. Nature, 379(6567), 736-739. PMID: 8602221.
        118. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Limits on fine mapping of
    complex traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(5), 1092-1093.
    PMID: 8651271; PMCID: PMC1914627.
        119. Kruglyak, L., Daly, M.J., Reeve-Daly, M.P., & Lander, E.S.
    (1996). Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified
    multipoint approach. American Journal of Human Genetics, 58(6), 1347-
    1363. PMID: 8651312; PMCID: PMC1915045.
        120. Yi, T. M., & Lander, E.S. (1996). Iterative template
    refinement: Protein-fold prediction using iterative search and hybrid
    sequence/structure templates. Methods in Enzymology, 266, 322-339.
    PMID: 8743692.
        121. Kurooka, H., Segre, J.A., Hirano, Y., Nemhauser, J.L.,
    Nishimura, H., Yoneda, K., Lander, E.S., & Honjo, T. (1996). Rescue of
    the hairless phenotype in nude mice by transgenic insertion of the
    wild-type Hfh11 genomic locus. International Immunology, 8(6), 961-966.
    PMID: 8671685.
        122. Superti-Furga, A., Hastbacka, J., Rossi, A., van der Harten,
    J.J., Wilcox, W.R., Cohn, D.H., Rimoin, D.L., Steinmann, B., Lander,
    E.S., & Gitzelmann, R. (1996). A family of chondrodysplasias caused by
    mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter gene and
    associated with impaired sulfation of proteoglycans. Annals of the New
    York Academy of Sciences, 785, 195-201. PMID: 8702127.
        123. Gschwend, M., Levran, O., Kruglyak, L., Ranade, K., Verlander,
    P.C., Shen, S., Faure, S., Weissenbach, J., Altay, C., Lander, E.S.,
    Auerbach, A.D., & Botstein, D. (1996). A locus for Fanconi anemia on
    16q determined by homozygosity mapping. American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 59(2), 377-384. PMID: 8755924; PMCID: PMC1914713.
        124. Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., Lehto, M., Thomas, J., McCarthy, M.,
    Brayer, J., Bryant, B., Chan, G., Daly, M.J., Forsblom, C., Kanninen,
    T., Kirby, A., Kruglyak, L., Munnelly, K., Parkkonen, M., Reeve-Daly,
    M.P., Weaver, A., Brettin, T., Duyk, G., Lander, E.S., & Groop, L.C.
    (1996). Mapping of a gene for type 2 diabetes associated with an
    insulin secretion defect by a genome scan in Finnish families. Nature
    Genetics, 14(1), 90-94. PMID: 8782826.
        125. Navin, A., Prekeris, R., Lisitsyn, N.A., Sonti, M.M., Grieco,
    D.A., Narayanswami, S., Lander, E.S., & Simpson, E.M. (1996). Mouse Y-
    specific repeats isolated by whole chromosome representational
    difference analysis. Genomics, 36(2), 349-353. PMID: 8812464.
        126. Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (1996). The importance of being
    independent: sib pair analysis in diabetes. Nature Genetics, 14(2),
    131-132. PMID: 8841179.
        127. Lander, E.S. (1996). The new genomics: global views of
    biology. Science, 274(5287), 536-539. PMID: 8928008.
        128. Schuler, G.D., Boguski, M.S., Stewart, E.A., Stein, L.D,
    Gyapay, G., Rice, K., White, R.E., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Aggarwal, A.,
    Bajorek, E., Bentolila, S., Birren, B.W., Butler, A., Castle, A.B.,
    Chiannilkulchai, N., Chu, A., Clee, C., Cowles, S., Day, P.J.R.,
    Dibling, T., Drouot, N., Dunham, I., Duprat, S., East, C., Edwards, C.,
    Fan, J.B., Fang, N., Fizames, C., Garrett, C., Green, L., Hadley, D.,
    Harris, M., Harrison, P., Brady, S., Hicks, A., Holloway, E., Hui, L.,
    Hussaine, S., Louis-Dit-Sully, C., Ma, J., MacGilvery, A., Mader, C.,
    Maratukulam, A., Matise, T.C., McKusick, K.B., Morissette, J., Mungall,
    A., Muselet, D., Nusbaum, H.C., Page, D.C., Peck, A., Perkins, S.,
    Piercy, M., Qin, F., Quackenbush, J., Ranby, S., Reif, T., Rozen, S.,
    Sanders, C., She, X., Silva, J., Slonim, D.K., Soderlund, C., Sun,
    W.L., Tabar, P., Thangarajah, T., Vega-Czarny, N., Vollrath, D.,
    Voyticky, S., Wilmer, T., Wu, X., Adams, M.D., Auffray, C., Berry, R.,
    Brandon, R., Dehejia, A., Goodfellow, P.N., Houlgatte, R., Hudson,
    J.R., Ide, S.E., Iorio, K.R., Lee, W.Y., Seki, N., Nagase, T.,
    Ishikawa, K., Nomura, N., Phillips, C., Polymeropoulos, M.H., Sandusky,
    M., Schmitt, K., Sikela, J.M., Swanson, K., Torres, R., Venter, J.C.,
    Walter, N.A.R., Beckmann, J.S., Weissenbach, J., Myers, R.M., Cox,
    D.R., James, M.R., Bentley, D., Deloukas, P., Lander, E.S., & Hudson,
    T.J. (1996). A gene map of the human genome. Science, 274(5287), 540.
        129. Haldi, M.L., Strickland, C., Lim, P., VanBerkel, V., Chen,
    X.N., Noya, D., Korenberg, J.R., Husain, Z., Miller, J., & Lander, E.S.
    (1996). A comprehensive large-insert yeast artificial chromosome
    library for physical mapping of the mouse genome. Mammalian Genome,
    7(10), 767-769. PMID: 8854865.
        130. Gould, K.A., Dietrich, W F., Borenstein, N., Lander, E.S., &
    Dove, W.F. (1996). Mom1 is a semi-dominant modifier of intestinal
    adenoma size and multiplicity in Min/+ mice. Genetics, 144(4), 1769-
    1776. PMID: 8978062; PMCID: PMC1207726.
        131. Gould, K.A., Luongo, C., Moser, A.R., McNeley, M.K.,
    Borenstein, N., Shedlovsky, A., Dove, W.F., Hong, K., Dietrich, W.F., &
    Lander, E.S. (1996). Genetic evaluation of candidate genes for the Mom1
    modifier of intestinal neoplasia in mice. Genetics,144(4), 1777-1785.
    PMID: 8978063; PMID: PMC1207727.
        132. Slonim, D.K., Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Building human genome maps with radiation hybrids. Proceedings of the
    First Annual International Conference on Computational Biology (RECOMB
    '97). New York: ACM Press.
        133. Hamilton, B.A., Smith, D.J., Mueller, K.L., Kerrebrock, A.W.,
    Bronson, R.T., van Berkel, V., Daly, M.J., Kruglyak, L., Reeve, M.P.,
    Nemhauser, J.L., Hawkins, T.L., Rubin, E.M., & Lander, E.S. (1997). The
    vibrator mutation causes neurodegeneration via reduced expression of
    PITPα: positional complementation cloning and extragenic
    suppression. Neuron, 18(5), 711-722. PMID: 9182797.
        134. Kuokkanen, S., Gschwend, M., Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J.,
    Terwilliger, J.D., Tienari, P.J., Wikstrom, J., Palo, J., Stein, L.D.,
    Hudson, T.J., Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (1997). Genomewide scan of
    multiple sclerosis in Finnish multiplex families. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 61(6), 1379-1387. PMID: 9399895; PMCID: PMC1716063.
        135. Hawkins, T.L., McKernan, K.J., Jacotot, L.B., MacKenzie, J.B.,
    Richardson, P.M., & Lander, E.S. (1997). A magnetic attraction to high-
    throughput genomics. Science, 276(5320), 1887-1889. PMID: 9206843.
        136. Cormier, R.T., Hong, K.H., Halberg, R.B., Hawkins, T.L.,
    Richardson, P., Mulherkar, R., Dove, W.F., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Secretory phospholipase Pla2g2a confers resistance to intestinal
    tumorigenesis. Nature Genetics, 17(1), 88-91. PMID: 9288104.
        137. Haldi, M.L., Lim, P., Kaphingst, K., Akella, U., Whang, J., &
    Lander, E.S. (1997). Construction of a large-insert yeast artificial
    chromosome library of the rat genome. Mammalian Genome, 8(6), 460.
    PMID: 9166603.
        138. Sidow, A., Bulotsky, M.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Bronson, R.T.,
    Daly, M.J., Reeve, M.P., Hawkins, T.L., Birren, B.W., Jaenisch, R., &
    Lander, E.S. (1997). Serrate2 is disrupted in the mouse limb-
    development mutant syndactylism. Nature, 389(6652), 722-725. PMID:
    9338782.
        139. Shi, Y.P., Mohapatra, G., Miller, J., Hanahan, D., Lander,
    E.S., Gold, P., Pinkel, D., & Gray, J. (1997). FISH probes for mouse
    chromosome identification. Genomics, 45(1), 42-47. PMID: 9339359.
        140. Laitinen, T., Kauppi, P., Ignatius, J., Ruotsalainen, T.,
    Daly, M.J., Kaariainen, H., Kruglyak, L., Laitinen, H., de la Chapelle,
    A., Lander, E.S., Laitinen, L.A., & Kere, J. (1997). Genetic control of
    serum IgE levels and asthma: linkage and linkage disequilibrium studies
    in an isolated population. Human Molecular Genetics, 6(12), 2069-2076.
    PMID: 9328470.
        141. Lehto, M., Tuomi, T., Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., Forsblom, C.,
    Sarelin, L., Gullstrom, M., Isomaa, B., Lehtovirta, M., Hyrkko, A.,
    Kanninen, T., Orho, M., Manley, S., Turner, R.C., Brettin, T., Kirby,
    A., Thomas, J., Duyk, G., Lander, E.S., Taskinen, M.R., & Groop, L.
    (1997). Characterization of the MODY3 phenotype. Early-onset diabetes
    caused by an insulin secretion defect. Journal of Clinical
    Investigation, 99(4), 582-591. PMID: 9045858; PMCID: PMC507838.
        142. Slonim, D., Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., & Lander, E.S. (1997).
    Building human genome maps with radiation hybrids. Journal of
    Computational Biology, 4(4), 487-504. PMID: 9385541.
        143. Fazeli, A., Steen, R.G., Dickinson, S.L., Bautista, D.,
    Dietrich, W.F., Bronson, R.T., Bresalier, R.S., Lander, E.S., Costa,
    J., & Weinberg, R.A. (1997). Effects of p53 mutations on apoptosis in
    mouse intestinal and human colonic adenomas. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 94(19), 10199-10204. PMID: 9294187;
    PMCID: PMC23339.
        144. Radany, E.H., Hong, K., Kesharvarzi, S., Lander, E.S., &
    Bishop, J.M. (1997). Mouse mammary tumor virus/v-Ha-ras transgene-
    induced mammary tumors exhibit strain-specific allelic loss on mouse
    chromosome 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    94(16), 8664-8669. PMID: 9238034; PMCID: PMC23068.
        145. Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Faster multipoint linkage
    analysis using Fourier transforms. Journal of Computational Biology,
    5(1), 1-7. PMID: 9541867.
        146. Zhong, T.P., Kaphingst, K., Akella, U., Haldi, M., Lander,
    E.S., & Fishman, M.C. (1998). Zebrafish genomic library in yeast
    artificial chromosomes. Genomics, 48(1), 136-138. PMID: 9514818.
        147. Bieg, S., Koike, G., Jiang, J., Klaff, L., Pettersson, A.,
    MacMurray, A.J., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (1998).
    Genetic isolation of iddm 1 on chromosome 4 in the biobreeding (BB)
    rat. Mammalian Genome, 9(4), 324-326. PMID: 9530633.
        148. Wang, D.G., Fan, J.B., Siao, C.J., Berno, A., Young, P.,
    Sapolsky, R., Ghandour, G., Perkins, N., Winchester, E., Spencer, J.,
    Kruglyak, L., Stein, L., Hsie, L., Topalogolu, T., Hubbell, E.,
    Robinson, E., Mittmann, M., Morris, M.S., Shen, N., Kilburn, D., Rioux,
    J., Nusbaum, C., Rozen, S., Hudson, T.J., Lipshutz, R., Chee, M., &
    Lander, E.S. (1998). Large-scale identification, mapping, and
    genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome.
    Science, 280(5366), 1077-1082. PMID: 9582121.
        149. Altshuler, D., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Genetic
    polymorphisms and disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 338(22),
    1626. PMID: 9606122.
        150. Kusumi, K., Sun, E.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Bronson, R.T., Chi,
    D.C., Bulotsky, M.S., Spencer, J.B., Birren, B.W., Frankel, W.N., &
    Lander, E.S. (1998). The mouse pudgy mutation disrupts Delta homologue
    Dll3 and initiation of early somite boundaries. Nature Genetics, 19(3),
    274-278. PMID: 9662403.
        151. McCarthy, M.I., Kruglyak, L., & Lander, E.S. (1998). Sib-pair
    collection strategies for complex diseases. Genetic Epidemiology,
    15(4), 317-340. PMID: 9671984.
        152. Savukoski, M., Klockars, T., Holmberg, V., Santavuori, P.,
    Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (1998). CLN5, a novel gene encoding a
    putative transmembrane protein mutated in Finnish variant late
    infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Nature Genetics, 19(3), 286-
    288. PMID: 9662406.
        153. Ober, C., Cox, N.J., Abney, M., Di Rienzo, A., Lander, E.S.,
    Changyaleket, B., Gidley, H., Kurtz, B., Lee, J., Nance, M.,
    Pettersson, A., Prescott, J., Richardson, A., Schlenker, E.,
    Summerhill, E., Willadsen, S., Parry R., & Collaborative Study on the
    Genetics of Asthma. (1998). Genome-wide search for asthma
    susceptibility loci in a founder population. Human Molecular Genetics,
    7(9), 1393-1398. PMID: 9700192.
        154. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Van Vooren, P., Tissir, F., Simon,
    J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan,
    K., & Levan, G. (1998). Gene-based anchoring of the rat genetic linkage
    and cytogenetic maps: new regional localizations, orientation of the
    linkage groups, and insights into mammalian chromosome evolution.
    Mammalian Genome, 9(9), 721-734. PMID: 9716657.
        155. Deloukas, P., Schuler, G.D., Gyapay, G., Beasley, E.M.,
    Soderlund, C., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Hui, L., Matise, T.C., McKusick,
    K.B., Beckmann, J.S., Bentolila, S., Bihoreau, M.T., Birren, B.W.,
    Browne, J., Butler, A., Castle, A.B., Chiannikulchai, N., Clee, C.,
    Day, P.J.R., Dehejia, A., Dibling, T., Drouot, N., Duprat, S., Fizames,
    C., Fox, S., Gelling, S., Green, L., Harrison, P., Hocking, R.,
    Holloway, E., Hunt, S., Keil, S., Lijnzaad, P., Louis-Dit-Sully, C.,
    Ma, J., Mendis, A., Miller, J., Morissette, J., Muselet, D., Nusbaum,
    H.C., Peck, A., Rozen, S., Simon, D., Slonim, D.K., Staples, R., Stein,
    L.D., Stewart, E.A., Suchard, M.A., Thangarajah, T., Vega-Czarny, N.,
    Webber, C., Wu, X., Auffray, C., Nomura, N., Sikela, J.M.,
    Polymeropoulos, M.H., James, M.R., Lander, E.S., Hudson, T.J., Myers,
    R.M., Cox, D.R., Weissenbach, J., Boguski, M.S., & Bentley, D.R.
    (1998). A physical map of 30,000 human genes. Science, 282(5389), 744-
    746. PMID: 9784132.
        156. Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J., Green, T., Stone, V., Lander, E.S.,
    Hudson, T.J., Steinhart A.H., Bull, S., Cohen, Z., Greenberg, G.,
    Griffiths, A., McLeod, R., Silverberg, M., Williams, C.N., &
    Siminovitch, K.A. (1998). Absence of linkage between inflammatory bowel
    disease and selected loci on chromosomes 3, 7, 12, and 16.
    Gastroenterology, 115(5), 1062-1065. PMID: 9797358.
        157. Rioux, J.D., Stone, V.A., Daly, M.J., Cargill, M., Green, T.,
    Nguyen, H., Nutman, T., Zimmerman, P.A., Tucker, M.A., Hudson, T.,
    Goldstein, A.M., Lander, E.S., & Lin, A.Y. (1998). Familial
    eosinophilia maps to the cytokine gene cluster on human chromosomal
    region 5q31-q33. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 63(4), 1086-
    1094. PMID: 9758611; PMCID: PMC1377485.
        158. Lander, E.S., & Ellis, J.J. (1998). Founding father. Nature,
    396(6706), 13-14. PMID: 9817195.
        159. Holstege, F.C., Jennings, E.G., Wyrick, J.J., Lee, T.I.,
    Hengartner, C.J., Green, M.R., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A.
    (1998). Dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome.
    Cell, 95(5), 717-728. PMID: 9845373.
        160. Lander, E.S. (1998). Scientific commentary: the scientific
    foundations and medical and social prospects of the Human Genome
    Project. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 26(3), 184-188. PMID:
    11066875.
        161. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Van Vooren, P., Tissir, F., Simon,
    J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan,
    K., & Levan, G. (1998). Gene-based anchoring of the rat genetic linkage
    and cytogenetic maps: new regional localizations, orientation of the
    linkage groups, and insights into mammalian chromosome evolution.
    Mammalian Genome, 9(9), 721-734. PMID: 9716657.
        162. Brown, D.M., Matise, T.C., Koike, G., Simon, J.S., Winer,
    E.S., Zangen, S., McLaughlin, M.G., Shiozawa, M., Atkinson, O.S.,
    Hudson, J.R., Chakravarti, A., Lander, E.S., & Jacob, H.J. (1998). An
    integrated genetic linkage map of the laboratory rat. Mammalian Genome,
    9(7), 521-530. PMID: 9657848.
        163. Batzoglou, S., Berger, B., Kleitman, D.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Pachter, L. (1998). Recent developments in computational gene
    recognition. Documenta Mathematica, 649-658.
        164. Lander, E.S. (1999). Array of hope. Nature Genetics, 21(1
    Suppl), 3-4. PMID: 9915492.
        165. Tamayo, P., Slonim, D., Mesirov, J., Zhu, Q., Kitareewan, S.,
    Dmitrovsky, E., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (1999). Interpreting
    patterns of gene expression with self-organizing maps: methods and
    application to hematopoietic differentiation. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 96(6), 2907-2912. PMID: 10077610;
    PMCID: PMC15868.
        166. Pardes, H., Manton, K.G., Lander, E.S., Tolley, H.D., Ullian,
    A.D., & Palmer, H. (1999). Effects of medical research on health care
    and the economy. Science, 283(5398), 36-37. PMID: 9917262.
        167. Lander E.S. (1999). Genetics in the 21st century. Human Genome
    News 10, 1-2.
        168. Cargill, M., Altshuler, D., Ireland, J., Sklar, P., Ardlie,
    K., Patil, N., Lane, C.R., Lim, E.P., Kalyanaraman, N., Nemesh, J.,
    Ziaugra, L., Friedland, L., Rolfe, A., Warrington, J., Lipshutz, R.,
    Daley, G.Q., & Lander, E.S. (1999). Characterization of single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature
    Genetics, 22(3), 231-238. PMID: 10391209.
        169. Fambrough, D., McClure, K., Kazlauskas, A., & Lander, E.S.
    (1999). Diverse signaling pathways activated by growth factor receptors
    induce broadly overlapping, rather than independent, sets of genes.
    Cell, 97(6), 727-741. PMID:10380925.
        170. Steen, R.G., Kwitek-Black, A.E., Glenn, C., Gullings-Handley,
    J., Van Etten, W., Atkinson, O.S., Appel, D., Twigger, S., Muir, M.,
    Mull, T., Granados, M., Kissebah, M., Russo, K., Crane, R., Popp, M.,
    Peden, M., Matise, T., Brown, D.M., Lu, J., Kingsmore, S., Tonellato,
    P.J., Rozen, S., Slonim, D., Young, P., Knoblauch, M., Provoost, A.,
    Ganten, D., Colman, S.D., Rothberg, J., Lander, E.S., & Jacob, H.J.
    (1999). A high-density integrated genetic linkage and radiation hybrid
    map of the laboratory rat. Genome Research, 9(6), AP1-AP8. PMID:
    10400928.
        171. Pachter, L., Batzoglou, S., Spitkovsky, V.I., Banks, E.,
    Lander, E.S., Kleitman, D.J., & Berger, B. (1999). A dictionary-based
    approach for gene annotation. Journal of Computational Biology, 6(3-4),
    419-430. PMID: 10582576.
        172. Hacia, J.G., Fan, J.B., Ryder, O., Jin, L., Edgemon, K.,
    Ghandour, G., Mayer, R.A., Sun, B., Hsie, L., Robbins, C.M., Brody,
    L.C., Wang, D., Lander, E.S., Lipshutz, R., Fodor, S.P.A., & Collins,
    F.S. (1999). Determination of ancestral alleles for human single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms using high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
    Nature Genetics, 22(2), 164-167. PMID: 10369258.
        173. Galitski, T., Saldanha, A.J., Styles, C.A., Lander, E.S., &
    Fink, G.R. (1999). Ploidy regulation of gene expression. Science,
    285(5425), 251-254. PMID: 10398601.
        174. Van Etten, W.J., Steen, R.G., Nguyen, H., Castle, A.B.,
    Slonim, D.K., Ge, B., Nusbaum, C., Schuler, G.D., Lander, E.S., &
    Hudson, T.J. (1999). Radiation hybrid map of the mouse genome. Nature
    Genetics, 22(4), 384-387. PMID: 10431245.
        175. Pfeifer, D., Kist, R., Dewar, K., Devon, K., Lander, E.S.,
    Birren, B., Komiszewski, L., Back, E., & Scherer, G. (1999). Campomelic
    dysplasia translocation breakpoints are scattered over 1 Mb proximal to
    SOX9: evidence for an extended control region. The American Journal of
    Human Genetics, 65(1), 111-124. PMID: 10364523; PMCID: PMC1378081.
        176. Nusbaum, C., Slonim, D.K., Harris, K.L., Birren, B.W., Steen,
    R.G., Stein, L.D., Miller, J., Dietrich, W.F., Nahf, R., Wang, V.,
    Merport, O., Castle, A.B., Husain, Z., Farino, G., Gray, D., Anderson,
    M.O., Devine, R., Horton, L.T., Ye, W., Wu, X., Kouyoumjian, V.,
    Zemsteva, I.S., Wu, Y., Collymore, A.J., Courtney, D.F., Tam, J.,
    Cadman, M., Haynes, A.R., Heuston, C., Marsland, T., Southwell, A.,
    Trickett, P., Strivens, M.A., Ross, M.T., Makalowski, W., Xu, Y.,
    Boguski, M.S., Carter, N.P., Denny, P., Brown, S.D.M., Hudson, T.J., &
    Lander, E.S. (1999). A YAC-based physical map of the mouse genome.
    Nature Genetics, 22(4), 388-393. PMID: 10431246.
        177. Sidow, A., Bulotsky, M.S., Kerrebrock, A.W., Birren, B.W.,
    Altshuler, D., Jaenisch, R., Johnson, K.R., & Lander, E.S. (1999). A
    novel member of the F-box/WD40 gene family, encoding dactylin, is
    disrupted in the mouse dactylaplasia mutant. Nature Genetics, 23(1),
    104-107. PMID: 10471509.
        178. Hastbacka, J., Kerrebrock, A., Mokkala, K., Clines, G.,
    Lovett, M., Kaitila, I., de la Chapelle, A., & Lander, E.S. (1999).
    Identification of the Finnish founder mutation for diastrophic
    dysplasia (DTD). European Journal of Human Genetics, 7(6), 664-670.
    PMID: 10482955.
        179. Klaff, L.S., Koike, G., Jiang, J., Wang, Y., Bieg, S.,
    Pettersson, A., Lander, E.S., Jacob, H., & Lernmark, A. (1999). BB rat
    diabetes susceptibility and body weight regulation genes colocalize on
    chromosome 2. Mammalian Genome, 10(9), 883-887. PMID: 10441739.
        180. Golub, T.R., Slonim, D.K., Tamayo, P., Huard, C., Gaasenbeek,
    M., Mesirov, J.P., Coller, H., Loh, M.L., Downing, J.R., Caligiuri,
    M.A., Bloomfield, C.D., & Lander, E.S. (1999). Molecular classification
    of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression
    monitoring. Science, 286(5439), 531-537. PMID: 10521349.
        181. Wyrick, J.J., Holstege, F.C., Jennings, E.G., Causton, H.C.,
    Shore, D., Grunstein, M., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A. (1999).
    Chromosomal landscape of nucleosome-dependent gene expression and
    silencing in yeast. Nature, 402(6760), 418-421. PMID: 10586882.
        182. De Sanctis, G.T., Singer, J.B., Jiao, A., Yandava, C.N., Lee,
    Y.H., Haynes, T.C., Lander, E.S., Beier, D.R., & Drazen, J.M. (1999).
    Quantitative trait locus mapping of airway responsiveness to
    chromosomes 6 and 7 in inbred mice. American Journal of Physiology,
    277(6 Pt 1), L1118-L1123. PMID: 10600881.
        183. Batzoglou, S., Berger, B., Mesirov, J., & Lander, E.S. (1999).
    Sequencing a genome by walking with clone-end sequences: a mathematical
    analysis. Genome Research, 9(12), 1163-1174. PMID: 10613838.
        184. Klockars, T., Holmberg, V., Savukoski, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Peltonen, L. (1999). Transcript identification on the CLN5 region on
    chromosome 13q22. Human Genetics, 105(1-2), 51-56. PMID: 10480355.
        185. Madhani, H.D., Galitski, T., Lander, E.S., & Fink, G.R.
    (1999). Effectors of a developmental mitogen-activated protein kinase
    cascade revealed by expression signatures of signaling mutants.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96(22), 12530-
    12535. PMID: 10535956; PMCID: PMC22972.
        186. Lander, E.S., & Weinberg, R.A. (2000). Genomics: Journey to
    the center of biology. Science, 287(5459), 1777-1782. PMID: 10755930.
        187. Engert, J.C., Berube, P., Mercier, J., Dore, C., Lepage, P.,
    Ge, B., Bouchard, J.P., Mathieu, J., Mancon, S.B., Schalling, M.,
    Lander, E.S., Morgan, K., Hudson, T.J, & Richter, A. (2000). ARSACS, a
    spastic ataxia common in northeastern Quebec, is caused by mutations in
    a new gene encoding an 11.5-kb ORF. Nature Genetics, 24(2), 120-125.
    PMID: 10655055.
        188. Nadeau, J.H., Singer, J.B., Matin, A., & Lander, E.S. (2000).
    Analysing complex genetic traits with chromosome substitution strains.
    Nature Genetics, 24(3), 221-225. PMID: 10700173.
        189. Lindblad-Toh, K., Winchester, E., Daly, M.J., Wang, D.G.,
    Hirschhorn, J.N., Laviolette, J.P., Ardlie, K., Reich, D.E., Robinson,
    E., Sklar, P., Shah, N., Thomas, D., Fan, J.B., Gingeras, T.,
    Warrington, J., Patil, N., Hudson, T.J., & Lander, E.S. (2000). Large-
    scale discovery and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in
    the mouse. Nature Genetics, 24(4), 381-386. PMID: 10742102.
        190. Coller, H.A., Grandori, C., Tamayo, P., Colbert, T., Lander,
    E.S., Eisenman, R.N., & Golub, T.R. (2000). Expression analysis with
    oligonucleotide microarrays reveals that MYC regulates genes involved
    in growth, cell cycle, signaling, and adhesion. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 97(7), 3260-3265. PMID: 10737792;
    PMCID: PMC16226.
        191. Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., Vanvooren, P., Tissir, F., Kela, J.,
    Lallemand, F., Hoebee, B., Simon, J.S., Koike, G., Jacob, H.J., Lander,
    E.S., Helou, K., Klinga-Levan, K., & Levan, G. (2000). The rat genetic
    and cytogenetic maps. Journal of Experimental Animal Science, 41(1),
    38-39.
        192. Bulman, M.P., Kusumi, K., Frayling, T.M., McKeown, C.,
    Garrett, C., Lander, E.S., Krumlauf, R., Hattersley, A.T., Ellard, S.,
    & Turnpenny, P.D. (2000). Mutations in the human delta homologue, DLL3,
    cause axial skeletal defects in spondylocostal dysostosis. Nature
    Genetics, 24(4), 438-441. PMID: 10742114.
        193. Pajukanta, P., Cargill, M., Viitanen, L., Nuotio, I.,
    Kareinen, A., Perola, M., Terwilliger, J.D., Kempas, E., Daly, M.J.,
    Lilja, H., Rioux, J.D., Brettin, T., Viikari, J.S.A., Ronnemaa, T.,
    Laakso, M., Lander, E.S., & Peltonen, L. (2000). Two loci on
    chromosomes 2 and X for premature coronary heart disease identified in
    early-and late-settlement populations of Finland. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 67(6), 1481-1493. PMID: 11078477; PMCID: PMC1287925.
        194. Batzoglou, S., Pachter, L., Mesirov, J.P., Berger, B., &
    Lander, E.S. (2000). Human and mouse gene structure: comparative
    analysis and application to exon prediction. Genome Research, 10(7),
    950-958. PMID: 10899144; PMCID: PMC310911.
        195. Cormier, R.T., Bilger, A., Lillich, A.J., Halberg, R.B., Hong,
    K.H., Gould, K.A., Borenstein, N., Lander, E.S., & Dove, W.F. (2000).
    The Mom1AKR intestinal tumor resistance region consists of Pla2g2a and
    a locus distal to D4Mit64. Oncogene, 19(28), 3182-3192. PMID: 10918573.
        196. Clark, E.A., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Hynes, R.O. (2000).
    Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC.
    Nature, 406(6795), 532-535. PMID: 10952316.
        197. Rioux, J.D., Silverberg, M.S., Daly, M.J., Steinhart, A.H.,
    McLeod, R.S., Griffiths, A.M., Green, T., Brettin, T.S., Stone, V.,
    Bull, S.B., Bitton, A., Williams, C.N., Greenberg, G.R., Cohen, Z.,
    Lander, E.S., Hudson, T.J., & Siminovitch, K.A. (2000). Genomewide
    search in Canadian families with inflammatory bowel disease reveals two
    novel susceptibility loci. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    66(6), 1863-1870. PMID: 10777714; PMCID: PMC1378042.
        198. Altshuler, D., Hirschhorn, J.N., Klannemark, M., Lindgren,
    C.M., Vohl, M.C., Nemesh, J., Lane, C.R., Schaffner, S.F., Bolk, S.,
    Brewer, C., Tuomi, T., Gaudet, D., Hudson, T.J., Daly, M.J., Groop, L.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2000). The common PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism is
    associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nature Genetics,
    26(1), 76-80. PMID: 10973253.
        199. Lindblad-Toh, K., Tanenbaum, D.M., Daly, M.J., Winchester, E.,
    Lui, W.O., Villapakkam, A., Stanton, S.E., Larsson, C., Hudson, T.J.,
    Johnson, B.E., Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2000). Loss-of-
    heterozygosity analysis of small-cell lung carcinomas using single-
    nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Nature Biotechnology, 18(9), 1001-1005.
    PMID: 10973224.
        200. Hirschhorn, J.N., Sklar, P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lim, Y.M.,
    Ruiz-Gutierrez, M., Bolk, S., Langhorst, B., Schaffner, S., Winchester,
    E., & Lander, E.S. (2000). SBE-TAGS: an array-based method for
    efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 97(22), 12164-12169. PMID: 11035790;
    PMCID: PMC17312.
        201. Lander, E.S. (2000). Genomics: launching a revolution in
    medicine. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 28(4-Suppl), 3-14.
    PMID: 11244841.
        202. Altshuler, D., Pollara, V.J., Cowles, C.R., Van Etten, W.J.,
    Baldwin, J., Linton, L., & Lander, E.S. (2000). An SNP map of the human
    genome generated by reduced representation shotgun sequencing. Nature,
    407(6803), 513-516. PMID: 11029002.
        203. Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody,
    M.C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, H.,
    Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L.,
    Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, K., Meldrim, J.,
    Mesirov, J.P., Miranda, C., Morris, W., Naylor, J., Raymond, C.,
    Rosetti, M., Santos, R., Sheridan, A., Sougnez, C., Stange-Thomann, N.,
    Stojanovic, N., Subramanian, A., Wyman, D., Rogers, J., Sulston, J.,
    Ainscough, R., Beck, S., Bentley, D., Burton, J., Clee, C., Carter, N.,
    Coulson, A., Deadman, R., Deloukas, P., Dunham, A., Dunham, I., Durbin,
    R., French, L., Grafham, D., Gregory, S., Hubbard, T., Humphray, S.,
    Hunt, A., Jones, M., Lloyd, C., McMurray, A., Matthews, L., Mercer, S.,
    Milne, S., Mullikin, J.C., Mungall, A., Plumb, R., Ross, M., Shownkeen,
    R., Sims, S., Waterston, R.H., Wilson, R.K., Hillier, L.W., McPherson,
    J.D., Marra, M.A., Mardis, E.R., Fulton, L.A., Chinwalla, A.T., Pepin,
    K.H., Gish, W.R., Chissoe, S.L., Wendl, M.C., Delehaunty, K.D., Miner,
    T.L., Delehaunty, A., Kramer, J.B., Cook, L.L., Fulton, R.S., Johnson,
    D.L., Minx, P.J., Clifton, S.W., Hawkins, T., Branscomb, E., Predki,
    P., Richardson, P., Wenning, S., Slezak, T., Doggett, N., Cheng, J.F.,
    Olsen, A., Lucas, S., Elkin, C., Uberbacher, E., Frazier, M., Gibbs,
    R., Muzny, D.M., Scherer, S.E., Bouck, J.B., Sodergren, E.J., Worley,
    K.C., Rives, C.M., Gorrell, J.H., Metzker, M.L., Naylor, S.L.,
    Kucherlapati, R.S., Nelson, D.L., Weinstock, G.M., Sakaki, Y.,
    Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Yada, T., Toyoda, A., Itoh, T., Kawagoe, C.,
    Watanabe, H., Totoki, Y., Taylor, T., Weissenbach, J., Heilig, R.,
    Saurin, W., Artiguenave, F., Brottier, P., Bruls, T., Pelletier, E.,
    Robert, C., Wincker, P., Smith, D.R., Doucette-Stamm, L., Rubenfield,
    M., Weinstock, K., Lee, H.M., Dubois, J., Rosenthal, A., Platzer, M.,
    Nyakatura, G., Taudien, S., Rump, A., Yang, H., Yu, J., Wang, J.,
    Huang, G., Gu, J., Hood, L., Rowen, L., Madan, A., Qin, S., Davis,
    R.W., Federspiel, N.A., Abola, A.P., Proctor, M.J., Myers, R.M.,
    Schmutz, J., Dickson, M., Grimwood, J., Cox, D.R., Olson, M.V., Kaul,
    R., Raymond, C., Shimizu, N., Kawasaki, K., Minoshima, S., Evans, G.A.,
    Athanasiou, M., Schultz, R., Roe, B.A., Chen, F., Pan, H., Ramser, J.,
    Lehrach, H., Reinhardt, R., McCombie, W.R., de la Bastide, M., Dedhia,
    N., Blocker, H., Hornischer, K., Nordsiek, G., Agarwala, R., Aravind,
    L., Bailey, J.A., Bateman, A., Batzoglou, S., Birney, E., Bork, P.,
    Brown, D.G., Burge, C.B., Cerutti, L., Chen, H.C., Church, D., Clamp,
    M., Copley, R.R., Doerks, T., Eddy, S.R., Eichler, E.E., Furey, T.S.,
    Galagan, J., Gilbert, J.G., Harmon, C., Hayashizaki, Y., Haussler, D.,
    Hermjakob, H., Hokamp, K., Jang, W., Johnson, J.S., Jones, T.A., Kasif,
    S., Kaspryzk, A., Kennedy, S., Kent, W.J., Kitts, P., Koonin, E.V.,
    Korf, I., Kulp, D., Lancet, D., Lowe, T.M., McLysaght, A., Mikkelsen,
    T., Moran, J.V., Mulder, N., Pollara, V.J., Ponting, C.P., Schuler, G.,
    Schultz, J., Slater, G., Smit, A.F., Stupka, E., Thierry-Mieg, D.,
    Thierry-Mieg, J., Wagner, L., Wallis, J., Wheeler, R., Williams, A.,
    Wolf, Y.I., Wolfe, K.H., Yang, S.P., Yeh, R.F., Collins, F., Guyer,
    M.S., Peterson, J., Felsenfeld, A., Wetterstrand, K.A., Patrinos, A.,
    Morgan, M.J., de Jong, P., Catanese, J.J., Osoegawa, K., Shizuya, H.,
    Choi, S., Chen, Y.J., Szustakowski, J, & International Human Genome
    Sequencing Consortium. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the
    human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860-921. PMID: 11237011.
        204. Lee, N., Daly, M.J., Delmonte, T., Lander, E.S., Xu, F.,
    Hudson, T.J., Mitchell, G.A., Morin, C.C., Robinson, B.H., & Rioux,
    J.D. (2001). A genomewide linkage-disequilibrium scan localizes the
    Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean cytochrome oxidase deficiency to 2p16. The
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 68(2), 397-409. PMID: 11156535;
    PMCID: PMC1235273.
        205. Cavanaugh, J., & IBD International Genetics Consortium.
    (2001). International collaboration provides convincing linkage
    replication in complex disease through analysis of a large pooled data
    set: Crohn disease and chromosome 16. The American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 68(5), 1165-1171. PMID: 11309682; PMCID: PMC1226097.
        206. Bartoloni, L., Blouin, J.L., Maiti, A.K., Sainsbury, A.,
    Rossier, C., Gehrig, C., She, J.X., Marron, M.P., Lander, E.S., Meeks,
    M., Chung, E., Armengot, M., Jorissen, M., Scott, H.S., Delozier-
    Blanchet, C.D., Gardiner, R.M., & Antonarakis, S.E. (2001). Axonemal
    beta heavy chain dynein DNAH9: cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and
    investigation of its role in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Genomics,
    72(1), 21-33. PMID: 11247663.
        207. Sachidanandam, R., Weissman, D., Schmidt, S.C., Kakol, J.M.,
    Stein, L.D., Marth, G., Sherry S., Mullikin, J.C., Mortimore, B.J.,
    Willey, D., Hunt, S.E., Cole, C.G., Coggill, P.C., Rice, C.M., Ning,
    Z., Rogers, J., Bentley, D.R., Kwok, P.Y., Mardis, E.R., Yeh, R.T.,
    Schultz, B., Cook, L., Davenport, R., Dante, M., Fulton, L., Hillier,
    L., Waterston, R.H., McPherson, J.D., Gilman, B., Schaffner, S., Van
    Etten, W.J., Reich, D., Higgins, J., Blumenstiel, B., Baldwin, J.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Zody, M.C., Linton, L., Lander, E.S., Altshuler,
    D., & International SNP Map Working Group. (2001). A map of human
    genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide
    polymorphisms. Nature, 409(6822), 928-933. PMID: 11237013.
        208. Hong, K.H., Bonventre, J.C., O'Leary, E., Bonventre, J.V., &
    Lander, E.S. (2001). Deletion of cytosolic phospholipase A2 suppresses
    ApcMin-induced tumorigenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 98(7), 3935-3939. PMID: 11274413; PMCID: PMC31157.
        209. Jackson-Grusby, L., Beard, C., Possemato, R., Tudor, M.,
    Fambrough, D., Csankovszki, G., Dausman, J., Lee, P., Wilson, C.,
    Lander, E.S., & Jaenisch, R. (2001). Loss of genomic methylation causes
    p53-dependent apoptosis and epigenetic deregulation. Nature Genetics,
    27(1), 31-39. PMID: 11137995.
        210. Causton, H.C., Ren, B., Koh, S.S., Harbison, C.T., Kanin, E.,
    Jennings, E.G., Lee, T.I., True, H.L., Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A.
    (2001). Remodeling of yeast genome expression in response to
    environmental changes. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 12(2), 323-337.
    PMID: 11179418; PMCID: PMC30946.
        211. Yeang, C.H., Ramaswamy, S., Tamayo, P., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin,
    R.M., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Lander, E.S., Mesirov, J., & Golub, T.R.
    (2001). Molecular classification of multiple tumor types.
    Bioinformatics, 17(Suppl 1), S316-S322. PMID: 11473023.
        212. Laitinen, T., Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Kauppi, P., Laprise,
    C., Petays, T., Green, T., Cargill, M., Haahtela, T., Lander, E.S.,
    Laitinen, L.A., Hudson, T.J., & Kere, J. (2001). A susceptibility locus
    for asthma-related traits on chromosome 7 revealed by genome-wide scan
    in a founder population. Nature Genetics, 28(1), 87-91. PMID: 11326283.
        213. Reich, D.E., Cargill, M., Bolk, S., Ireland, J., Sabeti, P.C.,
    Richter, D.J., Lavery, T., Kouyoumjian, R., Farhadian, S.F., Ward, R.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2001). Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome.
    Nature, 411(6834), 199-204. PMID: 11346797.
        214. Hirschhorn, J.N., Lindgren, C.M., Daly, M.J., Kirby, A.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Burtt, N.P., Altshuler, D., Parker, A., Rioux, J.D.,
    Platko, J., Gaudet, D., Hudson, T.J., Groop, L.C., & Lander, E.S.
    (2001). Genomewide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations
    reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height. The
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 69(1), 106-116. PMID: 11410839;
    PMCID: PMC1226025.
        215. Barclay, J., Balaguero, N., Mione, M., Ackerman, S.L., Letts,
    V.A., Brodbeck, J., Canti, C., Meir, A., Page, K.M., Kusumi, K., Perez-
    Reyes, E., Lander, E.S., Frankel, W.N., Gardiner, R.M., Dolphin, A.C.,
    & Rees, M. (2001). Ducky mouse phenotype of epilepsy and ataxia is
    associated with mutations in the Cacna2d2 gene and decreased calcium
    channel current in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The Journal of
    Neuroscience, 21(16), 6095-6104. PMID: 11487633.
        216. Sklar, P., Schwab, S.G., Williams, N.M., Daly, M., Schaffner,
    S., Maier, W., Albus, M., Trixler, M., Eichhammer, P., Lerer, B.,
    Hallmayer, J., Norton, N., Williams, H., Zammit, S., Cardno, A.G.,
    Jones, S., McCarthy, G., Milanova, V., Kirov, G., O'Donovan, M.C.,
    Lander, E.S., Owen, M.J., & Wildenauer, D.B. (2001). Association
    analysis of NOTCH4 loci in schizophrenia using family and population-
    based controls. Nature Genetics, 28(2), 126-128. PMID: 11381257.
        217. Inoue, K., Dewar, K., Katsanis, N., Reiter, L.T., Lander,
    E.S., Devon, K.L., Wyman, D.W., Lupski, J.R., & Birren, B. (2001). The
    1.4-Mb CMT1A duplication/HNPP deletion genomic region reveals unique
    genome architectural features and provides insights into the recent
    evolution of new genes. Genome Research, 11(6), 1018-1033. PMID:
    11381029; PMCID: PMC311111.
        218. Ardlie, K., Liu-Cordero, S.N., Eberle, M.A., Daly, M.J.,
    Barrett, J., Winchester, E., Lander, E.S., & Kruglyak, L. (2001).
    Lower-than-expected linkage disequilibrium between tightly linked
    markers in humans suggests a role for gene conversion. The American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 69(3), 582-589. PMID: 11473344; PMCID:
    PMC1235487.
        219. Reich, D.E., & Lander, E.S. (2001). On the allelic spectrum of
    human disease. TRENDS in Genetics, 17(9), 502-510. PMID: 11525833.
        220. Hudson, T.J., Church, D.M., Greenaway, S., Nguyen, H., Cook,
    A., Steen, R.G., Van Etten, W.J., Castle, A.B., Strivens, M.A.,
    Trickett, P., Heuston, C., Davison, C., Southwell, A., Hardisty, R.,
    Varela-Carver, A., Haynes, A.R., Rodriguez-Tome, P., Doi, H., Ko,
    M.S.H., Pontius, J., Schriml, L., Wagner, L., Maglott, D., Brown,
    S.D.M., Lander, E.S., Schuler, G., & Denny, P. (2001). A radiation
    hybrid map of mouse genes. Nature Genetics, 29(2), 201-205. PMID:
    11586302.
        221. Rioux, J.D., Daly, M.J., Silverberg, M.S., Lindblad-Toh, K.,
    Steinhart, H., Cohen, Z., Delmonte, T., Kocher, K., Miller, K.,
    Guschwan, S., Kulbokas, E.J., O'Leary, S., Winchester, E., Dewar, K.,
    Green, T., Stone, V., Chow, C., Cohen, A., Langelier, D., Lapointe, G.,
    Gaudet, D., Faith, J., Branco, N., Bull, S.B., McLeod, R.S., Griffiths,
    A.M., Bitton, A., Greenberg, G.R., Lander, E.S., Siminovitch, K.A., &
    Hudson, T.J. (2001). Genetic variation in the 5q31 cytokine gene
    cluster confers susceptibility to Crohn disease. Nature Genetics,
    29(2), 223-228. PMID: 11586304.
        222. Daly, M.J., Rioux, J.D., Schaffner, S.F., Hudson, T.J., &
    Lander, E.S. (2001). High-resolution haplotype structure in the human
    genome. Nature Genetics, 29(2), 229-232. PMID: 11586305.
        223. Huang, Q., Liu, D., Majewski, P., Schulte, L.C., Korn, J.M.,
    Young, R.A., Lander, E.S., & Hacohen, N. (2001). The plasticity of
    dendritic cell responses to pathogens and their components. Science,
    294(5543), 870-875. PMID: 11679675.
        224. Staunton, J.E., Slonim, D.K., Coller, H.A., Tamayo, P.,
    Angelo, M.J., Park, J., Scherf, U., Lee, J.K., Reinhold, W.O.,
    Weinstein, J.N., Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2001).
    Chemosensitivity prediction by transcriptional profiling. Proceedings
    of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98(19), 10787-10792. PMID:
    11553813; PMCID: PMC58553.
        225. Sweeney, C., Fambrough, D., Huard, C., Diamonti, A.J., Lander,
    E.S., Cantley, L.C., & Carraway, K.L. (2001). Growth factor-specific
    signaling pathway stimulation and gene expression mediated by ErbB
    receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(25), 22685-22698. PMID:
    11297548.
        226. Ramaswamy, S., Tamayo, P., Rifkin, R., Mukherjee, S., Yeang,
    C.H., Angelo, M., Ladd, C., Reich, M., Latulippe, E., Mesirov, J.P.,
    Poggio, T., Gerald, W., Loda, M., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2001).
    Multiclass cancer diagnosis using tumor gene expression signatures.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98(26), 15149-
    15154. PMID: 11742071; PMCID: PMC64998.
        227. Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., McPherson, J.D., Waterston,
    R.H., Rodgers, J., & Birney, E. (2001). Progress in sequencing the
    mouse genome. Genesis, 31(4), 137-141. PMID: 11783003.
        228. Bhattacharjee, A., Richards, W.G., Staunton, J., Li, C.,
    Monti, S., Vasa, P., Ladd,C., Beheshti, J., Bueno, R., Gillette, M.,
    Loda, M., Weber, G., Mark, E.J., Lander, E.S., Wong, W., Johnson, B.E.,
    Golub, T.R., Sugarbaker, D.J., & Meyerson, M. (2001). Classification of
    human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct
    adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 98(24), 13790-13795. PMID: 11707567; PMCID: PMC61120.
        229. Shipp, M.A., Ross, K.N., Tamayo, P., Weng, A.P., Kutok, J.L.,
    Aguiar, R.C., Gaasenbeek, M., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Pinkus, G.S., Ray,
    T.S., Koval, M.A., Last, K.W., Norton, A., Lister, T.A., Mesirov, J.,
    Neuberg, D.S., Lander, E.S., Aster, J.C., & Golub, T.R. (2002). Diffuse
    large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling
    and supervised machine learning. Nature Medicine, 8(1), 68-74. PMID:
    11786909.
        230. Armstrong, S.A., Staunton, J.E., Silverman, L.B., Pieters, R.,
    den Boer, M.L., Minden, M.D., Sallan, S.E., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R.,
    & Korsmeyer, S.J. (2002). MLL translocations specify a distinct gene
    expression profile that distinguishes a unique leukemia. Nature
    Genetics, 30(1), 41-47. PMID: 11731795.
        231. Pomeroy, S.L., Tamayo, P., Gaasenbeek, M., Sturla, L.M.,
    Angelo, M., McLaughlin, M.E., Kim, J.Y., Goumnerova, L.C., Black, P.M.,
    Lau, C., Allen, J.C., Zagzag, D., Olson, J.M., Curran, T., Wetmore, C.,
    Biegel, J.A., Poggio, T., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin, R., Califano, A.,
    Stolovitzky, G., Louis, D.N., Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Golub,
    T.R. (2002). Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour
    outcome based on gene expression. Nature, 415(6870), 436-442. PMID:
    11807556.
        232. Lindgren, C.M., Mahtani, M.M., Widen, E., McCarthy, M.I.,
    Daly, M.J., Kirby, A., Reeve, M.P., Kruglyak, L., Parker, A., Meyer,
    J., Almgren, P., Lehto, M., Kanninen, T., Tuomi, T., Groop, L.C., &
    Lander, E.S. (2002). Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes mellitus
    susceptibility loci in Finnish families: the Botnia study. The American
    Journal of Human Genetics, 70(2), 509-516. PMID: 11791216; PMCID:
    PMC384923.
        233. Batzoglou, S., Jaffe, D.B., Stanley, K., Butler, J., Gnerre,
    S., Mauceli, E., Berger, B., Mesirov, J.P., & Lander, E.S. (2002).
    ARACHNE: a whole-genome shotgun assembler. Genome Research, 12(1), 177-
    189. PMID: 11779843; PMCID: PMC155255.
        234. Nau, G.J., Richmond, J.F., Schlesinger, A., Jennings, E.G.,
    Lander, E.S., & Young, R.A. (2002). Human macrophage activation
    programs induced by bacterial pathogens. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 99(3), 1503-1508. PMID: 11805289; PMCID:
    PMC122220.
        235. Waterston, R.H., Lander, E.S., & Sulston, J.E. (2002). On the
    sequencing of the human genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 99(6), 3712-3716. PMID: 11880605; PMCID: PMC122589.
        236. Singh, D., Febbo, P.G., Ross, K., Jackson, D.G., Manola, J.,
    Ladd, C., Tamayo, P., Renshaw, A.A., D'Amico, A.V., Richie, J.P.,
    Lander, E.S., Loda, M., Kantoff, P.W., Golub, T.R., & Sellers, W.R.
    (2002). Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer
    behavior. Cancer Cell, 1(2), 203-209. PMID: 12086878.
        237. Galagan, J.E., Nusbaum, C., Roy, A., Endrizzi, M.G.,
    Macdonald, P., FitzHugh, W., Calvo, S., Engels, R., Smirnov, S.,
    Atnoor, D., Brown, A., Allen, N., Naylor, J., Stange-Thomann, N.,
    DeArellano, K., Johnson, R., Linton, L., McEwan, P., McKernan, K.,
    Talamas, J., Tirrell, A., Ye, W., Zimmer, A., Barber, R.D., Cann, I.,
    Graham, D.E., Grahame, D., Guss, A.M., Hedderich, R., Ingram-Smith, C.,
    Kuettner, H.C., Krzycki, J., Leigh, J.A., Li, W., Liu, J.,
    Mukhopadhyay, B., Reeve, J.N., Smith, K., Springer, T., Umayam, L.A.,
    White, O., White, R.H., de Macario, E.C., Ferry, J.G., Jarrell, K.F.,
    Jing, H., Macario, A.J.L., Paulsen, I., Pritchett, M., Sowers, K.R.,
    Swanson, R.V., Zinder, S.H., Lander, E,S., Metcalf, W.W., & Birren,
    B.W. (2002). The genome of M. acetivorans reveals extensive metabolic
    and physiological diversity. Genome Research, 12(4), 532-542. PMID:
    11932238; PMCID: PMC187521.
        238. Gabriel, S.B., Schaffner, S.F., Nguyen, H., Moore, J.M., Roy,
    J., Blumenstiel, B., Higgins, J., DeFelice, M., Lochner, A., Faggart,
    M., Liu-Cordero, S.N., Rotimi, C., Adeyemo, A., Cooper, R., Ward, R.,
    Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., & Altshuler, D. (2002). The structure of
    haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science, 296(5576), 2225-2229.
    PMID: 12029063.
        239. Ferrando, A.A., Neuberg, D.S., Staunton, J., Loh, M.L., Huard,
    C., Raimondi, S.C., Behm, F.G., Pui, C.H., Downing, J.R., Gilliland,
    D.G., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., & Look, A.T. (2002). Gene expression
    signatures define novel oncogenic pathways in T cell acute
    lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell, 1(1), 75-87. PMID: 12086890.
        240. MacMurray, A.J., Moralejo, D.H., Kwitek, A.E., Rutledge, E.A.,
    Van Yserloo, B., Gohlke, P., Speros, S.J., Snyder, B., Schaefer, J.,
    Bieg, S., Jiang, J., Ettinger, R.A., Fuller, J., Daniels, T.L.,
    Pettersson, A., Orlebeke, K., Birren, B.W., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Lernmark, A. (2002). Lymphopenia in the BB rat model of type 1
    diabetes is due to a mutation in a novel immune-associated nucleotide
    (Ian)-related gene. Genome Research, 12(7), 1029-1039. PMID: 12097339;
    PMCID: PMC186618.
        241. Reich, D.E., Schaffner, S.F., Daly, M.J., McVean, G.,
    Mullikin, J.C., Higgins, J.M., Richter, D.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Altshuler, D. (2002). Human genome sequence variation and the influence
    of gene history, mutation and recombination. Nature Genetics, 32(1),
    135-142. PMID: 12161752.
        242. Humpherys, D., Eggan, K., Akutsu, H., Friedman, A.,
    Hochedlinger, K., Yanagimachi, R., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., &
    Jaenisch, R. (2002). Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived
    from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 99(20), 12889-12894. PMID: 12235366;
    PMCID: PMC130555.
        243. Sabeti, P.C., Reich, D.E., Higgins, J.M., Levine, H.Z.,
    Richter, D.J., Schaffner, S.F., Gabriel, S.B., Platko, J.V., Patterson,
    N.J., McDonald, G.J., Ackerman, H.C., Campbell, S.J., Altshuler, D.,
    Cooper, R., Kwiatkowski, D., Ward, R., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Detecting
    recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure.
    Nature, 419(6909), 832-837. PMID: 12397357.
        244. Sklar, P., Gabriel, S.B., McInnis, M.G., Bennett, P., Lim, Y.,
    Tsan, G., Schaffner, S., Kirov, G., Jones, I., Owen, M., Craddock, N.,
    DePaulo, J.R., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Family-based association study of
    76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus.
    Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(6), 579-593.
    PMID: 12140781.
        245. Cowles, C.R., Hirschhorn, J.N., Altshuler, D., & Lander, E.S.
    (2002). Detection of regulatory variation in mouse genes. Nature
    Genetics, 32(3), 432-437. PMID: 12410233.
        246. Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, Waterston, R.H., Lindblad-
    Toh, K., Birney, E., Rogers, J., Abril, J.F., Agarwal, P., Agarwala,
    R., Ainscough, R., Alexandersson, M., An, P., Antonarakis, S.E.,
    Attwood, J., Baertsch, R., Bailey, J., Barlow, K., Beck, S., Berry, E.,
    Birren, B., Bloom, T., Bork, P., Botcherby, M., Bray, N., Brent, M.R.,
    Brown, D.G., Brown, S.D., Bult, C., Burton, J., Butler, J., Campbell,
    R.D., Carninci, P., Cawley, S., Chiaromonte, F., Chinwalla, A.T.,
    Church, D.M., Clamp, M., Clee, C., Collins, F.S., Cook, L.L., Copley,
    R.R., Coulson, A., Couronne, O., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Daly,
    M., David, R., Davies, J., Delehaunty, K.D., Deri, J., Dermitzakis,
    E.T., Dewey, C., Dickens, N.J., Diekhans, M., Dodge, S., Dubchak, I.,
    Dunn, D.M., Eddy, S.R., Elnitski, L., Emes, R.D., Eswara, P., Eyras,
    E., Felsenfeld, A., Fewell, G.A., Flicek, P., Foley, K., Frankel, W.N.,
    Fulton, L.A., Fulton, R.S., Furey, T.S., Gage, D., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Glusman, G., Gnerre, S., Goldman, N., Goodstadt, L., Grafham, D.,
    Graves, T.A., Green, E.D., Gregory, S., Guigo, R., Guyer, M., Hardison,
    R.C., Haussler, D., Hayashizaki, Y., Hillier, L.W., Hinrichs, A.,
    Hlavina, W., Holzer, T., Hsu, F., Hua, A., Hubbard, T., Hunt, A.,
    Jackson, I., Jaffe, D.B., Johnson, L.S., Jones, M., Jones, T.A., Joy,
    A., Kamal, M., Karlsson, E.K., Karolchik, D., Kasprzyk, A., Kawai, J.,
    Keibler, E., Kells, C., Kent, W.J., Kirby, A., Kolbe, D.L., Korf, I.,
    Kucherlapati, R.S., Kulbokas, E.J., Kulp, D., Landers, T., Leger, J.P.,
    Leonard, S., Letunic, I., Levine, R., Li, J., Li, M., Lloyd, C., Lucas,
    S., Ma, B., Maglott, D.R., Mardis, E.R., Matthews, L., Mauceli, E.,
    Mayer, J.H., McCarthy, M., McCombie, W.R., McLaren, S., McLay, K.,
    McPherson, J.D., Meldrim, J., Meredith, B., Mesirov, J.P., Miller, W.,
    Miner, T.L., Mongin, E., Montgomery, K.T., Morgan, M., Mott, R.,
    Mullikin, J.C., Muzny, D.M., Nash, W.E., Nelson, J.O., Nhan, M.N.,
    Nicol, R., Ning, Z., Nusbaum, C., O'Connor, M.J., Okazaki, Y., Oliver,
    K., Overton-Larty, E., Pachter, L., Parra, G., Pepin, K.H., Peterson,
    J., Pevzner, P., Plumb, R., Pohl, C.S., Poliakov, A., Ponce, T.C.,
    Ponting, C.P., Potter, S., Quail, M., Reymond, A., Roe, B.A., Roskin,
    K.M., Rubin, E.M., Rust, A.G., Santos, R., Sapojnikov, V., Schultz, B.,
    Schultz, J., Schwartz, M.S., Schwartz, S., Scott, C., Seaman, S.,
    Searle, S., Sharpe, T., Sheridan, A., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Singer,
    J.B., Slater, G., Smit, A., Smith, D.R., Spencer, B., Stabenau, A.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Sugnet, C., Suyama, M., Tesler, G., Thompson, J.,
    Torrents, D., Trevaskis, E., Tromp, J., Ucla, C., Ureta-Vidal, A.,
    Vinson, J.P., Von Niederhausern, A.C., Wade, C.M., Wall, M., Weber,
    R.J., Weiss, R.B., Wendl, M.C., West, A.P., Wetterstrand, K., Wheeler,
    R., Whelan, S., Wierzbowski, J., Willey, D., Williams, S., Wilson,
    R.K., Winter, E., Worley, K.C., Wyman, D., Yang, S., Yang, S.P.,
    Zdobnov, E.M., Zody, M.C., & Lander, E.S. (2002). Initial sequencing
    and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature, 420(6915), 520-
    562. PMID: 12466850.
        247. Okazaki, Y., Furuno, M., Kasukawa, T., Adachi, J., Bono, H.,
    Kondo, S., Nikaido, I., Osato, N., Saito, R., Suzuki, H., Yamanaka, I.,
    Kiyosawa, H., Yagi, K., Tomaru, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Nogami, A.,
    Schonbach, C., Gojobori, T., Baldarelli, R., Hill, D.P., Bult, C.,
    Hume, D.A., Quackenbush, J., Schriml, L.M., Kanapin, A., Matsuda, H.,
    Batalov, S., Beisel, K.W., Blake, J.A., Bradt, D., Brusic, V., Chothia,
    C., Corbani, L.E., Cousins, S., Dalla, E., Dragani, T.A., Fletcher,
    C.F., Forrest, A., Frazer, K.S., Gaasterland, T., Gariboldi, M., Gissi,
    C., Godzik, A., Gough, J., Grimmond, S., Gustincich, S., Hirokawa, N.,
    Jackson, I.J., Jarvis, E.D., Kanai, A., Kawaji, H., Kawasawa, Y.,
    Kedzierski, R.M., King, B.L., Konagaya, A., Kurochkin, I.V., Lee, Y.,
    Lenhard, B., Lyons, P.A., Maglott, D.R., Maltais, L., Marchionni, L.,
    McKenzie, L., Miki, H., Nagashima, T., Numata, K., Okido, T., Pavan,
    W.J., Pertea, G., Pesole, G., Petrovsky, N., Pillai, R., Pontius, J.U.,
    Qi, D., Ramachandran, S., Ravasi, T., Reed, J.C., Reed, D.J., Reid, J.,
    Ring, B.Z., Ringwald, M., Sandelin, A., Schneider, C., Semple, C.A.,
    Setou, M., Shimada, K., Sultana, R., Takenaka, Y., Taylor, M.S.,
    Teasdale, R.D., Tomita, M., Verardo, R., Wagner, L., Wahlestedt, C.,
    Wang, Y., Watanabe, Y., Wells, C., Wilming, L.G., Wynshaw-Boris, A.,
    Yanagisawa, M., Yang, I., Yang, L., Yuan, Z., Zavolan, M., Zhu, Y.,
    Zimmer, A., Carninci, P., Hayatsu, N., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Konno,
    H., Nakamura, M., Sakazume, N., Sato, K., Shiraki, T., Waki, K., Kawai,
    J., Aizawa, K., Arakawa, T., Fukuda, S., Hara, A., Hashizume, W.,
    Imotani, K., Ishii, Y., Itoh, M., Kagawa, I., Miyazaki, A., Sakai, K.,
    Sasaki, D., Shibata, K., Shinagawa, A., Yasunishi, A., Yoshino, M.,
    Waterston, R., Lander, E.S., Rogers, J., Birney, E., Hayashizaki, Y.,
    FANTOM Consortium, & RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group Phase I &
    II Team. (2002). Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on
    functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. Nature, 420(6915),
    563-573. PMID: 12466851.
        248. Wade, C.M., Kulbokas, E.J., Kirby, A.W., Zody, M.C., Mullikin,
    J.C., Lander, E.S., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Daly, M.J. (2002). The mosaic
    structure of variation in the laboratory mouse genome. Nature,
    420(6915), 563-573. PMID: 12466852.
        249. Williams, C.N., Kocher, K., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., & Rioux,
    J.D. (2002). Using a genome-wide scan and meta-analysis to identify a
    novel IBD locus and confirm previously identified IBD loci.
    Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 8(6), 375-381. PMID: 12454612.
        250. Chen, C.Z., Li, M., de Graaf, D., Monti, S., Gottgens, B.,
    Sanchez, M.J., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., Green, A.R., & Lodish, H.F.
    (2002). Identification of endoglin as a functional marker that defines
    long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 99(24), 15468-15473. PMID: 12438646;
    PMCID: PMC137740.
        251. Ramaswamy, S., Ross, K.N., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2003).
    A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nature
    Genetics, 33(1), 49-54. PMID: 12469122.
        252. Lohmueller, K.E., Pearce, C.L., Pike, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Hirschhorn, J.N. (2003). Meta-analysis of genetic association studies
    supports a contribution of common variants to susceptibility to common
    disease. Nature Genetics, 33(2), 177-182. PMID: 12524541.
        253. Jaffe, D.B., Butler, J., Gnerre, S., Mauceli, E., Lindblad-
    Toh, K., Mesirov, J.P., Zody, M.C., & Lander, E.S. (2003). Whole-genome
    sequence assembly for mammalian genomes: Arachne 2. Genome Research,
    13(1), 91-96. PMID: 12529310; PMCID: PMC430950.
        254. Mootha, V.K., Lepage, P., Miller, K., Bunkenborg, J., Reich,
    M., Hjerrild, M., Delmonte, T., Villeneuve, A., Sladek, R., Xu, F.,
    Mitchell, G.A., Morin, C., Mann, M., Hudson, T.J., Robinson, B., Rioux,
    J.D., & Lander, E.S. (2003). Identification of a gene causing human
    cytochrome c oxidase deficiency by integrative genomics. Proceedings of
    the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100(2), 605-610. PMID: 12529507;
    PMCID: PMC141043.
        255. Waterston, R.H., Lander, E.S., & Sulston, J.E. (2003). More on
    the sequencing of the human genome. Proceedings of the National Academy
    of Sciences USA, 100(6), 3022-3024. PMID: 12631699; PMCID: PMC152236.
        256. Xu, Y., Stange-Thomann, N., Weber, G., Bo, R., Dodge, S.,
    David, R.G., Foley, K., Beheshti, J., Harris, N.L., Birren, B.W.,
    Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2003). Pathogen discovery from human
    tissue by sequence-based computational subtraction. Genomics, 81(3),
    329-335. PMID: 12659816.
        257. Kamvysselis, M., Patterson, N., Birren, B., Berger, B., &
    Lander, E.S. (2003). Whole-genome comparative annotation and regulatory
    motif discovery in multiple yeast species. In Proceedings of the
    Seventh Annual International Conference on Research in Computational
    Molecular Biology (pp. 157-166).
        258. Chiang, D.Y., Moses, A.M., Kellis, M., Lander, E.S., & Eisen,
    M.B. (2003). Phylogenetically and spatially conserved word pairs
    associated with gene-expression changes in yeasts. Genome Biology,
    4(7), R43. PMID: 12844359; PMID: PMC193630.
        259. Galagan, J.E., Calvo, S.E., Borkovich, K.A., Selker, E.U.,
    Read, N.D., Jaffe, D., FitzHugh, W., Ma, L.J., Smirnov, S., Purcell,
    S., Rehman, B., Elkins, T., Engels, R., Wang, S., Nielsen, C.B.,
    Butler, J., Endrizzi, M., Qui, D., Ianakiev, P., Bell-Pedersen, D.,
    Nelson, M.A., Werner-Washburne, M., Selitrennikoff, C.P., Kinsey, J.A.,
    Braun, E.L., Zelter, A., Schulte, U., Kothe, G.O., Jedd, G., Mewes, W.,
    Staben, C., Marcotte, E., Greenberg, D., Roy, A., Foley, K., Naylor,
    J., Stange-Thomann, N., Barrett, R., Gnerre, S., Kamal, M.,
    Kamvysselis, M., Mauceli, E., Bielke, C., Rudd, S., Frishman, D.,
    Krystofova, S., Rasmussen, C., Metzenberg, R.L., Perkins, D.D., Kroken,
    S., Cogoni, C., Macino, G., Catcheside, D., Li, W., Pratt, R.J.,
    Osmani, S.A., DeSouza, C.P., Glass, L., Orbach, M.J., Berglund, J.A.,
    Voelker, R., Yarden, O., Plamann, M., Seiler, S., Dunlap, J., Radford,
    A., Aramayo, R., Natvig, D.O., Alex, L.A., Mannhaupt, G., Ebbole, D.J.,
    Freitag, M., Paulsen, I., Sachs, M.S., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., &
    Birren, B.W. (2003). The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus
    Neurospora crassa. Nature, 422(6934), 859-868. PMID: 12712197.
        260. Kellis, M., Patterson, N., Endrizzi, M., Birren, B.W., &
    Lander, E.S. (2003). Sequencing and comparison of yeast species to
    identify genes and regulatory elements. Nature, 423(6937), 241-254.
    PMID: 12748633.
        261. Giallourakis, C., Stoll, M., Miller, K., Hampe, J., Lander,
    E.S., Daly, M.J., Schreiber, S., & Rioux, J.D. (2003). IBD5 is a
    general risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: replication of
    association with Crohn disease and identification of a novel
    association with ulcerative colitis. The American Journal of Human
    Genetics, 73(1), 205-211. PMID: 12776251; PMCID: PMC1180582.
        262. Giallourakis, C., Stoll, M., Miller, K., Hampe, J., Lander,
    E.S., Daly, M.J., Schreiber, S., & Rioux, J.D. (2003). PGC-1α-
    responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately
    downregulated in human diabetes. Nature Genetics, 34(3), 267-273. PMID:
    12808457.
        263. Lowe, C.J., Wu, M., Salic, A., Evans, L., Lander, E.S.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Gruber, C.E., Gerhart, J., & Kirschner, M. (2003).
    Anteroposterior patterning in hemichordates and the origins of the
    chordate nervous system. Cell, 113(7), 853-865. PMID: 12837244.
        264. Rifkin, R., Mukherjee, S., Tamayo, P., Ramaswamy, S., Yeang,
    C.H., Angelo, M., Reich, M., Poggio, T., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R., &
    Mesirov, J.P. (2003). An analytical method for multiclass molecular
    cancer classification. Siam Review, 45(4), 706-723.
        265. Walsh, E.C., Mather, K.A., Schaffner, S.F., Farwell, L., Daly,
    M.J., Patterson, N., Cullen, M., Carrington, M., Bugawan, T.L., Erlich,
    H., Campbell, J., Barrett, J., Miller, K., Thomson, G., Lander, E.S., &
    Rioux, J.D. (2003). An integrated haplotype map of the human major
    histocompatibility complex. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    73(3), 580-590. PMID: 12920676; PMCID: PMC1180682.
        266. Moses, A.M., Chiang, D.Y., Kellis, M., Lander, E.S., & Eisen,
    M.B. (2003). Position specific variation in the rate of evolution in
    transcription factor binding sites. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 3, 19.
    PMID: 12946282; PMCID: PMC212491.
        267. Moralejo, D.H., Park, H.A., Speros, S.J., MacMurray, A.J.,
    Kwitek, A.E., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark, A. (2003). Genetic
    dissection of lymphopenia from autoimmunity by introgression of mutated
    Ian5 gene onto the F344 rat. Journal of Autoimmunity, 21(4), 315-324.
    PMID: 14624755.
        268. Mootha, V.K., Bunkenborg, J., Olsen, J.V., Hjerrild, M.,
    Wisniewski, J.R., Stahl, E., Bolouri, M.S., Ray, H.N., Sihag, S.,
    Kamal, M., Patterson, N., Lander, E.S., & Mann, M. (2003). Integrated
    analysis of protein composition, tissue diversity, and gene regulation
    in mouse mitochondria. Cell, 115(5), 629-640. PMID: 14651853.
        269. International HapMap Consortium. (2003). The International
    HapMap Project. Nature 426, 789-796.
        270. Sklar, P., Pato, M.T., Kirby, A., Petryshen, T.L., Medeiros,
    H., Carvalho, C., Macedo, A., Dourado, A., Coelho, I., Valente, J.,
    Soares, M.J., Ferreira, C.P., Lei, M., Verner, A., Hudson, T.J.,
    Morley, C.P., Kennedy, J.L., Azevedo, M.H., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., &
    Pato, C.N. (2004). Genome-wide scan in Portuguese Island families
    identifies 5q31-5q35 as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and
    psychosis. Molecular Psychiatry, 9(2), 213-218. PMID: 14699422.
        271. Kellis, M., Birren, B.W., & Lander, E.S. (2004). Proof and
    evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature, 428(6983), 617-624. PMID: 15004568.
        272. Singer, J.B., Hill, A.E., Burrage, L.C., Olszens, K.R., Song,
    J., Justice, M., O'Brien, W.E., Conti, D.V., Witte, J.S., Lander, E.S.,
    & Nadeau, J.H. (2004). Genetic dissection of complex traits with
    chromosome substitution strains of mice. Science, 304(5669), 445-448.
    PMID: 15031436.
        273. Freedman, M.L., Reich, D., Penney, K.L., McDonald, G.J.,
    Mignault, A.A., Patterson, N., Gabriel, S.B., Topol, E.J., Smoller,
    J.W., Pato, C.N., Pato, M.T., Petryshen, T.L., Kolonel, L.N., Lander,
    E.S., Sklar, P., Henderson, B., Hirschhorn, J.N., & Altshuler, D.
    (2004). Assessing the impact of population stratification on genetic
    association studies. Nature Genetics, 36(4), 388-393. PMID: 15052270.
        274. Mootha, V.K., Handschin, C., Arlow, D., Xie, X., St. Pierre,
    J., Sihag, S., Yang, W., Altshuler, D., Puigserver, P., Patterson, N.,
    Willy, P.J., Schulman, I.G., Heyman, R.A., Lander, E.S., & Spiegelman,
    B.M. (2004). Erralpha and Gabpa/b specify PGC-1a-dependent oxidative
    phosphorylation gene expression that is altered in diabetic muscle.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101(17), 6570-
    6575. PMID: 15100410; PMCID: PMC404086.
        275. Tantisira, K.G., Lake, S., Silverman, E.S., Palmer, L.J.,
    Lazarus, R., Silverman, E.K., Liggett, S.B., Gelfand, E.W.,
    Rosenwasser, L.J., Richter, B., Israel, E., Wechsler, M., Gabriel, S.,
    Altshuler, D., Lander, E.S., Drazen, J., & Weiss, S.T. (2004).
    Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: association of sequence variants in
    CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled
    corticosteroids. Human Molecular Genetics, 13(13), 1353-1359. PMID:
    15128701.
        276. Sawcer, S.J., Maranian, M., Singlehurst, S., Yeo, T.,
    Compston, A., Daly, M.J., De Jager, P.L., Gabriel, S., Hafler, D.A.,
    Ivinson, A.J., Lander, E.S., Rioux, J.D., Walsh, E., Gregory, S.G.,
    Schmidt, S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Barcellos, L., Hauser, S.L.,
    Oksenberg, J.R., Kenealy, S.J., & Haines, J.L. (2004). Enhancing
    linkage analysis of complex disorders: an evaluation of high-density
    genotyping. Human Molecular Genetics, 13(17), 1943-1949. PMID:
    15238506.
        277. Kellis, M., Patterson, N., Birren, B.W., Berger, B., & Lander,
    E.S. (2004). Methods in comparative genomics: genome correspondence,
    gene identification and regulatory motif discovery. Journal of
    Computational Biology, 11(2-3), 319-355. PMID: 15285895.
        278. Krewson, T.D., Supelak, P.J., Hill, A.E., Singer, J.B.,
    Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., & Palmert, M.R. (2004). Chromosomes 6 and
    13 harbor genes that regulate pubertal timing in mouse chromosome
    substitution strains. Endocrinology, 145(10), 4447-4451. PMID:
    15284200.
        279. Michalkiewicz, M., Michalkiewicz, T., Ettinger, R.A.,
    Rutledge, E.A., Fuller, J.M., Moralejo, D.H., Van Yserloo, B.,
    MacMurray, A.J., Kwitek, A.E., Jacob, H.J., Lander, E.S., & Lernmark,
    A. (2004). Transgenic rescue demonstrates involvement of the Ian5 gene
    in T cell development in the rat. Physiological Genomics, 19(2), 228-
    232. PMID: 15328390.
        280. Harbison, C.T., Gordon, D.B., Lee, T.I., Rinaldi, N.J.,
    Macisaac, K.D., Danford, T.W., Hannett, N.M., Tagne, J.B., Reynolds,
    D.B., Yoo, J., Jennings, E.G., Zeitlinger, J., Pokholok, D.K., Kellis,
    M., Rolfe, P.A., Takusagawa, K.T., Lander, E.S., Gifford, D.K.,
    Fraenkel, E., & Young, R.A. (2004). Transcriptional regulatory code of
    a eukaryotic genome. Nature, 431(7004), 99-104. PMID: 15343339; PMCID:
    PMC3006441.
        281. Rioux, J.D., Karinen, H., Kocher, K., McMahon, S.G.,
    Karkkainen, P., Janatuinen, E., Heikkinen, M., Julkunen, R.,
    Pihlajamaki, J., Naukkarinen, A., Kosma, V.M., Daly, M.J., Lander,
    E.S., & Laakso, M. (2004). Genomewide search and association studies in
    a Finnish celiac disease population: Identification of a novel locus
    and replication of the HLA and CTLA4 loci. American Journal of Medical
    Genetics Part A, 130(4), 345-350. PMID: 15386476.
        282. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2004).
    Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature,
    431(7011), 931-945. PMID: 15496913.
        283. Jaillon, O., Aury, J.M., Brunet, F., Petit, J.L., Stange-
    Thomann, N., Mauceli, E., Bouneau, L., Fischer, C., Ozouf-Costaz, C.,
    Bernot, A., Nicaud, S., Jaffe, D., Fisher, S., Lutfalla, G., Dossat,
    C., Segurens, B., Dasilva, C., Salanoubat, M., Levy, M., Boudet, N.,
    Castellano, S., Anthouard, V., Jubin, C., Castelli, V., Katinka, M.,
    Vacherie, B., Biemont, C., Skalli, Z., Cattolico, L., Poulain, J., De
    Berardinis, V., Cruaud, C., Duprat, S., Brottier, P., Coutanceau, J.P.,
    Gouzy, J., Parra, G., Lardier, G., Chapple, C., McKernan, K.J., McEwan,
    P., Bosak, S., Kellis, M., Volff, J.N., Guigo, R., Zody, M.C., Mesirov,
    J., Lindblad-Toh, K., Birren, B.W., Nusbaum, C., Kahn, D., Robinson-
    Rechavi, M., Laudet, V., Schachter, V., Quetier, F., Saurin, W.,
    Scarpelli, C., Wincker, P., Lander, E.S., Weissenbach, J., & Roest
    Crollius, H. (2004). Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon
    nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature,
    431(7011), 946-957. PMID: 15496914.
        284. Poirier, C., Qin, Y., Adams, C.P., Anaya, Y., Singer, J.B.,
    Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., & Bishop, C.E. (2004). A
    complex interaction of imprinted and maternal-effect genes modifies sex
    determination in Odd Sex (Ods) mice. Genetics, 168(3), 1557-1562. PMID:
    15579706; PMCID: PMC1448764.
        285. Singer, J.B., Hill, A.E., Nadeau, J.H., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Mapping quantitative trait loci for anxiety in chromosome substitution
    strains of mice. Genetics, 169(2), 855-862. PMID: 15371360; PMCID:
    PMC1449086.
        286. Bernstein, B.E., Kamal, M., Lindblad-Toh, K., Bekiranov, S.,
    Bailey, D.K., Huebert, D.J., McMahon, S., Karlsson, E.K., Kulbokas,
    E.J., Gingeras, T.R., Schreiber, S.L., & Lander, E.S. (2005). Genomic
    maps and comparative analysis of histone modifications in human and
    mouse. Cell, 120(2), 169-181. PMID: 15680324.
        287. International HapMap Consortium. (2005). A haplotype map of
    the human genome. Nature, 437(7063),1299-320. PMCID: PMC1880871.
        288. Coordinating Committee of the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine
    Enterprise. (2005). The Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise: Scientific
    Strategic Plan. PLoS Medicine, 2(2), e25. PMID: 15740411;
    PMCID:PMC544553.
        289. Ackerman, K.G., Huang, H., Grasemann, H., Puma, C., Singer,
    J.B., Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., Nadeau, J.H., Churchill, G.A., Drazen,
    J.M., & Beier, D.R. (2005). Interacting genetic loci cause airway
    hyperresponsiveness. Physiological Genomics, 21(1), 105-111. PMID:
    15657107.
        290. Xie, X., Lu, J., Kulbokas, E.J., Golub, T.R., Mootha, V.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., & Kellis, M. (2005). Systematic
    discovery of regulatory motifs in human promoters and 3+ UTRs by
    comparison of several mammals. Nature, 434(7031), 338-345. PMID:
    15735639; PMCID: PMC2923337.
        291. Miretti, M.M., Walsh, E.C., Ke, X., Delgado, M., Griffiths,
    M., Hunt, S., Morrison, J., Whittaker, P., Lander, E.S., Cardon, L.R.,
    Bentley, D.R., Rioux, J.D., Beck, S., & Deloukas, P. (2005). A high-
    resolution linkage-disequilibrium map of the human major
    histocompatibility complex and first generation of tag single-
    nucleotide polymorphisms. The American Journal of Human Genetics,
    76(4), 634-646. PMID: 15747258; PMCID: PMC1199300.
        292. Margulies, E.H., Vinson, J.P., NISC Comparative Sequencing
    Program, Miller, W., Jaffe, D.B., Lindblad-Toh, K., Chang, J.L., Green,
    E.D., Lander, E.S., Mullikin, J.C., & Clamp, M. (2005). An initial
    strategy for the systematic identification of functional elements in
    the human genome by low-redundancy comparative sequencing. Proceedings
    of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102(13), 4795-4800. PMID:
    15778292; PMCID: PMC555705.
        293. Vinson, J.P., Jaffe, D.B., O'Neill, K., Karlsson, E.K.,
    Stange-Thomann, N., Anderson, S., Mesirov, J.P., Satoh, N., Satou, Y.,
    Nusbaum, C., Birren, B.W., Galagan, J.E., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Assembly of polymorphic genomes: algorithms and application to Ciona
    savignyi. Genome Research, 15(8), 1127-1135. PMID: 16077012; PMCID:
    PMC1182225.
        294. Sawcer, S., Ban, M., Maranian, M., Yeo, T.W., Compston, A.,
    Kirby, A., Daly, M.J., De Jager, P.L., Walsh, E., Lander, E.S., Rioux,
    J.D., Hafler, D.A., Ivinson, A., Rimmler, J., Gregory, S.G., Schmidt,
    S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Akesson, E., Hillert, J., Datta, P., Oturai,
    A., Ryder, L.P., Harbo, H.F., Spurkland, A., Myhr, K.M., Laaksonen, M.,
    Booth, D., Heard, R., Stewart, G., Lincoln, R., Barcellos, L.F.,
    Hauser, S.L., Oksenberg, J.R., Kenealy, S.J., Haines, J.L.,
    International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. (2005). A high-
    density screen for linkage in multiple sclerosis. The American Journal
    of Human Genetics, 77(3), 454-467. PMID: 16080120; PMCID: PMC1226210.
        295. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. (2005). Initial
    sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome.
    Nature, 437(7055), 69-87. PMID: 16136131.
        296. Nusbaum, C., Zody, M.C., Borowsky, M.L., Kamal, M., Kodira,
    C.D., Taylor, T.D., Whittaker, C.A., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Dewar,
    K., FitzGerald, M.G., Yang, X., Abouelleil, A., Allen, N.R., Anderson,
    S., Bloom, T., Bugalter, B., Butler, J., Cook, A., DeCaprio, D.,
    Engels, R., Garber, M., Gnirke, A., Hafez, N., Hall, J.L., Norman,
    C.H., Itoh, T., Jaffe, D.B., Kuroki, Y., Lehoczky, J., Lui, A.,
    Macdonald, P., Mauceli, E., Mikkelsen, T.S., Naylor, J.W., Nicol, R.,
    Nguyen, C., Noguchi, H., O'Leary, S.B., O'Neill, K., Piqani, B., Smith,
    C.L., Talamas, J.A., Topham, K., Totoki, Y., Toyoda, A., Wain, H.M.,
    Young, S.K., Zeng, Q., Zimmer, A.R., Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Birren,
    B.W., Sakaki, Y., & Lander, E.S. (2005). DNA sequence and analysis of
    human chromosome 18. Nature, 437(7058), 551-555. PMID: 16177791.
        297. Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V.K., Mukherjee, S.,
    Ebert, B.L., Gillette, M.A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S.L., Golub, T.R.,
    Lander, E.S., & Mesirov, J.P. (2005). Gene set enrichment analysis: a
    knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression
    profiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102(43),
    15545-15550. PMID: 16199517; PMCID: PMC1239896.
        298. Meissner, A., Gnirke, A., Bell, G.W., Ramsahoye, B., Lander,
    E.S., & Jaenisch, R. (2005). Reduced representation bisulfite
    sequencing for comparative high-resolution DNA methylation analysis.
    Nucleic Acids Research, 33(18), 5868-5877. PMID: 16224102; PMCID:
    PMC1258174.
        299. Sabeti, P.C., Walsh, E., Schaffner, S.F., Varilly, P., Fry,
    B., Cullen, M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Roy, J., Patterson, N., Cooper, R.,
    Altshuler, D., & Lander, E.S. (2005). The case for selection of CCR5-
    delta32. PloS Biology, 3(11): e378. PMID: 16248677; PMCID: PMC1275522.
        300. Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C.M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Karlsson, E.K.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J.L., Kulbokas, E.J., Zody,
    M.C., Mauceli, E., Xie, X., Breen, M., Wayne, R.K., Ostrander, E.A.,
    Ponting, C.P., Galibert, F., Smith, D.R., DeJong, P.J., Kirkness, E.,
    Alvarez, P., Biagi, T., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin, C.W., Cook, A.,
    Cuff, J., Daly, M.J., DeCaprio, D., Gnerre, S., Grabherr, M., Kellis,
    M., Kleber, M., Bardeleben, C., Goodstadt, L., Heger, A., Hitte, C.,
    Kim, L., Koepfli, K.P., Parker, H.G., Pollinger, J.P., Searle, S.M.,
    Sutter, N.B., Thomas, R., Webber, C., Baldwin, J., Abebe, A.,
    Abouelleil, A., Aftuck, L., Ait-Zahra, M., Aldredge, T., Allen, N., An,
    P., Anderson, S., Antoine, C., Arachchi, H., Aslam, A., Ayotte, L.,
    Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T., Benamara, M., Berlin, A.,
    Bessette, D., Blitshteyn, B., Bloom, T., Blye, J., Boguslavskiy, L.,
    Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Brown, A., Cahill, P., Calixte, N.,
    Camarata, J., Cheshatsang, Y., Chu, J., Citroen, M., Collymore, A.,
    Cooke, P., Dawoe, T., Daza, R., Decktor, K., DeGray, S., Dhargay, N.,
    Dooley, K., Dooley, K., Dorje, P., Dorjee, K., Dorris, L., Duffey, N.,
    Dupes, A., Egbiremolen, O., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S.,
    Ferguson, D., Ferreira, P., Fisher, S., FitzGerald, M., Foley, K.,
    Foley, C., Franke, A., Friedrich, D., Gage, D., Garber, M., Gearin, G.,
    Giannoukos, G., Goode, T., Goyette, A., Graham, J., Grandbois, E.,
    Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagopian, D., Hagos, B., Hall, J., Healy, C.,
    Hegarty, R., Honan, T., Horn, A., Houde, N., Hughes, L., Hunnicutt, L.,
    Husby, M., Jester, B., Jones, C., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kells, C.,
    Khazanovich, D., Kieu, A.C., Kisner, P., Kumar, M., Lance, K., Landers,
    T., Lara, M., Lee, W., Leger, J.P., Lennon, N., Leuper, L., LeVine, S.,
    Liu, J., Liu, X., Lokyitsang, Y., Lokyitsang, T., Lui, A., Macdonald,
    J., Major, J., Marabella, R., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McDonough, S.,
    Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Melnikov, A., Meneus, L., Mihalev, A., Mihova,
    T., Miller, K., Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Mulrain, L., Munson, G.,
    Navidi, A., Naylor, J., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, T.,
    Nicol, R., Norbu, N., Norbu, C., Novod, N., Nyima, T., Olandt, P.,
    O'Neill, B., O'Neill, K., Osman, S., Oyono, L., Patti, C., Perrin, D.,
    Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Rachupka, A., Raghuraman, S.,
    Rameau, R., Ray, V., Raymond, C., Rege, F., Rise, C., Rogers, J.,
    Rogov, P., Sahalie, J., Settipalli, S., Sharpe, T., Shea, T., Sheehan,
    M., Sherpa, N., Shi, J., Shih, D., Sloan, J., Smith, C., Sparrow, T.,
    Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S., Stone, C., Stone,
    S., Sykes, S., Tchuinga, P., Tenzing, P., Tesfaye, S., Thoulutsang, D.,
    Thoulutsang, Y., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H.,
    Venkataraman, V., Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M.,
    Wilkinson, J., Wilson, A., Yadav, S., Yang, S., Yang, X., Young, G.,
    Yu, Q., Zainoun, J., Zembek, L., Zimmer, A., & Lander, E.S. (2005).
    Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the
    domestic dog. Nature, 438(7069), 803-819. PMID: 16341006.
        301. Nusbaum, C., Mikkelsen, T.S., Zody, M.C., Asakawa, S.,
    Taudien, S., Garber, M., Kodira, C.D., Schueler, M.G., Shimizu, A.,
    Whittaker, C.A., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Dewar, K., FitzGerald, M.G.,
    Yang, X., Allen, N.R., Anderson, S., Asakawa, T., Blechschmidt, K.,
    Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L., Butler, J., Cook, A., Corum, B., DeArellano,
    K., DeCaprio, D., Dooley, K.T., Dorris, L., Engels, R., Glockner, G.,
    Hafez, N., Hagopian, D.S., Hall, J.L., Ishikawa, S.K., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Kamat, A., Kudoh, J., Lehmann, R., Lokitsang, T., Macdonald, P., Major,
    J.E., Matthews, C.D., Mauceli, E., Menzel, U., Mihalev, A.H.,
    Minoshima, S., Murayama, Y., Naylor, J.W., Nicol, R., Nguyen, C.,
    O'Leary, S.B., O'Neill, K., Parker, S.C., Polley, A., Raymond, C.K.,
    Reichwald, K., Rodriguez, J., Sasaki, T., Schilhabel, M., Siddiqui, R.,
    Smith, C.L., Sneddon, T.P., Talamas, J.A., Tenzin, P., Topham, K.,
    Venkataraman, V., Wen, G., Yamazaki, S., Young, S.K., Zeng, Q., Zimmer,
    A.R., Rosenthal, A., Birren, B.W., Platzer, M., Shimizu, N., & Lander,
    E.S. (2006). DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8. Nature,
    439(7074), 331-335. PMID: 16421571.
        302. Walsh, E.C., Sabeti, P., Hutcheson, H.B., Fry, B., Schaffner,
    S.F., de Bakker, P.I., Varilly, P., Palma, A.A., Roy, J., Cooper, R.,
    Winkler, C., Zeng, Y., de The, G., Lander, E.S., O'Brien, S., &
    Altshuler, D. (2006). Searching for signals of evolutionary selection
    in 168 genes related to immune function. Human Genetics, 119(1-2), 92-
    102. PMID: 16362345.
        303. Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2006). Chromosome
    substitution strains: a new way to study genetically complex traits.
    Methods in Molecular Medicine, 128, 153-172. PMID: 17071995.
        304. Taylor, T.D., Noguchi, H., Totoki, Y., Toyoda, A., Kuroki, Y.,
    Dewar, K., Lloyd, C., Itoh, T., Takeda, T., Kim, D.W., She, X., Barlow,
    K.F., Bloom, T., Bruford, E., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A., Eichler, E.,
    FitzGerald, M.G., Jaffe, D.B., LaButti, K., Nicol, R., Park, H.S.,
    Seaman, C., Sougnez, C., Yang, X., Zimmer, A.R., Zody, M.C., Birren,
    B.W., Nusbaum, C., Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Rogers, J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Sakaki, Y. (2006). Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis
    including novel gene identification. Nature, 440(7083), 497-500. PMID:
    16477033; PMCID: PMC1413850.
        305. Kamal, M., Xie, X., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A large family of
    ancient repeat elements in the human genome is under strong selection.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(8), 2740-2745.
        306. Moffat, J., Grueneberg, D.A., Yang, X., Kim, S.Y., Kloepfer,
    A.M., Hinkle, G., Piqani, B., Eisenhaure, T.M., Luo, B., Grenier, J.K.,
    Carpenter, A.E., Foo, S.Y., Stewart, S.A., Stockwell, B.R., Hacohen,
    N., Hahn, W.C., Lander, E.S., Sabatini, D.M., & Root, D.E. (2006). A
    lentiviral RNAi library for human and mouse genes applied to an arrayed
    viral high-content screen. Cell, 124(6), 1283-1298. PMID: 16564017.
        307. Zody, M.C., Garber, M., Sharpe, T., Young, S.K., Rowen, L.,
    O'Neill, K., Whittaker, C.A., Kamal, M., Chang, J.L., Cuomo, C.A.,
    Dewar, K., FitzGerald, M.G., Kodira, C.D., Madan, A., Qin, S., Yang,
    X., Abbasi, N., Abouelleil, A., Arachchi, H.M., Baradarani, L.,
    Birditt, B., Bloom, S., Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L., Burke, J., Butler,
    J., Cook, A., DeArellano, K., DeCaprio, D., Dorris, L., Dors, M.,
    Eichler, E.E., Engels, R., Fahey, J., Fleetwood, P., Friedman, C.,
    Gearin, G., Hall, J.L., Hensley, G., Johnson, E., Jones, C., Kamat, A.,
    Kaur, A., Locke, D.P., Madan, A., Munson, G., Jaffe, D.B., Lui, A.,
    Macdonald, P., Mauceli, E., Naylor, J.W., Nesbitt, R., Nicol, R.,
    O'Leary, S.B., Ratcliffe, A., Rounsley, S., She, X., Sneddon, K.M.,
    Stewart, S., Sougnez, C., Stone, S.M., Topham, K., Vincent, D., Wang,
    S., Zimmer, A.R., Birren, B.W., Hood, L., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C.
    (2006). Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human
    chromosome 15. Nature, 440(7084), 671-675. PMID: 16572171.
        308. Tello-Ruiz, M.K., Curley, C., DelMonte, T., Giallourakis, C.,
    Kirby, A., Miller, K., Wild, G., Cohen, A., Langelier, D., Latiano, A.,
    Wedemeyer, N., Lander, E.S., Schreiber, S., Annese, V., Daly, M.J., &
    Rioux, J.D. (2006). Haplotype-based association analysis of 56
    functional candidate genes in the IBD6 locus on chromosome 19. European
    Journal of Human Genetics, 14(6), 780-790. PMID: 16570073.
        309. Kamal, M., Xie, X., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A large family of
    ancient repeat elements in the human genome is under strong selection.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(8), 2740-2745.
    PMID: 16477033; PMCID: PMC1413850.
        310. Root, D.E., Hacohen, N., Hahn, W.C., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini,
    D.M. (2006). Genome-scale loss-of-function screening with a lentiviral
    RNAi library. Nature Methods, 3(9), 715-719. PMID: 16929317.
        311. Houstis, N., Rosen, E.D., & Lander, E.S. (2006). Reactive
    oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin
    resistance. Nature, 440(7086), 944-948. PMID: 16612386.
        312. Zody, M.C., Garber, M., Adams, D.J., Sharpe, T., Harrow, J.,
    Lupski, J.R., Nicholson, C., Searle, S.M., Wilming, L., Young, S.K.,
    Abouelleil, A., Allen, N.R., Bi, W., Bloom, T., Borowsky, M.L.,
    Bugalter, B.E., Butler, J., Chang, J.L., Chen, C.K., Cook, A., Corum,
    B., Cuomo, C.A., de Jong, P.J., DeCaprio, D., Dewar, K., FitzGerald,
    M., Gilbert, J., Gibson, R., Gnerre, S., Goldstein, S., Grafham, D.V.,
    Grocock, R., Hafez, N., Hagopian, D.S., Hart, E., Norman, C.H.,
    Humphray, S., Jaffe, D.B., Jones, M., Kamal, M., Khodiyar, V.K.,
    LaButti, K., Laird, G., Lehoczky, J., Liu, X., Lokyitsang, T.,
    Loveland, J., Lui, A., Macdonald, P., Major, J.E., Matthews, L.,
    Mauceli, E., McCarroll, S.A., Mihalev, A.H., Mudge, J., Nguyen, C.,
    Nicol, R., O'Leary, S.B., Osoegawa, K., Schwartz, D.C., Shaw-Smith, C.,
    Stankiewicz, P., Steward, C., Swarbreck, D., Venkataraman, V.,
    Whittaker, C.A., Yang, X., Zimmer, A.R., Bradley, A., Hubbard, T.,
    Birren, B.W., Rogers, J., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C. (2006). DNA
    sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the
    human lineage. Nature, 440(7087), 1045-1049. PMID: 16625196; PMCID:
    PMC2610434.
        313. Bernstein, B.E., Mikkelsen, T.S., Xie, X., Kamal, M., Huebert,
    D.J., Cuff, J., Fry, B., Meissner, A., Wernig, M., Plath, K., Jaenisch,
    R., Wagschal, A., Feil, R., Schreiber, S.L., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A
    bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic
    stem cells. Cell, 125(2), 315-326. PMID: 16630819.
        314. Pedersen, J.S., Bejerano, G., Siepel, A., Rosenbloom, K.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., Kent, J., Miller, W., & Haussler, D.
    (2006). Identification and classification of conserved RNA secondary
    structures in the human genome. PLoS Computational Biology, 2(4), e33.
    PMID: 16628248; PMCID: PMC1440920.
        315. Patterson, N., Richter, D.J., Gnerre, S., Lander, E.S., &
    Reich, D. (2006). Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and
    chimpanzees. Nature, 441(7097), 1103-1108. PMID: 16710306.
        316. Sabeti, P.C., Schaffner, S.F., Fry, B., Lohmueller, J.,
    Varilly, P., Shamovsky, O., Palma, A., Mikkelsen, T.S., Altshuler, D.,
    & Lander, E.S. (2006). Positive natural selection in the human lineage.
    Science, 312(5780), 1614-1620. PMID: 16778047.
        317. Xie, X., Kamal, M., & Lander, E.S. (2006). A family of
    conserved noncoding elements derived from an ancient transposable
    element. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(31),
    11659-11664. PMID: 16864796; PMCID: PMC1518811.
        318. Lowe, C.J., Terasaki, M., Wu, M., Freeman, R.M., Runft, L.,
    Kwan, K., Haigo, S., Aronowicz, J., Lander, E.S., Gruber, C., Smith,
    M., Kirschner, M., & Gerhart, J. (2006). Dorsoventral patterning in
    hemichordates: insights into early chordate evolution. PLoS Biology,
    4(9), e291. PMID: 16933975; PMCID: PMC1551926.
        319. Lamb, J., Crawford, E.D., Peck, D., Modell, J.W., Blat, I.C.,
    Wrobel, M.J., Lerner, J., Brunet, J.P., Subramanian, A., Ross, K.N.,
    Reich, M., Hieronymus, H., Wei, G., Armstrong, S.A., Haggarty, S.J.,
    Clemons, P.A., Wei, R., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S., & Golub, T.R. (2006).
    The Connectivity Map: using gene-expression signatures to connect small
    molecules, genes, and disease. Science, 313(5795), 1929-1935. PMID:
    17008526.
        320. Wei, B.Q., Mikkelsen, T.S., McKinney, M.K., Lander, E.S., &
    Cravatt, B.F. (2006). A second fatty acid amide hydrolase with variable
    distribution among placental mammals. Journal of Biological Chemistry,
    281(48), 36569-36578. PMID: 17015445.
        321. Bourlat, S.J., Juliusdottir, T., Lowe, C.J., Freeman, R.,
    Aronowicz, J., Kirschner, M., Lander, E.S., Thorndyke, M., Nakano, H.,
    Kohn, A.B., Heyland, A., Moroz, L.L., Copley, R.R., & Telford, M.J.
    (2006). Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the
    new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature, 444(7115), 85-88. PMID: 17051155.
        322. Hill, A.E., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2006). Chromosome
    substitution strains: A new way to study genetically complex traits.
    Methods in Molecular Medicine, 128, 153-172. PMID: 17071995.
        323. Volkman, S.K., Sabeti, P.C., DeCaprio, D., Neafsey, D.E.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Milner, D.A., Daily, J.P., Sarr, O., Ndiaye, D., Ndir,
    O., Mboup, S., Duraisingh, M.T., Lukens, A., Derr, A., Stange-Thomann,
    N., Waggoner, S., Onofrio, R., Ziaugra, L., Mauceli, E., Gnerre, S.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Zainoun, J., Wiegand, R.C., Birren, B.W., Hartl, D.L.,
    Galagan, J.E., Lander, E.S., & Wirth, D.F. (2007). A genome-wide map of
    diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature Genetics, 39(1), 113-119.
    PMID: 17159979.
        324. Yeo, T.W., De Jager, P.L., Gregory, S.G., Barcellos, L.F.,
    Walton, A., Goris, A., Fenoglio, C., Ban, M., Taylor,
        C.J., Goodman, R.S., Walsh, E., Wolfish, C.S., Horton, R.,
    Traherne, J., Beck, S., Trowsdale, J., Caillier, S.J., Ivinson, A.J.,
    Green, T., Pobywajlo, S., Lander, E.S., Pericak-Vance, M.A., Haines,
    J.L., Daly, M.J., Oksenberg, J.R., Hauser, S.L., Compston, A., Hafler,
    D.A., Rioux, J.D., & Sawcer, S. (2007). A second major
    histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis.
    Annals of Neurology, 61(3), 228-236. PMID: 17252545; PMCID: PMC2737610.
        325. Bernstein, B.E., Meissner, A., & Lander, E.S. (2007). The
    mammalian epigenome. Cell, 128(4), 669-681. PMID: 17320505.
        326. Strohl, K.P., Gallaugher, L., Lynn, A., Friedman, L., Hill,
    A., Singer, J.B., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J. (2007). Sleep-related
    epilepsy in the A/J mouse. Sleep, 30(2), 169-176. PMID: 17326542.
        327. Xie, X., Mikkelsen, T.S., Gnirke, A., Lindblad-Toh, K.,
    Kellis, M., & Lander, E.S. (2007). Systematic discovery of regulatory
    motifs in conserved regions of the human genome, including thousands of
    CTCF insulator sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 104(17), 7145-7150. PMID: 17442748; PMCID: PMC1852749.
        328. Mikkelsen, T.S., Wakefield, M.J., Aken, B., Amemiya, C.T.,
    Chang, J.L., Duke, S., Garber, M., Gentles, A.J., Goodstadt, L., Heger,
    A., Jurka, J., Kamal, M., Mauceli, E., Searle, S.M., Sharpe, T., Baker,
    M.L., Batzer, M.A., Benos, P.V., Belov, K., Clamp, M., Cook, A., Cuff,
    J., Das, R., Davidow, L., Deakin, J.E., Fazzari, M.J., Glass, J.L.,
    Grabherr, M., Greally, J.M., Gu, W., Hore, T.A., Huttley, G.A., Kleber,
    M., Jirtle, R.L., Koina, E., Lee, J.T., Mahony, S., Marra, M.A.,
    Miller, R.D., Nicholls, R.D., Oda, M., Papenfuss, A.T., Parra, Z.E.,
    Pollock, D.D., Ray, D.A., Schein, J.E., Speed, T.P., Thompson, K.,
    VandeBerg, J.L., Wade, C.M., Walker, J.A., Waters, P.D., Webber, C.,
    Weidman, J.R., Xie, X., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute Genome Sequencing
    Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, Graves, J.A.,
    Ponting, C.P., Breen, M., Samollow, P.B., Lander, E.S., & Lindblad-Toh,
    K. (2007). Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals
    innovation in non-coding sequences. Nature, 447(7141), 167-177. PMID:
    17495919.
        329. Margulies, E.H., Cooper, G.M., Asimenos, G., Thomas, D.J.,
    Dewey, C.N., Siepel, A., Birney, E., Keefe, D., Schwartz, A.S., Hou,
    M.,Taylor, J., Nikolaev, S., Montoya-Burgos, J.I., Loytynoja, A.,
    Whelan, S., Pardi, F., Massingham, T., Brown, J.B., Bickel, P., Holmes,
    I., Mullikin, J.C., Ureta-Vidal, A., Paten, B., Stone, E.A.,
    Rosenbloom, K.R., Kent, W.J., Bouffard, G.G., Guan, X., Hansen, N.F.,
    Idol, J.R., Maduro, V.V., Maskeri, B., McDowell, J.C., Park, M.,
    Thomas, P.J., Young, A.C., Blakesley, R.W., Muzny, D.M., Sodergren, E.,
    Wheeler, D.A., Worley, K.C., Jiang, H., Weinstock, G.M., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Graves, T., Fulton, R., Mardis, E.R., Wilson, R.K., Clamp, M., Cuff,
    J., Gnerre, S., Jaffe, D.B., Chang, J.L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander,
    E.S., Hinrichs, A., Trumbower, H., Clawson, H., Zweig, A., Kuhn, R.M.,
    Barber, G., Harte, R., Karolchik, D., Field, M.A., Moore, R.A.,
    Matthewson, C.A., Schein, J.E., Marra, M.A., Antonarakis, S.E.,
    Batzoglou, S., Goldman, N., Hardison, R., Haussler, D., Miller, W.,
    Pachter, L., Green, E.D., & Sidow, A. (2007). Analyses of deep
    mammalian sequence alignments and constraint predictions for 1 percent
    of the human genome. Genome Research, 17(6), 760-774. PMID: 17567995;
    PMCID: PMC1891336.
        330. ENCODE Project Consortium. (2007). Identification and analysis
    of functional elements in 1 percent of the human genome by the ENCODE
    pilot project. Nature, 447(7146), 799-816. PMID: 17571346; PMCID:
    PMC2212820.
        331. Boehm, J.S., Zhao, J.J., Yao, J., Kim, S.Y., Firestein, R.,
    Dunn, I.F., Sjostrom, S.K., Garraway, L.A., Weremowicz, S., Richardson,
    A.L., Greulich, H., Stewart, C.J., Mulvey, L.A., Shen, R.R., Ambrogio,
    L., Hirozane-Kishikawa, T., Hill, D.E., Vidal, M., Meyerson, M.,
    Grenier, J.K., Hinkle, G., Root, D.E., Roberts, T.M., Lander, E.S.,
    Polyak, K., & Hahn, W.C. (2007). Integrative genomic approaches
    identify IKBKE as a breast cancer oncogene. Cell, 129(6), 1065-1079.
    PMID: 17574021.
        332. Mikkelsen, T.S., Ku, M., Jaffe, D.B., Issac, B., Lieberman,
    E., Giannoukos, G., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Kim, T.K., Koche, R.P.,
    Lee, W., Mendenhall, E., O'Donovan, A., Presser, A., Russ, C., Xie, X.,
    Meissner, A., Wernig, M., Jaenisch, R., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., &
    Bernstein, B.E. (2007). Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in
    pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature, 448(7153), 553-560.
    PMID: 17603471; PMCID: PMC2921165.
        333. International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Hafler,
    D.A., Compston, A., Sawcer, S., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., De Jager,
    P.L., de Bakker, P.I., Gabriel, S.B., Mirel, D.B., Ivinson, A.J.,
    Pericak-Vance, M.A., Gregory, S.G., Rioux, J.D., McCauley, J.L.,
    Haines, J.L., Barcellos, L.F., Cree, B., Oksenberg, J.R., & Hauser,
    S.L. (2007). Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a
    genomewide study. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(9), 851-862.
    PMID: 17660530.
        334. Sabeti, P.C., Varilly, P., Fry, B., Lohmueller, J., Hostetter,
    E., Cotsapas, C., Xie, X., Byrne, E.H., McCarroll, S.A., Gaudet, R.,
    Schaffner, S.F., Lander, E.S., International HapMap Consortium, Frazer,
    K.A., Ballinger, D.G., Cox, D.R., Hinds, D.A., Stuve, L.L., Gibbs,
    R.A., Belmont, J.W., Boudreau, A., Hardenbol, P., Leal, S.M.,
    Pasternak, S., Wheeler, D.A., Willis, T.D., Yu, F., Yang, H., Zeng, C.,
    Gao, Y., Hu, H., Hu, W., Li, C., Lin, W., Liu, S., Pan, H., Tang, X.,
    Wang, J., Wang, W., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, Q., Zhao, H., Zhao, H.,
    Zhou, J., Gabriel, S.B., Barry, R., Blumenstiel, B., Camargo, A.,
    Defelice, M., Faggart, M., Goyette, M., Gupta, S., Moore, J., Nguyen,
    H., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Roy, J., Stahl, E., Winchester, E.,
    Ziaugra, L., Altshuler, D., Shen, Y., Yao, Z., Huang, W., Chu, X., He,
    Y., Jin, L., Liu, Y., Shen, Y., Sun, W., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.,
    Xiong, X., Xu, L., Waye, M.M., Tsui, S.K., Xue, H., Wong, J.T., Galver,
    L.M., Fan, J.B., Gunderson, K., Murray, S.S., Oliphant, A.R., Chee,
    M.S., Montpetit, A., Chagnon, F., Ferretti, V., Leboeuf, M., Olivier,
    J.F., Phillips, M.S., Roumy, S., Sallee, C., Verner, A., Hudson, T.J.,
    Kwok, P.Y., Cai, D., Koboldt, D.C., Miller, R.D., Pawlikowska, L.,
    Taillon-Miller, P., Xiao, M., Tsui, L.C., Mak, W., Song, Y.Q., Tam,
    P.K., Nakamura, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Kitamoto, T., Morizono, T.,
    Nagashima, A., Ohnishi, Y., Sekine, A., Tanaka, T., Tsunoda, T.,
    Deloukas, P., Bird, C.P., Delgado, M., Dermitzakis, E.T., Gwilliam, R.,
    Hunt, S., Morrison, J., Powell, D., Stranger, B.E., Whittaker, P.,
    Bentley, D.R., Daly, M.J., de Bakker, P.I., Barrett, J., Chretien,
    Y.R., Maller, J., McCarroll, S., Patterson, N., Pe'er, I., Price, A.,
    Purcell, S., Richter, D.J., Sabeti, P., Saxena, R., Schaffner, S.F.,
    Sham, P.C., Varilly, P., Altshuler, D., Stein, L.D., Krishnan, L.,
    Smith, A.V., Tello-Ruiz, M.K., Thorisson, G.A., Chakravarti, A., Chen,
    P.E., Cutler, D.J., Kashuk, C.S., Lin, S., Abecasis, G.R., Guan, W.,
    Li, Y., Munro, H.M., Qin, Z.S., Thomas, D.J., McVean, G., Auton, A.,
    Bottolo, L., Cardin, N., Eyheramendy, S., Freeman, C., Marchini, J.,
    Myers, S., Spencer, C., Stephens, M., Donnelly, P., Cardon, L.R.,
    Clarke, G., Evans, D.M., Morris, A.P., Weir, B.S., Tsunoda, T.,
    Johnson, T.A., Mullikin, J.C., Sherry, S.T., Feolo, M., Skol, A.,
    Zhang, H., Zeng, C., Zhao, H., Matsuda, I., Fukushima, Y., Macer, D.R.,
    Suda, E., Rotimi, C.N., Adebamowo, C.A., Ajayi, I., Aniagwu, T.,
    Marshall, P.A., Nkwodimmah, C., Royal, C.D., Leppert, M.F., Dixon, M.,
    Peiffer, A., Qiu, R., Kent, A., Kato, K., Niikawa, N., Adewole, I.F.,
    Knoppers, B.M., Foster, M.W., Clayton, E.W., Watkin, J., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Belmont, J.W., Muzny, D., Nazareth, L., Sodergren, E., Weinstock, G.M.,
    Wheeler, D.A., Yakub, I., Gabriel, S.B., Onofrio, R.C., Richter, D.J.,
    Ziaugra, L., Birren, B.W., Daly, M.J., Altshuler, D., Wilson, R.K.,
    Fulton, L.L., Rogers, J., Burton, J., Carter, N.P., Clee, C.M.,
    Griffiths, M., Jones, M.C., McLay, K., Plumb, R.W., Ross, M.T., Sims,
    S.K., Willey, D.L., Chen, Z., Han, H., Kang, L., Godbout, M.,
    Wallenburg, J.C., L'Archeveque, P., Bellemare, G., Saeki, K., Wang, H.,
    An, D., Fu, H., Li, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, R., Holden, A.L., Brooks, L.D.,
    McEwen, J.E., Guyer, M.S., Wang, V.O., Peterson, J.L., Shi, M.,
    Spiegel, J., Sung, L.M., Zacharia, L.F., Collins, F.S., Kennedy, K.,
    Jamieson, R., & Stewart, J. (2007). Genome-wide detection and
    characterization of positive selection in human populations. Nature,
    449(7164), 913-918. PMID: 17943131; PMCID: PMC2687721.
        335. GAIN Collaborative Research Group, Manolio, T.A., Rodriguez,
    L.L., Brooks, L., Abecasis, G., Collaborative Association Study of
    Psoriasis, Ballinger, D., Daly, M., Donnelly, P., Faraone, S.V.,
    International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics Project, Frazer, K., Gabriel,
    S., Gejman, P., Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Collaboration,
    Guttmacher, A., Harris, E.L., Insel, T., Kelsoe, J.R., Bipolar Genome
    Study, Lander, E.S., McCowin, N., Mailman, M.D., Nabel, E., Ostell, J.,
    Pugh, E., Sherry, S., Sullivan, P.F., Major Depression Stage 1
    Genomewide Association in Population-Based Samples Study, Thompson,
    J.F., Warram, J., Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) Study,
    Wholley, D., Milos, P.M., & Collins, F.S. (2007). New models of
    collaboration in genome-wide association studies: the Genetic
    Association Information Network. Nature Genetics, 39(9), 1045-1051.
    PMID: 17728769.
        336. Getz, G., Hofling, H., Mesirov, J.P., Golub, T.R., Meyerson,
    M., Tibshirani, R., & Lander E.S. (2007). The consensus coding
    sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers [Comment]. Science
    317(5844), 1500. PMID: 17872428.
        337. Karlsson, E.K., Baranowska, I., Wade, C.M., Salmon Hillbertz,
    N.H., Zody, M.C., Anderson, N., Biagi, T.M., Patterson, N., Pielberg,
    G.R., Kulbokas, E.J., Comstock, K.E., Keller, E.T., Mesirov, J.P., von
    Euler, H., Kampe, O., Hedhammar, A., Lander, E.S., Andersson, G.,
    Andersson, L., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2007). Efficient mapping of
    mendelian traits in dogs through genome-wide association. Nature
    Genetics, 39(11), 1321-1328. PMID: 17906626.
        338. Weir, B.A., Woo, M.S., Getz, G., Perner, S., Ding, L.,
    Beroukhim, R., Lin, W.M., Province, M.A., Kraja, A., Johnson, L.A.,
    Shah, K., Sato, M., Thomas, R.K., Barletta, J.A., Borecki, I.B.,
    Broderick, S., Chang, A.C., Chiang, D.Y., Chirieac, L.R., Cho, J.,
    Fujii, Y., Gazdar, A.F., Giordano, T., Greulich, H., Hanna, M.,
    Johnson, B.E., Kris, M.G., Lash, A., Lin, L., Lindeman, N., Mardis,
    E.R., McPherson, J.D., Minna, J.D., Morgan, M.B., Nadel, M., Orringer,
    M.B., Osborne, J.R., Ozenberger, B., Ramos, A.H., Robinson, J., Roth,
    J.A., Rusch, V., Sasaki, H., Shepherd, F., Sougnez, C., Spitz, M.R.,
    Tsao, M.S., Twomey, D., Verhaak, R.G., Weinstock, G.M., Wheeler, D.A.,
    Winckler, W., Yoshizawa, A., Yu, S., Zakowski, M.F., Zhang, Q., Beer,
    D.G., Wistuba, I.I., Watson, M.A., Garraway, L.A., Ladanyi, M.,Travis,
    W.D., Pao, W., Rubin, M.A., Gabriel, S.B., Gibbs, R.A., Varmus, H.E.,
    Wilson, R.K., Lander, E.S., & Meyerson, M. (2007). Characterizing the
    cancer genome in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature, 450(7171), 893-898. PMID:
    17982442; PMCID: PMC2538683.
        339. Miller, W., Rosenbloom, K., Hardison, R.C., Hou, M., Taylor,
    J., Raney, B., Burhans, R., King, D.C., Baertsch, R., Blankenberg, D.,
    Kosakovsky Pond, S.L., Nekrutenko, A., Giardine, B., Harris, R.S.,
    Tyekucheva, S., Diekhans, M., Pringle, T.H., Murphy, W.J., Lesk, A.,
    Weinstock, G.M., Lindblad-Toh, K., Gibbs, R.A., Lander, E.S., Siepel,
    A., Haussler, D., & Kent, W.J. (2007). 28-way vertebrate alignment and
    conservation track in the UCSC Genome Browser. Genome Research, 17(12),
    1797-1808. PMID: 17984227; PMCID: PMC2099589.
        340. Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium, Clark, A.G., Eisen, M.B.,
    Smith, D.R., Bergman, C.M., Oliver, B., Markow, T.A., Kaufman, T.C.,
    Kellis, M., Gelbart, W., Iyer, V.N., Pollard, D.A., Sackton, T.B.,
    Larracuente, A.M., Singh, N.D., Abad, J.P., Abt, D.N., Adryan, B.,
    Aguade, M., Akashi, H., Anderson, W.W., Aquadro, C.F., Ardell, D.H.,
    Arguello, R., Artieri, C.G., Barbash, D.A., Barker, D., Barsanti, P.,
    Batterham, P., Batzoglou, S., Begun, D., Bhutkar, A., Blanco, E.,
    Bosak, S.A., Bradley, R.K., Brand, A.D., Brent, M.R., Brooks, A.N.,
    Brown, R.H., Butlin, R.K., Caggese, C., Calvi, B.R., Bernardo de
    Carvalho, A., Caspi, A., Castrezana, S., Celniker, S.E., Chang, J.L.,
    Chapple, C., Chatterji, S., Chinwalla, A., Civetta, A., Clifton, S.W.,
    Comeron, J.M., Costello, J.C., Coyne, J.A., Daub, J., David, R.G.,
    Delcher, A.L., Delehaunty, K., Do, C.B., Ebling, H., Edwards, K.,
    Eickbush, T., Evans, J.D., Filipski, A., Findeiss, S., Freyhult, E.,
    Fulton, L., Fulton, R., Garcia, A.C., Gardiner, A., Garfield, D.A.,
    Garvin, B.E., Gibson, G., Gilbert, D., Gnerre, S., Godfrey, J., Good,
    R., Gotea, V., Gravely, B., Greenberg, A.J., Griffiths-Jones, S.,
    Gross, S., Guigo, R., Gustafson, E.A., Haerty, W., Hahn, M.W.,
    Halligan, D.L., Halpern, A.L., Halter, G.M., Han, M.V., Heger, A.,
    Hillier, L., Hinrichs, A.S., Holmes, I., Hoskins, R.A., Hubisz, M.J.,
    Hultmark, D., Huntley, M.A., Jaffe, D.B., Jagadeeshan, S., Jeck, W.R.,
    Johnson, J., Jones, C.D., Jordan, W.C., Karpen, G.H., Kataoka, E.,
    Keightley, P.D., Kheradpour, P., Kirkness, E.F., Koerich, L.B.,
    Kristiansen, K., Kudrna, D., Kulathinal, R.J., Kumar, S., Kwok, R.,
    Lander, E.S., Langley, C.H., Lapoint, R., Lazzaro, B.P., Lee, S.J.,
    Levesque, L., Li, R., Lin, C.F., Lin, M.F., Lindblad-Toh, K., Llopart,
    A., Long, M., Low, L., Lozovsky, E., Lu, J., Luo, M., Machado, C.A.,
    Makalowski, W., Marzo, M., Matsuda, M., Matzkin, L., McAllister, B.,
    McBride, C.S., McKernan, B., McKernan, K., Mendez-Lago, M., Minx, P.,
    Mollenhauer, M.U., Montooth, K., Mount, S.M., Mu, X., Myers, E., Negre,
    B., Newfeld, S., Nielsen, R., Noor, M.A., O'Grady, P., Pachter, L.,
    Papaceit, M., Parisi, M.J., Parisi, M., Parts, L., Pedersen, J.S.,
    Pesole, G., Phillippy, A.M., Ponting, C.P., Pop, M., Porcelli, D.,
    Powell, J.R., Prohaska, S., Pruitt, K., Puig, M., Quesneville, H., Ram,
    K.R., Rand, D., Rasmussen, M.D., Reed, L.K., Reenan, R., Reily, A.,
    Remington, K.A., Rieger, T.T., Ritchie, M.G., Robin, C., Rogers, Y.H.,
    Rohde, C., Rozas, J., Rubenfield, M.J., Ruiz, A., Russo, S., Salzberg,
    S.L., Sanchez-Gracia, A., Saranga, D.J., Sato, H., Schaeffer, S.W.,
    Schatz, M.C., Schlenke, T., Schwartz, R., Segarra, C., Singh, R.S.,
    Sirot, L., Sirota, M., Sisneros, N.B., Smith, C.D., Smith, T.F.,
    Spieth, J., Stage, D.E., Stark, A., Stephan, W., Strausberg, R.L.,
    Strempel, S., Sturgill, D., Sutton, G., Sutton, G.G., Tao, W.,
    Teichmann, S., Tobari, Y.N., Tomimura, Y., Tsolas, J.M., Valente, V.L.,
    Venter, E., Venter, J.C., Vicario, S., Vieira, F.G., Vilella, A.J.,
    Villasante, A., Walenz, B., Wang, J., Wasserman, M., Watts, T., Wilson,
    D., Wilson, R.K., Wing, R.A., Wolfner, M.F., Wong, A., Wong, G.K., Wu,
    C.I., Wu, G., Yamamoto, D., Yang, H.P., Yang, S.P., Yorke, J.A.,
    Yoshida, K., Zdobnov, E., Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., Zimin, A.V., Baldwin,
    J., Abdouelleil, A., Abdulkadir, J., Abebe, A., Abera, B., Abreu, J.,
    Acer, S.C., Aftuck, L., Alexander, A., An, P., Anderson, E., Anderson,
    S., Arachi, H., Azer, M., Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T.,
    Berlin, A., Bessette, D., Bloom, T., Blye, J., Boguslavskiy, L.,
    Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Bourzgui, I., Brown, A., Cahill, P.,
    Channer, S., Cheshatsang, Y., Chuda, L., Citroen, M., Collymore, A.,
    Cooke, P., Costello, M., D'Aco, K., Daza, R., De Haan, G., DeGray, S.,
    DeMaso, C., Dhargay, N., Dooley, K., Dooley, E., Doricent, M., Dorje,
    P., Dorjee, K., Dupes, A., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S.,
    Ferguson, D., Fisher, S., Foley, C.D., Franke, A., Friedrich, D.,
    Gadbois, L., Gearin, G., Gearin, C.R., Giannoukos, G., Goode, T.,
    Graham, J., Grandbois, E., Grewal, S., Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagos,
    B., Hall, J., Henson, C., Hollinger, A., Honan, T., Huard, M.D.,
    Hughes, L., Hurhula, B., Husby, M.E., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kashin, S.,
    Khazanovich, D., Kisner, P., Lance, K., Lara, M., Lee, W., Lennon, N.,
    Letendre, F., LeVine, R., Lipovsky, A., Liu, X., Liu, J., Liu, S.,
    Lokyitsang, T., Lokyitsang, Y., Lubonja, R., Lui, A., MacDonald, P.,
    Magnisalis, V., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McCusker, W., McDonough, S.,
    Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Meneus, L., Mihai, O., Mihalev, A., Mihova, T.,
    Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Montmayeur, A., Mulrain, L., Navidi, A.,
    Naylor, J., Negash, T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nicol, R., Norbu, C.,
    Norbu, N., Novod, N., O'Neill, B., Osman, S., Markiewicz, E., Oyono,
    O.L., Patti, C., Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Raghuraman, S.,
    Rege, F., Reyes, R., Rise, C., Rogov, P., Ross, K., Ryan, E.,
    Settipalli, S., Shea, T., Sherpa, N., Shi, L., Shih, D., Sparrow, T.,
    Spaulding, J., Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S.,
    Stone, C., Strader, C., Tesfaye, S., Thomson, T., Thoulutsang, Y.,
    Thoulutsang, D., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H.,
    Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M., Wilkinson, J., Wilson,
    A., Yadav, S., Young, G., Yu, Q., Zembek, L., Zhong, D., Zimmer, A.,
    Zwirko, Z., Jaffe, D.B., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin,
    C., Gnerre, S., Grabherr, M., Kleber, M., Mauceli, E., & MacCallum, I.
    (2007). Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny.
    Nature, 450(7167), 203-218. PMID: 17994087.
        341. Clamp, M., Fry, B., Kamal, M., Xie, X., Cuff, J., Lin, M.F.,
    Kellis, M., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Lander, E.S. (2007). Distinguishing
    protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome. Proceedings of
    the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104(49), 19428-19433. PMID:
    18040051; PMCID: PMC2148306.
        342. Beroukhim, R., Getz, G., Nghiemphu, L., Barretina, J., Hsueh,
    T., Linhart, D., Vivanco, I., Lee, J.C., Huang, J.H., Alexander, S.,
    Du, J., Kau, T., Thomas, R.K., Shah, K., Soto, H., Perner, S.,
    Prensner, J., Debiasi, R.M., Demichelis, F., Hatton, C., Rubin, M.A.,
    Garraway, L.A., Nelson, S.F., Liau, L., Mischel, P.S., Cloughesy, T.F.,
    Meyerson, M., Golub, T.A., Lander, E.S., Mellinghoff, I.K., & Sellers,
    W.R. (2007). Assessing the significance of chromosomal aberrations in
    cancer: methodology and application to glioma. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 104(50), 20007-20012. PMID: 18077431;
    PMCID: PMC2148413.
        343. Daily, J.P., Scanfeld, D., Pochet, N., Le Roch, K., Plouffe,
    D., Kamal, M., Sarr, O., Mboup, S., Ndir, O., Wypij, D., Levasseur,
    K.,Thomas, E., Tamayo, P., Dong, C., Zhou, Y., Lander, E.S., Ndiaye,
    D., Wirth, D., Winzeler, E.A., Mesirov, J.P., & Regev, A. (2007).
    Distinct physiological states of Plasmodium falciparum in malaria-
    infected patients. Nature, 450(7172), 1091-1095. PMID: 18046333.
        344. Brockman, W., Alvarez, P., Young, S., Garber, M., Giannoukos,
    G., Lee, W.L., Russ, C., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., & Jaffe, D.B.
    (2008). Quality scores and SNP detection in sequencing-by-synthesis
    systems. Genome Research, 18(5), 763-770. PMID: 18212088; PMCID:
    PMC2336812.
        345. Butler, J., MacCallum, I., Kleber, M., Shlyakhter, I.A.,
    Belmonte, M.K., Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., & Jaffe, D.B. (2008).
    ALLPATHS: de novo assembly of whole-genome shotgun microreads. Genome
    Research, 18(5), 810-820. PMID: 18340039; PMCID: PMC2336810.
        346. Onder, T.T., Gupta, P.B., Mani, S.A., Yang, J., Lander, E.S.,
    & Weinberg, R.A. (2008). Loss of E-cadherin promotes metastasis via
    multiple downstream transcriptional pathways. Cancer Research, 68(10),
    3645-3654. PMID: 18483246.
        347. Freeman, R.M., Wu, M., Cordonnier-Pratt, M.M., Pratt, L.H.,
    Gruber, C.E., Smith, M., Lander, E.S., Stange-Thomann, N., Lowe, C.J.,
    Gerhart, J., & Kirschner, M. (2008). cDNA sequences for transcription
    factors and signaling proteins of the hemichordate Saccoglossus
    kowalevskii: efficacy of the expressed sequence tag (EST) approach for
    evolutionary and developmental studies of a new organism. The
    Biological Bulletin, 214(3), 284-302. PMID: 18574105.
        348. Mikkelsen, T.S., Hanna, J., Zhang, X., Ku, M., Wernig, M.,
    Schorderet, P., Bernstein, B.E., Jaenisch, R., Lander, E.S., &
    Meissner, A. (2008). Dissecting direct reprogramming through
    integrative genomic analysis. Nature, 454(7200), 49-55. PMID: 18509334;
    PMCID: PMC2754827.
        349. Meissner, A., Mikkelsen, T.S., Gu, H., Wernig, M., Hanna, J.,
    Sivachenko, A., Zhang, X., Bernstein, B.E., Nusbaum, C., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Gnirke, A., Jaenisch, R., & Lander, E.S. (2008). Genome-scale DNA
    methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature,
    454(7205), 766-770. PMID: 18600261; PMCID: PMC2896277.
        350. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2008). Comprehensive
    genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core
    pathways. Nature, 455(7216), 1061-1068. PMID: 18772890; PMCID:
    PMC2671642.
        351. Ku, M., Koche, R.P., Rheinbay, E., Mendenhall, E.M., Endoh,
    M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Presser, A., Nusbaum, C., Xie, X., Chi, A.S.,
    Adli, M., Kasif, S., Ptaszek, L.M., Cowan, C.A., Lander, E.S., Koseki,
    H., & Bernstein, B.E. (2008). Genomewide analysis of PRC1 and PRC2
    occupancy identifies two classes of bivalent domains. PLoS Genetics,
    4(10), e1000242. PMID: 18974828; PMCID: PMC2567431.
        352. Ding, L., Getz, G., Wheeler, D.A., Mardis, E.R., McLellan,
    M.D., Cibulskis, K., Sougnez, C., Greulich, H., Muzny, D.M., Morgan,
    M.B., Fulton, L., Fulton, R.S., Zhang, Q., Wendl, M.C., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Larson, D.E., Chen, K., Dooling, D.J., Sabo, A., Hawes, A.C., Shen, H.,
    Jhangiani, S.N., Lewis, L.R., Hall, O., Zhu, Y., Mathew, T., Ren, Y.,
    Yao, J., Scherer, S.E., Clerc, K., Metcalf, G.A., Ng, B.,
    Milosavljevic, A., Gonzalez-Garay, M.L., Osborne, J.R., Meyer, R., Shi,
    X., Tang, Y., Koboldt, D.C., Lin, L., Abbott, R., Miner, T.L., Pohl,
    C., Fewell, G., Haipek, C., Schmidt, H., Dunford-Shore, B.H., Kraja,
    A., Crosby, S.D., Sawyer, C.S., Vickery, T., Sander, S., Robinson, J.,
    Winckler, W., Baldwin, J., Chirieac, L.R., Dutt, A., Fennell, T.,
    Hanna, M., Johnson, B.E., Onofrio, R.C., Thomas, R.K.,Tonon, G., Weir,
    B.A., Zhao, X., Ziaugra, L., Zody, M.C., Giordano, T., Orringer, M.B.,
    Roth, J.A., Spitz, M.R., Wistuba, I.I., Ozenberger, B., Good, P.J.,
    Chang, A.C., Beer, D.G., Watson, M.A., Ladanyi, M., Broderick, S.,
    Yoshizawa, A., Travis, W.D., Pao, W., Province, M.A., Weinstock, G.M.,
    Varmus, H.E., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Gibbs, R.A., Meyerson, M., &
    Wilson, R.K. (2008). Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung
    adenocarcinoma. Nature, 455(7216), 1069-1075. PMID: 18948947; PMCID:
    PMC2694412.
        353. Altshuler, D., Daly, M.J., & Lander, E.S. (2008). Genetic
    mapping in human disease. Science, 322(5903), 881-888. PMID: 18988837;
    PMCID: PMC2694957.
        354. Miller, W., Drautz, D.I., Ratan, A., Pusey, B., Qi, J., Lesk,
    A.M., Tomsho, L.P., Packard, M.D., Zhao, F., Sher, A., Tikhonov, A.,
    Raney, B., Patterson, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E.S., Knight, J.R.,
    Irzyk, G.P., Fredrikson, K.M., Harkins, T.T., Sheridan, S., Pringle,
    T., & Schuster, S.C. (2008). Sequencing the nuclear genome of the
    extinct woolly mammoth. Nature, 456(7220), 387-390. PMID: 19020620.
        355. Shao, H., Burrage, L.C., Sinasac, D.S., Hill, A.E., Ernest,
    S.R., O'Brien, W., Courtland, H.W., Jepsen, K.J., Kirby, A., Kulbokas,
    E.J., Daly, M.J., Broman, K.W., Lander, E.S., & Nadeau, J.H. (2008).
    Genetic architecture of complex traits: large phenotypic effects and
    pervasive epistasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 105(50), 19910-19914. PMID: 19066216; PMCID: PMC2604967.
        356. Luo, B., Cheung, H.W., Subramanian, A., Sharifnia, T.,
    Okamoto, M., Yang, X., Hinkle, G., Boehm, J.S., Beroukhim, R., Weir,
    B.A., Mermel, C., Barbie, D.A., Awad, T., Zhou, X., Nguyen, T., Piqani,
    B., Li, C., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Hacohen, N., Hahn, W.C., Lander,
    E.S., Sabatini, D.M., & Root, D.E. (2008). Highly parallel
    identification of essential genes in cancer cells. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(51), 20380-20385. PMID: 19091943;
    PMCID: PMC2629277.
        357. Chiang, D.Y., Getz, G., Jaffe, D.B., O'Kelly, M.J., Zhao, X.,
    Carter, S.L., Russ, C., Nusbaum, C., Meyerson, M., & Lander, E.S.
    (2009). High-resolution mapping of copy-number alterations with
    massively parallel sequencing. Nature Methods, 6(1), 99-103. PMID:
    19043412; PMCID: PMC2630795.
        358. Nusbaum, C., Ohsumi, T.K., Gomez, J., Aquadro, J., Victor,
    T.C., Warren, R.M., Hung, D.T., Birren, B.W., Lander, E.S., & Jaffe,
    D.B. (2009). Sensitive, specific polymorphism discovery in bacteria
    using massively parallel sequencing. Nature Methods, 6(1), 67-69. PMID:
    19079253; PMCID: PMC2613166.
        359. Gnirke, A., Melnikov, A., Maguire, J., Rogov, P., LeProust,
    E.M., Brockman, W., Fennell, T., Giannoukos, G., Fisher, S., Russ, C.,
    Gabriel, S., Jaffe, D.B., Lander, E.S., & Nusbaum, C. (2009). Solution
    hybrid selection with ultra-long oligonucleotides for massively
    parallel targeted sequencing. Nature Biotechnology, 27(2), 182-189.
    PMID: 19182786; PMCID: PMC2663421.
        360. Guttman, M., Amit, I., Garber, M., French, C., Lin, M.F.,
    Feldser, D., Huarte, M., Zuk, O., Carey, B.W., Cassady, J.P., Cabili,
    M.N., Jaenisch, R., Mikkelsen, T.S., Jacks, T., Hacohen, N., Bernstein,
    B.E., Kellis, M., Regev, A., Rinn, J.L., & Lander, E.S. (2009).
    Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-
    coding RNAs in mammals. Nature, 458(7235), 223-227. PMID: 19182780;
    PMCID: PMC2754849.
        361. Vasudevan, K.M., Barbie, D.A., Davies, M.A., Rabinovsky, R.,
    McNear, C.J., Kim, J.J., Hennessy, B.T., Tseng, H., Pochanard, P., Kim,
    S.Y., Dunn, I.F., Schinzel, A.C., Sandy, P., Hoersch, S., Sheng, Q.,
    Gupta, P.B., Boehm, J.S., Reiling, J.H., Silver, S., Lu, Y., Stemke-
    Hale, K., Dutta, B., Joy, C., Sahin, A.A., Gonzalez-Angulo, A.M.,
    Lluch, A., Rameh, L.E., Jacks, T., Root, D.E., Lander, E.S., Mills,
    G.B., Hahn, W.C., Sellers, W.R., & Garraway, L.A. (2009). AKT-
    independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human
    cancer. Cancer Cell, 16(1), 21-32. PMID: 19573809; PMCID: PMC2752826.
        362. Khalil, A.M., Guttman, M., Huarte, M., Garber, M., Raj, A.,
    Rivea Morales, D., Thomas, K., Presser, A., Bernstein, B.E., van
    Oudenaarden, A., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., & Rinn, J.L. (2009). Many
    human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-
    modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(28), 11667-11672. PMID: 19571010;
    PMCID: PMC2704857.
        363. Gupta, P.B., Onder, T.T., Jiang, G., Tao, K., Kuperwasser, C.,
    Weinberg, R.A., & Lander, E.S. (2009). Identification of selective
    inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening. Cell,
    138(4), 645-659. PMID: 19682730; PMCID: PMC4892125.
        364. Gnerre, S., Lander, E.S., Lindblad-Toh, K., & Jaffe, D.B.
    (2009). Assisted assembly: how to improve a de novo genome assembly by
    using related species. Genome Biology, 10(8), R88. PMID: 19712469;
    PMCID: PMC2745769.
        365. Lieberman-Aiden, E., van Berkum, N.L., Williams, L., Imakaev,
    M., Ragoczy, T., Telling, A., Amit, I., Lajoie, B.R., Sabo, P.J.,
    Dorschner, M.O., Sandstrom, R., Bernstein, B., Bender, M.A., Groudine,
    M., Gnirke, A., Stamatoyannopoulos, J., Mirny, L.A., Lander, E.S., &
    Dekker, J. (2009). Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions
    reveals folding principles of the human genome. Science, 326(5950),
    289-293. PMID: 19815776; PMCID: PMC2858594.
        366. Barbie, D.A., Tamayo, P., Boehm, J.S., Kim, S.Y., Moody, S.E.,
    Dunn, I.F., Schinzel, A.C., Sandy, P., Meylan, E., Scholl, C.,
    Frohling, S., Chan, E.M., Sos, M.L., Michel, K., Mermel, C., Silver,
    S.J., Weir, B.A., Reiling, J.H., Sheng, Q., Gupta, P.B., Wadlow, R.C.,
    Le, H., Hoersch, S., Wittner, B.S., Ramaswamy, S., Livingston, D.M.,
    Sabatini, D.M., Meyerson, M., Thomas, R.K., Lander, E.S., Mesirov,
    J.P., Root, D.E., Gilliland, D.G., Jacks, T., & Hahn, W.C. (2009).
    Systematic RNA interference reveals that oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers
    require TBK1. Nature, 462(7269), 108-112. PMID: 19847166; PMCID:
    PMC2783335.
        367. Wade, C.M., Giulotto, E., Sigurdsson, S., Zoli, M., Gnerre,
    S., Imsland, F., Lear, T.L., Adelson, D.L., Bailey, E., Bellone, R.R.,
    Blocker, H., Distl, O., Edgar, R.C., Garber, M., Leeb, T., Mauceli, E.,
    MacLeod, J.N., Penedo, M.C., Raison, J.M., Sharpe, T., Vogel, J.,
    Andersson, L., Antczak, D.F., Biagi, T., Binns, M.M., Chowdhary, B.P.,
    Coleman, S.J., Della Valle, G., Fryc, S., Guerin, G., Hasegawa, T.,
    Hill, E.W., Jurka, J., Kiialainen, A., Lindgren, G., Liu, J., Magnani,
    E., Mickelson, J.R., Murray, J., Nergadze, S.G., Onofrio, R., Pedroni,
    S., Piras, M.F., Raudsepp, T., Rocchi, M., Røed, K.H., Ryder,
    O.A., Searle, S., Skow, L., Swinburne, J.E., Syvanen, A.C., Tozaki, T.,
    Valberg, S.J., Vaudin, M., White, J.R., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute
    Genome Sequencing Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team,
    Lander, E.S., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2009). Genome sequence, comparative
    analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Science,
    326(5954), 865-867. PMID: 19892987; PMCID: PMC3785132.
        368. Markljung, E., Jiang, L., Jaffe, J.D., Mikkelsen, T.S.,
    Wallerman, O., Larhammar, M., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Saenz-Vash, V.,
    Gnirke, A., Lindroth, A.M., Barres, R., Yan, J., Stromberg, S., De, S.,
    Ponten, F., Lander, E.S., Carr, S.A., Zierath, J.R., Kullander, K.,
    Wadelius, C., Lindblad-Toh, K., Andersson, G., Hjalm, G., & Andersson,
    L. (2009). ZBED6, a novel transcription factor derived from a
    domesticated DNA transposon regulates IGF2 expression and muscle
    growth. PLoS Biology, 7(12), e1000256. PMID: 20016685; PMCID:
    PMC2780926.
        369. Lander, E.S., Jiang, G., & Tao, K. (2009). Taking aim at
    aggressive cancer cells. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 8(16), ii. PMID:
    19830887.
        370. Grossman, S.R., Shlyakhter, I., Karlsson, E.K., Byrne, E.H.,
    Morales, S., Frieden, G., Hostetter, E., Angelino, E., Garber, M., Zuk,
    O., Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2010). A composite
    of multiple signals distinguishes causal variants in regions of
    positive selection. Science, 327(5967), 883-886. PMID: 20056855.
        371. Gu, H., Bock, C., Mikkelsen, T.S., Jager, N., Smith, Z.D.,
    Tomazou, E., Gnirke, A., Lander, E.S., & Meissner, A. (2010). Genome-
    scale DNA methylation mapping of clinical samples at single-nucleotide
    resolution. Nature Methods, 7(2), 133-136. PMID: 20062050; PMCID:
    PMC2860480.
        372. Kim, S.Y., Dunn, I.F., Firestein, R., Gupta, P., Wardwell, L.,
    Repich, K., Schinzel, A.C., Wittner, B., Silver, S.J., Root, D.E.,
    Boehm, J.S., Ramaswamy, S., Lander, E.S., & Hahn, W.C. (2010).
    CK1ϵ is required for breast cancers dependent on β-catenin
    activity. PLoS One, 5(2), e8979. PMID: 20126544; PMCID: PMC2813871.
        373. Grossman, S.R., Shlyakhter, I., Karlsson, E.K., Byrne, E.H.,
    Morales, S., Frieden, G., Hostetter, E., Angelino, E., Garber, M., Zuk,
    O., Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2010). A composite
    of multiple signals distinguishes causal variants in regions of
    positive selection. Science, 327(5967), 883-886. PMID: 20056855.
        374. Burrage, L.C., Baskin-Hill, A.E., Sinasac, D.S., Singer, J.B.,
    Croniger, C.M., Kirby, A., Kulbokas, E.J., Daly, M.J., Lander, E.S.,
    Broman, K.W., & Nadeau, J.H. (2010). Genetic resistance to diet-induced
    obesity in chromosome substitution strains of mice. Mammalian Genome,
    21(3-4), 115-129. PMID: 20127486; PMCID: PMC3831885.
        375. Beroukhim, R., Mermel, C.H., Porter, D., Wei, G.,
    Raychaudhuri, S., Donovan, J., Barretina, J., Boehm, J.S., Dobson, J.,
    Urashima, M., Mc Henry, K.T., Pinchback, R.M., Ligon, A.H., Cho, Y.J.,
    Haery, L., Greulich, H., Reich, M., Winckler, W., Lawrence, M.S., Weir,
    B.A., Tanaka, K.E., Chiang, D.Y., Bass, A.J., Loo, A., Hoffman, C.,
    Prensner, J., Liefeld, T., Gao, Q., Yecies, D., Signoretti, S., Maher,
    E., Kaye, F.J., Sasaki, H., Tepper, J.E., Fletcher, J.A., Tabernero,
    J., Baselga, J., Tsao, M.S., Demichelis, F., Rubin, M.A., Janne, P.A.,
    Daly, M.J., Nucera, C., Levine, R.L., Ebert, B.L., Gabriel, S., Rustgi,
    A.K., Antonescu, C.R., Ladanyi, M., Letai, A., Garraway, L.A., Loda,
    M., Beer, D.G., True, L.D., Okamoto, A., Pomeroy, S.L., Singer, S.,
    Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Sellers, W.R., & Meyerson, M.
    (2010). The landscape of somatic copy-number alteration across human
    cancers. Nature, 463(7283), 899-905. PMID: 20164920; PMCID: PMC2826709.
        376. Berger, M.F., Levin, J.Z., Vijayendran, K., Sivachenko, A.,
    Adiconis, X., Maguire, J., Johnson, L.A., Robinson, J., Verhaak, R.G.,
    Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R.C., Ziaugra, L., Cibulskis, K., Laine, E.,
    Barretina, J., Winckler, W., Fisher, D.E., Getz, G., Meyerson, M.,
    Jaffe, D.B., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Dummer, R., Gnirke, A.,
    Nusbaum, C., & Garraway, L.A. (2010). Integrative analysis of the
    melanoma transcriptome. Genome Research, 20(4), 413-427. PMID:
    20179022; PMCID: PMC2847744.
        377. Guttman, M., Garber, M., Levin, J.Z., Donaghey, J., Robinson,
    J., Adiconis, X., Fan, L., Koziol, M.J., Gnirke, A., Nusbaum, C., Rinn,
    J.L., Lander, E.S., & Regev, A. (2010). Ab initio reconstruction of
    cell type-specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the conserved multi-
    exonic structure of lincRNAs. Nature Biotechnology, 28(5), 503-510.
    PMID: 20436462; PMCID: PMC2868100.
        378. International Cancer Genome Consortium, Hudson, T.J.,
    Anderson, W., Artez, A., Barker, A.D., Bell, C., Bernabe, R.R., Bhan,
    M.K., Calvo, F., Eerola, I., Gerhard, D.S., Guttmacher, A., Guyer, M.,
    Hemsley, F.M., Jennings, J.L., Kerr, D., Klatt, P., Kolar, P., Kusada,
    J., Lane, D.P., Laplace, F., Youyong, L., Nettekoven, G., Ozenberger,
    B., Peterson, J., Rao, T.S., Remacle, J., Schafer, A.J., Shibata, T.,
    Stratton, M.R., Vockley, J.G., Watanabe, K., Yang, H., Yuen, M.M.,
    Knoppers, B.M., Bobrow, M., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Dressler, L.G., Dyke,
    S.O., Joly, Y., Kato, K., Kennedy, K.L., Nicolas, P., Parker, M.J.,
    Rial-Sebbag, E., Romeo-Casabona, C.M., Shaw, K.M., Wallace, S.,
    Wiesner, G.L., Zeps, N., Lichter, P., Biankin, A.V., Chabannon, C.,
    Chin, L., Clement, B., de Alava, E., Degos, F., Ferguson, M.L., Geary,
    P., Hayes, D.N., Hudson, T.J., Johns, A.L., Kasprzyk, A., Nakagawa, H.,
    Penny, R., Piris, M.A., Sarin, R., Scarpa, A., Shibata, T., van de
    Vijver, M., Futreal, P.A., Aburatani, H., Bayes, M., Botwell, D.D.,
    Campbell, P.J., Estivill, X., Gerhard, D.S., Grimmond, S.M., Gut, I.,
    Hirst, M., Lopez-Otin, C., Majumder, P., Marra, M., McPherson, J.D.,
    Nakagawa, H., Ning, Z., Puente, X.S., Ruan, Y., Shibata, T., Stratton,
    M.R., Stunnenberg, H.G., Swerdlow, H., Velculescu, V.E., Wilson, R.K.,
    Xue, H.H., Yang, L., Spellman, P.T., Bader, G.D., Boutros, P.C.,
    Campbell, P.J., Flicek, P., Getz, G., Guigo, R., Guo, G., Haussler, D.,
    Heath, S., Hubbard, T.J., Jiang, T., Jones, S.M., Li, Q., Lopez-Bigas,
    N., Luo, R., Muthuswamy, L., Ouellette, B.F., Pearson, J.V., Puente,
    X.S., Quesada, V., Raphael, B.J., Sander, C., Shibata, T., Speed, T.P.,
    Stein, L.D., Stuart, J.M., Teague, J.W., Totoki, Y., Tsunoda, T.,
    Valencia, A., Wheeler, D.A., Wu, H., Zhao, S., Zhou, G., Stein, L.D.,
    Guigo, R., Hubbard, T.J., Joly, Y., Jones, S.M., Kasprzyk, A., Lathrop,
    M., Lopez-Bigas, N., Ouellette, B.F., Spellman, P.T., Teague, J.W.,
    Thomas, G., Valencia, A., Yoshida, T., Kennedy, K.L., Axton, M., Dyke,
    S.O., Futreal, P.A., Gerhard, D.S., Gunter, C., Guyer, M., Hudson,
    T.J., McPherson, J.D., Miller, L.J., Ozenberger, B., Shaw, K.M.,
    Kasprzyk, A., Stein, L.D., Zhang, J., Haider, S.A., Wang, J., Yung,
    C.K., Cros, A., Liang, Y., Gnaneshan, S., Guberman, J., Hsu, J.,
    Bobrow, M., Chalmers, D.R., Hasel, K.W., Joly, Y., Kaan, T.S., Kennedy,
    K.L., Knoppers, B.M., Lowrance, W.W., Masui, T., Nicolas, P., Rial-
    Sebbag, E., Rodriguez, L.L., Vergely, C., Yoshida, T., Grimmond, S.M.,
    Biankin, A.V., Bowtell, D.D., Cloonan, N., deFazio, A., Eshleman, J.R.,
    Etemadmoghadam, D., Gardiner, B.B., Kench, J.G., Scarpa, A.,
    Sutherland, R.L.,Tempero, M.A., Waddell, N.J., Wilson, P.J., McPherson,
    J.D., Gallinger, S., Tsao, M.S., Shaw, P.A., Petersen, G.M.,
    Mukhopadhyay, D., Chin, L., DePinho, R.A., Thayer, S., Muthuswamy, L.,
    Shazand, K., Beck, T., Sam, M., Timms, L., Ballin, V., Lu, Y., Ji, J.,
    Zhang, X., Chen, F., Hu, X., Zhou, G., Yang, Q., Tian, G., Zhang, L.,
    Xing, X., Li, X., Zhu, Z., Yu, Y., Yu, J., Yang, H., Lathrop, M., Tost,
    J., Brennan, P., Holcatova, I., Zaridze, D., Brazma, A., Egevard, L.,
    Prokhortchouk, E., Banks, R.E., Uhlen, M., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Viksna,
    J., Ponten, F., Skryabin, K., Stratton, M.R., Futreal, P.A., Birney,
    E., Borg, A., Børresen-Dale, A.L., Caldas, C., Foekens, J.A.,
    Martin, S., Reis-Filho, J.S., Richardson, A.L., Sotiriou, C.,
    Stunnenberg, H.G., Thoms, G., van de Vijver, M., van't Veer, L., Calvo,
    F., Birnbaum, D., Blanche, H., Boucher, P., Boyault, S., Chabannon, C.,
    Gut, I., Masson-Jacquemier, J.D., Lathrop, M., Pauporte, I., Pivot, X.,
    Vincent-Salomon, A., Tabone, E., Theillet, C., Thomas, G., Tost, J.,
    Treilleux, I., Calvo, F., Bioulac-Sage, P., Clement, B., Decaens, T.,
    Degos, F., Franco, D., Gut, I., Gut, M., Heath, S., Lathrop, M.,
    Samuel, D., Thomas, G., Zucman-Rossi, J., Lichter, P., Eils, R., Brors,
    B., Korbel, J.O., Korshunov, A., Landgraf, P., Lehrach, H., Pfister,
    S., Radlwimmer, B., Reifenberger, G., Taylor, M.D., von Kalle, C.,
    Majumder, P.P., Sarin, R., Rao, T.S., Bhan, M.K., Scarpa, A.,
    Pederzoli, P., Lawlor, R.A., Delledonne, M., Bardelli, A., Biankin,
    A.V., Grimmond, S.M., Gress, T., Klimstra, D., Zamboni, G., Shibata,
    T., Nakamura, Y., Nakagawa, H., Kusada, J., Tsunoda, T., Miyano, S.,
    Aburatani, H., Kato, K., Fujimoto, A., Yoshida, T., Campo, E., Lopez-
    Otin, C., Estivill, X., Guigo, R., de Sanjose, S., Piris, M.A.,
    Montserrat, E., Gonzalez-Diaz, M., Puente, X.S., Jares, P., Valencia,
    A., Himmelbauer, H., Quesada, V., Bea, S., Stratton, M.R., Futreal,
    P.A., Campbell, P.J., Vincent-Salomon, A., Richardson, A.L., Reis-
    Filho, J.S., van de Vijver, M., Thomas, G., Masson-Jacquemier, J.D.,
    Aparicio, S., Borg, A., Børresen-Dale, A.L., Caldas, C.,
    Foekens, J.A., Stunnenberg, H.G., van't Veer, L., Easton, D.F.,
    Spellman, P.T., Martin, S., Barker, A.D., Chin, L., Collins, F.S.,
    Compton, C.C., Ferguson, M.L., Gerhard, D.S., Getz, G., Gunter, C.,
    Guttmacher, A., Guyer, M., Hayes, D.N., Lander, E.S., Ozenberger, B.,
    Penny, R., Peterson, J., Sander, C., Shaw, K.M., Speed, T.P., Spellman,
    P.T., Vockley, J.G., Wheeler, D.A., Wilson, R.K., Hudson, T.J., Chin,
    L., Knoppers, B.M., Lander, E.S., Lichter, P., Stein, L.D., Stratton,
    M.R., Anderson, W., Barker, A.D., Bell, C., Bobrow, M., Burke, W.,
    Collins, F.S., Compton, C.C., DePinho, R.A., Easton, D.F., Futreal,
    P.A., Gerhard, D.S., Green, A.R., Guyer, M., Hamilton, S.R., Hubbard,
    T.J., Kallioniemi, O.P., Kennedy, K.L., Ley, T.J., Liu, E.T., Lu, Y.,
    Majumder, P., Marra, M., Ozenberger, B., Peterson, J., Schafer, A.J.,
    Spellman, P.T., Stunnenberg, H.G., Wainwright, B.J., Wilson, R.K., &
    Yang, H. (2010). International network of cancer genome projects.
    Nature, 464(7291), 993-998. PMID: 20393554; PMCID: PMC2902243.
        379. Green, R.E., Krause, J., Briggs, A.W., Maricic, T., Stenzel,
    U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M.H., Hansen,
    N.F., Durand, E.Y., Malaspinas, A.S., Jensen, J.D., Marques-Bonet, T.,
    Alkan, C., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Burbano, H.A., Good, J.M., Schultz,
    R., Aximu-Petri, A., Butthof, A., Hober, B., Hoffner, B., Siegemund,
    M., Weihmann, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., Russ, C., Novod, N.,
    Affourtit, J., Egholm, M., Verna, C., Rudan, P., Brajkovic, D., Kucan,
    Z., Gusic, I., Doronichev, V.B., Golovanova, L.V., Lalueza-Fox, C., de
    la Rasilla, M., Fortea, J., Rosas, A., Schmitz, R.W., Johnson, P.L.,
    Eichler, E.E., Falush, D., Birney, E., Mullikin, J.C., Slatkin, M.,
    Nielsen, R., Kelso, J., Lachmann, M., Reich, D., & Paabo, S. (2010). A
    draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328(5979), 710-722.
    PMID: 20448178.
        380. van Berkum, N.L., Lieberman-Aiden, E., Williams, L., Imakaev,
    M., Gnirke, A., Mirny, L.A., Dekker, J., & Lander, E.S. (2010). Hi-C: a
    method to study the three-dimensional architecture of genomes. Journal
    of Visualized Experiments, (39), e1869-e1869. PMID: 20461051; PMCID:
    PMC3149993.
        381. Aiden, A.P., Rivera, M.N., Rheinbay, E., Ku, M., Coffman,
    E.J., Truong, T.T., Vargas, S.O., Lander, E.S., Haber, D.A., &
    Bernstein, B.E. (2010). Wilms tumor chromatin profiles highlight stem
    cell properties and a renal developmental network. Cell Stem Cell,
    6(6), 591-602. PMID: 20569696; PMCID: PMC2897075.
        382. Barretina, J., Taylor, B.S., Banerji, S., Ramos, A.H., Lagos-
    Quintana, M., Decarolis, P.L., Shah, K., Socci, N.D., Weir, B.A., Ho,
    A., Chiang, D.Y., Reva, B., Mermel, C.H., Getz, G., Antipin, Y.,
    Beroukhim, R., Major, J.E., Hatton, C., Nicoletti, R., Hanna, M.,
    Sharpe, T., Fennell, T.J., Cibulskis, K., Onofrio, R.C., Saito, T.,
    Shukla, N., Lau, C., Nelander, S., Silver, S.J., Sougnez, C., Viale,
    A., Winckler, W., Maki, R.G., Garraway, L.A., Lash, A., Greulich, H.,
    Root, D.E., Sellers, W.R., Schwartz, G.K., Antonescu, C.R., Lander,
    E.S., Varmus, H.E., Ladanyi, M., Sander, C., Meyerson, M., & Singer, S.
    (2010). Subtype-specific genomic alterations define new targets for
    soft-tissue sarcoma therapy. Nature Genetics, 42(8), 715-721. PMID:
    20601955; PMCID: PMC2911503.
        383. Huarte, M., Guttman, M., Feldser, D., Garber, M., Koziol,
    M.J., Kenzelmann-Broz, D., Khalil, A.M., Zuk, O., Amit, I., Rabani, M.,
    Attardi, L.D., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Jacks, T., & Rinn, J.L. (2010).
    A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene
    repression in the p53 response. Cell, 142(3), 409-419. PMID: 20673990;
    PMCID: PMC2956184.
        384. Taube, J.H., Herschkowitz, J.I., Komurov, K., Zhou, A.Y.,
    Gupta, S., Yang, J., Hartwell, K., Onder, T.T., Gupta, P.B., Evans,
    K.W., Hollier, B.G., Ram, P.T., Lander, E.S., Rosen, J.M., Weinberg,
    R.A., & Mani, S.A. (2010). Core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
    interactome gene-expression signature is associated with claudin-low
    and metaplastic breast cancer subtypes. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 107(35), 15449-15454. PMID: 20713713; PMCID:
    PMC2932589.
        385. Bernstein, B.E., Stamatoyannopoulos, J.A., Costello, J.F.,
    Ren, B., Milosavljevic, A., Meissner, A., Kellis, M., Marra, M.A.,
    Beaudet, A.L., Ecker, J.R., Farnham, P.J., Hirst, M., Lander, E.S.,
    Mikkelsen, T.S., & Thomson, J.A. (2010). The NIH roadmap epigenomics
    mapping consortium. Nature Biotechnology, 28(10), 1045-1048. PMID:
    20944595; PMCID: PMC3607281.
        386. Mikkelsen, T.S., Xu, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Gimble, J.M.,
    Lander, E.S., & Rosen, E.D. (2010). Comparative epigenomic analysis of
    murine and human adipogenesis. Cell, 143(1), 156-169. PMID: 20887899;
    PMCID: PMC2950833.
        387. Lander, E.S., & Gates, S.J. (2010). Prepare and inspire.
    Science, 330(6001), 151. PMID: 20929738.
        388. Neafsey, D.E., Lawniczak, M.K., Park, D.J., Redmond, S.N.,
    Coulibaly, M.B., Traore, S.F., Sagnon, N., Costantini, C., Johnson, C.,
    Wiegand, R.C., Collins, F.H., Lander, E.S., Wirth, D.F., Kafatos, F.C.,
    Besansky, N.J., Christophides, G.K., & Muskavitch, M.A. (2010). SNP
    genotyping defines complex gene-flow boundaries among African malaria
    vector mosquitoes. Science, 330(6003), 514-517. PMID: 20966254; PMCID:
    PMC4811326.
        389. Loewer, S., Cabili, M.N., Guttman, M., Loh, Y.H., Thomas, K.,
    Park, I.H., Garber, M., Curran, M., Onder, T., Agarwal, S., Manos,
    P.D., Datta, S., Lander, E.S., Schlaeger, T.M., Daley, G.Q., & Rinn,
    J.L. (2010). Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR modulates
    reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature Genetics,
    42(12), 1113-1117. PMID: 21057500; PMCID: PMC3040650.
        390. Fillmore, C.M., Gupta, P.B., Rudnick, J.A., Caballero, S.,
    Keller, P.J., Lander, E.S., & Kuperwasser, C. (2010). Estrogen expands
    breast cancer stem-like cells through paracrine FGF/Tbx3 signaling.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107(50), 21737-
    21742. PMID: 21098263; PMCID: PMC3003123.
        391. Gnerre, S., Maccallum, I., Przybylski, D., Ribeiro, F.J.,
    Burton, J.N., Walker, B.J., Sharpe, T., Hall, G., Shea, T.P., Sykes,
    S., Berlin, A.M., Aird, D., Costello, M., Daza, R., Williams, L.,
    Nicol, R., Gnirke, A., Nusbaum, C., Lander, E.S., & Jaffe, D.B. (2011).
    High-quality draft assemblies of mammalian genomes from massively
    parallel sequence data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 108(4), 1513-1518. PMID: 21187386; PMCID: PMC3029755.
        392. Robinson, J.T., Thorvaldsdottir, H., Winckler, W., Guttman,
    M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Mesirov, J.P. (2011). Integrative
    genomics viewer. Nature Biotechnology, 29(1), 24-26. PMID: 21221095;
    PMCID: PMC3346182.
        393. Sankaran, V.G., Menne, T.F., Scepanovic, D., Vergilio, J.A.,
    Ji, P., Kim, J., Thiru, P., Orkin, S.H., Lander, E.S., & Lodish H.F.
    (2011). MicroRNA-15a and -16-1 act via MYB to elevate fetal hemoglobin
    expression in human trisomy 13. Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences USA, 108(4), 1519-1524. PMID: 21205891; PMCID: PMC3029749.
        394. Mills, R.E., Walter, K., Stewart, C., Handsaker, R.E., Chen,
    K., Alkan, C., Abyzov, A., Yoon, S.C., Ye, K., Cheetham, R.K.,
    Chinwalla, A., Conrad, D.F., Fu, Y., Grubert, F., Hajirasouliha, I.,
    Hormozdiari, F., Iakoucheva, L.M., Iqbal, Z., Kang, S., Kidd, J.M.,
    Konkel, M.K., Korn, J., Khurana, E., Kural, D., Lam, H.Y., Leng, J.,
    Li, R., Li, Y., Lin, C.Y., Luo, R., Mu, X.J., Nemesh, J., Peckham,
    H.E., Rausch, T., Scally, A., Shi, X., Stromberg, M.P., Stutz, A.M.,
    Urban, A.E., Walker, J.A., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z.D., Batzer,
    M.A., Ding, L., Marth, G.T., McVean, G., Sebat, J., Snyder, M., Wang,
    J., Ye, K., Eichler, E.E., Gerstein, M.B., Hurles, M.E., Lee, C.,
    McCarroll, S.A., Korbel, J.O., & 1000 Genomes Project. (2011). Mapping
    copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing. Nature,
    470(7332), 59-65. PMID: 21293372; PMCID: PMC3077050.
        395. Proia, T.A., Keller, P.J., Gupta, P.B., Klebba, I., Jones,
    A.D., Sedic, M., Gilmore, H., Tung, N., Naber, S.P., Schnitt, S.,
    Lander, E.S., & Kuperwasser, C. (2011). Genetic predisposition directs
    breast cancer phenotype by dictating progenitor cell fate. Cell Stem
    Cell, 8(2), 149-163. PMID: 21295272; PMCID: PMC3050563.
        396. Lander, E.S. (2011). Initial impact of the sequencing of the
    human genome. Nature, 470(7333), 187-197. PMID: 21307931.
        397. Berger, M.F., Lawrence, M.S., Demichelis, F., Drier, Y.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A.Y., Sboner, A., Esgueva, R., Pflueger, D.,
    Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R., Carter, S.L., Park, K., Habegger, L.,
    Ambrogio, L., Fennell, T., Parkin, M., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Ramos,
    A.H., Pugh, T.J., Wilkinson, J., Fisher, S., Winckler, W., Mahan, S.,
    Ardlie, K., Baldwin, J., Simons, J.W., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald,
    T.Y., Kantoff, P.W., Chin, L., Gabriel, S.B., Gerstein, M.B., Golub,
    T.R., Meyerson, M., Tewari, A., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Rubin, M.A., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2011). The genomic complexity of primary human prostate
    cancer. Nature, 470(7333), 214-220. PMID: 21307934; PMCID: PMC3075885.
        398. Reshef, D.N., Reshef, Y.A., Finucane, H.K., Grossman, S.R.,
    McVean, G., Turnbaugh, P.J., Lander, E.S., Mitzenmacher, M., & Sabeti,
    P.C. (2011). Detecting novel associations in large data sets. Science,
    334(6062), 1518-1524. PMID: 22174245; PMCID: PMC3325791.
        399. Wang, L., Lawrence, M.S., Wan, Y., Stojanov, P., Sougnez, C.,
    Stevenson, K., Werner, L., Sivachenko, A., DeLuca, D.S., Zhang, L.,
    Zhang, W., Vartanov, A.R., Fernandes, S.M., Goldstein, N.R., Folco,
    E.G., Cibulskis, K., Tesar, B., Sievers, Q.L., Shefler, E., Gabriel,
    S., Hacohen, N., Reed, R., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S.,
    Neuberg, D., Brown, J.R., Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2011). SF3B1 and other
    novel cancer genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal
    of Medicine, 365(26), 2497-2506. PMID: 22150006; PMCID: PMC3685413.
        400. Lander, E.S. (2011). Genome-sequence. The accelerator. Science
    331:1024.
        401. Chapman, M.A., Lawrence, M.S., Keats, J.J., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sougnez, C., Schinzel, A.C., Harview, C.L., Brunet, J.P., Ahmann, G.J.,
    Adli, M., Anderson, K.C., Ardlie, K.G., Auclair, D., Baker, A.,
    Bergsagel, P.L., Bernstein, B.E., Drier, Y., Fonseca, R., Gabriel,
    S.B., Hofmeister, C.C., Jagannath, S., Jakubowiak, A.J., Krishnan, A.,
    Levy, J., Liefeld, T., Lonial, S., Mahan, S., Mfuko, B., Monti,
    S.,Perkins, L.M., Onofrio, R., Pugh, T.J., Rajkumar, S.V., Ramos, A.H.,
    Siegel, D.S., Sivachenko, A., Stewart, A.K., Trudel, S., Vij, R., Voet,
    D., Winckler, W., Zimmerman, T., Carpten, J., Trent, J., Hahn, W.C.,
    Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Golub, T.R.
    (2011). Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma.
    Nature, 471(7339), 467-472. PMID: 21430775; PMCID: PMC3560292.
        402. Van Tyne, D., Park, D.J., Schaffner, S.F., Neafsey, D.E.,
    Angelino, E., Cortese, J.F., Barnes, K.G., Rosen, D.M., Lukens, A.K.,
    Daniels, R.F., Milner, D.A., Johnson, C.A., Shlyakhter, I., Grossman,
    S.R., Becker, J.S., Yamins, D., Karlsson, E.K., Ndiaye, D., Sarr, O.,
    Mboup, S., Happi, C., Furlotte, N.A., Eskin, E., Kang, H.M., Hartl,
    D.L., Birren, B.W., Wiegand, R.C., Lander, E.S., Wirth, D.F., Volkman,
    S.K., & Sabeti, P.C. (2011). Identification and functional validation
    of the novel antimalarial resistance locus PF10_0355 in Plasmodium
    falciparum. PLoS Genetics, 7(4), e1001383. PMID: 21533027; PMCID:
    PMC3080868.
        403. Conrad, D.F., Keebler, J.E., DePristo, M.A., Lindsay, S.J.,
    Zhang, Y., Casals, F., Idaghdour, Y., Hartl, C.L., Torroja, C.,
    Garimella, K.V., Zilversmit, M., Cartwright, R., Rouleau, G.A., Daly,
    M., Stone, E.A., Hurles, M.E., Awadalla, P., & 1000 Genomes Project.
    (2011). Variation in genome-wide mutation rates within and between
    human families. Nature Genetics, 43(7), 712-714. PMID: 21666693; PMCID:
    PMC3322360.
        404. Cheung, H.W., Cowley, G.S., Weir, B.A., Boehm, J.S., Rusin,
    S., Scott, J.A., East, A., Ali, L.D., Lizotte, P.H., Wong, T.C., Jiang,
    G., Hsiao, J., Mermel, C.H., Getz, G., Barretina, J., Gopal, S.,
    Tamayo, P., Gould, J., Tsherniak, A., Stransky, N., Luo, B., Ren, Y.,
    Drapkin, R., Bhatia, S.N., Mesirov, J.P., Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M.,
    Lander, E.S., Root, D.E., & Hahn, W.C. (2011). Systematic investigation
    of genetic vulnerabilities across cancer cell lines reveals lineage-
    specific dependencies in ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 108(30), 12372-12377. PMID: 21746896; PMCID:
    PMC3145679.
        405. Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G., Albers, C.A., Banks, E.,
    DePristo, M.A., Handsaker, R.E., Lunter, G., Marth, G.T., Sherry, S.T.,
    McVean, G., Durbin, R., & 1000 Genomes Project Analysis Group. (2011).
    The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics, 27(15), 2156-
    2158. PMID: 21653522; PMCID: PMC3137218 .
        406. Gupta, P.B., Fillmore, C.M., Jiang, G., Shapira, S.D., Tao,
    K., Kuperwasser, C., & Lander, E.S. (2011). Stochastic state
    transitions give rise to phenotypic equilibrium in populations of
    cancer cells. Cell, 146(4), 633-644. PMID: 21854987.
        407. Stransky, N., Egloff, A.M., Tward, A.D., Kostic, A.D.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Kryukov, G.V., Lawrence, M.S., Sougnez,
    C., McKenna, A., Shefler, E., Ramos, A.H., Stojanov, P., Carter, S.L.,
    Voet, D., Cortes, M.L., Auclair, D., Berger, M.F., Saksena, G.,
    Guiducci, C., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Romkes, M., Weissfeld, J.L.,
    Seethala, R.R., Wang, L., Rangel-Escareno, C., Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.,
    Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Winckler, W., Ardlie, K.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Golub, T.R.,
    Garraway, L.A., & Grandis, J.R. (2011). The mutational landscape of
    head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Science, 333(6046), 1157-1160.
    PMID: 21798893; PMCID: PMC3415217.
        408. Guttman, M., Donaghey, J., Carey, B.W., Garber, M., Grenier,
    J.K., Munson, G., Young, G., Lucas, A.B., Ach, R., Bruhn, L., Yang, X.,
    Amit, I., Meissner, A., Regev, A., Rinn, J.L., Root, D.E., & Lander,
    E.S. (2011). lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and
    differentiation. Nature, 477(7364), 295-300. PMID: 21874018; PMCID:
    PMC3175327.
        409. Alfoldi, J., Di Palma, F., Grabherr, M., Williams, C., Kong,
    L., Mauceli, E., Russell, P., Lowe, C.B., Glor, R.E., Jaffe, J.D., Ray,
    D.A., Boissinot, S., Shedlock, A.M., Botka, C., Castoe, T.A.,
    Colbourne, J.K., Fujita, M.K., Moreno, R.G., ten Hallers, B.F.,
    Haussler, D., Heger, A., Heiman, D., Janes, D.E., Johnson, J., de Jong,
    P.J., Koriabine, M.Y., Lara, M., Novick, P.A., Organ, C.L., Peach,
    S.E., Poe, S., Pollock, D.D., de Queiroz, K., Sanger, T., Searle, S.,
    Smith, J.D., Smith, Z., Swofford, R., Turner-Maier, J., Wade, J.,
    Young, S., Zadissa, A., Edwards, S.V., Glenn, T.C., Schneider, C.J.,
    Losos, J.B., Lander, E.S., Breen, M., Ponting, C.P., & Lindblad-Toh, K.
    (2011). The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis
    with birds and mammals. Nature, 477(7366), 587-591. PMID: 21881562;
    PMCID: PMC3184186.
        410. Bass, A.J., Lawrence, M.S., Brace, L.E., Ramos, A.H., Drier,
    Y., Cibulskis, K., Sougnez, C., Voet, D., Saksena, G., Sivachenko, A.,
    Jing, R., Parkin, M., Pugh, T., Verhaak, R.G., Stransky, N., Boutin,
    A.T., Barretina, J., Solit, D.B., Vakiani, E., Shao, W., Mishina, Y.,
    Warmuth, M., Jimenez, J., Chiang, D.Y., Signoretti, S., Kaelin, W.G.,
    Spardy, N., Hahn, W.C., Hoshida, Y., Ogino, S., Depinho, R.A., Chin,
    L., Garraway, L.A., Fuchs, C.S., Baselga, J., Tabernero, J., Gabriel,
    S., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., & Meyerson, M. (2011). Genomic sequencing
    of colorectal adenocarcinomas identifies a recurrent VTI1A-TCF7L2
    fusion. Nature Genetics, 43(10), 964-968. PMID: 21892161; PMCID:
    PMC3802528.
        411. Lindblad-Toh, K., Garber, M., Zuk, O., Lin, M.F., Parker,
    B.J., Washietl, S., Kheradpour, P., Ernst, J., Jordan, G., Mauceli, E.,
    Ward, L.D., Lowe, C.B., Holloway, A.K., Clamp, M., Gnerre, S., Alfoldi,
    J., Beal, K., Chang, J., Clawson, H., Cuff, J., Di Palma, F.,
    Fitzgerald, S., Flicek, P., Guttman, M., Hubisz, M.J., Jaffe, D.B.,
    Jungreis, I., Kent, W.J., Kostka, D., Lara, M., Martins, A.L.,
    Massingham, T., Moltke, I., Raney, B.J., Rasmussen, M.D., Robinson, J.,
    Stark, A., Vilella, A.J., Wen, J., Xie, X., Zody, M.C., Broad Institute
    Sequencing Platform and Whole Genome Assembly Team, Baldwin, J., Bloom,
    T., Chin, C.W., Heiman, D., Nicol, R., Nusbaum, C., Young, S.,
    Wilkinson, J., Worley, K.C., Kovar, C.L., Muzny, D.M., Gibbs, R.A.,
    Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Sequencing
    Team, Cree, A., Dihn, H.H., Fowler, G., Jhangiani, S., Joshi, V., Lee,
    S., Lewis, L.R., Nazareth, L.V., Okwuonu, G., Santibanez, J., Warren,
    W.C., Mardis, E.R., Weinstock, G.M., Wilson, R.K., Genome Institute at
    Washington University, Delehaunty, K., Dooling, D., Fronik, C., Fulton,
    L., Fulton, B., Graves, T., Minx, P., Sodergren, E., Birney, E.,
    Margulies, E.H., Herrero, J., Green, E.D., Haussler, D., Siepel, A.,
    Goldman, N., Pollard, K.S., Pedersen, J.S., Lander, E.S., & Kellis, M.
    (2011). A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29
    mammals. Nature, 478(7370), 476-482. PMID: 21993624; PMCID: PMC3207357.
        412. Zuk, O., Hechter, E., Sunyaev, S.R., & Lander, E.S. (2012).
    The mystery of missing heritability: Genetic interactions create
    phantom heritability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 109(4), 1193-1198. PMID: 22223662; PMCID: PMC3268279.
        413. Grad, Y.H., Lipsitch, M., Feldgarden, M., Arachchi, H.M.,
    Cerqueira, G.C., Fitzgerald, M., Godfrey, P., Haas, B.J., Murphy, C.I.,
    Russ, C., Sykes, S., Walker, B.J., Wortman, J.R., Young, S., Zeng, Q.,
    Abouelleil, A., Bochicchio, J., Chauvin, S., Desmet, T., Gujja, S.,
    McCowan, C., Montmayeur, A., Steelman, S., Frimodt-Møller, J.,
    Petersen, A.M., Struve, C., Krogfelt, K.A., Bingen, E., Weill, F.X.,
    Lander, E.S., Nusbaum, C., Birren, B.W., Hung, D.T., & Hanage, W.P.
    (2012). Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104: H4 outbreaks
    in Europe, 2011. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    109(8), 3065-3070. PMID: 22315421; PMCID: PMC3286951.
        414. Lohr, J.G., Stojanov, P., Lawrence, M.S., Auclair, D., Chapuy,
    B., Sougnez, C., Cruz-Gordillo, P., Knoechel, B., Asmann, Y.W., Slager,
    S.L., Novak, A.J., Dogan, A., Ansell, S.M., Link, B.K., Zou, L., Gould,
    J., Saksena, G., Stransky, N., Rangel-Escareno, C., Fernandez-Lopez,
    J.C., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Hernandez-Lemus, E.,
    Schwarz-Cruz y Celis, A., Imaz-Rosshandler, I., Ojesina, A.I., Jung,
    J., Pedamallu, C.S., Lander, E.S., Habermann, T.M., Cerhan, J.R.,
    Shipp, M.A., Getz, G., & Golub, T.R. (2012). Discovery and
    prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
    (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing. Proceedings of the National Academy
    of Sciences USA, 109(10), 3879-3884. PMID: 22343534; PMCID: PMC3309757.
        415. Melnikov, A., Murugan, A., Zhang, X., Tesileanu, T., Wang, L.,
    Rogov, P., Feizi, S., Gnirke, A., Callan, C.G., Kinney, J.B., Kellis,
    M., Lander, E.S., & Mikkelsen, T.S. (2012). Systematic dissection and
    optimization of inducible enhancers in human cells using a massively
    parallel reporter assay. Nature Biotechnology, 30(3), 271-277. PMID:
    22371084; PMCID: PMC3297981.
        416. Onder, T.T., Kara, N., Cherry, A., Sinha, A.U., Zhu, N.,
    Bernt, K.M., Cahan, P., Marcarci, B.O., Unternaehrer, J., Gupta, P.B.,
    Lander, E.S., Armstrong, S.A., & Daley, G.Q. (2012). Chromatin-
    modifying enzymes as modulators of reprogramming. Nature, 483(7391),
    598-602. PMID: 22388813; PMCID: PMC3501145.
        417. Jones, F.C., Grabherr, M.G., Chan, Y.F., Russell, P., Mauceli,
    E., Johnson, J., Swofford, R., Pirun, M., Zody, M.C., White, S.,
    Birney, E., Searle, S., Schmutz, J., Grimwood, J., Dickson, M.C.,
    Myers, R.M., Miller, C.T., Summers, B.R., Knecht, A.K., Brady, S.D.,
    Zhang, H., Pollen, A.A., Howes, T., Amemiya, C., Broad Institute Genome
    Sequencing Platform & Whole Genome Assembly Team, Baldwin, J., Bloom,
    T., Jaffe, D.B., Nicol, R., Wilkinson, J., Lander, E.S., Di Palma, F.,
    Lindblad-Toh, K., & Kingsley, D.M. (2012). The genomic basis of
    adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. Nature, 484(7392), 55-
    61. PMID: 22481358; PMCID: PMC3322419.
        418. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2012). Comprehensive
    genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature,
    489(7417), 519-525. PMID: 22960745; PMCID: PMC3466113.
        419. Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Helman, E., McKenna, A., Shen,
    H., Zack, T., Laird, P.W., Onofrio, R.C., Winckler, W., Weir, B.A.,
    Beroukhim, R., Pellman, D., Levine, D.A., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., &
    Getz, G. (2012). Absolute quantification of somatic DNA alterations in
    human cancer. Nature Biotechnology, 30(5), 413-421. PMID: 22544022;
    PMCID: PMC4383288.
        420. Berger, M.F., Hodis, E., Heffernan, T.P., Deribe, Y.L.,
    Lawrence, M.S., Protopopov, A., Ivanova, E., Watson, I.R., Nickerson,
    E., Ghosh, P., Zhang, H., Zeid, R., Ren, X., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko,
    A.Y., Wagle, N., Sucker, A., Sougnez, C., Onofrio, R., Ambrogio, L.,
    Auclair, D., Fennell, T., Carter, S.L., Drier, Y., Stojanov, P.,
    Singer, M.A., Voet, D., Jing, R., Saksena, G., Barretina, J., Ramos,
    A.H., Pugh, T.J., Stransky, N., Parkin, M., Winckler, W., Mahan, S.,
    Ardlie, K., Baldwin, J., Wargo, J., Schadendorf, D., Meyerson, M.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Golub, T.R., Wagner, S.N., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Chin,
    L., & Garraway, L.A. (2012). Melanoma genome sequencing reveals
    frequent PREX2 mutations. Nature, 485(7399), 502-506. PMID: 22622578;
    PMCID: PMC3367798.
        421. Germain, A.R., Carmody, L.C., Morgan, B., Fernandez, C.,
    Forbeck, E., Lewis, T.A., Nag, P.P, Ting, A., VerPlank, L., Feng, Y.,
    Perez, J.R., Dandapani, S., Palmer, M., Lander, E.S., Gupta, P.B.,
    Schreiber, S.L., & Munoz, B. (2012). Identification of a selective
    small molecule inhibitor of breast cancer stem cells. Bioorganic &
    Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 22(10), 3571-3574. PMID: 22503247.
        422. Barbieri, C.E., Baca, S.C., Lawrence, M.S., Demichelis, F.,
    Blattner, M., Theurillat, J.P., White, T.A., Stojanov, P., Van Allen,
    E., Stransky, N., Nickerson, E., Chae, S.S., Boysen, G., Auclair, D.,
    Onofrio, R.C., Park, K., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald, T.Y., Sheikh, K.,
    Vuong, T., Guiducci, C., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L.,
    Saksena, G., Voet, D., Hussain, W.M., Ramos, A.H., Winckler, W.,
    Redman, M.C., Ardlie, K., Tewari, A.K., Mosquera, J.M., Rupp, N., Wild,
    P.J., Moch, H., Morrissey, C., Nelson, P.S., Kantoff, P.W., Gabriel,
    S.B., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Rubin, M.A., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2012). Exome sequencing identifies recurrent SPOP,
    FOXA1 and MED12 mutations in prostate cancer. Nature Genetics, 44(6),
    685-689. PMID: 22610119; PMCID: PMC3673022.
        423. Banerji, S., Cibulskis, K., Rangel-Escareno, C., Brown, K.K.,
    Carter, S.L., Frederick, A.M., Lawrence, M.S., Sivachenko, A.Y.,
    Sougnez, C., Zou, L., Cortes, M.L., Fernandez-Lopez, J.C., Peng, S.,
    Ardlie, K.G., Auclair, D., Bautista-Pina, V., Duke, F., Francis, J.,
    Jung, J., Maffuz-Aziz, A., Onofrio, R.C., Parkin, M., Pho, N.H.,
    Quintanar-Jurado, V., Ramos, A.H., Rebollar-Vega, R., Rodriguez-Cuevas,
    S., Romero-Cordoba, S.L., Schumacher, S.E., Stransky, N., Thompson,
    K.M., Uribe-Figueroa, L., Baselga, J., Beroukhim, R., Polyak, K.,
    Sgroi, D.C., Richardson, A.L., Jimenez-Sanchez, G., Lander, E.S.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Garraway, L.A., Golub, T.R., Melendez-Zajgla, J., Toker,
    A., Getz, G., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., & Meyerson, M. (2012). Sequence
    analysis of mutations and translocations across breast cancer subtypes.
    Nature, 486(7403), 405-409. PMID: 22722202; PMCID: PMC4148686.
        424. Sankaran, V.G., Ghazvinian, R., Do, R., Thiru, P., Vergilio,
    J.A., Beggs, A.H., Sieff, C.A., Orkin, S.H., Nathan, D.G., Lander,
    E.S., & Gazda, H.T. (2012). Exome sequencing identifies GATA1 mutations
    resulting in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. The Journal of Clinical
    Investigation, 122(7), 2439-2443. PMID: 22706301; PMCID: PMC3386831.
        425. Hodis, E., Watson, I.R., Kryukov, G.V., Arold, S.T.,
    Imielinski, M., Theurillat, J.P., Nickerson, E., Auclair, D., Li, L.,
    Place, C., Dicara, D., Ramos, A.H., Lawrence, M.S., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sivachenko, A., Voet, D., Saksena, G., Stransky, N., Onofrio, R.C.,
    Winckler, W., Ardlie, K., Wagle, N., Wargo, J., Chong, K., Morton,
    D.L., Stemke-Hale, K., Chen, G., Noble, M., Meyerson, M., Ladbury,
    J.E., Davies, M.A., Gershenwald, J.E., Wagner, S.N., Hoon, D.S.,
    Schadendorf, D., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B., Getz, G., Garraway, L.A.,
    & Chin, L. (2012). A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell,
    150(2), 251-263. PMID: 22817889; PMCID: PMC3600117.
        426. Imielinski, M., Berger, A.H., Hammerman, P.S., Hernandez, B.,
    Pugh, T.J., Hodis, E., Cho, J., Suh, J., Capelletti, M., Sivachenko,
    A., Sougnez, C., Auclair, D., Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Cibulskis,
    K., Choi, K., de Waal, L., Sharifnia, T., Brooks, A., Greulich, H.,
    Banerji, S., Zander, T., Seidel, D., Leenders, F., Ansen, S., Ludwig,
    C., Engel-Riedel, W., Stoelben, E., Wolf, J., Goparju, C.,Thompson, K.,
    Winckler, W., Kwiatkowski, D., Johnson, B.E., Janne, P.A., Miller,
    V.A., Pao, W., Travis, W.D., Pass, H.I., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Thomas, R.K., Garraway, L.A., Getz, G., & Meyerson, M. (2012). Mapping
    the hallmarks of lung adenocarcinoma with massively parallel
    sequencing. Cell, 150(6), 1107-1120. PMID: 22980975; PMCID: PMC3557932.
        427. Sankaran, V.G., Ludwig, L.S., Sicinska, E., Xu, J., Bauer,
    D.E., Eng, J.C., Patterson, H.C., Metcalf, R.A., Natkunam, Y., Orkin,
    S.H., Sicinski, P., Lander, E.S., & Lodish, H.F. (2012). Cyclin D3
    coordinates the cell cycle during differentiation to regulate
    erythrocyte size and number. Genes & Development, 26(18), 2075-2087.
    PMID: 22929040; PMCID: PMC3444733.
        428. Gire, S.K., Stremlau, M., Andersen, K.G., Schaffner, S.F.,
    Bjornson, Z., Rubins, K., Hensley, L., McCormick, J.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Garry, R.F., Happi, C., & Sabeti, P.C. (2012). Epidemiology. Emerging
    disease or diagnosis?. Science, 338(6108), 750-752. PMID: 23139320.
        429. Drier, Y., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Gabriel,
    S.B., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., Beroukhim, R., & Getz, G. (2013).
    Somatic rearrangements across cancer reveal classes of samples with
    distinct patterns of DNA breakage and rearrangement-induced
    hypermutability. Genome Research, 23(2), 228-235. PMID: 23124520;
    PMCID: PMC3561864.
        430. Pugh, T.J., Morozova, O., Attiyeh, E.F., Asgharzadeh, S., Wei,
    J.S., Auclair, D.D., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Hanna, M., Kiezun,
    A., Kim, J., Lawrence, M.S., Lichenstein, L., McKenna, A., Pedamallu,
    C.S., Ramos, A.H., Shefler, E., Sivachenko, A., Sougnez, C., Stewart,
    C., Ally, A., Birol, I., Chiu, R., Corbett, R.D., Hirst, M., Jackman,
    S.D., Kamoh, B., Khodabakshi, A.H., Krzywinski, M., Lo, A., Moore,
    R.A., Mungall, K.L., Qian, J., Tam, A., Thiessen, N., Zhao, Y., Cole,
    K.A., Diamond, M., Diskin, S.J., Mosse, Y.P., Wood, A.C., Ji, L.,
    Sposto, R., Badgett, T., London, W.B., Moyer, Y., Gastier-Foster, J.M.,
    Smith, M.A., Auvil, J.M., Gerhard, D.S., Hogarty, M.D., Jones, S.J.,
    Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B., Getz, G., Seeger, R.C., Khan, J., Marra,
    M.A., Meyerson, M., & Maris, J.M. (2013). The genetic landscape of
    high-risk neuroblastoma. Nature Genetics, 45(3), 279-284. PMID:
    23334666; PMCID: PMC3682833.
        431. Costello, M., Pugh, T.J., Fennell, T.J., Stewart, C.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Meldrim, J.C., Fostel, J.L., Friedrich, D.C., Perrin,
    D., Dionne, D., Kim, S., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Fisher, S., &
    Getz, G. (2013). Discovery and characterization of artifactual
    mutations in deep coverage targeted capture sequencing data due to
    oxidative DNA damage during sample preparation. Nucleic Acids Research,
    41(6), e67. PMID: 23303777; PMCID: PMC3616734.
        432. Drier, Y., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Gabriel,
    S.B., Lander, E.S., Meyerson, M., Beroukhim, R., & Getz, G. (2013).
    Somatic rearrangements across cancer reveal classes of samples with
    distinct patterns of DNA breakage and rearrangement-induced
    hypermutability. Genome Research, 23(2), 228-235. PMID: 23124520;
    PMCID: PMC3561864.
        433. Engreitz, J.M., Pandya-Jones, A., McDonel, P., Shishkin, A.,
    Sirokman, K., Surka, C., Kadri, S., Xing, J., Goren, A., Lander, E.S.,
    Plath, K., & Guttman, M. (2013). The Xist lncRNA exploits three-
    dimensional genome architecture to spread across the X chromosome.
    Science, 341(6147), 1237973. PMID: 23828888; PMCID: PMC3778663.
        434. Cibulskis, K., Lawrence, M.S., Carter, S.L., Sivachenko, A.,
    Jaffe, D., Sougnez, C., Gabriel, S., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., &
    Getz, G. (2013). Sensitive detection of somatic point mutations in
    impure and heterogeneous cancer samples. Nature Biotechnology, 31(3),
    213-219. PMID: 23396013; PMCID: PMC3833702.
        435. Grossman, S.R., Andersen, K.G., Shlyakhter, I., Tabrizi, S.,
    Winnicki, S., Yen, A., Park, D.J., Griesemer, D., Karlsson, E.K., Wong,
    S.H., Cabili, M., Adegbola, R.A., Bamezai, R.N., Hill, A.V., Vannberg,
    F.O., Rinn, J.L., 1000 Genomes Project, Lander, E.S., Schaffner, S.F.,
    & Sabeti, P.C. (2013). Identifying recent adaptations in large-scale
    genomic data. Cell, 152(4), 703-713. PMID: 23415221; PMCID: PMC3674781.
        436. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2013). Comprehensive
    molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nature,
    499(7456), 43-49. PMID: 23792563; PMCID: PMC3771322.
        437. Gifford, C.A., Ziller, M.J., Gu, H., Trapnell, C., Donaghey,
    J., Tsankov, A., Shalek, A.K., Kelley, D.R., Shishkin, A.A., Issner,
    R., Zhang, X., Coyne, M., Fostel, J.L., Holmes, L., Meldrim, J.,
    Guttman, M., Epstein, C., Park, H., Kohlbacher, O., Rinn, J., Gnirke,
    A., Lander, E.S., Bernstein, B.E., & Meissner, A. (2013).
    Transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics during specification of human
    embryonic stem cells. Cell, 153(5), 1149-1163. PMID: 23664763; PMCID:
    PMC3709577.
        438. Dulak, A.M., Stojanov, P., Peng, S., Lawrence, M.S., Fox, C.,
    Stewart, C., Bandla, S., Imamura, Y., Schumacher, S.E., Shefler, E.,
    McKenna, A., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Saksena, G.,
    Voet, D., Ramos, A.H., Auclair, D., Thompson, K., Sougnez, C., Onofrio,
    R.C., Guiducci, C., Beroukhim, R., Zhou, Z., Lin, L., Lin, J., Reddy,
    R., Chang, A., Landrenau, R., Pennathur, A., Ogino, S., Luketich, J.D.,
    Golub, T.R., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Beer, D.G., Godfrey, T.E.,
    Getz, G., & Bass, A.J. (2013). Exome and whole-genome sequencing of
    esophageal adenocarcinoma identifies recurrent driver events and
    mutational complexity. Nature Genetics, 45(5), 478-486. PMID: 23525077;
    PMCID: PMC3678719.
        439. Baca, S.C., Prandi, D., Lawrence, M.S., Mosquera, J.M.,
    Romanel, A., Drier, Y., Park, K., Kitabayashi, N., MacDonald, T.Y.,
    Ghandi, M., Van Allen, E., Kryukov, G.V., Sboner, A., Theurillat, J.P.,
    Soong, T.D., Nickerson, E., Auclair, D., Tewari, A., Beltran, H.,
    Onofrio, R.C., Boysen, G., Guiducci, C., Barbieri, C.E., Cibulskis, K.,
    Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Ramos, A.H.,
    Winckler, W., Cipicchio, M., Ardlie, K., Kantoff, P.W., Berger, M.F.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Elemento, O.,
    Getz, G., Demichelis, F., Rubin, M.A., & Garraway, L.A. (2013).
    Punctuated evolution of prostate cancer genomes. Cell, 153(3), 666-677.
    PMID: 23622249; PMCID: PMC3690918.
        440. Garraway, L.A., & Lander, E.S. (2013). Lessons from the cancer
    genome. Cell, 153(1), 17-37. PMID: 23540688.
        441. Germain, A.R., Carmody, L.C., Nag, P.P., Morgan, B., Verplank,
    L., Fernandez, C., Donckele, E., Feng, Y., Perez, J.R., Dandapani, S.,
    Palmer, M., Lander, E.S., Gupta, P.B., Schreiber, S.L., & Munoz, B.
    (2013). Cinnamides as selective small-molecule inhibitors of a cellular
    model of breast cancer stem cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
    Letters, 23(6), 1834-1838. PMID: 23403082.
        442. Kirby, A., Gnirke, A., Jaffe, D.B., Baresova, V., Pochet, N.,
    Blumenstiel, B., Ye, C., Aird, D., Stevens, C., Robinson, J.T., Cabili,
    M.N., Gat-Viks, I., Kelliher, E., Daza, R., DeFelice, M., Hulkova, H.,
    Sovova, J., Vylet'al, P., Antignac, C., Guttman, M., Handsaker, R.E.,
    Perrin, D., Steelman, S., Sigurdsson, S., Scheinman, S.J., Sougnez, C.,
    Cibulskis, K., Parkin, M., Green, T., Rossin, E., Zody, M.C., Xavier,
    R.J., Pollak, M.R., Alper, S.L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Gabriel, S., Hart,
    P.S., Regev, A., Nusbaum, C., Kmoch, S., Bleyer, A.J., Lander, E.S., &
    Daly, M.J. (2013). Mutations causing medullary cystic kidney disease
    type 1 lie in a large VNTR in MUC1 missed by massively parallel
    sequencing. Nature Genetics, 45(3), 299-303. PMID: 23396133; PMCID:
    PMC3901305.
        443. Landau, D.A., Carter, S.L., Stojanov, P., McKenna, A.,
    Stevenson, K., Lawrence, M.S., Sougnez, C., Stewart, C., Sivachenko,
    A., Wang, L., Wan, Y., Zhang, W., Shukla, S.A., Vartanov, A.,
    Fernandes, S.M., Saksena, G., Cibulskis, K., Tesar, B., Gabriel, S.,
    Hacohen, N., Meyerson, M., Lander, E.S., Neuberg, D., Brown, J.R.,
    Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2013). Evolution and impact of subclonal
    mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cell, 152(4), 714-726. PMID:
    23415222; PMCID: PMC3575604.
        444. Guttman, M., Russell, P., Ingolia, N.T., Weissman, J.S., &
    Lander, E.S. (2013). Ribosome profiling provides evidence that large
    noncoding RNAs do not encode proteins. Cell, 154(1), 240-251. PMID:
    23810193; PMCID: PMC3756563.
        445. Hacohen, N., Fritsch, E.F., Carter, T.A., Lander, E.S., & Wu,
    C.J. (2013). Getting personal with neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer
    vaccines. Cancer Immunology Research, 1(1), 11-15. PMID: 24777245;
    PMCID: PMC4033902.
        446. Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Polak, P., Kryukov, G.V.,
    Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A., Carter, S.L., Stewart, C., Mermel, C.H.,
    Roberts, S.A., Kiezun, A., Hammerman, P.S., McKenna, A., Drier, Y.,
    Zou, L., Ramos, A.H., Pugh, T.J., Stransky, N., Helman, E., Kim, J.,
    Sougnez, C., Ambrogio, L., Nickerson, E., Shefler, E., Cortes, M.L.,
    Auclair, D., Saksena, G., Voet, D., Noble, M., DiCara, D., Lin, P.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Heiman, D.I., Fennell, T., Imielinski, M., Hernandez,
    B., Hodis, E., Baca, S., Dulak, A.M., Lohr, J., Landau, D.A., Wu, C.J.,
    Melendez-Zajgla, J., Hidalgo-Miranda, A., Koren, A., McCarroll, S.A.,
    Mora, J., Lee, R.S., Crompton, B., Onofrio, R., Parkin, M., Winckler,
    W., Ardlie, K., Gabriel, S.B., Roberts, C.W., Biegel, J.A., Stegmaier,
    K., Bass, A.J., Garraway, L.A., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Gordenin,
    D.A., Sunyaev, S., Lander, E.S., & Getz, G. (2013). Mutational
    heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes.
    Nature, 499(7457), 214-218. PMID: 23770567; PMCID: PMC3919509.
        447. Farhat, M.R., Shapiro, B.J., Kieser, K.J., Sultana, R.,
    Jacobson, K.R., Victor, T.C., Warren, R.M., Streicher, E.M., Calver,
    A., Sloutsky, A., Kaur, D., Posey, J.E., Plikaytis, B., Oggioni, M.R.,
    Gardy, J.L., Johnston, J.C., Rodrigues, M., Tang, P.K., Kato-Maeda, M.,
    Borowsky, M.L., Muddukrishna, B., Kreiswirth, B.N., Kurepina, N.,
    Galagan, J., Gagneux, S., Birren, B., Rubin, E.J., Lander, E.S.,
    Sabeti, P.C., & Murray, M. (2013). Genomic analysis identifies targets
    of convergent positive selection in drug-resistant Mycobacterium
    tuberculosis. Nature Genetics, 45(10), 1183-1189. PMID: 23995135;
    PMCID: PMC3887553.
        448. Schwartz, S., Agarwala, S.D., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M.,
    Mertins, P., Shishkin, A., Tabach, Y., Mikkelsen, T.S., Satija, R.,
    Ruvkun, G., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S., Fink, G.R., & Regev, A. (2013).
    High-resolution mapping reveals a conserved, widespread, dynamic mRNA
    methylation program in yeast meiosis. Cell, 155(6), 1409-1421. PMID:
    24269006; PMCID: PMC3956118.
        449. Karlsson, E.K., Sigurdsson, S., Ivansson, E., Thomas, R.,
    Elvers, I., Wright, J., Howald, C., Tonomura, N., Perloski, M.,
    Swofford, R., Biagi, T., Fryc, S., Anderson, N., Courtay-Cahen, C.,
    Youell, L., Ricketts, S.L., Mandlebaum, S., Rivera, P., von Euler, H.,
    Kisseberth, W.C., London, C.A., Lander, E.S., Couto, G., Comstock, K.,
    Starkey, M.P., Modiano, J.F., Breen, M., & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2013).
    Genome-wide analyses implicate 33 loci in heritable dog osteosarcoma,
    including regulatory variants near CDKN2A/B. Genome Biology, 14(12),
    R132. PMID: 24330828; PMCID: PMC4053774.
        450. Wang, T., Wei, J.J., Sabatini, D.M., & Lander, E.S. (2014).
    Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Science,
    343(6166), 80-84. PMID: 24336569; PMCID: PMC3972032.
        451. Lawrence, M.S., Stojanov, P., Mermel, C.H., Robinson, J.T.,
    Garraway, L.A., Golub, T.R., Meyerson, M., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    & Getz, G. (2014). Discovery and saturation analysis of cancer genes
    across 21 tumour types. Nature, 505(7484), 495-501. PMID: 24390350;
    PMCID: PMC4048962.
        452. Zuk, O., Schaffner, S.F., Samocha, K., Do, R., Hechter, E.,
    Kathiresan, S., Daly, M.J., Neale, B.M., Sunyaev, S.R., & Lander, E.S.
    (2014). Searching for missing heritability: designing rare variant
    association studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 111(4), E455-E464. PMID: 24443550; PMCID: PMC3910587.
        453. Hacisuleyman, E., Goff, L.A., Trapnell, C., Williams, A.,
    Henao-Mejia, J., Sun, L., McClanahan, P., Hendrickson, D.G., Sauvageau,
    M., Kelley, D.R., Morse, M., Engreitz, J., Lander, E.S., Guttman, M.,
    Lodish, H.F., Flavell, R., Raj, A., & Rinn, J.L. (2014). Topological
    organization of multichromosomal regions by the long intergenic
    noncoding RNA Firre. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 21(2), 198-
    206. PMID: 24463464; PMCID: PMC3950333.
        454. Purcell, S.M., Moran, J.L., Fromer, M., Ruderfer, D.,
    Solovieff, N., Roussos, P., O'Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Bergen,
    S.E., Kahler, A., Duncan, L., Stahl, E., Genovese, G., Fernandez, E.,
    Collins, M.O., Komiyama, N.H., Choudhary, J.S., Magnusson, P.K., Banks,
    E., Shakir, K., Garimella, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., Grant, S.G.,
    Haggarty, S.J., Gabriel, S., Scolnick, E.M., Lander, E.S., Hultman,
    C.M., Sullivan, P.F., McCarroll, S.A., & Sklar, P. (2014). A polygenic
    burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia. Nature,
    506(7487), 185-190. PMID: 24463508; PMCID: PMC4136494.
        455. Hoeppner, M.P., Lundquist, A., Pirun, M., Meadows, J.R.,
    Zamani, N., Johnson, J., Sundstrom, G., Cook, A, FitzGerald, M.G.,
    Swofford, R., Mauceli, E., Moghadam, B.T., Greka, A., Alfoldi, J.,
    Abouelleil, A., Aftuck, L., Bessette, D., Berlin, A., Brown, A.,
    Gearin, G., Lui, A., Macdonald, J.P., Priest, M., Shea, T., Turner-
    Maier, J., Zimmer, A., Lander, E.S., di Palma, F., Lindblad-Toh, K., &
    Grabherr, M.G. (2014). An improved canine genome and a comprehensive
    catalogue of coding genes and non-coding transcripts. PloS One, 9(3),
    e91172. PMID: 24625832; PMCID: PMC3953330.
        456. Wagle, N., Grabiner, B.C., Van Allen, E.M., Hodis, E.,
    Jacobus, S., Supko, J.G., Stewart, M., Choueiri, T.K., Gandhi, L.,
    Cleary, J.M., Elfiky, A.A., Taplin, M.E., Stack, E.C., Signoretti, S.,
    Loda, M., Shapiro, G.I., Sabatini, D.M., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.B.,
    Kantoff, P.W., Garraway, L.A., & Rosenberg, J.E. (2014). Activating
    mTOR mutations in a patient with an extraordinary response on a phase I
    trial of everolimus and pazopanib. Cancer Discovery, 4(5), 546-553.
    PMID: 24625776; PMCID: PMC4122326.
        457. Van Allen, E.M., Wagle, N., Stojanov, P., Perrin, D.L.,
    Cibulskis, K., Marlow, S., Jane-Valbuena, J., Friedrich, D.C., Kryukov,
    G., Carter, S.L., McKenna, A., Sivachenko, A., Rosenberg, M., Kiezun,
    A., Voet, D., Lawrence, M., Lichtenstein, L.T., Gentry, J.G., Huang,
    F.W., Fostel, J., Farlow, D., Barbie, D., Gandhi, L., Lander, E.S.,
    Gray, S.W., Joffe, S., Janne, P., Garber, J., MacConaill, L., Lindeman,
    N., Rollins, B., Kantoff, P., Fisher, S.A., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., &
    Garraway, L.A. (2014). Whole-exome sequencing and clinical
    interpretation of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples to
    guide precision cancer medicine. Nature Medicine, 20(6), 682-688. PMID:
    24836576; PMCID: PMC4048335.
        458. Cho, J., Bass, A.J., Lawrence, M.S., Cibulskis, K., Cho, A.,
    Lee, S.N., Yamauchi, M., Wagle, N., Pochanard, P., Kim, N., Park, A.K.,
    Won, J., Hur, H.S., Greulich, H., Ogino, S., Sougnez, C., Voet, D.,
    Tabernero, J., Jimenez, J., Baselga, J., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Getz, G., Eck, M.J., Park, W.Y., & Meyerson, M. (2014). Colon cancer-
    derived oncogenic EGFR G724S mutant identified by whole genome sequence
    analysis is dependent on asymmetric dimerization and sensitive to
    cetuximab. Molecular Cancer, 13, 141. PMID: 24894453; PMCID:
    PMC4072491.
        459. Hsu, P.D., Lander, E.S., & Zhang, F. (2014). Development and
    applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell, 157(6), 1262-
    1278. PMID: 24906146; PMCID: PMC4343198.
        460. Wang, L., Shalek, A.K., Lawrence, M., Ding, R., Gaublomme,
    J.T., Pochet, N., Stojanov, P., Sougnez, C., Shukla, S.A., Stevenson,
    K.E., Zhang, W., Wong, J., Sievers, Q.L., MacDonald, B.T., Vartanov,
    A.R., Goldstein, N.R., Neuberg, D., He, X., Lander, E.S., Hacohen, N.,
    Regev, A., Getz, G., Brown, J.R., Park, H., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Somatic
    mutation as a mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in
    CLL. Blood, 124(7), 1089-1098. PMID: 24778153; PMCID: PMC4133483.
        461. Rajasagi, M., Shukla, S.A., Fritsch, E.F., Keskin, D.B.,
    DeLuca, D., Carmona, E., Zhang, W., Sougnez, C., Cibulskis, K., Sidney,
    J., Stevenson, K., Ritz, J., Neuberg, D., Brusic, V., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Systematic
    identification of personal tumor-specific neoantigens in chronic
    lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 124(3), 453-462. PMID: 24891321; PMCID:
    PMC4102716.
        462. Ludwig, L.S., Gazda, H.T., Eng, J.C., Eichhorn, S.W., Thiru,
    P., Ghazvinian, R., George, T.I., Gotlib, J.R., Beggs, A.H., Sieff,
    C.A., Lodish, H.F., Lander, E.S., & Sankaran, V.G. (2014). Altered
    translation of GATA1 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Nature Medicine,
    20(7), 748-753. PMID: 24952648; PMCID: PMC4087046.
        463. Schwartz, S., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M., Wang, T., Maciag,
    K., Bushkin, G.G., Mertins, P., Ter-Ovanesyan, D., Habib, N.,
    Cacchiarelli, D., Sanjana, N.E., Freinkman, E., Pacold, M.E., Satija,
    R., Mikkelsen, T.S., Hacohen, N., Zhang, F., Carr, S.A., Lander, E.S.,
    & Regev, A. (2014). Perturbation of m6A writers reveals two distinct
    classes of mRNA methylation at internal and 5+ sites. Cell Reports,
    8(1), 284-296. PMID: 24981863; PMCID: PMC4142486.
        464. Rajasagi, M., Shukla, S.A., Fritsch, E.F., Keskin, D.B.,
    DeLuca, D., Carmona, E., Zhang, W., Sougnez, C., Cibulskis, K., Sidney,
    J., Stevenson, K., Ritz, J., Neuberg, D., Brusic, V., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Getz, G., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2014). Systematic
    identification of personal tumor-specific neoantigens in chronic
    lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 124(3), 453-462. PMID: 24891321; PMCID:
    PMC4102716.
        465. Carneiro, M., Rubin, C.J., Di Palma, F., Albert, F.W.,
    Alfoldi, J., Barrio, A.M., Pielberg, G., Rafati, N., Sayyab, S.,
    Turner-Maier, J., Younis, S., Afonso, S., Aken, B., Alves, J.M.,
    Barrell, D., Bolet, G., Boucher, S., Burbano, H.A., Campos, R., Chang,
    J.L., Duranthon, V., Fontanesi, L., Garreau, H., Heiman, D., Johnson,
    J., Mage, R.G., Peng, Z., Queney, G., Rogel-Gaillard, C., Ruffier, M.,
    Searle, S., Villafuerte, R., Xiong, A., Young, S., Forsberg-Nilsson,
    K., Good, J.M., Lander, E.S., Ferrand, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., &
    Andersson, L. (2014). Rabbit genome analysis reveals a polygenic basis
    for phenotypic change during domestication. Science, 345(6200), 1074-
    1079. PMID: 25170157.
        466. Gire, S.K., Goba, A., Andersen, K.G., Sealfon, R.S., Park,
    D.J., Kanneh, L., Jalloh, S., Momoh, M., Fullah, M., Dudas, G., Wohl,
    S., Moses, L.M., Yozwiak, N.L., Winnicki, S., Matranga, C.B., Malboeuf,
    C.M., Qu, J., Gladden, A.D., Schaffner, S.F., Yang, X., Jiang, P.P.,
    Nekoui, M., Colubri, A., Coomber, M.R., Fonnie, M., Moigboi, A.,
    Gbakie, M., Kamara, F.K.,Tucker, V., Konuwa, E., Saffa, S., Sellu, J.,
    Jalloh, A.A., Kovoma, A., Koninga, J., Mustapha, I., Kargbo, K., Foday,
    M., Yillah, M., Kanneh, F., Robert, W., Massally, J.L., Chapman, S.B.,
    Bochicchio, J., Murphy, C., Nusbaum, C., Young, S., Birren, B.W.,
    Grant, D.S., Scheiffelin, J.S., Lander, E.S., Happi, C., Gevao, S.M.,
    Gnirke, A., Rambaut, A., Garry, R.F., Khan, S.H., & Sabeti, P.C.
    (2014). Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and
    transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science, 345(6202), 1369-1372.
    PMID: 25214632; PMCID: PMC4431643.
        467. Brawand, D., Wagner, C.E., Li, Y.I., Malinsky, M., Keller, I.,
    Fan, S., Simakov, O., Ng, A.Y., Lim, Z.W., Bezault, E., Turner-Maier,
    J., Johnson, J., Alcazar, R., Noh, H.J., Russell, P., Aken, B.,
    Alfoldi, J., Amemiya, C., Azzouzi, N., Baroiller, J.F., Barloy-Hubler,
    F., Berlin, A., Bloomquist, R., Carleton, K.L., Conte, M.A., D'Cotta,
    H., Eshel, O., Gaffney, L., Galibert, F., Gante, H.F., Gnerre, S.,
    Greuter, L., Guyon, R., Haddad, N.S., Haerty, W., Harris, R.M.,
    Hofmann, H.A., Hourlier, T., Hulata, G., Jaffe, D.B., Lara, M., Lee,
    A.P., MacCallum, I., Mwaiko, S., Nikaido, M., Nishihara, H., Ozouf-
    Costaz, C., Penman, D.J., Przybylski, D., Rakotomanga, M., Renn, S.C.,
    Ribeiro, F.J., Ron, M., Salzburger, W., Sanchez-Pulido, L., Santos,
    M.E., Searle, S., Sharpe, T., Swofford, R.,Tan, F.J., Williams, L.,
    Young, S., Yin, S., Okada, N., Kocher, T.D., Miska, E.A., Lander, E.S.,
    Venkatesh, B., Fernald, R.D., Meyer, A., Ponting, C.P., Streelman,
    J.T., Lindblad-Toh, K., Seehausen, O., & Di Palma, F. (2014). The
    genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish.
    Nature, 513(7518), 375-381. PMID: 25186727; PMCID: PMC4353498.
        468. Schwartz, S., Bernstein, D.A., Mumbach, M.R., Jovanovic, M.,
    Herbst, R.H., Leon-Ricardo, B.X., Engreitz, J.M., Guttman, M., Satija,
    R., Lander, E.S., Fink, G., & Regev, A. (2014). Transcriptome-wide
    mapping reveals widespread dynamic-regulated pseudouridylation of ncRNA
    and mRNA. Cell, 159(1), 148-162. PMID: 25219674; PMCID: PMC4180118.
        469. Engreitz, J.M., Sirokman, K., McDonel, P., Shishkin, A.A.,
    Surka, C., Russell, P., Grossman, S.R., Chow, A.Y., Guttman, M., &
    Lander, E.S. (2014). RNA-RNA interactions enable specific targeting of
    noncoding RNAs to nascent Pre-mRNAs and chromatin sites. Cell, 159(1),
    188-199. PMID: 25259926; PMCID: PMC4177037.
        470. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium Investigators.
    (2014). Inactivating mutations in NPC1L1 and protection from coronary
    heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(22), 2072-2082.
    PMID: 25390462; PMCID: PMC4335708.
        471. Weisenfeld, N.I., Yin, S., Sharpe, T., Lau, B., Hegarty, R.,
    Holmes, L., Sogoloff, B., Tabbaa, D., Williams, L., Russ, C., Nusbaum,
    C., Lander, E.S., MacCallum, I., & Jaffe, D.B. (2014). Comprehensive
    variation discovery in single human genomes. Nature Genetics, 46(12),
    1350-1355. PMID: 25326702; PMCID: PMC4244235.
        472. Giannakis, M., Hodis, E., Jasmine Mu, X., Yamauchi, M.,
    Rosenbluh, J., Cibulskis, K., Saksena, G., Lawrence, M.S., Qian, Z.R.,
    Nishihara, R., Van Allen, E.M., Hahn, W.C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Getz, G., Ogino, S., Fuchs, C.S., & Garraway, L.A. (2014). RNF43
    is frequently mutated in colorectal and endometrial cancers. Nature
    Genetics, 46(12), 1264-1266. PMID: 25344691; PMCID: PMC4283570.
        473. Landau, D.A., Clement, K., Ziller, M.J., Boyle, P., Fan, J.,
    Gu, H., Stevenson, K., Sougnez, C., Wang, L., Li, S., Kotliar, D.,
    Zhang, W., Ghandi, M., Garraway, L., Fernandes, S.M., Livak, K.J.,
    Gabriel, S., Gnirke, A., Lander, E.S., Brown, J.R., Neuberg, D.,
    Kharchenko, P.V., Hacohen, N., Getz, G., Meissner, A., & Wu, C.J.
    (2014). Locally disordered methylation forms the basis of intratumor
    methylome variation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell,
    26(6), 813-825. PMID: 25490447; PMCID: PMC4302418.
        474. Golan, D., Lander, E.S., & Rosset, S. (2014). Measuring
    missing heritability: inferring the contribution of common variants.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111(49), E5272-
    E5281. PMID: 25422463; PMCID: PMC4267399.
        475. Rao, S.S., Huntley, M.H., Durand, N.C., Stamenova, E.K.,
    Bochkov, I.D., Robinson, J.T., Sanborn, A.L., Machol, I., Omer, A.D.,
    Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2014). A 3D map of the human genome at
    kilobase resolution reveals principles of chromatin looping. Cell,
    159(7), 1665-1680. PMID: 25497547.
        476. Perry, J.A., Kiezun, A., Tonzi, P., Van Allen, E.M., Carter,
    S.L., Baca, S.C., Cowley, G.S., Bhatt, A.S., Rheinbay, E., Pedamallu,
    C.S., Helman, E., Taylor-Weiner, A., McKenna, A., DeLuca, D.S.,
    Lawrence, M.S., Ambrogio, L., Sougnez, C., Sivachenko, A., Walensky,
    L.D., Wagle, N., Mora, J., de Torres, C., Lavarino, C., Dos Santos
    Aguiar, S., Yunes, J.A., Brandalise, S.R., Mercado-Celis, G.E.,
    Melendez-Zajgla, J., Cardenas-Cardos, R., Velasco-Hidalgo, L., Roberts,
    C.W., Garraway, L.A., Rodriguez-Galindo, C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Golub, T.R., Orkin, S.H., Getz, G., & Janeway, K.A. (2014).
    Complementary genomic approaches highlight the PI3K/mTOR pathway as a
    common vulnerability in osteosarcoma. Proceedings of the National
    Academy of Sciences USA, 111(51), E5564-E5573. PMID: 25512523; PMCID:
    PMC4280630.
        477. Genovese, G., Kahler, A.K., Handsaker, R.E., Lindberg, J.,
    Rose, S.A., Bakhoum, S.F., Chambert, K., Mick, E., Neale, B.M., Fromer,
    M., Purcell, S.M., Svantesson, O., Landen, M., Hoglund, M., Lehmann,
    S., Gabriel, S.B., Moran, J.L., Lander, E.S., Sullivan, P.F., Sklar,
    P., Gronberg, H., Hultman, C.M., & McCarroll, S.A. (2014). Clonal
    hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence.
    New England Journal of Medicine, 371(26), 2477-2487. PMID: 25426838;
    PMCID: PMC4290021.
        478. Delaneau, O., Marchini, J., & 1000 Genomes Project Consortium.
    (2014). Integrating sequence and array data to create an improved 1000
    Genomes Project haplotype reference panel. Nature Communications, 5,
    3934. PMID: 25653097; PMCID: PMC4338501.
        479. Engreitz, J., Lander, E.S., & Guttman, M. (2015). RNA
    antisense purification (RAP) for mapping RNA interactions with
    chromatin. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1262, 183-197. PMID: 25555582.
        480. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, Brat, D.J., Verhaak,
    R.G., Aldape, K.D., Yung, W.K., Salama, S.R., Cooper, L.A., Rheinbay,
    E., Miller, C.R., Vitucci, M., Morozova, O., Robertson, A.G.,
    Noushmehr, H., Laird, P.W., Cherniack, A.D., Akbani, R., Huse, J.T.,
    Ciriello, G., Poisson, L.M., Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S., Berger, M.S.,
    Brennan, C., Colen, R.R., Colman, H., Flanders, A.E., Giannini, C.,
    Grifford, M., Iavarone, A., Jain, R., Joseph, I., Kim, J., Kasaian, K.,
    Mikkelsen, T., Murray, B.A., O'Neill, B.P., Pachter, L., Parsons, D.W.,
    Sougnez, C., Sulman, E.P., Vandenberg, S.R., Van Meir, E.G., von
    Deimling, A., Zhang, H., Crain, D., Lau, K., Mallery, D., Morris, S.,
    Paulauskis, J., Penny, R., Shelton, T., Sherman, M., Yena, P., Black,
    A., Bowen, J., Dicostanzo, K., Gastier-Foster, J., Leraas, K.M.,
    Lichtenberg, T.M., Pierson, C.R., Ramirez, N.C., Taylor, C., Weaver,
    S., Wise, L., Zmuda, E., Davidsen, T., Demchok, J.A., Eley, G.,
    Ferguson, M.L., Hutter, C.M., Mills Shaw, K.R., Ozenberger, B.A.,
    Sheth, M., Sofia, H.J., Tarnuzzer, R., Wang, Z., Yang, L., Zenklusen,
    J.C., Ayala, B., Baboud, J., Chudamani, S., Jensen, M.A., Liu, J.,
    Pihl, T., Raman, R., Wan, Y., Wu, Y., Ally, A., Auman, J.T.,
    Balasundaram, M., Balu, S., Baylin, S.B., Beroukhim, R., Bootwalla,
    M.S., Bowlby, R., Bristow, C.A., Brooks, D., Butterfield, Y., Carlsen,
    R., Carter, S., Chin, L., Chu, A., Chuah, E., Cibulskis, K., Clarke,
    A., Coetzee, S.G., Dhalla, N., Fennell, T., Fisher, S., Gabriel, S.,
    Getz, G., Gibbs, R., Guin, R., Hadjipanayis, A., Hayes, D.N., Hinoue,
    T., Hoadley, K., Holt, R.A., Hoyle, A.P., Jefferys, S.R., Jones, S.,
    Jones, C.D., Kucherlapati, R., Lai, P.H., Lander, E.S., Lee, S.,
    Lichtenstein, L., Ma, Y., Maglinte, D.T., Mahadeshwar, H.S., Marra,
    M.A., Mayo, M., Meng, S., Meyerson, M.L., Mieczkowski, P.A., Moore,
    R.A., Mose, L.E., Mungall, A.J., Pantazi, A., Parfenov, M., Park, P.J.,
    Parker, J.S., Perou, C.M., Protopopov, A., Ren, X., Roach, J., Sabedot,
    T.S., Schein, J., Schumacher, S.E., Seidman, J.G., Seth, S., Shen, H.,
    Simons, J.V., Sipahimalani, P., Soloway, M.G., Song, X., Sun, H.,
    Tabak, B., Tam, A., Tan, D., Tang, J., Thiessen, N., Triche, T., Van
    Den Berg, D.J., Veluvolu, U., Waring, S., Weisenberger, D.J.,
    Wilkerson, M.D., Wong, T., Wu, J., Xi, L., Xu, A.W., Yang, L., Zack,
    T.I., Zhang, J., Aksoy, B.A., Arachchi, H., Benz, C., Bernard, B.,
    Carlin, D., Cho, J., DiCara, D., Frazer, S., Fuller, G.N., Gao, J.,
    Gehlenborg, N., Haussler, D., Heiman, D.I., Iype, L., Jacobsen, A., Ju,
    Z., Katzman, S., Kim, H., Knijnenburg, T., Kreisberg, R.B., Lawrence,
    M.S., Lee, W., Leinonen, K., Lin, P., Ling, S., Liu, W., Liu, Y., Liu,
    Y., Lu, Y., Mills, G., Ng, S., Noble, M.S., Paull, E., Rao, A.,
    Reynolds, S., Saksena, G., Sanborn, Z., Sander, C., Schultz, N.,
    Senbabaoglu, Y., Shen, R., Shmulevich, I., Sinha, R., Stuart, J.,
    Sumer, S.O., Sun, Y., Tasman, N., Taylor, B.S., Voet, D., Weinhold, N.,
    Weinstein, J.N., Yang, D., Yoshihara, K., Zheng, S., Zhang, W., Zou,
    L., Abel, T., Sadeghi, S., Cohen, M.L., Eschbacher, J., Hattab, E.M.,
    Raghunathan, A., Schniederjan, M.J., Aziz, D., Barnett, G., Barrett,
    W., Bigner, D.D., Boice, L., Brewer, C., Calatozzolo, C., Campos, B.,
    Carlotti, C.G., Chan, T.A., Cuppini, L., Curley, E., Cuzzubbo, S.,
    Devine, K., DiMeco, F., Duell, R., Elder, J.B., Fehrenbach, A.,
    Finocchiaro, G., Friedman, W., Fulop, J., Gardner, J., Hermes, B.,
    Herold-Mende, C., Jungk, C., Kendler, A., Lehman, N.L., Lipp, E., Liu,
    O., Mandt, R., McGraw, M., Mclendon, R., McPherson, C., Neder, L.,
    Nguyen, P., Noss, A., Nunziata, R., Ostrom, Q.T., Palmer, C., Perin,
    A., Pollo, B., Potapov, A., Potapova, O., Rathmell, W.K., Rotin, D.,
    Scarpace, L., Schilero, C., Senecal, K., Shimmel, K., Shurkhay, V.,
    Sifri, S., Singh, R., Sloan, A.E., Smolenski, K., Staugaitis, S.M.,
    Steele, R., Thorne, L., Tirapelli, D.P., Unterberg, A., Vallurupalli,
    M., Wang, Y., Warnick, R., Williams, F., Wolinsky, Y., Bell, S.,
    Rosenberg, M., Stewart, C., Huang, F., Grimsby, J.L., Radenbaugh, A.J.,
    & Zhang, J. (2015). Comprehensive, integrative genomic analysis of
    diffuse lower-grade gliomas. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(26),
    2481-2498. PMID: 26061751; PMCID: PMC4530011.
        481. Do, R., Stitziel, N.O., Won, H.H., Jørgensen, A.B.,
    Duga, S., Angelica Merlini, P., Kiezun, A., Farrall, M., Goel, A., Zuk,
    O., Guella, I., Asselta, R., Lange, L.A., Peloso, G.M., Auer, P.L.,
    NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, Girelli, D., Martinelli, N., Farlow,
    D.N., DePristo, M.A., Roberts, R., Stewart, A.F., Saleheen, D., Danesh,
    J., Epstein, S.E., Sivapalaratnam, S., Hovingh, G.K., Kastelein, J.J.,
    Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Erdmann, J., Shah, S.H., Kraus, W.E.,
    Davies, R., Nikpay, M., Johansen, C.T., Wang, J., Hegele, R.A.,
    Hechter, E., Marz, W., Kleber, M.E., Huang, J., Johnson, A.D., Li, M.,
    Burke, G.L., Gross, M., Liu, Y., Assimes, T.L., Heiss, G., Lange, E.M.,
    Folsom, A.R., Taylor, H.A., Olivieri, O., Hamsten, A., Clarke, R.,
    Reilly, D.F., Yin, W., Rivas, M.A., Donnelly, P., Rossouw, J.E., Psaty,
    B.M., Herrington, D.M., Wilson, J.G., Rich, S.S., Bamshad, M.J., Tracy,
    R.P., Cupples, L.A., Rader, D.J., Reilly, M.P., Spertus, J.A., Cresci,
    S., Hartiala, J., Tang, W.H., Hazen, S.L., Allayee, H., Reiner, A.P.,
    Carlson, C.S., Kooperberg, C., Jackson, R.D., Boerwinkle, E., Lander,
    E.S., Schwartz, S.M., Siscovick, D.S., McPherson, R., Tybjaerg-Hansen,
    A., Abecasis, G.R., Watkins, H., Nickerson, D.A., Ardissino, D.,
    Sunyaev, S.R., O'Donnell, C.J., Altshuler, D., Gabriel, S., &
    Kathiresan, S. (2015). Exome sequencing identifies rare LDLR and APOA5
    alleles conferring risk for myocardial infarction. Nature, 518(7537),
    102-106. PMID: 25487149; PMCID: PMC4319990.
        482. Tonomura, N., Elvers, I., Thomas, R., Megquier, K., Turner-
    Maier, J., Howald, C., Sarver, A.L., Swofford, R., Frantz, A.M., Ito,
    D., Mauceli, E., Arendt, M., Noh, H.J., Koltookian, M., Biagi, T.,
    Fryc, S., Williams, C., Avery, A.C., Kim, J.H., Barber, L., Burgess,
    K., Lander, E.S., Karlsson, E.K., Azuma, C., Modiano, J.F., Breen, M.,
    & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2015). Genome-wide association study identifies
    shared risk loci common to two malignancies in golden retrievers. PLoS
    Genetics, 11(2), e1004922. PMID: 25642983; PMCID: PMC4333733,
        483. Thormaehlen, A.S., Schuberth, C., Won, H.H., Blattmann, P.,
    Joggerst-Thomalla, B., Theiss, S., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini,
    P.A., Ardissino, D., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Rader, D.J., Peloso,
    G.M., Pepperkok, R., Kathiresan, S., & Runz, H. (2015). Systematic
    cell-based phenotyping of missense alleles empowers rare variant
    association studies: a case for LDLR and myocardial infarction. PLoS
    Genetics, 11(2), e1004855. PMID: 25647241; PMCID: PMC4409815.
        484. Kim, H., Zheng, S., Amini, S.S., Virk, S.M., Mikkelsen, T.,
    Brat, D.J., Grimsby, J., Sougnez, C., Muller, F., Hu, J., Sloan, A.E.,
    Cohen, M.L., Van Meir, E.G., Scarpace, L., Laird, P.W., Weinstein,
    J.N., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., Meyerson, M., Chin, L.,
    Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S., & Verhaak, R.G. (2015). Whole-genome and
    multisector exome sequencing of primary and post-treatment glioblastoma
    reveals patterns of tumor evolution. Genome Research, 25(3), 316-327.
    PMID: 25650244; PMCID: PMC4352879.
        485. Lander, E.S. (2015). Cutting the Gordian helix--regulating
    genomic testing in the era of precision medicine. New England Journal
    of Medicine, 372(13), 1185-1186. PMID: 25689017.
        486. McHugh, C.A., Chen, C.K., Chow, A., Surka, C.F., Tran, C.,
    McDonel, P., Pandya-Jones, A., Blanco, M., Burghard, C., Moradian, A.,
    Sweredoski, M.J., Shishkin, A.A., Su, J., Lander, E.S., Hess, S.,
    Plath, K., & Guttman, M. (2015). The Xist lncRNA interacts directly
    with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3. Nature, 521(7551),
    232-236. PMID: 25915022; PMCID: PMC4516396.
        487. Lander ES. (2015). Brave New Genome. New England Journal of
    Medicine, 373(1), 5-8. PMID: 26039524.
        488. Cacchiarelli, D., Trapnell, C., Ziller, M.J., Soumillon, M.,
    Cesana, M., Karnik, R., Donaghey, J., Smith, Z.D., Ratanasirintrawoot,
    S., Zhang, X., Ho Sui, S.J., Wu, Z., Akopian, V., Gifford, C.A.,
    Doench, J., Rinn, J.L., Daley, G.Q., Meissner, A., Lander, E.S., &
    Mikkelsen, T.S. (2015). Integrative analyses of human reprogramming
    reveal dynamic nature of induced pluripotency. Cell, 162(2), 412-424.
    PMID: 26186193; PMCID: PMC4511597.
        489. Stachler, M.D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Peng, S., McKenna, A.,
    Agoston, A.T., Odze, R.D., Davison, J.M., Nason, K.S., Loda, M.,
    Leshchiner, I., Stewart, C., Stojanov, P., Seepo, S., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Ferrer-Torres, D., Lin, J., Chang, A.C., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Beer, D.G., Getz, G., Carter, S.L., & Bass, A.J. (2015). Paired exome
    analysis of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nature Genetics,
    47(9), 1047-1055. PMID: 26192918; PMCID: PMC4552571.
        490. Andersen, K.G., Shapiro, B.J., Matranga, C.B., Sealfon, R.,
    Lin, A.E., Moses, L.M., Folarin, O.A., Goba, A., Odia, I., Ehiane,
    P.E., Momoh, M., England, E.M., Winnicki, S., Branco, L.M., Gire, S.K.,
    Phelan, E., Tariyal, R., Tewhey, R., Omoniwa, O., Fullah, M., Fonnie,
    R., Fonnie, M., Kanneh, L., Jalloh, S., Gbakie, M., Saffa, S., Karbo,
    K., Gladden, A.D., Qu, J., Stremlau, M., Nekoui, M., Finucane, H.K.,
    Tabrizi, S., Vitti, J.J., Birren, B., Fitzgerald, M., McCowan, C.,
    Ireland, A., Berlin, A.M., Bochicchio, J., Tazon-Vega, B., Lennon,
    N.J., Ryan, E.M., Bjornson, Z., Milner, D.A., Lukens, A.K., Broodie,
    N., Rowland, M., Heinrich, M., Akdag, M., Schieffelin, J.S., Levy, D.,
    Akpan, H., Bausch, D.G., Rubins, K., McCormick, J.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Gunther, S., Hensley. L., Okogbenin, S., Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
    Consortium, Schaffner, S.F., Okokhere, P.O., Khan, S.H., Grant, D.S.,
    Akpede, G.O., Asogun, D.A., Gnirke, A., Levin, J.Z., Happi, C.T.,
    Garry, R.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2015). Clinical sequencing uncovers
    origins and evolution of Lassa virus. Cell, 162(4), 738-750. PMID:
    26276630; PMCID: PMC4537774.
        491. Kamburov, A., Lawrence, M.S., Polak, P., Leshchiner, I., Lage,
    K., Golub, T.R., Lander, E.S., & Getz. G. (2015). Comprehensive
    assessment of cancer missense mutation clustering in protein
    structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
    112(40), E5486-E5495. PMID: 26392535; PMCID: PMC4603469.
        492. Brastianos, P.K., Carter, S.L., Santagata, S., Cahill, D.P.,
    Taylor-Weiner, A., Jones, R.T., Van Allen, E.M., Lawrence, M.S.,
    Horowitz, P.M., Cibulskis, K., Ligon, K.L., Tabernero, J., Seoane, J.,
    Martinez-Saez, E., Curry, W.T., Dunn, I.F., Paek, S.H., Park, S.H.,
    McKenna, A., Chevalier, A., Rosenberg, M., Barker, F.G., Gill, C.M.,
    Van Hummelen, P., Thorner, A.R., Johnson, B.E., Hoang, M.P., Choueiri,
    T.K., Signoretti, S., Sougnez, C., Rabin, M.S., Lin, N.U., Winer, E.P.,
    Stemmer-Rachamimov, A., Meyerson, M., Garraway, L., Gabriel, S.,
    Lander, E.S., Beroukhim, R., Batchelor, T.T., Baselga, J., Louis, D.N.,
    Getz, G., & Hahn, W.C. (2015). Genomic characterization of brain
    metastases reveals branched evolution and potential therapeutic
    targets. Cancer Discovery, 5(11), 1164-1177. PMID: 26410082; PMCID:
    PMC4916970.
        493. Wang, T., Birsoy, K., Hughes, N.W., Krupczak, K.M., Post, Y.,
    Wei, J.J., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2015). Identification and
    characterization of essential genes in the human genome. Science,
    350(6264), 1096-1101. PMID: 26472758; PMCID: PMC4662922.
        494. Landau, D.A., Tausch, E., Taylor-Weiner, A.N., Stewart, C.,
    Reiter, J.G., Bahlo, J., Kluth, S., Bozic, I., Lawrence, M., Bottcher,
    S., Carter, S.L., Cibulskis, K., Mertens, D., Sougnez, C.L., Rosenberg,
    M., Hess, J.M., Edelmann, J., Kless, S., Kneba, M., Ritgen, M., Fink,
    A., Fischer, K., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Nowak, M.A., Dohner, H.,
    Hallek, M., Neuberg, D., Getz, G., Stilgenbauer, S., & Wu, C.J. (2015).
    Mutations driving CLL and their evolution in progression and relapse.
    Nature, 526(7574), 525-530. PMID: 26466571; PMCID: PMC4815041.
        495. Golan, D., Rosset, S., & Lander, E.S. (2015). Downward bias in
    heritability estimation is not due to simplified linkage equilibrium
    SNP simulation [Reply]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 112(40), E5452-5453. PMID: 26417112; PMCID: PMC4603505.
        496. Sanborn, A.L., Rao, S.S., Huang, S.C., Durand, N.C., Huntley,
    M.H., Jewett, A.I., Bochkov, I.D., Chinnappan, D., Cutkosky, A., Li,
    J., Geeting, K.P., Gnirke, A., Melnikov, A., McKenna, D., Stamenova,
    E.K., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2015). Chromatin extrusion explains
    key features of loop and domain formation in wild-type and engineered
    genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 112(47),
    E6456-E6465. PMID: 26499245; PMCID: PMC4664323.
        497. Kasar, S., Kim, J., Improgo, R., Tiao, G., Polak, P.,
    Haradhvala, N., Lawrence, M.S., Kiezun, A., Fernandes, S.M., Bahl, S.,
    Sougnez, C., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Kim, H.T., Getz, G., & Brown,
    J.R. (2015). Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced
    cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic
    leukaemia evolution. Nature Communications, 6, 8866. PMID: 26638776;
    PMCID: PMC4686820.
        498. Lander, E.S. (2016). The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell, 164(1-2), 18-
    28. PMID: 26771483.
        499. Yassour, M., Lim, M.Y., Yun, H.S., Tickle, T.L., Sung, J.,
    Song, Y.M., Lee, K., Franzosa, E.A., Morgan, X.C., Gevers, D., Lander,
    E.S., Xavier, R.J., Birren, B.W., Ko, G., & Huttenhower, C. (2016).
    Sub-clinical detection of gut microbial biomarkers of obesity and type
    2 diabetes. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 17. PMID: 26884067; PMCID:
    PMC4756455.
        500. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Single guide
    RNA library design and construction. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3,
    pdb.prot090803. PMID: 26933249; PMCID: PMC4804709.
        501. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Viral
    packaging and cell culture for CRISPR-based screens. Cold Spring Harbor
    Protocols, 3, pdb.prot090811. PMID: 26933250; PMCID: PMC4804706.
        502. Wang, T., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2016). Large-scale
    single guide RNA library construction and use for CRISPR-Cas9-based
    genetic screens. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3, pdb.top086892. PMID:
    26933254; PMCID: PMC4804892.
        503. Giannakis, M., Mu, X.J., Shukla, S.A., Qian, Z.R., Cohen, O.,
    Nishihara, R., Bahl, S., Cao, Y., Amin-Mansour, A., Yamauchi, M.,
    Sukawa, Y., Stewart, C., Rosenberg, M., Mima, K., Inamura, K., Nosho,
    K., Nowak, J.A., Lawrence, M.S., Giovannucci, E.L., Chan, A.T., Ng, K.,
    Meyerhardt, J.A., Van Allen, E.M., Getz, G., Gabriel, S.B., Lander,
    E.S., Wu, C.J., Fuchs, C.S., Ogino, S., & Garraway, L.A. (2016).
    Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma.
    Cell Reports, 15(4), 857-865. PMID: 27149842; PMCID: PMC4850357.
        504. Blumenstiel, B., DeFelice, M., Birsoy, O., Bleyer, A.J.,
    Kmoch, S., Carter, T.A., Gnirke, A., Kidd, K., Rehm, H.L., Ronco, L.,
    Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., & Lennon, N.J. (2016). Development and
    validation of a mass spectrometry-based assay for the molecular
    diagnosis of Mucin-1 kidney disease. The Journal of Molecular
    Diagnostics, 18(4), 566-571. PMID: 27157321.
        505. Abudayyeh, O.O., Gootenberg, J.S., Konermann, S., Joung, J.,
    Slaymaker, I.M., Cox, D.B., Shmakov, S., Makarova, K.S., Semenova, E.,
    Minakhin, L., Severinov, K., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Koonin, E.V., &
    Zhang, F. (2016). C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided
    RNA-targeting CRISPR effector. Science, 353(6299), aaf5573. PMID:
    27256883.
        506. Tewhey, R., Kotliar, D., Park, D.S., Liu, B., Winnicki, S.,
    Reilly, S.K., Andersen, K.G., Mikkelsen, T.S., Lander, E.S., Schaffner,
    S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2016). Direct identification of hundreds of
    expression-modulating variants using a multiplexed reporter assay.
    Cell, 165(6), 1519-1529. PMID: 27259153; PMCID: PMC4957403.
        507. Yassour, M., Vatanen, T., Siljander, H., Hamalainen, A.M.,
    Harkonen, T., Ryhanen, S.J., Franzosa, E.A., Vlamakis, H., Huttenhower,
    C., Gevers, D., Lander, E.S., Knip, M., DIABIMMUNE Study Group, &
    Xavier, R.J. (2016). Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and
    impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and
    stability. Science Translational Medicine, 8(343), 343ra81. PMID:
    27306663; PMCID: PMC5032909.
        508. Darrow, E.M., Huntley, M.H., Dudchenko, O., Stamenova, E.K.,
    Durand, N.C., Sun, Z., Huang, S.C., Sanborn, A.L., Machol, I., Shamim,
    M., Seberg, A.P., Lander, E.S., Chadwick, B.P., & Aiden, E.L. (2016).
    Deletion of DXZ4 on the human inactive X chromosome alters higher-order
    genome architecture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    USA, 113(31), E4504-E4512. PMID: 27432957; PMCID: PMC4978254.
        509. Durand, N.C., Robinson, J.T., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I.,
    Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2016). Juicebox provides a
    visualization system for Hi-C contact maps with unlimited zoom. Cell
    Systems, 3(1), 99-101. PMID: 27467250.
        510. Durand, N.C., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I., Rao, S.S., Huntley,
    M.H., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2016). Juicer provides a one-click
    system for analyzing loop-resolution Hi-C experiments. Cell Systems,
    3(1), 95-98. PMID: 27467249.
        511. Burger, J.A., Landau, D.A., Taylor-Weiner, A., Bozic, I.,
    Zhang, H., Sarosiek, K., Wang, L., Stewart, C., Fan, J., Hoellenriegel,
    J., Sivina, M., Dubuc, A.M., Fraser, C., Han, Y., Li, S., Livak, K.J.,
    Zou, L., Wan, Y., Konoplev, S., Sougnez, C., Brown, J.R., Abruzzo,
    L.V., Carter, S.L., Keating, M.J., Davids, M.S., Wierda, W.G.,
    Cibulskis, K., Zenz, T., Werner, L., Dal Cin, P., Kharchencko, P.,
    Neuberg, D., Kantarjian, H., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., O'Brien, S.,
    Letai, A., Weitz, D.A., Nowak, M.A., Getz, G., & Wu, C.J. (2016).
    Clonal evolution in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
    developing resistance to BTK inhibition. Nature Communications, 20(7),
    11589. PMID: 27199251; PMCID: PMC4876453.
        512. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., Lawson, K.S., Bartz,
    T.M., Deng, X., van Leeuwen, E.M., Natarajan, P., Emdin, C.A., Bick,
    A.G., Morrison, A.C., Brody, J.A., Gupta, N., Nomura, A., Kessler, T.,
    Duga, S., Bis, J.C., van Duijn, C.M., Cupples, L.A., Psaty, B., Rader,
    D.J., Danesh, J., Schunkert, H., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins,
    H., Lander, E.S., Wilson, J.G., Correa, A., Boerwinkle, E., Merlini,
    P.A., Ardissino, D., Saleheen, D., Gabriel, S., & Kathiresan, S.
    (2016). Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial
    hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe
    hypercholesterolemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
    67(22), 2578-2589. PMID: 27050191.
        513. Engreitz, J.M., Haines, J.E., Perez, E.M., Munson, G., Chen,
    J., Kane, M., McDonel, P.E., Guttman, M., & Lander, E.S. (2016). Local
    regulation of gene expression by lncRNA promoters, transcription and
    splicing. Nature 539(7629), 452-455. PMID: 27783602
        514. Dixit, A., Parnas, O., Li, B., Chen, J., Fulco, C.P., Jerby-
    Arnon, L., Marjanovic, N.D., Dionne, D., Burks, T., Raychowdhury, R.,
    Adamson, B., Norman, T.M., Lander, E.S., Weissman, J.S., Friedman, N.,
    & Regev, A. (2016). Perturb-Seq: Dissecting Molecular Circuits with
    Scalable Single-Cell RNA Profiling of Pooled Genetic Screens. Cell,
    167(7), 1853-1866.e1817.
        515. Emdin, C.A., Khera, A.V., Natarajan, P., Klarin, D., Won,
    H.H., Peloso, G.M., Stitziel, N.O., Nomura, A., Zekavat, S.M., Bick,
    A.G., Gupta, N., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S.,
    Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., McPherson, R.,
    Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R., Felix, J.F.,
    Vasan, R.S., Lander, E., Rader, D.J., Danesh, J., Ardissino, D.,
    Gabriel, S., Saleheen, D., & Kathiresan, S. (2016). Phenotypic
    Characterization of Genetically Lowered Human Lipoprotein(a) Levels.
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 68(25), 2761-2772.
        516. Fuchsberger, C., Flannick, J., Teslovich, T.M., Mahajan, A.,
    Agarwala, V., Gaulton, K.J., Ma, C., Fontanillas, P., Moutsianas, L.,
    McCarthy, D.J., Rivas, M.A., Perry, J.R., Sim, X., Blackwell, T.W.,
    Robertson, N.R., Rayner, N.W., Cingolani, P., Locke, A.E., Fernandez
    Tajes, J., Highland, H.M., Dupuis, J., Chines, P.S., Lindgren, C.M.,
    Hartl, C., Jackson, A.U., Chen, H., Huyghe, J.R., van de Bunt, M.,
    Pearson, R.D., Kumar, A., Muller-Nurasyid, M., Grarup, N., Stringham,
    H.M., Gamazon, E.R., Lee, J., Chen, Y., Scott, R.A., Below, J.E., Chen,
    P., Huang, J., Go, M.J., Stitzel, M.L., Pasko, D., Parker, S.C., Varga,
    T.V., Green, T., Beer, N.L., Day-Williams, A.G., Ferreira, T.,
    Fingerlin, T., Horikoshi, M., Hu, C., Huh, I., Ikram, M.K., Kim, B.J.,
    Kim, Y., Kim, Y.J., Kwon, M.S., Lee, J., Lee, S., Lin, K.H., Maxwell,
    T.J., Nagai, Y., Wang, X., Welch, R.P., Yoon, J., Zhang, W., Barzilai,
    N., Voight, B.F., Han, B.G., Jenkinson, C.P., Kuulasmaa, T., Kuusisto,
    J., Manning, A., Ng, M.C., Palmer, N.D., Balkau, B., Stancakova, A.,
    Abboud, H.E., Boeing, H., Giedraitis, V., Prabhakaran, D., Gottesman,
    O., Scott, J., Carey, J., Kwan, P., Grant, G., Smith, J.D., Neale,
    B.M., Purcell, S., Butterworth, A.S., Howson, J.M., Lee, H.M., Lu, Y.,
    Kwak, S.H., Zhao, W., Danesh, J., Lam, V.K., Park, K.S., Saleheen, D.,
    So, W.Y., Tam, C.H., Afzal, U., Aguilar, D., Arya, R., Aung, T., Chan,
    E., Navarro, C., Cheng, C.Y., Palli, D., Correa, A., Curran, J.E.,
    Rybin, D., Farook, V.S., Fowler, S.P., Freedman, B.I., Griswold, M.,
    Hale, D.E., Hicks, P.J., Khor, C.C., Kumar, S., Lehne, B., Thuillier,
    D., Lim, W.Y., Liu, J., van der Schouw, Y.T., Loh, M., Musani, S.K.,
    Puppala, S., Scott, W.R., Yengo, L., Tan, S.T., Taylor, H.A., Jr.,
    Thameem, F., Wilson, G., Sr., Wong, T.Y., Njolstad, P.R., Levy, J.C.,
    Mangino, M., Bonnycastle, L.L., Schwarzmayr, T., Fadista, J.,
    Surdulescu, G.L., Herder, C., Groves, C.J., Wieland, T., Bork-Jensen,
    J., Brandslund, I., Christensen, C., Koistinen, H.A., Doney, A.S.,
    Kinnunen, L., Esko, T., Farmer, A.J., Hakaste, L., Hodgkiss, D.,
    Kravic, J., Lyssenko, V., Hollensted, M., Jorgensen, M.E., Jorgensen,
    T., Ladenvall, C., Justesen, J.M., Karajamaki, A., Kriebel, J.,
    Rathmann, W., Lannfelt, L., Lauritzen, T., Narisu, N., Linneberg, A.,
    Melander, O., Milani, L., Neville, M., Orho-Melander, M., Qi, L., Qi,
    Q., Roden, M., Rolandsson, O., Swift, A., Rosengren, A.H., Stirrups,
    K., Wood, A.R., Mihailov, E., Blancher, C., Carneiro, M.O., Maguire,
    J., Poplin, R., Shakir, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., Hrabe de
    Angelis, M., Deloukas, P., Gjesing, A.P., Jun, G., Nilsson, P., Murphy,
    J., Onofrio, R., Thorand, B., Hansen, T., Meisinger, C., Hu, F.B.,
    Isomaa, B., Karpe, F., Liang, L., Peters, A., Huth, C., O'Rahilly,
    S.P., Palmer, C.N., Pedersen, O., Rauramaa, R., Tuomilehto, J.,
    Salomaa, V., Watanabe, R.M., Syvanen, A.C., Bergman, R.N., Bharadwaj,
    D., Bottinger, E.P., Cho, Y.S., Chandak, G.R., Chan, J.C., Chia, K.S.,
    Daly, M.J., Ebrahim, S.B., Langenberg, C., Elliott, P., Jablonski,
    K.A., Lehman, D.M., Jia, W., Ma, R.C., Pollin, T.I., Sandhu, M.,
    Tandon, N., Froguel, P., Barroso, I., Teo, Y.Y., Zeggini, E., Loos,
    R.J., Small, K.S., Ried, J.S., DeFronzo, R.A., Grallert, H., Glaser,
    B., Metspalu, A., Wareham, N.J., Walker, M., Banks, E., Gieger, C.,
    Ingelsson, E., Im, H.K., Illig, T., Franks, P.W., Buck, G., Trakalo,
    J., Buck, D., Prokopenko, I., Magi, R., Lind, L., Farjoun, Y., Owen,
    K.R., Gloyn, A.L., Strauch, K., Tuomi, T., Kooner, J.S., Lee, J.Y.,
    Park, T., Donnelly, P., Morris, A.D., Hattersley, A.T., Bowden, D.W.,
    Collins, F.S., Atzmon, G., Chambers, J.C., Spector, T.D., Laakso, M.,
    Strom, T.M., Bell, G.I., Blangero, J., Duggirala, R., Tai, E.S.,
    McVean, G., Hanis, C.L., Wilson, J.G., Seielstad, M., Frayling, T.M.,
    Meigs, J.B., Cox, N.J., Sladek, R., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Burtt,
    N.P., Mohlke, K.L., Meitinger, T., Groop, L., Abecasis, G., Florez,
    J.C., Scott, L.J., Morris, A.P., Kang, H.M., Boehnke, M., Altshuler,
    D., & McCarthy, M.I. (2016). The genetic architecture of type 2
    diabetes. Nature, 536(7614), 41-47.
        517. Fulco, C.P., Munschauer, M., Anyoha, R., Munson, G., Grossman,
    S.R., Perez, E.M., Kane, M., Cleary, B., Lander, E.S., & Engreitz, J.M.
    (2016). Systematic mapping of functional enhancer-promoter connections
    with CRISPR interference. Science, 354(6313), 769-773.
        518. Park, R.J., Wang, T., Koundakjian, D., Hultquist, J.F.,
    Lamothe-Molina, P., Monel, B., Schumann, K., Yu, H., Krupzcak, K.M.,
    Garcia-Beltran, W., Piechocka-Trocha, A., Krogan, N.J., Marson, A.,
    Sabatini, D.M., Lander, E.S., Hacohen, N., & Walker, B.D. (2017). A
    genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host
    dependency factors. Nature Genetics, 49(2), 193-203. doi: 10.1038/
    ng.3741.
        519. Guo, M.H., Nandakumar, S.K., Ulirsch, J.C., Zekavat, S.M.,
    Buenrostro, J.D., Natarajan, P., Salem, R.M., Chiarle, R., Mitt, M.,
    Kals, M., Parn, K., Fischer, K., Milani, L., Magi, R., Palta, P.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Metspalu, A., Lander, E.S., Kathiresan, S., Hirschhorn,
    J.N., Esko, T., & Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Comprehensive population-based
    genome sequencing provides insight into hematopoietic regulatory
    mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A,
    114(3), E327-e336.
        520. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2017). Integrated
    genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature, 541(7636),
    169-175.
        521. Grossman, S.R., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Engreitz, J., Melnikov,
    A., Rogov, P., Tewhey, R., Isakova, A., Deplancke, B., Bernstein, B.E.,
    Mikkelsen, T.S., & Lander, E.S. (2017). Systematic dissection of
    genomic features determining transcription factor binding and enhancer
    function. Proceedings of the Nationall Academy of Sciences U S A,
    114(7), E1291-e1300.
        522. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., O'Dushlaine, C., Liu,
    D., Stitziel, N.O., Natarajan, P., Nomura, A., Emdin, C.A., Gupta, N.,
    Borecki, I.B., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey,
    D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner, H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus,
    J.N., Hartzel, D.N., Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua,
    R., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J.,
    Danesh, J., Ardissino, D., Gabriel, S., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R.,
    Saleheen, D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Association of rare
    and common variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene with coronary
    artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 317(9),
    937-946.
        523. Kim, A.R., Ulirsch, J.C., Wilmes, S., Unal, E., Moraga, I.,
    Karakukcu, M., Yuan, D., Kazerounian, S., Abdulhay, N.J., King, D.S.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Patiroglu, T., Ozcan, A.,
    Ozdemir, M.A., Garcia, K.C., Piehler, J., Gazda, H.T., Klein, D.E., &
    Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Functional selectivity in cytokine signaling
    revealed through a pathogenic EPO mutation. Cell, 168(6), 1053-
    1064.e1015.
        524. Wang, T., Yu, H., Hughes, N.W., Liu, B., Kendirli, A., Klein,
    K., Chen, W.W., Lander, E.S., & Sabatini, D.M. (2017). Gene
    essentiality profiling reveals gene networks and synthetic lethal
    interactions with oncogenic Ras. Cell, 168(5), 890-903.e815.
        525. Dudchenko, O., Batra, S.S., Omer, A.D., Nyquist, S.K., Hoeger,
    M., Durand, N.C., Shamim, M.S., Machol, I., Lander, E.S., Aiden, A.P.,
    & Aiden, E.L. (2017). De novo assembly of the aedes aegypti genome
    using hi-c yields chromosome-length scaffolds. Science, 356(6333), 92-
    95.
        526. Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., O'Dushlaine, C., Liu,
    D., Stitziel, N.O., Natarajan, P., Nomura, A., Emdin, C.A., Gupta, N.,
    Borecki, I.B., Asselta, R., Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A.,
    Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown, M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey,
    D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner, H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus,
    J.N., Hartzel, D.N., Samani, N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua,
    R., McPherson, R., Farrall, M., Watkins, H., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J.,
    Danesh, J., Ardissino, D., Gabriel, S., Willer, C., Abecasis, G.R.,
    Saleheen, D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Association of rare
    and common variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene with coronary
    artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Associatio, 317(9),
    937-946.
        527. Kim, A.R., Ulirsch, J.C., Wilmes, S., Unal, E., Moraga, I.,
    Karakukcu, M., Yuan, D., Kazerounian, S., Abdulhay, N.J., King, D.S.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Patiroglu, T., Ozcan, A.,
    Ozdemir, M.A., Garcia, K.C., Piehler, J., Gazda, H.T., Klein, D.E., &
    Sankaran, V.G. (2017). Functional selectivity in cytokine signaling
    revealed through a pathogenic epo mutation. Cell, 168(6), 1053-
    1064.e1015.
        528. Mitt, M., Kals, M., Parn, K., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S.,
    Palotie, A., Ripatti, S., Morris, A.P., Metspalu, A., Esko, T., Magi,
    R., & Palta, P. (2017). Improved imputation accuracy of rare and low-
    frequency variants using population-specific high-coverage wgs-based
    imputation reference panel. European Journal of Human Genetics, 25(7),
    869-876.
        529. Nomura, A., Won, H.H., Khera, A.V., Takeuchi, F., Ito, K.,
    McCarthy, S., Emdin, C.A., Klarin, D., Natarajan, P., Zekavat, S.M.,
    Gupta, N., Peloso, G.M., Borecki, I.B., Teslovich, T.M., Asselta, R.,
    Duga, S., Merlini, P.A., Correa, A., Kessler, T., Wilson, J.G., Bown,
    M.J., Hall, A.S., Braund, P.S., Carey, D.J., Murray, M.F., Kirchner,
    H.L., Leader, J.B., Lavage, D.R., Manus, J.N., Hartze, D.N., Samani,
    N.J., Schunkert, H., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., McPherson, R., Farrall,
    M., Watkins, H., Juang, J.J., Hsiung, C.A., Lin, S.Y., Wang, J.S.,
    Tada, H., Kawashiri, M.A., Inazu, A., Yamagishi, M., Katsuya, T.,
    Nakashima, E., Nakatochi, M., Yamamoto, K., Yokota, M., Momozawa, Y.,
    Rotter, J.I., Lander, E.S., Rader, D.J., Danesh, J., Ardissino, D.,
    Gabriel, S., Willer, C.J., Abecasis, G.R., Saleheen, D., Kubo, M.,
    Kato, N., Ida Chen, Y.D., Dewey, F.E., & Kathiresan, S. (2017).
    Protein-truncating variants at the cholesteryl ester transfer protein
    gene and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation Research, 121(1),
    81-88.
        530. Ott, P.A., Hu, Z., Keskin, D.B., Shukla, S.A., Sun, J., Bozym,
    D.J., Zhang, W., Luoma, A., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Peter, L., Chen, C.,
    Olive, O., Carter, T.A., Li, S., Lieb, D.J., Eisenhaure, T., Gjini, E.,
    Stevens, J., Lane, W.J., Javeri, I., Nellaiappan, K., Salazar, A.M.,
    Daley, H., Seaman, M., Buchbinder, E.I., Yoon, C.H., Harden, M.,
    Lennon, N., Gabriel, S., Rodig, S.J., Barouch, D.H., Aster, J.C., Getz,
    G., Wucherpfennig, K., Neuberg, D., Ritz, J., Lander, E.S., Fritsch,
    E.F., Hacohen, N., & Wu, C.J. (2017). An immunogenic personal
    neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma. Nature, 547(7662), 217-
    221.
        531. Rheinbay, E., Parasuraman, P., Grimsby, J., Tiao, G.,
    Engreitz, J.M., Kim, J., Lawrence, M.S., Taylor-Weiner, A., Rodriguez-
    Cuevas, S., Rosenberg, M., Hess, J., Stewart, C., Maruvka, Y.E.,
    Stojanov, P., Cortes, M.L., Seepo, S., Cibulskis, C., Tracy, A., Pugh,
    T.J., Lee, J., Zheng, Z., Ellisen, L.W., Iafrate, A.J., Boehm, J.S.,
    Gabriel, S.B., Meyerson, M., Golub, T.R., Baselga, J., Hidalgo-Miranda,
    A., Shioda, T., Bernards, A., Lander, E.S., & Getz, G. (2017).
    Recurrent and functional regulatory mutations in breast cancer. Nature,
    547(7661), 55-60.
        532. Rusu, V., Hoch, E., Mercader, J.M., Tenen, D.E., Gymrek, M.,
    Hartigan, C.R., DeRan, M., von Grotthuss, M., Fontanillas, P., Spooner,
    A., Guzman, G., Deik, A.A., Pierce, K.A., Dennis, C., Clish, C.B.,
    Carr, S.A., Wagner, B.K., Schenone, M., Ng, M.C.Y., Chen, B.H.,
    Centeno-Cruz, F., Zerrweck, C., Orozco, L., Altshuler, D.M., Schreiber,
    S.L., Florez, J.C., Jacobs, S.B.R., & Lander, E.S. (2017). Type 2
    diabetes variants disrupt function of slc16a11 through two distinct
    mechanisms. Cell, 170(1), 199-212.e120.
        533. Saleheen, D., Natarajan, P., Armean, I.M., Zhao, W., Rasheed,
    A., Khetarpal, S.A., Won, H.H., Karczewski, K.J., O'Donnell-Luria,
    A.H., Samocha, K.E., Weisburd, B., Gupta, N., Zaidi, M., Samuel, M.,
    Imran, A., Abbas, S., Majeed, F., Ishaq, M., Akhtar, S., Trindade, K.,
    Mucksavage, M., Qamar, N., Zaman, K.S., Yaqoob, Z., Saghir, T., Rizvi,
    S.N.H., Memon, A., Hayyat Mallick, N., Ishaq, M., Rasheed, S.Z., Memon,
    F.U., Mahmood, K., Ahmed, N., Do, R., Krauss, R.M., MacArthur, D.G.,
    Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S., Daly, M.J., Frossard, P., Danesh, J., Rader,
    D.J., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Human knockouts and phenotypic analysis
    in a cohort with a high rate of consanguinity. Nature, 544(7649), 235-
    239.
        534. Stitziel, N.O., Khera, A.V., Wang, X., Bierhals, A.J.,
    Vourakis, A.C., Sperry, A.E., Natarajan, P., Klarin, D., Emdin, C.A.,
    Zekavat, S.M., Nomura, A., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Samani, N.J.,
    Kraus, W.E., Shah, S.H., Yu, B., Boerwinkle, E., Rader, D.J., Gupta,
    N., Frossard, P.M., Rasheed, A., Danesh, J., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S.,
    Saleheen, D., Musunuru, K., & Kathiresan, S. (2017). Angptl3 deficiency
    and protection against coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol,
    69(16), 2054-2063.
        535. Tiao, G., Improgo, M.R., Kasar, S., Poh, W., Kamburov, A.,
    Landau, D.A., Tausch, E., Taylor-Weiner, A., Cibulskis, C., Bahl, S.,
    Fernandes, S.M., Hoang, K., Rheinbay, E., Kim, H.T., Bahlo, J.,
    Robrecht, S., Fischer, K., Hallek, M., Gabriel, S., Lander, E.S.,
    Stilgenbauer, S., Wu, C.J., Kiezun, A., Getz, G., & Brown, J.R. (2017).
    Rare germline variants in atm are associated with chronic lymphocytic
    leukemia. Leukemia 31(10), 2244-2247.
        536. Joung, J., Engreitz, J.M., Konermann, S., Abudayyeh, O.O.,
    Verdine, V.K., Aguet, F., Gootenberg, J.S., Sanjana, N.E., Wright,
    J.B., Fulco, C.P., Tseng, Y.Y., Yoon, C.H., Boehm, J.S., Lander, E.S.,
    & Zhang, F. (2017). Genome-scale activation screen identifies a lncrna
    locus regulating a gene neighbourhood. Nature, 548(7667), 343-346.
        537. Polak, P., Kim, J., Braunstein, L.Z., Karlic, R., Haradhavala,
    N.J., Tiao, G., Rosebrock, D., Livitz, D., Kubler, K., Mouw, K.W.,
    Kamburov, A., Maruvka, Y.E., Leshchiner, I., Lander, E.S., Golub, T.R.,
    Zick, A., Orthwein, A., Lawrence, M.S., Batra, R.N., Caldas, C., Haber,
    D.A., Laird, P.W., Shen, H., Ellisen, L.W., D'Andrea, A.D., Chanock,
    S.J., Foulkes, W.D., & Getz, G. (2017). A mutational signature reveals
    alterations underlying deficient homologous recombination repair in
    breast cancer. Nature Genetics 49(10), 1476-1486.
        538. Abudayyeh, O.O., Gootenberg, J.S., Essletzbichler, P., Han,
    S., Joung, J., Belanto, J.J., Verdine, V., Cox, D.B.T., Kellner, M.J.,
    Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Voytas, D.F., Ting, A.Y., & Zhang, F. (2017).
    Rna targeting with crispr-cas13. Nature, 550(7675), 280-284.
        539. Rao, S.S.P., Huang, S.C., Glenn St Hilaire, B., Engreitz,
    J.M., Perez, E.M., Kieffer-Kwon, K.R., Sanborn, A.L., Johnstone, S.E.,
    Bascom, G.D., Bochkov, I.D., Huang, X., Shamim, M.S., Shin, J., Turner,
    D., Ye, Z., Omer, A.D., Robinson, J.T., Schlick, T., Bernstein, B.E.,
    Casellas, R., Lander, E.S., & Aiden, E.L. (2017). Cohesin loss
    eliminates all loop domains. Cell, 171(2), 305-320.e324.
        540. Cleary, B., Cong, L., Cheung, A., Lander, E.S., & Regev, A.
    (2017). Efficient generation of transcriptomic profiles by random
    composite measurements. Cell, 171(6), 1424-1436.e1418.
        541. Hall, A.B., Yassour, M., Sauk, J., Garner, A., Jiang, X.,
    Arthur, T., Lagoudas, G.K., Vatanen, T., Fornelos, N., Wilson, R.,
    Bertha, M., Cohen, M., Garber, J., Khalili, H., Gevers, D.,
    Ananthakrishnan, A.N., Kugathasan, S., Lander, E.S., Blainey, P.,
    Vlamakis, H., Xavier, R.J., & Huttenhower, C. (2017). A novel
    ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease
    patients. Genome Med, 9(1), 103.
        542. Flannick, J., Fuchsberger, C., Mahajan, A., Teslovich, T.M.,
    Agarwala, V., Gaulton, K.J., Caulkins, L., Koesterer, R., Ma, C.,
    Moutsianas, L., McCarthy, D.J., Rivas, M.A., Perry, J.R.B., Sim, X.,
    Blackwell, T.W., Robertson, N.R., Rayner, N.W., Cingolani, P., Locke,
    A.E., Tajes, J.F., Highland, H.M., Dupuis, J., Chines, P.S., Lindgren,
    C.M., Hartl, C., Jackson, A.U., Chen, H., Huyghe, J.R., van de Bunt,
    M., Pearson, R.D., Kumar, A., Muller-Nurasyid, M., Grarup, N.,
    Stringham, H.M., Gamazon, E.R., Lee, J., Chen, Y., Scott, R.A., Below,
    J.E., Chen, P., Huang, J., Go, M.J., Stitzel, M.L., Pasko, D., Parker,
    S.C.J., Varga, T.V., Green, T., Beer, N.L., Day-Williams, A.G.,
    Ferreira, T., Fingerlin, T., Horikoshi, M., Hu, C., Huh, I., Ikram,
    M.K., Kim, B.J., Kim, Y., Kim, Y.J., Kwon, M.S., Lee, J., Lee, S., Lin,
    K.H., Maxwell, T.J., Nagai, Y., Wang, X., Welch, R.P., Yoon, J., Zhang,
    W., Barzilai, N., Voight, B.F., Han, B.G., Jenkinson, C.P., Kuulasmaa,
    T., Kuusisto, J., Manning, A., Ng, M.C.Y., Palmer, N.D., Balkau, B.,
    Stancakova, A., Abboud, H.E., Boeing, H., Giedraitis, V., Prabhakaran,
    D., Gottesman, O., Scott, J., Carey, J., Kwan, P., Grant, G., Smith,
    J.D., Neale, B.M., Purcell, S., Butterworth, A.S., Howson, J.M.M., Lee,
    H.M., Lu, Y., Kwak, S.H., Zhao, W., Danesh, J., Lam, V.K.L., Park,
    K.S., Saleheen, D., So, W.Y., Tam, C.H.T., Afzal, U., Aguilar, D.,
    Arya, R., Aung, T., Chan, E., Navarro, C., Cheng, C.Y., Palli, D.,
    Correa, A., Curran, J.E., Rybin, D., Farook, V.S., Fowler, S.P.,
    Freedman, B.I., Griswold, M., Hale, D.E., Hicks, P.J., Khor, C.C.,
    Kumar, S., Lehne, B., Thuillier, D., Lim, W.Y., Liu, J., Loh, M.,
    Musani, S.K., Puppala, S., Scott, W.R., Yengo, L., Tan, S.T., Taylor,
    H.A., Thameem, F., Wilson, G., Wong, T.Y., Njolstad, P.R., Levy, J.C.,
    Mangino, M., Bonnycastle, L.L., Schwarzmayr, T., Fadista, J.,
    Surdulescu, G.L., Herder, C., Groves, C.J., Wieland, T., Bork-Jensen,
    J., Brandslund, I., Christensen, C., Koistinen, H.A., Doney, A.S.F.,
    Kinnunen, L., Esko, T., Farmer, A.J., Hakaste, L., Hodgkiss, D.,
    Kravic, J., Lyssenko, V., Hollensted, M., Jorgensen, M.E., Jorgensen,
    T., Ladenvall, C., Justesen, J.M., Karajamaki, A., Kriebel, J.,
    Rathmann, W., Lannfelt, L., Lauritzen, T., Narisu, N., Linneberg, A.,
    Melander, O., Milani, L., Neville, M., Orho-Melander, M., Qi, L., Qi,
    Q., Roden, M., Rolandsson, O., Swift, A., Rosengren, A.H., Stirrups,
    K., Wood, A.R., Mihailov, E., Blancher, C., Carneiro, M.O., Maguire,
    J., Poplin, R., Shakir, K., Fennell, T., DePristo, M., de Angelis,
    M.H., Deloukas, P., Gjesing, A.P., Jun, G., Nilsson, P., Murphy, J.,
    Onofrio, R., Thorand, B., Hansen, T., Meisinger, C., Hu, F.B., Isomaa,
    B., Karpe, F., Liang, L., Peters, A., Huth, C., O'Rahilly, S.P.,
    Palmer, C.N.A., Pedersen, O., Rauramaa, R., Tuomilehto, J., Salomaa,
    V., Watanabe, R.M., Syvanen, A.C., Bergman, R.N., Bharadwaj, D.,
    Bottinger, E.P., Cho, Y.S., Chandak, G.R., Chan, J.C., Chia, K.S.,
    Daly, M.J., Ebrahim, S.B., Langenberg, C., Elliott, P., Jablonski,
    K.A., Lehman, D.M., Jia, W., Ma, R.C.W., Pollin, T.I., Sandhu, M.,
    Tandon, N., Froguel, P., Barroso, I., Teo, Y.Y., Zeggini, E., Loos,
    R.J.F., Small, K.S., Ried, J.S., DeFronzo, R.A., Grallert, H., Glaser,
    B., Metspalu, A., Wareham, N.J., Walker, M., Banks, E., Gieger, C.,
    Ingelsson, E., Im, H.K., Illig, T., Franks, P.W., Buck, G., Trakalo,
    J., Buck, D., Prokopenko, I., Magi, R., Lind, L., Farjoun, Y., Owen,
    K.R., Gloyn, A.L., Strauch, K., Tuomi, T., Kooner, J.S., Lee, J.Y.,
    Park, T., Donnelly, P., Morris, A.D., Hattersley, A.T., Bowden, D.W.,
    Collins, F.S., Atzmon, G., Chambers, J.C., Spector, T.D., Laakso, M.,
    Strom, T.M., Bell, G.I., Blangero, J., Duggirala, R., Tai, E.S.,
    McVean, G., Hanis, C.L., Wilson, J.G., Seielstad, M., Frayling, T.M.,
    Meigs, J.B., Cox, N.J., Sladek, R., Lander, E.S., Gabriel, S., Mohlke,
    K.L., Meitinger, T., Groop, L., Abecasis, G., Scott, L.J., Morris,
    A.P., Kang, H.M., Altshuler, D., Burtt, N.P., Florez, J.C., Boehnke,
    M., & McCarthy, M.I. (2017). Sequence data and association statistics
    from 12,940 type 2 diabetes cases and controls. Sci Data, 4, 170-179.
        543. Regev, A., Teichmann, S.A., Lander, E.S., Amit, I., Benoist,
    C., Birney, E., Bodenmiller, B., Campbell, P., Carninci, P.,
    Clatworthy, M., Clevers, H., Deplancke, B., Dunham, I., Eberwine, J.,
    Eils, R., Enard, W., Farmer, A., Fugger, L., Gottgens, B., Hacohen, N.,
    Haniffa, M., Hemberg, M., Kim, S., Klenerman, P., Kriegstein, A., Lein,
    E., Linnarsson, S., Lundberg, E., Lundeberg, J., Majumder, P., Marioni,
    J.C., Merad, M., Mhlanga, M., Nawijn, M., Netea, M., Nolan, G., Pe'er,
    D., Phillipakis, A., Ponting, C.P., Quake, S., Reik, W., Rozenblatt-
    Rosen, O., Sanes, J., Satija, R., Schumacher, T.N., Shalek, A.,
    Shapiro, E., Sharma, P., Shin, J.W., Stegle, O., Stratton, M.,
    Stubbington, M.J.T., Theis, F.J., Uhlen, M., van Oudenaarden, A.,
    Wagner, A., Watt, F., Weissman, J., Wold, B., Xavier, R., & Yosef, N.
    (2017). The human cell atlas. Elife, 6.
        544. Zhou, Y., Castonguay, P., Sidhom, E.H., Clark, A.R., Dvela-
    Levitt, M., Kim, S., Sieber, J., Wieder, N., Jung, J.Y., Andreeva, S.,
    Reichardt, J., Dubois, F., Hoffmann, S.C., Basgen, J.M., Montesinos,
    M.S., Weins, A., Johnson, A.C., Lander, E.S., Garrett, M.R., Hopkins,
    C.R., & Greka, A. (2017). A small-molecule inhibitor of trpc5 ion
    channels suppresses progressive kidney disease in animal models.
    Science, 358(6368), 1332-1336.
        545. Grasso, C.S., Giannakis, M., Wells, D.K., Hamada, T., Mu,
    X.J., Quist, M., Nowak, J.A., Nishihara, R., Qian, Z.R., Inamura, K.,
    Morikawa, T., Nosho, K., Abril-Rodriguez, G., Connolly, C., Escuin-
    Ordinas, H., Geybels, M.S., Grady, W.M., Hsu, L., Hu-Lieskovan, S.,
    Huyghe, J.R., Kim, Y.J., Krystofinski, P.E., Leiserson, M.D., Montoya,
    D.J., Nadel, B.B., Pellegrini, M., Pritchard, C.C., Puig-Saus, C.,
    Quist, E.H., Raphael, B.J., Salipante, S.J., Shin, D.S., Shinbrot, E.,
    Shirts, B., Shukla, S., Stanford, J.L., Sun, W., Tsoi, J., Upfill-
    Brown, A., Wheeler, D.A., Wu, C.J., Yu, M., Zaidi, S.H., Zaretsky,
    J.M., Gabriel, S.B., Lander, E.S., Garraway, L.A., Hudson, T.J., Fuchs,
    C.S., Ribas, A., Ogino, S., & Peters, U. (2018). Genetic mechanisms of
    immune evasion in colorectal cancer. Cancer Discovery. 8(6):730-749.
        546. Ott, P. A., Hu, Z., Keskin, D. B., Shukla, S. A., Sun, J.,
    Bozym, D. J., Zhang, W., Luoma, A., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Peter, L.,
    Chen, C., Olive, O., Carter, T. A., Li, S., Lieb, D. J., Eisenhaure,
    T., Gjini, E., Stevens, J., Lane, W. J., Javeri, I., Nellaiappan, K.,
    Salazar, A. M., Daley, H., Seaman, M., Buchbinder, E. I., Yoon, C. H.,
    Harden, M., Lennon, N., Gabriel, S., Rodig, S. J., Barouch, D. H.,
    Aster, J. C., Getz, G., Wucherpfennig, K., Neuberg, D., Ritz, J.,
    Lander, E. S., Fritsch, E. F., Hacohen, N. & Wu, C. J. (2018).
    Corrigendum: An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients
    with melanoma. Nature, 555(7696): 402.
        547. Khajuria, R.K., Munschauer, M., Ulirsch, J.C., Fiorini, C.,
    Ludwig, L.S., McFarland, S.K., Abdulhay, N.J., Specht, H., Keshishian,
    H., Mani, D.R., Jovanovic, M., Ellis, S.R., Fulco, C.P., Engreitz,
    J.M., Schutz, S., Lian, J., Gripp, K.W., Weinberg, O.K., Pinkus, G.S.,
    Gehrke, L., Regev, A., Lander, E.S., Gazda, H.T., Lee, W.Y., Panse,
    V.G., Carr, S.A., & Sankaran, V.G. (2018). Ribosome levels selectively
    regulate translation and lineage commitment in human hematopoiesis.
    Cell, 173(1):90-103.
        548. Tewhey, R., Kotliar, D., Park, D.S., Liu, B., Winnicki, S.,
    Reilly, S.K., Andersen, K.G., Mikkelsen, T.S., Lander, E.S., Schaffner,
    S.F., & Sabeti, P.C. (2018). Direct identification of hundreds of
    expression-modulating variants using a multiplexed reporter assay.
    Cell, 172(5), 1132-1134.
        549. Grossman, S.R., Engreitz, J., Ray, J.P., Nguyen, T.H.,
    Hacohen, N., & Lander, E.S. (2018). Positional specificity of different
    transcription factor classes within enhancers. Proceedings of the
    National Academy of Sciences U S A, 115(30), E7222-E7230.
        550. Yassour, M., Jason, E., Hogstrom, L.J., Arthur, T.D.,
    Tripathi, S., Siljander, H., Selvenius, J., Oikarinen, S., Hyoty, H.,
    Virtanen, S.M., Ilonen, J., Ferretti, P., Pasolli, E., Tett, A.,
    Asnicar, F., Segata, N., Vlamakis, H., Lander, E.S., Huttenhower, C.,
    Knip, M., & Xavier, R.J. (2018). Strain-level analysis of mother-to-
    child bacterial transmission during the first few months of life. Cell
    Host Microbe, 24(1), 146-154.e144.
        551. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Aragam, K. G., Haas, M. E.,
    Roselli, C., Choi, S. H., Natarajan, P., Lander, E. S., Lubitz, S. A.,
    Ellinor, P. T. & Kathiresan, S. (2018). Genome-wide polygenic scores
    for common diseases identify individuals with risk equivalent to
    monogenic mutations. Nature Genetics, 50(9): 1219-1224.
        552. Bis, J. C., Jian, X., Kunkle, B. W., Chen, Y., Hamilton-
    Nelson, K. L., Bush, W. S., Salerno, W. J., Lancour, D., Ma, Y.,
    Renton, A. E., Marcora, E., Farrell, J. J., Zhao, Y., Qu, L., Ahmad,
    S., Amin, N., Amouyel, P., Beecham, G. W., Below, J. E., Campion, D.,
    Charbonnier, C., Chung, J., Crane, P. K., Cruchaga, C., Cupples, L. A.,
    Dartigues, J. F., Debette, S., Deleuze, J. F., Fulton, L., Gabriel, S.
    B., Genin, E., Gibbs, R. A., Goate, A., Grenier-Boley, B., Gupta, N.,
    Haines, J. L., Havulinna, A. S., Helisalmi, S., Hiltunen, M., Howrigan,
    D. P., Ikram, M. A., Kaprio, J., Konrad, J., Kuzma, A., Lander, E. S.,
    Lathrop, M., Lehtimaki, T., Lin, H., Mattila, K., Mayeux, R., Muzny, D.
    M., Nasser, W., Neale, B., Nho, K., Nicolas, G., Patel, D., Pericak-
    Vance, M. A., Perola, M., Psaty, B. M., Quenez, O., Rajabli, F., Redon,
    R., Reitz, C., Remes, A. M., Salomaa, V., Sarnowski, C., Schmidt, H.,
    Schmidt, M., Schmidt, R., Soininen, H., Thornton, T. A., Tosto, G.,
    Tzourio, C., van der Lee, S. J., van Duijn, C. M., Vardarajan, B.,
    Wang, W., Wijsman, E., Wilson, R. K., Witten, D., Worley, K. C., Zhang,
    X., Bellenguez, C., Lambert, J. C., Kurki, M. I., Palotie, A., Daly,
    M., Boerwinkle, E., Lunetta, K. L., Destefano, A. L., Dupuis, J.,
    Martin, E. R., Schellenberg, G. D., Seshadri, S., Naj, A. C., Fornage,
    M. & Farrer, L. A. (2018). Whole exome sequencing study identifies
    novel rare and common Alzheimer's-Associated variants involved in
    immune response and transcriptional regulation. Molecular Psychiatry.
    [Epub ahead of print]
        553. Natarajan, P., Peloso, G. M., Zekavat, S. M., Montasser, M.,
    Ganna, A., Chaffin, M., Khera, A. V., Zhou, W., Bloom, J. M., Engreitz,
    J. M., Ernst, J., O'Connell, J. R., Ruotsalainen, S. E., Alver, M.,
    Manichaikul, A., Johnson, W. C., Perry, J. A., Poterba, T., Seed, C.,
    Surakka, I. L., Esko, T., Ripatti, S., Salomaa, V., Correa, A., Vasan,
    R. S., Kellis, M., Neale, B. M., Lander, E. S., Abecasis, G., Mitchell,
    B., Rich, S. S., Wilson, J. G., Cupples, L. A., Rotter, J. I., Willer,
    C. J. & Kathiresan, S. (2018). Deep-coverage whole genome sequences and
    blood lipids among 16,324 individuals. Nature Communications, 9(1):
    3391.
        554. Munschauer, M., Nguyen, C. T., Sirokman, K., Hartigan, C. R.,
    Hogstrom, L., Engreitz, J. M., Ulirsch, J. C., Fulco, C. P.,
    Subramanian, V., Chen, J., Schenone, M., Guttman, M., Carr, S. A. &
    Lander, E. S. (2018). The NORAD lncRNA assembles a topoisomerase
    complex critical for genome stability. Nature, 561(7721): 132-136.
        555. Alver, M., Palover, M., Saar, A., Lall, K., Zekavat, S. M.,
    Tonisson, N., Leitsalu, L., Reigo, A., Nikopensius, T., Ainla, T.,
    Kals, M., Magi, R., Gabriel, S. B., Eha, J., Lander, E. S., Irs, A.,
    Philippakis, A., Marandi, T., Natarajan, P., Metspalu, A., Kathiresan,
    S. & Esko, T. (2018). Recall by genotype and cascade screening for
    familial hypercholesterolemia in a population-based biobank from
    Estonia. Genetics in Medicine. [Epub ahead of print]
        556. Ulirsch, J. C., Verboon, J. M., Kazerounian, S., Guo, M. H.,
    Yuan, D., Ludwig, L. S., Handsaker, R. E., Abdulhay, N. J., Fiorini,
    C., Genovese, G., Lim, E. T., Cheng, A., Cummings, B. B., Chao, K. R.,
    Beggs, A. H., Genetti, C. A., Sieff, C. A., Newburger, P. E.,
    Niewiadomska, E., Matysiak, M., Vlachos, A., Lipton, J. M., Atsidaftos,
    E., Glader, B., Narla, A., Gleizes, P. E., O'Donohue, M. F., Montel-
    Lehry, N., Amor, D. J., McCarroll, S. A., O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., MacArthur, D. G., Lander, E. S., Lek, M., Da
    Costa, L., Nathan, D. G., Korostelev, A. A., Do, R., Sankaran, V. G. &
    Gazda, H. T. (2018). The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia.
    American Journal of Human Genetics, 103(6): 930-947.
        557. Hsu, J. Y., Fulco, C. P., Cole, M. A., Canver, M. C., Pellin,
    D., Sher, F., Farouni, R., Clement, K., Guo, J. A., Biasco, L., Orkin,
    S. H., Engreitz, J. M., Lander, E. S., Joung, J. K., Bauer, D. E. &
    Pinello, L. (2018). CRISPR-SURF: discovering regulatory elements by
    deconvolution of CRISPR tiling screen data. Nature Methods, 15(12):
    992-993.
        558. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Zekavat, S. M., Collins, R. L.,
    Roselli, C., Natarajan, P., Lichtman, J. H., D'Onofrio, G., Mattera, J.
    A., Dreyer, R. P., Spertus, J. A., Taylor, K. D., Psaty, B. M., Rich,
    S. S., Post, W. S., Gupta, N., Gabriel, S., Lander, E., Chen, Y. I.,
    Talkowski, M. E., Rotter, J. I., Krumholz, H. M., & Kathiresan, S.
    (2018). Whole Genome Sequencing to Characterize Monogenic and Polygenic
    Contributions in Patients Hospitalized with Early-Onset Myocardial
    Infarction. Circulation.
        559. Adelmann, C. H., Wang, T., Sabatini, D. M. & Lander, E. S.
    (2019). Genome-Wide CRISPR/Cas9 Screening for Identification of Cancer
    Genes in Cell Lines. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1907: 125-136.
        560. Keskin, D. B., Anandappa, A. J., Sun, J., Tirosh, I.,
    Mathewson, N. D., Li, S., Oliveira, G., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Felt, K.,
    Gjini, E., Shukla, S. A., Hu, Z., Li, L., Le, P. M., Allesoe, R. L.,
    Richman, A. R., Kowalczyk, M. S., Abdelrahman, S., Geduldig, J. E.,
    Charbonneau, S., Pelton, K., Iorgulescu, J. B., Elagina, L., Zhang, W.,
    Olive, O., McCluskey, C., Olsen, L. R., Stevens, J., Lane, W. J.,
    Salazar, A. M., Daley, H., Wen, P. Y., Chiocca, E. A., Harden, M.,
    Lennon, N. J., Gabriel, S., Getz, G., Lander, E. S., Regev, A., Ritz,
    J., Neuberg, D., Rodig, S. J., Ligon, K. L., Suva, M. L.,
    Wucherpfennig, K. W., Hacohen, N., Fritsch, E. F., Livak, K. J., Ott,
    P. A., Wu, C. J. & Reardon, D. A. (2019). Neoantigen vaccine generates
    intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial. Nature,
    565(7738): 234-239.
        561. Schiebinger, G., Shu, J., Tabaka, M., Cleary, B., Subramanian,
    V., Solomon. A., Gould, J., Liu, S., Lin, S., Berube, P., Lee, L.,
    Chen, J., Brumbaugh, J., Rigollet, P., Hochedlinger, K., Jaenisch, R.,
    Regev, A., & Lander, E. S. (2019). Optimal-Transport Analysis of
    Single-Cell Gene Expression Identifies Developmental Trajectories in
    Reprogramming. Cell, 176(4): 928-943.e22.
        562. Lander, E. S. (2019). 2018 William Allan Award: Discovering
    the Genes for Common Disease: From Families to Populations. Am J Hum
    Genet, 104(3): 375-383.
        563. Khera, A. V., Chaffin, M., Wade, K. H., Zahid, S., Brancale,
    J., Xia, R., Distefano, M., Senol-Cosar, O., Haas, M. E., Bick, A.,
    Aragam, K. G., Lander, E. S., Smith, G. D., Mason-Suares, H., Fornage,
    M., Lebo, M., Timpson, N. J., Kaplan, L. M. & Kathiresan, S. (2019).
    Polygenic Prediction of Weight and Obesity Trajectories from Birth to
    Adulthood. Cell. 177: 587-596 e589.
        564. Lander, E. S., Baylis, F., Zhang, F., Charpentier, E., Berg,
    P., Bourgain, C., Friedrich, B., Joung, J. K., Li, J., Liu, D.,
    Naldini, L., Nie, J. B., Qiu, R., Schoene-Seifert, B., Shao, F., Terry,
    S., Wei, W. & Winnacker, E. L. (2019). Adopt a moratorium on heritable
    genome editing. Nature. 567: 165-168.
        565. Poulsen, B. E., Yang, R., Clatworthy, A. E., White, T.,
    Osmulski, S. J., Li, L., Penaranda, C., Lander, E. S., Shoresh, N. &
    Hung, D. T. (2019). Defining the core essential genome of Pseudomonas
    aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
        566. Ulirsch, J. C., Verboon, J. M., Kazerounian, S., Guo, M. H.,
    Yuan, D., Ludwig, L. S., Handsaker, R. E., Abdulhay, N. J., Fiorini,
    C., Genovese, G., Lim, E. T., Cheng, A., Cummings, B. B., Chao, K. R.,
    Beggs, A. H., Genetti, C. A., Sieff, C. A., Newburger, P. E.,
    Niewiadomska, E., Matysiak, M., Vlachos, A., Lipton, J. M., Atsidaftos,
    E., Glader, B., Narla, A., Gleizes, P. E., O'Donohue, M. F., Montel-
    Lehry, N., Amor, D. J., McCarroll, S. A., O'Donnell-Luria, A. H.,
    Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., MacArthur, D. G., Lander, E. S., Lek, M., Da
    Costa, L., Nathan, D. G., Korostelev, A. A., Do, R., Sankaran, V. G. &
    Gazda, H. T. (2019). The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia.
    Am J Hum Genet. 104: 356.
        567. Johnson, E. O., LaVerriere, E., Office, E., Stanley, M.,
    Meyer, E., Kawate, T., Gomez, J. E., Audette, R.E., Bandyopadhyay, N.,
    Betancourt, N., Delano, K., Da Silva, I., Davis, J., Gallo, C.,
    Gardner, M., Golas, A. J., Guinn, K. M., Kennedy, S., Korn, R.,
    McConnell, J. A., Moss, C. E., Murphy, K. C., Nietupski, R. M.,
    Papavinasasundaram, K. G., Pinkham, J. T., Pino, P. A., Proulx, M. K.,
    Ruecker, N., Song, N., Thompson, M., Trujillo, C., Wakabayashi, S.,
    Wallach, J. B., Watson, C., Ioerger, T. R., Lander, E. S., Hubbard, B.
    K., Serrano-Wu, M. H., Ehrt, S., Fitzgerald, M., Rubin, E. J., Sassetti
    C. M., Schnappinger, D., & Hung, D. T. (2019). Large-scale chemical-
    genetics yields new M. tuberculosis inhibitor classes. Nature.
    571(7763): 72-78.
        568. Feng, Y. A., Howrigan, D. P., Abbott, L. E., Tashman, K.,
    Cerrato, F., Singh, T., Heyne, H., Byrnes, A., Churchhouse, C., Watts,
    N., Solomonson, M., Lal, D., Heinzen, E. L., Dhindsa, R. S., Stanley,
    K. E., Cavalleri, G. L., Hakonarson, H., Helbig, I., Krause, R., May,
    P., Weckhuysen, S., Petrovski, S., Kamalakaran, S., Sisodiya, S. M.,
    Cossette, P., Cotsapas, C., De Jonghe, P., Dixon-Salazar, T., Guerrini,
    R., Kwan, P., Marson, A. G., Stewart, R., Depondt, C., Dlugos, D. J.,
    Scheffer, I. E., Striano, P., Freyer, C., McKenna, K., Regan, B. M.,
    Bellows, S. T., Leu, C., Bennett, C. A., Johns, E. M. C., Macdonald,
    A., Shilling, H., Burgess, R., Weckhuysen, D., Bahlo, M., O'Brien, T.
    J., Todaro, M., Stamberger, H., Andrade, D. M., Sadoway, T. R., Mo, K.,
    Krestel, H., Gallati, S., Papacostas, S. S., Kousiappa, I., Tanteles,
    G. A., Sterbova, K., Vlckova, M., Sedlackova, L., Lassuthova, P.,
    Klein, K. M., Rosenow, F., Reif, P. S., Knake, S., Kunz, W. S., Zsurka,
    G., Elger, C. E., Bauer, J., Rademacher, M., Pendziwiat, M., Muhle, H.,
    Rademacher, A., van Baalen, A., von Spiczak, S., Stephani, U., Afawi,
    Z., Korczyn, A. D., Kanaan, M., Canavati, C., Kurlemann, G., Muller-
    Schluter, K., Kluger, G., Hausler, M., Blatt, I., Lemke, J. R., Krey,
    I., Weber, Y. G., Wolking, S., Becker, F., Hengsbach, C., Rau, S.,
    Maisch, A. F., Steinhoff, B. J., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Schubert-Bast,
    S., Schreiber, H., Borggrafe, I., Schankin, C. J., Mayer, T.,
    Korinthenberg, R., Brockmann, K., Kurlemann, G., Dennig, D., Madeleyn,
    R., Kalviainen, R., Auvinen, P., Saarela, A., Linnankivi, T.,
    Lehesjoki, A. E., Rees, M. I., Chung, S. K., Pickrell, W. O., Powell,
    R., Schneider, N., Balestrini, S., Zagaglia, S., Braatz, V., Johnson,
    M. R., Auce, P., Sills, G. J., Baum, L. W., Sham, P. C., Cherny, S. S.,
    Lui, C. H. T., Barisic, N., Delanty, N., Doherty, C. P., Shukralla, A.,
    McCormack, M., El-Naggar, H., Canafoglia, L., Franceschetti, S.,
    Castellotti, B., Granata, T., Zara, F., Iacomino, M., Madia, F., Vari,
    M. S., Mancardi, M. M., Salpietro, V., Bisulli, F., Tinuper, P.,
    Licchetta, L., Pippucci, T., Stipa, C., Minardi, R., Gambardella, A.,
    Labate, A., Annesi, G., Manna, L., Gagliardi, M., Parrini, E., Mei, D.,
    Vetro, A., Bianchini, C., Montomoli, M., Doccini, V., Marini, C.,
    Suzuki, T., Inoue, Y., Yamakawa, K., Tumiene, B., Sadleir, L. G., King,
    C., Mountier, E., Caglayan, S. H., Arslan, M., Yapıcı,
    Z., Yis, U., Topaloglu, P., Kara, B., Turkdogan, D., Gundogdu-Eken, A.,
    Bebek, N., Ugur-İseri, S., Baykan, B., Salman, B., Haryanyan, G.,
    Yucesan, E., Kesim, Y., Ozkara, C., Poduri, A., Shiedley, B. R., Shain,
    C., Buono, R. J., Ferraro, T. N., Sperling, M. R., Lo, W., Privitera,
    M., French, J. A., Schachter, S., Kuzniecky, R. I., Devinsky, O.,
    Hegde, M., Khankhanian, P., Helbig, K. L., Ellis, C. A., Spalletta, G.,
    Piras, F., Piras, F., Gili, T., Ciullo, V., Reif, A., McQuillin, A.,
    Bass, N., McIntosh, A., Blackwood, D., Johnstone, M., Palotie, A.,
    Pato, M. T., Pato, C. N., Bromet, E. J., Carvalho, C. B., Achtyes, E.
    D., Azevedo, M. H., Kotov, R., Lehrer, D. S., Malaspina, D., Marder, S.
    R., Medeiros, H., Morley, C. P., Perkins, D. O., Sobell, J. L.,
    Buckley, P. F., Macciardi, F., Rapaport, M. H., Knowles, J. A., Fanous,
    A. H., McCarroll, S. A., Gupta, N., Gabriel, S. B., Daly, M. J.,
    Lander, E. S., Lowenstein, D. H., Goldstein, D. B., Lerche, H.,
    Berkovic, S. F., & Neale, B. M. (2019). Ultra-Rare Genetic Variation in
    the Epilepsies: A Whole-Exome Sequencing Study of 17,606 Individuals.
    Am J Hum Genet. 105(2): 267-282.
        569. Dvela-Levitt, M., Kost-Alimova, M., Emani, M., Kohnert, E.,
    Thompson, R., Sidhom, E. H., Rivadeneira, A., Sahakian, N., Roignot,
    J., Papagregoriou, G., Montesinos, M. S., Clark, A. R., McKinney, D.,
    Gutierrez, J., Roth, M., Ronco, L., Elonga, E., Carter, T. A., Gnirke,
    A., Melanson, M., Hartland, K., Wieder, N., Hsu, J. C., Deltas, C.,
    Hughey, R., Bleyer, A. J., Kmoch, S., Zivna, M., Baresova, V., Kota,
    S., Schlondorff, J., Heiman, M., Alper, S. L., Wagner, F., Weins, A.,
    Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., & Greka, A. (2019). Small Molecule Targets
    TMED9 and Promotes Lysosomal Degradation to Reverse Proteinopathy.
    Cell. 178(3): 521-535 e23.
        570. Albers, J., Aoun, J. E., Audia, J. E., Bailey, M. P., Barrett,
    P., Bartel, D., Bienamie, J. J., Blum, R. I., Boger, J., Bollenbacher,
    J., Bonney, M. W., Booth, B., Bradbury, D. M., Brandicourt, O.,
    Braunwald, E., Carpenter, A. E., Chang, H. E., Cheruvu, P.,
    Christensen, G., Church, G., Clayman, M. D., Cooney, C. L., Cox, G. F.,
    Curley, S. J., Dahiyat, B., DePinho, R. A., Diekman, J., Doerfler, D.,
    Dornbusch, D., Douglas, R. H., Dunsire, D., Ebright, R. H., Eskridge,
    W., Flesher, G. J., Fong, K., Formela, J. F., Foster-Cheek, K.,
    Francois, C., Franken, M. P., Franklin, H., Fu, Y. X., Gage, L. P.,
    Gardner, P., Gardner, J., Genead, M., Geraghty, J. A., Gerweck, L.,
    Gill, S., Gillis, S., Goeddel, D. V., Goldsmith, M., Graves, K., Gray,
    M. A., Grayzel, D., Greene, B., Gregory, R. J., Greve-Philips, C. A.,
    Gros, D. A., Hamburg, M. A., Hammerschmidt, M., Hao, Y., Hartounian,
    H., Hasnain, F., Hastings, P. J., Hawkins, E. S., He, W. W., He, W.,
    Hirzel, A., Hong, Z., Hoppenot, H., Jia, W., Kaplan, J., Keiper, J.,
    King, V., Kolchinsky, P., Koller, D., Laikind, P., Lander, E. S.,
    Langer, R. S., LaVoie, D. L., Lawton, A., Lee, J. J., Leff, J. S.,
    Lepore, J., Leschly, N., Li, Q., Liang, M. H., Lieberman, J., Lim, J.,
    Lindenberg, M., Lippard, S. J., Liu, D. R., Liu, Y., Liu, S. L.,
    Lodish, H., Loncar, B., Lopatin, U., Love, T. W., Lowe, D., Lowy, I.,
    Lu, H., Luo, L., Mahanthappa, N. K., Martin, P. W. Jr., Martini, A.,
    Martucci, W. E., McArthur, J., McCann, C. M., McCarthy, S., McLachlan,
    D., Mello, C., Mento, S. J., Meyers, J., Meyers, R., Mills, K., Moch,
    K. I., Moos, W. H., Narachi, M., Nashat, A., Newell, W. J., Nodelman,
    O., Olle, B., Osborn, J. E., Oyler, J. V., Pao, W., Patel, N., Perez,
    R., Peterkin, D., Pompino, A., Pruzanski, M., Dan Quinn, Qutub, A. A.,
    Raab, M. G., Radaelli, M., Rakhit, A., Ramamoorthi, K., Rastetter, W.,
    Reed, J. C., Reinhart, H., Rhodes, J. P., Rieflin, W. J., Rong, L.,
    Rosan, D. E., Rosenblatt, M., Rutter, W. J., Samudio, I., Samuels, C.,
    Sato, V. L., Saunders, B., Scadden, D., Scangos, G., Scarlett, J. A.,
    Schegerin, M., Schimmel, P., Schreiber, S. L., Schubert, C. R.,
    Schulman, A., Shaff, E., Shaffer, R., Sharp, P. A., Sheng, M., Sheng,
    G., Shenk, T., Shi, F., Silos-Santiago, A., Simonian, N., Slattery, W.,
    Smith, J. A., Stocks, C., Stoffel, M., Su, M., Su, L., Tandon, N.,
    Tang, C. M., Taunton-Rigby, A., Tezapsidis, N., Theuer, C., Thornberry,
    N. A., Tolar, M., Topol, E., Tormos, W., Trask, A., Truex, S., Tuschl,
    T., Varmus, H. E., Vasconcelles, M. J., Vounatsos, M., Walbert, T. P.,
    Walsh, C. T., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wang, N., Westphal, C., Wierenga, W.,
    Williams, D. E., Williams, L. T., Winningham, R. E., Wirth, P., Witt,
    R., Wood, C., Woodhouse, D. J., Wright, R., Wu, Y., Xanthopoulos, K.
    G., Xiao, C., Xiao, T. S., Xie, J., Xu, Y., Xu, Z. C., Yakatan, G. J.,
    Yuan, L., Yung, W. K. A., Zamore, P. D., Zaydman, M., Zeng, X. M.,
    Zerhouni, E., Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, S. (2019). Chinese
    scientists and U.S. leadership in the life sciences. Nat Biotechnol.
    37(11): 1261-1263.
        571. Hoch, E., Florez, J. C., Lander, E. S., & Jacobs, S. B. R.
    (2019). Gain-of-Function Claims for Type-2-Diabetes-Associated Coding
    Variants in SLC16A11 Are Not Supported by the Experimental Data. Cell
    Rep. 29(3): 778-780.
        572. Khera, A. V., Mason-Suares, H., Brockman, D., Wang, M.,
    VanDenburgh, M. J., Senol-Cosar, O., Patterson, C., Newton-Cheh, C.,
    Zekavat, S. M., Pester, J., Chasman, D. I., Kabrhel, C., Jensen, M. K.,
    Manson, J. E., Gaziano, J. M., Taylor, K. D., Sotoodehnia, N., Post, W.
    S., Rich, S. S., Rotter, J. I., Lander, E. S., Rehm, H. L., Ng K.,
    Philippakis, A., Lebo, M., Albert, CM, & Kathiresan, S. (2019). Rare
    Genetic Variants Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in Adults. J Am
    Coll Cardiol. 74(21): 2623-2634.
        573. Fulco, C. P., Nasser, J., Jones, T. R., Munson, G., Bergman,
    D. T., Subramanian, V., Grossman, S. R., Anyoha, R., Doughty, B. R.,
    Patwardhan, T. A., Nguyen, T. H., Kane, M., Perez, E. M., Durand, N.
    C., Lareau, C. A., Stamenova, E. K., Aiden, E. L., Lander, E. S., &
    Engreitz, J. M. (2019). Activity-by-contact model of enhancer-promoter
    regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations. Nat Genet. 51(12):
    1664-1669.
        574. Basak, A., Munschauer, M., Lareau, C. A., Montbleau, K. E.,
    Ulirsch, J. C., Hartigan, C. R., Schenone, M., Lian, J., Wang, Y.,
    Huang, Y., Wu, X., Gehrke, L., Rice, C. M., An, X., Christou, H. A.,
    Mohandas, N., Carr, S. A., Chen, J. J., Orkin, S. H., Lander, E. S. &
    Sankaran, V. G. (2020). Control of human hemoglobin switching by
    LIN28B-mediated regulation of BCL11A translation. Nature genetics.
    52(2): 138-145.
        575. Dietlein, F., Weghorn, D., Taylor-Weiner, A., Richters, A.,
    Reardon, B., Liu, D., Lander, E. S., Van Allen, E. M. & Sunyaev, S. R.
    (2020). Identification of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide
    context. Nature genetics. 52(2): 208-218.
        576. Painter, C. A., Jain, E., Tomson, B. N., Dunphy, M., Stoddard,
    R. E., Thomas, B. S., Damon, A. L., Shah, S., Kim, D., Gomez Tejeda
    Zanudo, J., Hornick, J. L., Chen, Y. L., Merriam, P., Raut, C. P.,
    Demetri, G. D., Van Tine, B. A., Lander, E. S., Golub, T. R. & Wagle,
    N. (2020). The Angiosarcoma Project: enabling genomic and clinical
    discoveries in a rare cancer through patient-partnered research. Nature
    medicine. 26(2): 181-187.
        577. Ray, J. P., de Boer, C. G., Fulco, C. P., Lareau, C. A.,
    Kanai, M., Ulirsch, J. C., Tewhey, R., Ludwig, L. S., Reilly, S. K.,
    Bergman, D. T., Engreitz, J. M., Issner, R., Finucane, H. K., Lander,
    E. S., Regev, A. & Hacohen, N. (2020). Prioritizing disease and trait
    causal variants at the TNFAIP3 locus using functional and genomic
    features. Nature communications. 11(1): 1237.
        578. Vallabh, S. M., Minikel, E. V., Schreiber, S. L. & Lander, E.
    S. (2020). Towards a treatment for genetic prion disease: trials and
    biomarkers. The Lancet. Neurology. 19(4): 361-368.
        579. Abel, H. J., Larson, D. E., Regier, A. A., Chiang, C., Das,
    I., Kanchi, K. L., Layer, R. M., Neale, B. M., Salerno, W. J., Reeves,
    C., Buyske, S., NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics, Matise, T.
    C., Muzny, D. M., Zody, M. C., Lander, E. S., Dutcher, S. K., Stitziel
    N. O., & Hall I. M. (2020). Mapping and characterization of structural
    variation in 17,795 human genomes. Nature. 583(7814): 83-89.
        580. Fahed, A. C., Wang, M., Homburger, J. R., Patel, A. P., Bick,
    A. G., Neben, C. L., Lai, C., Brockman, D., Philippakis, A., Ellinor,
    P. T., Cassa, C. A., Lebo, M., Ng, K., Lander, E. S., Zhou, A. Y.,
    Kathiresan, S., & Khera, A. V. (2020). Polygenic background modifies
    penetrance of monogenic variants for tier 1 genomic conditions. Nature
    communications. 11(1): 3635.
        581. Zoonomia Consortium. (2020). A comparative genomics multitool
    for scientific discovery and conservation. Nature 587(7833): 240-245.
        582. Bick A.G., Weinstock J.S., Nandakumar S.K., Fulco C.P., Bao
    E.L., Zekavat S.M., Szeto M.D., Liao X., Leventhal M.J., Nasser J.,
    Chang K., Laurie C., Burugula B.B., Gibson C.J., Lin A.E., Taub M.A.,
    Aguet F,. Ardlie K., Mitchell B.D., Barnes K.C., Moscati A., Fornage
    M., Redline S., Psaty B.M., Silverman E.K., Weiss S.T., Palmer N.D.,
    Vasan R.S., Burchard E.G., Kardia S.L.R., He J., Kaplan R.C., Smith
    N.L., Arnett D.K., Schwartz D.A., Correa A., de Andrade M., Guo X.,
    Konkle B.A., Custer B., Peralta J.M., Gui H., Meyers D.A., McGarvey
    S.T., Chen I.Y., Shoemaker M.B., Peyser P.A., Broome J.G., Gogarten
    S.M., Wang F.F., Wong Q., Montasser M.E., Daya M., Kenny E.E., North
    K.E., Launer L.J., Cade B.E., Bis J.C., Cho M.H., Lasky-Su J., Bowden
    D.W., Cupples L.A., Mak A.C.Y., Becker L.C., Smith J.A., Kelly T.N.,
    Aslibekyan S., Heckbert S.R., Tiwari H.K., Yang I.V., Heit J.A., Lubitz
    S.A., Johnsen J.M., Curran J.E., Wenzel S.E., Weeks D.E., Rao D.C.,
    Darbar D., Moon J.Y., Tracy R.P., Buth E.J., Rafaels N., Loos R.J.F.,
    Durda P., Liu Y., Hou L., Lee J., Kachroo P., Freedman B.I., Levy D.,
    Bielak L.F., Hixson J.E., Floyd J.S., Whitsel E.A., Ellinor P.T., Irvin
    M.R., Fingerlin T.E., Raffield L.M., Armasu S.M., Wheeler M.M., Sabino
    E.C., Blangero J., Williams L.K., Levy B.D., Sheu W.H., Roden D.M.,
    Boerwinkle E., Manson J.E., Mathias R.A., Desai P., Taylor K.D.,
    Johnson A.D.; NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium, Auer
    P.L., Kooperberg C., Laurie C.C., Blackwell T.W., Smith A.V., Zhao H.,
    Lange E., Lange L., Rich S.S., Rotter J.I., Wilson J.G., Scheet P.,
    Kitzman J.O., Lander E.S., Engreitz J.M., Ebert B.L., Reiner A.P.,
    Jaiswal S., Abecasis G., Sankaran V.G., Kathiresan S., & Natarajan P.
    (2020). Inherited causes of clonal haematopoiesis in 97,691 whole
    genomes. Nature. 586(7831): 763-768.
        583. Schmidt N., Lareau C.A., Keshishian H., Ganskih S., Schneider
    C., Hennig T., Melanson R., Werner S., Wei Y., Zimmer M., Ade J.,
    Kirschner L., Zielinski S., Dolken L., Lander E.S., Caliskan N.,
    Fischer U., Vogel J., Carr S.A., Bodem J., & Munschauer M. (2020). The
    SARS-CoV-2 RNA-protein interactome in infected human cells. Nature
    Microbiology. Epub ahead of print.
        584. Marshall J.L., Doughty B.R., Subramanian V., Guckelberger P.,
    Wang Q., Chen L.M., Rodriques S.G., Zhang K., Fulco C.P., Nasser J.,
    Grinkevich E.J., Noel T., Mangiameli S., Bergman D.T., Greka A., Lander
    E.S., Chen F., & Engreitz J.M. HyPR-seq: Single-cell quantification of
    chosen RNAs via hybridization and sequencing of DNA probes. (2020).
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(52): 33404-33413.
        585. Mitchell C.M., Mazzoni C., Hogstrom L., Bryant A., Bergerat
    A., Cher A., Pochan S., Herman P., Carrigan M., Sharp K., Huttenhower
    C., Lander E.S., Vlamakis H., Xavier R.J., & Yassour M. Delivery Mode
    Affects Stability of Early Infant Gut Microbiota. (2020). Cell Reports
    Medicine. 1(9): 100156.
        586. Collins F.S., Doudna J.A., Lander E.S., Rotimi C.N. Human
    Molecular Genetics and Genomics--Important Advances and Exciting
    Possibilities. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine. Epub ahead of
    print.
        587. Sinnott-Armstrong N., Sousa I.S., Laber S., Rendina-Ruedy E.,
    Nitter Dankel S.E., Ferreira T., Mellgren G., Karasik D., Rivas M.,
    Pritchard J., Guntur A.R., Cox R.D., Lindgren C.M., Hauner H., Sallari
    R., Rosen C.J., Hsu Y.H., Lander E.S., Kiel D.P., Claussnitzer M. A
    regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk for
    hyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density. (2021) Cell Metab. Epub
    ahead of print.

        Senator Duckworth. Thank you, Dr. Lander. I will start with
    the first round of questions.
        As a member of the Senate, I have a strong commitment to
    ensuring that our country is a leader in innovation and
    technology. This simply cannot be done without women and
    without diversity in our STEM work force. Dr. Lander, you have
    been the leader of the Broad Institute for 17 years and just
    explained to this committee that you have sought to support
    women in science. However, statistics compiled by the Broad
    Institute, suggest that it struggles to ensure robust
    representation by women in STEM roles. For example, at Broad in
    2018, women made up only about 25 percent of employees in
    computational science and software engineering roles. While
    this may track with national figures, maintaining the status
    quo is not what we need to be competitive. We must do better.
        Dr. Lander, my question to you is this. Did you do enough
    at the Broad Institute to address gender gaps in STEM roles?
    And if confirmed as Director, what concrete steps will you take
    to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the STEM fields?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I really appreciate the question
    because it is a topic I care tremendously about. When we did
    the survey, to look at representation across the Broad, we
    found that we had equal representation in all areas other than
    the computational field. And as you know, representation in the
    computational fields is terrible, with regard to gender and
    tech. It is 15 percent.
        We were very concerned that the one area in the Broad where
    we were not at parity, was at the computational field and that
    led us to an institute-wide process involving our group, Women
    at Broad, to look at ways to increase that representation, to
    go out to the conferences for women in computational sciences,
    and invite more people to come and apply, to go out and present
    at more of these conferences. And we have already made a
    significant difference, particularly increasing women the more
    senior roles in computational science.
        It is not at the 50 precent that it is across the whole
    rest of the Broad, but it is tracking up and we are very
    committed to getting it up there.
        Senator Duckworth. If confirmed as Director, what concrete
    steps will you take to rectify gender and diversity gaps in the
    STEM fields, for our Nation?
        Dr. Lander. Well, thank you for that question, because I am
    really excited about that and, as I say, have worked on it.
        The first thing I would do--I have a lot of ideas, myself,
    but the first thing--the place I know to start is to invite to
    the table all of the people who are most effected and,
    therefore, know the most. So, if confirmed, the first thing I
    would do is, OSTP would convene the amazing organizations that
    advocate for women and people of color in STEM fields, to
    gather the best ideas and recruit--to recruit, support, and
    retain women and underrepresented peoples.
        I think OSTP also has this ability to look at diversity
    across Federal agencies and look at what has worked there. And
    from all of this, I think OSTP can develop best practices and
    work with companies and institutions to adopt them.
        I would bring my own ideas to it, but I do not want to
    privilege my ideas over others. But some of the things I think
    matter a lot, ensuring mentorship and opportunities early,
    starting in middle school where we lose most girls--many girls
    and people of color. I am a huge supporter and fan of groups
    like, Girls Who Code and Resilient Coders.
        I think science is not about knowing the answer in the back
    of the book. Science is about asking questions that are not in
    the book at all. And experiences like this, well, if a young
    person builds something, creates something, invents something,
    discovers something, they are hooked. That is what we have got
    to do, and we have got to do it early and often and
    consistently.
        We also have to lift up role models. Life them up high so
    that people can see themselves as scientist. We have to work
    with academia and industry to address power dynamics in
    academic labs and in corporate labs. And we have to commit and
    get people to commit to diverse slates in every search.
        Then, finally, like we tried to do at the Broad, we have to
    set goals, we have to measure, and we have to hold ourselves
    accountable. And when we fall short, we have to shine a
    spotlight on it.
        Those are some of the things I would offer of--based on my
    experience. But as I say, I would very much want to first bring
    everyone to the table, because there are people who will know
    more and there are people who will know different. And we have
    got to start with that. But, if confirmed, this would be one of
    the first things I would do, in the role at OSTP.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I now recognize Ranking
    Member Wicker for his questions.
        Senator Wicker. Thank you very much. And very fascinating
    testimony so far.
        You know, Dr. Lander, I wish I could spend my first round
    asking you to elaborate on the Human Genome project and
    prospects for Alzheimer's and, also, a few more examples of why
    it is important for scientists to have a dose of humility.
    Unfortunately, I have got to ask questions about----
        Dr. Lander. Sure.
        Senator Wicker.--some requests that we have made. And of
    course, Senator Duckworth eluded to these, also.
        We have asked for 10 years of donors to the Broad
    Institute. We do not have a complete list yet. Are you going to
    be able to get those to us?
        Dr. Lander. I--Senator, I believe we sent you eight years,
    which is what was available. I can ask to see if they can go
    back two more.
        Senator Wicker. OK, well, I wish would. It is important to
    us that we--we asked for 10 for a reason. So, you are going to
    try to do that?
        Dr. Lander. I will try to do that, sir.
        [The information referred to follows:]

    Donors, 2011-2012
        The Broad Institute became a 501(c)(3) in FY 2010. Beginning in FY
    2013, it began regularly preparing an annual donor report, based on
    gifts received of $1,000 or more. Lists were provided to the Committee
    covering the past eight Fiscal Years (2013-2020).
        To address the Committee's request for two additional years of
    donors (2011-2012), the Broad Institute agreed to review its files and
    was able to provide a donor list for these years (below).

    Academia-Sinica
    Agilent Technologies Foundation
    Agilent Technologies, Inc.
    Airedale Health Foundation
    Jill and David Altshuler
    American Kennel Club, Canine Health Foundation
    Amgen, Inc.
    Valerie C. Anastasio
    AstraZeneca UK Limited
    Dennis Ausiello, M.D.
    Autism Consortium
    Drs. David Baltimore and Alice S. Huang
    Blavatnik Family Foundation
    Katherine and David Bradley
    Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
    Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
    Eli and Edythe L. Broad
    Leslie Burke Sampson
    Burroughs Wellcome Fund
    Sadiya Carr
    Centocor
    Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
    CHDI Foundation, Inc.
    Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
    Cubist Pharmaceuticals
    Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation
    Kent and Liz Dauten
    Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
    Jamie Walters El-Erian and Dr. Mohamed El-Erian
    Eli Lilly and Company
    The European Bioinformatics Institute
    Joan Faubion, Ph.D.
    Alan Fein and Ellen Kolton
    Fondation Leducq
    John B. Forrest, Jr.
    Foundation for Neurologic Diseases
    Galenea Corporation
    Patty and Paul Gannon
    Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
    Stephen and Wendy Gellman Gerstner Family Foundation
    Todd and Martha Golub
    Bill Helman
    The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
    Sylvan C. Herman Foundation
    Human Frontier Science Program
    International SAE Consortium, LTD.
    Irish Wolfhound Foundation
    Irish Wolfhound Club of America
    Jewish Communal Fund
    Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC
    Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International
    Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
    Klarman Family Foundation
    Seth and Beth Klarman
    Johanna L. Klein
    The Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc.
    Eric and Lori Lander
    William and Leslie Lee Leonberger Health Foundation
    Arthur D. Levinson
    Lilly USA, LLC
    The John F. MacDonald Fund for Pseudomonas Research in memory of John
    F. MacDonald
    Barbara V. McInnes
    The McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience
    Medicines for Malaria Venture
    Merck Genome Research Institute
    The Merkin Family Foundation
    Montreal Heart Institute
    Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation
    Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium
    Nestle Research Center
    The New York Community Trust
    Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
    Ontario Cancer Research Institute
    Peter and Minou Palandjian
    Sarah Pearson and Don Balcom
    Pfizer, Inc.
    Prostate Cancer Foundation
    Julian H. Robertson, Jr.
    Paul Rotiroti
    SAIC-Frederick, Inc.
    Sanofi-Aventis U.S., LLC
    Stuart Schreiber and Mimi Packman
    Phillip and Ann Sharp
    Sigma-Aldrich
    Instituto Carlos Slim de la Salud
    Ted and Vada Stanley
    Stanley Medical Research Institute
    Starr Foundation
    Patty Stonesifer and Michael Kinsley
    Kathan and Don Tracy
    Peg Van Doren
    Nancy Vollmer & Chris McDonough
    Christopher and Diana Chapman Walsh
    Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
    The Wodecroft Foundation

        Senator Wicker. OK, thank you very much. And then--and
    then, Senator Duckworth mentioned Jeffrey Epstein. We asked for
    information regarding the second time you met with him in 2012.
    Can you commit to fulfilling this outstanding request for
    information?
        [The information referred to follows:]

        As previously reported to the Committee: Neither the Broad
    Institute nor Dr. Lander had any relationship with Epstein, and neither
    ever requested or received any funding from him or his foundations. The
    only interaction consisted of meeting him briefly at two events, a few
    weeks apart in the spring of 2012, with multiple Harvard donors,
    faculty and others.
        The Committee has asked for a description of the two events. This
    is provided below:

        The two Harvard events were organized by the university and donors,
    to give donors and prospective donors an opportunity to meet a range of
    Harvard-affiliated faculty.
    Event #1: April 15, 2012
       Lunch, involving about fifteen people, including three or
            four donors or prospective donors.

       Each of the faculty, including Dr. Lander, made
            presentations about the state of research in their respective
            fields, and answered questions from the group, including
            Epstein.

       Event lasted for approximately sixty minutes. Dr. Lander
            attended the entire event.
    Event #2: May 12, 2012
       Dinner involving about forty people, including about ten
            Harvard donors or prospective donors.

       Dr. Lander was invited to dinner but did not attend. He
            stopped by the pre-dinner reception and spoke with several
            donors or prospective donors, including Epstein.

       Dr. Lander stayed for about thirty minutes.

        After these two events, Dr. Lander never saw or spoke to Epstein
    again.

        Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I can. May I say something about
    Epstein?
        Senator Wicker. Certainly.
        Dr. Lander. Jeffrey Epstein was an abhorrent individual and
    my heart goes out to his victims. I chose to have no
    association whatsoever with him. We never requested funds. We
    never received funds--from him, from his foundation. The sum
    total of my interactions was that I met him briefly at two
    events within the span of three weeks, in the Spring of 2012.
        Senator Wicker. OK, well, I think it is important that you
    be given a chance to say that.
        Dr. Lander. I will. And I am going to say, I did not know
    about his sordid history before that point.
        Senator Wicker. Right.
        Dr. Lander. As soon as I learned about it, I had nothing to
    do with him, thereafter.
        Senator Wicker. If you could simply answer----
        Dr. Lander. Yes, sir, I will.
        Senator Wicker.--our specific question, it would--I think
    it would help your case.
        Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
        Senator Wicker. And I think people on both sides of the
    dais would be well served.
        Dr. Lander. Absolutely.
        Senator Wicker. And then, with regard to your future plans
    with the Broad Institute, those of us that are in public
    service have a date in which our public service will end. It is
    expected that you would go back to the Broad Institute. And
    there are questions that need to be answered about whether you
    are going to be able to avoid prioritizing your work with the
    Broad Institute that might favor people back there at the
    Institute, at the expense of others.
        So, I want to give you an opportunity to address that
    concern which, undoubtedly, does not come as a surprise to you,
    at this point.
        Dr. Lander. Senator, if confirmed, I will do that job in a
    completely even-handed way. I have said I particularly care
    about the fact that we concentrate far too much funding in a
    few place in this country. One of my priorities is to make sure
    that, in fact, we bring in all of America into science. And so,
    I can assure you, I will not favor, in any way, institutions I
    have been associated with. And to the contrary, really think it
    is important that we broaden that scope.
        Senator Wicker. OK. Well, do you--do you think you will go
    back to the Broad Institute when you leave this position?
        Dr. Lander. I have said, and I think I probably will.
        Senator Wicker. Well, just be aware that is a concern. But
    you did segue to a matter that I will ask you to drill down on
    in the last 45 seconds that I have. How--what steps can we take
    to make sure the research is not just concentrated in two
    favored states, that--states like, perhaps, Illinois and
    Mississippi, that might be able contribute to this great quest
    we have for knowledge?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I--as I say, I care a lot about
    this. And I think creating programs that support and expand the
    national labs, which are distributed across the country,
    creating regional technology hubs, supporting focuses of
    particular excellence in different states. I think there are a
    large number of programs that can help create critical masses
    that become magnets.
        We have seen it happen with the manufacturing institutes
    that were created. A PCAST report, when I was the Co-chair of
    PCAST, called for these Manufacturing USA institutes and there
    are these institutes in a number of states. There is one in
    Illinois, for example. But we need to--we need to be thinking
    about mechanisms to create critical mass, all over the country,
    because we cannot succeed without it.
        So, I of course--I am very sensitive to the fact that I
    come from a State and a city, and institutions that have
    received lots of funding. That cannot be the way we run funding
    in the country is that things are just concentrated. It will
    not succeed.
        Senator Wicker. Thank you, sir and thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you.
        Remotely, Senator Hickenlooper.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HICKENLOOPER,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM COLORADO

        Senator Hickenlooper. Thank you very much, Madam Chair. And
    Dr. Lander, thank you so much for being willing to step into
    public service and what a remarkable career and what a
    remarkable life you have had.
        Let me ask my first question. As a former geologist, I have
    seen firsthand how intricate Earth Science can be. Climate
    action is, and should remain, a priority in this
    Administration. One of OSTP's duties is to oversee the U.S.
    Global Change Research Program, to try and coalesce climate
    research across all 13 Federal agencies that are working on it,
    to produce the quadrennial, The National Climate Assessment.
    Can you describe how OSTP will preserve scientific integrity,
    when producing the next National Climate Assessment?
        Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. The--all of--all of
    the work at OSTP has to be rooted in scientific integrity. With
    regard to the Climate Assessment, the first thing is good
    process. It is--that National Climate Assessment involves a
    process that brings together lots of voices to wrestle in a
    structured way, so that lots of evidence is presented, and
    transparently.
        And then, the other really fundamental part is to embrace
    dissent and disagreements. I think science is strong, because
    science debates, because science embraces dissent. And so, if
    at the end of a process we do not all agree on the answers, we
    have to represent that range of dissent. That is what
    scientific integrity is about is to speak the truth. And we
    have to keep that separate from any external interference from
    any direction that is not about the evidence itself. And if
    committed, I will promise to support and enforce that kind of
    integrity, not just for the National Climate Assessment, but
    for everything that OSTP does.
        Senator Hickenlooper. That is great. I appreciate that.
    Second question, COVID-19, the pandemic, has highlighted so
    many things, including the importance of science to provide
    solutions to these modern problems. And the U.S. research
    enterprises span numerous Federal agencies, national labs, as
    we have already been discussing. We also have to recognize the
    contributions from many of the leading universities and
    graduate researchers, including of course, the University of
    Colorado and Colorado State University, Colorado School of
    Mines. I have to list them.
        Two things, can you comment on how you believe COVID-19--
    the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Federal researchers and how you
    would lead OSTP to reinvigorate the research workforce? And
    then, if you can tag onto that, and how do we work to prevent
    future pandemics?
        Dr. Lander. Well, what great questions. Thank you very
    much, Senator. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating
    effect in many parts--you know, in all parts of the country. It
    has certainly had a huge impact in the research enterprise. The
    biggest impact has been on women scientists. As the economy
    shutdown, the burdens of childcare fell disproportionately on
    women scientists. It is part of an overall pattern of more than
    two million women leaving the workforce since the pandemic.
        It had impacts on labs whose funding may have run out in
    the middle of this period and will not have been able to reach
    the goals they had promised to reach. And has impacts on
    graduate students and post-docs, who have a limited time and
    they have lost critical time in their projects. So, it is going
    to require from the Federal Government that we have a
    flexibility with regard to supporting the research enterprise
    through an enormous disruption, to support people in
    laboratories.
        What we really have to do is make sure we never have this
    again. There will always be emerging infectious diseases. We
    have to make sure that they never turn into pandemics like
    this. And I think we have to set very bold goals.
        It was great that we could produce a vaccine in a year and
    then, get it distributed. We have to do much better. I think
    the sort of goals we need--and I think what is possible with
    science today, is to say within 100 days from the detection of
    a potential pandemic, we should be able to have enough doses of
    an approved vaccine, clinically tested, for the whole country.
    Within 100 days. And when you say something like that, you
    gulp. But then, you take it apart and you say, yes, we can do
    those pieces. It will require thinking differently about every
    one of them.
        What interests me, what excites me about this potential
    role, if confirmed, is to try to help us come together and set
    really bold goals and respond to them. Because I have seen
    America do it again and again and I think we can do it with
    regard to pandemics. This should be the last time--the last
    time that we have a pandemic like this. Not the last time we
    are going to need to respond, but the last time something
    devastates our country and the whole world, in this way, if we
    play--if we play our role. We owe that to future generations.
    It is a generational responsibility.
        Senator Hickenlooper. I appreciate very much your
    willingness to take on those big challenges and to make real
    bold commitments. A hundred days, that is--that is amazing if
    that can be done, and I believe that you could do it.
        Anyway, I will yield--I am out of time. I have many more
    questions, but I will yield my time back to the Chair--or my
    lack of time back to the Chair. Again, Dr. Lander, thank you
    for being willing to do this. I look forward to working with
    you.
        Dr. Lander. Thank you.
        Senator Duckworth. Senator Thune.

                     STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA

        Senator Thune. Thank you, Madam Chair and thank you, Dr.
    Lander for being here today. The Office of Science and
    Technology Policy always plays a significant role in
    coordinating Federal R&D initiatives and the rise in scientific
    prowess of China and other nations has made that role only more
    crucial today. It is imperative that the United States maintain
    its global leadership in the development, commercialization,
    and standardization of innovative technologies.
        During my time as Chairman of this Committee, we
    successfully enacted the American Innovation and
    Competitiveness Act to better coordinate R&D efforts at the
    Department of Commerce and the NSF, as well as the National
    Quantum Initiative Act to strengthen and unify the focus of the
    Federal Government on developing quantum technologies. Both of
    these bills were bipartisan and drew broad support from
    industry and the scientific community.
        The U.S. continues to lead the world in the development and
    commercialization of innovative technologies, and we cannot
    cede that competitive advantage to China. And it is crucial
    that the U.S. act boldly to solidify American leadership in
    science and in technology.
        Dr. Lander, at a hearing two weeks ago, Dr. Kelvin
    Droegemeier made an insightful comment on the need for private
    sector to be involved in strategic decisionmaking when it comes
    to research partnerships, rather than simply being brought in
    after the program has been established. How do you believe the
    Federal Government can better incorporate the private sector as
    a partner in R&D initiatives?
        Dr. Lander. Thank you, Senator. The biggest challenges
    facing the country today, many of them involve these
    technologies of the future. And I think a gap has become
    apparent between what we can do amazingly well in foundational
    research, and what we can do amazingly well with vibrant
    industry. And there is a gap of things that fall between, where
    government needs to work both with basic research and with
    industry to help fill that gap for things that are not yet a
    business plan but could launch 100 businesses or 1,000
    businesses.
        So, I think partnerships in many of these technologies,
    quantum computing, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology,
    different kind of telecommunications, are going to be really
    crucial. We have to do this in an American way. We watch China
    doing this, in the way of a civil-military fusion and that is
    just not our way of doing it.
        But we need an American solution to it that brings together
    these great sectors we have to fill that middle. And sometimes,
    that is going to be creating the infrastructure that many
    startup businesses need but cannot afford to produce
    themselves. We see that with manufacturing, for example.
    Sometimes, it is going to be derisking technologies because no
    sensible investor would invest in those technologies because of
    the risk. But as a country, we can say we are going to need
    this technology. Let us derisk it together.
        I think that is, perhaps, the most interesting question
    about our scientific--science and technology strategy going
    forward is, 75 years ago that really was not the case. Today we
    face international competition, and we face big technologies
    that will require us to act together as a country, and yet,
    still do it in a way that is based on free enterprise.
        So, I--if confirmed, I am very eager to help and to work
    with you and your colleagues to figure how we do this best. And
    I see many ideas already being floated for this.
        Senator Thune. Last year, several Federal agencies were
    breached in a supply chain attack by malicious hackers. An
    attack at this scale has an enormous effect on our economy and
    national security. If confirmed, how would OSTP respond to this
    economic espionage and work with industry to combat ongoing
    cyber-attacks?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, the nature of cyber-attacks that
    steal intellectual property from the United States, for
    example, are very concerning. We have to approach these things
    in multiple ways--security, of course, and then, also,
    technology. Sometimes we are patching holes in cyber and I
    think it is important to be able to step back and ask, how can
    we make fundamental changes to the integrity of our cyber
    defense, that would ensure fewer holes?
        I think there is a lot of active discussion right now,
    about ways to rethink aspects of our cyber defense. And if
    confirmed, OSTP has important roles in this, and I would be a
    very active participant in trying to see how we defend
    ourselves technologically. And then, of course, we have to
    defend ourselves with regard to research security.
        Senator Thune. I see my time has expired, Madam Chair.
    Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Lander.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Blumenthal.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD BLUMENTHAL,
                     U.S. SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT

        Senator Blumenthal. Thanks, Madam Chair. Welcome to the
    Committee, Dr. Lander. You have an extraordinary and very
    impressive background in both academia and elsewhere. And I
    want to ask you, at the outset, a question that will not
    determine my vote on your nomination. Since I am in the middle
    of reading Walter Isaacson's book, ``The Codebreakers'', I
    would like your opinion of the book--what you think of it. And
    I do have a reason for asking about it, though.
        Dr. Lander. OK. I am--Senator, it is an excellent question,
    and I am going to have to say, I have not read the book yet.
    Having been in----
        Senator Blumenthal. That is fair enough.
        Dr. Lander. Yes.
        Senator Blumenthal. Let me just say, one of the--there are
    a couple of themes of the book. One is a recurrent theme in
    Walter Isaacson's works, which is that great inventions and
    innovation are the result of cooperation and collaboration
    among teams of scientists and also, academia, private industry,
    and government. And I think your appointment would further that
    kind for collaboration and partnership.
        But another kind of subplot of the book, since it is about
    a woman scientist, is that women are sometimes discriminated
    against or harassed in the world of science, as they are in
    many other professions, as well. I have introduced a measure
    called Combatting Sexual Harassment in Science Act. I have done
    it with Senator Smith of Minnesota. It was originally
    championed by then Senator Kamala Harris. I would like your
    commitment to support, at least, the goals of the legislation
    to end harassment and perhaps, for the legislation itself,
    which I hope will be incorporated in the Endless Frontier Act.
        Dr. Lander. You have my enthusiastic support and commitment
    toward those goals. They are extremely important, and I think
    there are many, many approaches we have to take to end that.
        Senator Blumenthal. I have also introduced a measure called
    Supporting Early Career Researchers Act, to give American STEM
    researchers, who are just beginning in their fields--especially
    women and traditionally underrepresented minorities more
    opportunities in the world of science, particularly important,
    as you have noted, because of the impact of COVID. It would
    direct NSF to establish a new post-doctoral fellowship program
    to support the next generation of STEM talent. One of my
    colleagues, Senator Klobuchar has been particularly
    instrumental in joining this effort. I think we lose valuable
    talent because of the potential obstacles for, and inequalities
    for, certain minorities. So, again, I would ask for your
    support, as Director of OSTP for this kind of effort, and in
    particular, that legislation.
        Dr. Lander. Senator, I commit to that.
        Senator Blumenthal. I have been very interested--I am a
    former prosecutor. I still think of myself as a litigator.
    Particularly interested in your work on forensic science, the
    Innocence Project. Do you think that the legal profession, and
    our justice system, has made sufficient use of science in the
    kind of forensic evidence that is submitted and particularly,
    in the more serious cases that were involved in the Innocence
    Project?
        Dr. Lander. Senator, the--science is a force for truth, for
    getting the right answer and our justice system needs that as a
    foundation. For anything else, is to know the right answers. I
    think we have not always availed ourselves of the best science
    to get those answers, or more troublingly, not always done it
    in the rigorous ways to be able to trust those answers. That
    all of these scientific methods, when they come to court, need
    empirical evidence.
        So, this is an extremely important topic, to make sure that
    science can be a really strong supporter of the search for
    justice. It has mattered to me for 30 years and, if confirmed,
    I will devote attention to making sure we fully realize the
    promise of this for justice.
        Senator Blumenthal. Thank you. My time has expired, but
    there is a wealth of conversation that I would like to have
    with you, and I would hope that we could spend some time
    talking about that last topic, as well as some of the others.
        Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I would love to do that.
        Senator Blumenthal. Great, thank you very much.
        Senator Duckworth. A very patient Senator Blunt.

                     STATEMENT OF HON. ROY BLUNT,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSOURI

        Senator Blunt. Thank you, Chairman. Dr. Lander, it is good
    to see you here. The President is seeking a lot of new
    authorities for research entities in the government, from the
    National Science Foundation to the Department of Energy. The
    one he mentioned last night was a new concept in health, ARPA-
    H. Talk about how that would be different than what NIH has
    been doing. And also, talk about your view of whether the best
    place for that is at the National Institute of Health.
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first let me say thank you to
    you for your tremendous and consistent support of biomedical
    research. Biomedical research is an extraordinary gem of the
    United States and it is because the Congress has supported it
    for so long and so strongly. So, thank you.
        The idea of an ARPA-H has arisen, again, because of one of
    these gaps that I was referring to before, in the discussion
    with Senator Thune. We have unbelievable foundational research
    in this country that, through NIH grants, can discover all
    sorts of things. We have a vibrant biotech industry that is
    able to take a business plan and run with it. There are a lot
    of things that have big gaps in between. They are, you might
    call them, platforms.
        I will give one example, if I may. Very often drugs have
    side effects because they do not just act in the place you want
    them to act, but they act in other places in the body. What if
    you could build a post office, a zip code, that would deliver
    this drug to the right cell type? Well, you could dramatically
    reduce many side effects and probably be able to increase the
    dose if you know it is going to the right place. No, NIH basic
    research grant could do such a thing, not your traditional
    R01s. And no sensible startup biotech would take that on.
        These are the kinds of DARPA-like projects that led to the
    Internet and the GPS and we now see they could lead to things
    that would launch 1,000 opportunities. To me, this idea of
    DARPA, within biomedicine, is exactly that. It is to build
    those platforms to be able to overcome market failures, to take
    on bold challenges. And where should it sit? My answer is
    within the NIH. If you were to try to set up a separate thing,
    I think there would be duplication and competition.
        Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get another question in
    here.
        Dr. Lander. Please.
        Senator Blunt. With what NIH did during the pandemic with,
    particularly, what we call the shark tank on developing tests
    and becoming an active partner with 34 different businesses,
    would that make them more prepared to do this than they would
    have been, say, 2 years ago?
        Dr. Lander. Absolutely. I think this program, the RADx
    program, the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics initiative, is a
    perfect example that says, NIH can pivot and take on bold
    things like this that lift up, as you said, 34 or maybe many
    more, such opportunities. There is not a natural way to do it.
    It has been ad hoc, and it was amazing that it was spun up so
    quickly, as an ad hoc approach.
        Imagine the possibility if we had a structured way to be
    able to seize those opportunities each year. I think that it
    very much supports the idea.
        Senator Blunt. Let me see if I can get in one more
    question. This whole, what is happening in synthetic biology
    and agriculture, developing advanced materials, if you are
    confirmed, what would do to ensure that the United States
    continues to advance our innovation and maintain a global
    advantage in that quickly growing area?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, synthetic biology has enormous
    potential to do things like reprogram cells to fight cancer or
    reprogram crops to be able to have a higher yield. And it
    requires a kind of toolkit. The same way the early days of
    semiconductors, people had the bits and pieces that they would
    assemble into integrated circuits. Biology is at that early
    stage where it needs to build those toolkits and get them in
    the hands of thousands of innovators. And I think that the
    Federal Government has a really important role in being able to
    support the creation and dissemination and the sharing of best
    practices, about how to use those.
        Senator Blunt. Thank you. Thank you, Chairman.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Markey.
        Senator Markey. Thank you, Madam Chair. I would like to
    follow up on the direction that Senator Blunt was going,
    looking over at NIH and looking at what the President said last
    night about Alzheimer's and diabetes and cancer. And perhaps,
    you know, give you an opportunity to integrate that in what you
    have done in your career, thus far, and what your hopes would
    be, you know, the promise for families. Because research is
    medicine's field of dreams, from which we harvest the findings
    to give hope that there will be a cure.
        So, can you speak a little bit about what your goals would
    be? Just take those three disease, you know, and synchronize
    it, perhaps, with what the Biden Administration's dreams might
    be, over the next 4 years.
        Dr. Lander. Well, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, the
    problem in all three diseases had been we did not know what was
    wrong under the hood. We could give you an account of symptoms,
    but we could not give you an account of what was actually
    wrong.
        I think the Federal Government's investments, starting with
    the Human Genome project and many other investments, are now
    telling us how these diseases actually work. Which cells are
    going wrong and which ones to target. I think that has been a
    tremendous success. And now, the question is, can we target
    those cells? Alzheimer's, we used to think it was the problem
    in a nerve cells, but it is actually some other kind of cell
    entirely, that is likely the place to look.
        How do we manage to, now build the next generation of
    tools, to target things to the right places, do it safely, do
    clinical evaluations more quickly than five or eight years, for
    Alzheimer's, so that we can test many ideas? These are the sort
    of things that only Federal research can support and then,
    unleash innovators.
        Senator Markey. And do you think there is enough funding?
    Or are we going to have to increase funding, if we take this
    new model for having a doppler for healthcare research focusing
    upon those three diseases? Will it require a reallocation of
    funding? Or do you think an increase in funding would be called
    for?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I think the opportunities are so
    extraordinary that we are not fulfilling all the opportunities,
    in part, for lack of funding. I think we also always have to be
    thinking about using funding most wisely. But if you are asking
    are there remarkable opportunities ahead that we are not
    seizing today, the answer is yes.
        Senator Markey. When you look at the COVID crisis, where we
    are today, from your experience, what do you think is going to
    be needed, from an American perspective as a leader, in helping
    the rest of the world to deal with that issue, as well, so,
    that we anticipate, perhaps, a recurring phenomenon in the
    years ahead? What recommendation would you be giving to our
    country?
        Dr. Lander. We never want to see something like this happen
    again, hence, we have to take apart all the pieces of it. And
    we will need to have capacities in place--hot capacities that
    can be turned on a dime, because these things--well, we have
    learned what it means to have an exponential increase in
    something.
        Those are capacities for diagnostics. The ability, in a
    week, to reprogram existing diagnostics being used in public
    health, to take on a new pathogen and to do it so cheaply that
    we do not agonize about how to pay for it. The ability to
    produce vaccines against any of the classes of viruses that
    infect humans. There are 5 of them. The ability to make
    therapeutics very rapidly. We did not succeed in making
    therapeutics--new therapeutics, in this pandemic, rapidly
    enough to respond. Yet, there are approaches to do it. I think
    we need a top to bottom look at the components.
        The good news is, there are scientific approaches for all
    of those things. And we need to pull together, and we need to
    pull tighter across agencies, and we need to pull together,
    even across some countries. I think the United Kingdome is an
    obvious partner in something like this. Because we all have to
    prevent this from happening again.
        Senator Markey. Beautiful, thank you. Again, thank you for
    your service. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Duckworth. We have, via WebEx, my good friend from
    Tennessee, Senator Blackburn.

                  STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

        Senator Blackburn. I thank you, Madam Chairman. And, Dr.
    Lander, I wanted to thank you for your phone call and the time
    that we had to visit. I so enjoyed that. I want to join Ranking
    Member Wicker in his request that the Broad Institute please
    provide to us that 10 year of donor records. The Epstein
    connection is of tremendous concern to us, and we would like to
    have that information.
        A question that I have for you. In your opening statement,
    you had said, you know, the OSTP's work will be rooted in
    equity, tackling issues from STEM inclusion to algorithmic
    bias. You also state, this administration poses big questions
    like, how can science create market driven solutions for
    climate change. So, first question to you is, I want you to
    provide some clarification around your utilization of
    algorithmic bias. And then, second, we will talk about market
    driven solutions.
        Dr. Lander. So, thank you, Senator. Those are--those are
    really important questions, and I am very glad to respond to
    them.
        When--when a computer scientist uses the word algorithmic
    bias, they mean that an algorithm is not producing the correct
    answer because of, typically, the data that was used to train
    it not applying to the circumstance in which it is being used.
    There are many ways that that can occur, but it means the
    results are not reliable. They do not reflect whether the
    person you are looking at really should get a loan. What they
    reflect is a data set that does not actually describe the
    person that has come before, requesting a loan, for example.
        I think it is a very important question right now, in
    artificial intelligence. How to be able to verify that programs
    produce the correct result, in circumstances other than the
    ways in which they were first constructed.
        Senator Blackburn. I agree with you on the concern with
    algorithmic bias. I think that your application to artificial
    intelligence is so appropriately placed.
        It is of concern, when you look at building these
    algorithms out. If you are pointing one direction, that
    algorithm, instead of opening up new potential options to you,
    it narrows those options that are presented to you. And I will
    look forward to continuing a conversation about how we change
    that and how we work with tech--Big Tech companies to change
    that. It is not helpful, whether it is in research, or whether
    it is in public discourse.
        I would love for you to talk just a minute--President Biden
    has been very aggressive in executive orders. And I sometimes
    wonder how this aligns with market driven solutions when you
    talk about climate, when you talk about energy, because what he
    is putting forward in executive orders does not seem to line up
    with market driven solutions. You can look at a variety of
    different things and look at how the Chinese have so adversely
    impacted the market, when it comes to solar panels, or to
    polysilicon being made in the United States.
        So--and then, you look at President Biden's executive
    orders, and what he did around the Keystone pipeline--which, by
    the way, natural gas. A good way to move oil and gas is through
    a pipeline. I look at some of these executive orders and I
    wonder what the desired outcome is because it does not seem to
    be a market driven solution.
        So, I would like for you to bridge that gap, between what
    has been happening by executive order, when it comes to fuels,
    when it comes to energy, and what is going to become market
    driven solutions that are affordable for the vast majority of
    the American people?
        Dr. Lander. Well, thank you, Senator. I think all of us are
    very concerned about addressing the issues around climate
    change and technological innovation is a critical part of that.
    That technological innovation, ultimately, has to include
    innovations that just make clean, net zero carbon energy
    cheaper than any alternative. In the long run, that will lead
    to market driven solutions. And I think science, uniquely, can
    contribute in those ways.
        Senator Blackburn. Thank you so much. Thank you, Mr.
    Chairman.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. Senator Lujan, remotely.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. BEN RAY LUJAN,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW MEXICO

        Senator Lujan. Thank you so much, Chair Duckworth. Dr.
    Lander, New Mexico is home to world class science and research
    facilities, including Los Alamos National Labs, Sandia National
    Lab, the Air Force Research Lab, Spaceport America, small
    businesses, universities, and community colleges, and more.
    From the Manhattan Project to the Human Genome project to the
    fuel that propelled the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, New
    Mexican scientists are playing a leading role in solving our
    toughest problems.
        I am excited that the Biden-Harris Administration has
    elevated your position to the Cabinet level. This demonstrates
    a strong commitment to science and innovation. From climate to
    emerging health issues, I want to offer my support in making
    sure that OSTP has the resources and capacity necessary to
    carry out its mission and offer necessary scientific counsel to
    the President.
        My question, if nominated, how do you plan to use your role
    to ensure that science and research and development are not
    just in the room, but are central to solving our most
    challenging problems?
        Dr. Lander. Scientific research--well, Senator, I very much
    enjoyed our conversation, particularly about the national labs.
    And I--I have to say, as I told you, my first experience with
    the national labs was in your home state with Los Alamos
    National Laboratory.
        So, I am deeply excited about what science can do to solve
    so many problems. And seeing so many different laboratories and
    approaches to science flourishing right now, and so many new
    technologies and opportunities, gives me such hope, if we can
    draw people into it. So, I think lifting up the possibilities--
    I mean, this is a--I grew up in the 1960s, which I thought
    then, was a time of amazing inspiration and opportunity about
    what the world could accomplish. I think this is a moment like
    that again. We see possibilities that, I think, should lift the
    excitement of any young person, to say that being in science
    will be the most exciting thing that one can do in the coming
    decades. And we just have to make sure everyone understands all
    of those opportunities, and that there is a place for everyone
    in those opportunities.
        Senator Lujan. Thank you, Dr. Lander. As you know, Congress
    is currently considering proposals to strengthen America's
    leadership in science and technological innovation. As a
    Nation, we are not keeping pace with other countries' increases
    in their R&D spending. We must invest more in science,
    including at the Department of Energy, NSF, NIST, and NASA.
        The lab directors of the 17 Department of Energy National
    Labs recently wrote a joint letter offering technical
    assistance to the Endless Frontiers Act, which proposes an
    expansion of the NSF to address 10 technology focus areas. This
    letter recommends that Congress embrace a broad approach to our
    technology and leadership, economic competitiveness, by
    strengthening the entire U.S. innovation ecosystem. This means
    increasing investments at NSF, as well as other agencies that
    play a key role in important technology areas, such as the
    Department of Energy.
        Yes or no, do you believe that we have an innovation
    ecosystem and that the Department of Energy is a vital part of
    it?
        Dr. Lander. Senator, the Department of Energy and its
    amazing networks of laboratories is a vital part of America's
    ecosystem of innovation. I very much agree.
        Senator Lujan. Dr. Lander, do you believe that--do you
    believe that the Department of Energy and NSF do complimentary
    work?
        Dr. Lander. I do believe they do complimentary work.
        Senator Lujan. Do you agree with the lab directors that we
    must make substantial investments in and strengthen the entire
    U.S. innovation ecosystem, including at the Department of
    Energy?
        Dr. Lander. I--I think, if we are going to compete in the
    years ahead, we need to strengthen all aspects of our
    innovation ecosystem. This is a very consequential moment for
    the United States to make sure that we have strong innovation
    throughout the country, throughout the government support for
    it, throughout industry. So, it is critical that we strengthen
    all of it because it is the only way America will remain the
    leader in science and technology.
        Senator Lujan. Chair Duckworth, this letter from our
    Nation's lab directors recommends that Congress embrace a broad
    approach to our technology leadership and economic
    competitiveness by strengthening the entire U.S. innovation
    ecosystem. And I ask unanimous consent that it be entered into
    the record.
        Senator Duckworth. Without objection.
        [The information referred to follow:]

        Senator Lujan. I want to thank Dr. Lander for his time
    today, for my conversation with him, and with that, Chair
    Duckworth, I yield back.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you and I recognize the Senator
    from Minnesota, Senator Klobuchar, who will take over as the
    Chair.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR,
                      U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA

        Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Madam Chair and
    thank you, Dr. Lander, for being here. And we talked on the
    phone about some of your interests in science and technology.
    And I want to start with, really, what I consider the biggest
    scientific challenge in front of us, which is climate change.
    And I know you have been asked a few things about this and the
    President certainly focused on it last night in the State of
    the Union.
        As you know, earlier this year, the President asked you how
    science and technology can create solutions to address climate
    change, and soon after he issued the executive order
    establishing the National Climate Task Force. Can you speak to
    the importance of interagency coordination in addressing
    climate change and what steps you can take to address the
    issue?
        Dr. Lander. Well, thank you--thank you so much, Senator.
    Climate change is--is an incredibly important challenge for our
    time and we have to move quickly on it. I am impressed, looking
    back the last decade, that we have seen real progress. That
    green technologies, zero carbon technologies, used to be hugely
    more expensive than fossil fuel technologies. That gap is
    closing. Look at market driven solutions when the gap closes
    all the way.
        But the gap is no longer so huge. We see it with solar; we
    see it with smart grids; we see it with wind. And I think, what
    we need to do now is, focus hard from the point of view of
    science and technology on what we can do to promote the
    innovation to make each of these things more and more
    efficient. So that, we reach a point where there is not really
    a question because--because it is just cheaper to do it that
    way. I think that is the ultimate goal for science and
    technology. And I think, amongst the agencies, we have to be
    coming together and looking on a continuing basis, what those
    differences in costs are and how we can close them.
        Senator Klobuchar. Very good. The--I know Senator Thune
    talked to you about cybersecurity work force, something that is
    a major priority and he and I have worked together on a public-
    private exchange. Do you believe we need to train our
    cybersecurity workforce better to deal with the hacks and what
    we have seen out there?
        Dr. Lander. Oh, the cybersecurity problem is a very serious
    and very worrying problem for the whole country. I believe we
    do not have enough people trained in it to be able to both
    defend and then, think about how to construct systems that are
    just less hackable.
        Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
        Dr. Lander. So, I think this is an area of tremendous
    opportunity. There are some manufacturing institutes that we
    actually started that focus on cybersecurity manufacturing.
    There are programs I know of at Annapolis. But we really have
    to do a tremendous amount because the risk of cybersecurity
    threats is just too big.
        Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm. And along the lines of cyber,
    there are still issues, of course, with broadband, really come
    into magnification during the pandemic. And we have got, you
    know, in my state, about 16 percent of households--even our
    state is above the national average--that do not have access.
    Representative Clyburn and I lead the two major bills together,
    the same bill, on broadband. And of course, the President
    included these provisions in his infrastructure package.
        In your testimony, you highlight the importance of access
    to broadband. Can you talk about that, in terms of--I know you
    do such high-level science, but if you are going to get stuff
    out to people, so they can actually use it, you do not want a
    whole bunch of people, like 20 percent of the population not
    having access.
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, this is such an important issue.
    I mean, it--how can you be a part of 21st century American
    economy, education, work, healthcare, commerce without access
    to broadband? And yet, tens of millions of Americans lack
    access to broadband. And it is disproportionately rural
    Americans and people on tribal reservations, and people of
    color, and older, and lower income Americans, and Americans
    with disabilities.
        And for me, it is actually a personal issue because my
    daughter teaches high school in Lowell, Massachusetts and
    three-quarters of her kids are on free or reduced lunch. And
    during this pandemic, when she has been teaching online, we are
    acutely aware--she is acutely aware every day for how hard it
    is, for many of her students, to be able to even participate in
    class.
        Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
        Dr. Lander. We have to solve this.
        Senator Klobuchar. Yep, very good. And I think it is just
    important to put the connection with the high-level science and
    broadband.
        Dr. Lander. My daughter's class matters even more than the
    high-level science of this.
        Senator Klobuchar. My last question is, you and I talked
    about Minnesota and we are really proud of the work that we
    have done in research in our state, at places from the
    University of Minnesota to Mayo Clinic. And Mayo Clinic, I
    visited their Personal Medicine area, where they have
    personalized medicine, using the science we have now to help
    people. And could you talk a little bit about that, the work,
    of course, that Francis Collins has done, and where you see the
    future headed? Because I, as one of the co-chairs of the Rare
    Disease Caucus, along with Senator--with Senator Hatch and now,
    Senator Wicker, you know, we have done a lot of work in that
    area. And there is still so many things we need to know to give
    people the best treatment. Where do you see this going?
        Dr. Lander. Well, the amazing progress in being able to
    find the genes that underlie diseases is not just giving us
    diagnostics, it is now pointing to therapeutics. So, more and
    more rare genetic diseases, that we never imagined would be
    treatable, now through different kinds of gene therapies, we
    are seeing can be treatable.
        Senator Klobuchar. Mm-hmm.
        Dr. Lander. And it is just amazing. The hardest problem may
    be just delivering the therapy to the right cells. But the idea
    that this is becoming--well, gone from an utter mystery to a
    problem of careful engineering, and that, we can provide, in
    some cases, real therapies and cures, and in many other cases,
    you can at least see paths to them, to me it is--it is just a
    mind-blowing thing, over the past 10 or 20 years. And if you
    try to project forward 10 or 20 years, you just think, wow,
    what is going to happen?
        Senator Klobuchar. Exactly. All right, well, we hope in
    your new job, you will visit Mayo, if you are confirmed, and
    come to our State. So, with that, I can only chair this for a
    short period of time. I just happened to--I was at another
    hearing on patents in Judiciary, but I will toss it over to
    Senator Rosen, and then, maybe be able to come back in to call
    on Senator Sullivan. I have a number of calls. I did not know I
    was going to chair it, so--but do not worry. I guess you will
    not abandoned, Dr. Lander. With that, I will turn it over to
    Senator Rosen, who is with us remotely.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. JACKY ROSEN,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM NEVADA

        Senator Rosen. Thank you, Senator Klobuchar. And thank you,
    Dr. Ladner, for your research, your service, and your
    willingness to serve in the future.
        You know, so many of my colleagues--I have been listening--
    have asked great questions. We were able to have a great
    conversation. So, I want to build a little bit on my colleagues
    questions to talk about STEM education, because it is really
    important. That is one of my top priorities in Congress is STEM
    education and really building our STEM work force. You know, my
    Building Blocks of STEM Act with Senator Capito, was signed
    into law last year. It expanded the National Science Foundation
    programs to help increase participation for girls in computer
    science. I am glad it was really funded in the last omnibus.
        But there is just so much more work that we have to do,
    particularly in breaking down barriers that stand in the way of
    students of all ages, of all genders, from all backgrounds,
    whether they are urban or rural, just across the board. And so,
    what role do you really see that you have in helping to promote
    STEM education, workforce training? And really, what I want to
    ask you is that, how can you partner with all of us? The 21st
    century economy needs a 21st century workforce to find these
    wonderful breakthroughs, like we have been doing. And how can
    you use your platform to help us promote these kinds of
    exciting things and the work that you can do when you pursue
    any career in the STEM field?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator Rosen, thank you and it was--it
    was really great to talk to you the other day.
        I am, as was mentioned, a veteran teacher. For 25 years I
    have taught the Introductory Biology course at MIT and I have
    seen what happens when you can light the fire of imagination in
    someone's eyes.
        I think we need to lift up the possibilities and invite
    people in to STEM in a way that we have not done before. We
    need to create curricula that work for teachers in many
    different settings, so that everyone, wherever they are, can
    get as excited about these possibilities.
        There are many different approaches. I do not think there
    is any single answer to STEM. But I do think that one thing,
    again and again, that works is not book learning, but learning
    directly by doing. This kind of active learning, discovering
    something yourself, building something yourself, inventing
    something yourself, is--people get hooked on it and they do not
    even know that they are doing STEM. What they are doing is, we
    are tapping into the natural creativity.
        And I am very excited, if confirmed, to work to help pull
    together and convene to create more of the resources that will
    let teachers around the country be able to do this, in ways
    that suit their individual states and their cities and their
    classes and the diversity of Americans. Because there many ways
    in but we have make sure all of those paths in are smoothed
    paths.
        Senator Rosen. No, I could not agree more. We have so many
    robotics programs. I have been to third grade classrooms where
    they showed me how they built robots and they created the
    websites. We have seen cooking classes where they tell the
    kids, ``This is chemistry''. And I see, especially in
    elementary school, that spark of imagination. If we can just do
    that, I think you are exactly right.
        And so, that leads me to my next question. Because we know
    that there were concerns about the issues of politics
    influencing science. And so, we want to be sure that--that, at
    the new administration, that we let data and evidence direct
    our policy, in areas of science. Especially now, we have the
    pandemic and so many other things--rare diseases, cancer, all
    of the things we talk about.
        So, if confirmed, kind of building on this, how can you
    help restore trust and scientific integrity with the public?
        Dr. Lander. I think, Senator, restoring that trust is one
    of the most important things that we all have to do, and I
    think the most important thing is to listen. I think,
    sometimes, scientists talk first. I think we need to listen.
    People have valid concerns and I think, listening to people
    about their concerns--letting them express them, inviting them
    in--is so important to rebuilding trust. I do not think it is a
    question of just ``educating people''. I think it is sometimes
    about educating scientists about what concerns people.
        So, trust building requires listening and listening very
    deeply. And, if confirmed, I would want to make sure that OSTP
    took that approach and tried to promulgate that approach
    throughout Federal science programs.
        Senator Rosen. Thank you. I appreciate your time and I
    yield back.
        Senator Klobuchar. Thank you very much, Senator Rosen. Next
    up, Senator Sullivan.

                    STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN,
                        U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Madam Chair, and, Dr. Lander,
    good to see you. I really enjoyed our Zoom meeting. You know, I
    take the advice and consent role here in the Senate really
    importantly. I try to meet with everybody--assistant
    secretaries, undersecretaries, deputy secretaries, you name it.
    And some of these are very informative; some are not. But I
    really enjoyed our discussion. I learned a lot. I thank you for
    your time. I am going to be a strong supporter of yours in the
    confirmation process.
        Let me--let me kind of touch on a topic that you and I
    talked about. You know, we are getting through this pandemic.
    You know, there has been a lot of finger pointing and blame and
    everything like that. And--but there are some silver linings,
    as we talked about. And you know, you never want to highlight
    the misery of what is going on in other places, but it looks
    like, right now, if you look at overall--of course, we have had
    way too many deaths, which is horrible--but with regard to the
    vaccine and the ability for American states to get it out, my
    state has been leading the charge remarkably. Vaccine rates in
    Alaska, for the whole country, but how quickly we are able to
    do that, the vaccine, knock on wood and we hope this stays the
    case, appears to be working, relative to, like, the Chinese
    vaccine that does not seem to be working that well. And other
    countries are having a real hard time and now, we are--we are
    kind of leading the world, I would say. And I think there is so
    much to learn, in a positive way, from Operation Warp Speed and
    how that came together for----
        So, I am going to be working on legislation, and I know you
    and I talked about it. I would say, you know, I wish President
    Biden would be a little more magnanimous. You know, his
    discussion of vaccines always seem to start with his
    inauguration. Of course, that was not the case. He kind of did
    it again last night. He never recognizes the Trump
    Administration's work. I think we need to come together and
    recognize that.
        But could you just tell me, quickly, because I have got a
    couple other questions, what are some of the lessons that we
    learned? I mean, it has been a year really, since the pandemic
    hit us hard, and we already have a vaccine that is getting to
    most of the country. And most scientists would not have agreed
    that that could happen at all, and yet we did it. American
    ingenuity, we did it. It is a great lesson that we should all
    try to be celebrating and learning from.
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, first, let me say, I also
    tremendously enjoyed our conversation. And I will say, for the
    record, I did commit to you to come to the great State of
    Alaska.
        Senator Sullivan. Yes. Oh, I was going to get to that.
        Dr. Lander. Oh, OK, well----
        Senator Sullivan. YOu even said you would come in the
    winter, which a lot of nominees do not. So, we are going to get
    you out there, at least----
        Dr. Lander. I am proactively recording----
        Senator Sullivan. I am going to take you to Fairbanks,
    where it is 40 below zero, and you are going to see.
        Dr. Lander. Well, you have got that great research center
    up there that we talked about it.
        Senator Sullivan. You know, I am--that is actually my next
    question.
        Dr. Lander. Oh, I am sorry. I am just, you know--I will
    stick to the question in front of us here.
        With regard to vaccines, it is amazing how fast it worked,
    and it is also amazing that it was 10 years in the making.
        Senator Sullivan. Yes, that is a good point.
        Dr. Lander. It was investments by this American Government,
    in things like MRNA vaccines, understanding coronaviruses. And
    so, as we look, going forward, I think we have to look that we
    have made investments over a long period of time, and then,
    when it came time, we had things on the shelf----
        Senator Sullivan. Yes.
        Dr. Lander. We could bring down. We have got to keep doing
    that.
        Senator Sullivan. Well, look, I want to--I am going to be
    proposing legislation. I think it will be very bipartisan. It
    will be not--it will be non-finger pointing, right? It is going
    to be, hey, we pulled this off, Democrats, Republicans, Trump
    Administration, Biden Administration. What have we learned and
    how can we apply that to other places?
        Dr. Lander. Yes.
        Senator Sullivan. So, I want to work with you on that
    legislation. You and I had a good chat about that.
        Let us--let us talk about Alaska, here, real quick. Here is
    my big issue. We are a great state. Everybody loves their own
    State. I think my State is the most unique, certainly, and you
    will see it when you are up there. But whether it is climate,
    arctic, oceans, fisheries, there are so many huge scientific
    things that we can learn from what is happening in Alaska.
        Here is a bit of a frustration. Federal agencies often want
    to study these, but they do it in places that are not in
    Alaska. So, I need your commitment to come up, see the State,
    but also, help me get the scientists who are studying these
    Alaska issues, to actually be in Alaska.
        This has been a problem--I will just give you one example.
    NOAA, I live NOAA. There was, like, this giant migration of
    scientists who were studying Alaska issues, who left Alaska.
    You would not have scientists studying the Grand Canyon do it
    from Illinois, right? So, I am just saying, we need to fix
    that. Can you comment on that, at all? I mean, it is best to be
    a scientist studying something in the place where it is taking
    place, right?
        Dr. Lander. Senator, I--there are some things you can learn
    from a distance and some things you can learn from a computer
    simulation. But you cannot learn about natural places without
    being there. And so, I think that is a broad statement that I
    strongly support. We need people there to observe and be part
    of the ecosystem and all for the exciting opportunities and
    challenges.
        Senator Sullivan. Let me--and I--and I know I am a little
    bit over my time, and I know, I think, Senator Lummis up next,
    but just one final question.
        I agree with what Senator Rosen just said. We have got to
    take politics out of science. But this works kind of all ways.
    Right now, I would say there is a definitive area where energy,
    traditional energy--oil and gas, in particular, mining--seems
    to be out of favor, right? This current administration is
    restricting the production of American energy. Crazy in my
    view, killing jobs, for sure. And even during the Obama
    Administration you had scientists come out and say the National
    Petroleum Reserve of Alaska does not really have any oil in it.
    That was the scientists. Well, it was totally political because
    they were wrong. It is a huge area. Some of the biggest finds
    recently, in the world, have been in what we call the NPRA.
        So, that was politicized science to try to get people not
    to explore for energy in America, based on faulty science. Fake
    science, in my view. So, can you just talk to me briefly about
    making sure you stay--keep it straight down the middle? A lot
    of focus on climate change. OK, we need to focus on that. But
    also, on energy. I have not--being the world's natural gas
    largest supplier has benefited our country and the environment
    and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions enormously. That
    is science. Some people do not want to say that, but that is
    science.
        Can you just talk about being even keeled and keeping
    politics, on both sides, out of science?
        Dr. Lander. Senator, you say it well. We have to be even
    keeled. Politics does not have a place in science. When we have
    a problem, we need to look to all the solutions we might have
    for that problem. And, if confirmed, I can commit that I will
    bring that approach and I will encourage that approach.
        Senator Sullivan. Good. I look forward to strongly
    supporting your confirmation and I believe--I--Senator Lummis,
    I think is up next. So, I think I am the de facto chair right
    now.

                   STATEMENT OF HON. CYNTHIA LUMMIS,
                       U.S. SENATOR FROM WYOMING

        Senator Lummis. Let me see if I can get it to--can you hear
    me?
        Senator Sullivan. Yes, we can hear you.
        Senator Lummis. Thank you so much. Appreciate it, Mr.
    Chairman. And I want to follow up on one of the things that you
    were addressing just now and expand it to rare earth and
    critical minerals. You know, our supply chain is one of the
    most important to be secured from Chinese influence. And
    fortunately, there are places in the United States with large
    critical mineral deposits. My state is one of them. I suspect
    Senator Sullivan's state is, as well.
        I believe the National Science Foundation should be working
    with the Department of Energy and other agencies to advance
    mining research and the development of related technology, to
    make sure the best use of American rare earth resources are
    occurring and is advanced now. So, could you talk about your
    perspective on this? How will you use your position at OSTP to
    make this a reality?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, thank you. The rare earth
    minerals is such an important issue because they are used in so
    many critical technologies today from, you know, lithium-ion
    batteries, to semiconductors. And because they are a real
    supply chain problem because, in many cases, perhaps half of
    cases, the major supply is China. And if we were ever to lose
    that supply, we would be in a bad way.
        So, there is an urgent question facing the United States
    of, how do we guarantee our supply chain for scores of rare
    earth minerals. You know, gallium, 100 percent of the supply
    comes from China. And it is not that we do not have supplies of
    some of these minerals here, it is that we do not have the
    mining and refining capacity for those.
        So, I would like to see systematic plans. And, if
    confirmed, I would like to push for systematic plans, to make
    sure that we know how to secure supply chains in ways that are
    economically robust and safe for the environment. And I think
    American manufacturers have been working out ways to do this
    with new kinds of mining and new kinds of secondary extraction.
        So, you have my commitment, Senator, that this is a very
    important topic, from the point of the economy and national
    security. And I would be very glad to work with you to make
    sure that we have the supply chain we need for these rare earth
    minerals.
        Senator Lummis. Well, thank you. We will push you to push
    others to prepare those plans, so they are available to all of
    us, and we can have the things we need--critically need, in
    case China pulls the rug out from under us, which they could at
    any time they chose to.
        I also have a question about the disparity in NSF funding
    allocations. Small universities are at a disadvantage when
    competing for NSF grants against major institutions like yours.
    The proof is the fact that just seven states received half of
    the available NSF funding and the bottom 10 states shard just 3
    percent. And this continues to be an issue that I have been
    following for decades because I used to be involved in these
    issues at my University of Wyoming.
        So, will you commit to using your position as Director of
    OSTP to work toward more equitable distribution of NSF funding?
        Dr. Lander. Well, Senator, I strongly believe that this
    country will only fulfill its potential if we involve everyone
    and that means research going on vibrantly in all the states of
    this country. And there are many ways to help promote that and
    I am extremely interested in this topic. And I would commit, if
    confirmed, to work closely with you to make sure that we engage
    your state and many, many other states who are not as heavily
    engaged in this as they need to be and should be and must be.
    So, I will, indeed, work with you on this topic.
        Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much. Now, one last
    comment. You and I had a good discussion about some of the
    controversies that were brought up during your nomination
    earlier and when we spoke, and I looked into the allegations of
    sexism. And it is not clear to me what your motives were, but
    it is clear that you wanted to make sure that your labs got the
    patents and the credit for CRISPR technology, and that, in the
    process, you may have marginalized, or trivialized, the
    contribution of two scientists whose work was essential in
    making CRISPR breakthrough possible. So, that does remain a
    concern for me, however, I appreciate your candor during our
    conversations. And thank you for taking my questions today.
        Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
        Dr. Lander. And if I may respond----
        Senator Sullivan. Yes.
        Dr. Lander.--because it is a very important question,
    Senator.
        Senator Sullivan. It is an important question.
        Dr. Lander. It is a very important question. So, a very
    important value to me, throughout my whole career, has been
    championing scientists to make sure they get credit for their
    work.
        So, in 2016, I wrote a long review article championing the
    work of about a dozen scientists, mostly unsung heroes who had
    contributed to CRISPR over the course of 20 years. They
    included young scientists, immigrant scientists, young Asian
    American scientists, and two remarkable women scientists, Drs.
    Doudna and Charpentier. And I was excited to tell the whole
    story, especially because there is a long history of people not
    receiving proper recognition. And my goal was to show how all
    of these contributions, from 12 different people, built on each
    other and fit together. And I am afraid that, in writing it up,
    I understated the importance of those key advances that you
    referred to by Drs. Charpentier and Doudna. That was not my
    intention. I felt terrible about it. I made a mistake and when
    I make a mistake I own it and try to do better.
        I should have written those paragraphs differently to make
    my intention crystal clear. I have enormous respect for Drs.
    Doudna and Charpentier and the important work they have done
    throughout their careers. And over my career, I have tried to
    lift up others, again and again. And when I fail, as I failed,
    I try to learn and do better. And I appreciate the question and
    I take it extremely seriously.
        Senator Sullivan. Well, thank you for----
        Senator Lummis. Well, thank you very much for responding. I
    appreciate your candor now, as well. I--that was very, very
    helpful. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I yield back.
        Senator Sullivan. Thank you, Senator Lummis. And I just
    want to add to her point about the smaller universities that
    still have great scientists. We have that in Alaska, as well. I
    believe Senator Lee is on.

                      STATEMENT OF HON. MIKE LEE,
                         U.S. SENATOR FROM UTAH

        Senator Lee. Yes, yes, I am.
        Senator Sullivan. Great.
        Senator Lee. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Sullivan. Yep.
        Senator Lee. Dr. Lander, during our phone call a few weeks
    ago, we had a brief discussion, as you may recall, about--about
    your stance on Federal research relating to ethics in certain
    scientific research areas, like those involving the use of
    aborted fetal tissue, or embryonic stem cells. As I recall, you
    indicated, during our conversation, that as Director of OSTP
    you would have little input in any of these areas. But to be
    clear, Title 42 states that the Director of OSTP is required to
    ``develop, review, revise, and recommend criteria for
    determining scientific and technological activities warranting
    Federal support''.
        So, understanding this particular part of the job
    description, I would like to ask you a series of questions and
    I would like you, if possible, to keep these to a yes or no,
    just given the limited time-frame that we have. A series of yes
    or no questions regarding the ethics of certain scientific
    research. Do you support Hyde Amendment protections?
        Dr. Lander. I recognize the President's position and
    support the President's position on the Hyde Amendment.
        Senator Lee. So, is that a no?
        Dr. Lander. Sorry, I have not got quite which way yes and
    no went but I think my answer is, I support the President's
    position.
        Senator Lee. Understood. Do you support the use of aborted
    fetal tissue for research purposes?
        Dr. Lander. I think the role of OSTP is to be able to
    provide advice on what might be learned. I defer to our elected
    officials to determine how to balance the ethical questions in
    the use of it and the possible benefits that could emerge. I
    think science can provide, to our elected officials, the
    potential benefits. And I very much respect the importance of
    these ethical issues and how much they matter to so many
    people, myself included, and yourself included. And I respect
    that these are questions for our----
        Senator Lee. What about the use of live embryos? What about
    the use of live embryos in federally funded research, do you
    support that?
        Dr. Lander. Live embryos?
        Senator Lee. Yes.
        Dr. Lander. I am not aware of that.
        Senator Lee. OK, how about the creation of three parent
    embryos?
        Dr. Lander. I believe the creation of embryos for the
    purpose of human research is unethical. We should never be
    creating embryos for the purpose of human research.
        Senator Lee. OK. So, does that mean--do you support or
    oppose the use of germline genetic engineering to create
    genetically modified embryos?
        Dr. Lander. I have--I have been on record supporting a
    moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to create
    designer babies. I think there are deep technical questions,
    but deep ethical questions of creating children with genetic
    editing.
        Senator Lee. Do you support the creation of human animal
    hybrid embryos?
        Dr. Lander. I have deep ethical concerns about the creation
    of such hybrids. And certainly, there are strong regulations
    already and I think it is very much worth looking closely at
    that.
        Senator Lee. Do you support allowing an embryo to gestate
    in an artificial womb environment, for research purposes, for
    less than 14 days?
        Dr. Lander. I think the 14 days are the current Federal
    guidelines and again, I defer to our elected officials and the
    Federal Government's policies here. But I am very strongly
    opposed to letting----
        Senator Lee. What about longer than 14 days?
        Dr. Lander. Sorry?
        Senator Lee. How about longer than 14 days?
        Dr. Lander. I believe that those lines are drawn for very
    good reasons.
        Senator Lee. OK. Switching gears for a minute, the
    Committee--this committee is likely to take up the Endless
    Frontiers Act sometime soon. The Commerce Committee's portion
    of that bill places a great deal of responsibility on the OSTP
    Director and the National Science Foundation for implementation
    of $100+ billion government R&D effort, intended to counter
    China's expansion. I am concerned that this conversation is one
    in which we are only trying to respond to the Chinese Communist
    Party with more government spending. Should our biggest
    response to increase China's investment in R&D be to just spend
    more like China? And will outspending China, through the
    Federal Government, actually counter the CCP economically?
        Dr. Lander. Senator, I think our competition with China is
    incredibly important--incredibly important to the future of the
    country. I do not think we can respond by acting like China. We
    have to act like America.
        Senator Lee. OK.
        Dr. Lander. And so, I think we have to have American
    solutions to these problems.
        Senator Lee. I am glad to hear that we agree on that. And I
    have often wondered, you know, how much--how much money should
    the Federal Government spend on research and development in
    order to counteract that--that threat? The Endless Frontiers
    Act would propose, you know, something over $100 billion. But
    if $100 billion, why not $250 billion? Why not $1 trillion? Is
    there a point, and can you help me identify at what point
    Federal Government spending becomes counterproductive?
        Dr. Lander. Well, I think, Senator, that the importance of
    making sure that we win in these different technologies means
    that it is appropriate to be developing ways to move things
    from fundamental research into industry, by filling gaps
    between those two. Taking on those things that are not yet a
    business plan could not be something supported by investors but
    are crucially needed by the country. And I think there is----
        Senator Lee. And finally, there are other changes we could
    meet to----
        Senator Duckworth. The gentleman's time has ended. You are
    a minute over.
        Senator Lee. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Duckworth. Thank you. I see no one is waiting in
    the WebEx. So, before we close today's hearing, Dr. Lander, we
    have one more question for you, which we ask of all nominees.
    Dr. Lander, if confirmed, will you pledge to work
    collaboratively with this committee, provide thorough and
    timely responses to our request for information, as we put
    together and address important policy issues, and appear before
    the Committee when requested?
        Dr. Lander. If confirmed, I will do all of those things and
    I look forward to it.
        Senator Duckworth. The hearing record will remain open for
    two weeks, until May 13, 2021. Any Senators that would like
    submit questions for the record for Dr. Lander, should do so by
    May 13. We ask that your responses be returned to the
    committee, as quickly as possible, and in no case, later than
    two weeks after the receipt.
        Thank you and that concludes today's hearing.
        [Whereupon, at 11:50 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                                A P P E N D I X

    [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
                                     ______

                     Transcription of a talk by Eric Lander
    National Math Festival. Gala dinner at the Library of Congress, 4/16/
            2015

                        (Introduction by David Eisenbud)

        First, thanks to Jim Simons, to David Eisenbud, to Robbert
    Dijkgraaf, to Bob Tjian, and everyone who put together this first-ever
    National Math Festival. It's about time!
        My assignment, from David, was to make the case for basic research.
    Now, looking around the room, I have to confess, I'm not sure to whom I
    need to make the case. But that was the assignment. And so, I'm going
    to do it. Because the truth is, we all have to be able to make the case
    for basic research. It is very important for us to be able to
    articulate the case for basic research.
        We have in this room people who have been tremendous forces for the
    importance of basic research. I want to thank former Representative
    Bart Gordon, who was Chairman of the House Committee on Science and
    Technology from 2007 until 2011, and former Representative Rush Holt,
    who is a research physicist and former professor and current CEO of the
    American Association for the Advancement of Science. We have
    Representative Jerry McNerney, who has the distinction of being the
    only mathematician serving in Congress. We had, until a moment ago,
    Leader Nancy Pelosi, who has also been a great supporter of research.
    So, even within the Congress, I preach to the converted and, indeed,
    from some of them, I have learned much about how to make the case for
    basic research. But, let's get down to it.
        My title is, The Miracle Machine. I'll come back to what that means
    in a moment.
        Because we are in Washington, DC, though, I want to start by
    talking about responsible public policy. As David says, I co-chair the
    President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology for the White
    House, and I've come, over the six years I've been doing that, to
    appreciate the importance of responsible public policy. I've been aware
    that, since 2008, we've been living through a great recession. We're
    now climbing out, but it's been slow. As you heard from President of
    the European Central Bank Mario Draghi, Europe is climbing out much
    more slowly, if at all. Budgets are tight everywhere. We have not the
    surplus of the late 1990s, but deficits. Understandably, our elected
    officials want to ensure that with respect to public spending, we're
    getting the maximum bang for the buck--or euro, as the case may be.
    Before committing money, they want to see clear objectives, short-term
    outcomes, and avoidance of waste. No line item in the national budgets
    has escaped this scrutiny. And that includes research.
        Looking to the north, Canada, in 2013, decided to radically shift
    the focus of its National Research Council. It announced the
    transformation of a 98-year-old agency, which had been the leading
    force for basic research in Canada, into essentially a one-stop
    concierge service to bolster technological innovation by industry and
    generate jobs. To increasingly focus the Canadian National Research
    Council on industry issues, they describe themselves now as a strategic
    R&D organization for industry that aims to be directly responsive to
    those short-term goals. I can understand why a government might choose
    to do that.
        In Europe, we've seen similar things. In 2011, Ireland's government
    substantially changed how it thinks about funding science--to focus
    predominantly on research with clear potential to grow the economy and
    create jobs. The European Commission recently announced a plan to cut
    nearly 3 billion euros from the Horizon 2020 program--which includes
    funding for the European Research Council, which is the premier,
    frontier research organization directed at fundamental research--in
    order to move money into a new Strategic Investment Fund for Europe, a
    short-term focused stimulus program. They plan to cut about 5 percent
    of the European Research Council's budget.
        Here in the United States, we are not immune from this kind of
    thinking. There are bills in Congress to ensure the accountability of
    taxpayer dollars invested in science, to ensure that dollars are
    stretched efficiently and effectively--I quote from websites here--to
    ensure ``accountability'' and ``transparency''. There are proposals
    that the National Science Foundation be required to publish a
    justification of each and every grant's scientific merits and relevance
    to the broad national interest--that is, to the economy or defense.
    Now, how could you possible disagree with such prudent investing of
    American dollars? How could you possibly disagree with accountability,
    transparency? If I'm investing in real estate, I want to see a clear
    path to a return on my investment. If I'm investing in a start-up
    company, I might be willing to wait for a few years before I get my
    return, but I want to see a clear business plan. If investing in
    building roads and bridges for a country, I'd like a clear connection
    between social investment and social return. So what can possibly be
    wrong with wanting to have a clear case for precisely how investments
    in basic research will pay off?
        The answer is: absolutely everything! Everything is wrong with it.
    Applying this kind of filter to basic research is a terrible strategy.
    It'll guarantee that you will have ordinary returns--projects that pay
    off, at an ordinary rate. In the short term, you'll get outputs. But
    you will miss the extraordinary returns. Fundamental research is
    fundamentally different than any other kind of investment. We're all
    still struggling to understand it, but it is a remarkable thing:
    because time and time again, we've found that basic research can pay
    huge, out-of-proportion returns. Basic research can completely
    transform for the better our society, our economy, our defense.
        From a mathematical point of view, you'd say that the distribution
    of returns from basic research has a very fat tail. That is, you can
    get 10:1 returns, and 100:1 returns, and 1000:1 returns, and 10,000:1
    returns out of that tail. It doesn't fall off like an exponential; it
    has very fat tails. And, indeed, as the mathematicians here know, there
    are even distributions with fat tails where the expected return is
    infinite. Basic research is probably closer to that than to some
    normally distributed return for typical kinds of investments.
        The problem is that transformative ideas and discoveries often come
    out of left field. Try as you might, you cannot predict where they come
    from. We're dealing with something pretty remarkable here. I've started
    to call this thing the Miracle Machine. It is miraculous, and it is a
    machine, because it's quite reproducible; it works again and again.
    More and more, I want to understand how this Miracle Machine works. It
    is a challenge to explain it to people. Maybe the best way to explain
    it is through example. So I'm going to pick some examples, and tell you
    about them. Some of them you'll all know, because it's a highly
    mathematical crowd. Some of them you're not going to know very much
    about, because I'll pick some biological examples; they'll be kind of
    fun. These examples are at the heart of the case we need to make.
        So, let's start with math. As you know, I am by training a pure
    mathematician: a Princeton undergraduate, Oxford graduate student. I
    studied algebraic number theory and topology at Princeton, and then
    wrote my Ph.D. thesis at Oxford on group representation theory and
    algebraic coding theory. What got me most excited about math first in
    high school and in college was number theory. I love number theory--how
    can you not love number theory at that age?
        In high school, I read and loved G.H. Hardy's Introduction to the
    Theory of Numbers. The book conveyed the essential beauty of number
    theory, especially of prime numbers. Hardy loved number theory,
    precisely because it was both beautiful and completely useless. In his
    famous essay, ``A Mathematician's Apology'', Hardy likened pure
    mathematics to painting and poetry; he was proud that it had no
    practical applications. In the essay, he wrote that no one had found
    any practical applications--he actually said, any ``war-like''
    applications; that was what was on his mind at the time--to be served
    by number theory or by general relativity. And, he said it seemed
    unlikely that anyone will do so for many, many years. Well, Hardy must
    be turning in his grave. Because number theory--prime numbers--lie at
    the heart of national security and communications. Public-key
    cryptography is fundamentally based on the question of decomposing
    numbers into their prime factors. So, number theory is central to
    commerce and defense.
        The other thing that Hardy said had no foreseeable application was
    relativity. [Laughter]
        Relativity itself has its roots in mathematics. You know, if you
    were explaining to, let's say, a Congressional committee in the 1800s
    why you were funding a grant on non-Euclidean geometry, you'd be
    saying: yes, yes, Mr. Congressman, I realize that for 2000 years we've
    known that parallel lines never meet, but let's just imagine that what
    we know isn't true, and let's fund someone to study what would happen
    in a counterfactual world where all lines intersected and there were no
    parallel lines.
        You could imagine that this would not be looked on with great
    favor. It would be viewed as some kind of mind game, because it didn't
    describe the real world, and it therefore wasn't practical. Except, of
    course, it turns out that it does describe the real world. It just was
    that the math was ahead of our understanding of the real world--to the
    curved space-time of general relativity.
        Now, to return Hardy's question, is relativity practical? Well,
    anybody who used their iPhone to get here tonight was using GPS, and
    anybody who's using GPS is using general relativity, because you
    actually need to correct for the time dilation of the satellites in
    order to get accurate GPS positioning. Your iPhone has general
    relativity built into it. Hardy was a great number theorist, but, I
    think, a very bad predictor of the ultimate impact of mathematics.
        Let me switch to physics. When Charles Townes invented lasers, he
    was advised by many people that it was a solution looking for a
    problem. What were you going to do with these lasers? It was a
    curiosity. People had masers and he wanted to know whether he could do
    a similar thing at the frequency of light, I don't think I would have
    wanted to defend its utility in advance based on that rationale. But
    lasers did turn out to be useful--for cutting, welding, printing, CDs,
    bar codes, scanners, treating acne, treating kidney stones, eye
    surgery, dentistry, fingerprint analysis, holograms, and laser light
    shows.
        What about huge particle accelerators? Those giant machines built
    to study obscure sub-atomic particles that you will never meet in your
    everyday life: quarks and leptons, and things like that. What excuse do
    we have for investing public money to build large particle accelerators
    to pursue this curiosity at this scale?
        Well, it kind of turns out that, when you build those things, it
    ends up giving us the technology to make synchrotron light sources that
    are used for x-ray crystallography, which used to study the structures
    of human proteins and which are central to all drug development
    efforts. Any good drug-development effort needs to have the structures
    of protein targets, and they have solved these structures using
    synchrotron light sources. It's very hard to predict that things like
    quark investigations will be useless--because they have this uncanny
    way of turning out, just when you'd least expect it, to be enormously
    useful.
        And then there's Andre Geim, the physicist who had Friday sessions
    in the lab where they deliberately worked on wacky things. They studied
    how geckos can climb up and stick to very smooth surfaces; it might not
    sound very important. But it led to the development of a super-sticky
    adhesive able to stick to the smoothest surfaces.
        He was also very interested in magnetic levitation and famously
    developed in his lab a system to levitate a frog. For this he won, in
    my fair City of Cambridge, Mass., an Ig Nobel prize for frog
    levitation. The Ig Nobels, if you've not been to the ceremony (I've
    actually been a speaker at the Ig Nobels) are a parody of the Nobel
    Prize.
        Geim, also in his lab, used Scotch tape to peel off very thin
    layers of graphite, then used tape on those layers to peel off thinner
    layers, and then thinner layers and thinner layers--until he got to
    layers of graphite that were just one atom thick. That is to say,
    graphene--a single monolayer of carbon atoms. For
        this work, he received not an Ig Nobel prize, but a Nobel Prize.
    Graphene is the thinnest material, incredibly strong, incredibly
    transparent, totally impervious, you can't even get helium through it.
    The same curiosity that levitated the frog produced the graphene. It's
    very hard to figure out in advance which ideas will turn into floating
    frogs and which will turn into graphene.
        Now these stories are just not a fluke. In the United States, we
    have this thing that I am increasingly thinking of as the Miracle
    Machine: a reproducible system for making miracles come to pass, for
    making dreams into reality.
        Vannevar Bush, the famous dean of engineering at MIT who directed
    research for the United States government during World War II, wrote a
    famous essay after the war about an imaginary device that he called a
    Memex. The essay was about the idea of a device that would give you
    access to all human knowledge. He imagined it with lots of microfilm
    and ways of accessing all that microfilm, whereby people could trace
    paths through all of human knowledge--a very appropriate image for the
    building in which we sit today, the Library of Congress. The Memex
    would contain all of the Library of Congress, all of human knowledge.
    It was . . . kind of crazy in 1945 to dream about such a thing. Well,
    along the way, as more people thought about such ideas, computers were
    developed. The field of computer science, built very much on
    mathematics, was developed. Hundreds of playful projects and
    algorithms, all sorts of things; the Internet was born. All of these
    things flowed one after another, after another.
        In 1993, the National Science Foundation gave a 3.6 million-dollar
    grant to some investigators at Stanford. According to the abstract of
    the grant application, the purpose was to work on an integrated virtual
    library that will provide uniform access to the large number of
    emerging networked information sources and collections that will link
    everything to personal information collections to collections found
    today in conventional libraries to large data collection. Two students
    working on this . . . you know where this is going . . . were Sergey
    Brin and Larry Page. This work gave rise to Google.
        On my iPhone, I just checked the market cap of Google today. It is
    360 billion dollars, which is a very, very precise 100,000-fold return
    on NSF's investment in a 3.6 million dollar grant. One hundred
    thousand-fold is a good return, if you can get it. Of course, the
    problem is, you don't know in advance precisely where to get it.
        Now, to get Google took more than just that public investment. You
    had a public investment from the NSF in basic science, and then, as
    these ideas proved more and more practical a few years later, the other
    part of the great Miracle Machine swung into action--private
    investment, from venture capitalists, from capital markets, to launch
    and sustain businesses, like Google. What we have in this country is an
    amazing partnership between a public good--publicly-funded, basic
    research, where we don't know precisely what it will deliver, or on
    what time frame--and then private investment. It's a fabulous
    partnership. Now, America is not the only country that does this. The
    Miracle Machine is not unique to the United States, but nowhere is it
    operating better than in the United States. And no place has reaped
    greater return from this Miracle Machine. So, it's important to
    understand how the pieces work together.
        What about biology? While I am trained as an algebraic
    combinatorialist, I have migrated over the years into biology (although
    I still use mathematics throughout biology). Biology is very fertile
    territory for some crazy-sounding studies. Let me tell you about some
    of the truly wacky things that have been done in biology.
        Biologists went and used Federal dollars to go to Yellowstone to
    look at bacteria that grow in hot springs. Pretty obscure. Who cares?
    Sounds like just butterfly collecting. Why hot springs . . . don't we
    have enough bacteria everywhere else? Well, it turns out that bacteria
    that grow in hot springs are remarkable, because all their enzymes are
    stable against extremely high temperatures. And a particular enzyme in
    these bacteria, a DNA polymerase, turned out to be a crucial component
    in the DNA amplification technology called polymerase chain reaction,
    PCR, that is used millions of times around the world every day. We have
    PCR in its current working form because somebody did go to the hot
    springs, although they didn't go for the purpose of enabling PCR.
        Biologists also wondered why jellyfish glow green. It's a cool
    question, but why should you waste public funding figuring out why they
    glow green? Well, it turns out the answer is a certain protein, now
    called Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). It can be attached, via genetic
    engineering, to other proteins that will now be marked by glowing
    green. With some modifications, you can also change the protein to glow
    red, and yellow, and other colors. And, with these tutti-frutti tags on
    proteins, you can study the internal architecture of cells in exquisite
    detail. It turns out that wondering why jellyfish glow green gave rise
    to tools that are used in tens of thousands of labs around the world
    and was worth a Nobel Prize.
        Here's another one: there are weird bacteria that can grow in
    amazingly salty conditions, such as in incredibly salty lakes in Egypt
    and Sudan. Scientists were curious about how bacteria can grow in five-
    molar salt solutions. Somebody decided to investigate this seemingly
    ridiculous question, and figured out that they have a light-driven ion
    pump that uses sunlight to transport ions. Now, this was just a
    curiosity, until some investigators realized that if you put light-
    driven ion pumps into neurons, you could get the neurons to fire
    whenever you shined a light on them. This gave rise to optogenetics--
    the optical control of neurons--which is now used all over
    neurobiology. By the way, one of the applications that people are
    working on is inserting those optically-responsive ion channels into
    the retina to restore the sight of people with certain kinds of
    blindness. I could go on and on with examples from bacteria.
        But, let's move from bacteria to fruit flies. Politicians love to
    beat up on fruit fly research. Geneticists collect strange mutant fruit
    flies with weird defects; there's one called hedgehog, and it's got all
    these little funny spikes on it. It sounds like a silly thing to do--
    except that the FDA just approved a hedgehog inhibitor in humans that
    treats basal cell carcinoma. It turns out that the same pathway the
    fruit fly uses for early development is a pathway operative in your
    skin cells. Evolution has conserved it over the course of hundreds of
    millions of years.
        Now, some politicians, including Republicans and Democrats over
    time, have sought to sound reasonable by ridiculing Federal grants that
    sound silly--at least if you only read their abstracts. William
    Proxmire, a Democrat of Wisconsin, famously gave the Golden Fleece
    awards in the 1970s for projects that he thought were frivolous, a
    waste of the taxpayers' money. In 1975, he gave the Golden Fleece to a
    study of the sex life of screwworms. You couldn't pick a better title
    than that: the sex life of screwworms. The U.S. Department of
    Agriculture gave a quarter of a million dollars to study the sex life
    of screwworms! Ridiculous! Except it turns out, the sex life of
    screwworms is pretty important. The screwworms are parasites. And
    scientists found out that females lay their eggs immediately after the
    first time they mate with a male. And it occurred to them: if one were
    to release a very large number of sterile males, they would overwhelm
    the fertile males and mate with the females, who would lay eggs that
    weren't fertilized, and one would be able to control the pest. This
    strategy was implemented and it has saved about twenty billion dollars
    in livestock costs and reduced the cost of beef by five percent. To his
    enormous credit, Senator Proxmire apologized, acknowledging that he
    blew that one. It tells you that you ought to read more than the
    abstract.
        Now, not all basic research in life sciences is bizarre-sounding or
    curiosity-driven. Sometimes critical research is about collecting lots
    of information, because you have a hunch that it's going be useful, but
    you don't exactly know how.
        To explain this, let me turn to another great example of the
    Miracle Machine. In 1953, Crick and Watson discovered the double
    helical structure of DNA and inferred how life encoded information in
    these two strands of DNA--with a sequence of DNA bases on one strand
    and a complementary sequence on the other strand. At the time, they had
    no idea that you would ever be able to read those sequences. I know,
    because I asked each of them. They said, not a chance, we never
    imagined that we'd be able, in our lifetime, be able to read out all
    that information.
        But the information was there, and maybe you could find a way to
    read it. So the Miracle Machine got to work, with tens of scientists,
    and then hundreds of scientists, and then thousands of scientists,
    chipping away at bits of this really great puzzle. And they began to
    work out how DNA is copied in cells. And how it's turned into RNA, and
    it's interpreted to make proteins, and then how we might be able to
    take some of those tricks and do it in the laboratory to actually clone
    DNA and sequence DNA. First a few letters, then hundreds of letters,
    then thousands of letters, then millions of letters and then this idea
    of a Human Genome Project, which started about 1985 and was, at first,
    considered pretty nuts. Some thought it was a total waste of money,
    because it was going to cost billions of dollars. But the scientific
    community debated it, and the Congress decided to fund it. By 1990,
    there was work underway. And by April 25, 2003, we had a finished
    sequence of the human genome. April 25, 2003--we actually chose that
    date on purpose. It was the 50th anniversary to the day of the
    publication of the Watson-Crick paper. That's what you can do in a half
    a century: you can go from a crazy idea that you might be able to
    somehow read out all that information to actually accomplishing it.
        So, what did we get out of it? Well, we got many of the things we
    expected. But, the most interesting things we got were the things we
    hadn't expected. The Human Genome turned out to be an amazing font of
    information for understanding the genetic basis of disease. For
    example, this past week, I was talking to a colleague who has been
    working out the genetics of early heart disease. We all know that
    lipids play an important role in heart disease--for example, LDL, the
    bad cholesterol, and HDL, the good cholesterol. But, he's using the
    human genome to discover entirely new pathways--for example, a pathway
    that has nothing to do with lipids at all; it looks like that's going
    to be very important. Similar things are happening for diabetes. And,
    for schizophrenia, genetics is starting to tell us that the disease is
    being driven by excessive pruning of neuronal outgrowth in adolescence.
    For autism, we have a great collaboration with Jim Simons that is
    helping to unravel the biological basis of autism. For cancer, the
    genome is revealing a tremendous amount information about the cellular
    basis of the disease, and has led to hundreds of drugs that are in
    clinical development.
        Beyond these applications to disease, there are many amazing
    fundamental discoveries about how genes are regulated, about how DNA is
    folded in the nucleus of the cell, about evolution, and about human
    populations and how they spread about the world. And, a complete
    surprise, about how humans interbred with Neanderthals--which we can
    read out from the DNA, using a heavy dose of mathematical analysis.
        In fact, all of this discovery has depended on a heavy dose of
    mathematical analysis. For example, suppose we scan the human genome to
    find genes for heart disease or schizophrenia. How do we know if a
    correlation is significant? If you're going to do only one test, you
    can use the classic significance level of p = 0.05. But, what if you're
    looking across an entire continuous genome of three billion bases?
    What's a significant result? Only math can tell us. It turns out you
    need to know the extreme valuable distribution of certain stochastic
    process called an Ornstein Uhlenbeck diffusion. In simpler terms, it
    turns out that figuring out whether a genetic finding is significant is
    equivalent to considering the behavior of a particle undergoing
    Brownian motion while coupled to the origin by a Hookean spring and
    asking how far it can get from the origin in a certain amount of time.
    This is just one of many unexpected connections between math and
    biology.
        Here's another: We study how the genome folds up in a cell. We
    recently studied a paper showing that--to a first-order approximation--
    the genome folds up as a fractal. Actually, we now have enough data to
    say that it's not quite a fractal. It's almost a fractal and we can now
    see how it differs from a fractal. We learn this by combining molecular
    biology and mathematics to study the distribution of distances between
    points in the genome.
        So, what's been the economic impact of the Human Genome Project?
    Well, it's only been a little while so far, but the Battelle Institute
    calculated that the billions of dollars of investment that the Federal
    government put into the project has returned approximately 140:1, so
    far. That's a pretty good return. They estimate the total return is in
    the neighborhood of about a trillion dollars.
        All right, you get the point. When economists try to figure out the
    return on investment of basic research, the numbers vary because it's
    hard to measure precisely. But, the estimated ROI ranges from 20
    percent per annum and 60 percent per annum. Now, as my friend and PCAST
    colleague Bill Press points out, you might say: ``With returns like
    that, I should invest my whole retirement fund in basic research!''
        The problem is, of course, as the economists say, the returns are
    not appropriable--they can't be captured by a private investor. The
    investor in basic research can't fully capture the economic returns,
    because the fruits are largely knowledge that accrues to society at
    large. You can file patents, but this applies to only a very small
    fraction of knowledge. You can't patent laws of nature, and a good
    thing, that.
        So this Miracle Machine has these two components. The first
    component is public investment in basic research. It has to be public.
    Private investors won't invest if they can't own the fruits, but the
    public can invest because it gets its return in the form of benefits
    for society and in greater tax revenues from the economic activity. The
    second component is private investment that comes along to enable
    commercialization.
        We need every person in Congress, we need every American to
    understand how this Miracle Machine works--that it has these (and
    other) essential parts and they work together to produce social good.
        If you think you can improve social returns by moving money from
    long-term basic research to short-term investments, you fundamentally
    misunderstand the Miracle Machine. You will end up with modest returns,
    at best.
        Now, basic research investments pose a problem for our elected
    officials. For other kinds of investments, they expect that they should
    be allocating the funds to specific projects. But, we're saying: No,
    you shouldn't pick the projects. And, we're saying: Please don't ask
    researchers to explain how their work is directly connected to the
    national interest. Please don't ask them to be explicit, because it
    will cause them to focus on the short-term--in which case the game is
    lost.
        So, how should funds be allocated? I hate to say it, because it
    sounds elitist, but, you need to rely on expert taste and expert
    judgment as to what's a great question to study. In a democratic
    society, it is hard to say that the right answer is to rely on experts.
    You don't want to have to say that. But it is the right answer.
        Now, we shouldn't ask for unbounded trust. As Reagan said, ``trust,
    but verify''. The right way to monitor basic research, instead of
    asking what the payoff is going to be over the next 25 years, is to
    look backward and ask what my payoff has been over the last 25 years.
    If you continue to see that you've been doing amazingly well over these
    last 25 years (which has been the case), you should continue to invest
    in basic research! I suppose there is always the risk that, at some
    point the high returns on basic research will cease, but it hasn't
    happened yet!
        We need to keep the Miracle Machine functioning, we need to train
    amazing young minds, we need to fund the best ideas, because, at least
    so far, no one has invented any system that has had a greater impact on
    human welfare. Thank you very much.
                                     ______

                                     [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
                                     ______

       Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to
                               Dr. Eric S. Lander
        Financial Conflicts of Interest. Given the considerable authority
    granted to the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy,
    it is critical that you avoid any actual or apparent conflicts of
    interest. According to your financial disclosures, you hold investments
    in entities that may be affected by the work you would perform as
    Director, including companies in the medical, biotechnology, and
    pharmaceutical industries. As a part of your ethics agreement, you have
    said that you will divest from these investments.

        Question 1. If confirmed, will you commit to divesting from any
    investments you hold in entities that may present an actual or apparent
    conflict of interest, including but not limited to entities operating
    in the medical, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries?
        Answer. Yes.

        Question 2. Will you commit to complying with all of the provisions
    in the Ethics Agreement you signed on February 19, 2021?
        Answer. Yes.

        Conflicts of Interest in Future Employment. The OSTP's mission has
    direct interaction with research institutions like the Broad Institute.
    During your confirmation hearing you expressed an interest in returning
    to work at the Broad Institute after your tenure as Director of the
    OSTP is complete.

        Question 1. Please detail the steps that you will take as Director
    of OSTP to ensure that any decision the impacts the Broad Institute
    does not present a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict
    of interest with your previous work at the Broad Institute and your
    intended return to that same institution.
        Answer. I will not participate personally or substantially in any
    particular matter that, to my knowledge, would have a direct and
    predictable effect on the financial interests of the Broad Institute. I
    will not participate in any particular matter involving specific
    parties in which the Broad Institute is a party or represents a party.
    Furthermore, in the event that an actual or potential conflict arises
    with regard to Broad or any other entity or person, I will consult with
    an agency ethics official and take whatever steps are needed to resolve
    such conflict, including immediate recusal and/or divestiture.

        Question 2. Will you commit to providing this Committee, upon
    request, information regarding funding, contracts, or support directed
    towards the Broad Institute and your involvement in the decision to
    send funding, contracts, or support to that institution?
        Answer. I have resigned from my position as CEO of the Broad
    Institute and I am on an unpaid leave of absence from my position as
    tenured professor there. If confirmed as OSTP Director, if requested, I
    commit to working with this Committee to provide information regarding
    funding, contracts, or support directed towards the Broad Institute by
    OSTP while I serve in this capacity. Moreover, I commit to this
    Committee that I will recuse myself from any and all decisions that
    could potentially or actually direct funding, contracts, or support
    towards the Broad Institute.

        Diversity in STEM. The nation has struggled to increase STEM
    diversity. Congress has authorized a number of programs to broaden
    participation in STEM, but we have yet to see any significant progress.

        Question 1. If confirmed as Director of OSTP, what concrete steps
    will you take that would garner additional support for and expand
    participation in STEM?
        Answer. I understand that we are not drawing upon the full
    potential of our country's talent, owing the long-term
    underrepresentation of various groups, including women and people of
    color. Increasing diversity and advancing equity in STEM is critical to
    our success in science and technology, and it requires a systematic
    approach.
        We need to invite and engage more people in STEM, embrace and lift
    up more role models, give more students amazing hands-on opportunities
    to learn and engage in the scientific enterprise, create more inclusive
    and diverse learning and working environments, and monitor, measure,
    evaluate and report on progress towards these goals.
        If confirmed, I'm committed to working with educators, community
    thought leaders, science and technology stakeholders, public and
    private institutions, agencies, and Congress to develop a plan to carry
    out the President's vision of a more inclusive and equitable nation.

        Question 2. How do you address concerns that your decision to toast
    Dr. Watson, and your failure to include recognition for two notable
    female scientists is evidence that you will perpetuate stereotypes and
    not take active steps to promote the work of minorities and women in
    STEM if you are confirmed?
        Answer. I believe that supporting women and people of color in STEM
    is critical. I understand that science has not always been welcoming--
    and has often been hostile--to individuals from underrepresented
    groups. This is such an important issue because the lack of inclusion
    is not only deeply unfair, but is also one of the greatest risks to
    America's success. Throughout my career, I have worked to improve
    diversity and inclusion in science.
        If confirmed, I am committed to making full inclusion and equitable
    outcomes a high priority, including building the most diverse OSTP and
    PCAST in history and developing a plan to increase the numbers of women
    and people from underrepresented groups in the science and technology
    professions by 50 percent. I would welcome the opportunity to work with
    you on this.
                                     ______

      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Raphael Warnock to
                               Dr. Eric S. Lander
        Inclusion of Underserved Communities. In my home state, Georgia
    Tech, Morehouse College, and PRENEURology Global have launched the
    Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub,
    which will serve as a network of entrepreneur spaces, education
    pathways, and engagement programs--specifically focused on minority
    entrepreneurs and students.

        Question. How can OSTP better work with agencies, Congress, and the
    university and startup ecosystem to bring research out of the lab and
    into underserved, underrepresented localities that need more
    opportunities for new businesses and new jobs?
        Answer. I understand how important it is for agencies, STEM
    ecosystems, Congress, and OSTP to work together to turn research into
    business and job opportunities for those in underserved communities.
        As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is
    calling on Congress to invest in workforce training that prioritizes
    underserved communities and communities hit hardest by our transforming
    economy. It asks for the support of investments that ensure those from
    underserved groups have greater access to new infrastructure jobs. The
    President's plan also calls for support of community college
    partnerships that build capacity to deliver job training programs based
    on in-demand skills. I am also in full support of the President's
    Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved
    Communities Through the Federal Government.
        If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies, such as the
    National Science Foundation, the Department of Education, and the
    Department of Labor to support the development of policies and programs
    that deliver resources and benefits equitably to all. Likewise, I am
    committed to working with agencies, STEM education ecosystems, and
    Congress to support economic and scientific growth in underserved
    communities. I am also personally interested to learn more about the
    Southeast Minority Business Development Agency--Business Growth Hub, to
    understand ways in which it may be a useful model for other underserved
    communities.

        Innovation and Efficiency. Our most serious global challenges are
    increasingly at the intersection of scientific disciplines with
    significant societal impacts. Our vulnerable populations and
    disadvantaged communities are and will withstand the worst of health
    and environmental challenges. Unfortunately, our Federal research
    agencies are often siloed both internally and across agencies in their
    approaches and missions. The researchers in our universities in Georgia
    often want to tackle challenges at this intersection--such as the
    health impacts of energy technology--but are stymied by the current
    bureaucratic structures of our research agencies.

        Question. How will you work to bring our agencies together to make
    real change that spurs new discoveries and innovation?
        Answer. I understand how important it is for the success of our
    research community that the Federal government take a holistic approach
    in supporting new discoveries and innovation. And, I know that this
    does not always occur.
        Optimizing interagency collaboration is central to OSTP's mission
    and OSTP is uniquely positioned to carry out this goal, through its
    leadership of National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), which
    helps to coordinate science and technology across the Federal agencies
    and support collaborative initiatives and activities across agencies.
        If confirmed, I am committed to utilizing the NSTC to its full
    capacity, supporting agencies that model convergent approaches to their
    work, and identifying and supporting other ways that agencies can
    support the intersection of scientific disciplines with the potential
    of significant societal impact.

        Improved Screening Technology. As we have seen throughout the
    Covid-19 pandemic, America's seniors went without preventive health
    services for far too long. One major consequence of this is the
    substantial reduction in cancer screenings among those at greatest risk
    for cancer: adults over age 65. The risks are further exacerbated by
    the health inequities we face in the U.S. that continue to
    disproportionately impact African-Americans. In August 2020, NCI
    Director Dr. Sharpless warned of an increase in late-stage cancer
    diagnosis due to missed screenings.

        Question. As the Director of OSTP, what would you do to ensure that
    the Administration pursues policies that promote innovative screening
    technology to reduce the number of late-stage cancer diagnoses?
        Answer. As a life scientist who has worked on cancer and other
    diseases, I appreciate the importance that screening plays in reducing
    late-stage cancer diagnoses. I know that recent advances in science and
    technology offer new opportunities to detect cancers earlier and to
    ensure access that is broader and equitable to all. I understand how
    important it is to support policies that promote such technology.
        I know the President supports advanced research and screening
    efforts found through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
    National Comprehensive Cancer Control and the National Breast and
    Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs, and the Food and Drug
    Administration's Oncology Center of Excellence, for example. I am also
    in full support of the President's Executive Order On Advancing Racial
    Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal
    Government. The pandemic has disproportionately impacted African-
    Americans and others who have been historically underserved,
    marginalized, and adversely affected by persistent poverty and
    inequality.
        If confirmed, I will work with agencies to support the development
    of policies and programs that promote innovative technologies to
    improve medical diagnoses and care and deliver resources and benefits
    equitably to all.

        Reliable and accurate scientific information. These days, as we
    deal with the worst public health crisis in generations, it's more
    important than ever to have reliable and accurate scientific
    information. We clearly need rigorous, peer-reviewed analyses of
    research to guide our decisions.

        Question. Dr. Lander, how would you work with the scientific
    societies and publishers to produce high-quality scientific analyses
    and articles while ensuring policymakers, community leaders, and the
    greater scientific community has access to potentially lifesaving and
    life-improving information?
        Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that we have
    reliable and accurate scientific information, especially on topics with
    lifesaving and life-improving implications. I also recognize that it is
    important that information is rapidly and fully accessible to
    policymakers, community leaders, and the greater scientific community.
        To execute on these goals, there needs to be funding and
    collaboration mechanisms to generate critical data related to public
    health as well as mechanisms and norms for ensuring rapid and open
    sharing of data sets and publications. The pandemic has led to
    innovation in these areas and it will be important to capture and
    evaluate the learnings and see how they might be reflected in policy.
        These goals also relate the importance of scientific integrity,
    including within the Federal government. OSTP is in full support of the
    President's Memorandum on Restoring Trust in Government Through
    Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking. To implement this
    policy, OSTP recently launched a multi-agency Scientific Integrity Task
    Force. As noted in a recent press release, ``the Task Force will review
    existing Federal scientific-integrity policies to identify effective
    solutions that will help improve the lives of the American people,
    inform innovative and equitable policy, and revitalize the confidence
    of the American public in its government.''
        If confirmed, I am committed to supporting efforts to capture and
    evaluate the learnings during the pandemic about innovative scientific
    practices; supporting the Scientific Integrity Task Force; and
    exploring additional ways in cooperation with the scientific community
    to ensure scientific information used in decisions is of the highest
    quality and publicly available.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to
                               Dr. Eric S. Lander
        Question 1. Dr. Lander, nearly half of Federal research dollars
    over the last 20 years went to just six states, and more than one third
    went to just two states, California and Maryland. U.S. world leadership
    in science and technology is dependent on tapping into the potential of
    all Americans as we build the workforce of the future.

       What steps should we take to better spread science and
            technology research and expertise across the entire nation?

        Answer. If confirmed, I'm committed to working with Congress,
    Federal science agencies, and my White House colleagues to make sure
    that all Americans have the opportunities to do science and technology
    research and benefit from the results of research.
        I believe we can learn from and build on existing programs such as
    the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), the
    Institutional Development Award (IDeA) program at the National
    Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
    programs supporting research across the country, Federal STEM-education
    programs, and other capacity-building programs to build research
    infrastructure and capacity in all states and jurisdictions throughout
    the United States.

        Question 2. According to FBI Director Christopher Wray, ``the
    greatest long-term threat to our Nation's information and intellectual
    property, and to our economic vitality, is the counterintelligence and
    economic espionage threat from China.''

       What steps can universities and industry take to protect our
            valuable research from foreign espionage?

        Answer. I understand the importance of protecting against foreign
    espionage, including espionage that targets non-public information and
    intellectual property. Government, academia, and industry must work
    together to strengthen and protect our innovation enterprise. This
    includes increased understanding and awareness of risks, identification
    of technological vulnerabilities, cyber security measures and training,
    and openness and transparency with respect to research and development
    collaborations.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with academic research
    institutions, industry, and with Congress to identify and implement
    appropriate measures to safeguard prepublication research and
    intellectual property, and build our competitiveness in science and
    technology.

        Question 3. Dr. Lander, although basic research in universities and
    government agencies is important, more than 70 percent of R&D in our
    Nation is funded and conducted by industry.

       How can our Federal research agencies work to ensure
            industry is at the table in technology development so we can
            cross the so-called ``valley of death'' between conducting
            research and actually developing commercially viable products?

        Answer. I understand the importance of ensuring that Federal
    research agencies are involved in technology development to address the
    ``valley of death'' that exists between research and developing
    commercially viable products.
        Public-private partnerships can be a valuable tool for addressing
    the ``valley of death'' challenge. For example, on April 27, the White
    House announced that the National Science Foundation (NSF), in
    partnership with the Department of Defense Office of the Undersecretary
    of Defense for Research and Engineering, the National Institute of
    Standards and Technology (NIST), and nine leading companies, launched a
    program to accelerate research on next-generation networking and
    computing systems. This partnership joins our great Federal research
    institutions with nine leading companies including Apple, Ericsson,
    Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia, Qualcomm, and VMware. Together,
    they will partner to tackle society's future needs for connectivity,
    maintain U.S. leadership in critical technologies, and upgrade the
    Nation's digital infrastructure.
        If confirmed I commit to supporting the administration's efforts in
    this area and to working with you to explore other strategies.

        Question 4. U.S. leadership in R&D is critical. Our near peer
    competitors like China are investing significant resources in these
    fields. I was proud to champion the recently enacted Industries of the
    Future Act, which directs OSTP to develop a plan to continue U.S.
    leadership in industries of the future.

       What will you do at OSTP to enable U.S. advancements in
            technology, such as artificial intelligence and quantum
            science, so that we can maintain a competitive advantage over
            countries like China?

         Follow-up: If confirmed, will you commit to swift
                implementation of the Industries of the Future Act?

        Answer. I understand the importance of U.S. leadership in research
    and development in order to enable U.S. advancements in technology so
    that we can maintain an international competitive advantage.
        OSTP, as part of the Biden-Harris Administration, strongly supports
    increased funding for emerging technologies. Notably, as indicated in
    the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is calling on Congress to
    ``make an $180 billion investment that will advance U.S. leadership in
    critical technologies and upgrade America's research infrastructure.
    U.S. leadership in new technologies--from artificial intelligence to
    biotechnology to computing--is critical to both our future economic
    competitiveness and our national security.''
        If confirmed, I commit to working with you to support U.S.
    leadership in research and development and to implement the Industries
    of the Future Act.

        Question 5. Dr. Lander, FY 2018 marked the first increase in
    Federal science and engineering obligations to HBCUs since FY 2014.
    Unfortunately, this remains only a small fraction of the total Federal
    dollars awarded to all U.S. institutions of higher education. HBCUs
    play a critical role in education and scientific research. As we
    discussed in our meeting, Jackson State University was a pioneer in
    researching the environmental and genetic factors associated with
    heart, kidney and lung diseases among African Americans through the
    Jackson Heart Study.

       If confirmed, what will you do to increase the amount of
            Federal R&D spending at HBCUs like those in my home state of
            Mississippi?

        Answer. I understand the important role that HBCUs play in
    education and scientific research. The National Center for Science and
    Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation
    recently released an update on Women, Minorities, and Persons with
    Disabilities in Science and Engineering, reporting that 23 percent of
    African American or Black graduates who earned an S&E doctorate between
    2015 and 2019 earned their bachelor's degree from an HBCU.
        As indicated in the American Jobs Plan, the Administration is
    calling on Congress ``to make a $10 billion R&D investment at HBCUs and
    other MSIs.'' The Plan also calls on Congress ``to invest $15 billion
    in creating up to 200 centers of excellence that serve as research
    incubators at HBCUs and other MSIs to provide graduate fellowships and
    other opportunities for underserved populations, including through pre-
    college programs.''
        As indicated in the American Families Plan, the Administration is
    calling on Congress to support a $400 million investment ``in teacher
    preparation programs at HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs'' and a $5 billion
    investment ``to expand existing institutional aid grants to HBCUs,
    TCUs, and MSIs,'' which would include creating or expanding
    ``educational programs in high-demand fields (e.g., STEM, computer
    sciences, nursing, and allied health).'' As further noted in the
    American Families Plan, ``these proposed investments, combined with the
    $45 billion proposed in the American Jobs Plan targeted to these
    institutions, will enable America's HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs to help
    advance underrepresented students and make the U.S. more competitive on
    the global stage.''
        If confirmed, I am committed to working with agencies to support
    the development of policies and programs that deliver resources and
    benefits equitably to all and with Congress to support greater Federal
    R&D spending at HBCUs.

        Question 6. Dr. Lander, In February, NASA successfully landed the
    Perseverance rover on the surface of Mars. Even more remarkably, this
    was the 9th time NASA has accomplished such a feat. Space science and
    technology inspires us and has enriched our lives. As director of OSTP,
    you will have a role in maintaining U.S. progress in this critical
    area.

       How do you plan to ensure continued focus on space science
            and exploration? Will you work with the National Space Council
            to advance this effort?

        Answer. I understand the importance of space as a national and
    international source of inspiration, which reminds us of the boldness
    of the human spirit through feats like flying the first helicopter on
    Mars and launching a new space telescope, and scientific and
    technological knowledge.
        If confirmed, I will ensure the United States remains at the
    vanguard of space science and technology with ground-breaking
    achievements, like the deployment of the Perseverance rover and the use
    of American-made rockets to transport Americans safely into space. If
    confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the National Space
    Council because much work remains to advance the future of space
    science and technology. I commit to working with this committee, if
    confirmed, to advance our national space policy objectives in service
    to the American people.

        Question 7. Dr. Lander, last Congress this Committee passed several
    bipartisan bills focused on at OSTP. This Congress, I continued that
    work by introducing the Ocean Exploration Act, along with Senators
    Cantwell, Schatz, Murkowski, and Whitehouse.

       Can you speak to the importance of bipartisan work for our
            oceans? And what do you see as the role of OSTP in fostering
            ocean exploration?

        Answer. Covering more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface and
    over 97 percent of its inhabitable volume, the ocean is critical to our
    Nation's health, prosperity, and security. All Americans benefit from
    the services the ocean provides, such as commerce, food production,
    energy, tourism and recreation, environmental protection, conservation,
    and national and homeland security.
        I applaud this committee's leadership on ocean issues, and its
    strong support for ocean observations, stewardship, and ocean
    exploration, and recognize that the recently codified Ocean Policy
    Committee (OPC) provides an effective way to coordinate and advance
    these interests.
        If confirmed, I look forward, with my colleague and OPC co-chair
    Brenda Mallory, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, to
    convening the OPC.
        I greatly appreciate this committee's continuing support for the
    important work of exploring, observing, and predicting ocean processes.
    These activities are currently undertaken by numerous Federal agencies,
    the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and academic
    institutions. Meeting ambitious goals to map, explore, and characterize
    the ocean requires engaging these partners to facilitate effective
    partnerships and working with agencies to minimize barriers to external
    participation.
        As co-chair of the OPC and the National Science and Technology
    Council's Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology, OSTP will play
    an important role in coordinating and supporting the continued
    advancement of ocean science and technology, and I commit to working
    with you to do so.
                                     ______

          Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mike Lee to
                               Dr. Eric S. Lander
        Question 1. During the hearing you stated that you ``have been on
    record supporting a moratorium on the use of germline genome editing to
    create designer babies.'' A moratorium is only a temporary restriction
    on this type of research and last year, you coauthored a report on
    Heritable Human Genome Editing that charts a potential path forward on
    this research.

       Do you support a permanent ban on germline genetic
            engineering to create designer babies? If so, why? If not, what
            parameters do you believe must be put in place before a
            moratorium should be lifted?

        Answer. This is an extremely important issue: genome editing
    technology is a powerful tool with potential applications to improve
    human health and very worrying potential consequences. I am against the
    use of genome editing technology to create ``designer babies.'' I
    believe that the unintended consequences and ethical issues are not yet
    adequately understood and that germline editing is not yet safe or
    effective enough to justify any use in the clinic.
        A moratorium on heritable gene editing is an important first step--
    there are scientific, technical, medical, ethical and social issues
    that will need to be addressed before a decision can be made about
    whether to lift, extend, or make permanent a mortarium. The decision is
    not mine alone to make. I believe these discussions will require broad
    societal input.
        If confirmed, I would welcome the opportunity to hear your thoughts
    and work with you on this critical issue.

        Question 2. The Biden Administration recently lifted restrictions
    on the use of fetal tissue for medical research. These new rules would
    allow scientists to use tissue derived from abortions for medical
    research. Recently, news broke from a series of FOIA requests that
    showed how the Food and Drug Administration paid an estimated $2,000
    per individual baby and sometimes up to $12,000 per box of harvested
    organs. Some documents have even showed that the FDA bought body parts
    from babies that were 24 weeks old as well as the skulls of second
    trimester babies.

       With the Biden Administration's lifting restrictions on use
            of fetal tissue, do you support the trafficking of aborted
            human body parts?

       If confirmed to be OSTP Director, a role that involves the
            coordination and establishment of research and development
            goals across Federal agencies, will you oppose this type of
            scientific research being conducted at the FDA or any Federal
            agency?

        Answer. I understand the importance of this issue, which raises
    sensitive ethical and moral concerns.
        The administration's policy keeps in place all of the rigorous
    expectations, regulations, and applicable laws for conducting this type
    of research that were adopted by previous administrations, including
    the most recent. In particular, every researcher will still have to
    clear the very high bar to demonstrate that the research goals cannot
    be accomplished in any other way and that robust informed-consent
    procedures are in place.
        If confirmed, I would advise the President on the scientific
    underpinnings--for example, what advances might result from the
    development of alternative models to the use of human fetal tissue--and
    I look forward to working with Congress on continuing to ensure ethical
    and moral issues are fully considered.

        Question 3. It's anticipated that the Senate will soon take up the
    Endless Frontier Act, which places a great deal of responsibility on
    the OSTP Director and National Science Foundation for implementation of
    a $100+ billion government R&D effort to counter China's threat to the
    U.S. homeland. As I stated during the hearing, I'm concerned that in
    this conversation that we are only trying to respond to the CCP threat
    with more government spending.

       Are there structural changes that we need to make in order
            to better mobilize the United States to meet the challenges
            posed by the Chinese government? How about regulatory changes?
            Tax code changes? Workforce changes?

       Will U.S. spending be less effective without making these
            structural changes?

        Answer. I understand the urgent need to counter the competitive
    threat that China poses. Our strategic response and competition with
    China will require an all-of-government effort, as President Biden has
    recognized. To address this critical issue, it is important to
    carefully consider the full range of challenges that American industry
    may face in competition with China and the full range of levers that
    might be applied to maximize American competitiveness, including
    regulatory, tax, and workforce policies.
        If confirmed, I look forward to working with you to explore all the
    tools we will need to meet the challenge, including which regulatory,
    tax, and workforce policies may the most effective.

        Question 4. What is the appropriate role of the Federal government
    for the categories of ``basic research'', ``applied research'', or
    ``development''? And what should be left to the private sector?
        Answer. I understand the importance of investments from the Federal
    and private sector to ensure that all the categories of scientific
    research in the United States research and development ecosystem will
    thrive. In each category, the Federal support should focus primarily on
    driving critical R&D that would not otherwise be done--at all, at
    adequate scale, or at adequate speed--by the private sector, owing to
    insufficient private return on investment.
        If confirmed, I commit to working with you to exploring this
    balance so that all aspects of scientific research can be supported and
    thrive.

        Question 5. The OSTP under the Trump Administration was influential
    in the formation of the UAS Integration Pilot Program (IPP). The IPP is
    now completed and the FAA is now transitioning into their next program
    called BEYOND. A big question in drone policy is the scope of Federal
    preemption. A September 2020 GAO report noted that both DOT and DOJ
    will soon be issuing a joint opinion on the scope of FAA preemption in
    the context of low altitude drone operations. The FAA has taken the
    position that they control the airspace from the ground up.

       Do you think the Federal government has the ability to
            regulate the airspace a couple of feet above your lawn? What
            about inches above the blades of grass? Is this a problematic
            position to take?

       Do you think full and safe drone integration is possible
            without shared responsibility between the Federal government
            and state and local governments?

        Answer. I understand the important role that Unmanned Aerial
    Systems play now and will play in the future and thus the importance of
    ensuring that the United States has balanced guidelines and
    regulations. I recognize it is important to weigh the considerations of
    individual property rights and Federal authority. It is also important
    to work together at all levels of government to develop the best
    possible solutions to these complex issues.
        If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important
    matters.

        Question 6. Access to additional spectrum is critical for future
    technological innovation. Unfortunately, the Federal government sits on
    a lot of a valuable spectrum bands, particularly mid-band spectrum
    which is the best suited for 5G wireless networks.

       Do you think Federal agencies currently use their spectrum
            efficiently?

       Should government agencies be immune from oversight of their
            use of the electromagnetic spectrum?

       I think Congress and Executive Branch agencies need the best
            available data to identify inefficiencies in both the
            commercial and government contexts. Will you support my
            legislation, the Government Spectrum Valuation Act, which would
            require NTIA to calculate the value or the ``opportunity
            costs'' associated with Federal spectrum so that we can make
            more informed decisions?

        Answer. I understand the tremendous need to use spectrum
    efficiently. The demand on our spectrum for uses like 5G and other
    applications is growing exponentially. Because spectrum is a finite
    resource, we need to continuously evaluate how it is allocated and used
    and how to devise ways to squeeze all the value out of it for the
    American people, including for our economy and national security.
        If confirmed, I pledge to work with you to address these important
    balancing considerations.

        Question 7. Congress is in the midst of a debate about Federal
    legislation related to data privacy.

       What is the role of the Federal government when it comes to
            data privacy?

       Some believe the FTC should be given greater authority to
            prescribe data privacy rules, including broad APA authority.
            What are your views on this?

        Answer. I understand the importance of addressing data privacy
    issues. We cannot maximize the benefits of technology without ensuring
    privacy.
        If confirmed, I will work with Federal agencies and the Congress to
    develop effective ways to protect personal data and to build trust
    among the American people that personal data about them are protected,
    while also helping America reap the benefits of innovation and the
    Internet economy.

        Question 8. Regulatory red tape is likely the single largest
    barrier to deployment of wired and wireless broadband. It can be
    especially difficult for small rural providers to invest the time,
    money, and effort to build a network that is on or crosses Federal
    lands. Because 2/3 of Utah's land is owned by the Federal government,
    Utah broadband providers more urgently feel the need for Federal
    permitting reform for broadband infrastructure.

       What would you recommend to agencies to help streamline the
            permitting process so we can lower the cost, as well as more
            efficiently allow, for companies to deploy broadband on Federal
            land?

        Answer. Americans depend on the Internet for education, work,
    healthcare, and commerce.
        Without broadband, it will be impossible for people to fully
    participate in the American economy in the 21st Century.
        High-speed Internet connectivity needs to be readily, affordably,
    equitably, and reliably available to every American household. However,
    millions of Americans lack access to broadband service. These unserved
    and underserved Americans are disproportionally rural Americans, people
    on Tribal reservations, people of color, Americans who are older, or
    those with low-incomes, or with disabilities.
        If confirmed, I commit to working with you to explore options to
    lower the costs of deployment and streamline the deployment of
    broadband so that more Americans can reap the benefits of connectivity.

        Question 9. What is the role of the Federal government in
    regulation of tech companies and tech censorship generally? How would
    you approach this issue as you advise the President?
        Answer. If confirmed, I will approach the issue of advising on
    technology governance the same way I approach all science and
    technology policy issues: with curiosity and an open mind; by calling
    on the best minds throughout the country for their advice; engaging
    with companies, organizations, Congress, and academia for their
    insights and experiences; and relying on our best-available scientific
    and technical research.

        Question 10. Is the Internet a public utility? Should it be
    regulated as such?
        Answer. The past year has made it that clear that Americans depend
    on Internet access for education, work, healthcare, and commerce.
        If confirmed, I will work with Congress to identify appropriate
    approaches for Internet governance. Whatever legal approach is adopted
    should support affordable and equitable access for all Americans.
                                     ______

        Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Dan Sullivan to
                               Dr. Eric S. Lander
        Question. As you know, the Office of Science and Technology has
    previously played a critical role in spectrum policy, which is
    obviously crucial for leadership in 5G--especially in our race with
    China. If confirmed, what role do you see your OSTP taking in spectrum
    policy, and what more can be done to help the U.S. lead in 5G?
        Answer. I understand the critical need for U.S. leadership in 5G--
    both for U.S. economic growth and our national security.
        United States policies that create easier access to spectrum will
    not only spur the domestic economy, but will help us maintain
    international leadership in this crucial area of modern technological
    innovation and commerce.
        If confirmed, I pledge to work with stakeholders, including civil
    society, government, and industry to optimize and advance efficient
    spectrum use and American competitiveness.

                                      [all]